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Jana Gana Mana
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Jana Gana Mana
English: Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People
Sheet music for "Jana Gana Mana".
National anthem of India
Lyrics
Rabindranath Tagore, 1911[citation needed]
Music
Rabindranath Tagore, 1911[citation needed]
Adopted
24 January 1950
Audio sample
"Jana Gana Mana" (Instrumental)
file
help
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Rabindranath Tagore, the author and composer of the national anthem of India and Bangladesh.
Play media
Rabindranath Tagore singing Jana Gana Mana
"Jana Gana Mana" (Hindi: [ɟənə gəɳə mənə]) is the national anthem of India. It was originally composed as Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore.[1][2] The first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in its Hindi version was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950.[3][4] A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately fifty-two seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.[5] It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (now, Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress.[6]
A separate poem, Vande Mataram, was created "national song" of India during both the colonial period and after independence in 1950.
Contents
1 History
2 Code of conduct
3 Lyrics
3.1 Full Version
3.2 Short Version
4 English translation
5 Gallery
6 Controversies
6.1 Historical significance
6.1.1 Counter arguments
6.2 Regional aspects
7 See also
8 References
9 Notes
10 External links
History[edit]
The poem was first sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on December 27, 1911, and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj.[7][8] Though the Bengali song had been written in 1911,[7] it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika, of which Tagore was the editor.
Song was performed by Sarala Devi Chowdhurani, Tagore’s niece, along with a group of school students, in front of prominent Congress Members like Bishan Narayan Dhar, Indian National Congress President and Ambika Charan Majumdar.
In 1912, the song was published under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj and of which Tagore was the Editor.
Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh on February 28, 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sung the song. The song enthralled the college students while Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins), both requested Tagore to create an English translation of the song and set down the musical notation to the national anthem, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style. Tagore duly translated the work into English while at the college on February 28, 1919, titled The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. . The college adopted Tagore's translation of the song as their prayer song which is sung till today.
On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body on August 14, 1947, midnight and the session closed with a unanimous performance of Jana Gana Mana.
The members of the Indian Delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held at New York in 1947 gave a recording of Jana Gana Mana as the country’s national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.
Code of conduct[edit]
The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung, and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the Full Version of National Anthem of India is 52 seconds and 20 seconds for shorter version.[5]
Lyrics[edit]
The poem is sung in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa. The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs and has commonality with all major languages in India due to Sanskrit being their common source of formal vocabulary. Therefore, the original song is quite clearly understandable, and in fact, remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages (if variations in inherent vowel and pronunciation of approximants and some sibilants are ignored). The transcription below reflects the pronunciation in Bengali script, Devanagari script and Latin script.
Full Version[edit]
Official lyrics in Hindi[9] (Devanagari script)
(जन गण मन)
Official romanisation[10] (bold indicates long vowels)
Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे
भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा,
द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग
विंध्य[a] हिमाचल यमुना गंगा,
उच्छल जलधि तरंग
तब[b] शुभ नामे जागे, तब[c] शुभ आशिष मांगे
गाहे तब[d] जय गाथा ।
जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे, भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
Tava Subha name jage, tave subha asisa mage,
gahe tava jaya-gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Jana-gana-mana adhināyaka jaya hē
Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā.
Paṁjāba-Sindhu-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā,
Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṁga
Viṁdhya[e] Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā,
ucchala jaladhi taraṁga
Taba[f] Śubha nāmē jāgē, taba[g] śubha āśiṣa māṁgē
gāhē taba[h] jaya gāthā.
Jana gana maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā.
Jaya hē, Jaya hē, Jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.

Original composition in Bengali
(জন গণ মন)
Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ
বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ
তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিস[i] মাগে,
গাহে তব জয়গাথা।
জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
Jana-gana-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā[j]!
Pañjāba[k] Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa[l] Utkala Baṅga[m]
Bindhya[n] Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga
Taba[o] Śubha nāmē jāgē, taba[p] śubha āśisa[q] māgē,
gāhē taba[r] jaẏa-gāthā.
Jana-gana-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā[s]!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.
Short Version[edit]
A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions. It reads as follows[11]

Official lyrics in Hindi[12] (Devanagari script)
(जन गण मन)
Official romanisation[13] (bold indicates long vowels)
Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे
भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे !।
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Jana-gana-maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē
Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā /
Jaya hē, Jaya hē, Jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē !.
English translation[edit]
Translation by Tagore, dated February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College. Refer to The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. for the translation of the full poem. Primary sources available in the "Gallery" section.
Thou art, the ruler of our minds, of all people
The dispenser of India's destiny!
Thy name rouses the heart of Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat
and Maratha, of the Dravida and Odisha
and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of Vindhya and the
Himalayas, and mingles in the music of Ganga and Yamuna
and is chanted by the waves of the Indian sea.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hands,
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, Victory, Victory to thee.[14]
Gallery[edit]
Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College
Page 1 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College
Page 2 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College
Early or original score of Jana Gana Mana
Controversies[edit]
In Kerala, students belonging to the Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung.[15] The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986,[16] the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant" The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.[17]
Supreme Court observed in its ruling[18]
"There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act".
