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Soca music
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Soca music
Stylistic origins
Kaiso
calypso
chutney music
Cadence rampa
funk
soul
Cultural origins
Early 1970s; Trinidad and Tobago
Typical instruments
Bass guitar
drums
acoustic guitar
vocals
trumpet
trombone
drum machine
synthesizer
sampler
Fusion genres
Bouyon soca
reggaeton
rapso
kuduro
Punta rock
zouglou
Other topics
Music of Trinidad and Tobago
Tempo Networks
Music of Trinidad and Tobago
General topics
Related articles
Genres
Calypso
Cariso
Chutney
Chutney parang
Chutney Soca
Extempo
Groovy soca
Kaiso
Parang
Parang soca
Pichakaree
Rapso
Soca
Steelpan
Steelband soca
Media and performance
Music media
Music television
Synergy TV
Tempo Networks
Trinidad and Tobago Entertainment Network (TTEN)
Nationalistic and patriotic songs
National anthem
Forged from the Love of Liberty
Regional music
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bonaire
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Curaçao
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Louisiana
Martinique
Montserrat
Panama
Puerto Rico
St Kitts and Nevis
St Lucia
St Vincent and Grenadines
Suriname
Turks and Caicos
Virgin Islands
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Soca music (also defined by Lord Shorty, its inventor, as the "Soul Of Calypso") is a genre of music that originated within a marginalized subculture in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 1970s, and developed into a range of styles by the 1980s and later. Soca was initially developed by Lord Shorty[citation needed] in the early 1970s in an effort to revive traditional calypso, the popularity of which had been flagging amongst younger generations in Trinidad by the start of the 1970s due to the rise in popularity of reggae from Jamaica and soul and funk from USA. Soca is an offshoot of kaiso/calypso, with influences from chutney, cadence, funk and soul.
Soca has evolved since the 1990s primarily through musicians from various Anglophone Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, and Saint Lucia . There have also been significant productions from artists in Venezuela, Canada, Panama, Guatemala, the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Lord Shorty
2 Terminology
3 Related genres
3.1 Chutney soca
3.2 Ragga soca
3.3 Parang soca
3.4 Steelband soca
3.5 Groovy soca
3.6 Bouyon soca
3.7 Power soca
4 Instrumentation
5 Worldwide hit soca songs, or songs that incorporate soca music
6 In media
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Soca developed in the late 1960s[citation needed] and grew in popularity through the 1970s. Soca's development as a musical genre included its fusion with calypso, cadence, and Indian musical instruments—particularly the dholak, tabla and dhantal—as demonstrated in Lord Shorty's compositions "Ïndrani" and "Shanti Om".
A sound project was started in 1970 at KH Studios, Sea Lots in Trinidad, to find a way to record the complex calypso rhythm in a new multi-track era. Musicians involved in the initiative were Robin Imamshah (guitar, project lead), Angus Nunez (bass), Errol Wise (Drums), Vonrick Maynard (Drums), Clarence James (Percussion), Carl Henderson (Keyboards), David Boothman (strings). Some of the early songs recorded at the KH Studios that benefited from this recording project are “Indrani” by Lord Shorty and "Calypso Zest" by Sensational Roots both recorded in 1972. Later came the soca hits “Endless Vibrations” and “Sweet Music” by Lord Shorty recorded in 1974 and 1975 respectively and “Second Fiddle” by Ella Andall recorded in 1975. In 1976 “Savage” by Maestro and “Trinidad Boogie” by Last Supper (composed by Robin Imamshah) also benefitted from the improving multi-track recording technology at KH Studios.

Soca has grown since its inception to incorporate elements of funk, soul, zouk, and dance music genres, and continues to blend in contemporary music styles and trends. Soca has also been experimented with in Bollywood films, Bhangra, in new Punjabi pop, and in disco music in the United States.
Lord Shorty[edit]
The "godfather" of soca was a Trinidadian man named Garfield Blackman who rose to fame as "Lord Shorty" with his 1963 hit "Cloak and Dagger" and took on the name "Ras Shorty I". He started out writing songs and performing in the calypso genre. A prolific musician, composer and innovator, Shorty experimented with fusing calypso and elements of Indo-Caribbean music for nearly a decade before unleashing "the soul of calypso", soca music.
Shorty was the first to define his music as "soca"[citation needed] and with "Indrani" in 1973 and "Endless Vibration" (not just the song but the entire album) in 1975, calypso music took off in another direction. Later, in 1975, Shorty visited his friend Maestro in Dominica where he stayed (at Maestro's house) for a month while they visited and worked with local cadence artists. There, Maestro experimented with calypso and cadence ("cadence-lypso"). A year later Maestro died in an accident in Dominica and his loss was felt deeply by Shorty, who penned "Higher World" as a tribute.[1]
In Dominica, Shorty had attended an Exile One performance of cadence-lypso at the Fort Young Hotel, and collaborated with Dominica's 1969 Calypso King, Lord Tokyo, and two calypso lyricists, Chris Seraphine and Pat Aaron in the early 1970s, who wrote him some Creole lyrics. Soon after Shorty released a song, "Ou Petit", with words like "Ou dee moin ou petit Shorty" (meaning "you told me you are small Shorty"), a combination of calypso, cadence and Creole.[2] Shorty's 1974 Endless Vibrations and Soul of Calypso brought soca to its peak of international fame.

