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Queen's Official Birthday
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In Jersey, the Lieutenant Governor hosts a reception for the public at Government House to mark the Queen's Official Birthday, at which he announces the names of recipients of Birthday Honours.
The Queen's Official Birthday, or King's Official Birthday, is the selected day in some Commonwealth realms on which the birthday of the monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is officially celebrated in those countries.
The sovereign's birthday was first officially marked in the United Kingdom in 1748, for King George II. Since then, the date of the king or queen's birthday has been determined throughout the British Empire, and later the Commonwealth of Nations, according to either different royal proclamations issued by the sovereign or governor or by statute laws passed by the local parliament. The date of the celebration today varies as adopted by each country and is generally set around the end of May or start of June, to coincide with a higher probability of fine weather in the Northern Hemisphere for outdoor ceremonies, rather than with the monarch's actual birthday, that of the present monarch being 21 April.[1] In some cases, it is an official public holiday, sometimes aligning with the celebration of other events. Most Commonwealth realms release a Queen's Birthday Honours list at this time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Canada
3 Fiji
4 New Zealand
5 United Kingdom
6 Other countries and territories
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Australia[edit]
The Queen's Birthday Clash (pictured in 2011) is an Australian rules football game held annually on the Queen's Birthday holiday in Victoria.
Australian states and territories observe the Queen's Birthday on the second Monday in June, except in Western Australia and Queensland. As Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly known as Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the Governor of Western Australia each year proclaims the day on which the state will observe the Queen's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show.[2] There is no firm rule to determine this date, though it is usually the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October. In 2012, Queensland celebrated the holiday in October, as the June holiday was reserved to mark Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee as Queen of Australia, after which the holiday has reverted to its traditional date in line with the other eastern Australian states.[3] Starting in 2016, Queensland celebrates the holiday on the first Monday of October, so that a long weekend coincides with the AFL and NRL grand finals.[4][5]
The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of the King of Great Britain. Until 1936, it was held on the actual birthday of the monarch, but, after King George V died, it was decided to keep the date on the second Monday in June.[6] This has more evenly spaced out public holidays throughout the year. While George V's successor, Edward VIII, also celebrated his birthday in June, the two sovereigns since have not: George VI's birthday was in December, very close to public holidays for Christmas, Boxing Day, and New Years, while Elizabeth II's birthday falls shortly after holidays for Good Friday and Easter and very close to ANZAC Day.
The Queen's Birthday weekend and Empire Day (24 May) were the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia. The sale of fireworks to the public was banned in various states through the 1980s and by the Australian Capital Territory on 24 August 2009. Tasmania is the only state and the Northern Territory the only territory to still sell fireworks to the public.[7] The Queen's Birthday Honours List, in which new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours are named, is released on the date of the Queen's Birthday in most states.
Canada[edit]
A bread ticket from the City of Toronto granting the holder one loaf in celebration of the Queen's birthday
A royal proclamation issued on 5 February 1957 established the Canadian monarch's official birthday as the last Monday before 25 May.[8] The sovereign's birthday had been observed in Canada since 1845, when the parliament of the Province of Canada passed a statute to officially recognize Queen Victoria's birthday, 24 May.[9] Over the ensuing decades after Queen Victoria died in 1901 (at which time the Monday before 25 May became known by law as Victoria Day[9]), the official date in Canada of the reigning monarch's birthday changed through various royal proclamations: for Edward VII it continued by yearly proclamation to be observed on 24 May, but was 3 June for George V and 23 June for Edward VIII (their actual birthdays).
King George VI in Ottawa, Ontario, on his official birthday, 1939
Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, three days before the birthday of his brother and successor, George VI. The new King expressed to his ministers his wish that his birthday not be publicly celebrated, in light of the recent circumstances. But, the Prime Minister at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King, the rest of Cabinet, and Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir felt otherwise, seeing such a celebration as a way to begin the reign on a positive note.[10] George VI's official birthday in Canada was thereafter marked on various days between 20 May and 14 June.
The first official birthday of Elizabeth II, daughter of George VI, was the last to be celebrated in June; the haphazard format was abandoned in 1952, when the Governor-General-in-Council moved Empire Day and an amendment to the law moved Victoria Day both to the Monday before 25 May,[9][11] and the monarch's official birthday in Canada was by regular viceregal proclamations made to fall on this same date every year between 1953 and 1957, when the link was made permanent.[9][12] The two holidays are in law entirely distinct except for being appointed to be observed on the same day; it is a general holiday in Nunavut[13] and New Brunswick (there prescribed as a day of rest on which retail businesses must be closed[14]).[15] The Queen's official birthday is marked by the firing of an artillery salute in the national and provincial capitals and the flying of the Royal Union Flag on buildings belonging to the federal Crown, if there is a second flag pole available.
