text:
Lobes of the brain
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Cerebral lobes
Lateral surface of cerebrum. 4 lobes are shown.
Medial surface of cerebrum. 5 lobes are shown.
Identifiers
NeuroNames
1210
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_922
TA
A14.1.09.005
FMA
61823 77800, 61823
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The lobes of the brain were originally a purely anatomical classification, but have been shown also to be related to different brain functions. The cerebrum, the largest portion of the human brain, is divided into lobes, but so is the cerebellum. If not specified, the expression "lobes of the brain" refers to the cerebrum.
Terminologia Anatomica (1998) divides cerebrum into 6 lobes.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Frontal lobe
2 Parietal lobe
3 Occipital lobe
4 Temporal lobe
5 Limbic lobe
6 Insular cortex
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Frontal lobe[edit]
Main article: Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe. It is separated from parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral sulcus also called the Sylvian fissure. The precentral gyrus, forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.
The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-delicate neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain. A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia.[2]
Parietal lobe[edit]
Main article: Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.
The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch (mechanoreception) in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus,[3] and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe.
Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure — the homunculus (Latin: "little man"), in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them.[4] The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect.
Occipital lobe[edit]
Main article: Occipital lobe
The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.[5] The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the Stria of Gennari. Visually driven regions outside V1 are called extrastriate cortex. There are many extrastriate regions, and these are specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial processing, color differentiation, and motion perception.
Temporal lobe[edit]
Main article: Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.[6]
The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memories, language comprehension, and emotion association.[7]:21
Limbic lobe[edit]
Main article: Limbic lobe
The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors[who?] including the paraterminal gyrus, the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and the subiculum;[8] while the Terminologia Anatomica includes the cingulate sulcus, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of cingulate gyrus, the fasciolar gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the dentate gyrus, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the collateral sulcus, and the rhinal sulcus, and omits the hippocampus.
Insular cortex[edit]
Main article: Insular cortex
The insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).
The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology.
The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning lid). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.
Additional images[edit]
Interior view of brain.
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Brain lobes. Colorings are same as the left and
Insular lobe
Insular lobe.
Lateral View of the Brain.
Brain Lobes.
See also[edit]
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
List of regions in the human brain
Neuroanatomy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas (2010). “The Cerebral Sulci and Gyri”. Neurosurg Focus 56 (2): E2. PMID 20121437.
Jump up ^ "Gene Slows Frontal Lobes, Boosts Schizophrenia Risk". National Institute of Mental Health. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lngbrain/cglidden/parietal.html
Jump up ^ Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. L. & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Psychology. (2nd ed.). New Work (NY): Worth Publishers.
Jump up ^ "SparkNotes: Brain Anatomy: Parietal and Occipital Lobes". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Temporal Lobe". Langbrain. Rice University. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith; Kosslyn (2007). Cognitive Psychology: Mind and Brain. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 21, 194–199, 349.
Jump up ^ Fix, JD (2008). "Gross anatomy of the brain". Neuroanatomy (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 6. ISBN 0-7817-7245-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lobe of the brain.
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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text:
Jane the Virgin (season 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Jane the Virgin (season 4)
Starring
Gina Rodriguez
Andrea Navedo
Yael Grobglas
Justin Baldoni
Ivonne Coll
Elias Janssen
Jaime Camil
Anthony Mendez
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
17
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) – April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Jane the Virgin episodes
The fourth season of Jane the Virgin aired on The CW from October 13, 2017 to April 20, 2018. The season consisted of 17 episodes and stars Gina Rodriguez as a young Latina university student accidentally artificially inseminated with sperm from her boss, Rafael Solano (Justin Baldoni). In this season, Jane deals with her romantic feelings for Rafael while reuniting with an ex-boyfriend while Rafael loses ownership of the Marbella and gets back together with his ex-wife, Petra Solano (Yael Grobglas). Also, Rogelio de la Vega (Jaime Camil), Jane's father, is expecting a baby with an ex-girlfriend and marries Jane's mother, Xiomara Villanueva (Andrea Navedo).