Terminology[edit]
Soca simply means the "Soul Of Calypso", but the name has nothing to do with the fusion of American soul music and calypso as Soca is rhythmically a fusion of African/Calypso and East Indian rhythms. Soca's history is multi-faceted. Regarding its name, Lord Shorty initially spelled his musical hybrid as "sokah" and stated in a 1979 interview with Carnival Magazine that "I came up with the name soca. I invented soca. And I never spelt it s-o-c-a. It was s-o-k-a-h to reflect the East Indian influence."[3]
Related genres[edit]
Soca music has evolved like all other music over the years, with calypsonians experimenting with other Caribbean rhythms.
Some examples are the following:
Chutney soca[edit]
Main article: Chutney soca
Chutney soca is original soca performed with a more chutney styled form[vague]; mainly performed by chutney musicians[according to whom?]. It is a style that originates in India; most of the songs have "Hindi" lyrics.
Ragga soca[edit]
Main article: Ragga soca
Ragga soca is a fusion of soca and the former artistic lyrical delivery of Jamaican artists known as "dubbing". It is dancehall and contemporary calypso, which has an uptempo beat with moderate bass and electronic instruments.
Parang soca[edit]
Parang soca or soca parang is a combination of calypso, soca, Venezuelan and Latin music. It originated in Trinidad and is most often sung in Spanish.
Steelband soca[edit]
Steelband soca is soca using steel pans which are types of drum often used in soca and calypso music; it became so popular that it became its own musical genre. The steel pan originated in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Steel pans are handmade, bowl-like metal drums crafted so that different drum sections produce different notes when struck. Steelbands are groups of musicians who play songs entirely on steel drums. There are many types of steel pans, each with its own set of pitches.
Groovy soca[edit]
Groovy soca was pioneered by Robin Imamshah with his composition "Frenchman". This growing style focuses on melody in soca, partly because of criticism of soca's ubiquitous 'jump and wave'-only lyrical and musical content. It features sensual vocals over mid-tempo soca rhythms, and very often elements of zouk and ragga soca. Today you will find Groovy Soca infused with R&B tones and lyrical style along with melodious African rhythms.
Bouyon soca[edit]
Main article: Bouyon soca
Bouyon soca, sometimes referred to as "jump up soca", is a fusion genre that typically blends old bouyon rhythms from the '90s and soca music. Bouyon soca is a term coined by non-Dominican producers and musicians who wish to attribute the current success of bouyon music to other islands. In its native Dominica, the concept of bouyon soca is unheard of. Bouyon is a very specific and original genre and is very much distinguishable from its "colleague" soca.
While there may have been the occasional fusion, bouyon has always maintained a very clear, recognizable and obviously different style from soca. This style of bouyon music originated in Dominica, but is also very popular in Antigua, Saint Lucia, Guadeloupe and Martinique.
Power soca[edit]
The term power soca[4] was coined in the early 1990s in Trinidad and Tobago as a faster paced version of calypso music which appealed to the younger partygoers at the time. Calypsonian and soca artist Superblue,[5] was formerly known as 'Blue Boy' of Trinidad and Tobago. Power soca today is known for its high bpm (ranging from 155–163) and its aggressive drums/percussions and dark synths. Today, it has transcended from its original sound of darkness into a more light and playful sound but has kept its foundation of fast-paced rhythms.
Instrumentation[edit]
Soca music is based on a strong rhythmic section that is often recorded using synthesized drum sounds and then sequenced inside computers; however, for live shows, the live human drummer emulates the recorded version, often using electronic drums to trigger drum samples. The drum and percussion are often loud in this genre of music and are sometimes the only instruments to back up the vocal. Soca is indeed defined by its loud, fast percussion beats. Synthesizers are used often in modern soca and have replaced the once typical horn section at 'smaller' shows. Electric and bass guitars are found very often and are always found in a live soca band. A horn section is found occasionally in live soca bands mostly for the 'bigger' shows. It usually consist of two trumpets and a trombone, with saxophones being part of the section from time to time. Invariably other metal instruments may include cowbell or automobile brake drum.
Worldwide hit soca songs, or songs that incorporate soca music[edit]
"Sweet Soca Song (La La La Ti Ti Ti)" - Robin Imamshah (first soca song on Billboard top 200)
"Clapping Soca" - Robin Imamshah used in the movie G.O.R.P
"Doggie" - Anslem Douglas (later covered by Baha Men)
"Hot Hot Hot" - Arrow
"Who Let the Dogs Out?" - Baha Men (originally recorded by Anslem Douglas)
"Raggamuffin" - Square One
"DJ Ride" - Square One
"Turn Me On" - Kevin Lyttle
"Tempted to Touch" - Rupee
"Soca Dance" - Charles D. Lewis
"Island Girl" - Burning Flames, used in the 90s movie Weekend at Bernie's
"Game of Love and Unity" - Shaggy/Rupee/Fay-Ann Lyons, official ICC cricket 2007 West Indies World Cup anthem
"Defense (The Anthem Remix)" - Machel Montano, Pitbull and Lil Jon
"Come Dig It" - Machel Montano
"All I Know" - Claudette Peters
"Far From Finished"- Voice
"Ragga Ragga" - Red Plastic Bag
"Nookie" - Jamesy P
"Differentology" - Bunji Garlin
"Soul on Fire" - Ken Marlon Charles
"One Wine" - Machel Montano ft. Major Lazer
"Doh Tell Meh Dat" - Flipo a.k.a Azaryah
In media[edit]
Television - Soca music videos are played on a several television channels including CaribVision, Centric, Synergy TV, and Tempo TV
The theme tune to the UK comedy show Desmond's was in a soca style.
In 2014 the Apple's iTunes Store became the largest online store to recognize calypso and soca as two of its formal catalog genres.[6]
International Soca Monarch Competition
