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Army–Navy Game
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"Army Navy" redirects here. For the band, see Army Navy (band). For the annual match in British rugby, see Army Navy Match. For the M*A*S*H episode, see The Army-Navy Game (M*A*S*H).
For the college soccer rivalry between the same programs, see Army–Navy Cup.
Army–Navy Game
Army Black Knights
Navy Midshipmen
Sport
College football
First meeting
November 29, 1890
Latest meeting
December 9, 2017
Next meeting
December 8, 2018
Statistics
Meetings total
118
All-time record
Navy leads 60–51–7
Longest win streak
Navy, 14 (2002–2015)
Current win streak
Army, 2 (2016–present)
The Army–Navy Game is an American college rivalry game in college football between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland. The Black Knights (alternatively, the "Cadets") and Midshipmen each represent their service's oldest officer commissioning sources. As such, the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces. The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season's Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The Army–Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football. It has been frequently attended by sitting U.S. presidents.[1] The game has been nationally televised each year since 1945 on either ABC, CBS or NBC. CBS has televised the game since 1996 and has the rights to the broadcast through 2028.[2] Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army–Navy game.[3] Since 2009, the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend.[4]
The game has been held in multiple locations, but outside the 1926 game in Chicago and 1983 game in Pasadena, California, it has been played in the Northeast megalopolis, most frequently in Philadelphia, followed by the New York City area and the Baltimore–Washington area. The series has been marked by several periods of domination by one team or the other, with Navy's 14-game winning streak from 2002 through 2015 being the longest for either side. Through the 2017 meeting, Navy leads the series 60–51–7.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series history
2 Venues
2.1 Future venues
2.2 Total games by venue and geography
3 Game results
4 Notable games
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Series history[edit]
Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]
1908 Army–Navy college football game at Franklin Field
This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.
A game ball from the 1974 Army–Navy Game, with the game's final score (Navy 19, Army 0) adhered on with a label.
Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.
2002 Army–Navy Game at Giants Stadium. Navy is in dark and Army is in white.
The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.
At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.
The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]
In 2011, the 112th Army–Navy Game saw Navy's 10th consecutive win.
The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.
The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.
Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.
Venues[edit]
Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.
Pennsylvania Railroad trains lined up at a temporary station outside the Municipal Stadium after the 1955 game.
Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]
Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.
1926 game at Chicago's Soldier Field
The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]
Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other. Go Navy
Future venues[edit]
All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]
Total games by venue and geography[edit]
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia) 41 16 22 3 1936 1979
Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935
Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1 1980 2001
Lincoln Financial Field 11 1 10 0 2003 2017
Polo Grounds 9 5 3 1 1913 1927
Giants Stadium 4 1 3 0 1989 2002
M&T Bank Stadium 4 1 3 0 2000 2016
The Plain 2 0 2 0 1890 1892
Worden Field 2 1 1 0 1891 1893
Municipal Stadium (Baltimore) 2 2 0 0 1924 1944
Yankee Stadium 2 2 0 0 1930 1931
Osborne Field 1 0 0 1 1905 1905
Soldier Field 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
Thompson Stadium 1 0 1 0 1942 1942
Michie Stadium 1 0 1 0 1943 1943
Rose Bowl 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
FedExField 1 0 1 0 2011 2011
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
Philadelphia 87 39 44 4 1899 2017
New York City 11 7 3 1 1913 1931
Baltimore 6 3 3 0 1924 2016
East Rutherford, New Jersey 4 1 3 0 1989 2002
West Point, New York 3 0 3 0 1890 1943
Annapolis, Maryland 3 1 2 0 1891 1942
Princeton, New Jersey 1 0 0 1 1905 1905
Chicago 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
Pasadena, California 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
Landover, Maryland 1 0 1 0 2011 2011
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
Pennsylvania 87 39 44 4 1899 2017
New York 14 7 6 1 1890 1943
Maryland 10 4 6 0 1891 2016
New Jersey 5 1 3 1 1905 2002
Illinois 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
California 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD 87 39 44 4 1899 2017
New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA 19 8 9 2 1890 2002
Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA 10 4 6 0 1891 2016
Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
Game results[edit]
Army victories Navy victories Ties
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series
1890 Navy 24–0 "The Plain" USMA West Point, New York Navy 1–0
1891 Army 32–16 Worden Field USNA Annapolis, Maryland Tied 1–1
1892 Navy 12–4 "The Plain" West Point, New York Navy 2–1
1893 Navy 6–4 Worden Field Annapolis, Maryland Navy 3–1
1899 Army 17–5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 3–2
1900 Navy 11–7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4–2
1901 Army 11–5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4–3
1902 Army 22–8 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 4–4
1903 Army 40–5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 5–4
1904 Army 11–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6–4
1905 Tie 6–6 Osborne Field Princeton, New Jersey Army 6–4–1
1906 Navy 10–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6–5–1
1907 Navy 6–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 6–6–1
1908 Army 6–4 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 7–6–1
1910 Navy 3–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 7–7–1
1911 Navy 3–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 8–7–1
1912 Navy 6–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 9–7–1
1913 Army 22–9 Polo Grounds New York Navy 9–8–1
1914 Army 20–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 9–9–1
1915 Army 14–0 Polo Grounds New York Army 10–9–1
1916 Army 15–7 Polo Grounds New York Army 11–9–1
1919 Navy 6–0 Polo Grounds New York Army 11–10–1
1920 Navy 7–0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 11–11–1
1921 Navy 7–0 Polo Grounds New York Navy 12–11–1
1922 Army 17–14 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 12–12–1
