text:
List of countries by infant mortality rate
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Infant mortality (under 1 year) rates, 2013
Contents
[hide]
1 Methodology
2 Lists
2.1 Under-five mortality from the World Health Organization
2.2 List by the CIA World Factbook
2.3 List by the United Nations population division
3 Notes
4 References
Methodology[edit]
Figures are from the United Nations World Population Prospects report, by five years averages,[1] and the CIA World Factbook.[2]
The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 34.1 according to the CIA World Factbook. The under-5 mortality rate of the world is 43 deaths per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization.[3]
Note that due to differences in reporting, these numbers may not be comparable across countries; while the WHO recommendation is that all children who show signs of life should be recorded as live births, in many countries this standard is not followed, artificially lowering their infant mortality rates relative to countries which follow those standards.
Lists[edit]
Note: The last column in both tables enables interactive links between the tables; also, the tables can be variously sorted using the icon.
Under-five mortality from the World Health Organization[edit]
The following is a list of OECD countries by under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births as published by the WHO in 2015.[4]
Rank
Country
Under-five mortality rate
Relative under-five mortality rate
1 Turkey 13.5 13.5
2 Mexico 13.2 13.2
3 Argentina 10.6 10.6
4 Slovakia 7.3 7.3
5 United States 6.5 6.5
6 Hungary 5.9 5.9
7 New Zealand 5.7 5.7
8 Poland 5.2 5.2
9 Canada 4.9 4.9
10 Greece 4.6 4.6
11 France 4.3 4.3
12 United Kingdom 4.2 4.2
13 Spain 4.1 4.1
14 Belgium 4.1 4.1
15 Israel 4.0 4
16 Switzerland 3.9 3.9
17 Australia 3.8 3.8
18 Netherlands 3.8 3.8
19 Germany 3.7 3.7
20 Portugal 3.6 3.6
21 Ireland 3.6 3.6
22 Italy 3.5 3.5
23 Denmark 3.5 3.5
24 Austria 3.5 3.5
25 Czech Republic 3.4 3.4
26 South Korea 3.4 3.4
27 Sweden 3.0 3
28 Estonia 2.9 2.9
29 Japan 2.7 2.7
30 Slovenia 2.6 2.6
31 Norway 2.6 2.6
32 Finland 2.3 2.3
33 Iceland 2.0 2
34 Luxembourg 1.9 1.9
List by the CIA World Factbook[edit]
Infant mortality (deaths/1,000 live births) – 2016 estimates[2]
Country or territory
CIA
2016 estimates
->UN
Afghanistan 112.8 ->
Albania 12.3 ->
Algeria 20.3 ->
American Samoa 8.5 ->
Andorra 3.6 ->
Angola 76.5 ->
Anguilla 3.4 ->
Antigua and Barbuda 12.5 ->
Argentina 10.1 ->
Armenia 13.1 ->
Aruba 11 ->
Australia 4.3 ->
Austria 3.4 ->
Azerbaijan 24.7 ->
Bahamas, The 11.7 ->
Bahrain 9.2 ->
Bangladesh 32.9 ->
Barbados 10.5 ->
Belarus 3.6 ->
Belgium 3.4 ->
Belize 19.3 ->
Benin 54.2 ->
Bermuda 2.5 ->
Bhutan 33.9 ->
Bolivia 36.4 ->
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.6 ->
Botswana 8.6 ->
Brazil 12.8 ->
British Virgin Islands 12.6 ->
Brunei 9.9 ->
Bulgaria 8.5 ->
Burkina Faso 73.8 ->
Burma 42.2 ->
Burundi 60.4 ->
Cape Verde 22.7 ->
Cambodia 48.7 ->
Cameroon 52.2 ->
Canada 4.6 ->
Cayman Islands 6 ->
Central African Republic 88.4 ->
Chad 87 ->
Chile 6.7 ->
China 12.2 ->
Colombia 14.1 ->
Comoros 61.8 ->
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 69.8 ->
Congo, Republic of the 56.4 ->
Cook Islands 13.5 ->
Costa Rica 8.3 ->
Cote d'Ivoire 57.2 ->
Croatia 9.5 ->
Cuba 4.5 ->
Cyprus 8.1 ->
Czech Republic 2.6 ->
Denmark 4 ->
Djibouti 47.2 ->
Dominica 10.9 ->
Dominican Republic 18.1 ->
Ecuador 16.9 ->
Egypt 19.7 ->
El Salvador 17.3 ->
Equatorial Guinea 67.2 ->
Eritrea 45.6 ->
Estonia 3.8 ->
Ethiopia 51.1 ->
European Union 4 ->
Faroe Islands 5.5 ->
Fiji 9.7 ->
Finland 2.5 ->
France 3.3 ->
French Polynesia 4.7 ->
Gabon 45.1 ->
Gambia, The 62 ->
Gaza Strip 17.1 ->
Georgia 15.6 ->
Germany 3.4 ->
Ghana 36.3 ->
Gibraltar 6 ->
Greece 4.6 ->
Greenland 9 ->
Grenada 9.9 ->
Guam 5.3 ->
Guatemala 22 ->
Guernsey 3.4 ->
Guinea-Bissau 87.5 ->
Guinea 51.7 ->
Guyana 31.5 ->
Haiti 48.2 ->
Honduras 17.7 ->
Hong Kong 2.7 ->
Hungary 5 ->
Iceland 2.1 ->
India 40.5 ->
Indonesia 23.5 ->
Iran 37.1 ->
Iraq 37.5 ->
Ireland 3.7 ->
Isle of Man 4.1 ->
Israel 3.5 ->
Italy 3.3 ->
Jamaica 13.1 ->
Japan 2 ->
Jersey 3.8 ->
Jordan 14.7 ->
Kazakhstan 20.3 ->
Kenya 38.3 ->
Kiribati 33.2 ->
Korea, North 22.9 ->
Korea, South 3 ->
Kuwait 7.1 ->
Kyrgyzstan 26.8 ->
Laos 51.4 ->
Latvia 5.3 ->
Lebanon 7.6 ->
Lesotho 47.6 ->
Liberia 65.8 ->
Libya 11.1 ->
Liechtenstein 4.3 ->
Lithuania 3.8 ->
Luxembourg 3.4 ->
Macau 3.1 ->
Macedonia 7.5 ->
Madagascar 42.4 ->
Malawi 44.8 ->
Malaysia 12.9 ->
Maldives 22.9 ->
Mali 100 ->
Malta 3.5 ->
Marshall Islands 20 ->
Mauritania 53.3 ->
Mauritius 10 ->
Mexico 11.9 ->
Micronesia, Federated States of 20.5 ->
Moldova 12.3 ->
Monaco 1.8 ->
Mongolia 21.8 ->
Montserrat 12.7 ->
Morocco 22.7 ->
Mozambique 67.9 ->
Namibia 36.4 ->
Nauru 7.9 ->
Nepal 28.9 ->
Netherlands 3.6 ->
New Caledonia 5.3 ->
New Zealand 4.5 ->
Nicaragua 19 ->
Nigeria 71.2 ->
Niger 82.8 ->
Northern Mariana Islands 5.3 ->
Norway 2.5 ->
Oman 13.2 ->
Pakistan 53.9 ->
Palau 10.9 ->
Panama 10.1 ->
Papua New Guinea 37.4 ->
Paraguay 19.4 ->
Peru 19 ->
Philippines 21.9 ->
Poland 4.5 ->
Portugal 4.4 ->
Puerto Rico 7.4 ->
Qatar 6.2 ->
Romania 9.6 ->
Russia 6.9 ->
Rwanda 56.8 ->
Saint Helena 13.7 ->
Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.6 ->
Saint Lucia 11.2 ->
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.6 ->
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12.3 ->
Samoa 19 ->
San Marino 4.4 ->
Sao Tome and Principe 46.6 ->
Saudi Arabia 13.6 ->
Senegal 50.3 ->
Serbia 5.9 ->
Seychelles 10.2 ->
Sierra Leone 70 ->
Singapore 2.4 ->
Slovakia 5.2 ->
Slovenia 4 ->
Solomon Islands 15.2 ->
Somalia 96.6 ->
South Africa 32 ->
South Sudan 64.6 ->
Spain 3.3 ->
Sri Lanka 8.6 ->
Sudan 50.2 ->
Suriname 25.3 ->
Svalbard NA ->
Swaziland 50.4 ->
Sweden 2.6 ->
Switzerland 3.6 ->
Syria 15.2 ->
Taiwan 4.4 ->
Tajikistan 32.8 ->
Tanzania 41.2 ->
Thailand 9.4 ->
Timor-Leste 36.3 ->
Togo 43.7 ->
Tonga 11.6 ->
Trinidad and Tobago 23 ->
Tunisia 21.6 ->
Turkey 18.2 ->
Turkmenistan 35.5 ->
Turks and Caicos Islands 10.4 ->
Tuvalu 29.9 ->
Uganda 57.6 ->
Ukraine 8 ->
United Arab Emirates 10.3 ->
United Kingdom 4.3 ->
United States 5.8 ->
Uruguay 8.5 ->
Uzbekistan 18.6 ->
Vanuatu 15.1 ->
Venezuela 12.5 ->
Vietnam 17.8 ->
U.S. Virgin Islands 6.5 ->
Wallis and Futuna 4.4 ->
West Bank 14.6 ->
Western Sahara 53.3 ->
Yemen 47.4 ->
Zambia 62.9 ->
Zimbabwe 25.9 ->
List by the United Nations population division[edit]
Infant mortality (deaths/1,000 live births) - longitudinal data - the 2015 revision
[Note to editors: This table should be modified so that values between 25 and 40 and values between 40 and 60 have a different background colours. (All values > 25 are currently represented by the same colour.) The colour scheme is unhelpful when well over 2/3 of the cells have the same background colour and the progress made by many countries is not reflected by the colours.]
