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Drunk driving law by country
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The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries. One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime.
Contents
[hide]
1 Africa
2 Americas
2.1 North America
2.1.1 Canada
2.1.2 Mexico
2.1.3 United States
2.2 Caribbean
2.3 Central America
2.4 South America
3 Asia
3.1 Central Asia
3.2 East Asia
3.3 South Asia
3.4 Southeast Asia
3.5 Western Asia
4 Europe
4.1 Britain
4.1.1 Further rules in the United Kingdom (UK)
4.1.2 Magistrates' sentencing guidelines
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia
5.1.1 Australian Capital Territory
5.1.2 New South Wales
5.1.3 Northern Territory
5.1.4 Queensland
5.1.5 South Australia
5.1.6 Tasmania
5.1.7 Victoria
5.1.8 Western Australia
5.2 New Zealand
5.3 Other countries in Oceania
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Africa[edit]
Angola: 0.06%[1]
Algeria: 0.02%[2]
Benin: 0.05%[2]
Cape Verde: 0.08%[2]
Central African Republic: 0.08%[2]
Comoros: 0[2]
Congo: 0.01%[2]
Egypt: 0.05%[3]
Equatorial Guinea: 0.15%[2]
Eritrea: 0.03% for commercial or professional drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Ethiopia: 0.08[4]
The Gambia: No limit[2]
Ghana: 0.08%[2]
Guinea: 0.08%[2]
Guinea-Bissau: 0.15%[2]
Kenya: No limit[2]
Libya: 0[2]
Malawi: 0.08%[2]
Mauritius: 0.05%[2]
Morocco: 0.00%[2]
Namibia: 0.05%[2]
Niger: No limit[2]
Nigeria: 0.05%[5]
Seychelles: 0.08%[2]
South Africa: 0.05% and 0.02% for professional drivers (trucks over 3.5 tonnes, and vehicles carrying passengers for reward) National Road Traffic Act, 1996.
Togo: No limit[2]
Uganda: 0.08%[2]
Tanzania: 0 for professional or commercial drivers, 0.08% for all other drivers.[2]
Zambia: 0.08%[2]
Americas[edit]
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Impaired driving in Canada
Canada: 0.0–0.08%
The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 made it a per se offence to drive with a BAC in excess of 80 mg/100 ml of blood. Refusal of a police officer's demand to provide a breath sample was made an offence at the same time and both began as summary conviction offences, with a mandatory minimum $50 fine.[6]
British Columbia has a zero tolerance policy regarding driving under the influence. Any blood alcohol level is illegal and subject to punishment for people holding a class 7 learners or novice license.
Mexico[edit]
Mexico: 0.04–0.10%.[7]
United States[edit]
Main article: Drunk driving in the United States
A 1937 poster warns US drivers about the dangers of mixing alcohol and driving.
United States: Depends on state, 0.08% or 0.05% BAC by volume
In the United States, the blood alcohol level at which all states make it unlawful to operate a motor vehicle is 0.08, although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving at a lower blood alcohol level.[8] Some states define two impaired driving offenses.[9]
The first is the traditional offense, variously called driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), driving while intoxicated/impaired (DWI),[10] operating under the influence (OUI), or operating while intoxicated/impaired (OWI).[11]
The second and more recent is the so-called illegal per se offense of driving with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by volume (mass of alcohol/volume of blood) of 0.08% (previously 0.10%) or higher.
The first offense requires proof of intoxication, although evidence of BAC is admissible as rebuttably presumptive evidence of that intoxication; the second requires only proof of BAC at the time of being in physical control of a motor vehicle. An accused may potentially be convicted of both offenses as a result of a single incident, but may only be punished for one.[12] The differences between state penalties still varies. Wisconsin, for instance, is the only state that continues to treat first offense drunk driving arrests as forfeiture.[13]
Some states also include a lesser charge of driving with a BAC of 0.05%; other states limit this offense to drivers under the age of 21. All states and DC also now have zero tolerance laws: the license of anyone under 21 driving with any detectable alcohol in their bloodstream (BAC limits of 0.01% or 0.02% apply in some states, such as Florida.) will be suspended. In 2009, Puerto Rico joined these states, setting a limit of 0.02 for drivers under 21, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18.[14]
The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04%.[15] Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol, while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug, or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood.[16]
Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to .05% BAC by volume on March 24, 2017. The law takes effect on December 30, 2018.[17] The bill’s passage, HB155, was controversial in the state. A poll published on July 29, 2017 found 50 percent of Utahns supported the new law, but 47 percent opposed it.
In most states, the timing of the chemical test for suspected drunk driving is important because the law mandates a result within a given time period after the driving stopped, usually two hours.[citation needed]
The aftermath of a drunk driving car crash is simulated as part of an anti-drunk driving campaign for California high school students.
Caribbean[edit]
Bahamas: 0.06%[18]
Cuba: 0 for young or inexperienced drivers and professional or commercial drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Dominican Republic: 0.03%[2]
Jamaica: The law states that the legal alcohol limit is 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath or a blood alcohol level of 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood.[19]
Trinidad and Tobago: 35 μg/100 mL BrAC, 80 mg/ml BAC[20][21]
Central America[edit]
Belize: 0.08%[2]
Costa Rica: 0.02%[2] for public transport, commercial drivers and new drivers, or 0.05% for all others results in a fine of CRC 280,000 (US$489.61 as of 27 July 2017). A BAC in excess of 0.05% for public transport, commercial drivers and new drivers or 0.075% for all others additionally results in a 1 to 3 year prison sentence, vehicle impoundment and 2 year licence suspension.[22]
El Salvador: 0.05%[2]
Guatemala: 0.08%[2]
Honduras: 0.07%[2]
Nicaragua: 0.05%[23]
Panama: 0.08%[2]
South America[edit]
Argentina: 0% for public transport and commercial vehicles, 0.02% for motorcycles, and 0.05% for all others.[24]
Bolivia: 0.05% for professional drivers only.[25]
Brazil: Since 2008 Brazil practices a zero tolerance. If a driver is found to be driving with any BAC (up to .06%), the driver is to have their license suspended for 12 months, pay a fine of BRL 2,934.70 (doubled if recurrence) and will have the car seized. Anything above 0.06% is considered a criminal offense. [26][27]
Chile: From 15 March 2012, 0.03–0.08% the driver is considered to be driving under the influence and carries a three-month suspension and a fine of US$82–410 (as of 19 March 2012[update]); over 0.08% the driver is considered to be drunk and carries a prison term of 61 to 301 days, a fine of US$164–820 (as of 19 March 2012[update]) and a two-year suspension for the first offense, a five-year suspension for a second offense, and a life suspension for a third offense.[28]
Colombia: Colombia is known to have the toughest penalties against those driving under the influence in all of Latin America and practice a zero tolerance policy on DUIs. If a driver is found to be driving with 20–39 mg/100 ml ethanol in blood (equivalent to 0.02–0.039% BAC), the driver is to have their license suspended for a year, pay a fine of US$914 (as of 22 December 2013[update]), and serve twenty hours of community service. In the most extreme cases, if a driver is found to be driving with grade three alcohol (150 mg/100 ml ethanol in blood), the driver is to have their licence confiscated for ten years, pay a fine of US$7,314 (as of 22 December 2013[update]), and serve fifty hours of community service. If the driver gets in an accident and causes injuries and or deaths, the driver is to face between 2.5 and eighteen years of prison sentence.[29]
Ecuador: 0.01% for commercial or professional drivers; 0.03% for all other drivers.[2]
Guyana: 0.08%[2]
Paraguay: 0 [30]
Peru: Drivers below a 0.05% BAC will be given a warning. At a 0.05% and over, the driver will be given a fine and a license suspension of no less than six months and no more than two years. If the driver is involved in an accident without causing death or severe injury to another individual, he or she may possibly face jail time. If the driver's causes an accident with a BAC over 0.101%, involving death or severe injury to another party, he or she will receive a mandatory prison sentence of three to five years. The driver's license will also be permanently revoked.[citation needed]
Suriname: 0.05%[2]
Uruguay: 0 tolerance for every driver, professional or not (since January 2016)[2] The driver will have to pay a fine of US$464 (as of 29 April 2015[update]) and will have their licence suspended. Depending on the concentration of alcohol in blood and the times the driver was found guilty, the suspension goes from a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years.[31] If the driver causes an accident involving death, he or she will be charged with negligent homicide and will face a minimum of six months in prison.