The Canadian monarch has been in Canada for his or her official birthday twice. The first time was 20 May 1939, when King George VI was on a coast-to-coast tour of Canada and his official birthday was celebrated with a Trooping the Colour ceremony on Parliament Hill.[16][17] The second time was when Queen Elizabeth II was in Canada from 17 – 25 May 2005, to mark the centennial of the entries of Saskatchewan and Alberta into Confederation; no government-initiated events, aside from those dictated by normal protocol, were organized to acknowledge the official birthday. Prince Charles, heir apparent to the throne, and his wife, Camilla, in 2012 attended events in Saint John, New Brunswick, and Toronto, Ontario, marking the Queen's official birthday.[18] In 2014, the couple attended a ceremony in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.[19]
Fiji[edit]
Despite Fiji ceasing to be a Commonwealth realm in 1987, following a second military coup d'état, the Queen's Birthday continued to be celebrated each 12 June until 2012. That year, the military government of Commodore Frank Bainimarama announced the holiday would be abolished.[20]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, the holiday is the first Monday in June. Celebrations are mainly official, including the Queen's Birthday Honours list and military ceremonies.[21] There have been proposals, with some political support,[22][23] to replace the holiday with Matariki (Māori New Year) as an official holiday. The idea of renaming the Queen's Birthday weekend to Hillary weekend, after Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to ascend Mount Everest, was raised in 2009.[24]
United Kingdom[edit]
The monarch's birthday has been celebrated in the United Kingdom since 1748, during the reign of King George II. The Queen's Official Birthday was originally celebrated on the second Thursday of June, the same day that her father, King George VI, celebrated his Official Birthday during his reign. However, this was changed in 1959, seven years after she became Queen, and her Official Birthday has since then been celebrated on the second Saturday of June.[25] Edward VII, who reigned from 1901 to 1910 and whose birthday was on 9 November, after 1908 moved the ceremony to summer in the hope of good weather.[26][27]
Queen Elizabeth II at the Trooping the Colour, London, on her Official Birthday, 14 June 2008
The day is marked in London by the ceremony of Trooping the Colour, which is also known as the Queen's Birthday Parade. The list of Birthday Honours is also announced at the time of the Official Birthday celebrations. In British diplomatic missions, the day is treated as the National Day of the United Kingdom. Although it is not celebrated as a specific public holiday in the UK, some civil servants are given a "privilege day" at this time of year, which is often merged with the Spring Bank Holiday (last Monday in May) to create a long weekend, which was partly created to celebrate the monarch's birthday.[citation needed]
Parts of Scotland also mark Queen Victoria's birthday on the third Monday in May. Local government and higher education institutions typically close on this day.
Other countries and territories[edit]
Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday on the second Monday of June. Tuvalu does so on the second Saturday of June.[28] In Saint Kitts and Nevis, the date of the holiday is set each year.[29]
The Queen's official birthday is a public holiday in Gibraltar and most other British overseas territories. In 2008, the government of Bermuda decided the day would be, beginning the following year, replaced by National Hero's Day,[30] despite protests from people on the island, who signed a petition calling for retention of Queen's Brithday.[31] The Falkland Islands celebrate the actual day of the Queen's birth, as June occurs in late autumn or winter there. It is a public holiday in Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, where it falls on the third Monday in April. Norfolk Island, Australia's external territory, celebrates the Queen's birthday on the Monday after the second Saturday in June.
See also[edit]
Grand Duke's Official Birthday (Luxembourg)
Koningsdag (the Netherlands)
The Emperor's Birthday (Japan)
King's Feast (Belgium)
King's Birthday (Malaysia)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Royal Household. "Her Majesty The Queen > Early life". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Department of Consumer and Employment Protection, Labour Relations division". Docep.wa.gov.au. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Holiday double treat for Queen's big year". Brisbane Times. Australian Associated Press. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Public holidays". Queensland Government. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Queensland Labour Day moved to May, Queen's Birthday to October". Brisbane Times. Australian Associated Press. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Advertising". The Queanbeyan Age. NSW: National Library of Australia. 6 June 1913. p. 5. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cracker down: ACT bans fireworks". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth II (5 February 1957), Parliament of Canada, ed., "A Proclamation" (PDF), Canada Gazette, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 7 May 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Victoria Day > Sovereign's Birthday". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada (2007), The Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King, Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 573
Jump up ^ Elizabeth II (12 December 1988), Holidays Act, 4: Queen's Printer for Canada
Jump up ^ Elizabeth II (11 October 1957), Proclaimed for Celebration of Queen's Birthday (PDF), Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 24 May 2011
Jump up ^ "Labour Standards Act, RSNWT (Nu) 1988, c L-1". Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Days of Rest Act: Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 17 May 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Employment Standards Be Informed: Paid Public Holidays and Vacation/Vacation Pay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (1989). Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 30. ISBN 1-55002-065-X.
Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion> Victoria Day> Observance in Canada of the Sovereign's Birthday". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Topics > Monarchy in Canada > 2012 Royal Tour > 2012 Royal Tour Itinerary". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Janus, Andrea (20 May 2014). "Being a grandfather puts world's challenges 'in sharper focus': Prince Charles". CTV. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fiji Scraps Queen's birthday holiday". NewstalkZB. 31 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Rudman, Brian (7 June 2010). "Clear signal from Her at the Palace". The New Zealand Herald.
Jump up ^ "Mayor Joins Call For Matariki Public Holiday". Scoop.co.nz. 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "No Celebrations For Queen's Birthday". Scoop.co.nz. 29 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Call to rename Queen's birthday to Hillary weekend?". tvnz. 31 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Queen's Birthday". Retrieved 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Queen's birthdays". royal.gov.uk, the Official Website of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011. The current Queen Elizabeth II celebrates two birthdays each year: her actual birthday on 21 April and her official birthday on a Saturday in June.