#
Country or territory[Note 1]
1950 /
1955
1955 /
1960
1960 /
1965
1965 /
1970
1970 /
1975
1975 /
1980
1980 /
1985
1985 /
1990
1990 /
1995
1995 /
2000
2000 /
2005
2005 /
2010
2010 /
2015
<-CIA
1 Singapore 60.99 43.2 28.62 23.79 19.35 12.85 8.76 5.48 4.64 4.08 2.5 2.16 1.77 <-"
2 Iceland 21.43 18.5 16.74 13.41 11.85 9.42 6.4 5.62 4.79 4.01 2.62 2.01 2.03 <-"
3 Japan 50.07 37.25 25.84 16.48 11.95 8.75 6.63 4.96 4.44 3.75 3.03 2.59 2.2 <-"
4 Finland 34.47 26.07 19.53 15.08 11.95 8.77 6.5 6.01 5.11 3.86 3.28 2.77 2.26 <-"
5 Sweden 19.71 16.97 15.63 12.53 10.53 7.92 6.78 6.17 5.34 3.64 3.33 2.49 2.8 <-"
6 Luxembourg 43.44 36.95 29.2 20.91 17.84 13.13 11.99 8.99 7.25 4.86 4.95 2.32 1.58 <-"
7 Norway 22.3 18.9 16.82 13.92 11.31 9.03 7.47 8.47 5.91 4.01 3.52 3.03 2.5 <-"
8 Czech Republic 46.27 24.33 20.11 21.88 20.29 17.84 14.81 11.5 9.41 5.81 4.01 3.15 2.46 <-"
9 Slovenia 22.77 18.7 16.59 16.57 15.53 13.73 13.37 10.24 7.34 4.91 4.03 2.89 2.87 <-"
10 Italy 60.41 48.64 40.97 33.19 26.73 17.95 12.93 9.65 7.59 5.64 4.23 3.48 2.3 <-"
11 Spain 64.86 51.03 41.25 32.05 22.37 15.21 10.35 8.03 6.51 4.8 3.91 3.64 3 <-"
12 Germany 46.4 38.56 30.24 22.64 20.8 15.53 11.07 8.28 6.19 4.84 4.2 3.7 3.1 <-"
13 France 45.64 33.6 25.43 20.72 16.26 11.82 9.48 8.01 6.8 4.74 4.27 3.68 3.34 <-"
14 Austria 55.11 43.2 32.78 26.43 24.32 16.9 12.55 9.47 7.12 4.81 4.52 3.78 3.09 <-"
15 Portugal 92.86 88.61 78.88 61.21 47.16 31.48 20.34 14.49 9.54 6.49 4.75 3.38 3.29 <-"
16 Belgium 46.02 35.45 27.71 22.52 18.84 14.05 11 9.31 7.96 5.38 4.33 3.82 3.33 <-"
17 Greece 45.81 41.19 38.02 33.62 24.98 20.84 14.72 11.52 8.28 6.92 4.79 4.23 2.84 <-"
18 Denmark 28.29 23.56 20.44 16.35 12.43 9.2 7.85 8.08 6.46 4.9 4.65 3.82 3.47 <-"
19 Ireland 41.45 34.27 28.09 22.91 18.28 15.2 10.23 8.38 6.79 6.11 5.51 3.74 2.93 <-"
20 Israel 38.93 33.06 28.32 24.33 20.67 17.09 13.72 10.78 8.36 6.46 5.01 3.9 3.48 <-"
21 Netherlands 23 18.26 15.65 13.26 10.97 9.25 8.29 7.34 6.17 5.28 4.86 4.11 3.46 <-"
22 Switzerland 29.03 23.54 20.91 16.83 13.68 9.7 7.8 7.03 6.07 4.77 4.56 4.21 3.68 <-"
23 South Korea 138.12 114.47 89.74 64.21 38.11 33.23 24.61 14.86 9.75 6.61 5.32 4.6 2.91 <-"
24 Australia 23.69 21.34 19.72 17.99 16.96 12.76 9.86 8.79 6.74 5.52 4.94 4.48 3.96 <-"
25 Cyprus 64.93 51.14 40.18 31.51 24.68 19.3 15.09 11.79 9.19 7.16 5.59 4.35 4.2 <-"
26 United Kingdom 28.68 24.26 22.18 19.02 17.3 14.13 10.84 9.12 6.88 5.9 5.34 4.9 4.19 <-"
27 New Zealand 26.82 24.12 21 18.11 16.09 13.95 12.01 10.72 7.54 6.24 5.49 5.01 4.31 <-"
28 Canada 38.5 32.59 26.53 21.27 16.77 12.61 9.24 7.51 6.33 5.47 5.24 5.13 4.73 <-"
29 Estonia 84.91 50.12 33.44 23.49 21.14 21.85 20.31 18.26 16.34 11.99 7.26 4.75 3.2 <-"
30 Croatia 95.53 70.76 49.72 34.94 25.38 21.9 18.25 13.52 10.21 7.11 6.52 5.75 3.95 <-"
31 Cuba 80.69 69.93 59.45 49.69 38.49 22.34 17.65 13.01 9.94 7.98 6.13 5.68 5.5 <-"
32 Lithuania 107.83 63.88 42.71 27.03 22.08 22.46 18.35 14.92 16.48 11.02 7.66 5.97 3.76 <-"
33 Malta 50.52 33.15 27.88 23.43 19.68 16.53 13.88 11.64 9.77 8.19 6.87 5.76 4.83 <-"
34 Hungary 71.89 54.73 42.93 37.25 35.99 25.86 19.99 17.06 13.17 9.59 7.43 5.59 4.62 <-"
35 Poland 78.93 59.2 49.54 36.08 27.83 23.18 19.77 16.96 16.35 10.11 7.21 6.08 4.58 <-"
36 Slovakia 73.9 36.74 26.55 25.3 24.62 22.19 17.94 13.88 11.59 9.03 7.27 6.25 4.91 <-"
37 Brunei 81.36 66.53 49.09 39.33 31.49 25.18 20.12 16.06 12.82 10.22 8.15 6.49 4.19 <-"
38 United States 30.48 27.33 25.39 22.68 18.4 14.34 11.6 10.37 8.81 7.47 6.99 6.87 5.97 <-"
39 Belarus 95.68 56.56 37.76 25.79 21.19 21.92 19.55 16.41 15.09 14.91 9.59 6.27 3.99 <-"
40 Malaysia 102.39 81.12 63.63 48.3 36.61 27.71 20.94 15.81 11.92 8.99 6.77 6.77 6.76 <-"
41 Puerto Rico 63.42 51.43 44.8 33.29 25.31 19.72 17.2 13.81 11.61 10.94 8.01 7.01 6.25 <-"
42 United Arab Emirates 181.08 143.4 110.53 78.9 56.99 41.11 29.56 21.68 16.47 12.38 9.22 6.88 6.23 <-"
43 Qatar 106.02 87.16 68.74 50.76 36.65 29.15 23.17 18.41 14.72 11.78 9.41 7.51 6.45 <-"
44 Chile 129.58 118.79 106.53 87.34 68.62 53.12 38.75 28.38 19.56 13.04 9.3 7.7 7.17 <-"
45 Latvia 76.87 45.34 30.28 22.27 20.04 22.85 18.5 14.57 17.56 15.73 9.92 7.8 6.49 <-"
46 Bahrain 172.56 146.78 105.44 70.81 47.47 31.96 23.14 18.54 14.85 11.98 9.76 7.96 6.91 <-"
47 French Polynesia 129.63 99.86 89.05 79.47 71.35 58.61 34.75 19.67 18.06 10.18 9.4 8.77 6.91 <-"
48 Bosnia and Herzegovina 188.6 135.73 98.06 72.64 49.21 34.03 25.61 17.56 18.42 11.14 9.86 9.03 7.6 <-"
49 Montenegro 120.1 104.22 71.88 49.57 33.05 28.5 25.8 21.5 17.92 11.57 11.57 10.89 4.41 <-"
50 Kuwait 123.8 93.82 70.7 53.94 41.53 33.07 23.9 16.27 12.69 10.88 10.22 9.65 8.63 <-"
51 Costa Rica 103.32 92.72 82.13 69.77 56.36 35.15 22.65 17.38 14.57 12.37 10.89 10.02 9.33 <-"
52 Bahamas 70.58 58.31 48.14 39.72 32.76 27 22.24 18.31 15.56 14.16 11.58 10.04 9.06 <-"
53 Sri Lanka 89.05 73.73 61.51 52.96 44.43 35.79 29.22 24.25 19.99 16.21 13.08 10.05 8.23 <-"
54 Oman 211 180.45 153.8 130.7 108.96 82.64 59.44 42.12 30.87 21.71 14.64 9.77 7.31 <-"
55 Grenada 107.89 86.73 69.38 55.39 44.13 35.1 27.89 22.12 17.53 13.88 12.03 10.18 9.58 <-"
56 Bulgaria 91.96 65.6 37.47 30.68 25.96 22.06 17.83 14.28 15.4 15.25 13.17 9.85 9.02 <-"
57 Lebanon 68.44 59.74 52.95 47.26 41.73 38.06 34.97 30.43 25.13 18.84 13.81 10.6 9.29 <-"
58 Republic of Macedonia 136.32 112.57 94.81 82.04 68.72 62.26 51.54 40.04 26.55 18.44 12.95 11.89 10.14 <-"
59 Russia 100.51 59.43 39.68 31.25 26.41 28.8 25.93 23.65 21.95 20.97 16.17 10.68 8.25 <-"
60 Serbia 117.61 103.36 88 68.62 50.83 40.19 34.79 22.37 17.16 16.11 14.14 12.45 9.77 <-"
