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Dust
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For other uses, see Dust (disambiguation).
A dust storm blankets Texas homes, April 1935
Global oceanic distribution of dust deposition
Map of dust in 2017
Dust is fine particles of matter.[1] It generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil, dust lifted by weather (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution. Dust in homes, offices, and other human environments contains small amounts of plant pollen, human and animal hairs, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, human skin cells, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Domestic
2 Atmospheric
2.1 Middle East
2.2 Roads
3 Coal
4 Control
4.1 Atmospheric
4.2 Domestic
4.3 Dust resistant surfaces
5 In other contexts
5.1 Outer space
6 Atmospheric gallery
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Domestic
Three years of use without cleaning has caused this laptop heat sink to become clogged with dust, and it can no longer be used as it may overheat.
Domestic dust on a finger
House dust mites are present indoors wherever humans live. Positive tests for dust mite allergies are extremely common among people with asthma. Dust mites are microscopic arachnids whose primary food is dead human skin cells, but they do not live on living people. They and their feces and other allergens they produce are major constituents of house dust, but because they are so heavy they are not suspended for long in the air. They are generally found on the floor and other surfaces until disturbed (by walking, for example). It could take somewhere between twenty minutes and two hours for dust mites to settle back down out of the air.
Dust mites are a nesting species that prefers a dark, warm, and humid climate. They flourish in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, and carpets. Their feces include enzymes that are released upon contact with a moist surface, which can happen when a person inhales, and these enzymes can kill cells within the human body.[3] House dust mites did not become a problem until humans began to use textiles, such as western style blankets and clothing.[4]
Atmospheric
Play media
Presentation on imported dust in North American skies
Large dust storm over Libya
Atmospheric or wind-borne dust, also known as aeolian dust, comes from arid and dry regions where high velocity winds are able to remove mostly silt-sized material, deflating susceptible surfaces. This includes areas where grazing, ploughing, vehicle use, and other human activities have further destabilized the land, though not all source areas have been largely affected by anthropogenic impacts.[5] One-third of the global land area is covered by dust-producing surfaces, made up of hyper-arid regions like the Sahara which covers 0.9 billion hectares, and drylands which occupy 5.2 billion hectares.[6]
Dust in the atmosphere is produced by saltation and sandblasting of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing. Saharan dust in particular can be transported and deposited as far as the Caribbean and the Amazon basin, and may affect air temperatures, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.[5]
Middle East
Dust in the Middle East has been a historic phenomenon. Recently, because of climate change and the escalating process of desertification, the problem has worsened dramatically. As a multi-factor phenomenon, there is not yet a clear consensus on the sources or potential solutions to the problem.
In Iran, the dust is already affecting more than 5 million people directly, and has emerged as a serious government issue in recent years. In the province of Khuzestan it has led to the severe reduction of air quality. The amount of pollutants in the air has surpassed more than 50 times the normal level several times in a year. Recently, initiatives such as Project-Dust have been established to directly study the Middle Eastern dust.
Roads
Main article: Road debris
Dust kicked up by vehicles traveling on roads[7] may make up 33% of air pollution.[8] Road dust consists of deposits of vehicle exhausts and industrial exhausts, particles from tire and brake wear, dust from paved roads or potholes, and dust from construction sites. Road dust is a significant source contributing to the generation and release of particulate matter into the atmosphere.[9] Control of road dust is a significant challenge in urban areas, and also in other locations with high levels of vehicular traffic upon unsealed roads, such as mines and landfill dumps.
Road dust may be suppressed by mechanical methods like street sweeper vehicles equipped with vacuum cleaners,[10] vegetable oil sprays,[11] or with water sprayers. Improvements in automotive engineering have reduced the amount of PM10s produced by road traffic; the proportion representing re-suspension of existing particulates has increased as a result.
Coal
Coal dust is responsible for the lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, including black lung disease that occurs among coal miners. The danger of coal dust resulted in environmental legislation regulating work place air quality in some jurisdictions. In addition, if enough coal dust is dispersed within the air in a given area, in very rare circumstances, it can create an explosion hazard under certain circumstances. These circumstances are typically within confined spaces.
Control
Atmospheric
Most governmental EPAs, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandate that facilities that generate dust, minimize or mitigate the production of dust in their operation. The most frequent dust control violations occur at new residential housing developments in urban areas. United States Federal law requires that construction sites obtain permits to conduct earth moving, clearing of areas, to include plans to control dust emissions when the work is being carried out. Control measures include such simple practices as spraying construction and demolition sites with water, and preventing the tracking of dust onto adjacent roads.
