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Farm-to-market road
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The sign for FM 1960, a farm-to-market road near Houston, Texas.
In the United States, a farm-to-market road or ranch-to-market road (sometimes farm road or ranch road for short) is a state road or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns. These are better quality roads, usually a highway, that farmers and ranchers use to transport products to market towns or distribution centers.
Distribution of Farm to Market (green) and Ranch to Market (brown) Roads
Specifically, in the state of Texas, the terms Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road indicate roadways that are part of the state's system of secondary and connecting routes, built and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Texas established this system in 1949 to improve access to rural areas. The system consists primarily of paved two-lane roads, though some segments have more lanes and some are even considered freeways.
These roads are signed with route markers that contain the words FARM ROAD or RANCH ROAD, but the formal name is Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road (hence the abbreviation "FM" and "RM" on signs). The only road that explicitly uses the name Ranch Road is Ranch Road 1, which runs near the former ranch home of former President Lyndon B. Johnson.[1]
As with other state-maintained highways in Texas, all Farm or Ranch to Market roads are paved. Speed limits along these roads vary, but may be as high as 75 mph in rural areas, such as in Andrews and Pecos counties (for example, along FM 1788, FM 1776, and FM 1053).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Identification
3 Business routes
4 Other states
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
FM 218 outside Hamilton, Texas, a typical Texas farm-to-market road
The first farm-to-market road in Texas was completed in January 1937 during the Great Depression. It connected Mount Enterprise and the former community of Shiloh in Rusk County. The route was 5.8 miles (9.3 km) long and was constructed at a cost of $48,015.12 ($848,000 today). This route is now part of Texas State Highway 315.[1]
The first highway officially designated as FM 1 was authorized in 1941, connecting US 96 near Pineland to a sawmill belonging to the Temple Lumber Company.[2][3]
In 1945, the highway commission authorized a three-year pilot program for the construction of 7,205 miles (11,595 km) of farm-to-market roadways, with cost to be shared equally by the state and federal governments.[4] As the program grew, efforts were made by legislators from rural areas, including State Senator Grady Hazlewood of Amarillo, to expand the farm-to-market road network in the late 1940s.[5] The funding was to have come from an increase in the gasoline tax, as proposed by State Senator Grover Morris in 1947; however, this measure was stymied by lobbyists, who supported such funding for arterial routes.[6]
The popularity of the program and the perceived need to connect the vast, isolated central and western areas of the state prompted the passing of the Colson-Briscoe Act in 1949, sponsored by State Senator E. Neveille Colson and State Representative Dolph Briscoe.[7] This legislation appropriated funding for the creation of an extensive system of secondary roads to provide access to the rural areas of the state and to allow farmers and ranchers to bring their goods to market, reserving a flat $15 million per year ($200 million today) plus 1 cent per gallon of gasoline sold in the state for local highway construction.[3] In 1962, the Texas legislature inflation adjusted this amount to $23 million annually ($200 million today), through federal fund matching, and expanded the farm-to-market system from 35,000 to 50,000 miles (56,000 to 80,000 km).[8][9] The system now accounts for over half of the mileage in the Texas Department of Transportation system.
Identification[edit]
Signs designating a Farm to Market or Ranch to Market road are a black square background containing a white shape of the state of Texas, with the words "FARM ROAD" or "RANCH ROAD" appearing in white text on the background and the route number in black text within the shape of Texas. Guide signs (the large green signs usually found along highways in the United States) designating these roads use a simple white rectangle with the abbreviation "F.M." or "R.M." and the route number appearing below the abbreviation in black text.[10]
As a result of population growth and the expansion of urban areas, many Farm to Market and Ranch to Market roads that originally served rural areas now serve urban areas, sometimes exclusively. An effort was made to rename such roads "Urban Roads" in 1995, but residents opposed the effort, arguing that removing the "Farm" and "Ranch" from the designations was "un-Texan," and that the cost of changing signage was not justified. Other than a few route markers, such as on FM 1315 near Victoria, most signs were not changed, and TxDOT abandoned the idea to do so.[11] However, though the Farm to Market and Ranch to Market designations remain in place on route signage, the state does continue to track these urban roads separately in its highway designation files. For example, the mileage of FM 544 in the Plano area was transferred from FM 544 to UR 544 in 1995.[12][13] As part of the state highway system, Urban Roads are eligible for state maintenance; however, unlike rural Farm to Market and Ranch to Market roads, they do not receive state funding for expansion.[14]
Farm to Market and Ranch to Market roads are numbered as a single set of roads. There is not an FM and an RM with the same route number. Urban Roads are designated with the same route number as the FM or RM from which the mileage was transferred.[15]
Route marker: FM 544 (or more precisely, UR 544) route marker at the Denton–Collin county line. The white sign below the shield indicates State Maintenance Ends, as the segment of FM 544 within Collin County was removed from the state highway system in 2000. This sign has since been removed.[13]
Guide sign: destination sign along Interstate 35 showing typical signage for a Farm to Market Road (right), along with signage for a State Highway Loop (left) and a State Highway (center) for comparison.
Business routes[edit]
Route marker for Business Farm to Market Road 1960.
Texas currently has three signed business routes of Farm to Market Roads: Business FM 1187 in Tarrant County, Business RM 1431 in Burnet County, and Business FM 1960 in Harris County.[16][17][18] These routes are former alignments that have been bypassed by newer routings.
Other states[edit]
Missouri has a similar state-operated system of farm-to-market roads, called Missouri supplemental routes. Missouri uses single (e.g., "A", "B", etc.) and double letters (e.g., "AA", "BB", etc.).