1923 Tie 0–0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 12–12–2
1924 Army 12–0 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 13–12–2
1925 Army 10–3 Polo Grounds New York Army 14–12–2
1926 Tie 21–21 Soldier Field Chicago Army 14–12–3
1927 Army 14–9 Polo Grounds New York Army 15–12–3
1930 Army 6–0 Yankee Stadium Bronx, New York Army 16–12–3
1931 Army 17–7 Yankee Stadium Bronx, New York Army 17–12–3
1932 Army 20–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 18–12–3
1933 Army 12–7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19–12–3
1934 Navy 3–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19–13–3
1935 Army 28–6 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 20–13–3
1936 Navy 7–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 20–14–3
1937 Army 6–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 21–14–3
1938 Army 14–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–14–3
1939 Navy 10–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–15–3
1940 Navy 14–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–16–3
1941 #11 Navy 14–6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–17–3
1942 Navy 14–0 Thompson Stadium Annapolis, Maryland Army 22–18–3
1943 #6 Navy 13–0 Michie Stadium West Point, New York Army 22–19–3
1944 #1 Army 23–7 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 23–19–3
1945 #1 Army 32–13 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 24–19–3
1946 #1 Army 21–18 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 25–19–3
1947 #12 Army 21–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26–19–3
1948 Tie 21–21 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26–19–4
1949 #4 Army 38–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–19–4
1950 Navy 14–2 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–20–4
1951 Navy 42–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–21–4
1952 Navy 7–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–22–4
1953 #18 Army 20–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28–22–4
1954 #6 Navy 27–20 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28–23–4
1955 Army 14–6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29–23–4
1956 Tie 7–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29–23–5
1957 #8 Navy 14–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29–24–5
1958 #5 Army 22–6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–24–5
1959 Navy 43–12 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–25–5
1960 #7 Navy 17–12 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–26–5
1961 Navy 13–7 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–27–5
1962 Navy 34–14 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–28–5
1963 #2 Navy 21–15 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–29–5
1964 Army 11–8 John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia Army 31–29–5
1965 Tie 7–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31–29–6
1966 Army 20–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32–29–6
1967 Navy 19–14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32–30–6
1968 Army 21–14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 33–30–6
1969 Army 27–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34–30–6
1970 Navy 11–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34–31–6
1971 Army 24–23 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 35–31–6
1972 Army 23–15 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–31–6
1973 Navy 51–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–32–6
1974 Navy 19–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–33–6
1975 Navy 30–6 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–34–6
1976 Navy 38–10 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–35–6
1977 Army 17–14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37–35–6
1978 Navy 28–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37–36–6
1979 Navy 31–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Tied 37–37–6
1980 Navy 33–6 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38–37–6
1981 Tie 3–3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38–37–7
1982 Navy 24–7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 39–37–7
1983 Navy 42–13 Rose Bowl Pasadena, California Navy 40–37–7
1984 Army 28–11 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 40–38–7
1985 Navy 17–7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41–38–7
1986 Army 27–7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41–39–7
1987 Army 17–3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41–40–7
1988 Army 20–15 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 41–41–7
1989 Navy 19–17 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Navy 42–41–7
1990 Army 30–20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 42–42–7
1991 Navy 24–3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 43–42–7
1992 Army 25–24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 43–43–7
1993 Army 16–14 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Army 44–43–7
1994 Army 22–20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 45–43–7
1995 Army 14–13 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 46–43–7
1996 #23 Army 28–24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 47–43–7
1997 Navy 39–7 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Army 47–44–7
1998 Army 34–30 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48–44–7
1999 Navy 19–9 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48–45–7
2000 Navy 30–28 PSINet Stadium Baltimore Army 48–46–7
2001 Army 26–17 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 49–46–7
2002 Navy 58–12 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Army 49–47–7
2003 Navy 34–6 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Army 49–48–7
2004 Navy 42–13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Tied 49–49–7
2005 Navy 42–23 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 50–49–7
2006 Navy 26–14 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 51–49–7
2007 Navy 38–3 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 52–49–7
2008 Navy 34–0 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 53–49–7
2009 Navy 17–3 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 54–49–7
2010 Navy 31–17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 55–49–7
2011 Navy 27–21 FedExField Landover, Maryland Navy 56–49–7
2012 Navy 17–13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 57–49–7
2013 Navy 34–7 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 58–49–7
2014 Navy 17–10 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 59–49–7
2015 #21 Navy 21–17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60–49–7
2016 Army 21–17 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 60–50–7
2017 Army 14–13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60–51–7
2018 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
2019 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
2020 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
2021 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey
2022 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
Notable games[edit]
Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]