Venezuela: 0.08%[2]
Asia[edit]
Central Asia[edit]
Kyrgyzstan: 0.05%[2]
Mongolia: 0.05%[2]
Turkmenistan: 0[2]
East Asia[edit]
China: 0.02%. Over 0.02% but under 0.08%: CN¥ 1000–2000 fine, six months licence suspension; Over 0.08%: up to three years imprisonment,[32] five years licence suspension. If the driver causes serious injuries or death, the license will be suspended for life.[33]
Hong Kong: 0.05% or BAC 0.22 mg/L or urine 0.067%. Driving under the influence of alcohol beyond legal limit is punishable with a monetary fine and up to three years imprisonment, with ten driving-offense points and mandatory Driving Improvement Course.[34]
Japan: BrAC 0.15 mg/L (equivalent to 0.03%). Additionally, regardless of alcohol readings, police may also determine the driver to be "driving drunk", which is punished more severely than exceeding the designated alcohol limits.[35]
Republic of Korea: 0.05%[36]
Taiwan: 0.05% (BrAC 0.15 mg/L). Over 0.05% but under 0.11%: TWD 15,000 to 90,000 fine, and license suspension for one year.[citation needed] 0.11% and above: license suspension for one year, and charge of offences against public safety with possible prison sentence up to two years as the maximum penalty. If the driver is convicted of causing accidents, the penalty shall be increased by half.[citation needed] If the driver causes serious injuries or death, the license will be suspended for life or even face the death penalty.
South Asia[edit]
Afghanistan: 0[2]
India: 0.03%. This is according to section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988. On a first offence, the punishment is imprisonment of six months, a fine of 2000 Indian Rupees (INR) or both. If the second offence is committed within three years, the punishment is two years, a fine of 3000 Indian Rupees (INR) or both. The clause of 30 mg/dL was added by an amendment in 1994. It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994.
Nepal: 0%. Breathalyzer testing is regularly used in major cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar and Highways. For more verification, driver will be taken to nearest hospitals for blood and urine test (if demanded by the driver). Licence will be seized instantly. Driver will get the licence back after attending anti-alcoholic classes run by Nepal Traffic Police and fine will be charged NRS 1000.[citation needed]
Pakistan: Falls under Drink and Drugs, S. No 14. No Set limit. 8 Penalty Points.[37]
Sri Lanka: 0.06%.[citation needed] Breathalyzer testing is not used routinely. If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence. If the driver refuses examination by the medical officer he is considered to have been under influence by default.
Southeast Asia[edit]
Brunei: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Cambodia: 0.01%[2]
Laos: 80 mg/100 ml of blood.[38][citation needed]
Indonesia: 0[2]
Malaysia: 0.08%, or 80 mg100 ml alcohol in blood.[39]
Philippines: The Republic Act 10586 or the "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013" indicates that blood alcohol content (BAH) should be 0.05% for non-professional drivers and 0.01% for motorcycle riders and professional drivers. A traffic enforcer must first establish probable cause before directing a motorist suspected of DUI to pull over. Then, the motorist should do the following field sobriety tests – the horizontal gaze nystagmus (eye test), the walk-and-turn, and one-leg stand. A breath analyzer shall only be used after the motorist fails these three tests.[40]
Singapore: 0.08% (80 mg/100 ml alcohol blood) or BrAC: 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath, strictly enforced.[citation needed]
Thailand: 0 for professional or commercial drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Vietnam: 50 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood motorbikes and 0 for cars or larger vehicles.[41]
Western Asia[edit]
Turkey: 0.05%,[42] 0 for commercial transport and public service drivers.
Armenia: 0.04%[43]
Azerbaijan: 0[44]
Iran: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Israel: 0.024% 24 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath (penalties only apply above 26 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 0.005% 5 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath.[45]
Jordan: 0.05.[2] Breathalyzer testing is not routinely used. If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence.
Kuwait: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Lebanon: 0.02%, often unenforced.
Saudi Arabia: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Syria: often unenforced, unless heavily drunk and driving. License revoked for 1 to 3 month. 2000 Syrian pounds fine.
United Arab Emirates: 0[citation needed]
Europe[edit]
Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dl for the general population
Note: Take zero to usually mean below detection limit.
Albania: 0.01%[42]
Austria: 0.05%.[2] 0.01% for drivers who have held a licence for less than two years and drivers of vehicles over 7.5 tonnes[citation needed]
Belarus: 0.03%
Belgium: 0.05%[42] Fines and driving bans increase as the alcohol concentration in the blood increases.[46]
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 0.03% for all drivers except for drivers of C, CE, D and DE categories, public service drivers, professional drivers, driving instructors, and drivers younger than 21 years or without 3 years of experience, where limit is zero. [47]
Bulgaria: 0.05%[2]
Czech Republic: Zero[42]
Croatia: 0.05%. Zero for drivers aged 16 to 24 and professional drivers on duty.[48][49]
Cyprus: 0.05%[2]
Denmark: 0.05%, imprisonment if over 0.20%, zero if not driving safely. Fine: one month's pay after taxes × BAC × 10.[50]
Estonia: 0.019%[51]
Finland: 0.05%,[42] 0.12% (aggravated). The penalty is a fine or jail up to six months plus license suspension from one month to five years. For aggravated, also a prison sentence (sixty days to two years) is possible,[52] usually as a suspended sentence. Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and often practiced. Penalties vary by level of intoxication.