Jump up ^ The Times 9 November 1908 published the King's Birthday Honours list, apparently the first occasion of such awards. The lists were subsequently published on the monarch's official birthday in June
Jump up ^ "TuvaluIslands.com Index". BRC Online. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Culture". St Kitts & Nevis. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "National Heroes' holiday is in June". The Royal Gazette. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda ditches Queen's Birthday public holiday". Stuff.co.nz. Reuters. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
External links[edit]
BBC News article of 2001 about the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in the UK
The Queen's Birthday at the Royal Family website
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2018 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament
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2018 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament
Classification
Division I
Season
2017–18
Teams
14
Site
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Champions
Kentucky (31st title)
Winning coach
John Calipari (6th title)
MVP
Shai Gilgeous-Alexander (Kentucky)
Attendance
103,733
Television
SEC Network, ESPN
SEC Men's Basketball Tournaments
← 2017
2019 →
2017–18 Southeastern Conference men's basketball standings
v
t
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Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 19 Auburn 13 – 5 .722 26 – 8 .765
No. 13 Tennessee 13 – 5 .722 26 – 9 .743
No. 23 Florida 11 – 7 .611 21 – 13 .618
No. 18 Kentucky † 10 – 8 .556 26 – 11 .703
Missouri 10 – 8 .556 20 – 13 .606
Arkansas 10 – 8 .556 23 – 12 .657
Mississippi State 9 – 9 .500 25 – 12 .676
Texas A&M 9 – 9 .500 22 – 13 .629
Alabama 8 – 10 .444 20 – 16 .556
LSU 8 – 10 .444 18 – 15 .545
Georgia 7 – 11 .389 18 – 15 .545
South Carolina 7 – 11 .389 17 – 16 .515
Vanderbilt 6 – 12 .333 12 – 20 .375
Ole Miss 5 – 13 .278 12 – 20 .375
† 2018 SEC Tournament winner
Rankings from AP Poll
The 2018 Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was a postseason men's basketball tournament for the Southeastern Conference held at Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri, from March 7 through March 11, 2018. Kentucky defeated Tennessee, 77–72, in the championship game to earn an automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.
Contents
[hide]
1 Seeds
2 Schedule
3 Bracket
4 Game summaries
4.1 First round
4.2 Second round
4.3 Quarterfinals
4.4 Semifinals
4.5 Championship
5 References
Seeds[edit]
Seed
School
Conference
record
Overall
record
Tiebreaker
1 Auburn‡† 13–5 25–6 1–0 vs. Tennessee
2 Tennessee‡† 13–5 23–7 0–1 vs. Auburn
3 Florida† 11–7 20–11
4 Kentucky† 10–8 21–10 2–1 vs. Arkansas and Missouri
5 Missouri# 10–8 20–11 2–2 vs. Arkansas and Kentucky
6 Arkansas# 10–8 21–10 1–2 vs. Kentucky and Missouri
7 Mississippi State# 9–9 21–10 1–0 vs. Texas A&M
8 Texas A&M# 9–9 20–11 0–1 vs. Mississippi State
9 Alabama# 8–10 17–14 2–0 vs. LSU
10 LSU# 8–10 17–13 0–2 vs. Alabama
11 South Carolina 7–11 16–15 2–0 vs. Georgia
12 Georgia 7–11 16–14 0–2 vs. South Carolina
13 Vanderbilt 6–12 12–19
14 Ole Miss 5–13 12–19
‡ – SEC regular season co-champions, and tournament No. 1 and No. 2 seeds.
† – Received a double-bye in the conference tournament.
# – Received a single-bye in the conference tournament.
Overall records include all games played in the SEC Tournament.
Schedule[edit]
Game
Time*
Matchup#
Score
Television
Attendance
First round – Wednesday, March 7
1 6:00 pm No. 12 Georgia vs. No. 13 Vanderbilt 78–62 SEC Network 8,190
2 8:30 pm No. 11 South Carolina vs. No. 14 Ole Miss 85–84
Second round – Thursday, March 8
3 Noon No. 8 Texas A&M vs. No. 9 Alabama 70–71 SEC Network 15,129
4 2:30 pm No. 5 Missouri vs. No. 12 Georgia 60–62
5 6:00 pm No. 7 Mississippi State vs. No. 10 LSU 80–77 11,752
6 8:30 pm No. 6 Arkansas vs. No. 11 South Carolina 69–64
Quarterfinals – Friday, March 9
7 Noon No. 1 Auburn vs. No. 9 Alabama 63–81 ESPN 16,364
8 2:30 pm No. 4 Kentucky vs. No. 12 Georgia 62–49
9 6:00 pm No. 2 Tennessee vs. No. 7 Mississippi State 62–59 SEC Network 14,596
10 8:30 pm No. 3 Florida vs. No. 6 Arkansas 72–80
Semifinals – Saturday, March 10
11 Noon No. 4 Kentucky vs. No. 9 Alabama 86–63 ESPN 18,729
12 2:30 pm No. 2 Tennessee vs No. 6 Arkansas 84–66
Championship – Sunday, March 11
13 Noon No. 4 Kentucky vs No. 2 Tennessee 77–72 ESPN 18,973
*Game times in CT. # – Rankings denote tournament seed
Source: [1]
Bracket[edit]
First round
Wednesday, March 7
SECN Second round
Thursday, March 8
SECN Quarterfinals
Friday, March 9
ESPN/SECN Semifinals
Saturday, March 10
ESPN Championship
Sunday, March 11
ESPN
1 Auburn 63
9 Alabama 81
8 Texas A&M 70
9 Alabama 71
9 Alabama 63