Iowa also has a farm-to-market road system. Those roads are under county jurisdiction,[19] but are eligible for state aid from a dedicated fund.[20]
Louisiana has a farm-to-market road system. The 1955 renumbering renumbered all routes based on an A-B-C system of route classification: A is primary, B secondary, and C farm-to-market. All routes 300 through 1266 are classified C routes.
See also[edit]
List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas
Agricultural road
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. "Farm/Ranch to Market Facts". Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Burka, Paul (April 1983). "Texas Primer: The Farm-to-Market Road". Texas Monthly. 11 (4): 134.
Jump up ^ "Texas to improve farm to market roads". Harper Herald. June 15, 1945. p. 3. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Followwill-Line, Robyn (May 19, 2000). "Grady Hazlewood". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Griffin Jr. (April 1974). "The Highway Establishment and How It Grew". Texas Monthly. 2 (4): 86.
Jump up ^ Texas Transportation Institute. "Texas Transportation Hall of Honor: Inductees: 2005". Texas A&M University System. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kite, Kirk. "Highway Development". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation. "TxDOT History: 1970 to 1951". Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation (October 2008). Freeway Signing Handbook. pp. 4–9–4–10. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Sharon (July 16, 1995). "Highway officials nix urban road designation". Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 544". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 544". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Babineck, Mark (August 18, 2007). "Tex-Arcana: What's a farm-to-market road?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designations Glossary". Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Business Farm to Market Road No. 1187-C". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Business Farm to Market Road No. 1431-J". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Business Farm to Market Road No. 1960-A". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Iowa Code 2003: Section 306.3. Retrieved March 28, 2006
Jump up ^ Iowa Code 2001: Section 312.5. Retrieved March 28, 2006.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Farm Road.
Texas Department of Transportation
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British and American keyboards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Comparison of
American and
British English
American English
British English
Computing
Keyboards
Grammar
Orthography
Spelling
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Accent
Pronunciation
Vocabulary
Glossary of American terms not widely
used in the United Kingdom
Glossary of British terms not widely
used in the United States
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in American and British English:
(A–L
M–Z)
Works
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There are two major English language computer keyboard layouts, the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822[1] (48-key version). Both are QWERTY layouts. Users in the United States do not frequently need to make use of the £ (pound) and € (euro) currency symbols, which are common needs in the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the $ (dollar sign) symbol is also provided as standard on UK and Irish keyboards. In New Zealand the US keyboard layout is the de facto standard. In Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland and India, the US keyboard might also be used.
Contents
1 Windows keyboards
2 Apple Macintosh keyboards
3 Other keyboard layouts
4 Dvorak Layouts
5 Typewriters
6 See also
7 References
Windows keyboards[edit]
The UK variant of the IBM Enhanced keyboard commonly used with personal computers designed for Microsoft Windows differs from the US layout as follows:
The UK keyboard has 1 more key than the U.S. keyboard (UK=62, US=61, on the typewriter keys)
The Alt key to the right of the space bar is replaced by an AltGr key
The # symbol is replaced by the £ symbol and a 102nd key is added next to the Enter key to accommodate the displaced #
€ is produced by AltGr + 4
@ and " are swapped
the ~ is moved to the # key, and is replaced by a ¬ symbol on the backquote (`) key; AltGr + backquote produces ¦
the key labelled "|" usually produces the "¦" symbol whilst the one labelled "¦" usually produces the "|" symbol
the \ key is moved to the left of the Z key
the Enter key spans two rows, and is narrower to accommodate the # key
Some UK keyboards do not label Backspace, Enter, Tab and Shift in words
On laptop computers, the | and \ key is often placed next to the space bar.
United Kingdom keyboard layout for a computer running Windows
United States keyboard layout
Early versions of Windows handled both the differences between the two keyboards and the differences between American English and British English by having two English language options — a UK setting and a US setting. While adequate for users in the United States, United Kingdom, and Ireland, this solution caused difficulty in other English-speaking countries. In many Commonwealth countries and other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada, Australia, the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, New Zealand, and South Africa), local spelling conformed more closely to British English usage, while the supplied keyboard was printed with the United States layout on the keys. People in these countries were forced to choose between a keyboard layout incompatible with their hardware, or having their spell checker software flag the British English spelling of words such as "colour", "centre", etc.
However, in more recent editions, the number of options was increased, allowing users to select the correct keyboard and dialect independently. For example, one is given a number of default options for locality that will usually correctly match dialect and keyboard. Further, even if the hardware keyboard layout does not match the device driver software layout that was pre-selected, it can be changed without changing the regional setting.
US International keyboard layout
United Kingdom Extended keyboard layout
Since the standard US keyboard layout in Microsoft Windows offers no way of inputting any sort of diacritic or accent, this makes it unsuitable for all but a handful of languages unless the US International layout is used. The US International layout changes the `, ~, ^, " (for ¨), and ' (for ´) keys into dead keys for producing accented characters. The US International layout also uses the right alt (AltGr) as a modifier to enter special characters. Although there is no UK International layout on Windows, XP SP2 and above provide a UK Extended layout which, if activated, will allow the user to enter a wide variety of diacritics (such as grave accents) which are not accommodated by the standard UK layout.