61 Ukraine 78.78 46.47 31 23.46 21 22.94 19.97 17.76 17.07 16.64 14.81 12.64 9.16 <-"
62 Romania 90.94 80.43 53.98 51.03 39.28 30.86 25.68 25.55 22.99 20.28 16.95 11.97 9.64 <-"
63 Uruguay 57.42 53.04 47.91 47.12 46.34 42.46 33.5 22.57 20.07 15.59 14.36 13.44 12.67 <-"
64 Thailand 127.53 108.91 92.61 77.63 62.84 50.95 41.62 33.41 26.11 20.9 16.7 13.4 11.25 <-"
65 Argentina 63.93 58.8 59.76 57.41 48.12 39.08 32.2 27.13 24.36 21.85 15.04 14.61 13.69 <-"
66 Moldova 81.29 69.04 59.03 49.03 46.02 46.02 35.56 31.27 29 24.49 18.86 15.54 10.89 <-"
67 Venezuela 108.04 91.06 74.26 61.05 49.24 40.7 33.36 27.77 23.35 21.08 18.14 15.9 13.78 <-"
68 Saudi Arabia 201.93 180.95 160.62 137.49 105.28 76.95 56.2 41.15 30.4 23.15 18.81 16.23 15.34 <-"
69 Syria 141.29 123.71 107.76 90.3 71.07 55.37 42.93 33.48 26.29 21.27 17.77 14.94 17.87 <-"
70 Albania 144.92 124.94 98.95 76.97 57.99 46.85 43.2 37.84 30.74 26.3 20.25 16.11 14.42 <-"
71 Belize 100.18 88.57 78.2 68.54 59.57 50.49 39.87 35.2 29.71 23.02 19.68 16.99 14.33 <-"
72 Panama 85.74 73.72 61.91 51.87 43.12 36.13 34.12 29.82 26.29 23.31 19.85 16.84 15.16 <-"
73 Jamaica 90 75.83 58.79 48.87 42.15 32.98 30.42 25.93 22.64 21.57 19.97 17.89 15.04 <-"
74 China 128.9 131.06 135.04 93.86 72 54.98 44.67 42.29 40.46 34.25 25.32 16.74 11.65 <-"
75 Turkey 217.77 201.77 179.03 160.01 145.42 120.41 94.72 73.21 56.19 37.02 24.72 16.39 12.61 <-"
76 Colombia 123.22 105.39 92.13 82.21 73.06 56.73 42.98 35.36 27.64 23.99 20.48 19.05 17.92 <-"
77 Iran 220.22 197.62 174.81 153.62 123.74 95.47 71.3 49.82 39.81 32.34 25.05 18.91 14.78 <-"
78 Jordan 147.46 119.69 95.53 77.39 65.71 54.01 42.71 33.97 29.06 25.58 22.4 19.69 17.07 <-"
79 Mexico 121.33 101.62 88.19 79.53 69.02 56.9 47.08 39.52 33.09 27.7 20.51 19.93 18.79 <-"
80 Tunisia 232.38 218.03 195.46 173.31 139.95 97.28 65.84 48.79 35.19 28.64 23 18.7 18.7 <-"
81 Armenia 83 78 73.01 68.01 62.99 57.99 52.98 47.99 44.12 35.02 27 21.01 13.22 <-"
82 El Salvador 150.45 135.17 121.7 110.68 101.62 92.77 79.92 60.6 41.14 29.12 23.61 20.73 17.03 <-"
83 Georgia 80.03 73.03 66.03 59.02 52.02 49.35 46.68 44.02 45.01 37.55 29.01 19.41 13.66 <-"
84 Suriname 77.54 67.59 56.2 48.87 44.27 40.12 41.49 40.24 34.65 28.69 24.17 22.16 17.37 <-"
85 Tonga 58.93 52.96 47.22 42.02 37.29 33.88 30.59 27.79 26.38 24.96 23.48 22.03 20.44 <-"
86 Vietnam 103.62 81.47 66.72 56.82 54.23 45.62 41.16 37.13 33.76 29.02 25.28 22.18 19.32 <-"
87 Peru 158.7 148.28 136.14 126.33 110.32 99.09 81.66 68.04 55.47 40.64 27.4 21 18.63 <-"
88 Samoa 107.43 97.1 87.2 77.72 68.62 59.92 51.63 43.77 36.1 29.94 25.68 22.41 19.67 <-"
89 Palestinian territories 140.29 131.1 117.06 99.42 82.71 66.23 51.4 40.12 33.08 27.86 25.01 23.07 20.63 <-"
90 Nicaragua 172.41 150.77 131.39 113.83 97.92 90.19 79.83 65.02 48.02 33.59 26.45 24.02 19.96 <-"
91 Ecuador 138.29 128.2 119.14 107.06 94.96 81.5 68.29 55.07 43.14 33.82 27.1 23.37 21.06 <-"
92 Egypt 248.69 204.61 184.06 170.17 165.44 133.17 106.87 74.3 59.56 36.69 29.36 23.47 18.92 <-"
93 Brazil 136.51 123.97 111.95 101.46 91.87 83.61 70.72 50.56 40.78 30.37 25.19 20.89 15.33 <-"
94 Kazakhstan 110.12 101.79 93.46 85.17 76.89 68.6 60.31 52.01 51.06 43.47 32.04 27 14.12 <-"
95 Libya 254.08 230.08 166.22 121.47 90.01 67.16 51.03 41.21 32.93 29.63 27.23 24.29 24.29 <-"
96 North Korea 122.82 83.1 79.69 58.15 45.28 36.32 31.12 27.39 42.11 57.81 28.49 27.29 21.99 <-"
97 Philippines 96.77 86.55 77.38 67.8 59.27 62.36 54.52 39.55 36.05 32.29 28.91 25.88 23.17 <-"
98 Trinidad and Tobago 82.59 66.55 50.72 48.43 43.44 37.62 31.74 29.09 28.18 28.8 28.94 26.57 24.76 <-"
99 Honduras 169.3 153.97 135.54 119.02 103.71 81.06 65.01 52.99 43.05 35.06 31.22 29.44 27.79 <-"
100 Dominican Republic 153.23 138.72 123.99 109.02 95.97 86.02 75.23 62.94 47.65 41.35 34.96 29.59 25.09 <-"
101 Indonesia 192.56 166.71 143.96 124.02 104.93 91.67 80.01 68.32 56.18 45.27 36.49 29.69 24.97 <-"
102 Guatemala 140.91 133.85 126.78 115.53 102.48 90.96 79.34 67.08 54.82 45.54 38.66 30.14 22.64 <-"
103 Morocco 151.25 143.08 132.95 122.68 113.14 102 83.85 66.58 53.01 44.05 37.94 31.78 26.3 <-"
104 Kyrgyzstan 140.19 130.16 120.13 110.1 100.06 90.03 80.04 70.03 59.88 48.3 40.33 36.4 19.56 <-"
105 Paraguay 73.44 69.73 62.28 58.56 53.1 51.04 48.9 46.71 42.94 39.21 35.55 32.04 28.79 <-"
106 Mongolia 183.2 165.09 134.69 118.76 106.58 104.57 102.39 91.76 67.56 53.95 40.83 30.52 25.79 <-"
107 Iraq 225.44 169.94 128.62 91.4 72.74 56.99 43.29 38.07 36.57 36.2 34.68 33.28 32.13 <-"
108 Algeria 163.06 153.57 142.88 132.35 122.25 105.5 75.37 55.38 47.67 41.92 37.45 34.18 30.28 <-"
109 Guyana 72.28 66.84 62.08 57.42 56 54.46 52.53 49.9 44.94 40.49 36.56 34.41 33.23 <-"
110 Micronesia 96.52 86.52 76.9 67.65 58.32 49.35 47.02 44.63 42.29 39.98 37.93 34.86 32.66 <-"
111 Bhutan 269.09 238.95 212.13 188.63 158.79 131.13 109.96 92.04 75.64 61.74 51.93 39.52 30.49 <-"
112 Nepal 228.63 224.08 211.09 189.5 169.22 150.53 130.54 109.56 87.64 68.44 52.87 41.29 32.36 <-"
113 Botswana 135.21 123.78 113.38 104.05 90.31 74.69 63.53 57.84 56.67 64.82 58.3 38.57 32.49 <-"
114 Solomon Islands 146.15 131.62 117.53 104.1 91.33 79.13 75.71 89.84 77.89 65.13 51.37 42.86 38.04 <-"
115 Bangladesh 220.69 189.2 165.88 152.39 183.19 139.68 125.88 108.86 90.3 72.57 56.01 43.31 33.1 <-"
116 Azerbaijan 120.05 115.04 110.05 105.05 100.02 95.03 90 85 81.83 61.28 52.01 41.06 39.6 <-"
117 Namibia 171.96 149.2 130.58 115.12 100.75 87.47 76.44 67.11 60.44 57.63 57.17 43.2 33.53 <-"
118 Western Sahara 217.09 201.68 187.37 173.64 160.1 133.93 110.07 87.97 75.92 64.46 52.97 44.08 37.24 <-"