4 Kentucky 86
4 Kentucky 62
12 Georgia 49
5 Missouri 60
12 Georgia 62
12 Georgia 78
13 Vanderbilt 62
4 Kentucky 77
2 Tennessee 72
2 Tennessee 62
7 Mississippi State 59
7 Mississippi State 80
10 LSU 77
2 Tennessee 84
6 Arkansas 66
3 Florida 72
6 Arkansas 80
6 Arkansas 69
11 South Carolina 64
11 South Carolina 85
14 Ole Miss 84
Game summaries[edit]
First round[edit]
SECN
March 7
7:00 pm
Recap
No. 13 Vanderbilt 62, No. 12 Georgia 78
Scoring by half: 22–43, 40–35
Pts: R. LaChance 17
Rebs: S. Lee 7
Asts: Tied 3 Pts: Y. Maten 25
Rebs: D. Ogbeide 10
Asts: T. Hightower 6
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 8,190
Referees: Joe Lindsay, Brian Shey, Chuck Jones
SECN
March 7
8:18 pm
Recap
No. 14 Ole Miss 84, No. 11 South Carolina 85
Scoring by half: 36–48, 38–47
Pts: B. Tyree 18
Rebs: B. Stevens 13
Asts: D. Burnett 4 Pts: 2 Tied 21
Rebs: C. Silva 11
Asts: H. Gravett 7
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 8,190
Referees: Tony Greene, Tony Henderson, Todd Austin
Second round[edit]
SECN
March 8
12:00 pm
Recap
No. 9 Alabama 71, No. 8 Texas A&M 70
Scoring by half: 35–36, 36-34
Pts: C. Sexton 27
Rebs: D. Ingram 9
Asts: C. Sexton 5 Pts: T. Starks 23
Rebs: T. Davis 10
Asts: T. Starks 4
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 15,129
Referees: Doug Shows, Chuck Jones, Tony Henderson
SECN
March 8
2:30 pm
No. 12 Georgia 62, No. 5 Missouri 60
Scoring by half: 33–24, 29–36
Pts: Y. Maten 21
Rebs: Y. Maten 10
Asts: T. Crump 3 Pts: J. Porter 20
Rebs: J. Porter 8
Asts: K. Robertson 3
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 15,129
Referees: Pat Adams, Bart Lenox, Todd Austin
SECN
March 8
6:00 pm
No. 10 LSU 77, No. 7 Mississippi State 80
Scoring by half: 29–45, 48–35
Pts: T. Waters 28
Rebs: B. Rachal 9
Asts: T. Waters 6 Pts: L. Peters 24
Rebs: A. Holman 12
Asts: L. Peters 6
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 11,752
Referees: Tony Greene, Jason Baker, Wil Howard
SECN
March 8
8:00 pm
No. 11 South Carolina 64, No. 6 Arkansas 69
Scoring by half: 28–36, 36–33
Pts: C. Silva 15
Rebs: C. Silva 11
Asts: W. Myers 4 Pts: J. Barford 17
Rebs: D. Macon 4
Asts: A. Beard 5
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 11,752
Referees: Anthony Jordan, Brian Shey, Vladimir Voyard-Tadal
Quarterfinals[edit]
ESPN
March 9
12:00 pm
No. 9 Alabama 81, No. 1 Auburn 63
Scoring by half: 31–41, 50–22
Pts: C. Sexton 31
Rebs: B. Key 10
Asts: D. Ingram 5 Pts: M. Heron 18
Rebs: D. Murray 8
Asts: J. Harper 4
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 16,364
Referees: Anthony Jordan, Todd Austin, Bart Lenox
ESPN
March 9
2:30 pm
No. 12 Georgia 49, No. 4 Kentucky 62
Scoring by half: 23–30, 26-32
Pts: T. Crump 17
Rebs: D. Ogbeide 11
Asts: Tied 1 Pts: P. Washington 18
Rebs: P. Washington 7
Asts: S. Gilgeous-Alexander 9
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 16,364
Referees: Tony Greene, Joe Lindsay, Wil Howard
SECN
March 9
6:00 pm
No. 7 Mississippi State 59, No. 2 Tennessee 62
Scoring by half: 24–31, 35–31
Pts: L. Peters 22
Rebs: A. Ado 8
Asts: Q. Weatherspoon 1 Pts: L. Turner 15
Rebs: G. Williams 11
Asts: Tied 3
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 14,596
Referees: Brian Shey, Pat Adams, Rob Rorke
SECN
March 9
8:30 pm
No. 6 Arkansas 80, No. 3 Florida 72
Scoring by half: 30–29, 50–43
Pts: J. Barford 27
Rebs: D. Gafford 12
Asts: Tied 3 Pts: K. Stone 22
Rebs: E. Koulechov 6
Asts: C. Chiozza 6
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 14,596
Referees: Doug Shows, Chuck Jones, Tony Henderson
Semifinals[edit]
ESPN
March 10
12:00 pm
No. 9 Alabama 63, No. 4 Kentucky 86
Scoring by half: 19–29, 44–57
Pts: C. Sexton 21
Rebs: D. Giddens 7
Asts: C. Sexton 3 Pts: W. Gabriel 23
Rebs: P. Washington 8
Asts: S. Gilgeous-Alexander 8
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 18,729
Referees: Doug Shows, Tony Greene, Todd Austin
ESPN
March 10
2:00 pm
No. 6 Arkansas 66, No. 2 Tennessee 84
Scoring by half: 29–48, 37–36
Pts: D. Macon 19
Rebs: D. Hall 7
Asts: D. Hall Pts: J. Bone 19
Rebs: Tied 7
Asts: Tied 4
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 18,729
Referees: Anthony Jordan, Chuck Jones, Joe Lindsay
Championship[edit]
ESPN
March 11
12:00 pm
No. 4 Kentucky 77, No. 2 Tennessee 72
Scoring by half: 36–31, 41–41
Pts: S. Gilgeous-Alexander 29
Rebs: Tied 7
Asts: Tied 3 Pts: A. Schofield 22
Rebs: A. Schofield 10
Asts: Tied 4
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, MO
Attendance: 18,973
Referees: Joe Lindsay, Doug Shows, Anthony Jordan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 2018 SEC Men's Tourney Bracket
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Phrenic nerve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Phrenectomy" redirects here. It is not to be confused with frenectomy, removal of a frenulum.
Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve and its relations with the vagus nerve. (Phrenic labeled at upper left and right.)
Plan of the cervical plexus. (Phrenic labeled at bottom right.)
Details
From
C3-C5 of cervical plexus
Innervates
Diaphragm
Identifiers
Latin
nervus phrenicus
Dorlands
/Elsevier
n_05/12566505
TA
A14.2.02.028
FMA
6191
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The phrenic nerve is a nerve that originates in the neck (C3-C5) and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing, as it passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it. There are two phrenic nerves, a left and a right one.
The phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves (C3-C5) in humans.[1] Thus, the phrenic nerve receives innervation from parts of both the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus of nerves.
The phrenic nerves contain motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers. These nerves provide the only motor supply to the diaphragm as well as sensation to the central tendon. In the thorax, each phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura and pericardium.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Variation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The phrenic nerve descends obliquely with the internal jugular vein across the anterior scalene, deep to the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia and the transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries. On the left, the phrenic nerve crosses anterior to the first part of the subclavian artery. On the right, it lies on the anterior scalene muscle and crosses anterior to the 2nd part of the subclavian artery. On both sides, the phrenic nerve runs posterior to the subclavian vein as it enters the thorax where it runs anterior to the root of the lung and between the fibrous pericardium and mediastinal face of the parietal pleura.[1]
Found in the middle mediastinum, both phrenic nerves run from C3, C4, and C5 along the anterior scalene muscle deep to the carotid sheath.
The right phrenic nerve passes over the brachiocephalic artery, posterior to the subclavian vein, and then crosses the root of the right lung anteriorly and then leaves the thorax by passing through the vena cava hiatus opening in the diaphragm at the level of T8. The right phrenic nerve passes over the right atrium.
The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle and pierces the diaphragm separately.
The pericardiacophrenic arteries and veins travel with their respective phrenic nerves.
The phrenic nerve can be marked by a line connecting these two points:
1st point can be labelled 3.5 cm at the level of the thyroid cartilage from the midsagittal plane.
2nd point is at the medial end of the clavicle.
Variation[edit]
The contribution of the 5th cervical nerve may stem from an accessory phrenic nerve. Phrenic nerve in its early course close to its origin, was giving a communicating branch to C5 root of brachial plexus. The phrenic nerve at the level of root of neck just before entering the thorax was placed in front of the subclavian vein. Usually it is placed posterior in between subclavian vein and artery.[2]
Most often it is a branch of the nerve to the subclavius and may contain numerous phrenic nerve fibers. If the accessory phrenic nerve is present, it lies lateral to the main nerve and descends posterior and occasionally inferior to the subclavian vein. The accessory phrenic nerve connects to the phrenic nerve in the thorax or the root of the neck.[1]
In canines the phrenic nerve arises from C5-C7 with occasional small contributions from C4.[3] In the cat, horse, ox, and small ruminant the phrenic nerve arises variably from C4-C7.
Function[edit]
Both of these nerves supply motor fibers to the diaphragm and sensory fibers to the fibrous pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic peritoneum.
Some sources describe the right phrenic nerve as innervating the gallbladder, other sources make no such mention.[4]
Clinical significance[edit]
Left phrenic nerve palsy (right image side) in fluoroscopy: forced inspiration with closed mouth leads to paradox elevation of the paralytic left diaphragm while the healthy right side moves down.
Pain arising from structures supplied by the phrenic nerve is often "referred" to other somatic regions served by spinal nerves C3-C5. For example, a subphrenic abscess beneath the right diaphragm might cause a patient to feel pain in the right shoulder.
Irritation of the phrenic nerve (or the tissues supplied by it) leads to the hiccup reflex. A hiccup is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, which pulls air against the closed folds of the larynx.
The phrenic nerve must be identified during thoracic surgery and preserved. To confirm the identity of the phrenic nerve, gently manipulate it to elicit a dartle (diaphragmatic startle) response.[5] The right phrenic nerve may be crushed by the vena cava clamp during liver transplantation.[6] Severing the phrenic nerve, or a phrenectomy,[7] will paralyse that half of the diaphragm. Diaphragm paralysis is best demonstrated by sonography.[6] Breathing will be made more difficult but will continue provided the other nerve is intact.
The phrenic nerve arises from the neck (C3-C5) and innervates the diaphragm, which is much lower. Hence, patients suffering spinal cord injuries below the neck are still able to breathe effectively, despite any paralysis of the lower limbs.
Brachial plexus injuries can cause paralysis to various regions in the arm, forearm, and hand depending on the severed nerves. The resulting palsy has been clinically treated using the phrenic nerve as a donor for neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve.[8] This treatment has a high success rate (84.6%) in partial to full restoration of the innervation to the damaged nerve.[8] Furthermore, this procedure has resulted in restored function to nerves in the brachial plexus with minimal impact to respiratory function of the phrenic nerve. The instances where pulmonary vital capacity is reduced have typically been a result of use of the right phrenic as the donor for the neurotization whereas use of left phrenic nerve has not been significantly linked to reduced pulmonary vital capacity.[9]
Additional images[edit]
Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
The arch of the aorta, and its branches.
Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
The right brachial plexus with its short branches, viewed from in front.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, Keith L. (1999). Clinically oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-06141-0. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Prakash; Prabhu, L. V.; Madhyastha, S; Singh, G (2007). "A variation of the phrenic nerve: Case report and review" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 48 (12): 1156–7. PMID 18043847.
Jump up ^ Evans, Howard (1979). Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company. p. 978. ISBN 0-7216-3438-9.
Jump up ^ Alexander, William (1940). "The innervation of the biliary system". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 72 (2): 357–370. doi:10.1002/cne.900720205.