Some of the issues include:[citation needed]
Reducing dust related health risks that include allergic reactions, pneumonia and asthmatic attacks.
Improving visibility and road safety.
Providing cleaner air, cleaner vehicles and cleaner homes and promoting better health.
Improving crop productivity in agriculture.[citation needed]
Reducing vehicle maintenance costs by lowering the levels of dust that clog filters, bearings and machinery.
Reducing driver fatigue, maintenance on suspension systems and improving fuel economy.
Increasing cumulative effect - each new application builds on previous residuals reducing re-application rate *while improving performance.
US federal laws require dust control on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved parking lots, and unpaved roads. Dust in such places may be suppressed by mechanical methods,[citation needed] including paving or laying down gravel, or stabilizing the surface with water, vegetable oils[11] or other dust suppressants, or by using water misters to suppress dust that is already airborne.[citation needed]
Domestic
Dust on the air filter
Play media
A video on reducing dust exposure in the workplace
Dust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Dust poses a health threat to children,[12] older people, and those with respiratory illnesses.
House dust can become airborne easily. Care is required when removing dust to avoid causing the dust to become airborne. A feather duster tends to agitate the dust so it lands elsewhere. Products like Pledge and Swiffer are specifically made for removing dust by trapping it with sticky chemicals.
Certified HEPA (tested to MIL STD 282) can effectively trap 99.97% of dust at 0.3 micrometers. Not all HEPA (type/media) filters can effectively stop dust; while vacuum cleaners with HEPA (type/media) filters, water, or cyclones may filter more effectively than without, they may still exhaust millions of particles per cubic foot of air circulated. Central vacuum cleaners can be effective in removing dust, especially if they are exhausted directly to the outdoors.
Air filtering appliances differ greatly in their effectiveness. Laser particle counters are an effective way to measure filter effectiveness, medical grade instruments can test for particles as small as 0.3 micrometers. In order to test for dust in the air, there are several options available. Pre weighted filter and matched weight filters made from polyvinyl chloride or mixed cellulose ester are suitable for respirable dust (less than 10 micrometers in diameter).[13]
Dust resistant surfaces
A dust resistant surface is a state of prevention against dust contamination or damage, by a design or treatment of materials and items in manufacturing or through a repair process[citation needed]. A reduced tacticity of a synthetic layer or covering can protect surfaces and release small molecules that could have remained attached. A panel, container or enclosure with seams may feature types of strengthened rigidity or sealant to vulnerable edges and joins.
In other contexts
Dust accelerates snowmelt in the San Juan Mountains
2005 (Less dust)
2006 (More dust)
2008 (Less dust)
2009 (More dust)
Outer space
Cosmic dust is widely present in space, where gas and dust clouds are primary precursors for planetary systems. The zodiacal light, as seen in a dark night sky, is produced by sunlight reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the Sun. The tails of comets are produced by emissions of dust and ionized gas from the body of the comet. Dust also covers solid planetary bodies, and vast dust storms occur on Mars that cover almost the entire planet. Interstellar dust is found between the stars, and high concentrations produce diffuse nebulae and reflection nebulae.
Dust is widely present in the galaxy. Ambient radiation heats dust and re-emits radiation into the microwave band, which may distort the cosmic microwave background power spectrum. Dust in this regime has a complicated emission spectrum, and includes both thermal dust emission and spinning dust emission.[14]
Dust samples returned from outer space may provide information about conditions in the early solar system. Several spacecraft have sought to gather samples of dust and other materials. Among these craft was Stardust, which flew past Comet Wild 2 in 2004, and returned a capsule of the comet's remains to Earth in January 2006. In 2010 the Japanese Hayabusa spacecraft returned samples of dust from the surface of an asteroid.
Atmospheric gallery
Dry, windy weather sends clouds of dust across south-eastern Australia.
A pale brown plume of dust sweeps out of Argentina’s Pampas.
A thick dust plume over Kuwait and the north-western tip of the Persian Gulf.
See also
Contamination control
Dust bunny
Dust explosion
Lint (material)
Medical geology
Mineral dust
Nephelometer
Occupational dust exposure
Sawdust
Notes
Jump up ^ "Dust". Merriam-Webster.
Jump up ^ Kathleen Hess-Kosa, (2002), Indoor Air Quality: sampling methodologies, page 216. CRC Press.