On 30 November 2016, Supreme Court of India ordered the National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters, in order to instill "committed patriotism and nationalism".[19] On February 10, 2017, 2 Kashmiris were booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema, under provisions of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. This was the first arrest of its kind made by a state government in India.[20][21] In January 2018, the government reversed its stance and requested that the Supreme Court rescind the order until a government panel could consider the issue in more depth; the court agreed, and so around 9 January 2018 the National Anthem ceased being compulsory in movie theaters.[22]
Historical significance[edit]
The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911.[23] It was sung on the second day of the convention, and the agenda of that day devoted itself to a loyal welcome of George V on his visit to India. The event was reported thus in the British Indian press:
"The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor." (Statesman, Dec. 28, 1911)

"The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." (Englishman, Dec. 28, 1911)
"When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously." (Indian, Dec. 29, 1911)
Counter arguments[edit]
Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary,[24] was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch. The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly:
"The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." (Amrita Bazar Patrika, Dec.28,1911)
"The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." (The Bengalee, Dec. 28, 1911)
Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference:
"On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram. On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore. Messages from well wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung."
On 10 November 1937 Tagore wrote a letter to Mr Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Ravindrajivani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee.
"A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."[25]
Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes:[26]
"I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." (Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.)
Moreover, Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from "Jana Gana Mana" lionising the Indian independence movement. He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. The Knighthood (i.e. the title of 'Sir') was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Gitanjali" from the government of Sweden. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear", Gitanjali Poem #35) and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji.[citation needed]
Regional aspects[edit]
Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid (South India), Odisha/Utkal and Bengal, were mentioned. None of the princely states – Kashmir, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mysore or Kerala – or the states in Northeast India, which are now integral parts of India were mentioned. But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence. 'Dravida' includes the people from the south (though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then, the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named) and 'Jolodhi' (Stanza 1) is Sanskrit for "seas and oceans". Even North-East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm. India has 29 states, 7 union territories.
In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sindh" and substitute it with the word Kashmir. The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sindh" refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture, and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.
On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam, Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited article of 'The Times of India' published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word 'Kamarup' was included in the song, but was later changed to 'Sindhu' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included.[27] To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper.[27] The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning 'Sanchayita' (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned.[27]
See also[edit]
Subh Sukh Chain, the National Anthem of the Provisional Government of Free India
Vande Mataram, the National Song of India
Amar Shonar Bangla, the National Anthem of Bangladesh
Indian National Army
Capt.Ram Singh Thakur
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html Quote: "Though written in Bengali, the language used was sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which was heavily sanskritised. Many of the words exist with the same meaning in different Indian languages and thus, all Indian people understand the words and meaning of the national anthem"
Jump up ^ "National Symbol: National Anthem". National Portal of India. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Britannica, Editors of Encyclopedia (2008), Britannica Encyclopedia of India (Set of 5 Volumes), Encyclopedia Britannica India, p. 167, ISBN 978-81-8131-008-8 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Quote: "Adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the national anthem of India on January 24, 1950, the song Jana-gana-mana, in its Hindi version of the first stanza, was originally composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore"
Jump up ^ http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf Quote: "The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore’s song known as “Jana Gana Mana” is the National Anthem of India"
^ Jump up to: a b "National Anthem- National Identity Elements of India - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Arunangsu Roy. "100 years since 'Jana Gana Mana' was born". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2011). Rabindranath Tagore : an interpretation. New Delhi: Viking, Penguin Books India. p. 206. ISBN 978-0670084555. Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest. It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911. On December 12, 1911 the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day. The song was actually sung at the twenty-seventh session of the Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day's proceedings. Thereafter it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms, Brahma Sangit.
Jump up ^ http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/
Jump up ^ "भरत के राष्ट्र गान के संबंध में आदेश" [Order relating to the national anthem of India] (PDF). mha.gov.in. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Orders relating to the national anthem of India" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "National Identity Elements - National Anthem - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
Jump up ^ "भरत के राष्ट्र गान के संबंध में आदेश" [Order relating to the national anthem of India] (PDF). mha.gov.in. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Orders relating to the national anthem of India" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
Jump up ^ James Minahan. "The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]". ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case
Jump up ^ https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/
Jump up ^ "To sing or not to sing Vande Mataram". Indian Express. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors [1986] INSC 167". indiankanoon.org. 11 August 1986. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court orders National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters
Jump up ^ 2 Kashmiris booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema
Jump up ^ In a first, state govt employee amongst two arrested for not standing during national anthem Archived 12 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "India anthem not mandatory in cinemas". BBC News. 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tagore and Jana Gana Mana". Monish R. Chatterjee.
Jump up ^ "India: Are we still singing for the Empire?". Pradip Kumar Datta.
Jump up ^ "Controversy Surrounding The Indian National Anthem". Rare India Fact. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100". Bbc.co.uk. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c State to seek newspaper clarification on report. STAFF Reporter. Assam Tribune, 17-12-2013
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ विन्ध्य is also used
Jump up ^ तव is also used
Jump up ^ तव is also used
Jump up ^ तव is also used
Jump up ^ "Vindhya" is also used
Jump up ^ "Tava" is also used
Jump up ^ "tava" is also used
Jump up ^ "tava" is also used
Jump up ^ আশিষ is also used
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Bhārata-abhāgya-vidhātā"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Pañjāva"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Drāviṛa"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Vaṅga"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Vindhya"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Tava"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "tava"
Jump up ^ "āśiṣa" is also used
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "tava"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteratinon "Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā"
External links[edit]
Find more aboutJana Gana Manaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Texts from Wikisource
Data from Wikidata
Know India: National anthem, Government of India website
The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. English translation of the hymn "Jana Gana Mana" in Tagore's handwriting
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Rabindranath Tagore
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Arraignment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant to inform the defendant of the charges against him or her. In response to arraignment, the accused is expected to enter a plea. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdiction but they generally include "guilty", "not guilty", and the peremptory pleas (or pleas in bar) setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of "nolo contendere" (no contest) and the "Alford plea" are allowed in some circumstances.