On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]
In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]
In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]
On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]
See also[edit]
Army Mules
Bill the Goat
Commander-in-Chief's Trophy
List of Army–Navy Game broadcasters
Most-played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS
Other neutral site rivalries:
Florida–Georgia football rivalry
Red River Showdown, Texas/Oklahoma
References[edit]
Bibliography
Feinstein, John (1996). A Civil War: Army Vs. Navy – A Year Inside College Football's Purest Rivalry. Diane Books Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-5777-6
Notes
Jump up ^ Staff writer (November 18, 2008). "President Bush Will Attend Army-Navy Game for First Time since 2004"". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (May 18, 2017). "CBS SPORTS TO REMAIN HOME OF ANNUAL ARMY-NAVY FOOTBALL CLASSIC THROUGH 2028". Navy Sports Webpage. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelston, Dan (December 5, 2008). "Army–Navy, Instant Replay, Tony Verna, 45 Years Later ..." Los Angeles Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Army, Navy have no plans to move game for College Football Playoff schedule". USA Today. May 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Army–Navy Will Move to Second Saturday in December". Associated Press (via ESPN). October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Blansett, Sarah (December 12, 2014). "Tradition and History Wrapped into 115th Army–Navy Game". Military.com. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Eastwood, Kathy. "West Point, Naval exchange students gear up for big game". United States Military Academy. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Army Looks To Sink Navy's Winning Streak « CBS New York". Retrieved 12 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Cupper, Dan (1992). Crossroads of Commerce: The Pennsylvania Railroad Calendar Art of Grif Teller. Stackpole Books. p. 138. ISBN 9780811729031 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Froio, Michael (December 11, 2015). "To The Game: A Pennsylvania Railroad Tradition". Retrieved August 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, N. Brooks (December 5, 1983). "The Week" Archived October 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Sports Illustrated. Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ [verification needed]Staff writer (undated). "No. 1 Rivalry – Army–Navy". Athlon Sports. Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1983 – Score: Navy 42 – Army 13 | Game played at the Rose Bowl". United States Naval Academy exhibits. Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Golden Fleece Awards, 1975-1987". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (August 22, 2017) "MetLife Stadium to Host 2021 Army-Navy Game". "armynavygame.com" Accessed August 22, 2017
Jump up ^ "History of the Football Helmet" from Past Time Sports. Accessed Jan 1,2010
Jump up ^ Nimitz Library | U. S. Naval Academy Archival Images: Army Navy Football: 1926. Accessed Dec 31, 2009 Archived January 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [verification needed]Unknown writer (undated). "Games Where #1 Faced #2" Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. kiko13.com (fansite). Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Middies All Hepped Up to Knock Over Cadets". Los Angeles Times, November 27, 1945. "Navy, far from conceding next Saturday's football 'game of the century' to Army, will field a spirited, offense-minded team determined to win and 'not merely hold down the score,' Public Relations Chief Lt. William Sullivan said today."
Jump up ^ Norlander, Matt. "Film on '63 Army-Navy game shows impact of rivalry, JFK tragedy". CBS Sports. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Carl Roland Stichweh HOF profile". CBS Interactive. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Army Sports Hall of Fame Members – By Induction Class". CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Rittenberg, Adam (Sep 12, 2016). "Brandon Jackson killed in single-car crash". ESPN. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Interdonato, Sal (December 11, 2016). "Army-Navy Game: Army comes up big for the late Brandon Jackson". Times Herald-Record. National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army–Navy Game.
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Ivory trade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ivory traders, c. 1912
The ivory trade is the commercial, often illegal trade in the ivory tusks of the hippopotamus, walrus, narwhal,[1] mammoth,[2] and most commonly, African and Asian elephants.
Ivory has been traded for hundreds of years by people in regions such as Greenland, Alaska, and Siberia. The trade, in more recent times, has led to endangerment of species, resulting in restrictions and bans. Ivory was formerly used to make piano keys and other decorative items because of the white color it presents when processed but the piano industry abandoned ivory as a key covering material in the 1970s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Elephant ivory
1.1 African Elephant
1.1.1 1980s poaching and illegal trade
1.1.2 CITES debate, attempted control and the 1989 ivory ban
1.1.3 Southern African opposition to the ban
1.1.4 African voices
1.1.5 Renewed sales
1.1.6 The rise of Asia and the modern poaching crisis
1.1.7 As a source of terrorism funding
1.2 Asian Elephant
1.3 London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade
2 Walrus ivory
2.1 North America
2.2 Bering Strait fur trade network
2.3 Russia
3 Narwhal ivory
3.1 Greenland
3.2 Canada
4 Mammoth ivory
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Elephant ivory[edit]
Ivory trade in Ghana, 1690
Elephant ivory has been exported from Africa and Asia for centuries with records going back to the 14th century BCE. Throughout the colonisation of Africa ivory was removed, often using slaves to carry the tusks, to be used for piano keys, billiard balls and other expressions of exotic wealth.[3]
Ivory hunters were responsible for wiping out elephants in North Africa perhaps about 1,000 years ago, in much of South Africa in the 19th century and most of West Africa by the end of the 20th century. At the peak of the ivory trade, pre-20th century, during the colonisation of Africa, around 800 to 1,000 tonnes of ivory was sent to Europe alone.[4]
World wars and the subsequent economic depressions caused a lull in this luxury commodity, but increased prosperity in the early 1970s saw a resurgence. Japan, relieved from its exchange restrictions imposed after World War II, started to buy up raw (unworked) ivory. This started to put pressure on the forest elephants of Africa and Asia, both of which were used to supply the hard ivory preferred by the Japanese for the production of hankos, or name seals. Prior to this period, most name seals had been made from wood with an ivory tip, carved with the signature, but increased prosperity saw the formerly unseen solid ivory hankos in mass production. Softer ivory from East Africa and southern Africa was traded for souvenirs, jewelry and trinkets.