Apple Macintosh keyboards[edit]
Main article: Apple keyboard
United Kingdom version of Apple keyboard
The non-standard default U.S. layout on Apple Macintosh computers allows input of diacritical characters, whereby the entire MacRoman character set is directly available,[clarification needed]. Apple supplies a "British" keyboard layout with the following differences:
The # symbol is replaced by the £ symbol (as on PC keyboards); the # is available by pressing ⌥ Option+3
More recent Apple British keyboards move the backquote/~ key to the left of the Z key and replace it with a section sign (§) and a plus-minus sign (±) respectively.
The Enter key spans two rows and is shaped similarly to the Enter key of many ISO PC keyboards.
Other keyboard layouts[edit]
UK International keyboard layout (Linux)
United Kingdom Extended Keyboard Layout for Linux
US keyboard layout (Linux)
Other operating systems can optionally re-map the keyboard layout or have different modifier keys (for example the Amiga keyboard has "A" modifier keys and BBC Micro or Acorn keyboards often had a "Shift Lock" as well as a "Caps Lock")
Under Unix/Linux the "Windows" key is often called the "Super" key and can be re-mapped by users for specific functionality but in most programs by default does nothing.
Some older Unix/Linux software such as Emacs use the left Alt key as a "Meta" key which harks back to older MIT or LISP computers:[2]
Dvorak Layouts[edit]
The modern Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (UK layout)
The modern Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (US layout)
There are also Dvorak Layouts for each region.
Typewriters[edit]
British typewriter keyboard layout, variant 1 (full)
British typewriter keyboard layout, variant 2 (portable)
American typewriter keyboard layout
IBM Selectric American keyboard layout (the predecessor of the modern US layout)
See also[edit]
Keyboard layout
Technical standards in Hong Kong
References[edit]
Jump up ^ British Standard BS 4822: Keyboard allocation of graphic characters for data processing. British Standards Institution, 1994.
Jump up ^ Meta key

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Obi-Wan Kenobi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Obi-Wan Kenobi
Star Wars character
Alec Guinness as Kenobi in Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope
First appearance
Star Wars (1977)
Created by
George Lucas
Portrayed by
Alec Guinness (Episodes IV–VI)
Ewan McGregor (Episodes I–III)
Voiced by
Ewan McGregor (Episodes VII)
Alec Guinness (Episode VII, archival audio)
show
other:
as Obi-Wan Kenobi:
James Arnold Taylor (Star Wars: Clone Wars, Star Wars: The Clone Wars film and TV series, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (video game), Star Wars Battlefront II, Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Lightsaber Duels, Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Jedi Alliance, Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion and all other appearances)
Scott Cleverdon (Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (video game) and Star Wars Episode I: Jedi Power Battles)
Lewis Macleod (Star Wars: Super Bombad Racing, Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars: Obi-Wan)
Jonathan Love (Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game))
David Scott (Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace)
Samuel Vincent (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales)
as Ben Kenobi:
Bernard Behrens (radio dramas)
Roy Dotrice (Read-along storybook CDs)
Daran Norris (Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game))
David Ian Davies (Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds)
Timothy Omundson (Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike)
Nick Jameson (Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (video game) and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed)
Stephen Stanton (Star Wars: Battlefront II, Star Wars: Empire at War, Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Rebels)
Michael Donovan (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales)
Information
Aliases
Ben Kenobi
Rako Hardeen
Obi
Species
Human
Gender
Male
Occupation
Jedi
Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic
Affiliation
Jedi Order
Galactic Republic
Rebel Alliance
Title
Padawan (Episode I)
Jedi Knight (Episode II)
Jedi Master (Episodes III-IV, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars, Rebels)
Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic (Episode III, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars)
Homeworld
Stewjon[1]
Masters
Qui-Gon Jinn
Yoda
Apprentices
Anakin Skywalker
Luke Skywalker
Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Within the original trilogy he is portrayed by Alec Guinness, while in the prequel trilogy a younger version of the character is portrayed by Ewan McGregor. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker, to whom he introduces the ways of the Jedi. In the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media.
Guinness's portrayal of Obi-Wan in the original Star Wars (1977) remains the only time an actor has received an Academy Award nomination (Best Supporting Actor) for acting in a Star Wars film.
Contents
1 Appearances
1.1 Original trilogy
1.2 Prequel trilogy
1.3 Sequel trilogy
1.4 Anthology films
1.5 Television
1.6 Novels and comics
1.7 Legends
1.7.1 Novels
1.7.2 Video games
1.7.3 Comic books
1.8 Presumed planned Anthology film
2 Cultural impact
2.1 Rumored spin-off film
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
Appearances[edit]
Original trilogy[edit]
Obi-Wan Kenobi's Jedi robes from Episode IV
Obi-Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as a hermit by the name of Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine. When Luke Skywalker and the droid C-3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2-D2, Obi-Wan rescues them from a band of native and hostile Tusken Raiders. At Obi-Wan's home, R2-D2 plays a recording of Princess Leia saying that R2-D2 contains the plans for the Death Star, the Galactic Empire's superweapon. Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance. Obi-Wan reveals his true identity and explains that he is a Jedi, a member of an ancient group of warriors that were hunted down and exterminated by the Empire with help from his former apprentice Darth Vader, the apparent killer of Luke's father. He gives Luke his father's lightsaber and asks him to accompany him to Alderaan and take up Jedi training. Luke declines, but after finding that his uncle Owen and aunt Beru have been killed by Imperial stormtroopers, he agrees to go with Obi-Wan to Alderaan and to train as a Jedi.