119 Madagascar 182.76 168.65 156.52 144.72 133.91 122.45 109.09 107.88 100.09 77.76 57.99 45.5 36.78 <-"
120 Cambodia 142.64 135.7 134.36 132.07 138.78 320.44 153.54 86 86.13 86.38 65.88 44.97 29.92 <-"
121 Uzbekistan 125.15 114.95 104.72 94.51 84.32 77.89 71.46 65.03 59.45 54.77 49.91 47.13 44.02 <-"
122 Sao Tome and Principe 124.52 112.38 99 88.13 76.06 64.93 63.63 60.54 57.53 54.64 51.86 46.05 43.51 <-"
123 South Africa 110.47 98.54 91 83.61 77.17 70.63 60.72 52.11 48.28 53.35 57.16 51.91 38.32 <-"
124 Tajikistan 160.17 151.29 142.42 133.55 124.67 115.8 106.94 98.04 88.19 79.65 63.06 45.14 39.88 <-"
125 Turkmenistan 150.17 140.29 130.42 120.54 110.68 100.77 90.9 81.03 75.51 61.27 51.75 50.49 46.7 <-"
126 India 186.18 170.44 157.54 146.79 135.78 120.67 105.65 93.15 81.93 71.01 59.94 50.11 41.36 <-"
127 Papua New Guinea 158.08 145.66 132.66 113.81 99.28 87.29 74.47 72.97 66.75 61.72 56.19 50.07 47.58 <-"
128 Bolivia 173.02 165.44 156.6 146.5 135.27 123.28 110.8 97.83 84.91 72.57 61.21 51.02 42.95 <-"
129 Haiti 221.59 195.06 171.75 151.23 135.72 132.01 123.24 100.98 85.8 70.26 56.06 52.22 46.96 <-"
130 Gabon 179.55 166.77 157.69 134.39 113.63 95.02 77.68 62.94 60.07 59.69 59.96 52.7 43.18 <-"
131 Myanmar 213.87 175.82 156.25 124.12 111.72 100.6 90.51 81.29 72.8 65.24 57.9 52.25 46.47 <-"
132 Gambia 156.29 150.08 144.18 127.49 113.46 100.97 89.96 81.57 75.21 69.62 60.04 50.95 47.07 <-"
133 East Timor 264.61 241.82 220.83 201.22 183.36 253.8 183.65 141.46 118.77 84.75 63.99 50.16 43.91 <-"
134 Tanzania 153.38 143.25 136.24 128.16 118.72 108.58 104.58 102.22 103.09 92.24 69.56 52.36 36.96 <-"
135 Senegal 127.8 122.96 117.58 112.89 108.11 97.39 84.98 75.29 71.61 68.27 61.15 54.13 44.34 <-"
136 Eritrea 199.88 190.35 179.09 161.49 140.38 125.32 116.03 104.65 89.89 73.27 61.79 53.91 46.49 <-"
137 Ghana 147.49 133.57 122.09 113.31 106.54 99.27 92.7 82.76 72.51 66.91 60.91 55.35 51.08 <-"
138 Laos 177.08 166.99 157.02 147.55 138.24 130.43 122.03 108.47 95.71 82.44 69.23 56.74 46.78 <-"
139 Zimbabwe 114.59 105.19 96.71 89.58 82.75 74.27 62.75 57.11 58.88 67.24 69.29 61.79 48.42 <-"
140 Kenya 147.17 133.79 117.09 104.48 91.6 80.47 69.89 67.81 71.71 74.32 67.87 59.27 52.48 <-"
141 Sudan 134.73 121.59 111.31 102.17 93.35 89.09 87.02 84.12 79.95 73.83 66.83 59.66 53.32 <-"
142 Yemen 251.32 251.32 251.32 212.89 180.06 147.32 116.97 95.36 84 75.36 67.96 61.31 53.55 <-"
143 Djibouti 154.4 143.47 131.38 120.3 104.06 96.41 87.4 81.26 76.14 71.78 68.13 63.45 55.31 <-"
144 Ethiopia 199.54 181.67 160.19 148.09 140.7 136.72 140.3 125.9 114.17 96.7 77.98 59.89 49.99 <-"
145 Togo 186.36 164.28 145.04 128.11 112.92 100.71 92.31 87.19 83.46 80.25 77.37 64.33 50.18 <-"
146 Congo 142.12 122.77 106.99 96.63 89.97 84.1 79.21 77.66 79.72 84.95 81.84 64.29 50.61 <-"
147 Rwanda 160.54 151.8 143.23 137.18 135.17 128.27 108.78 113.65 288.71 116.33 89.88 58.83 49.21 <-"
148 Niger 161.92 160.23 158.5 155.63 150.73 138.75 132.83 139 129.73 102.93 81.84 63.73 59.84 <-"
149 Zambia 148.41 137.04 126.68 117.97 107.21 101.06 103.42 111.79 114.96 106.38 86.2 69.53 55.36 <-"
150 Uganda 160.59 145.42 130.27 116.55 112.3 111.5 112.68 115.54 109.89 98.4 80.74 69.51 61.2 <-"
151 Mauritania 147.98 135.49 122.8 113.65 106.18 98.88 89.25 82.7 79.68 76.12 75.63 72.66 67.27 <-"
152 Lesotho 169.18 150.24 134.2 130.18 122.96 109.57 93.78 83.61 69.36 79.16 84.14 75.69 60.14 <-"
153 Benin 209.68 192.46 176.9 162.61 147.91 134.17 122.33 112.75 102.58 92.06 82.37 73.78 68.7 <-"
154 Swaziland 174.03 160.55 150.6 140.72 124.19 107.87 90.47 77.36 69.3 80.2 86.66 75.89 64.64 <-"
155 Mozambique 220.37 201.6 184.98 172.23 158.55 147.98 151.87 146.14 135.42 111.43 89.28 73.8 64.42 <-"
156 Liberia 224.45 218.49 212.21 194.99 177.64 163.83 154.23 157.78 154.59 128.82 96.88 71.8 61.18 <-"
157 Pakistan 255.92 205.99 171.45 148.57 134.62 125.7 118.55 110.38 101.72 92.64 84.01 76.89 69.84 <-"
158 Burkina Faso 228.22 209.14 192.24 172.16 153.56 133.04 119.31 109.73 104.02 99.51 90.01 78.16 66.54 <-"
159 Guinea 207.04 200.11 195.12 192.29 185.54 171.49 156.56 142.47 128.31 111.79 95.25 80.99 59.2 <-"
160 Afghanistan 280.98 256.27 234.26 216.07 198.77 180.32 159.16 134.14 111.31 98.68 89.53 79.51 71.12 <-"
161 Equatorial Guinea 196.61 186.23 176.29 166.78 157.67 148.65 129.63 120.99 110.8 100.16 90.6 80.44 70.1 <-"
162 Cameroon 169.54 157.85 144.97 133.08 120.01 107.57 98.35 93.41 89.85 88.19 86.78 82.47 73.51 <-"
163 Malawi 197.97 192.55 185.92 180.1 168.94 159.37 152.56 150.57 139.24 121.43 105.13 79.65 60.09 <-"
164 Côte d'Ivoire 268.03 236.91 200.22 169.47 144.21 124.87 112.62 106.63 103.27 99.25 91.63 84.61 73.43 <-"
165 Congo_DR 166.75 157.67 151.31 143.56 133.79 129.22 121.55 116.08 109.77 112.95 99.57 83.87 73.18 <-"
166 Burundi 166.77 157.68 148.9 140.51 136.68 125.14 117.26 112.39 120.61 102.74 94.6 86.26 77.87 <-"
167 Somalia 200.17 186.23 173.24 160.69 147.53 136.83 127.82 123.28 129.6 105.17 97.02 89.78 79.47 <-"
168 South Sudan 248.59 226.18 209.57 193.95 181.32 169.05 163.86 149.89 129.95 113.91 101.41 89.11 77.67 <-"
169 Nigeria 200.68 186.61 172.91 159.63 147.3 134.23 125.33 126.02 125.99 118.61 104.03 89.93 76.31 <-"
170 Mali 242.34 223.84 207.17 191.71 176.43 162.85 150.76 139.08 128.12 118.19 108.94 89.43 84 <-"
171 Guinea-Bissau 180.38 174.45 167.95 159.18 152.27 143.01 134.83 128.53 121.55 114.96 108.05 101.94 91.87 <-"
172 Central African Republic 204.13 189.59 175.86 159.77 138.46 119.22 110.39 109.05 111.63 113.83 112.79 105.76 93.47 <-"
173 Chad 186.47 177.63 168.82 159.72 146.31 137.78 130.14 123.28 119.15 114.25 110.86 106.03 95.85 <-"