By the 1970s, Japan consumed about 40% of the global trade; another 40% was consumed by Europe and North America, often worked in Hong Kong, which was the largest trade hub, with most of the rest remaining in Africa. China, yet to become the economic force of today, consumed small amounts of ivory to keep its skilled carvers in business.[5][6]
African Elephant[edit]
1980s poaching and illegal trade[edit]
In 1979, the African elephant population was estimated to be around 1.3 million in 37 range states, but by 1989, only 600,000 remained.[7][8] Although many ivory traders repeatedly claimed that the problem was habitat loss, it became glaringly clear that the threat was primarily the international ivory trade.[6][7] Throughout this decade, around 75,000 African elephants were killed for the ivory trade annually, worth around 1 billion dollars. About 80% of this was estimated to come from illegally killed elephants.[3]
The international deliberations over the measures required to prevent the serious decline in elephant numbers almost always ignored the loss of human life in Africa, the fueling of corruption, the "currency" of ivory in buying arms, and the breakdown of law and order in areas where illegal ivory trade flourished. The debate usually rested on the numbers of elephants, estimates of poached elephants and official ivory statistics.[6] Activists such as Jim Nyamu have described current ivory prices for poached ivory and the dangers such activists face from organized poaching.
Solutions to the problem of poaching and illegal trade focused on trying to control international ivory movements through CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
Although poaching remains a concern in areas of Africa, it is not the only threat for the elephants who roam its wilderness. Fences in farmlands are becoming increasingly more common; this disrupts the elephants' migration patterns and can cause herds to separate.
CITES debate, attempted control and the 1989 ivory ban[edit]
Some CITES parties (member states), led by Zimbabwe, stated that wildlife had to have economic value attached to it to survive and that local communities needed to be involved. This was widely accepted in terms of non-lethal use of wildlife, but a debate raged over lethal use as in the case of the ivory trade. Most[citation needed] encounters between CITES officials and local bands of poachers erupted in violent struggle, killing men on each side. It was recognised that the "sustainable lethal use of wildlife" argument was in jeopardy if the ivory trade could not be controlled. In 1986, CITES introduced a new control system involving CITES paper permits, registration of huge ivory stockpiles and monitoring of legal ivory movements. These controls were supported by most CITES parties as well as the ivory trade and the established conservation movement represented by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Traffic and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[6]
In 1986 and 1987, CITES registered 89.5 and 297 tonnes of ivory in Burundi and Singapore respectively. Burundi had one known live wild elephant and Singapore had none. The stockpiles were recognised to have largely come from poached elephants.[9][10] The CITES Secretariat was later admonished by the USA delegate for redefining the term "registration" as "amnesty".[6] The result of this was realised in undercover investigations by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), a small underfunded NGO, when they met with traders in Hong Kong.[6][9] Large parts of the stockpiles were owned by international criminals behind the poaching and illegal international trade. Well-known Hong Kong-based traders such as Wang and Poon were beneficiaries of the amnesty, and elephant expert Iain Douglas-Hamilton commented on the Burundi amnesty that it "made at least two millionaires".[10] EIA confirmed with their investigations that not only had these syndicates made enormous wealth, but they also possessed huge quantities of CITES permits with which they continued to smuggle new ivory, which if stopped by customs, they produced the paper permit. CITES had created a system which increased the value of ivory on the international market, rewarded international smugglers and gave them the ability to control the trade and continue smuggling new ivory.[6][9]
Further failures of this "control" system were uncovered by the EIA when they gained undercover access and filmed ivory carving factories run by Hong Kong traders, including Poon, in the United Arab Emirates. They also collected official trade statistics, airway bills and further evidence in UAE, Singapore and Hong Kong. The UAE statistics showed that this country alone had imported over 200 tonnes of raw and simply prepared ivory in 1987/88. Almost half of this had come from Tanzania where they had a complete ban on ivory. It underlined that the ivory traders rewarded by CITES with the amnesties were running rings around the system.[6][9]
Despite these public revelations by the EIA, and followed by media exposures and appeals from African countries and a range of well-respected organisations around the world, WWF only came out in support of a ban in mid-1989, indicating the importance of the "lethal use" principle of wildlife to WWF and CITES; even then, the group attempted to water down decisions at the October 1989 meeting of CITES.[6]
Men with ivory tusks from the African elephant, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tanzania, attempting to break down the ivory syndicates that it recognised were corrupting its society, proposed an Appendix One listing for the African Elephant (effectively a ban on international trade). Some southern African countries including South Africa and Zimbabwe were vehemently opposed. They claimed that their elephant populations were well managed and they wanted revenue from ivory sales to fund conservation. Although both countries were implicated as entrepôts in illegal ivory from other African countries, WWF, with strong ties to both countries, found itself in a difficult position. It is well documented that publicly it opposed the trade but privately tried to appease these southern African states.[3][6] However, the so-called Somalia-Proposal, presented by the governmental delegation of the Republic of Somalia, of which nature protection specialist Prof. Julian Bauer was an official member, then broke the stalemate and the elephant moratorium with its ban of elephant ivory trade was adopted by the CITES delegates.