France: 0.05% or 0.02% for new drivers (under three years of driving license) and bus drivers (€135 fine and six demerit points on the driver's license, which can be suspended for three years maximum),[42] 0.08% (aggravated, criminal offense, license suspension for three years, €4,500 fine, and up to two years imprisonment)
Georgia: 0.02%[2]
Germany: Zero for beginners (less than two years' experience or under the age of 21), professional drivers, bus drivers, truck drivers, and drivers transporting passengers commercially; 0.03% in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident; 0.05% otherwise. For cyclists, the limit is set at 0.16%, where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident. From 0.16%, cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit.[53]
Penalties start at a €500 fine and one-month license suspension. From 0.11%, the penalty is a €500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver's licence for at least six months, but usually about one year (penalty is set by the court); from 0.16%, reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment (MPU).[54] From 0.11% within ten years of an offence from 0.05%, there is a minimum €7003100000000000000♠1000 fine and a one-year licence withdrawal; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months, before they can get their licence back. For repeat offenses, the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence (doubled, tripled, etc.), regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit. These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts. From 0.11%, the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service.
Gibraltar: 0.05%[55]
Greece: 0.05% (BrAC 0.25 mg/L),[42] reduced to 0.02% (BrAC 0.10 mg/L) for unlicensed or new drivers who have held a license for less than two years, motor cycle and professional drivers. Above 0.11% (BrAC 0.60 mg/L) it's considered a flagrant misdemeanor punishable with up to two years of imprisonment and a hefty fine in the court plus the revoking of the drivers licence for six months. Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by the traffic police, especially on weekends and major holidays.
Hungary: Zero[2]
Iceland: 0.04%[42]
Ireland: 0.05% generally or 0.02% for learner drivers, newly qualified drivers (those who have their license for less than two years) and professional drivers, and those who do not have their driving license on them when stopped by the Gardaí (police).[56] Police do not need a reason to request a breath sample. Being convicted of drunk driving usually carries a two-year ban as well as a €1,500 fine.[57]
Italy: From 0.05% to 0.08% (€500-2,000 fine, three to six months license suspension), from 0.08% to 0.15% (aggravated, €800-3,200 fine, six to twelve months license suspension, up to six months imprisonment), over 0.15% (aggravated, €1,500-6,000 fine, one to two years license suspension, six to twelve months imprisonment, vehicle seizure and confiscation), zero for drivers with less than three years experience and professional drivers (bus, trucks, etc.). License is always revoked in case of: professional drivers, second offence committed within two years or in case of an accident. If the driver refuses examination he is considered to have been under influence by default applying the over 0.15% rules.[58] Limit is zero for newly qualified drivers (those who have their license for less than three years). Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by various law enforcement agencies.
Latvia: 0.02% for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05% for those with more than two years of experience
Liechtenstein: 0.08%[citation needed]
Lithuania: 0.00% for taxi, truck, autobus, motorcycle drivers. 0.02% for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.04% for those with more than two years of experience[42]
Luxembourg: 0.02% for professional drivers and drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05% for the rest (€145 fine and two demerit points on the driving licence if caught). 0.08% earns you a citation, 0.12% means loss of license (since October 1, 2007)[59]
Macedonia: Zero for professional drivers, public service drivers, commercial transport and beginner drivers, 0.05% for all others[60]
Moldova: 0.03%[42]
Malta: 0.08%[42]
Netherlands: 0.05%,[42] 0.02% for drivers with less than five years' experience (or less than seven years' experience when the driver got his license before reaching the age of eighteen)
Norway: 0.02%.[42] Punishment depends on the alcohol level. 0.02% (fine, but one may also risk a suspended licence if any aggravated circumstances are present.), 0.05% (fine, suspended sentence and suspended license), 0.10% (fine, suspended or mandatory sentence and suspended license), 0.15% (fine, mandatory sentence and suspended license). The guidelines state that the fine for an alcohol level of more than 0.05% should be around 1.5 months base salary and usually not lower than 10,000 NOK. For 0.02 to 0.05% the fine is lower. Prison sentences are usually around three weeks to three months with a maximum of one year. The suspension period varies from less than a year to forever, when license is suspended forever, one may apply to get it back after five years.[61]
Poland: 0.02% (driving license banned from six months up to three years, jail up to one month), 0.05% (driving license banned from minimum three years, prison up to three years).[42] Limits and penalties for riding the bicycles were same as for motorized vehicles to December 2013. Almost half of people imprisoned for drunk driving were riding bicycles.[62]
Portugal: 0.05%. 0.02% for drivers with less than three years of experience[42]
Romania: 0.02%. Above 0.5 g/L imprisonment of one to five years. Between 0.2 and 0.5 g/L civil fine with possible suspended licence.[citation needed][63]
Russian Federation: 0.0356% since 1 September 2013,[64][65] previously zero since 2010[66][67]
Serbia: 0.03% for all, zero for motorcycle drivers, professional drivers, public service drivers, commercial transport and beginning drivers.[68] Starting 2018 it will be 0.02% for non professional drivers.
Slovakia: Zero[42]
Slovenia: Zero for drivers with three years or less experience and professional drivers, 0.24 mg/l (0.05%) for all others.[citation needed]
Spain: 0.05% BAC (0.25 mg/l BrAC)[69] and 0.03% BAC (0.15 mg/l BrAC) for drivers with less than two years experience and drivers of freight vehicles over 3.5 tonnes, and of passenger vehicles with more than nine seats. Surpassing the limit is a serious offence, fined with €500.[70] Driving with an alcohol rate over 0.12% is a crime (up to six months imprisonment and license suspension up to one years).[71]
Sweden: 0.02% (up to six months imprisonment), 0.10% (imprisonment, maximum two years).[72] Annually about 2.5 million random tests are performed for alcohol and about twelve thousand tests on suspicion of drugs.[73]
Switzerland: Zero for drivers with less than three years experience, 0.05%[42] for all others.
United Kingdom
Scotland: 50 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood or 22 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath (legislation became effective from 5 December 2014)[74]
England and Wales: 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood, 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath or 107 mg/100 ml alcohol in urine.[75]
Northern Ireland: 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood. As of November 2014[update] results of a public consultation regarding reduction of this limit were being considered,[76] with a reduction to fifty being thought likely[77]
Ukraine: 0.02%[78]
Britain[edit]
In British law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle. The definition depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle, and having access to a means of starting the vehicle's engine and driving it away (i.e., the keys to a vehicle). A passenger in the vehicle can also be prosecuted if the police can prove that they were driving under the influence at some point.[79]
The UK's drug driving laws were updated in 2015. The changes included: a new roadside testing kit, which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect's saliva; zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs, Limits were also set for certain prescription medications. The laws, however, did not end the use of the field impairment test, but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation, or cannot be identified by the limited use of a device, that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine.[80]
Further rules in the United Kingdom (UK)[edit]
In the UK, driving or attempting to drive whilst above the legal limit or unfit through drink carries a maximum penalty of six months' imprisonment, a fine of up to £5,000 and a minimum twelve months' disqualification. For a second offence committed within ten years of conviction, the minimum ban is three years. Being in charge of a vehicle whilst over the legal limit or unfit through drink could result in three months' imprisonment plus a fine of up to £2,500 and a driving ban. Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of alcohol or other drugs carries a maximum penalty of fourteen years in prison, a minimum two-year driving ban and a requirement to pass an extended driving test before the offender is able to drive legally again.