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Canada
3 France
4 Germany
5 New Zealand
6 South Africa
7 United Kingdom
8 United States
9 Form of the arraignment
10 Video arraignment
11 Guilty and not-guilty pleas
12 Pre-trial release
13 See also
14 References
Australia[edit]
In Australia, arraignment is the first of eleven stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment. The judge will testify during the indictment process.
Canada[edit]
In every province in Canada except British Columbia, defendants are arraigned on the day of their trial. In British Columbia, arraignment takes places in one of the first few court appearances by the defendant or their lawyer. The defendant is asked whether he or she pleads guilty or not guilty to each charge.
France[edit]
In France, the general rule is that one cannot remain in police custody for more than 24 hours from the time of the arrest.[1] However, police custody can last another 24 hours in specific circumstances, especially if the offence is punishable by at least one year's imprisonment, or if the investigation is deemed to require the extra time, and can last up to 96 hours in certain cases involving terrorism, drug trafficking or organised crime.[1] The police needs to have the consent of the prosecutor (in the vast majority of cases, the prosecutor will consent).[1]
Germany[edit]
In Germany, if one has been arrested and taken into custody by the police one must be brought before a judge as soon as possible and at the latest on the day after the arrest.[2]
New Zealand[edit]
At the first appearance, the accused is read the charges and asked for a plea. The available pleas are, guilty, not guilty, and no plea. No plea allows the defendant to get legal advice on the plea, which must be made on the second appearance.[3]
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, arraignment is defined as the calling upon the accused to appear, the informing of the accused of the crime charged against him, the demanding of the accused whether he be guilty or not guilty, and the entering of his plea. His plea having been entered he is said to stand arraigned.
United Kingdom[edit]
In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, arraignment is the first of eleven stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment.
In England and Wales, the police cannot legally detain anyone for more than 24 hours without charging them unless an officer with the rank of superintendent (or above) authorises detention for a further 12 hours (36 hours total), or a judge (who will be a magistrate) authorises detention by the police before charge for up to a maximum of 96 hours, but for terrorism-related offences people can be held by the police for up to 28 days before charge.[4] If they are not released after being charged, they should be brought before a court as soon as practicable.[4]
United States[edit]
The United States has 57 court systems - one each for federal (1), state (50), commonwealth (2), territorial (3), and federal district (1) jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction establishes its own rules of criminal procedure. All 57 sets of rules must comply with certain provisions of the U.S. Constitution (e.g. the privilege agains self-incrimination, prohibition of excessive bail, etc.) but otherwise are bound only by their own local constitutions and statutes.
At federal level, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provide that "arraignment shall [consist of an] open...reading [of] the indictment...to the defendant...and call[] on him to plead thereto. He/she shall be given a copy of the indictment...before he/she is called upon to plead."[5]
Federa; arraignment takes place in two stages. The first is called the initial arraignment and must take place within 48 hours of an individual's arrest, 72 hours if the individual was arrested on the weekend and not able to go before a judge until Monday.[6] During this arraignment the defendant is informed of the pending legal charges and is informed of his or her right to retain counsel. The presiding judge also decides at what amount, if any, to set bail. During the second arraignment, a post-indictment arraignment or PIA, the defendant is allowed to enter a plea.
In New York, most people arrested must be released if they are not arraigned within 24 hours.[7]
In California, arraignments must be conducted without unnecessary delay and, in any event, within 48 hours of arrest, excluding weekends and holidays.[8][9] Thus, an individual arrested without a warrant, in some cases, may be held for as long as 168 hours (7 days) without arraignment or charge.[8] For example, both Thanksgiving Day and the day after Thanksgiving are state holidays in California. So, if someone be arrested at 9:00 am on the Tuesday before Thanksgiving, the 48-hour period would not expire at 9:00 am on Thursday as it normally would, because that is a holiday; and the next day is a holiday; and the two days after that are the weekend; so the arraignment need not take place until 9:00 am on Monday morning following the arrest on the previous Tuesday.
In Michigan, the procedure differs for misdemenours and felonies. A defendant is allowed to enter a plea when arraigned for a misdemeanour but no plea is entered by a defendant charged with a felony. In either case, the judge explains the defendant's rights to him/her, advises of his/her right to an attorney, sets pre-release bail (except when inappropriate), and sets a date for a pre-trial conference (misdemeanour only) or pre-exam conference (felonies only, and only in some counties). Because of the Michigan Constitution's guarantee of a speedy arraignment, a least one judge in every Michigan District Court is on 24-hour call every day, including weekends and holidays, so that the arraignment can be held as soon after the arrest as possible.[10]
Form of the arraignment[edit]
The wording of the arraignment varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.[11] However, it generally conforms with the following principles:
The accused person (defendant) is addressed by name;
The charge against the accused person is read, including the alleged date, time, and place of offense (and sometimes the names of the state's witnesses and the range of punishment for the charge(s)); and,
The accused person is asked formally how he or she pleads.
Video arraignment[edit]
Video arraignment is the act of conducting the arraignment process using some form of videoconferencing technology. Use of video arraignment system allows the courts to conduct the requisite arraignment process without the need to transport the defendant to the courtroom by using an audio-visual link between the location where the defendant is being held and the courtroom.