The International Soca Monarch Competition is a soca music award show that is held annually in Trinidad and Tobago's capital, Port of Spain. This competition is the most well-known event for soca artists and soca lovers all around the world. The International Soca Monarch Competition was originally developed by a cultural benefactor named William Munro who aspired to create a new, unique and exhilarating experience where Soca artists from all the different Caribbean islands could let their talents shine through to billions of people worldwide. A colleague of Munro's, Gregory Fernandez was the first person to invest in The International Soca Monarch Competition by contributing TT$35,000 to get the show where Munro wanted it to be.[7] After much conflict, debate and planning, the first show took place in 1993 at The Spectrum in Port of Spain where the first-place winners were awarded a considerable sum of TT$25,000. This was possible thanks to Trinidad and Tobago's official Government and their undying support of the International Soca Monarch Competition. Renowned Soca artists such as Machel Montano, Kerwin Du Bois, Patrice Roberts, Superblue and Destra Garcia have all performed and won Groovy Soca Monarch and Power Soca Monarch awards in the past. The 2014 International Soca Monarch Competition awarded Machel Montano the first place prize in the Power Soca category after a highly enthusiastic and energetic performance of his huge hit "Ministry of Road".[8] Kerwin Du Bois came in first in the Groovy Soca Monarch category, becoming the first artist in many years to dethrone Machel Montano from his superior reign of first place in that category.[8] Today, the extremely competitive event awards first-place winners with $2 million, provided by various sponsors as well as the Trinidad and Tobago Government. Corporations and organizations such as KFC, Ford, Monsters Energy Drink, Caribbean Airlines and the Hyatt Regency and many more are all sponsors for Soca competition.[7] With the intention to "take culture to a brand new level",[7] the International Soca Monarch Competition gives a chance for many talented Soca artists to display their gifts and showcase the work they have been putting together for the past year. These artists are able to widen their fan-base and achieve extreme amounts of fame by showcasing their songs and talents through such a widespread event that is becoming more and more popular as time goes on. The Soca Monarch Foundation is now starting to be recognized by many people of different cultural backgrounds rather than just Caribbean backgrounds, which gives hope to the idea that Soca music is quickly becoming universal. Even though The International Soca Monarch Competition is located in a place where Soca music was birthed and continues to be most popular, it not only attracts a lot of attention from people who live in Trinidad and Tobago but has expanded to peak the interests in Westernized countries such as Canada and America.
The competition has recently gained so much worldwide attention that the concept of "Soca Tourism" has emerged. This newly developed "Soca Tourism" phenomenon is greatly supported by the Trinidadian government.[7] Every year, the competition is aired on the televisions of those living in Trinidad and Tobago and is streamed live through various websites, making it easier for people all across the world to watch live as the most important moments in Soca history take place. As the Soca Monarch Foundation continues to expand their ideas, the next innovative idea is to develop a Pay-Per-View notion that will allow people to receive good quality live streaming of the show on their televisions and not only on computer screens, tablets and smart phones. Since many individuals do not have the luxury to easily travel to Trinidad and Tobago during the year, the feature of being able to watch the Soca Monarch Competition on televisions at home will be a huge success since Soca music is becoming more prevalent in the lives of a diverse number of people today.
See also[edit]
Cadence-lypso
Caribbean music bands
Caribbean Carnival
Carnival Road March
Riddim
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "origin of soca Music". socawarriors. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
Jump up ^ Jocelyne Guilbault. Zouk: world music in the West Indies. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jocelyne Guilbault. "The Politics of Labelling Popular Musics in English Caribbean" Trans 3, 1997
Jump up ^ Cazaubon, Mantius. "What Is Soca Music". streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austin "Superblue" Lyons Biography". iCarab-Media. 2001. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Jump up ^ ‘Historic moment’ for Caribbean music
^ Jump up to: a b c d "International Soca Monarch 2014". Socamonarch.net. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Bonn, Donstan (2014-03-01). "Machel retains Power Soca Monarch | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
External links[edit]
Soca music at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Soca music
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1 Berry, Mick & Gianni, Jason (2003). "The Drummer's Bible: How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco", p.67: "Disco incorporates stylistic elements of Rock, Funk and the Motown sound while also drawing from Swing, Soca, Merengue and Afro-Cuban styles", ISBN 1884365329, 9781884365324
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station on the eve of republic day in 2016
General information
Architectural style
Indo-Saracenic
Town or city
Mumbai, Maharashtra
Country
India
Coordinates
18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398208°N 72.83546760000002°E / 18.9398208; 72.83546760000002Coordinates: 18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398208°N 72.83546760000002°E / 18.9398208; 72.83546760000002
Construction started
May 1878; 140 years ago (1878-05)[1][2]
Completed
May 1888; 130 years ago (1888-05)[1]
Cost
₹1,614,000 (US$25,000)(at that time) Now, ₹2,013.4 million (US$31 million)
Client
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Design and construction
Architect
Frederick William Stevens, Axel Haig
Engineer
Wilson Bell
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria
Cultural: ii, iv
Reference
945
Inscription
2004 (28th Session)
Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj Terminus railway station
Coordinates
18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°E / 18.9398; 72.8355
Owned by
Indian Railways
Operated by
Central Railway zone
Line(s)
Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line
Mumbai-Chennai line
Platforms
18
Tracks
Multiple
Connections
Construction
Structure type
At-grade
Platform levels
01
Parking
Yes