174 Angola 230.82 215.04 200.16 186.2 173.03 160.95 157.11 153.18 150.66 138.01 116.05 104.35 96.22 <-"
175 Sierra Leone 236.9 229.39 221.47 210.63 181.11 162.11 151.34 151.59 160.58 148.92 134.93 116.97 94.43 <-"
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Countries are ranked based on last three columns average calculated in order to make the rank more independent from fluctuations in any single (most recent) column.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ United Nations World Population Prospects: the 2015 Revision - an XLS file
^ Jump up to: a b "CIA – The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate". Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/mortality_under_five_text/en/
Jump up ^ http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-2-viz?lang=en
[hide]
v
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text:
Name of Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier's discoveries
The name of Canada has been in use since the founding of the French colony of Canada in the 16th century. The name originates from a Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata (or canada) for "settlement", "village", or "land". It is pronounced /ˈkænədə/ in English, [kanadɑ] in standard Quebec French.[1] In Inuktitut, one of the official languages of the territory of Nunavut, the First Nations word (pronounced [kanata]) is used, with the Inuktitut syllabics ᑲᓇᑕ.
The first French colony of Canada, which formed one of several colonies within New France, was set up along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Later the area became two British colonies, called Upper Canada and Lower Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new Dominion, which was commonly referred to as the Dominion of Canada until after World War II.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
1.1 Iberian origin theory
1.2 Minor or humorous theories
2 Canadian
3 New France
4 British North America
5 Selection of the name Canada
5.1 Other proposed names
6 Adoption of Dominion
6.1 French terms for Dominion
7 Use of Canada and Dominion of Canada
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
A map of North America ca. 1566, one of the first to include the name "Canada" (top right).
The name Canada is now generally accepted as originating from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata or canada, meaning "village" or "settlement".[2] Related translations include "land" or "town", with subsequent terminologies meaning "cluster of dwellings" or "collection of huts".[2][3] This explanation is historically documented in Jacques Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI.[2]
Although the Laurentian language, which was spoken by the inhabitants of St. Lawrence Valley settlements such as Stadacona (modern-day Quebec City) and Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal) in the 16th century, is now extinct, it was closely related to other dialects of the Haudonosonee/ Iroquoian languages, such as the Oneida and Mohawk languages. The word kaná:ta' still means "town" in Mohawk,[4] and related cognates include ganataje and iennekanandaa in the Onondaga and Seneca languages respectively.[2] Prior to archeological confirmation that the St. Lawrence Iroquois were a separate people from the Mohawk, most sources specifically linked the name's origin to the Mohawk word instead of the Laurentian one.[5]
A widespread perception in Canadian folklore is that Cartier misunderstood the term "Canada" as the existing proper name of the Iroquois people's entire territory rather than the generic class noun for a town or village — for instance, the Historica Foundation of Canada's Heritage Minute film devoted to Cartier's landing at Hochelaga is scripted as having Cartier believe that "Kanata" or "Canada" was the established name of the entire country.[6] This is not supported by Cartier's own writings, however — in Bref récit, Cartier fully understands the actual meaning of the word ("They call a town Canada"),[7] and his earliest name for the wider territory is "le pays des Canadas" ("country of Canadas",[8] "land of Canadas" or "land of villages").
While the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian origin for the name Canada is now widely accepted, other theories have been put forth in the past.
Iberian origin theory[edit]
The most common alternative theory suggested that the name originated when Spanish or Portuguese explorers, having explored the northern part of the continent and unable to find gold and silver, wrote el cabo de nada ("Cape Nothing"), acá nada, aqui nada or cá nada ("nothing here") on that part of their maps.[9] An alternative explanation favoured by philologist Marshall Elliott linked the name to the Spanish word cañada, meaning "glen" or "valley".[10][11]
The earliest iterations of the Spanish "nothing here" theory stated that the explorers made the declaration upon visiting the Bay of Chaleur,[12] while later versions left out any identifying geographic detail. The known Portuguese presence in modern Canadian territory, meanwhile, was located in Newfoundland and Labrador. Neither region is located anywhere near Iroquoian territory, and the name "Canada" does not appear on any Spanish or Portuguese maps of the North American coast that predate Cartier's visit.[11] No name for the Bay of Chaleur is attested at all in Spanish sources from that period, while the only name for Newfoundland attested in Portuguese sources is "Tierra de los Baccalaos", or "land of cod."