Use of the video arraignment process addresses the problems associated with having to transport defendants. The transportation of defendants requires time, puts additional demands on the public safety organizations to provide for the safety of the public, court personnel and for the security of the population held in detention. It also addresses the rising costs of transportation.
Guilty and not-guilty pleas[edit]
If the defendant pleads guilty, an evidentiary hearing usually follows. The court is not required to accept a guilty plea. During the hearing, the judge assesses the offense, the mitigating factors, and the defendant's character, and passes sentence.
If the defendant pleads not guilty, a date is set for a preliminary hearing or a trial.
In the past, a defendant who refused to plead (or "stood mute") was subject to peine forte et dure (Law French for "strong and hard punishment"). Today in common-law jurisdictions, the court enters a plea of not guilty for a defendant who refuses to enter a plea.[12] The rationale for this is the defendant's right to silence.
Pre-trial release[edit]
This is also often the stage at which arguments for or against pre-trial release and bail may be made, depending on the alleged crime and jurisdiction.
See also[edit]
Desk appearance ticket
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND DEFENCE RIGHTS IN FRANCE" (PDF). Fair Trials International.
Jump up ^ "CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND DEFENCE RIGHTS IN GERMANY" (PDF). Fair Trials International.
Jump up ^ http://www.howtolaw.co/facing-criminal-charges-392160
^ Jump up to: a b "CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND DEFENCE RIGHTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES" (PDF). Fair Trials International.
Jump up ^ 10
Jump up ^ Samaha, Joel (2012). Criminal Procedure (8th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-495-91335-1.
Jump up ^ Sack, Kevin (27 March 1991). "Ruling Forces New York to Release Or Arraign Suspects in 24 Hours". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991)
Jump up ^ California Basic Practice Handbook. Regents of the University of California. November 2016. p. 6-11. ISBN 9780762624676. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Steps in a Prosecution, Monroe County Prosecuting Attorney".
Jump up ^ In some jurisdictions the wording of the arraignment is set by statute or court practice direction.
Jump up ^ In Queensland, Australia, this matter is covered by statute. See s601 of the Queensland Criminal Code.
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Order of reaction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In chemical kinetics, the order of reaction with respect to a given substance (such as reactant, catalyst or product) is defined as the index, or exponent, to which its concentration term in the rate equation is raised.[1] For the typical rate equation of form r = k [ A ] x [ B ] y . . . {\displaystyle r\;=\;k[\mathrm {A} ]^{x}[\mathrm {B} ]^{y}...} , where [A], [B], ... are concentrations, the reaction orders (or partial reaction orders) are x for substance A, y for substance B, etc. The overall reaction order is the sum x + y + .... For many reactions, the reaction orders are not equal to the stoichiometric coefficients.
For example, the chemical reaction between mercury (II) chloride and oxalate ion
2 HgCl 2 + C 2 O 4 2 − ⟶ 2 Cl − + 2 CO 2 ↑ + Hg 2 Cl 2 ↓ {\displaystyle {\ce {{2HgCl2}+C2O4^{2-}->{2Cl^{-}}+2CO2{\uparrow }+Hg2Cl2(v)}}}
has the observed rate equation[2]
r = k[HgCl2]1[C2O42−]2
In this case, the reaction order with respect to the reactant HgCl2 is 1 and with respect to oxalate ion is 2; the overall reaction order is 1 + 2 = 3. The reaction orders (here 1 and 2 respectively) differ from the stoichiometric coefficients (2 and 1). Reaction orders can be determined only by experiment. Their knowledge allows conclusions to be drawn about the reaction mechanism, and may help to identify the rate-determining step.
Elementary (single-step) reactions do have reaction orders equal to the stoichiometric coefficients for each reactant. The overall reaction order, i.e. the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants, is always equal to the molecularity of the elementary reaction. Complex (multi-step) reactions may or may not have reaction orders equal to their stoichiometric coefficients.
Orders of reaction for each reactant are often positive integers, but they may also be zero, fractional, or negative.
A reaction can also have an undefined reaction order with respect to a reactant if the rate is not simply proportional to some power of the concentration of that reactant; for example, one cannot talk about reaction order in the rate equation for a bimolecular reaction between adsorbed molecules:
r = k K 1 K 2 C A C B ( 1 + K 1 C A + K 2 C B ) 2 . {\displaystyle r=k{\frac {K_{1}K_{2}C_{A}C_{B}}{(1+K_{1}C_{A}+K_{2}C_{B})^{2}}}.\,}
Contents
[hide]
1 Determination of reaction order
1.1 Method of initial rates
1.2 Integral method
1.3 Method of flooding
2 First order
3 Second order
4 Pseudo-first order
5 Zero order
6 Fractional order
7 Mixed order
8 Negative order
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Determination of reaction order[edit]
Method of initial rates[edit]
The order of a reaction for each reactant can be estimated[3][4] from the variation in initial rate with the concentration of that reactant, using the natural logarithm of the typical rate equation
ln  r = ln  k + x ln  [ A ] + y ln  [ B ] + . . . {\displaystyle \ln r=\ln k+x\ln[A]+y\ln[B]+...}
For example, the initial rate can be measured in a series of experiments at different initial concentrations of reactant A with all other concentrations [B], [C], ... kept constant, so that
ln  r = x ln  [ A ] + constant {\displaystyle \ln r=x\ln[A]+{\textrm {constant}}}
The slope of a graph of ln  r {\displaystyle \ln r} as a function of ln  [ A ] {\displaystyle \ln[A]} then corresponds to the order x with respect to reactant A.