Other information
Station code
CSMT
Zone(s)
Central Railway zone
Division(s)
Mumbai CR
History
Opened
May 1853; 165 years ago (1853-05)[1]
Rebuilt
May 1888; 130 years ago (1888-05)[1]
Electrified
25 kV AC 50 Hz
Previous names
Victoria Terminus Railway Station
Bori Bunder railway station
Location
Mumbai CST
Location within Mumbai
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) formerly known as Victoria Terminus is a historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens according to the concept of Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and meant to be a similar revival of Indian Goth (classical era) architecture. The station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bunder area of Mumbai to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The new railway station was built to the south of the old Bori Bunder railway station.[3] It is one of the busiest railway stations in India,[4] serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains. The station's name was changed from Victoria Terminus (code BB) to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (code CST) in March 1996 in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire. In 2017, the station was again renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (code became CSMT).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First building
1.2 Second building
1.3 Renaming
1.4 2008 Mumbai attacks
2 Structure
3 Platforms
4 Suburban network
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
First building[edit]
Bori Bunder (alternatively "Bori Bandar") was a tract of land along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India. Before the construction of the terminus, a warehouse used to exist which was used to store goods imported to Mumbai and exported from Mumbai. The name of the tract of land is derived from two words - Bori and Bandar. Bori means sack and Bandar means port or haven (in Marathi); So, the literal meaning of Bori Bunder is a port where sacks are stored. In 1853, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway built its railway terminus in the tract of land where the warehouse stood. Based on the location, the station was named as Bori Bunder railway station. On 16 April 1853 the Great Indian Peninsula Railway operated the first passenger train in India from Bori Bunder to Thane covering a distance of 34 km (21 mi). The time taken by the train to complete its journey from Bori Bunder railway station to Thane was fifty-seven minutes.
Second building[edit]
A 1903 stereographic image of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888.
The station was then rebuilt as the Victoria Terminus, named after the then reigning Queen Victoria. The station was designed by the consulting British architect Frederick William Stevens (1848–1900). Work began in 1878. He received ₹1,614,000 (US$25,000) as the payment for his services.[1] Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig.[1] The final design bears some resemblance to St Pancras railway station in London.[1][5] GG Scott's plans for Berlin's parliament building had been published four years before, and also has marked similarities to the station's design.[6] The station took ten years to complete,[5] the longest for any building of that era in Bombay. This famous architectural landmark in a Gothic-revival style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Since then, the station came to be known as Bombay VT.(Railway code-BBVT) Originally intended only to house the main station and the administrative offices of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, a number of ancillary buildings have been added subsequently, all designed so as to harmonise with the main structure. The original number of platforms were nine (from platform number 1 to platform number 9). As the Harbour line was being extended from its previous terminus at Dockyard road to VT, congestion at the railway station was imminent. To prevent congestion, a new mainline concourse with four new platforms (from platform number 10 to platform number 13) was constructed in 1929 to the east of the existing suburban concourse to handle main line traffic. The original building is still in use to handle suburban traffic and is used by over three million commuters daily. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Central Railway. The station was renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) in 1996. The station was named after the great 17th-century Maratha warrior king Chhatrapati Shivaji. The station was again renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in 2015.
Renaming[edit]
The station has been renamed four times. It was originally known as Bori Bunder from 1853-1888. It was rebuilt as Victoria Terminus to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1996, the name of the station was again changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus[7][8] in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire. In December 2016, the resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus was passed in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017, home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change, following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.[9][10]
2008 Mumbai attacks[edit]
Main article: 2008 Mumbai attacks
On 26 November 2008, two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles. One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The others did not survive. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,[11][12] The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[12] their assault ending at about 22:45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to Cama hospital back entrance.[11] This despite the fact that Central Railway RPF Headquarters being located near Platform 13 overlooking the central passenger hall. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab, who was a terrorist. In 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged.
Structure[edit]
An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Teminus, Mumbai