In the spaceport city Mos Eisley, Obi-Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint. They enter a local cantina and make a deal with two smugglers, Han Solo and Chewbacca, to fly them to Alderaan aboard their ship, the Millennium Falcon. During the journey, Obi-Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber combat. He suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of "a great disturbance in the Force". Emerging from hyperspace, the party finds that the planet Alderaan has been destroyed by the Empire, and the Falcon is attacked by an Imperial TIE Fighter. The trio chases the TIE fighter to the Death Star, and subsequently get caught in the space station's tractor beam. On board the Death Star, Obi-Wan shuts down the tractor beam, but Darth Vader confronts him and they engage in a lightsaber duel. Obi-Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke, Leia, Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon. Although Vader strikes Obi-Wan down, his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies. At the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star, Obi-Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station.
In The Empire Strikes Back, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force. On the planet Hoth, he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda. Despite Yoda's skepticism, Obi-Wan convinces his old master to continue Luke's training. He appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City, although Luke ignores this advice.[2]
In Return of the Jedi, Obi-Wan again appears to Luke after Yoda's death on Dagobah. Obi-Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Luke's father, revealed by Vader himself in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed, and also reveals that Leia is Luke's twin sister. After the Rebels destroy the second Death Star and defeat the Empire, Obi-Wan appears at the celebration on Endor, alongside the spirits of Yoda and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker (Vader's former Jedi self).[3]
Prequel trilogy[edit]
In Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, set 32 years before A New Hope, a 25-year-old Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan (or student) of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn.[4] He accompanies his master in negotiations with the corrupt Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships. After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo, Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon rescue Naboo's Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant, the Republic capital. Their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover the nine-year-old slave Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon believes the boy is the "chosen one" prophesied to bring balance to the Force, and brings him to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, although Obi-Wan expresses concerns. While leaving Tatooine, they are attacked by Darth Maul, a member of the Sith, a dark side-using cult thought long extinct.
When Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation, they are met again by Maul, who engages them both in lightsaber combat. When Maul mortally wounds Qui-Gon, Obi-Wan rushes to fight Maul, who nearly kills him. However, Obi-Wan manages to turn the tables and defeat Maul, slicing him in half and sending him plunging down a vast reactor shaft. He promises to fulfill Qui-Gon's dying wish of training Anakin in the ways of the Jedi, with or without the Council's blessing. Yoda proclaims Obi-Wan a Jedi Knight and reluctantly allows him to take Anakin on as his own Padawan.[5]
Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
In Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, set 10 years later, Obi-Wan Kenobi is now a respected Jedi Master and the mentor of Anakin Skywalker. Over the years, Anakin has grown powerful but arrogant, and believes Obi-Wan is "holding him back". After they save Padmé, now a senator, from an assassination attempt, Obi-Wan goes on a solo mission to trace the bounty hunters involved to the planet Kamino, where he learns of a massive clone army that the planet's inhabitants are building for the Republic. He is introduced to bounty hunter Jango Fett, the clones' template, and the two fight after Obi-Wan deduces that Fett must be behind the attempted assassination. Fett escapes to the planet Geonosis with his clone son Boba while Obi-Wan is in pursuit.
On Geonosis, Obi-Wan discovers that a conspiracy of star systems bent on secession from the Republic is led by Jedi-turned-Sith Lord Count Dooku, Qui-Gon's old master. After sending a message to Anakin, Obi-Wan is captured, interrogated, and sentenced to death by Dooku. Anakin and Padmé arrive with a cadre of Jedi and the clone army, just in time to prevent the executions. Obi-Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle, but the Sith lord defeats them in a lightsaber duel. Yoda intervenes and saves their lives, at the cost of Dooku's escape.[6]
In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, set three years later, Obi-Wan Kenobi is a member of the Jedi Council and a General in the Army of the Republic. Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker remains Obi-Wan's partner, and the two have become war heroes and best friends. The film opens with the two on a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous onboard his starship. Count Dooku discovers the attempt and fights the Jedi, knocking Obi-Wan unconscious; while Obi-Wan is out cold, Anakin defeats Dooku and executes him on Palpatine's orders. Soon after returning to Coruscant, Obi-Wan is called away to the planet Utapau to track down the escaped Grievous.
After finding the Separatist encampment, Obi-Wan fights Grievous and eventually kills the cyborg using his enemy's own blaster. When Palpatine — who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious, the mastermind of the war — issues Order 66 to have the clone troopers turn on the Jedi, Obi-Wan survives the attempt on his life and escapes, rendezvousing with Yoda and Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan aboard Organa's ship Tantive IV. Returning to Coruscant, he and Yoda discover that every Jedi in the Jedi Temple has been murdered. After sending a beacon to all surviving Jedi to scatter across the galaxy and remain in hiding, a heartbroken Obi-Wan watches security footage revealing that it was Anakin — who is now Sidious' Sith apprentice Darth Vader— who led the slaughter. Yoda says he will confront Sidious, and charges Obi-Wan with fighting Vader. Obi-Wan is loath to fight his best friend, but reluctantly accepts.
Obi-Wan visits Padmé to learn of Vader's whereabouts, and realizes that Vader is the father of her unborn child. When Padmé sets out to the volcanic planet Mustafar to confront her husband herself, Obi-Wan secretly stows away in the ship. After they arrive on Mustafar, Obi-Wan reveals himself and confronts Vader, who accuses Padmé and Obi-Wan of conspiring against him and uses the dark side to choke Padmé into unconsciousness. After a long and ferocious lightsaber duel, Obi-Wan defeats Vader by severing his legs and left arm; as Vader catches fire beside a lava river, Obi-Wan takes his former friend's lightsaber and leaves him to die. Unknown to Obi-Wan, Vader is rescued by Sidious and reconstructed into the cyborg first seen in the original trilogy.