However this method is not always reliable because
measurement of the initial rate requires accurate determination of small changes in concentration in short times (compared to the reaction half-life) and is sensitive to errors, and
the rate equation will not be completely determined if the rate also depends on substances not present at the beginning of the reaction, such as intermediates or products.
Integral method[edit]
The tentative rate equation determined by the method of initial rates is therefore normally verified by comparing the concentrations measured over a longer time (several half-lives) with the integrated form of the rate equation.
For example, the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction is
ln  [ A ] = − k t + ln  [ A ] 0 {\displaystyle \ \ln {[A]}=-kt+\ln {[A]_{0}}} ,
where [A] is the concentration at time t and [A]0 is the initial concentration at zero time. The first-order rate law is confirmed if ln  [ A ] {\displaystyle \ln {[A]}} is in fact a linear function of time. In this case the rate constant k {\displaystyle k} is equal to the slope with sign reversed.[5][6]
Method of flooding[edit]
The partial order with respect to a given reactant can be evaluated by the method of flooding (or of isolation) of Ostwald. In this method, the concentration of one reactant is measured with all other reactants in large excess so that their concentration remains essentially constant. For a reaction a·A + b·B → c·C with rate law: r = k ⋅ [ A ] α ⋅ [ B ] β {\displaystyle r=k\cdot [{\rm {A}}]^{\alpha }\cdot [{\rm {B}}]^{\beta }} , the partial order α with respect to A is determined using a large excess of B. In this case
r = k ′ ⋅ [ A ] α {\displaystyle r=k'\cdot [{\rm {A}}]^{\alpha }} with k ′ = k ⋅ [ B ] β {\displaystyle k'=k\cdot [{\rm {B}}]^{\beta }} ,
and α may be determined by the integral method. The order β with respect to B under the same conditions (with B in excess) is determined by a series of similar experiments with a range of initial concentration [B]0 so that the variation of k' can be measured.[7]
First order[edit]
If a reaction rate depends on a single reactant and the value of the exponent is one, then the reaction is said to be first order. In organic chemistry, the class of SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) reactions consists of first-order reactions. For example,[8] in the reaction of aryldiazonium ions with nucleophiles in aqueous solution ArN2+ + X− → ArX + N2, the rate equation is r = k[ArN2+], where Ar indicates an aryl group.
Another class of first-order reactions is radioactive decay processes which are all first order. These are, however, nuclear reactions rather than chemical reactions.
Second order[edit]
A reaction is said to be second order when the overall order is two. The rate of a second-order reaction may be proportional to one concentration squared r = k [ A ] 2 {\displaystyle r=k[A]^{2}\,} , or (more commonly) to the product of two concentrations r = k [ A ] [ B ] {\displaystyle r=k[A][B]\,} . As an example of the first type, the reaction NO2 + CO → NO + CO2 is second-order in the reactant NO2 and zero order in the reactant CO. The observed rate is given by r = k [ NO 2 ] 2 {\displaystyle r=k[{\ce {NO2}}]^{2}\,} , and is independent of the concentration of CO.[9]
The second type includes the class of SN2 (nucleophilic substitution bimolecular) reactions, such as the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate:[8]
CH3COOC2H5 + OH− → CH3COO− + C2H5OH
This reaction is first-order in each reactant and second-order overall: r = k[CH3COOC2H5][OH−]
If the same hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by imidazole, the rate equation becomes[8] r = k[imidazole][CH3COOC2H5]. The rate is first-order in one reactant (ethyl acetate), and also first-order in imidazole which as a catalyst does not appear in the overall chemical equation.
Pseudo-first order[edit]
If the concentration of a reactant remains constant (because it is a catalyst or it is in great excess with respect to the other reactants), its concentration can be included in the rate constant, obtaining a pseudo–first-order (or occasionally pseudo–second-order) rate equation. For a typical second-order reaction with rate equation r = k[A][B], if the concentration of reactant B is constant then r = k[A][B] = k'[A], where the pseudo–first-order rate constant k' = k[B]. The second-order rate equation has been reduced to a pseudo–first-order rate equation, which makes the treatment to obtain an integrated rate equation much easier.
For example, the hydrolysis of sucrose in acid solution is often cited as a first-order reaction with rate r = k[sucrose]. The true rate equation is third-order, r = k[sucrose][H+][H2O]; however, the concentrations of both the catalyst H+ and the solvent H2O are normally constant, so that the reaction is pseudo–first-order.[10]
Zero order[edit]
For zero-order reactions, the reaction rate is independent of the concentration of a reactant, so that changing its concentration has no effect on the speed of the reaction. This may occur when there is a bottleneck which limits the number of reactant molecules that can react at the same time, for example if the reaction requires contact with an enzyme or a catalytic surface.[11]
Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions are zero order, provided that the reactant concentration is much greater than the enzyme concentration which controls the rate, so that the enzyme is saturated. For example, the biological oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) is zero order in ethanol.[12]
Similarly reactions with heterogeneous catalysis can be zero order if the catalytic surface is saturated. For example, the decomposition of phosphine (PH3) on a hot tungsten surface at high pressure is zero order in phosphine which decomposes at a constant rate.[11]
Fractional order[edit]
In fractional order reactions, the order is a non-integer, which often indicates a chemical chain reaction or other complex reaction mechanism. For example, the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) into methane and carbon monoxide proceeds with an order of 1.5 with respect to acetaldehyde: r = k[CH3CHO]3/2.[13] The decomposition of phosgene (COCl2) to carbon monoxide and chlorine has order 1 with respect to phosgene itself and order 0.5 with respect to chlorine: r = k[COCl2] [Cl2]1/2.[14]
The order of a chain reaction can be rationalized using the steady state approximation for the concentration of reactive intermediates such as free radicals. For the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, the Rice-Herzfeld mechanism is[13][15]
Initiation CH3CHO → •CH3 + •CHO
Propagation •CH3 + CH3CHO → CH3CO• + CH4
CH3CO• → •CH3 + CO
Termination 2 •CH3 → C2H6
where • denotes a free radical. To simplify the theory, the reactions of the •CHO to form a second •CH3 are ignored.