It is an offence to refuse to provide a specimen of breath, blood or urine for analysis. The penalties for refusing are the same as those for actual drunk driving.
The offence of driving whilst under the influence of alcohol is one to which there is no defence, as such (although defences such as duress or automatism, which are not specific to the offence of driving with excess alcohol, may apply in certain rare circumstances). However, it may be possible to argue that special reasons exist which are such that you should not be disqualified from driving despite having committed the offence. Special reasons are notoriously difficult to establish and the burden of proof is always upon the accused to establish them. Such reasons may include:
shortness of distance driven
unintentional commission of the offence (i.e., laced drinks)
emergencies
Magistrates' sentencing guidelines[edit]
In England and Wales, when DWI offenders appear before a magistrates' court, the magistrates have guidelines they refer to before they decide on a suitable sentence to give the offender. These guidelines are issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council[81] and cover offences for which sentence is frequently imposed in a magistrates' court when dealing with adult offenders.
Offences can either be tried summarily which means they can only be heard in the magistrates' court or they can be either way offences which means magistrates may find their sentencing powers are insufficient and indict the case to crown court. The majority of drunk driving offences are summary only offences which can only be tried in a magistrates' court. Only the most serious offences such as a collision, death or injury involved are indicted to crown court. The maximum sentence magistrates can usually impose is a £5,000 fine, a six-month prison sentence or both.
As with England and Wales, road traffic law in Scotland is in the main framed within the Road Traffic Act 1988 as amended. Prosecution and disposal of drink-drive offences is broadly similar to England and Wales with less serious cases prosecuted on complaint through the sheriff summary courts. Cases involving aggravations, life-changing or fatal injuries are prosecuted on indictment via the sheriff solemn or high court. As with most UK-wide legislation, the penalties and sentencing guidelines for drunk driving in Scotland mirror those in effect in England and Wales.
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
A roadside warning in Victoria, Australia
Road laws are state or territory based, but all states and territories have set similar rules.
Australian law allow police officers to stop any driver and perform a random breath test without reason. Roadblocks can be set up (for example, leading out of town centres on Friday and Saturday nights and after football matches or other major events), where every single driver will be breath-tested.
This differs from UK and US laws where police generally need a reason to suspect that the driver is intoxicated before requesting a breath or sobriety test. It is an offence to refuse to provide a sample of breath when requested with severe penalties including prison.[82]
Australian Capital Territory[edit]
0 for drivers or riders holding a learner, provisional, restricted or probationary license and for drivers operating heavy vehicles over 15t GVM or driving a public vehicle for hire or reward (for example taxi and bus drivers).[83]
0.05% for all other drivers.
New South Wales[edit]
Zero for Learner and Provisional licences.[84]
0.02% for drivers of vehicles of "gross vehicle mass" greater than 13.9 tonnes, vehicles carrying dangerous goods or public vehicles such as a taxi or bus.
0.05% for all other drivers
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Northern Territory[edit]
0 for provisional (probationary) licence holders and all motorcyclists.
0.05% for all other drivers.
Queensland[edit]
A 0 limit applies to the drivers of trucks, buses, articulated vehicles, vehicles carrying dangerous goods, pilot vehicles, taxis, all learner drivers and provisional drivers and RE class licensed motorcyclists in their first twelve months.[85]
0.05% for other drivers.[86]
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.[86]
South Australia[edit]
0 limit for learner, provisional, probationary, heavy (greater than fifteen tonnes) vehicle, taxis, licensed chauffeured vehicles, dangerous goods, and bus licenses.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Tasmania[edit]
0 limit for learner, provisional, truck, bus, and taxi licences.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Victoria[edit]
0 limit applies for unlicensed drivers, holders of learner permits and probationary licences, "professional" drivers, and certain relicensed drunk-drivers.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
There are also other restrictions for drivers in Victoria:
Limits apply within three hours of driving - that is, police can require a person to submit to an alcohol or drugs test within three hours of driving and it is an offense to fail that test, unless the drug or alcohol use occurred after driving (see Road Safety Act 1986, ss. 49, 53 and 55E).
Licenses cancelled for certain serious drunk-driving offenses may only be reissued after obtaining a court order. This is the case for repeat offenders, and first offenders above 0.15% . In such cases, the relicensed driver is subject to a 0 limit for three years following relicensing, or for as long as the person is required to use an alcohol interlock.
Alcohol interlocks must be imposed whenever a repeat drunk-driver is relicensed.
A court also has discretion to impose an alcohol interlock when relicensing a first offender in certain serious cases, generally when the offense involves a BAC of 0.15% or higher.
The law requires interlocks to be used for certain minimum periods, but the requirement to use an interlock does not automatically end at the completion of the minimum period. Once that period has expired, an individual may apply to a court to have the interlock condition removed from their driver's licence. The State Police must be given notice of the application and may make submissions to the court on whether the interlock condition should be removed. The court will also take into account data recorded by the interlock itself (e.g., whether any attempts were made to start the vehicle by a person who had been drinking).
Driving without an interlock when one is required carries severe penalties, including imprisonment.
If a doctor sees any patient who is aged fifteen years or over as a result of a motor vehicle accident, the patient must allow the doctor to take a blood sample for testing for alcohol and drug content in a way that preserves the chain of evidence. If this process is skipped the doctor may not be able to discover the alcohol blood level. The results can be used as evidence in subsequent court proceedings.
The law allows a police officer to require any driver (or any person who has driven a vehicle within the last three hours) to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine, Cannabis or MDMA, all of which are subject to a zero limit (see Road Safety Act 1986: ss. 49, 55E & 55D)
Western Australia[edit]
0 for learner and probationary licence holders and persons convicted of driving under the influence or failing to comply with a request for breath, blood or urine (for three years after the offense).
0.05% for all other drivers.
Readings over 0.08% but under 0.15% BAC, and 0.15% BAC and above (legally defined as Drunk Driving) comprise separate offenses, the latter attracting heavier penalties. Persistent offenders may be barred from driving for terms up to and including life, and may also be imprisoned.
The law allows a police officer to require any driver to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine, Cannabis or MDMA, all of which are subject to a zero limit.
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand operates a program called Compulsory Breath Testing, which allows police to stop motorists at any time. CBT is usually carried out at roadside checkpoints but mobile patrol cars can also randomly stop motorists to administer a test. The police also carry out roadside drug tests upon motorists they suspect have used drugs.[87]
The system in New Zealand is age-based.[88] the limits are:
0 limit for persons under twenty years.
0.05% BAC or 250μg/L breath for persons twenty years and over.
The penalties for exceeding the limits are:
Persons under twenty years, up to 0.03% BAC, 150 μg/L breath: instant NZ$200 fine and fifty demerit points.