In most versions of the Iberian origin theory, the Spanish or Portuguese passed their name on to the Iroquois, who rapidly adopted it in place of their own prior word for a village;[11] however, no historical evidence for any such Iberian-Iroquoian interaction has ever actually been found.[11] Elliott's "valley" theory, conversely, was that the Spanish gave their name for the area directly to Cartier, who then entirely ignored or passed over the virtually identical Iroquoian word.[11] According to Elliott, Cartier never explicitly stated that there was a direct connection between canada or kanata as the Iroquoian word for "village" and Canada as the new name of the entire territory, and never accounted for the spelling difference between kanata and Canada—and thus the Spanish etymology had to be favoured because the spellings matched.[11] Notably, Cartier never wrote of having any awareness of any preexisting Spanish or Portuguese name for the region either, meaning that Elliott's allegation that the kanata derivation was not adequately supported by Cartier's own writing on the matter was also true of his own preferred theory.
Franciscan priest André Thévet claimed that the word derived from "segada canada", an answer reportedly given by Spaniards in the St. Lawrence Valley area when asked what their purpose was; according to Thévet, the phrase meant that they were seeking land[13] or that they were hunting.[14]
Few academics subscribe to the Iberian origin theory today, although some Spanish or Portuguese historians continue to support it over an Iroquoian root.
Minor or humorous theories[edit]
British philologist B. Davies surmised that by the same process which initially saw the First Nations mislabelled as Indians, the country came to be named for the Carnata region of India or that region's Kannada ethnic group,[15] although his theory has attracted no significant support from other academics.[2]
Additional theories have attributed the name "Canada" to a word in an unspecified aboriginal language for "mouth of the country" in reference to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,[2] to a Cree word for "neat or clean",[16] to a claimed Innu war cry of "kan-na-dun, Kunatun",[14] to a shared Cree and Innu word, "p'konata", which purportedly meant "without a plan" or "I don't know",[17] to a short-lived French colony purportedly established by a settler whose surname was Cane,[2] to Cartier's description elsewhere in his writings of Labrador as "the land God gave to Cain", or to a claim that the early French habitants demanded a "can a day" of spruce beer from the local intendant[2] (a claim easily debunked by the facts that the habitants would have been speaking French, not English, and that canning did not exist until the 19th century.)
In their 1983 book The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec, humorists Josh Freed and Jon Kalina tied the Iberian origin theory to the phrase nada mas caca ("nothing but shit").[18] No historian or linguist has ever analyzed this explanation as anything more than an obvious joke.
Canadian[edit]
The demonym "Canadien" or "Canadian" used to refer exclusively to the aboriginal groups who were native to the territory.[11] Its use was extended over time to the French settlers of New France, and later the English settlers of Upper Canada.[11]
New France[edit]
European explorer Jacques Cartier transcribed the word as "Canada" and was the first to use the word to refer not only to the village of Stadacona but also to the neighbouring region and to the Saint Lawrence River, which he called rivière de Canada during his second voyage in 1535.[19][20] By the mid 1500s, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada. Canada became the name of a colony in New France that stretched along the St. Lawrence River.[21][22] The terms "Canada" and "New France" were often used interchangeably during the colonial period.[21]
British North America[edit]
An 1851 Province of Canada postage stamp, the 3 pence beaver ("Threepenny Beaver")
After the British conquest of New France (including ceding of the French colony, Canada) in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Following the American revolution and the influx of United Empire Loyalists into Quebec, the colony was split on 26 December 1791 into Upper and Lower Canada, sometime being collectively known as "The Canadas", the first time that the name "Canada" was used officially.[23]
Some reports from the 1840s suggest that in that era, the word "Canada" was commonly pronounced "Kaugh-na-daugh" rather than its more contemporary pronunciation.[11]
Upper and Lower Canada were merged into one colony, the Province of Canada, in 1841, based on the recommendations of the Durham Report.[2] The former colonies were then known as Canada East and Canada West, and a single legislature was established with equal representation from each. Underpopulated Canada West opposed demands by Canada East for representation by population, but the roles reversed as Canada West's population surpassed the east's. The single colony remained governed in this way until 1 July 1867, often with coalition governments. A new capital city was being built at Ottawa, chosen in 1857 by Queen Victoria, and became a national capital.
Selection of the name Canada[edit]
Map of Canada on July 1, 1867, showing the nation's provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the colour white
At the conferences held in London to determine the form of confederation that would unite the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), the Province of New Brunswick and the Province of Nova Scotia, a delegate from either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick proposed the name Canada in February 1867, and it was unanimously accepted by the other delegates. There appears to have been little discussion,[24] though other names were suggested.
Other proposed names[edit]
While the provinces' delegates spent little time, if any, in settling on 'Canada' as the name for the new country, others proposed a variety of other names:[25][26]
Anglia – the medieval Latin name for England
Albionoria – "Albion of the north"
Borealia – from 'borealis', the Latin word for 'northern'; compare with Australia
Cabotia – in honour of Italian explorer John Cabot, who explored the eastern coast of Canada for England
Colonia
Efisga – an acronym of "English, French, Irish, Scottish, German, Aboriginal"
Hochelaga – an old name for Montreal
Laurentia
Mesopelagia – "land between the seas"
New Albion
Norland
Superior
Tupona – derived from 'The United Provinces of North America'
Transatlantica
Ursalia – "place of bears"
Vesperia – "land of the evening star"
Victorialand – in honour of Queen Victoria
Walter Bagehot of The Economist newspaper in London argued that the new nation should be called 'Northland' or 'Anglia' instead of Canada.[27] On these names, the statesman Thomas D'Arcy McGee commented, "Now I would ask any honourable member of the House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself, instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelegander?".[28]
Adoption of Dominion[edit]
Front page of a copy of the Constitution Act of 1867
See also: Dominion
During the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, John A. Macdonald, who later became the first Prime Minister of Canada, talked of "founding a great British monarchy", in connection with the British Empire. He advocated, in the fourth Canadian draft of the British North America Act, the name "Kingdom of Canada,"[29] in the text is said:
The word 'Parliament' shall mean the Legislature or Parliament of the Kingdom of Canada.
The word 'Kingdom' shall mean and comprehend the United Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
The words 'Privy Council' shall mean such persons as may from time to time be appointed, by the Governor General, and sworn to aid and advise in the Government of the Kingdom.[30]
Canada's founders, led by Sir John A. Macdonald wished their new nation to be called the Kingdom of Canada, to "fix the monarchical basis of the constitution."[31] The governor general at the time, the Viscount Monck, supported the move to designate Canada a kingdom;[32] however, officials at the Colonial Office in London opposed this potentially "premature" and "pretentious" reference for a new country. They were also wary of antagonizing the United States, which had emerged from its Civil War as a formidable military power with unsettled grievances because British interests had sold ships to the Confederacy despite a blockade, and thus opposed the use of terms such as kingdom or empire to describe the new country.[33]
New Brunswick premier Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley suggested the term 'Dominion',[34] inspired by Psalm 72:8 (from the King James Bible): "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth."[35] This is also echoed in Canada's motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin for "from sea to sea").[36]
The term had been used for centuries to refer to the lands held by a monarch,[37] and had previously been adopted as titles for the Dominion of New England and the Dominion and Colony of Virginia. It continued to apply as a generic term for the major colonial possessions of the British Empire until well into the 20th century,[38] although Tilley and the other Fathers of Confederation broadened the meaning of the word 'dominion' to a "virtual synonym for sovereign state".[39] Its adoption as a title for Canada in 1867 served the purpose of upholding the monarchist principle in Canada; in a letter to Queen Victoria, Lord Carnarvon stated: "The North American delegates are anxious that the United Provinces should be designated as the 'Dominion of Canada.' It is a new title, but intended on their part as a tribute to the Monarchical principle which they earnestly desire to uphold.".[40]
Macdonald, however, bemoaned its adoption. In a letter to Lord Knutsford on the topic of the loss of the use of the word kingdom, Macdonald said:
A great opportunity was lost in 1867 when the Dominion was formed out of the several provinces…The declaration of all the B.N.A. provinces that they desired as one dominion to remain a portion of the Empire, showed what wise government and generous treatment would do, and should have been marked as an epoch in the history of England. This would probably have been the case had Lord Carnarvon, who, as colonial minister, had sat at the cradle of the new Dominion, remained in office. His ill-omened resignation was followed by the appointment of the late Duke of Buckingham, who had as his adviser the then Governor General, Lord Monck - both good men, certainly, but quite unable, from the constitution of their minds, to rise to the occasion. Had a different course been pursued, for instance, had united Canada been declared to be an auxiliary kingdom, as it was in the Canadian draft of the bill, I feel sure almost that the Australian colonies would, ere this, have been applying to be placed in the same rank as The Kingdom of Canada.[41][42]
He added as a postscript that it was adopted on the suggestion of British colonial ministers to avoid offending republican sensibilities in the United States:
P.S. On reading the above over I see that it will convey the impression that the change of title from Kingdom to Dominion was caused by the Duke of Buckingham. This is not so. It was made at the instance of Lord Derby, then foreign minister, who feared the first name would wound the sensibilities of the Yankees. I mentioned this incident in our history to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden in 1879, who said, 'I was not aware of the circumstance, but it is so like Derby, a very good fellow, but who lives in a region of perpetual funk.'[43]
Use of the term dominion was formalized in 1867 through Canadian Confederation. In the Constitution of Canada, namely the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts), the preamble of the Act indicates:
Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom....[44]
And section 2 indicates that the provinces:
... shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly.[44]
In J.S. Ewart's two volume work, The Kingdom Papers,[45][46] it is noted that the following names were considered for the union of British North America: "The United Colony of Canada", "the United Provinces of Canada", and "the Federated Provinces of Canada".[47] Ewart was also an ardent advocate for the formation of "the Republic of Canada", a position which was rarely expressed in those times.[48]
Canadian post card from 1905.