Obi-Wan takes Padmé to a remote asteroid belt, where she dies after giving birth to twins Luke and Leia. Afterwards, Yoda instructs Obi-Wan to give Luke to his uncle Owen and aunt Beru on Tatooine, and reveals that Qui-Gon's spirit has returned from the Force to continue Obi-Wan's training. Obi-Wan hands Luke off to his family and goes into exile on Tatooine.
Sequel trilogy[edit]
In Star Wars: The Force Awakens, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the protagonist Rey hears Obi-Wan's voice when she touches the lightsaber that previously belonged to Luke. Obi-Wan calls out to Rey, before saying the words of encouragement he gave to Luke during his training on the Millennium Falcon: "These are your first steps". James Arnold Taylor actually recorded the lines for this scene, but his recordings were then dropped in favor of Ewan McGregor's voice acting.[7]
In Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Luke mentions Obi-Wan while talking with Rey.
Anthology films[edit]
Obi-Wan was mentioned in the 2016 film Rogue One.[8] In the scene where right after the Rogue One ship is taken off to Scarif, Mon Mothma has a conversation with Senator Bail Organa. In that conversation, they discussed about a Jedi Knight who is in hiding, after the events in Revenge of the Sith, which leads to the introduction of Obi-Wan in A New Hope.
Television[edit]
Obi-Wan Kenobi is a main character in the animated micro-series Star Wars: Clone Wars and the CGI animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, voiced by James Arnold Taylor. In both series, Obi-Wan is a general in the Clone Wars, and he and Anakin have many adventures fighting the Separatists. The latter series highlights his numerous confrontations with General Grievous, his adversarial relationship with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress, his romance with Duchess Satine Kryze, and the return of his old enemy Darth Maul.
In Star Wars Rebels, set five years before A New Hope, Obi-Wan appears as a hologram in the pilot episode "Spark of Rebellion". In the Season 3 episode "Visions and Voices", protagonist Ezra Bridger discovers that Obi-Wan is alive on Tatooine; Obi-Wan's old nemesis Darth Maul finds him as well.[9] In the episode "Twin Suns", Obi-Wan mortally wounds Maul during one final lightsaber duel; with his dying breath, Maul asks Obi-Wan if he is protecting the "Chosen One", and Obi-Wan replies that he is. After Maul's death, Obi-Wan is seen watching over Luke Skywalker from a distance.[10]
In Rebels, Obi-Wan was voiced by Stephen Stanton, who replaced James Arnold Taylor.[11][12] Rebels creator Dave Filoni, who worked with the character during the full duration of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, said he considered asking McGregor to reprise and voice the role.[13]
Novels and comics[edit]
Obi-Wan Kenobi appears briefly in the novel Dark Disciple, based on unfinished episodes from The Clone Wars.
In the novelization of The Last Jedi written by Jason Fry, Obi-Wan tells to a dying Luke to "let go" from the Netherworld of the Force.
The Marvel Comics five issue mini-series Obi-Wan and Anakin focuses on the title characters between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones. In the Star Wars main comic series, Luke Skywalker goes to Obi-Wan's abandoned house on Tatooine, and finds his diary.[14][15]
Legends[edit]
In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the original 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[16][17][18]
Obi-Wan Kenobi appears extensively in the Star Wars expanded universe of comic books and novels.
Novels[edit]
Obi-Wan's life prior to The Phantom Menace is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series. The Jedi Apprentice books follow his adventures as Qui-Gon's Padawan. Notable events in the series include battling the Dark Jedi Xanatos and going on his first independent mission. The Jedi Quest books detail his adventures with Anakin in the years leading up to Attack of the Clones.
His heroism just before and during the Clone Wars is portrayed in novels such as Outbound Flight, The Approaching Storm, and The Cestus Deception.
Obi-Wan's life between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson's The Last of the Jedi series. Set roughly a year after the fall of the Republic, the series follows Obi-Wan as he seeks out possible survivors of the Great Jedi Purge, most notably Anakin's former rival, Ferus Olin. The books also portray Obi-Wan adjusting to life as a hermit on Tatooine and quietly watching over Luke. He also discovers that Vader is still alive after seeing him on the Holonet, the galaxy's official news source.
Obi-Wan appears in the final chapter of Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader, set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith. He is also the protagonist in John Jackson Miller's novel Star Wars: Kenobi, which takes place during his exile on Tatooine.
Obi-Wan appears in spirit form in many novels set after Return of the Jedi. In The Truce at Bakura, he appears to Luke to warn him about the threat presented by the Ssi-ruuk; in The Lost City of the Jedi, he guides Luke to the titular city on Yavin IV; in Heir to the Empire, meanwhile, he bids farewell to Luke, explaining that he must abandon his spiritual form to "move on" to a new, higher plane of consciousness. Before parting, Luke says that Obi-Wan was like a father to him, and Obi-Wan replies that he loved Luke like a son.