Jump up ^ Abadi, Sara (August 2009). "The Great American Hygiene Survey Results Revealed". AOL Health. Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Matthew J. Colloff, Dust Mites
^ Jump up to: a b Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (2): 165. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00013.
Jump up ^ Jickells, T. D.; An, Z. S.; Andersen, K. K.; Baker, A. R.; Bergametti, G.; Brooks, N.; Cao, J. J.; Boyd, P. W.; Duce, R. A.; Hunter, K. A.; Kawahata, H.; Kubilay, N.; Laroche, J.; Liss, P. S.; Mahowald, N.; Prospero, J. M.; Ridgwell, A. J.; Tegen, I.; Torres, R. (2005). "Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate". Science. 308 (5718): 67–71. Bibcode:2005Sci...308...67J. PMID 15802595. doi:10.1126/science.1105959.
Jump up ^ "Road Dust - Something To Sneeze About". Sciencedaily.com. 1999-11-30. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Environment Canada - Pollution and Waste - Tracking Pollution in Canada". Ec.gc.ca. 2012-07-05. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ "IEEE Xplore - Some aspects of road sweeping vehicle automation". Ieeexplore.ieee.org. doi:10.1109/AIM.2001.936477. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Questions and Answers: Road Dust Control with Soapstock-A Soybean Oil By- Product". Usroads.com. 1998-06-01. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Dust mites in the humid atmosphere of Bangalore trigger around 60% of asthma" [2]
Jump up ^ Denger Dust
Jump up ^ D. P. Finkbeiner, M. Davis and D. J. Schlegel (1999). "Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS". Astrophys. J. 524: 867. Bibcode:1999ApJ...524..867F. arXiv:astro-ph/9905128  . doi:10.1086/307852.
References
Holmes, Hannah; (2001)The Secret Life of Dust. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-37743-0
Steedman, Carolyn; (2002) Dust. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6015-1
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust.
Global map of atmospheric dust
The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
Authority control
GND: 4057011-3
NDL: 00574763
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text:
The Looming Tower (miniseries)
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The Looming Tower
Genre
Drama
Created by
Dan Futterman
Alex Gibney
Lawrence Wright
Based on
The Looming Tower
by Lawrence Wright
Starring
Jeff Daniels
Tahar Rahim
Wrenn Schmidt
Bill Camp
Louis Cancelmi
Virginia Kull
Ella Rae Peck
Sullivan Jones
Michael Stuhlbarg
Peter Sarsgaard
Composer(s)
Will Bates
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dan Futterman
Alex Gibney
Lawrence Wright
Craig Zisk
Adam Rapp
Producer(s)
Ali Soufan
Peter Feldman
Lauren Whitney
Cinematography
Jim Denault
Frederick Elmes
Ivan Strasburg
Editor(s)
Daniel A. Valverde
Meg Reticker
Joe Hobeck
Running time
46–51 minutes
Production company(s)
Wolf Moon Productions
South Slope Pictures
Jigsaw Productions
Legendary Television
Release
Original network
Hulu
Original release
February 28 (2018-02-28) – April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
External links
Official website
Production website
The Looming Tower is an American drama web television miniseries based on the book of the same name by Lawrence Wright that was released from February 28 to April 18, 2018 on Hulu. The series consists of ten episodes and was created and executive produced by Dan Futterman, Alex Gibney, and Wright. In addition, Futterman acted as showrunner for the series and Gibney directed the first episode.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Premiere
5.3 Distribution
5.4 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Awards and nominations
7 Potential sequel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Premise[edit]
The Looming Tower traces the "rising threat of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in the late 1990s and how the rivalry between the FBI and CIA during that time may have inadvertently set the path for the tragedy of 9/11. It follows members of the I-49 Squad in New York and Alec Station in Washington, D.C., the counter-terrorism divisions of the FBI and CIA, respectively, as they travel the world fighting for ownership of information while seemingly working toward the same goal – trying to prevent an imminent attack on U.S. soil."[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Jeff Daniels as John O'Neill, the chief of the New York FBI's Counterterrorism Center known as "I-49". He is convinced that the United States has been targeted for attack by Al Qaeda but is faced with hostility from other agencies of the federal government, particularly from the CIA.
Tahar Rahim as Ali Soufan, a Muslim Lebanese-American FBI agent on John O'Neill's I-49 counterterrorism squad who eventually becomes his protégé. He is infuriated by the perversion of Islam by enemies of the United States and goes so far as to go undercover in terrorists' gathering spaces, in order to hunt Al Qaeda and prevent attacks.