French terms for Dominion[edit]
The French translation of the 1867 British North America Act translated "One Dominion under the Name of Canada" as "une seule et même Puissance sous le nom de Canada" using Puissance (power) as a translation for dominion. Later the English loan-word dominion was also used in French.[49]
The Fathers of Confederation met at the Quebec Conference of 1864 to discuss the terms of this new union. One issue on the agenda was to determine the Union's "feudal rank" (see Resolution 71 of the Quebec Conference, 1864). The candidates for the classification of this new union were: "the Kingdom of Canada" (le Royaume du Canada), "the Realm of Canada" (le Royaume du Canada), "the Union of Canada" (l'Union du Canada), and "the Dominion of Canada" (le Dominion du Canada).
Use of Canada and Dominion of Canada[edit]
Crowds on Parliament Hill celebrate Dominion Day 1927, the 60th jubilee of confederation
There are numerous references in United Kingdom Acts of Parliament to "the Dominion of Canada" and the British North America Act, 1867 referred to the formation of "one Dominion under the name of Canada".[50] Nonetheless, the term "Dominion of Canada" appears in the Constitution Act, 1871 — usage of which was "sanctioned"[51] — and both appear in other texts of the period, as well as on numerous Canadian banknotes before 1935.
Until the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was commonly used to identify the country. As Canada acquired political authority and autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government began using simply Canada on state documents. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, which refers only to Canada. Later that year, the national holiday was renamed from Dominion Day to Canada Day. Section 4 of the 1867 BNA Act also declares that:
Unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be taken to mean Canada as constituted under this Act.
and this has been interpreted to mean that the name of the country is simply Canada. No constitutional statute amends this name, and the subsequent Canada Act 1982 does not use the term dominion. However, the Canadian constitution includes the preceding BNA Acts, where the term is used; also, the Canada Act 1982 does not state that Canada is not a dominion. Official sources of the United Nations system,[52][53] international organizations (such as the Organization of American States[54]), the European Union,[55] the United States,[56] and other polities with which Canada has official relations as a state consistently use Canada as the only official name, state that Canada has no long-form name, or that the formal name is simply Canada. While no legal document ever says that the name of the country is anything other than Canada,[57] Dominion and Dominion of Canada remain official titles of the country.[58][59][60]
In recent years, the terms Dominion of Canada and Dominion are occasionally used to distinguish modern (post-1867) Canada from either the earlier Province of Canada or from the even earlier The Canadas. The terms are also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though in this usage "federal" has replaced "dominion". The federal government continues to produce publications and educational materials that specify the currency of these official titles, although these publications are not themselves legal or official documents.[61][62][63] For instance, in 2008 the Canadian government registered the Maple Leaf Tartan with the Scottish Tartans Authority under the name Dominion of Canada.[64]
See also[edit]
Canada portal
History of Canada portal
Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies
List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin
List of place names in Canada of Aboriginal origin
Locations in Canada with an English name
Origins of names of cities in Canada
Scottish place names in Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In standard Quebec French, it is generally seen as a mistake to pronounce [kanada]. [kanadɔ] and [kanadɒ] are considered nonstandard in Quebec French.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Alan Rayburn (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ Hawkins, Alfred; John Charlton Fisher (1834). "7". Hawkins's Picture of Quebec: With Historical Recollections. Printed for the proprietor by Neilson and Cowan. p. 111. in the note of Charlevoix, Nouvelle France, volume the first, page nine, of the quarto edition, and repeated in "Beautés de l'Histoire du Canada" affords the real solution of the difficulty: "Quelqu'uns derivent ce nom du mot Iroquois Kannata qui se prononce Cannada, et signifie un amas de cabanes;"–"Some derive this name from the Iroquois word Kannata, pronounced Cannada, signifying a collection of huts."
Jump up ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Jump up ^ Bruce Elliott Johansen, The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. ISBN 978-0313306235. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "Heritage Minutes: Jacques Cartier" Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine.. Historica Foundation of Canada.
Jump up ^ R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith, Journeys: A History of Canada. Nelson College, 2009. ISBN 978-0176442446. p. 27.
Jump up ^ Cook, Ramsay (2017). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ John George Hodgins (1858). The Geography and History of British America, and of the Other Colonies of the Empire: To which are Added a Sketch of the Various Indian Tribes of Canada, and Brief Biographical Notices of Eminent Persons Connected with the History of Canada. Maclear & Company. p. 51. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Further Conjectures as to the Origin of the Name 'Canada'". The New York Times, September 5, 1908.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Orkin, Mark M. Orkin (2010). "The Name Canada: An Etymological Enigma" in Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.. Strathy Language Unit, Queen’s University (Kingston, Ontario). pp. 38-43.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferys, The Conduct of the French, with Regard to Nova Scotia. T. Jefferys (London), 1754.
Jump up ^ Gervais Carpin, Histoire d'un mot: l'ethnonyme "canadien" de 1535-1691. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1995. ISBN 9782894480366. p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b Olive Dickason, Le mythe du sauvage. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1993. ISBN 9782921114967. p. 298.
Jump up ^ Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, December 1861. p. 432.
Jump up ^ John Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk: The Native Tribes of Canada. C. W. Coates, 1986.
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Jump up ^ Josh Freed and Jon Kalina, The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec. Eden Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0920792339. p. 89.
Jump up ^ James H. Marsh (1999). The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-7710-2099-5. Archived from the original on 2017-03-25.
Jump up ^ Roger E. Riendeau (2007). A Brief History of Canada. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4381-0822-3. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Germaine Warkentin; Carolyn Podruchny (2001). Decentring the Renaissance: Canada and Europe in Multidisciplinary Perspective, 1500-1700. University of Toronto Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8020-8149-0. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10.
Jump up ^ MCC. "Le territoire Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.", in La Nouvelle-France. Ressources françaises, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (France), 1998, retrieved 2 August 2008
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Jump up ^ "How Canada Got Its Name — Origin of the Name Canada". Canadaonline.about.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: stories about ... ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ Moore, Christopher. 1997. 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal. McClelland and Stewart: Toronto; p. 214.
Jump up ^ John Robert Colombo (June 1, 2001). 1000 Questions About Canada: Places, People, Things, and Ideas : A Question-And-Answer Book on Canadian Facts and Culture. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-88882-232-1. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Farthing, John; Freedom Wears a Crown; Toronto, 1957
Jump up ^ Pope, Joseph; Confederation; pg. 177
Jump up ^ George M. Wrong; H. H. Langton (2009). The Chronicles of Canada: Volume VIII - The Growth of Nationality. Fireship Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-934757-51-2. Archived from the original on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, R.H.; Rideau Hall; McGill-Queen's University Press; Montreal and London; 1977; p. 9
Jump up ^ R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones, Donald B. Smith, R. D. Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Cengage Learning. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-17-644244-6. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Main Entry: do·min·ion; Function: noun; Etymology: Middle English dominioun, from Middle French dominion, modification of Latin dominium, from dominus; 4 often capitalized : a self-governing nation of the Commonwealth of Nations other than the United Kingdom that acknowledges the British monarch as chief of state
Jump up ^ "Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley" Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ Reingard M. Nischik (2008). History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian. Camden House. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-57113-359-5. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ Treaty of Utrecht 1713 "Moreover, the most Christian King promises, as well in his own name, as in that of his heirs and successors, that they will at not time whatever disturb or give any molestation to the Queen of Great Britain, her heirs and successors, descended from the aforesaid Protestant line, who possess the crown of Great Britain, and the dominions belonging therunto."