Jump up ^ Dalman, Ronald; Thompson, Robert (2015). "7. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Exposure and Decompression: Supraclavicular". Operative Techniques in Vascular Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 50. ISBN 9781451190205.
^ Jump up to: a b McAlister, Vivian C.; Grant, David R.; Roy, Andre; Brown, William F.; Hutton, Linda C.; Leasa, David J.; Ghent, Cameron N.; Veitch, James E.; Wall, William J. (1993). "Right phrenic nerve injury in orthotopic liver transplantation". Transplantation. 55 (4): 826–30. PMID 8475559. doi:10.1097/00007890-199304000-00027.
Jump up ^ Hine, Maynard Kiplinger (1975). Review of dentistry: questions and answers (6th ed.). Mosby. p. 421. ISBN 0-8016-2196-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Yu-Dong, G., Min-Ming, W., Yi-Lu, Z., Jia-Ao, Z., Gao-Meng, Z., De-Song, C., Ji-Geng, Y. and Xiao-Ming, C. (1989), Phrenic nerve transfer for brachial plexus motor neurotization. Microsurgery, 10: 287–289. doi: 10.1002/micr.1920100407
Jump up ^ Luedemann, Wolf, Michael Hamm, Ulrike Blömer, Madjid Samii, and Marcos Tatagiba. "Brachial Plexus Neurotization with Donor Phrenic Nerves and Its Effect on Pulmonary Function." Journal of Neurosurgery 96.3 (2002): 523-26. Web.
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 19:04-05 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Left side of the mediastinum."
Anatomy figure: 25:03-15 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Diagram of the cervical plexus."
[hide]
v
t
e
Nerves of the cervical plexus
Superficial
C2
Lesser occipital
C2–C3
Greater auricular
Transverse cervical
C3–C4
Supraclavicular
Deep
C1–C3
Ansa cervicalis
superior root
inferior root
C3–C5
Phrenic
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phrenic_nerve&oldid=777527693"
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text:
Independence of Jamaica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Front page of The Daily Gleaner announcing Jamaican independence.
The Colony of Jamaica gained independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. In Jamaica, this date is celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of Jamaica
1.1 Indigenous origins
1.2 Spanish rule
1.3 British colony
2 Rebellions and brewing nationalism
2.1 Jamaican Maroons
2.2 Garvey
2.3 Party politics
3 Path to Independence, 1945–62
4 Independence
5 Since 1962
5.1 Colonial legacy
6 References
History of Jamaica[edit]
Main article: History of Jamaica
Indigenous origins[edit]
The Caribbean island now known as Jamaica was first settled by the Arawak and Taíno peoples, who originated in neighboring South America.[1] Genoan explorer Christopher Columbus discovered Jamaica in 1494 during his second voyage to the New World,[2] and claimed it for Crown of Castile. At this time, over two hundred villages existed in Jamaica, largely located on the south coast and ruled by caciques, or "chiefs of villages".
Spanish rule[edit]
Main article: Colony of Santiago
The Spanish Empire began its official rule in Jamaica in 1509, with formal occupation of the island by conquistador Juan de Esquivel and his men. The Spaniards enslaved many of the native people, overworking and harming them to the point that many perished within fifty years of European arrival. Subsequently, the lack of indigenous labor was resolved by bringing in African slaves.[2] Disappointed by the lack of gold on the island, the Spanish mainly used Jamaica as a military base to supply colonizing efforts in the mainland Americas.[3]
British colony[edit]
Main articles: Invasion of Jamaica and Colony of Jamaica
After 146 years of Spanish rule, a large group of British sailors and soldiers landed in the Kingston Harbour on 10 May 1655, during the Anglo-Spanish War.[4] The English, who had set their sights on Jamaica after a disastrous defeat in an earlier attempt to take the island of Hispaniola, marched toward Villa de la Vega, the administrative center of the island. Spanish forces surrendered without much fight on 11 May, many of them fleeing to Spanish Cuba or the northern portion of the island.[2]
British colonial jurisdiction over the island was quickly established, with the newly renamed Spanish Town named the capital and home of the local House of Assembly, Jamaica's directly elected legislature.[5]
Rebellions and brewing nationalism[edit]
Jamaican Maroons[edit]
Main articles: First Maroon War and Second Maroon War
Many former Spanish slaves used Anglo-Spanish war as a chance to free themselves and fled into the mountainous and forested regions of the colony to join the ranks of surviving Tainos. As interracial marriage became extremely prevalent, the two racial groups underwent assimilation. The escaped slaves and their descendants, known as the Jamaican Maroons, were the source of many disturbances in the colony, raiding plantations and occupying parts of the island's interior.[6] Imported African slaves would frequently escape to Maroon territory, known as Cockpit Country. Over the first seventy-six years of British rule, skirmishes between Maroon warriors and the British Army grew increasingly common, along with rebellions by enslaved Blacks.
These conflicts culminated in 1728, when the First Maroon War began between the English and Maroons. Largely owing to the easily defendable, dense forest of Cockpit Country, the British were unsuccessful in defeating the Maroons.[6] Following negotiations, the Maroons were granted semi-autonomy within their five towns, living under a British supervisor and their native leader.