In the steady state, the rates of formation and destruction of methyl radicals are equal, so that
d [ ⋅ CH 3 ] d t = k i [ CH 3 CHO ] − k t [ ⋅ CH 3 ] 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d[{\ce {.CH3}}]}{dt}}=k_{i}[{\ce {CH3CHO}}]-k_{t}[{\ce {.CH3}}]^{2}=0} ,
so that the concentration of methyl radical satisfies
[ ⋅ CH 3 ] ∝ [ CH 3 CHO ] 1 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {[.CH3]\quad \propto \quad [CH3CHO]^{1/2}}}} .
The reaction rate equals the rate of the propagation steps which form the main reaction products CH4 and CO:
v = d [ CH 4 ] d t = k p [ ⋅ CH 3 ] [ CH 3 CHO ] ∝ [ CH 3 CHO ] 3 2 {\displaystyle v={\frac {d[{\ce {CH4}}]}{dt}}=k_{p}[{\ce {.CH3}}][{\ce {CH3CHO}}]\quad \propto \quad [{\ce {CH3CHO}}]^{\frac {3}{2}}}
in agreement with the experimental order of 3/2.[13][15]
Mixed order[edit]
More complex rate laws have been described as being mixed order if they approximate to the laws for more than one order at different concentrations of the chemical species involved. For example, a rate law of the form r = k 1 [ A ] + k 2 [ A ] 2 {\displaystyle r=k_{1}[A]+k_{2}[A]^{2}} represents concurrent first order and second order reactions (or more often concurrent pseudo-first order and second order) reactions, and can be described as mixed first and second order.[16] For sufficiently large values of [A] such a reaction will approximate second order kinetics, but for smaller [A] the kinetics will approximate first order (or pseudo-first order). As the reaction progresses, the reaction can change from second order to first order as reactant is consumed.
Another type of mixed-order rate law has a denominator of two or more terms, often because the identity of the rate-determining step depends on the values of the concentrations. An example is the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone by hexacyanoferrate (III) ion [Fe(CN)63−] with ruthenate (VI) ion (RuO42−) as catalyst.[17] For this reaction, the rate of disappearance of hexacyanoferrate (III) is r = [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 2 − k α + k β [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 2 − {\displaystyle r={\frac {\ce {[Fe(CN)_{6}]^{2-}}}{k_{\alpha }+k_{\beta }[{\ce {Fe(CN)_{6}}}]^{2-}}}}
This is zero-order with respect to hexacyanoferrate (III) at the onset of the reaction (when its concentration is high and the ruthenium catalyst is quickly regenerated), but changes to first-order when its concentration decreases and the regeneration of catalyst becomes rate-determining.
Notable mechanisms with mixed-order rate laws with two-term denominators include:
Michaelis-Menten kinetics for enzyme-catalysis: first-order in substrate (second-order overall) at low substrate concentrations, zero order in substrate (first-order overall) at higher substrate concentrations; and
the Lindemann mechanism for unimolecular reactions: second-order at low pressures, first-order at high pressures.
Negative order[edit]
A reaction rate can have a negative partial order with respect to a substance. For example, the conversion of ozone (O3) to oxygen follows the rate equation r = k [ O 3 ] 2 [ O 2 ] {\displaystyle r=k{\frac {\ce {[O_{3}]^{2}}}{\ce {[O_{2}]}}}\,} in an excess of oxygen. This corresponds to second order in ozone and order (-1) with respect to oxygen.[18]
When a partial order is negative, the overall order is usually considered as undefined. In the above example for instance, the reaction is not described as first order even though the sum of the partial orders is 2 + (-1) = 1, because the rate equation is more complex than that of a simple first-order reaction.