Wrenn Schmidt as Diane Marsh, a CIA analyst who works under Martin Schmidt. Similar to Schmidt, she believes that the CIA is uniquely positioned to combat terrorist attacks and therefore decides to conceal information from the FBI. The character is based on at least three people within the CIA including Alfreda Frances Bikowsky.[2]
Bill Camp as Robert Chesney, an FBI veteran in New York's counterterrorism unit. About to retire, he uses his skills at interrogation to extract important intelligence from suspects in the struggle against terrorist threats. Chesney has been described as the most composited of all the main characters with Soufan commenting that he is "at least four people."[2]
Louis Cancelmi as Vince Stuart, an FBI agent embedded into CIA's Alec Station. His assignment imposes the responsibility of making sure that the FBI receives all the same intelligence the CIA does. His presence at the CIA is met with severe distrust. The character is based on FBI agent Mark Rossini.[2]
Virginia Kull as Kathy Shaughnessy, an FBI agent in the I-49 counterterrorism squad who works closely with Floyd Bennet.
Ella Rae Peck as Heather, a special education teacher from Ohio who begins to see Soufan. Their dates are constantly being interrupted by his work for the FBI. She finds the secretive nature of his job a difficult obstacle to overcome in their relationship.
Sullivan Jones as Floyd Bennet, an FBI agent in the I-49 counterterrorism squad who works closely with Kathy Shaughnessy. He is a former member of the New York State Police SWAT Team.
Michael Stuhlbarg as Richard Clarke, the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism and the chief counterterrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council.
Peter Sarsgaard as Martin Schmidt, the chief of "Alec Station", a section of the CIA Counterterrorism Center. Schmidt butts heads with O'Neill after deciding to withhold information from him believing that the CIA is the only agency prepared to combat potential terrorist threats. The character is based on former CIA Officer Michael Scheuer.[2]
Recurring[edit]
Katie Flahive as Amy, a CIA analyst working in Alec Station.
Jenny Paul as Maureen, a CIA analyst working in Alec Station.
Erica Cho as Leigh, a CIA analyst working in Alec Station.
Jamie Neumann as Toni-Ann Marino, an FBI agent in O’Neill’s I-49 counterterrorism squad.
Tawfeek Barhom as Khalid al-Mihdhar, one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77, which crashed into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks.
Samer Bisharat as Khallad, a Yemeni terrorist that helped in the preparation of the 1998 East Africa Embassy bombings and the USS Cole bombing and acted as a bodyguard to Osama bin Laden.
Annie Parisse as Liz, a collegiate English professor with whom O'Neill is having an affair in New York.
Nasser Faris as Ayman al-Zawahiri, one of the co-founders of al-Qaeda.
Sharon Washington as Judith, a CIA analyst working in Alec Station.
Michael Quinlan as General O'Keefe
Ken Arnold as General Stetson
Jordan Lage as Mr. Kearns, one of ten commissioners overseeing the 9/11 Commission in 2002.
Kimberly S. Fairbanks as Ms. McCabe, one of ten commissioners overseeing the 9/11 Commission in 2002.
July Namir as Hoda Hada, the wife of Khalid al-Mihdhar.
Ibrahim Renno as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the leader of al-Qaeda's propaganda operations and the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks.
Nebras Jamali as Nawaf al-Hazmi, one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77, which crashed into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks.
Craig Wroe as Leonard Bliss, the CIA chief of the Near East Division and superior of Schmidt and Marsh.
Jill Dalton as Beverly
Alec Baldwin as George Tenet, the Director of Central Intelligence for the CIA.
Yul Vazquez as Jason Sanchez, the assistant director of the FBI in the New York office and superior of O'Neill.
Youssef Berouain as Mohamad al-Owhali, an al-Qaeda member who took part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings.
Katie Finneran as Sheri, a woman with whom O'Neill is having an affair in Washington, D.C.
Mohamad Ashraf as Walla
Ayman Samman as Anas al-Liby, a computer specialist for al-Qaeda who takes part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings.
Zaki Youssef as Abu Jandal, a Yemeni member of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.
Tasha Lawrence as Maria O’Neill, John's wife and the mother of his two daughters.
Ashley Leyva as Willa O'Neill, John's daughter
Angelina Leyva as Celia O'Neill, John's daughter
Jennifer Ehle as Barbara Bodine, U.S. ambassador to Yemen. She comes to dislike O'Neill, reports him to his superiors at the FBI, and has him expelled from Yemen.