In 1795 tensions between the Trelawny Parish Maroons and the British erupted into the Second Maroon War. The conflict ended on a less favorable term for Maroons, with a bloody stalemate reigning over the island for five months. Following the killings of plantation owners and their families and the release of slaves by the Maroons, Major-General George Walpole had the British trap the Maroons in Trelawney Town via the use of armed posts and bloodhounds, pushing them to accept defeat in early January 1796. Fearing British victory, the Maroons accepted open discussions in March. This delay was used as a pretext to have the large majority of the Trelawney Maroons deported to Nova Scotia. They were later moved to Sierra Leone.[7]
Garvey[edit]
Main article: Marcus Garvey
Slavery was abolished in the British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act in 1834.[8] Following a period of intense debate, the native and African populace of Jamaica were granted the right to vote; as the 19th century continued the government allowed some of them to hold public office. Despite these accomplishments, the white members of Jamaican colonial society continued to hold the real power.
During the first half of the 20th century the most notable Black leader was Marcus Garvey, a labor leader and advocate of Black nationalism. Garvey, rather than advocating independence of Jamaica and other colonies, promoted the Back-to-Africa movement, which called for everyone of African descent to return to the homelands of their ancestors.[9] Garvey, to no avail, pleaded with the colonial government to improve living conditions for indigenous peoples in the West Indies. Upon returning from international travels, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League in 1914, which promoted civil rights for blacks in Jamaica and abroad.[10] Garvey served a five-year prison sentence at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary for defrauding investors in the league, following which he was deported to Jamaica in November 1927, after having his sentence commuted by President Calvin Coolidge. After returning to his place of birth, Garvey tried and failed to be elected into public office. The latter defeat is attributed to his followers lacking the proper voter qualifications. Despite these shortcomings, Marcus Garvey is regarded as a national hero in present-day Jamaica.[11]
Party politics[edit]
The spike of nationalist sentiment in colonial Jamaica is primarily attributed to the British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39, which protested the inequalities of wealth between native and British residents of the British West Indies. Through these popular opinions Alexander Bustamante, a White native-born moneylender, rose to political prominence[12] and founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. Bustamante advocated autonomy of the island, and a more equal balance of power. He captured the attention and admiration of many black Jamaican youths with his passionate speeches on behalf of Jamaican workers. After a waterfront protest in September 1940, he was arrested by colonial authorities and remained incarcerated for the better part of two years.[13]
As Bustamante Industrial Trade Union gained support, a cousin of Alexander Bustamante's,[12] Norman Manley, founded the People's National Party (PNP), a democratic socialist movement which also advocated trade unions. Although Bustamante was originally a founding member of the PNP, he resigned from his position there in 1939, citing its socialist tendencies as "too radical."
In July 1943, Bustamante launched the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), which his opponents brushed aside as just a political label of Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. In the following elections, the JLP defeated the PNP with an 18-point lead over the latter in the House of Representatives.[14]
The following year, the JLP led government enacted a new constitution that granted universal adult suffrage, undoing the high voter eligibility standards put in place by British. The new constitution, which was made official on 20 November 1944, established a bicameral legislature and organised an Executive Council made up of ten members of the legislature and chaired by the newly created position of Premier, the head of government. A checks and balances system was also established for this council.[15]
Path to Independence, 1945–62[edit]
As World War II came to a close, a sweeping movement of decolonisation overtook the world. British Government and local politicians began a long transition of Jamaica from a crown colony into an independent state. The political scene was dominated by PNP and JLP, with the houses of legislature switching hands between the two throughout the 1950s.[14]
After Norman Manley was elected Chief Minister in 1955, he sped up the process of decolonisation via several constitutional amendments. These amendments allowed for greater self-government and established a cabinet of ministers under a Prime Minister of Jamaica.[16]
Under Manley, Jamaica entered the West Indies Federation, a political union of colonial Caribbean islands that, if it had survived, would have united ten British colonial territories into a single, independent state. Jamaican's participation in the Federation was unpopular, and the results of the 1961 West Indies referendum held by Premier Manley cemented the colony's withdrawal from the union in 1962. The West Indies Federation collapsed later that year following the departure of Trinidad and Tobago.[17]
Independence[edit]
In the elections of 1962, the JLP defeated the PNP, resulting in the ascension of Alexander Bustamante to the premiership in April of that year. On 19 July 1962, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Jamaica Independence Act, granting independence as of 6 August with The Queen as Head of State. On that day, the Union Jack was ceremonially lowered and replaced by the Jamaican flag throughout the country. Princess Margaret opened the first session of the Parliament of Jamaica on behalf of The Queen.[18] The first Jamaica Independence Festival was held.
Since 1962[edit]
Main article: Politics of Jamaica
Bustamante became the first Prime Minister of Jamaica and joined the Commonwealth of Nations, an organisation of ex-British territories.[19] Jamaica continues to be a Commonwealth realm, with the British monarch, Elizabeth II, remaining as Queen of Jamaica and head of state.
Jamaica spent its first ten years of independence under conservative governments, with its economy undergoing continuous growth.[20] However, as it had been throughout much of its history, the independent Jamaica was plagued by issues of class inequality. After the global economy underwent deterioration, the leftist PNP returned to power after the 1972 elections. Uncertain economic conditions troubled the country well into the 1980s.