See also[edit]
Reaction rate
Molecularity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC's Goldbook definition of order of reaction
Jump up ^ Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G. General Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002), p.585-6 ISBN 0-13-014329-4
Jump up ^ P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry (8th ed., W.H. Freeman 2006), p.797-8 ISBN 0-7167-8759-8
Jump up ^ Espenson, J.H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill 2002) p.5-8 ISBN 0-07-288362-6
Jump up ^ Atkins and de Paula p.798-800
Jump up ^ Espenson, p.15-18
Jump up ^ Espenson, p.30-31
^ Jump up to: a b c Kenneth A. Connors Chemical Kinetics, the study of reaction rates in solution, 1990, VCH Publishers ISBN 0471720208
Jump up ^ Whitten K.W., Galley K.D. and Davis R.E. General Chemistry (4th edition, Saunders 1992), p.638-9 ISBN 0-03-072373-6
Jump up ^ I. Tinoco, K. Sauer and J.C. Wang Physical Chemistry. Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences. (3rd ed., Prentice-Hall 1995) p.328-9 ISBN 0-13-186545-5
^ Jump up to: a b Atkins and de Paula p.796
Jump up ^ Tinoco, Sauer and Wang p.331
^ Jump up to: a b c Atkins and de Paula, p.830
Jump up ^ Laidler K.J. Chemical Kinetics (3rd ed., Harper & Row 1987), p.301 ISBN 0-06-043862-2
^ Jump up to: a b Laidler, p.310-311
Jump up ^ Espenson J.H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill 2002), p.34 and p.60 ISBN 0-07-288362-6
Jump up ^ Ruthenium(VI)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols by Hexacyanoferrate(III): An Example of Mixed Order Mucientes, Antonio E,; de la Peña, María A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 1643. Abstract
Jump up ^ Laidler K.J. Chemical Kinetics (3rd ed., Harper & Row 1987), p.305 ISBN 0-06-043862-2
External links[edit]
Chemical kinetics, reaction rate, and order (needs flash player)
Reaction kinetics, examples of important rate laws (lecture with audio).
Rates of Reaction
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Uno Attack
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Uno Attack (called Uno Extreme in the United Kingdom and Canada) is one of many variations on the popular Mattel card game Uno. It includes 112 (106 in the later versions) cards as well as a mechanical card launcher.
The main difference between Uno Attack and the original Uno is that instead of drawing cards, players press a button on the card launcher, which shoots out a random number of cards at random times.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanical Card Launcher
2 Differences to Original Uno
3 Cards
4 Common variants
5 External links
Mechanical Card Launcher[edit]
[original research?]
UNO Attack comes with a special mechanical card launcher that runs on 3 C batteries. The card shooter contains a receptacle where the deck of cards is placed, and a button on the front, known as the "Launcher Button". When the rules call for a player to "Hit" the card shooter, the player presses the button on the card shooter. An electronic chime sounds, and a random number of cards shoot out. As many as 12 cards have been known to shoot out.
At times, the shooter may not shoot out any cards, as it is designed not to do so every time. Numerous tests have shown that it will shoot out cards at least once every four button presses, however other tests have shown the shooter going as many as 10 passes without shooting cards.[citation needed] It has been known to rarely shoot out cards more than twice in succession.
Differences to Original Uno[edit]
In Uno Attack, there are a number of differences to the original card game.
The gameplay differences are as follows:
When a player does not have a playable card in the original game, they are forced to draw a card. Uno Attack's rules call for the player to press the Launcher button once instead.
When a player plays their second-to-last card, thereby reducing their hand to one card, they must shout, "Uno!" If they do not, and another player catches it, they are forced to draw two penalty cards in the original game. Uno Attack, however, calls for the player to press the Launcher button twice instead. In addition, a player who calls "Uno!" when they have more than one card must hit the Launcher button twice as a penalty.
A player may choose not to play a playable card in their hand. If so, the player must hit the Launcher button once, rather than drawing a card as in the original. This is known as "Reneging."
Any player making a card suggestion to another player must hit the Launcher button four times, instead of drawing two penalty cards as in the original.
Pressing the Launcher button any number of times ends a player's turn.
If any cards are left sticking out of the Launcher after cards are shot out, the player who pressed the Launcher button must take these cards into their hand with the ones that managed to clear the launcher.
"Wild Draw-Four" is replaced by "Wild Hit Fire" and "Wild All Hit", in which the player who played that card gets to choose the color and the next player must hit the launcher button until it fires.
Cards[edit]
The cards included in the game are as follows:
Two 1's, 2's, 3's, 4's, 5's, 6's, 7's, 8's, and 9's of each color (red, blue, green, and yellow).
Two "Reverses" of each color.
Two "Skips" of each color.
Two "Hit twos" of each color.
One "Discard all" of each color.
One "Trade Hands" of each color
Four "Wilds".
Two "Wild Hit-Fires".
Two "Wild All Hits".
Here is what each card means in detail:
Reverse - Simply reverse direction of play. Play left becomes play right, and vice versa.
Skip - The next player to play loses his/her turn and is “skipped.”
Wild Card - This card can be played on any card. The person playing the card calls any color to continue play, including the one presently being played if desired. A Wild card can be played even if the player has another playable card in his/her hand.
Hit 2 - When this card is played, the next player must hit the Launcher button twice. His or her turn is then over; play continues with the next player.
Discard All - Play this card when a player wants to discard all of the cards in your hand of the same color. For example, if a yellow “7” is in the Discard pile, one may discard all the yellow cards in your hand, with a yellow Discard All card placed on top. (you may also discard a Discard All card on the top of another Discard All card.)
Trade Hands - The player who plays this card will exchange all cards with the other player that he or she chooses.
Wild Hit-Fire - When this card is played the player calls a color, then the next player in the direction of play must press the Launcher button until the Launcher shoots out cards. The activating player adds the Launched cards to his or her hand and forfeits his/her turn, then play continues as normal with the next player.
Wild All Hit - The player who plays this card chooses the color and all other players must press the Launcher button
Common variants[edit]
Modified Uno Attack: When a player has a specialty played, he or she has the opportunity to play the same specialty card. If the player cannot play the same specialty they press the button
External links[edit]
UnoRulesOnline.com | Uno Attack Rules
Game Finder
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Flush (novel)
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For the book by Virginia Woolf, see Flush: A Biography.