Jump up ^ "... on the 23rd of April 1895 Tongaland was declared by proclamation to be added to the dominions of Queen Victoria ... " ( "Africa". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 343. )
Jump up ^ Delisle, Jean. "Through the Lens of History: Translating dominion as puissance". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ "The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz (Kids)". Canadian Heritage. 2009-01-09. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
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Jump up ^ Joseph Pope (1894). Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G. C. B., first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada. E. Arnold. p. 321.
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^ Jump up to: a b Dennis Ambrose O'Sullivan (1887). Government in Canada: The principles and institutions of our federal and provincial constitutions. The B. N. A. act, 1867, compared with the United States Constitution, with a sketch of the constitutional history of Canada. Carswell & co. p. 309. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ Ewart, J.S. (1912–1917). The Kingdom Papers. I. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, and Stewart. p. 331. Archived from the original on 2006-02-15.
Jump up ^ Ewart 1912–1917, p. 393
Jump up ^ Ewart 1912–1917, pp. 372–393; as per "Rank and Name", pp. 374–381.
Jump up ^ Ewart 1912–1917, Imperial Projects and the Republic of Canada, pp. 262–393.
Jump up ^ Le Petit Robert 1: dictionnaire de la langue française, 1990.
Jump up ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 17 (direct quote, word for word)
Jump up ^ Martin, Robert. 1993. Eugene Forsey Memorial Lecture: A Lament for British North America. Archived 2005-10-17 at the Wayback Machine. The Machray Review. Prayer Book Society of Canada.—A summative piece about nomenclature and pertinent history with abundant references.
Jump up ^ "The UN Terminology website "which holds records for each country containing the short and formal names in the six UN official languages, is the successor to UN Terminology". United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database (UNTERM.UN.ORG), Canada page. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ "UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, Working Paper No. 16" (PDF). p. Bulletin No. 347/Rev. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Organization of American States Office of Legal Cooperation, Member Country Information Page for Canada". Oas.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "European Union Gateway Interinstutional Style Guide, List of Countries, territories and currencies - "Note 1, 'Full name' corresponds in most cases to the official name recognized by the United Nations."". Publications.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "United States Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Independent States of the World—Canada: "no long-form name"". State.gov. 1979-01-01. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Government of Canada Translation Bureau, "List of Country Names"—Introduction notes that "The official name of a state (e.g. Islamic Republic of Iran), found under the common name (Iran), is taken from the United Nations Terminology Bulletin No. 347."". Btb.gc.ca. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ Forsey, Eugene A., in Marsh, James H., ed. 1988. "Dominion Archived 2017-01-22 at the Wayback Machine." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Hurtig Publishers: Toronto.
Jump up ^ Rayburn, pp. 19, 21.
Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day - How Did You Do? Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canada's Digital Collections: Confederation 1867, Canadian Heritage: The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz.
Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day - How Did You Do? Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canada's Digital Collections: Confederation 1867, Canadian Heritage: The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz
Jump up ^ Forsey, Eugene A. 2005. How Canadians Govern Themselves Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF), 6th ed. Canada: Ottawa; pp. 8-9. The preface to the publication specifies that the opinions reflected are those of the author, and "do not necessarily reflect those of parliament."
Jump up ^ "Territorial evolution". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2007-10-09. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are united in a federal state, the Dominion of Canada.
Jump up ^ BRIAN LILLEY, Parliamentary Bureau (2011-03-09). "It's official, Maple Leaf Tartan is Canada's tartan | Canada | News". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
Further reading[edit]
Choudry, Sujit. 2001(?). "Constitution Acts" (based on looseleaf by Hogg, Peter W.). Constitutional Keywords. University of Alberta, Centre for Constitutional Studies: Edmonton.
Gerald Hallowell (2004). The Oxford Companion to Canadian History. Oxford University Press Canada. ISBN 978-0-19-541559-9.
External links[edit]
Origin of the Name - Canada - Canadian Heritage
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List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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These are the Billboard Hot 100 number one hits of 1983. The longest running number-one single of 1983 is "Every Breath You Take" by The Police at eight weeks.
Key
The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1983 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.
Issue Date
Song
Artist(s)
Reference
January 1 "Maneater" Hall & Oates [1]
January 8 [2]
January 15 "Down Under" Men at Work [3]
January 22 [4]
January 29 [5]
February 5 "Africa" Toto [6]
February 12 "Down Under" Men at Work [7]
February 19 "Baby, Come to Me" Patti Austin and James Ingram [8]
February 26 [9]
March 5 "Billie Jean" Michael Jackson [10]
March 12 [11]
March 19 [12]
March 26 [13]
April 2 [14]
April 9 [15]
April 16 [16]
April 23 "Come On Eileen" Dexys Midnight Runners [17]
April 30 "Beat It" Michael Jackson [18]
May 7 [19]
May 14 [20]
May 21 "Let's Dance" David Bowie [21]
May 28 "Flashdance... What a Feeling" Irene Cara [22]
June 4 [23]
June 11 [24]
June 18 [25]
June 25 [26]
July 2 [27]
July 9 "Every Breath You Take" The Police [28]
July 16 [29]
July 23 [30]
July 30 [31]
August 6 [32]
August 13 [33]
August 20 [34]
August 27 [35]
September 3 "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" Eurythmics [36]
September 10 "Maniac" Michael Sembello [37]
September 17 [38]
September 24 "Tell Her About It" Billy Joel [39]
October 1 "Total Eclipse of the Heart" Bonnie Tyler [40]
October 8 [41]
October 15 [42]
October 22 [43]
October 29 "Islands in the Stream" Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton [44]
November 5 [45]
November 12 "All Night Long (All Night)" Lionel Richie [46]
November 19 [47]
November 26 [48]
December 3 [49]
December 10 "Say Say Say" Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson [50]
December 17 [51]
December 24 [52]
December 31 [53]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-01-01/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-01-08/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-01-15/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-01-22/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-01-29/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-02-05/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-02-12/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-02-19/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-02-26/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-03-05/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-03-12/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-03-19/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-03-26/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-04-02/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-04-09/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-04-16/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-04-23/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-04-30/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-05-07/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-05-14/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-05-21/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-05-28/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-06-04/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-06-11/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-06-18/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-06-25/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-07-02/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-07-09/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-07-16/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-07-23/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-07-30/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-08-06/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-08-13/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-08-20/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-08-27/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-09-03/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-09-10/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-09-17/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-09-24/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-10-01/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-10-08/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-10-15/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-10-22/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-10-29/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-11-05/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-11-12/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-11-19/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-11-26/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-12-03/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-12-10/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-12-17/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-12-24/hot-100
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1983-12-31/hot-100
Sources[edit]
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties (ISBN 0-89820-079-2)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
See also[edit]
1983 in music
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1983
List of number-one hits (United States)
List of number-one R&B singles of 1983 (U.S.)
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1956
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values: Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den USA (1983) – German

values: Anexo:Sencillos número uno de Hot 100 de 1983 (EE. UU.) – Spanish

values: Liste des titres musicaux numéro un aux États-Unis en 1983 – French

values: Singoli al numero uno nella Billboard Hot 100 nel 1983 – Italian

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values: Nummer 1-hits in de Billboard Hot 100 in 1983 – Dutch

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values: Single numer jeden w roku 1983 (USA) – Polish

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values: Список синглов № 1 в США в 1983 году (Billboard) – Russian

values: Billboardlistans förstaplaceringar 1983 – Swedish

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values: 1983'te Billboard Hot 100'da bir numara olan single'lar listesi – Turkish

values: Danh sách đĩa đơn quán quân Hot 100 năm 1983 (Mỹ) – Vietnamese

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