Persons under twenty years, 0.03–0.08% BAC, 150–400 μg/L breath: up to three months imprisonment, up to NZ$2,250 fine or both; loss of licence for three months or more.
Persons twenty years and over, 0.051–0.08% BAC, 251–400 μg/L breath: instant NZ$200 fine and fifty demerit points. twelve hour prohibition from driving immediately after[89]
All persons over 0.08% BAC, 400 μg/L breath (first and second offenses): up to three months imprisonment, up to NZ$4,500 fine or both; loss of licence for six months or more.
All persons over 0.08% BAC, 400 μg/L breath (third and subsequent offenses): two years imprisonment; NZ$6,000 fine; loss of licence for one year or more.
Note that penalties apply to the lowest reading taken across both breath and blood tests. For example, if a driver twenty years or over has a breath test result of 426 μg/L but a subsequent blood test returns 0.077% BAC, then the driver is not charged with any drink driving offence despite the breath reading being over the breath alcohol limit. The penalty for injuring or killing someone when under the influences is the same as dangerous driving (up to five years imprisonment, up to NZ$20,000 or both; loss of licence for one year or more).
Other countries in Oceania[edit]
French Polynesia: 0.05%[citation needed]
Micronesia: 0.05%[2]
Palau: 0 for new or inexperienced drivers and commercial or professional drivers, 0.10% for all other drivers.[2]
See also[edit]
Breathalyzer
DWI court
Expungement
Sobriety checkpoints
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Angola" (PDF), Road safety status of Angola, World Health Organization, retrieved 19 February 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az "Legal BAC limits by country". World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Egypt" (PDF), Road safety status of Egypt, www.who.int, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Ethiopia" (PDF). Road safety status of Ethiopia. World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Nigeria" (PDF), Road safety by country profile of Nigeria, World Health Organization, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights (May 1999). "Toward Eliminating Impaired Driving — Chapter 2: Legislative Background". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Jump up ^ "BAC Limits Worldwide", BAC Limits Worldwide table, www.icap.org, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Drunken / Impaired Driving". NCSL. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Cal. Vehicle Code sec. 23152(a) and (b), "California Vehicle Code, Sec. 23152". California Legislative Information. California State Legislature. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., N.Y. Vehicle and traffic law, section 1192, found at New York Assembly official web site. Go to "Bill Search and Legislative Materials", then "New York State Laws." Accessed March 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (26 May 2016). "Drunk Driving Terminology - DUI, DWI, BAC, and Related Terms". ExpertLaw.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ E.g., People v. Cosko, 152 Cal. App. 3d 54, 199 Cal. Rptr. 289 (1984), citing Cal. Penal Code sec. 654
Jump up ^ Walters, Steven. "First drunken driving offense shouldn't be a crime, Van Hollen says" Milwaukee Journal Sentinel17 Jan 2009.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico OKs one lowest drunk-driving limits Archived 2015-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 49 CFR 382.20
Jump up ^ 14 CFR 91.17, also known as Federal Air Regulation 91.17
Jump up ^ Davidson, Lee (29 July 2017). "Utahns still split on new DUI law, but big majority want changes before it kicks in". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ http://royalbahamaspolice.org/traffic/duiu.php
Jump up ^ "National Road Safety Council Jamaica". National Road Safety Council Jamaica. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Police: Zero tolerance for young drivers". Trinidad Express. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic Act" (PDF). Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ LEY DE TRÁNSITO POR VÍAS PÚBLICAS TERRESTRES Y SEGURIDAD VIAL (PDF), Replublic of Costa Rica, retrieved 27 July 2017
Jump up ^ Road safety status of Nicaragua (PDF), World Health Organization, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Legal BAC limits by country", Legal BAC limits-data by country, apps.who.int, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ Imprensa Nacional - Presidência da República / Casa Civil, Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1 - Edição 20 de 29/01/2013, Pag. 30
Jump up ^ Imprensa Nacional - Presidência da República / Casa Civil, Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1 - Edição 20 de 29/01/2013, Pag. 31
Jump up ^ Chile Transit Law, Articles 110, 193 and 196. Chile Library of Congress, accessed on 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tolerancia cero: ni una cerveza si va a conducir - Noticias de Justicia en Colombia". Eltiempo.Com. 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Legal BAC limits by country". World Health Organization. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
Jump up ^ 中华人民共和国刑法 (2011年)(in Chinese). Wikisource Chinese. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 中华人民共和国道路交通安全法(in Chinese). Wikisource Chinese. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Road Traffic Ordinance Cap. 374" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-22.
Jump up ^ 飲酒運転の罰則等 (in Japanese). Metropolitan Police Department. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "국가법령정보센터". www.law.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-11.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived July 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ In April 2010 Vientiane Traffic Police Department launched operation A+E (Awareness and Enforcement) to crack down on driving offences including drunk driving. The KPL Lao news release April 6, 2010 mentions the national legal limit as 80 mg.
Jump up ^ "What is the legal limit of alcohol in the blood?". Department of Chemistry Malaysia. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Some facts on the new anti-drunk driving law". ABS-CBN News.
Jump up ^ "Điều 8: Luật Giao Thông Đường Bộ Việt Nam".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Blood Alcohol Concentration Limits Worldwide Archived 2008-07-02 at the Wayback Machine., International Centre For Policy Studies. Page retrieved 30 October 2006
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Armenia" (PDF), violence injury prevention, www.who.int, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Azerbaijan travel advice", Foreign travel advice, www.gov.uk, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and Driving". Ministry of Transport. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
Jump up ^ ETSC Fact Sheet, Belgium, January 2011
Jump up ^ Law on the basis of traffic safety on roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Official gazzete of B&H", No 6/06, 75/06, 44/07, 84/09, 48/10, 18/13 and 8/17)
Jump up ^ "67 9.6.2008 Zakon o sigurnosti prometa na cestama". narodne-novine.nn.hr. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Zakonske odredbe". mup.hr. 2014-01-21. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Straf for spritkørsel | Sikker Trafik". Sikkertrafik.dk. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ Liiklusseadus [Traffic Act]. In Estonian. Riigi Teataja
Jump up ^ "Rattijuopumuksen seuraukset". Poliisi.fi. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ (http://www.mz-web.de/politik/alkohol-im-strassenverkehr-promille-grenze-fuer-radfahrer-bleibt-bei-1-6,20642162,24936596.html)
Jump up ^ and carries a €500 fine and a minimum licence suspension of one year, but usually carries out a higher suspension as prerequisites for reissue of licences
Jump up ^ UK Government Advice on Gibraltar Page retrieved 30 October 2006.
Jump up ^ RTÉ News - New drink-driving laws in effect (29 October 2011)
Jump up ^ Irish Independent - "One pint too much as drive limit cut"
Jump up ^ Automobile Club d'Italia art. 186 / 186 bis c.d.s.