Flush
First edition cover
Author
Carl Hiaasen
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Realistic Fiction
Published
13 Sep 2005 Alfred A. Knopf
Media type
Print (book)
Pages
263
ISBN
0-375-92182-6
OCLC
53393228
Flush is a young adult novel by Carl Hiaasen first published in 2005, and set in Hiaasen's native Florida. It is his second young adult novel, after Hoot. The plot is similar to that of Hoot but it doesn't have the same cast and is not a continuation/sequel. The plot centers around Noah Underwood, a big boy whose father enlists his help to catch a repeat environmental offender in the act.Noah Underwood’s Dad failed to prove that the coral queen was dumping their waste in thunder Beach. So Noah and his sister Abby will find a way to tell the community about the coral queens secret.
Plot[edit]
The narrator of the story is Noah Underwood , born and raised in the Florida Keys. Noah's father, Paine, a passionate environmentalist, has been arrested for sinking the Coral Queen, a casino boat operated by "Dusty" Muleman, whom Paine believes has been illegally dumping sewage from the boat's holding tank into the ocean at night. However, Noah and his younger sister Abbey see that the Coral Queen will be repaired and back in business by the end of the week. While Paine is publicizing his actions to the media, Noah and Abbey are worried when they hear their mother, Donna, talking about filing for divorce.
Paine asks for Noah's help in getting a witness statement from Charles "Lice" Peeking, a former mate on the Coral Queen. Lice is noncommittal, but later disappears and his girlfriend Shelly (Dusty's ex-fiancée) offers to help, believing that Dusty may have had Lice killed.
Realizing the problem is that no one has ever been able to trace the sewage spills directly to the Coral Queen, Noah, Abbey, and Shelly come up with a plan, code-named "Operation Royal Flush": Shelly, who works on the Coral Queen as a bartender, will flush food coloring down the Coral Queen's toilets, dyeing the sewage and marking a trail in the water when it gets dumped. When Shelly points out that there is too much dye for one person to squeeze out, Noah decides to sneak on board with half the dye and flush it from a different toilet.
The plan goes off nearly perfectly, with Abbey manning a getaway boat. But just as they are escaping the marina, their engine stalls, and they are found by Dusty's security guards. One of them points a gun at the kids, but they are saved by the appearance of a strange old man. Noah and Abbey's elation fades when their outboard motor breaks down completely, and the current carries them away from shore. They are rescued in the morning by Paine, accompanied by the old man, whom Paine introduces as their long-lost Grandpa Bobby.
Grandpa Bobby says he has been down in South America, trying to track down the thugs who tried to kill him and stole his beloved fishing boat. While drinking at a bar in Colombia, he saw a news report about Paine's arrest, and made his way back to Florida.
Thanks to the dye marking, the Coast Guard shuts down the Coral Queen immediately. When Noah and Abbey go to thank Shelly, they are surprised to find that Lice Peeking wasn't killed or kidnapped, just scared into running away.
About a month later, Paine gives Noah bad news: Dusty settled his pollution case for a measly fine, and is re-opening the Coral Queen that night with a big party.
After the party, the Coral Queen is burned down, and Paine is immediately suspected of arson. Fortunately, Donna is able to prove that Paine wasn't the arsonist, because he broke both his hands punching holes in the front door sixteen hours before the fire, and has the hospital bill to prove it. Shortly after the police clear Paine as a suspect, the investigation reveals that Dusty's delinquent son, Jasper Jr. and his best friend Bull were responsible, deciding to try smoking some of Dusty's prized Cuban cigars, idiotically doing so in the hold near several boxes of fireworks. Even worse for Dusty, investigators find evidence in the wreckage that Dusty has been skimming from the gambling boat's profits. Furious, Dusty's partners sue him for embezzlement while he is also audited by the IRS.
With his legal record cleared, Paine gets back his license as a fishing guide, and the whole family goes out for a celebratory cruise. While watching the sunset from the water, they are amazed to see the legendary green flash, which Noah and Abbey have heard about, but never seen before.
References to actual history, science, and current events[edit]
Noah says his sister is named after "one of Dad's favorite writers who's buried out west somewhere." This is a clear reference to Edward Abbey, the author of The Monkey Wrench Gang, often cited as an inspirational work by radical environmentalists.
[hide]
v
t
e
Carl Hiaasen
Novels
Tourist Season (1985)
Double Whammy (1987)
Skin Tight (1989)
Native Tongue (1991)
Strip Tease (1993)
Stormy Weather (1995)
Lucky You (1997)
Sick Puppy (2000)
Basket Case (2002)
Skinny Dip (2004)
Nature Girl (2006)
Star Island (2010)
Bad Monkey (2013)
Razor Girl (2016)
Young Adult Novels
Hoot (2002)
Flush (2005)
Scat (2009)
Chomp (2012)
Skink - No Surrender (2014)
Non-Fiction
Team Rodent: How Disney Devours the World (1998)
Kick Ass (1999)
Paradise Screwed (2001)
The Downhill Lie (2008)
Dance Of The Reptiles (2014)
Short Stories
Tart of Darkness (2003)
Works by Carl Hiaasen
and William Montalbano
Powder Burn (1981)
Trap Line (1982)
A Death in China (1984)
Other
Naked Came the Manatee (1996)
Films
Striptease (1996)
Hoot (2006)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flush_(novel)&oldid=840275494"
Categories:
2005 American novels
Alfred A. Knopf books
American young adult novels
Cruelty to animals in fiction
Eco-terrorism in fiction
Environmental fiction books
Novels by Carl Hiaasen
Novels set in Florida
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