Finally at that October meeting of CITES after heated debates, the African elephant was put on Appendix One of CITES, and three months later in January 1990 when the decision was enacted, the international trade in ivory was banned.[3][6][11][12]
It is widely accepted that the ivory ban worked. The poaching epidemic that had hit so much of the African elephants' range was greatly reduced. Ivory prices plummeted and ivory markets around the world closed, almost all of which were in Europe and the USA. It has been reported that it was not simply the act of the Appendix One listing and various national bans associated with it, but the enormous publicity surrounding the issue prior to the decision and afterwards, that created a widely accepted perception that the trade was harmful and now illegal.[5][7][11][13][14][15] Richard Leakey stated that stockpiles remained unclaimed in Kenya and it became cheaper and easier for authorities to control the killing of elephants.[5]
Southern African opposition to the ban[edit]
Throughout the debate which led to the 1990 ivory ban, a group of southern African countries supported Hong Kong and Japanese ivory traders to maintain trade. This was stated to be because these countries claimed to have well-managed elephant populations and they needed the revenue from ivory sales to fund conservation. These countries were South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. They voted against the Appendix One listing and actively worked to reverse the decision.[14]
The two countries leading the attempt to overturn the ban immediately after it was agreed were South Africa and Zimbabwe.
South Africa's claim that its elephants were well managed was not seriously challenged. However, its role in the illegal ivory trade and slaughter of elephants in neighbouring countries was exposed in numerous news articles of the time, as part of its policy of destabilisation of its neighbours. 95% of South Africa's elephants were found in Kruger National Park[16] which was partly run by the South African Defence Force (SADF) which trained, supplied and equipped the rebel Mozambique army RENAMO.[17] RENAMO was heavily implicated in large-scale ivory poaching to finance its army.[16][18][19][20]
Zimbabwe had embraced "sustainable" use policies of its wildlife, seen by some governments and the WWF as a pattern for future conservation. Conservationists and biologists hailed Zimbabwe's Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) as a template for community empowerment in conservation.[21] The failure to prevent the Appendix One listing through CITES came as a blow to this movement. Zimbabwe may have made the career of some biologists, but it was not honest with its claims. The government argued the ivory trade would fund conservation efforts, but revenues were instead returned to the central treasury.[16] Its elephant census was accused of double counting elephants crossing its border with Botswana by building artificial waterholes. The ivory trade was also wildly out of control within its borders, with Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) involvement in poaching in Gonarezhou National Park and other areas.[16] More sinister was the alleged murder of a string of whistle-blowers, including a Capt. Nleya, who claimed the ZNA was involved in rhinoceros and elephant poaching in Mozambique. Nleya was found hanged at his army barracks near Hwange National Park. The death was reported as suicide by the army, but declared a murder by a magistrate. Nleya's widow was reportedly later threatened by anonymous telephone calls.[22][23][24][25]
The dispute over the ivory trade involves opposing sets of perceived national interests. The debate is further complicated by the many academic and policy disciplines at play, including biology, census techniques, economics, international trade dynamics, conflict resolution, and criminology—all reported to CITES delegates representing over 170 countries. The decisions made within this agreement have often been highly political. Inevitably, it attracts misinformation, skulduggery and crime.