Video games[edit]
Obi-Wan Kenobi appears in several video games. He is a playable character in all four Lego Star Wars video games, as well as Battlefront II and Renegade Squadron. He is also the lead character in Star Wars: Obi-Wan. The older version is only playable in Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy and Star Wars: The Complete Saga, and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith multiplayer mode and Death Star bonus mission Star Wars: Renegade Squadron, and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed in multiplayer mode and the droid PROXY disguises as him. He also appears in Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Jedi Alliance, Star Wars: Jedi Power Battles and Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Lightsaber Duels as a playable character. He is also playable in the strategy game Star Wars: Empire at War. He is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0. Kenobi has also been confirmed to be a playable character as part of a scheduled Clone Wars season for Star Wars Battlefront II.[19][20]
Comic books[edit]
In the comic book series Star Wars: Republic, Obi-Wan Kenobi faces many grave threats while fighting against the Separatists. Among other notable storylines, he is kidnapped and tortured by Asajj Ventress before being rescued by Anakin ("Hate & Fear"), and apprehends corrupted Jedi Master Quinlan Vos ("The Dreadnaughts of Rendili"). Throughout the series, he grows increasingly wary of Palpatine's designs on the Republic and his influence on Anakin.
In the non-canon story "Old Wounds", set a few years after the events of Revenge of the Sith, Obi-Wan confronts Darth Maul on Tatooine to protect Luke. The duel ends when Owen Lars shoots and kills Maul; he then warns Obi-Wan to stay away from his nephew. Through the Force, Obi-Wan reassures Luke that he will be there for him when needed.
Presumed planned Anthology film[edit]
On August 17, 2017, it was reported[21] that there are plans for a stand-alone Star Wars movie about Obi-Wan Kenobi. No casting or script decisions have been made yet. It is currently unclear what part of Obi-Wan's life will be portrayed, though many speculate the film would be a small-scale adventure including Obi-Wan's exile on Tatooine between the events of episodes III and IV, though it's unsure where Rogue One would fit in this story (Obi-Wan was spoken about in Rogue One). In August 2017, Stephen Daldry was reported to be directing the film.[22] While no casting decisions have been made, Ewan McGregor has said he would be open to reprising the role of Obi-Wan.[23] In December 2017, it was reported that an Obi-Wan Kenobi anthology film was eying a potential January 2019 production-start date.[24] On May 17, 2018, it was reported that the title of the next Star Wars anthology film is titled Obi-Wan: A Star Wars Story under the working title "Joshua Tree", and the rumored director is Stephen Daldry.[25]
Cultural impact[edit]
The character is loosely inspired by General Makabe Rokurōta, a character from Akira Kurosawa's film The Hidden Fortress, played by Toshiro Mifune (whom series creator George Lucas also considered casting as Obi-Wan).[26] Mad magazine parodied the original film under the title Star Roars and included a character named 'Oldie Von Moldie', a grizzled 97-year-old whose lightsaber runs on an extension cord. The Shanghai nightclub shown in the beginning of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is called "Club Obi Wan" (Lucas wrote both the Star Wars and Indiana Jones series). A real bar/club by this name existed in the Xihai district of Beijing, China but closed in the summer of 2010. The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! episode "Star Koopa" (a spoof of Star Wars) also had its own parody of Obi-Wan called 'Obi-Wan Toadi', and the live-action segment "Zenned Out Mario" featured a parody called "Obi-Wan Cannoli". The 1998 Animaniacs episode "Star Warners" (which spoofed Star Wars) featured Slappy Squirrel portraying a parody of Obi-Wan as 'Slappy Wanna Nappy'. In the Family Guy episode "Blue Harvest", Obi-Wan Kenobi is parodied by the character Herbert. In the short film Thumb Wars, Obi-Wan is parodied as the character "Oobedoob Benubi". In the film, his full name is 'Oobedoob Scooby-Doobi Benubi, the silliest name in the galaxy.' In the 1977 Star Wars parody Hardware Wars, Obi-Wan is parodied by the character "Augie Ben Doggie".
The TV Tropes website[27] uses Obi-Wan's name for the archetype mentor figure.
Guinness received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi.
In the parody song "The Saga Begins", released approximately one month after the release of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, "Weird Al" Yankovic sings a humorous summary of the plot of that film from Obi-Wan's perspective, to the tune of the song "American Pie."
In 2003, the American Film Institute selected Obi-Wan Kenobi as the 37th greatest movie hero of all time.[28] He was also listed as IGN's third greatest Star Wars character,[29] as well as one of UGO Networks's favorite heroes of all time.[30]
In 2004, the Council of the Commune Lubicz in Poland passed a resolution giving the name "Obi-Wan Kenobi" to one of the streets in Grabowiec, a small village near Toruń.[31] The street was named in 2005. The spelling of the street name, Obi-Wana Kenobiego is the genitive form of the noun in the Polish language: (the street) of Obi-Wan Kenobi.[32]
Guardian cartoonist Steve Bell portrayed Jeremy Corbyn, current leader of the British Labour Party, as Obi-Wan Kenobi.[33]
Rumored spin-off film[edit]
Since the announcement of the sequel trilogy, Ewan McGregor has also expressed interest in returning to the role, albeit for an Obi-Wan spin-off film, should he be approached; wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV.[34] A fan-trailer for an Obi-Wan film, with footage from McGregor's film Last Days in the Desert, has been widely praised by fans.[35] Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film, despite fans' continued interest, and rumors. Despite being nothing but rumors, the film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter.[36] Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode "Twin Suns" aired, McGregor said he would like to do it, if Lucasfilm wanted him to.[37]
On May 17, 2018, entertainment website TMZ.com reported that the next standalone movie in the Star Wars franchise would be an Obi-Wan film, titled Obi-Wan: A Star Wars Story. TMZ also reported that movie had a working title called "Joshua Tree", similar to the code name used by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi, which was "Blue Harvest". Stephen Daldry was reported to be the director of the Obi-Wan film, with Ewan McGregor ready to reprise the role. According to TMZ, this movie would not be an origin story, but would instead take place a few years after the fall of the Republic shown in Episode III, focusing on Obi-Wan while in exile on Tatooine, as he watches over a young Luke Skywalker. Marauding Tusken Raiders, and an evil warlord, bring Obi-Wan out of hiding to protect Luke and some farmers, according to TMZ.[38]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Q: Where's Obi-Wan's home ..." Official Star Wars Twitter. Twitter. August 14, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back Script at IMSDb". Imsdb.com. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Return of the Jedi Script at IMSDb". Imsdb.com. 1981-12-01. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
Jump up ^ "The Phantom Menace Script". Blueharvest.net. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Terry (1999). Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace Novelization. London, England: Del Ray Books. ISBN 0-345-43411-0.