Michael Manley, the son of Norman Manley, who led what was largely the opposition party throughout the development of independent Jamaica, went on to become the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica and maintained the People's National Party's status as one of two major political factions of the country.[21]
Colonial legacy[edit]
While independence is widely celebrated within Jamaican society, it has become a subject of debate. In 2011, a survey showed that approximately 60% of Jamaicans "think the country would be better off today if it was still under British rule", citing years of social and fiscal mismanagement in the country.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Taino of Jamaica (Jamaica)". Jamaicans.com. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "JAMAICAN HISTORY I". Discover Jamaica. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of Jamaica". Jamaicans.com. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Western Design, 1655". 17 May 2010. British Civil Wars. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "History of Jamaica's Legislature". 8 October 2008. Ja-Pairlament. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The maroons of Jamaica". DiscoveringBristol. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Notes on the Second Maroon War". CockpitCountry.com. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emancipation". The National Archives. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Historian situates 'back-to-Africa' movements in broad context". 1 March 2006. Standford.edu. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marcus Garvey". BBC. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marcus Garvey 1887-1940". UNIA-ACL. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Early Years". 2005. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Champion of the Worker". 2005. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Jamaican Labour Party (JLP)". 2005. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "History this week:Constitutional Developments in British Guiana and Jamaica between 1890 and 1945 (Part 3)". 13 May 2010. StabroekNews. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jamaica: Self-government". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The West Indies Federation". 2011. CARICOM. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Special Gleaner Feature on Pieces of the Past". 2001. Jamaica-Gleaner. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who we are". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Leaders since 1962". This is Jamaica. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rt. Hon. Michael Manley". Michael Manley Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Kenyon (29 June 2011). "Most residents think Jamaica 'better off as a British colony,' poll suggests". Toronto: The Star. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
[hide]
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text:
Junior commissioned officer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Junior commissioned officer (JCO) is a term describing a group of military ranks found in the Indian Army, Pakistan Army, Bangladesh Army and Nepal Army. Those soldiers holding JCO rank receive a commission from the President with commanding power.[verification needed]
During British rule, these officers were known as viceroy's commissioned officers (VCOs) except in Nepal, which was never a British colony. Under the British, there was a clear colonial context, until 1866 VCOs being the highest ranks that most Indians could achieve while most commissioned officers were British.
Psychological terrorism can ruin the soldier's morale and ability to perform on the battlefield and thus psychological counselors for the troops form the ranks of JCOs, who are appointed as Pandits/Maulvis/Priest, others, to care for the religious sites of the Indian Army, provide succor in times of distress, as well as carryout the religious ceremonies in the religious places, as each unit has its own Temple/Mosque/Church.[1]
Senior non-commissioned officers are promoted to JCO rank on the basis of merit and seniority, restricted by the number of vacancies. Junior commissioned officers are treated as a separate class, and hold many additional privileges. In the army, they have a separate mess (the JCOs' mess, the Senior Saliors' mess or the SNCOs' mess), get well furnished family quarters, and are authorized to travel in AC II tier on the railways.
Due to their long years of service and experience, officers accord JCOs great respect and influence, especially in cases involving the enlisted ranks, their welfare and morale.
Contents
[hide]
1 Army
2 Navy
3 Air Force
4 Other information
5 Honorary commissions
6 See also
7 References
Army[edit]
Main article: Army ranks and insignia of India
The JCO ranks in the Indian Army and Pakistan Army (from highest to lowest) are:
Subedar major (infantry and other arms) & risaldar-major (cavalry and armour)
Subedar & risaldar
Naib subedar & naib risaldar.[citation needed]
Bangladesh: The Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO) rank of Bangladesh Armed Forces are upgraded as Class-I Gazetted Officer (Non-Cadre).[verification needed] The ranks are as follows :
Warrant Officer, Senior Warrant Officer and Master Warrant Officer
Navy[edit]
Main article: Naval ranks and insignia of India
The JCO equivalent (or chief petty officer) ranks in the Indian Navy and Pakistan Navy are:
Master chief petty officer class 1 (India) & master chief petty officer (Pakistan)
Master chief petty officer class 2 (India) & fleet chief petty officer (Pakistan)
Chief petty officer
Air Force[edit]
Main article: Air Force ranks and insignia of India
The JCO equivalent (or warranted) ranks in the Indian Air Force and Pakistan Air Force are:
Master warrant officer (India) & chief warrant officer (Pakistan)
Warrant officer
Junior warrant officer (India) & assistant warrant officer (Pakistan)
Bangladesh Air Force: The Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO) rank of Bangladesh Air Force is upgraded as Class-I Non-Gazetted Officer (Non-Cadre).[verification needed] The ranks are as follows :
Warrant Officer, Senior Warrant Officer and Master Warrant Officer.
Other information[edit]
While Army JCOs receive a parchment from the president on commissioning, naval chief petty officer ranks and the air force warrant officer(JWO/WO/MWO) ranks receive a presidential warrant on promotion. This is a certificate issued on behalf of the president of India or the president of Pakistan to authenticate the promotion of a sailor to the chief rank, an airman to warrant rank. The warrant is made on pre-printed stationery written by hand.
Honorary commissions[edit]
There is also a custom of giving honorary commissions to deserving junior commissioned officers. Every year a list of eligible JCOs is drawn up based on meritorious service and honorary commissions are awarded on 26 January (India), 23 March (Pakistan) and 14 or 15 August in Pakistan and India respectively. This could be within the last year of service or post retirement.
Honorary commissioned officers wear the appropriate rank insignia, but they do not become members of the officers' mess. They do, however, receive the pay and pension of their honorary rank. The honorary ranks in the various forces are:
Army:
Honorary lieutenant
Honorary captain
Navy:
Honorary sub lieutenant
Honorary lieutenant
Air Force:
Honorary flying officer
Honorary flight lieutenant
Generally, in official documents the junior commissioned officer rank held by the officer is also added before the honorary commission rank. For example, "subedar & honorary lieutenant" or "subedar major & honorary captain".
See also[edit]
Army ranks and insignia of India
Naval ranks and insignia of India
Air Force ranks and insignia of India
Sub-officer
Warrant officer (United States)
Non-commissioned officer
Pakistan Army Act 1952.
Pakistan Navy ordinance 1961.
Manual of Naval Law page 181
Pakistan Navy Rule part 1 page IV
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Indian Army Religious JCOS [1]
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