The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art. The station stands as an example of 19th century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CST was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330 foot long platform connected to a 1,200 foot long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CST's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era. The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east-west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques.[13] Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain.[14] Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.[14] A statue of Queen Victoria beneath the central dome has been removed.[14]
Platforms[edit]
CSMT has a total of 18 platforms – seven platforms are for suburban trains and eleven platforms (Platform 8 to Platform 18) are for inter city trains. Duranto, Garib Rath and Tejas Express leaves from Platform 18.[15] Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CSMT on 16 April 2013. The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women.[16]
Suburban network[edit]
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station
Mumbai Suburban Railway station
Coordinates
18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°E / 18.9398; 72.8355
Owned by
Indian Railways
Line(s)
Central Line, Harbour Line
Platforms
18
Tracks
Multiple
Connections
Construction
Structure type
At-grade
Platform levels
01
Parking
Yes
Other information
Station code
CSTM
Zone(s)
Central Railway zone
Division(s)
Mumbai CR
Fare zone
Central Railway zone
History
Opened
1853; 165 years ago (1853)[1]
Rebuilt
1887; 131 years ago (1887)[1]
Electrified
25 kV AC 50 Hz
Previous names
Victoria Terminus railway station
Bori Bunder railway station
Services
Preceding station
MSR
Following station
Terminus Central Line
Main Line
Masjid
toward Kalyan
Terminus Harbour Line
Masjid
toward Andheri or Panvel
[show]
Central Line
Legend
to
Bhusawal–Kalyan
section
Kasara
Umbermali
Khardi
Thansit
Atgaon
Asangaon
Vasind
Bhatsa River
Khadavli
Kalu River
Titwala
Ambivli
Ulhas River
Shahad
Waldhuni River
Kalyan
Vithalwadi
Thakurli
Ulhasnagar
Dombivli
Ambarnath
to
Ahmedabad-Mumbai
Main Line
Badlapur
Western
Line
Vasai Road
Vangani
Juchandra
Shelu
Kaman Road
Neral
to Matheran
Kharbao
Bhivpuri Road
Bhiwandi Road
Karjat Junction
Ulhas River
to Panvel Junction
Kopar
Palasdari
Diva Junction
to
Mumbai Dadar–
Solapur section
Dativali
Kelavli
Nilaje
Dolavli
Taloja
Lowjee
Navade Road
Khopoli
Kalamboli
Mumbra
to Karjat
Kalwa
Panvel
Harbour Line
to Trans-Harbour Line
Somtane
Thane Creek
Rasayani
Thane
Apta
Trans-Harbour Line
Jite
Mulund
Hamrapur
Nahur
Pen
Bhandup
Kasu
Kanjurmarg
Nagothane
Vikhroli
Nidi
Line 1
to Versova
Ghatkopar
Roha
Vidyavihar
to Konkan Railway
Lokmanya Tilak
Terminus
Harbour Line
Kurla
Harbour Line
to Andheri
Sion
Western Line\
Matunga
Dadar
planned
Monorail
Prabhadevi
Western Line
to Churchgate
Parel
Currey Road
Chinchpokli
Byculla
Harbour Line
Sandhurst Road
Masjid
Line 3
Chhatrapati Shivaji
Terminus
This diagram:
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[show]
[
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Harbour line
Legend
Konkan Railway
to Roha and Goa
to Uran City
Panvel
Konkan Railway
to Karjat and Vasai Road
Khandeshwar
Mansarovar
Taloja River
Kharghar
CBD Belapur
Nerul–Uran line
to Uran City
Western Line
to Dahanu Road
Seawoods-Darave
planned extension to Borivali
Nerul
Goregaon
Juinagar
Ram Mandir
Trans-Harbour Line
to Thane
Jogeshwari
Sanpada
Line 1
Andheri
Vashi
Sahar Airport
Vile Parle
Thane Creek
Sahar Airport
Santacruz
Mankhurd
Khar Road
Govandi
Chembur
Line 1
Bandra
Tilak Nagar
Mithi River
Central Line
to Thane and Karjat
Mahim
Kurla
LTT Terminus
Western Line
to Churchgate
Central line
Chunabhatti
King's Circle
Guru Tegh
Bahadur Nagar
Line 1
Vadala Road
Line 1
Sewri
Cotton Green
Reay Road
Dockyard Road
Central line
Sandhurst Road
Masjid
Line 3
Mumbai CST
The network of commuter or suburban trains (locally known as locals, short for local trains) radiating out from this station is instrumental in keeping Mumbai running. The station serves as a terminus for long-distance trains as well as two of the suburban lines, the Central Line and the Harbour line.
In popular culture[edit]
The station has been the location of filming the "Jai Ho" song in Slumdog Millionaire;[17] and Ra.One.[18]
The station was heavily featured on the BBC Two show World's Busiest Railway 2015.
See also[edit]
Railways in India portal
Bori Bunder railway station
Timeline of Mumbai history
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Chhatrapati Shivaji Station". World Heritage Site. www.worldheritagesite.org. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
Jump up ^ File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg
Jump up ^ Aruṇa Ṭikekara, Aroon Tikekar (2006). The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. p. 357. ISBN 81-7991-293-0. Page 64
Jump up ^ "India's impressive railway stations". Rediff.com. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Advisory Body Evaluation: Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd ISBN 81-7508-329-8
Jump up ^ "Suresh Kalmadi – Work Profile". Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Suresh Kalmadi – In Conversation". Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai travellers, CST is now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus". Hindustan Times. 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus - Times of India". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage". The Economic Times. India. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks". The News International. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Word - IND 945 AN.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c W, Christopher (2002). Bombay Gothic. London: India Book House PVT Ltd. ISBN 81-7508-329-8.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai CSTM Station - 24 Train Departures CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry". indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dormitories for women at CST, LTT get good response". Indian Express. 19 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Outlook Publishing (6 October 2008). Outlook. Outlook Publishing. pp. 69–. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "3,500 VFX shots in RA.One". Mahiram. n.d. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus).
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on the UNESCO website
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai
Google Satellite Map of Mumbai CST
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_railway_station&oldid=839793946"
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values: محطة قطار جاتراباتى شيواجى – Arabic