Jump up ^ Salvatore, R.A. (2003). Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones novelization. London, England: Del Ray Books.
Jump up ^ Taylor, James Arnold [@JATactor] (19 December 2015). "yes, it was me originally but they replaced my version with Ewan. I guess if I'm gonna be replaced it should be him!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (March 18, 2017). "Star Wars Rebels: "Twin Suns" Review". IGN. San Francisco, California: J2 Global. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Star Wars (18 March 2017). "Rebels Recon #3.20: Inside Twin Suns - Star Wars Rebels". YouTube. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Joe (4 January 2017). "Obi-Wan will fight Darth Maul in Star Wars Rebels". Digital Spy. London, England: Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Tveit, Elaine (May 21, 2016). "Dave Filoni Wants Ewan McGregor To Voice Obi Wan On Star Wars Rebels". Dorkoftheforce.com. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Playlist: A Guide to Obi-Wan Kenobi's Biggest Moments". StarWars.com. 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Evan (September 19, 2016). "Yoda's Pre-Phantom Menace History Will Be Revealed in Marvel's Star Wars Comic". IGN. San Francisco, California: J2 Global. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kane, Alex (June 9, 2018). "Obi-Wan Kenobi, General Grievous, Anakin Skywalker Coming to 'Battlefront II'". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Battlefront 2: New Clone Wars Content and Heroes Coming to Game". Den of Geek. New York City: Dennis Publishing. June 9, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (August 17, 2017). "'Star Wars' Obi-Wan Kenobi Film in the Works (Exclusive)". Msn.com. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "'Star Wars' Stand-Alone Obi-Wan Movie Near-Immediate 'New Hope' Prequel". TMZ. May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Enk, Bryan (January 14, 2013). "'Seven Samurai' star Toshiro Mifune: The would-be face of Darth Vader?". Yahoo.com. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "An interview with Leszek Budkiewicz, who lives on the street, and who (being the Council member himself) managed to convince the Council to name the street after Obi-Wan Kenobi". Starwars.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bell, Steve (September 29, 2015). "Steve Bell's If... Labour's Obi-Wan Kenobi Corbyn gives a dire warning". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keene, Allison (April 29, 2016). "Ewan McGregor Clarifies Status of an Obi-Wan Kenobi Solo Film". Collider. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (18 August 2016). "'Kenobi' Fan Trailer Teases the Inevitable 'Star Wars' Spinoff". Collider.com. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron; McMillan, Graeme (August 26, 2016). "Darth Vader Deserves a 'Star Wars' Spinoff (But Not Everyone Agrees)". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Guerrasio, Jason (March 18, 2017). "Ewan McGregor is still up to play Obi-Wan Kenobi again: 'It would be fun to do'". Business Insider. New York City: Axel Springer SE. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stand-Alone Obi-Wan Movie NEAR-IMMEDIATE 'NEW HOPE' PREQUEL". TMZ. EHM Productions, Inc. Thirty Mile Zone. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Star Wars portal
Bibliography[edit]
Soule, Charles (2016). Checchetto, Marco, ed. Star Wars: Obi-Wan and Anakin. Marvel Entertainment. p. 112. ISBN 9781302489342.
The New Essential Guide to Characters, revised edition, 2002. Daniel Wallace, Michael Sutfin, ISBN 0-345-44900-2
Star Wars Episode I Who's Who: A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace, hardcover, 1999. Ryder Windham, ISBN 0-7624-0519-8
Star Wars: Power of Myth, 1st edition paperback, 2000. DK Publishing, ISBN 0-7894-5591-9
Star Wars: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 1998. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-3481-4
Star Wars: The Phantom Menace: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 1999. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-4701-0
Star Wars: Attack of the Clones: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 2002. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-8588-5
Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 2005. James Luceno, ISBN 0-7566-1128-8
Revised Core Rulebook (Star Wars Roleplaying Game), 1st edition, 2002. Bill Slavicsek, Andy Collins, J.D. Wiker, Steve Sansweet, ISBN 0-7869-2876-X
Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook, 1st edition, 2000. Bill Slavicsek, Andy Collins, ISBN 0-7869-1793-8
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Bianca (Othello)
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Bianca
Othello character
Doris Dowling as Bianca in Orson Welles' 1952 film, Othello
Created by
William Shakespeare
Portrayed by
Doris Dowling (film, 1952)
Betsy Blair (TV, 1955)
Sheila Reid, (film, 1965)
Wendy Morgan (TV, 1981)
Indra Ové (film, 1995)
Bipasha Basu (Omkara, a 2006 Bollywood adaptation)
Date(s)
c. 1601–1604
Source
"Un Capitano Moro" by Cinthio (1565)
Information
Role
Cassio's jealous inamorata
Iago's unwitting victim
Quote
"This is some minx's token, and I must take out the work? There; give it your hobbyhorse."