Jump up ^ police.lu - Extrait de quelques infractions au code de la route Archived 2014-03-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ No.234 [3][permanent dead link] in Macedonian
Jump up ^ [4](page in Norwegian). Page retrieved 21. June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Wyroki na pijanych kierowców i pijanych rowerzystów [INFOGRAFIKA]" (in Polish). Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ https://www.avantulliber.ro/2017/01/20/noul-cod-rutier-a-fost-aprobat-e-jale-pentru-soferi-inchisoare-pentru-alcool-si-fara-permis-pentru-centura-si-vorbit-la-telefon/
Jump up ^ "Russia lifts zero permille limit for drunk driving". bbcrussian. 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Russian drivers to be allowed to have slight alcohol content in blood". Itar-tass. 2013-07-26.
Jump up ^ (Russian) Medvedev signed the law, completely abolishing any alcohol limits. Even minimal alcohol content will lead to revoking of the driving licence [5]
Jump up ^ "Medvedev signs total drink driving ban". RIAN. 2010-07-23.
Jump up ^ Serbia Touring Tips - South East Europe
Jump up ^ El alcohol - Dirección General de Tráfico (page in Spanish). Page retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Drogas y alcohol objetivo de la nueva campaña de vigilancia de Tráfico 2015 (page in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Traffic crime
Jump up ^ Google Answers: Drunk driving in Sweden.
Jump up ^ Blåstestet avslöjar knarkade bilförare, Ny Teknik, 9 mars 2011
Jump up ^ ScottishGovernment - News - Lower drink drive limit, 24 October 2014
Jump up ^ "Drink driving and the legal alcohol limit". drinkaware. June 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
Jump up ^ DOE Northern Ireland: Road safety consultations; see section "Drink Driving: Consultation on the Road Traffic (Drink Driving) (Amendment) Bill and Additional Measures to Tackle Drink and Drug Driving in Northern Ireland"
Jump up ^ Scotland to reduce drink-drive limit, BBC
Jump up ^ "Legal BAC limits by country", Legal BAC limits-data by country, apps.who.int
Jump up ^ "In charge with excess alcohol/while unfit through drink or drugs". Motor Lawyers. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK Drug Driving: The Laws and The Facts". https://www.keithmichaels.co.uk/. Retrieved 2017-01-12. External link in |newspaper= (help)
Jump up ^ Sentencing Guidelines Council
Jump up ^ "Can a Person Refuse a Breathalyser Test? And Other Questions Related to Drink Driving". Findlaw.com.au. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Zero alcohol laws" (PDF). ACT Government. December 1, 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ "Alcohol limits". Queensland Government. Queensland Government.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drink Driving Lawyers Brisbane". Harper Finch Lawyers. Harper Finch Lawyers.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and drugs limits". Wellington: New Zealand Transport Authority. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Drinking & driving, New Zealand drink drive legal alcohol limit". Alcohol.org.nz. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Land Transport Amendment Act (no 2) 2014". Ministry of Transport. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
External links[edit]
roadsafety.qld.gov.au
thinkroadsafety.gov.uk
ltsa.govt.nz
Information on Drink Driving Limit UK and Motoring Offences such as speeding, drink driving and drug driving
Break the Law, Pay the Price, Ontario Ministry of Transportation website educating drivers on the consequences of being caught driving impaired in the province
Campaign Against Drinking and Driving
Impaired Driving, MedlinePlus
Drink Driving Limits in Europe Safe Travel UK
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits Worldwide // IARD.org
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Dating the Bible
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on the
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Authorship
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People
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This article is about the composition of the text of the Bible. For the events described in the Hebrew Bible, see Chronology of the Bible. For the events in the Gospels, see Chronology of Jesus.
The four tables give the most commonly accepted dates or ranges of dates for the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, the Deuterocanonical books (included in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox bibles, but not in the Hebrew and Protestant bibles) and the New Testament, including, where possible, hypotheses about their formation-history.
Table I is a chronological overview. Table II treats the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible books, grouped according to the divisions of the Hebrew Bible with occasional reference to scholarly divisions. Table III gives the Deuterocanonical books. Table IV gives the books of the New Testament, including the earliest preserved fragments for each.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table I: Chronological overview
2 Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament
3 Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament
4 Table IV: New Testament
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Bibliography
Table I: Chronological overview[edit]
This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible or the Protocanonical Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE.[1] The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE.[2] The Deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.
Period
Books
Monarchic
8th–7th centuries BCE
c. 745–586 BCE
Late 8th-early 7th: Amos (initial composition of earliest layer);[3] "First Isaiah" (Isaiah 1–39),[4] Hosea,[5] Micah (second half).[6]
7th: Nahum (based on its assumption of the fall of Thebes and call for the destruction of Nineveh),[7] Zephaniah (in the reign of Josiah, c. 649–609 BCE),[8] Habakkuk (possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE);[9] first edition of the Deuteronomistic history (books of Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings) in the reign of Josiah;[10] Deuteronomy 5–26 in the reign of Josiah.[11]
Exilic
6th century BCE
586–539 BCE
Core of Obadiah around the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE.[12]
Completion of Deuteronomistic history (Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings).[13]
Deuteronomy expanded with addition of chapters 1–4 and 29–30 to serve as an introduction to the Deuteronomistic history.[11]
Jeremiah active in the last decade of the 7th century and first decades of the 6th;[14]
Ezekiel active in Babylon 592–571 BCE;[15]
"Second Isaiah" (author of Isaiah 40–55) active in Babylon around mid-century.[16]
Expansion and reshaping of Hosea, Amos, Micah and Zephaniah.[17]
Possible early Psalms collection (psalms "of David") ending with psalm 89.[17]
Post-exilic
Persian
5th–4th centuries BCE
538–330 BCE
Torah (books of Genesis/Exodus/Leviticus/Numbers), with 250 BCE as terminus ad quem (last possible date) for the production of the final text on the basis of the extant manuscript evidence.[18][19]
Deuteronomy revised with expansions to chapters 19–25 and addition of chapter 27 and 31–34 to serve as conclusion to the Torah.[11]
"Third Isaiah" (Isaiah 56–66)[16]
Later version (the Masoretic Hebrew version) of Jeremiah[20]
Haggai (self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius 520 BCE),[21]
Zechariah (chapters 1–8 contemporary with Haggai, chapters 9–14 from the 5th century)[22]
Malachi (5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra)[23]
Chronicles (between 400–250 BC, probably in the period 350–300 BCE)[24]
Origins of Ezra-Nehemiah (may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE).[25]
Post-exilic
Hellenistic
3rd–2nd centuries BCE
330–164 BCE
Job, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs (Could have been written in the 4th or even 5th centuries, but seem to reflect contact with Greek culture).[26]
Book of Jonah (Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE).[27]
Most of the individual psalms making up the final third of the Book of Psalms.[28]
Maccabean/Hasmonean
2nd–1st centuries BCE
164–4 BCE
Daniel (164 BCE, combining newly-written visions, chapters 7–12, with the Persian and Hellenistic tales of chapters 1–6).[29]
1 Maccabees/2 Maccabees/3 Maccabees/possibly 4 Maccabees; Tobit, Judith, Additions to Daniel and Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE.[26]
Roman
1st century CE onward
after 4 BCE
4 Maccabees (after 63 BCE, probably mid-1st century CE).[30]
Wisdom of Solomon (late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE).[26]
New Testament (between c. 50–110 CE – see Table IV).
Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament[edit]
Torah
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Leviticus
Book of Numbers
Book of Deuteronomy The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah – the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy – reached its present form in the post-Exilic period.[19]
The five books are drawn from four "sources" (distinct schools of writers rather than individuals): the Priestly source, the Yahwist and the Elohist (these two are often referred to collectively as the "non-Priestly" source), and the Deuteronomist.[31] There is general agreement that the Priestly source is post-exilic, but there is no agreement over the non-Priestly source(s).[31]
Genesis is a post-exilic work combining "Priestly" and "non-Priestly" material.[32]
Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel's history.[33]
Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic/post-exilic period.[34]
Numbers is a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic/non-Priestly original.[35]
Deuteronomy, now the last book of the Torah, began as the set of religious laws (these make up the bulk of the book), was extended in the early part of the 6th century to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history, and later still was detached from that history, extended yet again, and edited to conclude the Torah.[36]
Prophets
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Former Prophets:
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
Books of Samuel
Books of Kings
This group of books, plus Deuteronomy, is called the "Deuteronomistic history" by scholars. The proposal that they made up a unified work was first advanced by Martin Noth in 1943, and has been widely accepted. Noth proposed that the entire history was the creation of a single individual working in the exilic period (6th century BCE); since then there has been wide recognition that the history appeared in two "editions", the first in the reign of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century), the second during the exile (6th century).[10] Noth's dating was based on the assumption that the history was completed very soon after its last recorded event, the release of King Jehoiachin in Babylon c. 560 BCE; but some scholars have termed his reasoning inadequate, and the history may have been further extended in the post-exilic period.[37]
Three Major Prophets:
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Ezekiel
Scholars recognise three "sections" in the Book of Isaiah: Proto-Isaiah (the original 8th century Isaiah); Deutero-Isaiah (an anonymous prophet living in Babylon during the exile); and Trito-Isaiah (an anonymous author or authors in Jerusalem immediately after the exile).[38]
The Book of Jeremiah exists in two versions, Greek (the version used in Orthodox Christian Bibles) and Hebrew (Jewish, Catholic and Protestant Bibles), with the Greek representing the earlier version.[39] The Greek version was probably finalised in the early Persian period and translated into Greek in the 3rd century BCE, and the Hebrew version dates from some point between then and the 2nd century BCE.[40]
The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon, and internal evidence dates the visions to between 593 and 571 BCE. While the book probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history, with significant additions by a "school" of later followers.[41][42]
Twelve Minor Prophets In the Hebrew Bible the Twelve Minor Prophets are a single collection edited in the Second Temple period, but the collection is broken up in Christian Bibles.[43] With the exception of Jonah, which is a fictional work, there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book:[44][45]
Book of Hosea: second half of the 8th century BCE[5]
Book of Joel: late Persian or Hellenistic[46]
Book of Amos: first half of the 8th century[47]
Book of Obadiah: around the time of the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE[12]
Book of Jonah: Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE[27]
Book of Micah: c. 750–700 BCE[48]
Book of Nahum: an "oracle concerning Nineveh", the Assyrian city destroyed in 612 BCE[49]
Book of Habakkuk: possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE[9]
Book of Zephaniah: reign of Josiah[8]
Book of Haggai: self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius (Darius the Great), 520 BCE[21]
Book of Zechariah: first eight chapters contemporary with Haggai; chapters 9–14 from the 5th century[22]
Book of Malachi: 5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra (which, however, are themselves difficult to date)[23]
Writings
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Wisdom collection:
Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs The books of Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs share a similar outlook which they themselves call "wisdom".[50] It is generally agreed that Job comes from between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE, with the 6th century as the most likely.[51] Ecclesiastes can be no earlier than about 450 BCE, due to the presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaic idioms, and no later than 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it.[52][53] Proverbs is a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium, and impossible to date.[54]
Poetic works: Psalms and Lamentations The psalms making up the first two-thirds of the psalter are predominantly pre-exilic and the last third predominantly post-exilic.[28] The collected book of Psalms was possibly given its modern shape and division into five parts in the post-exilic period, although it continued to be revised and expanded well into Hellenistic and even Roman times.[55] It is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the Book of Lamentations.[56]
Histories: Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah Chronicles was composed between 400–250 BCE, probably in the period 350–300 BCE;[24] Ezra-Nehemiah (two books in modern Bibles, but originally one) may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.[25]
Miscellaneous works: Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Book of Daniel, Song of Songs The Book of Ruth is commonly dated to the Persian period;[57] Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE; the Book of Daniel can be dated more precisely to 164 BCE thanks to its veiled prophecy of the death of a Greek king of Syria;[58] and the Song of Songs could have been composed at any time after the 6th century BCE.[59]
Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament[edit]
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Tobit 225–175 BCE, on the basis of apparent use of language and references common to the post-exilic period, but lack of knowledge of the 2nd century BCE persecution of Jews.[60]
Judith 150–100 BCE, although estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[61]
1 Maccabees 100 BCE[62]
2 Maccabees c. 100 BCE[62]
3 Maccabees 100–75 BCE "very probable"[63]
4 Maccabees mid-1st century CE[30]
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, on the basis of shared outlook with other works dating from this time.[64]
Sirach 196–175 BCE, as the author implies that Simon the high priest had died (196 BCE), but shows no knowledge of the persecution of the Jews that began after 175 BCE.[65]
Additions to Daniel Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children); Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century;[66] Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE[67]
Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah 2nd century BCE, as Baruch uses Sirach (written c. 180 BCE) and is in turn used by the Psalms of Solomon (mid-1st century BCE). The Letter of Jeremiah, ch. 6:1–73 of the Book of Baruch, is sometimes considered a separate book.[68]
Table IV: New Testament[edit]
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Earliest known fragment
Gospel of Matthew 80–90 CE.[69] This is based on three strands of evidence: (a) the setting of Matthew reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 CE; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 CE, as a source.[70] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 104 (150–200 CE)
Gospel of Mark 68–70 CE.[71] References to persecution and to war in Judea suggest that its context was either Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt.[72] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45 (250 CE)
Gospel of Luke 80–90 CE, with some scholars suggesting 90–100.[73] There is evidence, both textual (the conflicts between Western and Alexandrian manuscript families) and from the Marcionite controversy (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who produced his own version of Christian scripture based on Luke's gospel and Paul's epistles) that Luke-Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[74] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 4, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 75 (175–250 CE)
Gospel of John 90–110 CE, the upper date based on textual evidence that the gospel was known in the early 2nd century, and the lower on an internal reference to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues.[75] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 52 (125–160 CE)
Acts 95–100 CE.[71] If Acts uses Josephus as a source, as has been proposed, then it must have been composed after 93 CE; the social situation is one in which the faithful need "shepherds" to protect them from heretical "wolves", which again reflects a late date.[76] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 29, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 48, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 53, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 91 (250 CE)