The southern African countries continue to attempt to sell ivory through legal systems. In an appeal to overcome national interests, a group of eminent elephant scientists responded with an open letter in 2002 which clearly explained the effects of the ivory trade on other countries. They stated that the proposals for renewed trade from southern Africa did not bear comparison with most of Africa because they were based on a South African model where 90% of the elephant population lived in a fenced National Park. They went on to describe South Africa's wealth and ability to enforce the law within these boundaries. By comparison, they made it clear that most elephants in Africa live in poorly protected and unfenced bush or forest. They finished their appeal by describing the poaching crisis of the 1980s, and emphasised that the decision to ban ivory was not made to punish southern African countries, but to save the elephants in the rest of the world.[26]
Southern African countries have continued to push for international ivory trade. Led by Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe, they have had some success through CITES.[27] Mugabe himself has been accused of bartering tonnes of ivory for weapons with China, breaking his country's commitment to CITES.[28]
African voices[edit]
Ivory trade in East Africa during the 1880s and 1890s
The debate surrounding ivory trade has often been depicted as Africa versus the West.[citation needed]
The novel Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, describes the brutal ivory trade as a wild, senseless wielding of power in support of the resource-hungry economic policies of European imperialists, describing the situation in Congo between 1890 and 1910 as "the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience."[29]
However, the southern Africans have always been in a minority within the African elephant range states.[citation needed] To reiterate this point, 19 African countries signed the "Accra Declaration" in 2006 calling for a total ivory trade ban, and 20 range states attended a meeting in Kenya calling for a 20-year moratorium in 2007.[30]
Renewed sales[edit]
Using criteria that had been agreed upon at the 1989 CITES meeting, among much controversy and debate, in 1997 CITES parties agreed to allow the populations of African elephants in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to be "downlisted" to Appendix Two which would allow international trade in elephant parts. However, the decision was accompanied by "registering" stockpiles within these countries and examining trade controls in any designated importing country. CITES once again was attempting to set up a control system.[31]
Forty-nine tonnes of ivory was registered in these three countries, and Japan's assertion that it had sufficient controls in place was accepted by CITES and the ivory was sold to Japanese traders in 1997 as an "experiment".[32]
In 2000, South Africa also "downlisted" its elephant population to CITES Appendix Two with a stated desire to sell its ivory stockpile. In the same year, CITES agreed to the establishment of two systems to inform its member states on the status of illegal killing and trade.[33] The two systems, Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) and Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS), have been highly criticised as a waste of money for not being able to prove or disprove any causality between ivory stockpile sales and poaching levels—perhaps the most significant reason for their establishment.[34][35] They do pull together information on poaching and seizures as provided by member states, although not all states provide comprehensive data.
The effect of the sale of ivory to Japan in 2000 was hotly debated with Traffic, the organisation which compiled the ETIS and MIKE databases, claiming they could not determine any link. However, many of those on the ground claimed that the sale had changed the perception of ivory, and many poachers and traders believed they were back in business.[36]
A seizure of over 6 tonnes of ivory in Singapore in 2002 provided a stark warning that poaching in Africa was not for only local markets, but that some of the ivory syndicates from the 1980s were operating again. 532 elephant tusks and over 40,000 blank ivory hankos were seized, and the EIA carried out investigations which showed that this case had been preceded by 19 other suspected ivory shipments, four destined for China and the rest for Singapore, though often en route to Japan. The ivory originated in Zambia and was collected in Malawi before being containerised and shipped out of South Africa. Between March 1994 and May 1998, nine suspected shipments had been sent by the same company Sheng Luck from Malawi to Singapore. After this, they started to be dispatched to China. Analysis and cross-referencing revealed company names and company directors already known to the EIA from investigations in the 1980s—the Hong Kong criminal ivory syndicates were active again.[36]
In 2002, another 60 tonnes of ivory from South Africa, Botswana and Namibia was approved for sale, and in 2006, Japan was approved as a destination for the ivory. Japan's ivory controls were seriously questioned with 25% of traders not even registered, voluntary rather than legal requirement of traders, and illegal shipments entering Japan. A report by the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society warned that the price of ivory jumped due to price fixing by a small number of manufacturers who controlled the bulk of the ivory – similar to the control of stocks when stockpiles were amnestied in the 1980s.[37] Before the sale took place, in the wings China was seeking approval as an ivory destination country.[27]
In 2014, Uganda said that it was investigating the theft of about 3,000 pounds of ivory from the vaults of its state-run wildlife protection agency. Poaching is very much acute in central Africa, and is said to have lost at least 60 percent of its elephants in the past decade.[38]
The rise of Asia and the modern poaching crisis[edit]
Esmond Martin has said, "When the exchange restrictions imposed upon Japan after the Second World War were lifted during the late 1960s, it began importing huge amounts of raw ivory." Martin said that Chinese carvers mainly sold ivory products to neighbors in the 1990s and not to internal buyers in China: "These were supplying shops selling trinkets to tourists and businessmen from Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Indonesia, where the anti-ivory culture wasn’t so strong, They were also exporting worked ivory wholesale to neighbouring countries. The Chinese were buying some ivory products for themselves, but only a small proportion."