Bianca is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). She is Cassio's jealous lover. Despite her brief appearance on stage, Bianca plays a significant role in the progress of Iago's scheme to incite Othello's jealousy of Cassio. Bianca is traditionally regarded as a courtesan, although this occupation is not specifically designated in the drama. The character was occasionally cut from performances in the 19th century on moral grounds.[1] Bianca is not to be confused with Bianca Minola in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources
2 Role in Othello
3 In film and television
4 References
Sources[edit]
Othello has its source in the 1565 tale "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. While no English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeare's lifetime, it is probable that Shakespeare knew both the Italian original and Gabriel Chappuy's 1584 French translation. Cinthio's tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508.[1]
Bianca is based upon a character in Cinthio's tale who, apparently of her own volition, copies the work in the handkerchief after finding it in the Cassio counterpart's house. While the woman sits with the handkerchief at a window, the ensign makes certain the Moor sees her with it. The Moor then believes he is confirmed in his suspicions of Desdemona's adultery. It is unclear if Cinthio's character is a courtesan, wife, or other.
Role in Othello[edit]
In 3.3, Iago reveals to the audience that, having surreptitiously obtained the handkerchief that Othello had originally given Desdemona as a lover's token, he will lose it in Cassio's lodging. Upon discovering the handkerchief in the following scene, Cassio admires its craftsmanship and asks Bianca to copy it for him. Bianca, already furious with Cassio for his apparent disregard of their relationship, suggests that the handkerchief is a gift from another woman, but eventually agrees to his request.
Painting by William Holman Hunt
Midway through 4.1., and prior to Bianca's entrance, Othello has been secretly observing a bawdy discussion between Iago and Cassio about the latter's sexual exploits with a young woman. Thanks to Iago's impeccable planning (and some bad luck), neither speaker mentions the name of the woman in question; it is in fact Bianca, but Othello tragically assumes it to be his wife, Desdemona. Bianca suddenly enters, and her suspicions of Cassio are even greater than before. She is convinced that the handkerchief belongs to another woman, and throws it contemptuously at Cassio's feet. In Othello's eyes, her apparent jealousy confirms his wife's infidelity. This "evidence" completes Iago's manufactured case against Desdemona, and thereafter Othello is determined to murder both her and Cassio.
In 5.1, Bianca arrives just after Cassio has been stabbed by Iago. She reacts with horror and concern. Iago, pretending to have just entered the scene, accuses Bianca of having been part of the group that attacked Cassio. Iago claims her emotional reaction is due to her being caught rather than concern for Cassio and gets her to admit that Cassio ate at her home earlier that evening. Both Iago and Emilia call her a prostitute, but Bianca replies "I am no strumpet; but of life as honest / as you that doth abuse me" (5.1.122-3). She is led off at the end of the scene to be questioned about the attack and is not mentioned again in the play.
In film and television[edit]
In film, Doris Dowling played the character in Orson Welles's troubled but critically acclaimed 1952 adaptation. In 1965, Sheila Reid portrayed Bianca in Laurence Olivier's 1965 version, and Indra Ové played the character in the 1995 feature film starring Laurence Fishburne. Bianca was renamed "Brandy" and played by Rachel Shumate in O, a retelling of the story set in a contemporary high school. In the 2006 Hindi film adaptation Omkara, the character was renamed "Billo Chamanbahar" and played by Bipasha Basu. In this variation, the Bianca character is not given a handkerchief, but a jewelled belt called a kamarbandh.
On television, Betsy Blair played the character in a 1955 BBC adaptation with Gordon Heath as Othello and Rosemary Harris as Desdemona. Wendy Morgan played Bianca in 1981 in the critically acclaimed BBC complete Shakespeare series. The character was renamed "Lulu" and played by Rachael Stirling in an award winning modern English telemovie first broadcast on ITV on 23 December 2001.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Shakespeare, William. Four Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. Bantam Books, 1988.
[hide]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Othello
Characters
Othello
Desdemona
Iago
Cassio
Emilia
Bianca
Roderigo
Brabantio
Other characters
Source
"Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Giovanni Battista Giraldi
Description of Africa
Sampiero Corso
Opera and
ballet adaptations
Otello (1816; opera)
Otello (1887; opera)
Othello (1892; overture)
The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet)
Othello (1998; ballet score)
Bandanna (1999; opera)
Films
1922
1951
1955
1965
1995
TV
1965
1981
1990
1994
2001
Stage adaptations
Masquerade (1835)
Othello (1951)
Catch My Soul (US; 1969)
Catch My Soul (UK; 1970)
Film adaptations
Jubal (1956)
All Night Long (1962)
Catch My Soul (1974)
Kaliyattam (1997)
O (2001)
Eloise (2002)
Souli (2004)
Omkara (2006)
Jarum Halus (2008)
From Verdi
Otello (1906; film)
Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite)
Otello (1986; film)
The Othello Syndrome (2008; album)
Art
Othello
Phrases
"Beast with two backs"
Related
Othello error
Filming Othello
Red Velvet
The Duke of Milan
Love's Sacrifice
Desdemona
Goodnight Desdemona
Story within a story
Carnival (1921 film)
Carnival (1931 film)
The Deceiver (1931)
Men Are Not Gods (1936)
A Double Life (1947)
Saptapadi (1961)
The Dresser (1980 play)
The Dresser (1983 film)
An Imaginary Tale (1990)
The Dresser (2015 film)
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