values: ছত্ৰপতি শিৱাজী টাৰ্মিনাছ – Assamese

values:
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values: ছত্রপতি শিবাজী টার্মিনাস – Bangla

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values: پایانه چاتراپاتی شیواجی – Persian

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values: છત્રપતિ શિવાજી ટર્મિનસ – Gujarati

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values: छत्रपति शिवाजी टर्मिनस – Hindi

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values: Stazione ferroviaria Chhatrapati Shivaji – Italian

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values: תחנת צ'האטראפאטי שיוואג'י – Hebrew

values: ಛತ್ರಪತಿ ಶಿವಾಜಿ ಟರ್ಮಿನಸ್ – Kannada

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values: ჩჰატრაპატი შივაჯი – Georgian

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values: Cshatrapati Sívádzsi pályaudvar – Hungarian

values: छत्रपति शिवाजी टर्मिनस – Maithili

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values: ഛത്രപതി ശിവജി ടെർമിനസ് – Malayalam

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values: छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज टर्मिनस – Marathi

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values: छत्रपति शिवाजी टर्मिनस – Nepali

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values: チャトラパティ・シヴァージー・ターミナス駅 – Japanese

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values: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus – Norwegian

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values: Estação Chhatrapati Shivaji – Portuguese

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values: Вокзал Чхатрапати-Шиваджи – Russian

values: छत्रपतिशिवाजीटर्मिनस् – Sanskrit

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values: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station – Simple English