Zafer El-Abedin as Mohamed Atta, an Egyptian hijacker and one of the ringleaders of the September 11 attacks. He served as the hijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the coordinated attacks.
Joe Corrigall as John Chihoyne, an agent of the CIA stationed in Yemen.
Eisa Davis as Condoleezza Rice, U.S. National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush.
Ali Suliman as General Qamish, a Yemeni general that aids O'Neill and Soufan's investigation into the USS Cole bombing in Yemen.
Sami Karim as Omar al-Bayoumi, an agent of the Saudi Government who befriends al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar.
Guest[edit]
C. J. Wilson as John Miller, a reporter for ABC News that conducts an interview with Osama bin Laden in the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan.
Vincent Ebrahim as Wadih el-Hage, an al-Qaeda member who acted as secretary for Osama bin Laden and who took part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings.
Wendy Mae Brown as April Brightsky Ray, the wife of Wadih el-Hage.
Jennifer Dundas as Mary Jo White, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York.
Barbara Rosenblat as Elaine Kaufman, the owner of the Manhattan restaurant Elaine's that O'Neill frequently eats at.
Tony Curran as Barry James, an inspector in the Metropolitan Police Service at Scotland Yard in London, England.
Osh Ghanimah as Abu Hamsa al-Masri
Nayef Rashed as Ahmed al-Hada, an al-Qaeda operative who acted as their "switchboard" host.
Robert Vincent Smith as Cardinal James Hickey, an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Archbishop of Washington, D.C. He performed John and Maria O'Neill's marriage ceremony and John goes to see him about getting it annulled.
Nezar Alderazi as Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi, a Yemeni who helps plan the attack on the USS Cole.
Bijan Daneshmand as Farouq Osman
Donald Sage Mackay as Commander Kirk Lippold, the Commanding Officer of the USS Cole.
Stewart Steinberg as Larry Silverstein, the founder of Silverstein Properties that has leased the World Trade Center from the Port Authority. He hires O'Neill as head of security at the World Trade Center following his retirement from the FBI.
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Now it Begins..." Alex Gibney Story by : Dan Futterman, Alex Gibney, & Lawrence Wright
Teleplay by : Dan Futterman February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
FBI agent Ali Soufan is asked to join John O'Neill's counterterrorism unit known as "I-49". As the squad fights to get information out of the CIA, the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania are bombed.
2
"Losing My Religion" John Dahl Story by : Dan Futterman, Alex Gibney, & Lawrence Wright
Teleplay by : Dan Futterman February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
Following the concurrent embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, the FBI begins to investigate in Africa while the CIA begins to devise a plan to strike back.
3
"Mistakes Were Made" John Dahl Bash Doran February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
4
"Mercury" Ali Selim Adam Rapp March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
5
"Y2K" Ali Selim Shannon Houston March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
6
"Boys at War" Michael Slovis Dan Futterman March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
7
"The General" Michael Slovis Ali Selim March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)
8
"A Very Special Relationship" Craig Zisk Bash Doran April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
9
"Tuesday" Craig Zisk Adam Rapp April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
10
"9/11" Craig Zisk Dan Futterman & Ali Selim April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
Following the terrorist attacks on September 11th, various members of O'Neill's squad try to get in contact with him. Meanwhile, Schmidt is reassigned back into his old position at Alec Station and Soufan is finally given access to Abu Jandal and begins to interrogate him to confirm that al-Qaeda was behind the attacks. During the 9/11 Commission hearings, Marsh lies in her testimony regarding the handling of the Hazmi and Mihdhar files.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The project emanated from Ali Soufan and Lawrence Wright's realization that both of them were fielding offers from various studios and production companies regarding the rights to their books about the lead-up to the September 11th terrorist attacks. The pair met with filmmaker Alex Gibney, who had already adapted Wright's one-man show, My Trip to Al-Qaeda, and Going Clear for HBO. Wright described the collaboration with Gibney saying, "He’s a documentarian, and he understands the importance of truth. We’ve been in the trenches. I came to trust him, and that’s what I wanted — someone I felt could handle and negotiate these really difficult moral questions." Following that partnership, the team began to interview potential showrunners. They soon landed on screenwriter Dan Futterman after one meeting, and then decided to work on their pitch for the series.[3] After refining their pitch, they approached HBO, Netflix and Amazon with the project. As a courtesy, they also reached out to Hulu without really placing them into consideration due to the perception of the streaming service as merely a place to stream episodes of network television shows. However, during their meeting with Hulu they were offered a straight-to-series order, an abbreviated development process, a promise not to cave under pressure from the federal agencies portrayed in the series, and the largest financial commitment of any service or network they had previously met with. It was due to these terms and conditions that the producers ultimately decided to sign with the company.[4]