Born Free Foundation CEO Will Travers said that, "Even if we managed to close down all the unregulated markets around the world, there would still be a demand for illegal ivory coming from countries such as China and Japan."[5] To demonstrate the lack of ivory controls in China, the EIA leaked an internal Chinese document showing how 121 tonnes of ivory from its own official stockpile (equivalent to the tusks from 11,000 elephants) could not be accounted for, a Chinese official admitting "this suggests a large amount of illegal sale of the ivory stockpile has taken place."[15][39][40] However, a CITES mission recommended that CITES approve China's request, and this was supported by WWF and TRAFFIC.[41] China gained its "approved" status at a meeting of the CITES Standing Committee on 15 July 2008.[42][43] China's State Council has announced that China is banning all ivory trade and processing activities by the end of 2017. The commercial processing and sale of ivory will stop by 31 March 2017.[44] The announcement was welcomed by conservation group WWF, who called it a "historic announcement... signalling an end to the world's primary legal ivory market and a major boost to international efforts to tackle the elephant poaching crisis." [45]
China and Japan bought 108 tonnes of ivory in another "one-off" sale in November 2008 from Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. At the time, the idea was that these legal ivory sales may depress the price, thereby removing poaching pressure, an idea supported by both TRAFFIC and WWF.[46] Illegal ivory continues to flow into Japan's ivory market,[47] but since 2012, the demand for ivory has decreased as a result of new consumer awareness through education about the connection between buying ivory and the killing of elephants.[48]
China's increased involvement in infrastructure projects in Africa and the purchase of natural resources has alarmed many conservationists who fear the extraction of wildlife body parts is increasing. Since China was given "approved buyer" status by CITES, the smuggling of ivory seems to have increased alarmingly. Although, WWF and TRAFFIC, which supported the China sale, describe the increase in illegal ivory trade a possible "coincidence,"[49] others are less cautious. Chinese nationals working in Africa have been caught smuggling ivory in many African countries, with at least ten arrested at Kenyan airports in 2009. In many African countries, domestic markets have grown, providing easy access to ivory, although the Asian ivory syndicates are most destructive buying and shipping tonnes at a time.[50]
Contrary to the advice of CITES that prices may be depressed, and those that supported the sale of stockpiles in 2008, the price of ivory in China has greatly increased. Some believe this may be due to deliberate price fixing by those who bought the stockpile, echoing the warnings from the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society on price-fixing after sales to Japan in 1997, and monopoly given to traders who bought stockpiles from Burundi and Singapore in the 1980s.[9][37][50] It may also be due to the exploding number of Chinese able to purchase luxury goods.[51] A study funded by Save the Elephants showed than the price of ivory tripled in China during four years following 2011 when stockpile destruction of ivory became more popular. The same study concluded that this led to increased poaching.[48]
Poaching of African elephants is growing.[52][53][54][55] In 2012, The New York Times reported on a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% flowing to China.[56][57] At the 2014 Tokyo Conference on Combating Wildlife crime, United Nations University and ESRI presented the first case of evidence-based policy-making maps on enforcement and compliance of CITES convention where illegal ivory seizures were mapped out along with poaching incidences [58][59]
The ivory trade has steadily been a reoccurring problem that dwindled down the population of the African elephants and the white rhino. In 2013, a single seizure in Guangzhou uncovered 1,913 tusks, the product of nearly 1,000 dead animals.[60] In 2014, the Ugandan authorities had 1,355 kilograms (2,987 lb) of ivory stored in a safe and guarded by police and the army, stolen. At a value of over $1.1 million, it is definitely a cause for concern. This loss was discovered during an audit of the Uganda Wildlife Authority, which has led to an investigation of the ones who should have been safeguarded that amount of ivory. As a result, five of the Wildlife Authority staffers have been suspended so far.[61]
Major centers of ivory trafficking in Vietnam include Mong Cai, Hai Phong, and Da Nang.[62] One of the major traffickers of illegal ivory from Togo is a Vietnamese, Dao Van Bien.[63] A 22-month sentence was imposed.[64] In terms of retail trade of elephant ivory, Hong Kong is the largest market in the world, and has been criticised for fueling the slaughter of elephants to meet the demand of customers principally from mainland China.[65] A 101 East report named Hong Kong as "one of the biggest ivory laundering centres in the world [where] legitimate operations are used to mask a far more sinister, more lucrative business".[66] 95 kilograms (209 lb) of elephant ivory was confiscated at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris from two Vietnamese who were arrested by French customs.[67]
The Philippines is a major center of the ivory trade with the Philippines priest Monsignor Cristobal Garcia implicated by National Geographic in a scandal over his involvement in the trade.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
African elephants ivory has entered Thailand's Asian elephant ivory market.[77]
Massive amounts of ivory are still being imported by Japan.[78]
Vientiane, Laos, is a major venue for Chinese tourists looking to circumvent Chinese restrictions on the sale of ivory.[79] The sale of ivory is done openly, including at San Jiang Market, in the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone, and in Luang Prabang Province.[79][80]
As a source of terrorism funding[edit]
Claims of a link between terrorism and the ivory trade have been made by a number of public officials and media outlets. NGO reports cited an anonymous source within the militant organization Al-Shabaab who claimed that the group engaged in the trafficking of ivory. The claim that Al-Shabaab received up to 40% of its funding from the sale of elephant ivory gained further attention following the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack in Nairobi, Kenya.[81]
However, a report published jointly by Interpol and the United Nations Environment Programme described these claims as unreliable.[81][82] According to the report, Al-Shabaab's primary income was from informal taxation and the trade in charcoal, a significant source of deforestation.[82] It is possible that some Somali poachers paid taxes to Al-Shabaab while smuggling ivory through their territory, representing only a small portion of the group's total income.[81]
Asian Elephant[edit]
International trade in Asian elephant ivory was banned in 1975 when the Asian elephant was placed on Appendix One of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). By the late 1980s, it was believed that only around 50,000 remained in the wild.[5][83]
There has been little controversy in the decision to ban trade in Asian elephant ivory. However, the species is still threatened by the ivory trade, and many conservationists have supported the African ivory trade ban because evidence shows that ivory traders are not concerned whether their raw material is from Africa or Asia. Decisions by CITES on ivory trade affect Asian elephants. For intricate carving, Asian ivory is often preferred.[84][85]
London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade[edit]
The London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade was held on February 12 and 13, 2014. The purpose of this conference was to recognize "the significant scale and detrimental economic, social and environmental consequences of the illegal trade in wildlife, make the following political commitment and call upon the international community to act together to bring this to an end." [86] One of the main concerns of the conference was specifically on reevaluating the measures already in place to protect African elephants and the illegal trade of their ivory. While 46 countries signed this agreement, it was reported in 2015 by The Guardian that the elephant poaching crisis was still unimproved. One such article reported "William Hague said the deal would “mark the turning point in the fight to save endangered species and to end the illegal wildlife trade”. But wildlife experts and the UK government said on Monday it was too early to judge the effectiveness of the accord."[87]
On October 6, 2017, the UK government announced plans to ban the sales and exportation of ivory in areas of the United Kingdom.[88]
Walrus ivory[edit]
Ceremonial ivory masks produced by Yupik in Alaska
Trade in walrus ivory has taken place for hundreds of years in large regions of the northern hemisphere, involving such groups as the Norse,[89] Russians, other Europeans, the Inuit, the people of Greenland and Eskimos.