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Olympus Has Fallen
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Olympus Has Fallen
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Antoine Fuqua
Produced by
Antoine Fuqua
Gerard Butler
Alan Siegel
Ed Cathell III
Danny Lerner
Mark Gill
Written by
Creighton Rothenberger
Katrin Benedikt
Starring
Gerard Butler
Aaron Eckhart
Morgan Freeman
Angela Bassett
Robert Forster
Cole Hauser
Finley Jacobsen
Ashley Judd
Melissa Leo
Dylan McDermott
Radha Mitchell
Rick Yune
Music by
Trevor Morris
Cinematography
Conrad W. Hall
Edited by
John Refoua
Production
company
Millennium Films
Nu Image
Distributed by
FilmDistrict
Release date
March 18, 2013 (2013-03-18) (Hollywood)
March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22) (United States)
Running time
119 minutes[1][2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$70 million[3]
Box office
$170.2 million[3]
Olympus Has Fallen is a 2013 American action thriller film. Directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Creighton Rothenberger & Katrin Benedikt, it stars Gerard Butler, Aaron Eckhart, and Morgan Freeman, with Angela Bassett, Robert Forster, Cole Hauser, Ashley Judd, Melissa Leo, Dylan McDermott, Radha Mitchell, and Rick Yune in supporting roles. The film depicts a North Korean-led guerrilla assault on the White House, and focuses on disgraced Secret Service agent Mike Banning's (Butler) efforts to rescue the President (Eckhart).
The film was released on March 22, 2013, by FilmDistrict and earned $170 million against a $70 million production budget. Olympus Has Fallen was one of two films released in 2013 that dealt with a terrorist attack on the White House; the other was White House Down. A sequel titled London Has Fallen was released on March 4, 2016, with the principal cast members reprising their roles. Another sequel, Angel Has Fallen, is in the works. It is the first installment in the Has Fallen film series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Score
5 Release
6 Reception
7 Sequel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Former Army Ranger Mike Banning (Gerard Butler) is the lead U.S. Secret Service agent assigned to head the U.S. Presidential detail. Banning maintains a personal, friendly relationship with President Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), First Lady Margaret (Ashley Judd) and their son Connor (Finley Jacobsen). During a snowy Christmas evening drive from Camp David to a campaign fundraiser, the car transporting the First Family spins out of control on a bridge due to icy conditions; Banning pulls Asher from the vehicle, but Margaret falls to her death while inside the car.
Eighteen months later, having been removed from the presidential detail, Banning works at Treasury headquarters. During a meeting between Asher and South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo (Keong Sim), a North Korean terrorist organisation; Koreans for United Freedom (KUF) led by Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune), mount an air and ground assault that results in the capture of the White House. The group is also aided by treasonous members of the prime minister's own detail, including Dave Forbes (Dylan McDermott), a former Secret Service agent. Asher and several top officials are held hostage in the White House bunker; South Korean Prime Minister Lee is executed on live video. Before his own death, detail agent Roma (Cole Hauser) alerts the Director of the Secret Service Lynne Jacobs (Angela Bassett) that "Olympus has fallen".
Kang seeks to use Asher's hostage status as leverage to force U.S. officials to withdraw the Seventh Fleet and U.S. forces from the Korean Peninsula, removing American opposition to a North Korean invasion of South Korea. He also seeks to destroy the American nuclear weapons stockpile by detonating them in their respective silos across the country, turning the U.S. into an irradiated wasteland as revenge for the death of his family. To accomplish this, he requires the access codes to a system in the bunker called Cerberus, which are held by three top government officials within the bunker, including the President. Asher orders the other two officials to reveal their codes to save their lives, certain that he will not give up his code.
During the initial assault by Kang's forces, Banning joins the White House's defenders. He falls back into the White House, disabling the internal surveillance and gaining access to Asher's satellite ear phone, which he uses to maintain contact with Jacobs and Allan Trumbull (Morgan Freeman), the Speaker of the House, now the Acting President since the Vice President is being held hostage with the President and others.
Authorized to proceed, Banning’s first act is to save Connor, whom Kang plans to use to force Asher to reveal his Cerberus code. Banning finds Connor hiding in the walls, thanks to the training he had given him, and sneaks the boy to safety. Banning begins reconnaissance and reduces the terrorists' numbers. Banning kills Forbes, first convincing the traitor to report to Kang that Banning is dead. Meanwhile, Army Chief of Staff General Edward Clegg (Robert Forster) convinces Trumbull to order an aerial SEAL assault on the White House. Kang discovers the assault force and activates the Hydra 6, an advanced anti-aircraft system built by the military. Discovering the system, Banning advises Trumbull and Clegg to abort the mission, but the new weapon system annihilates most of the assault force before Banning can stop it. Kang retaliates for the infiltration by killing Vice President Charlie Rodriguez (Phil Austin).
After Banning disables Kang’s communications, Kang tries to execute Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan (Melissa Leo) outside the White House in front of the media, but Banning rescues her, taking out several of Kang's men in the process. With his forces dwindling, Kang fakes his and Asher's death by sacrificing several of his men and the remaining hostages. However, Banning sees through his ruse, as Kang would never go down without fighting. Kang eventually cracks Asher’s code using brute-force attack and activates Cerberus. As Kang and his remaining men attempt to escape, Banning ambushes them and kills the remaining terrorists in the process. During the fight, Asher tries to break free from Kang's grip and is subsequently shot by him in the stomach. Banning and Kang confront each other and a climactic fight breaks out, in which Kang quickly maintains the upper hand. Eventually, Banning kills Kang by stabbing him in the head with a knife and then disables Cerberus with the assistance of Trumbull and his staff, with only seconds to spare. During daybreak that day, Banning walks out with Asher and is received by the soldiers posted to await their arrival. After the events, the U.S. begins to heal from the attack, while Banning once again heads the president's security detail. President Asher addresses the public while Banning, Jacobs, Clegg, and Connor observe.
Cast[edit]
Gerard Butler as Mike Banning, a former member of the 75th Ranger Regiment and now Secret Service agent.[4]
Aaron Eckhart as Benjamin Asher, the President of the United States.[5]
Morgan Freeman as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull[6]
Angela Bassett as Lynne Jacobs, Director of the Secret Service.[7]
Rick Yune as Kang Yeonsak, a North Korean ultra-nationalist mastermind disguised as a South Korean ministerial aide.[8]
Dylan McDermott as Dave Forbes, a former Secret Service agent now working for South Korean Prime Minister's private security detail.[9]
Finley Jacobsen as Connor Asher, the son of Benjamin and Margaret Asher.
Melissa Leo as Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan[8]
Robert Forster as US Army General Edward Clegg, Army Chief of Staff.[10]
Ashley Judd as Margaret Asher, the First Lady of the United States.[10]
Cole Hauser as Agent Roma, a Secret Service Special Agent-in-Charge.[11]
Radha Mitchell as Leah Banning, a nurse and Mike's wife.[12]
Sean O'Bryan as Ray Monroe, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency.
Lance Broadway as Agent O'Neil, a member of the President's security detail.[13]
Tory Kittles as Agent Jones, a member of the President's security detail.[14]
Keong Sim as South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo
Phil Austin as Vice President Charlie Rodriguez
James Ingersoll as Admiral Joe Hoenig, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
Freddy Bosche as Agent Diaz, Secret Service.
Kevin Moon as Cho, Kang's henchman
Malana Lea as Lim, Kang's henchwoman who serves as the technical expert of the group.[15]
Sam Medina as Yu, Kang's henchman
Production[edit]
Olympus Has Fallen was directed by Antoine Fuqua h based on a script by Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt in their first screenwriting effort. The production company Millennium Films acquired the spec script in March 2012, and Gerard Butler was cast later in the month as the star.[4] The rest of the characters were cast throughout June and July.
In 2012, Millennium Films competed against Sony Pictures, which was producing White House Down (also about a takeover of the White House) to complete casting and to begin filming.[16]