During pre-production, producers spent months doing exhaustive homework. This involved interviewing the real-life counterparts of the characters they were bringing to life, including Ali Soufan and his wife; former National Security Council chief counterterrorism adviser Richard Clarke; former and current members of the FBI’s I-49 squad; and former members of the CIA.[5] Futterman has mentioned that in addition to adapting Wright's book, the series also drew from Soufan's book The Black Banners: The Inside Story of 9/11 and the War Against al-Qaeda and the 9/11 Commission Report.[6]
In September 2016, Hulu ordered The Looming Tower to series from Legendary Television with executive producers including Alex Gibney, Dan Futterman, and Lawrence Wright. It was announced that the limited series would consist of ten episodes and premiere in 2017.[7] It was later reported that Craig Zisk was also an executive producer for the series and would be directing as well.[8] Ultimately, five different directors were chosen to helm the series' ten episodes: Zisk, Michael Slovis, John Dahl, Ali Selim and Alex Gibney. The show's first episode was directed by Gibney, episodes six and seven were directed by Slovis, and episodes eight, nine, and ten were directed by Zisk. The series' story requires multiple international locations with the first five episodes having scenes that are set in seven countries and ten cities. Early on in the development process, Zisk and Gibney went on several international location scouting missions, in order to give their fellow directors options to pick from for filming.[9]
Casting[edit]
In January 2017, it was announced that Tahar Rahim was cast in one of the series' lead roles as Ali Soufan.[10] In February 2017, Michael Stuhlbarg and Bill Camp were announced as series regulars and cast as Richard Clarke and Robert Chesney, respectively.[11] In March 2017, Jeff Daniels was cast as John O’Neill.[12] Also announced that month were the castings of Sullivan Jones, Virginia Kull, Louis Cancelmi, Peter Sarsgaard, and Wrenn Schmidt as series regulars and Ella Rae Peck as a guest.[13][14][15] In May 2017, Alec Baldwin was cast as George Tenet in a guest role.[16]
After being cast as the late O’Neill, Jeff Daniels struggled on how to approach playing the role. He ultimately credits significant research he did involving speaking with those who knew O'Neill. At one point, he spent an evening at a bar in Lower Manhattan with ten of O’Neill’s colleagues, who’d worked with him for years. He commented, "I had a great meeting with those guys, walked out to the corner, turned to get a cab and there’s the World Trade Center. To feel him, you need the spirit of what John is fighting for."[5]
Filming[edit]
The series began filming on May 3, 2017 in New York City[16] and it was expected that shooting would take place in a number of locations around the world.[17] Ultimately, the production lasted six months and sprawled across three continents and six countries.[5] Various places stood-in for the locales in which the story actually took place. For instance, scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Morocco, and drone and car travel shots of Pakistani landscapes were used to evoke Afghanistan. Johannesburg, South Africa served as the production base, and was where the bulk of filming took place. The city possessed the "visual variety" that the producers were seeking, and doubled for various places including Nairobi, Tanzania, England, Albania, and Las Vegas, Nevada.[9] While there was an initial push to shoot the production all in South Africa, Zisk argued for filming the back half in Morocco. In August 2017, filming took place at the River Café in Brooklyn.[9]
Production designer Lester Cohen credits Wright’s and Gibney’s list of contacts and the production's research team for allowing him to gather the material needed to recreate various settings. During the design period, a set dresser shared photos of his tour in Afghanistan and an art coordinator’s daughter dove into the newspaper archives in Nairobi to help re-create the bombing site of the 1998 embassy attacks. Those details informed the design of the huge rubble pile that shut down the central business district in Cape Town for weeks. Also, as much of the story that takes place in the United States occurs in offices, practical sets were built, including Alec Station and the FBI office in New York.[5]
Release[edit]
The Looming Tower posters
Teaser poster
Official poster
Marketing[edit]
On December 19, 2017, Hulu released the first preview of the series through a collection of images and a "first-look" video featuring interviews with the cast and crew.[18] On January 11, 2018, Hulu released the first official trailer for the series.[19]
(L–R) Mark Updegrove, Lawrence Wright, Michael Stuhlbarg and Ali Soufan participate in a discussion following a screening of The Looming Tower at the LBJ Presidential Library.