Romans c. 57 CE. One of the genuine Pauline letters, written to the Romans as Paul was about to leave Asia Minor and Greece, and expressing his hopes to continue his work in Spain.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Corinthians c. 56 CE. Another of the Genuine Pauline letters. Paul expresses his intention to re-visit the church he founded in the city c. 50–52 CE.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Galatians c. 55 CE. Paul does not express any wish to revisit the church in Galatia, which he founded, and so some scholars believe the letter dates from the end of his missionary work. The letter concerns the question of whether Gentile converts are required to adopt full Jewish customs.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Ephesians c. 80–90 CE. The letter appears to have been written after Paul's death in Rome, by an author who uses his name.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Philippians c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline letter, it mentions "Caesar's household," leading some scholars to believe that it is written from Rome, but some of the news in it could not have come from Rome. It seems rather to date from an earlier imprisonment, perhaps in Ephesus, from which Paul hopes to be released.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Colossians c. 62–70 CE. Some scholars believe Colossians dates from Paul's imprisonment in Ephesus around 55 CE, but differences in the theology suggest that it comes from much later in his career, around the time of his imprisonment in Rome.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
1 Thessalonians c. 51 CE. One of the earliest of the genuine Pauline epistles.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
2 Thessalonians c. 51 CE or post-70 CE. If this is a genuine Pauline epistle it follows closely on 1 Thessalonians. But some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 92 (300 CE)
1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus c. 100 CE. The two Timothy epistles and Titus reflect a much more developed Church organisation than that reflected in the genuine Pauline epistles.[71] Codex Sinaiticus (350 CE) P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 32 (200 CE)
Philemon c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline epistle, written from an imprisonment (probably in Ephesus) that Paul expects will soon be over.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 87 (3rd century CE)
Hebrews c. 80–90 CE. The elegance of the Greek and the sophistication of the theology do not fit the genuine Pauline epistles, but the mention of Timothy in the conclusion led to its being included with the Pauline group from an early date.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
James c. 65–85 CE. Like Hebrews, James is not so much a letter as an exhortation; the style of the Greek makes it unlikely that it was actually written by James the brother of Jesus.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 20, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 23 (early 3rd century CE)
First Peter c. 75–90 CE[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Second Peter c. 110 CE. This is apparently the latest writing in the New Testament, quoting from Jude, assuming a knowledge of the Pauline letters, and including a reference to the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Christ.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Epistles of John 90–110 CE.[77] The letters give no clear indication, but scholars tend to place them about a decade after the Gospel of John.[77] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 9, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd/4th century CE)
Jude Uncertain. The references to "brother of James" and to "what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold" suggest that it was written after the apostolic letters were in circulation, but before 2 Peter, which uses it.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Revelation c. 95 CE. The date is suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 98 (150–200 CE)
See also[edit]
Authorship of the Bible
Biblical manuscripts
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
Historical criticism
Historicity of the Bible
Marcan priority
Nag Hammadi library
Synoptic problem
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Berquist 2007, p. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Perkins 2012, p. 19ff..
Jump up ^ Radine 2010, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Brettler 2010, p. 161–162.
^ Jump up to: a b Emmerson 2003, p. 676.
Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003a, p. 690.
Jump up ^ O'Brien 2002, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Gelston 2003, p. 715.
^ Jump up to: a b Gelston 2003, p. 710.
^ Jump up to: a b Campbell & O'Brien 2000, p. 2 and fn.6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rogerson 2003b, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b Gelston 2003, p. 696.
Jump up ^ Brettler 2007, p. 311.
Jump up ^ Biddle 2007, p. 1073.
Jump up ^ Goldingay 2003, p. 623.
^ Jump up to: a b Blenkinsopp 2007, p. 974.
^ Jump up to: a b Carr 2011, p. 342.
Jump up ^ Greifenhagen 2003, p. 212.
^ Jump up to: a b Enns 2012, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, p. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson 2014, p. 214.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson 2014, p. 214-215.
^ Jump up to: a b Carroll 2003, p. 730.
^ Jump up to: a b McKenzie 2004, p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b Grabbe 2003, p. 00.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rogerson 2003c, p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson 2014, p. 217.
^ Jump up to: a b Day 1990, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Collins 2002, p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b deSilva 2003, p. 888.
^ Jump up to: a b Carr 2000, p. 492.
Jump up ^ Carr 2007, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Dozeman 2000, p. 443.
Jump up ^ Houston 2003, p. 102.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2002, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Van Seters 2004, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Person 2010, p. 10-11.
Jump up ^ Sweeney 1998, p. 76-77.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, p. 7-8.
Jump up ^ Sweeney 2010, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 1996, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Joyce 2009, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2003, pp. 1–3, 9.
Jump up ^ Floyd 2000, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Dell 1996, pp. 86–89.
Jump up ^ Nelson 2014, p. 216.
Jump up ^ Carroll 2003, p. 690.
Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003, p. 690.
Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003, p. 708.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2008, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Seow 2007, p. 944.
Jump up ^ Fox 2004, p. xiv.
Jump up ^ Clements 2003, p. 438.
Jump up ^ Coogan, Brettler & Newsom 2007, p. xxiii.
Jump up ^ Hayes 1998, p. 168.
Jump up ^ Grabbe 2004, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Bloch 1995, p. 23.
Jump up ^ FitzMyer 2003, p. 51.
Jump up ^ West 2003, p. 748.
^ Jump up to: a b Bartlett 2003, p. 807.
Jump up ^ Alexander 2003, p. 866.
Jump up ^ Hayman 2003, p. 763.
Jump up ^ Snaith 2003, p. 779.
Jump up ^ Harlow 2003, p. 805.
Jump up ^ Spencer 2002, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Schmitt 2003, p. 799,802.
Jump up ^ Duling 2010, p. 298-299.
Jump up ^ France 2007, p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Perkins 2012, p. 19ff.
Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 241.
Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008, p. unpaginated.
Jump up ^ Perkins 2009, p. 250–253.
Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 587.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim 2003, p. 250.
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Satlow, Michael L. (2014). How the Bible Became Holy. Yale University Press.
Schmitt, John J. (2003). "Baruch". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Schniedewind, William M. (2005). How the Bible Became a Book. Cambridge University Press.
Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns.
Snaith, John (2003). "Sirach". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Additions to Daniel". In Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. Mercer Commentary on the Bible: The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press.
Stromberg, Jake (2011). An Introduction to the Study of Isaiah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780567363305.
Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). The Prophetic Literature. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426730030.
Sweeney, Marvin A. (1998). "The Latter Prophets". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary. T&T Clark International. ISBN 9780567080882.
Vogt, Peter T. (2009). Interpreting the Pentateuch: An Exegetical Handbook. Kregel Academic. ISBN 9780825427626.
West, Gerald (2003). "Judith". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Wright, J. Edward (1999). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198029816.
Zvi, Ehud Ben (2004). "Introduction to The Twelve Minor Prophets". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Mark Zvi. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19529751-5.
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