Filming began in Shreveport, Louisiana, in mid-July 2012.[10] Because Olympus Has Fallen was filmed so far from its actual setting of Washington, D.C., the entire production relied heavily upon visual effects, particularly computer-generated imagery.[17] For example, computers created nearly all of the opening sequence in which the First Lady is killed in a car accident, with chroma key greenscreen technology used to composite the actors into the computer-generated snowy scenery.[17] For scenes where actors walked in or out of the White House, a first-floor façade and entrance were built; computers added the second floor, roof, and downtown D.C. cityscape. Action scenes with the White House in the background were filmed in open fields and the White House and D.C. were added in post-production.[17]
Score[edit]
Musician and orchestral composer Trevor Morris produced the score. His past projects include shows The Tudors and The Borgias.[18] The record was released on March 15, 2013 via Relativity Music Group label. The runtime is one hour, eight minutes, and 57 seconds.
Release[edit]
Olympus Has Fallen was released in the United States on March 22, 2013.[6] It was initially scheduled for an April 5, 2013 release, but moved to avoid competition with The Heat, which was to open at the same time (its release was later pushed back to June 28). FilmDistrict distributed the film.[19]
The film's trailer was criticized for using the U.S. Emergency Alert System, and several cable companies were fined by the Federal Communications Commission for airing the ad.[20]
Olympus Has Fallen grossed $98.9 million in the U.S. and Canada and $70.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $170.2 million against a budget of $70 million.[3] In its first weekend, the film earned $30.5 million finishing second at the box office, and exceeded predictions of $23 million.[21][22]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 13, 2013, in the U.S. It earned $38.2 million in video rental sales in the U.S.[23]
Reception[edit]
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 48% based on 181 reviews and a weighted average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's far from original, but Olympus Has Fallen benefits from Antoine Fuqua's tense direction and a strong performance from Gerard Butler—which might be just enough for action junkies".[24] Metacritic assigns the film a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[26]
Richard Roeper compared Olympus Has Fallen with the Die Hard series for sharing the same style and momentum, calling it as "just too much of a pale Die Hard ripoff." He gave the film a C.[27]
David Edelstein was much more negative about the film. While praising Butler's role as a "solid" character, Edelstein criticized the script and the violence of the film, writing "Olympus Has Fallen is a disgusting piece of work, but it certainly hits its marks – it makes you sick with suspense."[28]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: London Has Fallen
Gerard Butler, Morgan Freeman, Aaron Eckhart, Angela Bassett and Radha Mitchell returned for a sequel titled London Has Fallen revolving around a plot to strike London during the funeral of the British Prime Minister.[29] Production was scheduled to begin in May 2014 in London, with Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt returning to pen the script. Director Antoine Fuqua, however, was not returning due to his commitments with The Equalizer.[30]
On May 1, 2014, it was announced that Focus Features had acquired distribution rights to the sequel and would release it on October 2, 2015, though this was later pushed back to January 22, 2016.[31] However, the film's release was delayed to March 4, 2016. On August 18, 2014, it was announced that Charlie Countryman director Fredrik Bond would be taking over direction from Fuqua,[32] but Bond left the film on September 18, just six weeks before the shooting was set to begin.[33] However, on September 28, 2014, it was announced that Babak Najafi will take over direction of the sequel.[34]
On October 10, 2014, it was announced that Jackie Earle Haley would be joining London Has Fallen as a Deputy Chief Mason.[35] Filming for the sequel began on October 24, 2014.[36]
See also[edit]
Has Fallen (franchise)
White House Down (2013)
Transfer of Power (1999)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Digital Cinema Package (DCP) – FilmDistrict USA Release
Jump up ^ "OLYMPUS HAS FALLEN (15)". British Board of Film Classification. March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Olympus Has Fallen (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (March 16, 2012). "Gerard Butler climbs 'Olympus Has Fallen'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (June 22, 2012). "Aaron Eckhart joins 'Olympus Has Fallen'". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Mike (December 14, 2012). "FilmDistrict Moves 'Olympus Has Fallen' To March 22, 2013". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff; McNary, Dave (June 25, 2012). "Angela Bassett joins 'Olympus'". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (July 10, 2012). "Melissa Leo and Rick Yune Joining 'Olympus Has Fallen'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 29, 2012). "Dylan McDermott climbs 'Olympus'". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kit, Borys (July 12, 2012). "Ashley Judd, Robert Forster Join 'Olympus Has Fallen'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (July 9, 2012). "Cole Hauser Joins Action Movie 'Olympus Has Fallen'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (July 7, 2012). "'Olympus Has Fallen' Adds Radha Mitchell". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "Lance Broadway Goes from Major League Baseball to OLYMPUS HAS FALLEN".
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (July 25, 2012). "Tory Kittles Joins 'Olympus Has Fallen'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Malana Lea".
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (April 10, 2012). "Antoine Fuqua Circling 'Olympus' as White House Thriller Race Heats Up". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ian Failes, "How VFX saved Washington: Olympus Has Fallen", Fxguide, 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Trevor Morris to Score 'Olympus Has Fallen'". Film Music Reporter. January 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "FilmDistrict to Distribute Olympus Has Fallen". ComingSoon.net. October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Adi (3 March 2014). "Cable companies fined $2 million for using Emergency Alert System tone in movie trailer | The Verge". The Verge. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Report: 'The Croods' and 'Olympus' Lead New Releases, Movies With Butter.com". Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Box office has risen: Patriotic 'Olympus Has Fallen' beats Hollywood's expectations". The Washington Post. March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Olympus Has Fallen (2013)". The Numbers. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympus Has Fallen". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Olympus Has Fallen". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Report: 'Croods' Opens to Solid $44.7 Million; 'Olympus Has Fallen' Nabs $30.5 Million". The Hollywood Reporter. March 24, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard. "Olympus Has Fallen Review - RichardRoeper.com". RichardRoeper.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Edelstein, David (March 22, 2013). "Edelstein on Olympus Has Fallen: Hollywood Has Made Us a Vengeful Nation". Vulture.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OLYMPUS HAS FALLEN Sequel LONDON HAS FALLEN Moving Forward with Gerard Butler". Collider.
Jump up ^ "London Has Fallen heads to AFM". screendaily.com.
Jump up ^ "Focus Features Dates 'Olympus' Sequel 'London Has Fallen' For October 2015". Deadline.com. 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Fredrik Bond to Direct ‘Olympus Has Fallen’ Sequel". Variety. August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (September 18, 2014). "'Olympus Has Fallen' Sequel Loses Its Director". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Babak Najafi to Helm London Has Fallen". Comingsoon.net. September 28, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 10, 2014). "‘Olympus Has Fallen’ Sequel Lands Jackie Earle Haley As First New Cast Member (Exclusive)". The Wrap. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Instagram". Instagram.com. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Olympus Has Fallen CinemaScore
Olympus Has Fallen on IMDb
Olympus Has Fallen at AllMovie
Olympus Has Fallen at the TCM Movie Database
Olympus Has Fallen at the American Film Institute Catalog
Olympus Has Fallen at Box Office Mojo
Olympus Has Fallen at Rotten Tomatoes
Olympus Has Fallen at Metacritic
Olympus Has Fallen at the Internet Movie Firearms Database
FXGuide Article on the VFX for Olympus Has Fallen
Animation World News article on VFX for Olympus Has Fallen
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Antoine Fuqua
The Replacement Killers (1998)
Bait (2000)
Training Day (2001)
Tears of the Sun (2003)
King Arthur (2004)
Shooter (2007)
Brooklyn's Finest (2009)
Olympus Has Fallen (2013)
The Equalizer (2014)
Southpaw (2015)
The Magnificent Seven (2016)
The Equalizer 2 (2018)
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