Premiere[edit]
On February 13, 2018, The Washington Post held a screening of the first episode. Following the screening, journalist David Ignatius moderated a question-and-answer session with Jeff Daniels, Tahar Rahim, Peter Sarsgaard and Wrenn Schmidt, Dan Futterman, Alex Gibney, Lawrence Wright, and Ali Soufan.[20][21]
On February 15, 2018, the series had its official premiere at The Paris Theatre in New York City.[22] On February 20, 2018, the series held its international premiere during the annual Berlin International Film Festival at the Zoo Palast cinema in Berlin.[23][24]
On February 27, 2018, the LBJ Presidential Library held a screening of the first episode. Following the screening, LBJ Foundation president Mark K. Updegrove moderated a question-and-answer session with Lawrence Wright, Michael Stuhlbarg and Ali Soufan.[25] On May 1, 2018, episodes one and two were screened during the Series Mania Festival at the Le Majestic cinema in Lille, France. It appeared alongside seven other television programs in the festival's "Best of USA" series of shows.[26][27]
Distribution[edit]
In all regions outside the United States, the series is distributed by Amazon Video.[28] The series premiered on March 1, 2018, in the United Kingdom and subsequent episodes were released weekly for the following seven weeks.[29] In Germany and Austria, the series premiered on March 9, 2018.[30]
Home media[edit]
The Looming Tower was released on Blu-ray and DVD on September 18, 2018. The set includes four behind-the-scenes featurettes and audio commentaries on the premiere and finale episodes.[31]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Looming Tower was met with a positive response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.59 out of 10 based on 48 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted and powerfully written, The Looming Tower delivers gripping counter-terrorism drama rendered even more soberingly effective through its roots in real-life events."[32] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 74 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[33]
The Washington Post's Hank Stuever praised the show for its "coolly fascinating pace and tenor" and that "Tahar Rahim gives a smart and sincere performance as Ali Soufan, a Muslim American agent on O’Neill’s squad."[34] The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Fienberg offered the series praise saying, "The Looming Tower demands a hasty combination of faith in the storytellers and half-forgotten knowledge of the history. Absent that, the series is essentially like a well-shot, brilliantly cast, fast-moving season of Homeland, which is better than the actual current season of Homeland."[35] In a positive review, Variety's Maureen Ryan said that the show was an "accessible, illuminating series that does not downplay the petty and tragic elements of the tale."[36] Time's Daniel D'Addario commended the show as "a series that’s both gripping and relevant. It succeeds, with a project that restages the years before Sept. 11 and tells a darkly ironic story about the fecklessness of government."[37] In a more negative review, Collider's Chris Cabin criticized the series calling it "a middling act of didacticism, an attempt to pass off facts as insight and characters as little more than the sum of their intellect. Rather than tracing the complicated personalities and ludicrous dick-measuring contests that led to Al-Qaeda carrying out the biggest terrorist attack in American history, Gibney, Wright, and the rest of the creative team boil down the personal drama to little more than a series of arguments and discussions in offices at varying volumes."[38]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Jeff Daniels Nominated [39][40]
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Michael Stuhlbarg Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special Craig Zisk (for "9/11") Nominated
70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie or Special Avy Kaufman, Leo Davis, Lissy Holm, and Moonyeenn Lee Nominated [39][41]
Potential sequel[edit]
It has been reported that if the limited series proves to be successful enough, that a sequel series could possibly be ordered. Early discussions among the producers have begun, with their concept revolving around the birth of the Muslim Brotherhood.[5]
See also[edit]
List of original programs distributed by Hulu
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (November 14, 2017). "Hulu Sets Premiere Dates For 'Handmaid's Tale', 'The Path' & Two New Series". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mathews, Liam (March 1, 2018). "Who's Who on The Looming Tower". TV Guide. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (February 27, 2018). "'The Looming Tower': Why It Was Time to Bring the 9/11 Book to TV". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Koblin, John (February 25, 2018). "Hulu Puts Up a Fight Against Netflix, Amazon and Apple". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Birnbaum, Debra (February 21, 2018). "Behind Hulu's Next Big Bet: 9/11 Espionage Drama 'The Looming Tower'". Variety. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Turchiano, Danielle (February 22, 2018). "'The Looming Tower' Boss on the Importance of the Muslim-American Hero of the Story". Variety. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 14, 2016). "Hulu Nears Series Order For 9/11 Drama 'The Looming Tower' From Dan Futterman, Alex Gibney & Legendary TV". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Velocci, Carli (March 13, 2017). "Jeff Daniels to Lead Hulu's New 9/11 Drama 'The Looming Tower'". TheWrap. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Farmer, Ann (Fall 2017). "Exposing a Wound That’s Still Raw". Directors Guild of America. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 28, 2017). "'The Looming Tower': Tahar Rahim To Star In Hulu's 9/11 Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (February 17, 2017). "Hulu's 'The Looming Tower' Enlists Michael Stuhlbarg, Bill Camp (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 13, 2017). "Jeff Daniels To Star In Hulu's 9/11 Drama Series 'The Looming Tower'". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 15, 2017). "'The Looming Tower': Sullivan Jones, Virginia Kull & Louis Cancelmi Join Hulu's 9/11 Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 20, 2017). "'The Looming Tower': Peter Sarsgaard Cast In Hulu's 9/11 Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 31, 2017). "'The Looming Tower': Wrenn Schmidt To Co-Star In Hulu's 9/11 Drama Series; Ella Rae Peck Also Cast". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hipes, Patrick (May 3, 2017). "Alec Baldwin To Play Ex-CIA Boss George Tenet In Hulu's 'The Looming Tower'". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Rebecca (April 17, 2017). "3 Productions Begin Casting". Backstage.com. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (December 19, 2017). "Exclusive First Look: Hulu's 'Looming Tower' charts fateful path to 9/11". USA Today. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (January 11, 2018). "'The Looming Tower' Trailer: Hulu's Jeff Daniels Drama Pits U.S. Vs. Al-Qaeda – And CIA Vs. FBI". Deadline. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Washington Post hosts screening and discussion of Hulu's 'The Looming Tower'". The Washington Post. February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wichard-Edds, Adrienne (February 16, 2018). "'The Looming Tower' Cast Brings 9/11 Series to Washington, D.C." The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kropa, Andy (February 15, 2018). "Hulu's "The Looming Tower" Series Premiere". NewsOK.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ White, Peter (January 18, 2018). "Hulu's 'The Looming Tower' & AMC's 'The Terror' Lead Berlin TV Lineup". Deadline. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Looming Tower - International Premiere". Berlinale. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Watson, Brandon (February 23, 2018). "Austin literary superstar's award-winning 9/11 tale premieres on Hulu". CultureMap Austin. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John; Keslassy, Elsa (March 28, 2018). "'Succession,' 'American Woman,' 'Autonomies,' 'Rain' Set for Series Mania in Lille". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Looming Tower | Best of USA | Séries mania". Séries Mania. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (October 12, 2017). "Amazon picks up The Looming Tower". TV Tonight. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Howard, Kirsten (February 15, 2018). "The Looming Tower: first trailer, UK air date confirmed". Den of Geek. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Amazon dominiert Berlinale Series Specials mit Premieren des Prime Exclusives The Looming Tower und des Prime Originals The Terror". PressePortal (in German). February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (May 16, 2018). "The Looming Tower - Warner's Press Release Announces DVDs, Blu-rays for the Hulu Mini-Series". TVShowsOnDVD. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Looming Tower - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Looming Tower - Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stuever, Hank (February 27, 2018). "Review | Packed with 9/11 hindsight, 'The Looming Tower' looms a lot". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel (February 28, 2018). "'The Looming Tower': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (February 28, 2018). "TV Review: 'The Looming Tower' on Hulu". Variety. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Addario, Daniel (February 28, 2018). "Hulu's 'The Looming Tower' Tells a Darkly Ironic Story About the Pre-9/11 Years". Time. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (February 23, 2018). "'The Looming Tower' Review: The Hunt for Osama bin Laden as a Dry, Bureaucratic Boondoggle". Collider. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hipes, Patrick (July 12, 2018). "Emmy Nominations: 'Game Of Thrones' Tops Noms, With Netflix & HBO Leading Way". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Blyth, Antonia; Petski, Denise (September 8, 2018). "Creative Arts Emmys: 'Game Of Thrones', 'Assassination Of Gianni Versace' Lead Night 1 Winners – Full List". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (September 9, 2018). "Anthony Bourdain, 'Jesus Christ Superstar' and 'Saturday Night Live' Win Big on Night 2 of Creative Arts Emmy Awards". Variety. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
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