North America[edit]
According to the United States government, Alaska natives (including Indians, Eskimos and Aleuts) are allowed to harvest walrus for subsistence as long as the harvesting is not wasteful.[90] The natives are permitted to sell the ivory of the hunted walrus to non–natives as long as it is reported to a United States Fish and Wildlife Service representative, tagged and fashioned into some type of handicraft.[90] Natives may also sell ivory found within 0.25 miles (0.40 km) of the ocean—known as beach ivory— to non–natives if the ivory has been tagged and worked in some way. Fossilized ivory is not regulated, and can be sold without registering, tagging or crafting in any way.[90] In Greenland, prior to 1897, it was purchased by the Royal Greenland Trade Department exclusively for sale domestically. After that time, walrus ivory was exported.[91]
Bering Strait fur trade network[edit]
In the nineteenth century, Bering Strait Eskimos traded, among other things, walrus ivory to the Chinese, for glass beads and iron goods. Prior to this, the Bering Strait Eskimos used ivory for practical reasons; harpoon points, tools, etc., but about the only time(s) walrus ivory was used otherwise, it was to make games for festivities, and for children's toys.[92]
Russia[edit]
Moscow is a major hub for the trade in walrus ivory, providing the commodity for a large foreign market.[93]
Narwhal ivory[edit]
Greenland[edit]
The people of Greenland likely traded narwhal ivory amongst themselves prior to any contact with Europeans. For hundreds of years since, the tusks have moved from Greenland to international markets.
In the 1600s, the Dutch traded with the Inuit, typically for metal goods in exchange for narwhal tusks, seal skins, and other items.
Trading continues today between Greenland and other countries, with Denmark by far being the leading purchaser.[94]
Canada[edit]
There is an international export ban of narwhal tusks from 17 Nunavut communities imposed by the Canadian federal government. The Inuit traders in this region are challenging the ban by filing an application with the Federal Court. The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans restricts the export of narwhal tusks and other related products from these communities, including Iqaluit, the territorial capital.
Tusks in good condition are valued at up to $450 CAD per metre. The ban affects both carvings and raw tusks.
The Canadian government has stated that if it fails to restrict export of narwhal tusks, then the international community might completely ban exports under CITES.
Tusks are still allowed to be traded within Canada.[95]
Mammoth ivory[edit]
Engraved mammoth tusk
The first known instance of mammoth ivory reaching western Europe was in 1611, when a piece, purchased from Samoyeds in Siberia, reached London.[citation needed]
After 1582, when Russia conquered Siberia, the ivory became a more regularly available commodity. Siberia's mammoth ivory industry experienced substantial growth from the mid-18th century on. In one instance, in 1821, a collector brought back 8,165 kg of ivory, (from approximately 50 mammoths), from the New Siberian Islands.
It is estimated that 46,750 mammoths have been excavated during the first 250 years since Siberia became part of Russia.[96]
In the early 19th century mammoth ivory was used, as substantial source, for such products as piano keys, billiard balls, and ornamental boxes.
Some estimates suggest that 10 million mammoths still remain buried in Siberia.
See also[edit]
CITES
Destruction of ivory
Ivory
Environmental crime
Poaching
Elephants in Thailand
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
"Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Timber Products Finances Criminal and Militia Groups, Threatening Security and Sustainable Development" (Press release). United Nations Environment Programme. 24 June 2014.
Maguire, Tom; Haenlein, Cathy (21 September 2015). "An Illusion of Complicity: Terrorism and the Illegal Ivory Trade in East Africa". London, UK: Royal United Services Institute.
Mastropasqua, Kristina (22 June 2016). "Animal poaching: How tracking technology could help prevent wildlife crime, extinctions". Journalist's Resource. Shorenstein Center, Harvard Kennedy School.
Mcconnell, Tristan (29 October 2015). "The Ivory-Funded Terrorism Myth". The New York Times.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivory.
EIA 25 yrs investigating the ivory trade, reports etc
EIA (in the USA) reports etc
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Species survival network – over 80 NGOs working on wildlife trade
World Wide Fund for Nature
Another Elephant
Traffic – wildlife trade monitoring
International Fund for Animal welfare
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