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Special Guest Star
1.4 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva
Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana de la Vega
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano/Anezka Archuletta
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Garcia
Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega
Anthony Mendez as the Latin Lover Narrator (voice over)
Recurring[edit]
Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro
Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver
Justina Machado as Darci Factor
Bridget Regan as Rose Solano
Priscilla Barnes as Magda
Shelly Bhalla as Krishna
Rosario Dawson as Jane "J.R." Ramos
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge Garcia
Special Guest Star[edit]
Brooke Shields as River Fields
Guest[edit]
Francisco San Martin as Fabian Regalo del Cielo
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan
Sharon Osbourne as herself
Julie Chen as herself
Sara Gilbert as herself
Sheryl Underwood as herself
Eve as herself
Melanie Mayron as Marlene Donaldson
Eva Longoria as herself
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez
Amy Brenneman as Donna
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Jane the Virgin episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
65
1 "Chapter Sixty-Five" Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) 0.68[1]
Picking up immediately after where Season 3 left off, Jane is reunited with her first love, Adam, who found the love letter that Michael wrote. She is surprised, but happy, to see him. However, both Xo and Alba are less thrilled that he is back. Meanwhile, Rafael loses ownership of the hotel to his sister and as a result, he finds himself living at Jane's house, broke and homeless. Jane and Rafael learn that the missing Petra has been found after she got away from Anezka and they rush to her side, but Anezka is nowhere to be found. When Petra returns to the hotel, Luisa thinks that Petra is Anezka. Petra goes along with the game, until the real Anezka returns. Elsewhere, Xo and Rogelio's married life is interrupted when they confront the realization that Darci is having Rogelio's baby and she wants full custody.
66
2 "Chapter Sixty-Six" Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) 0.61[2]
Jane's relationship with Adam helps bring out her "fun side" and reminds her that she isn't just a mom. However, when Adam gets a job opportunity out of state, he asks for Jane's opinion on if he should stay or go. Meanwhile, Rogelio continues to face issues with his co-star at work and things are about to get even worse. Xo is helping to take care of Darci to prove that Rogelio is committed to being a father to the baby. Also, Petra and Rafael begin working together to try and buy back the hotel from Luisa, but they are running into trouble involving Anezka, causing tension between them.
67
3 "Chapter Sixty-Seven" Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27) 0.60[3]
Jane and Adam's relationship seems to be moving on, and Jane thinks that it might be time for him to meet her son Mateo, but Rafael is not happy with this idea. Meanwhile, as the arrival of Darci's baby approaches, Rogelio's jealously of her new boyfriend increases as well. Trying to be supportive, Xo encourages Rogelio to step up and be the father he was meant to be. Elsewhere, Rafael is determined to get his hotel and life back from Luisa and will do whatever he has to do to make it happen, with or without Petra's help. At the same time, Luisa begins seeing visions of a certain 'Carl' who may or may not be real.
68
4 "Chapter Sixty-Eight" Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03) 0.69[4]
Jane becomes angry when she learns that Rafael introduced Mateo to his new girlfriend, Katherine, without her consent because she thinks Katherine is a negative influence on both Rafael and Mateo. Jane turns to Petra for help with the situation. Meanwhile, Rogelio and Darci struggle to choose a name for the baby. Elsewhere, Xo, who is focused on opening her own dance studio, decides to go into business with an unlikely foe.
69
5 "Chapter Sixty-Nine" Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10) 0.65[5]
After Adam reveals his dating past to Jane, she becomes so unsure and insecure that it puts a strain on their relationship. Meanwhile, Lina seeks Jane's advice about whether she should get married or not. Petra hears some important information that could help Rafael get the hotel back. Also, Xo asks Rogelio to consider having a medical procedure (vasectomy) done, but he is very hesitant.
70
6 "Chapter Seventy" Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17) 0.61[6]
Jane's book is finally being released but her plans to have a party at the local bookshop where she was inspired to be a writer hit a snag when the bookshop is in danger of closing for good. Always wanting to help Jane, Rogelio devises a plan to save the day, but one of his arch-rivals threatens to ruin the day. Meanwhile, Rafael gets a new job, but it is not exactly what he was hoping for. Adam tells Jane that he has decided to move to California to take a new job, leading her to break up with him. Also, Petra has come up with an interesting strategy to get the Marbella Hotel back from her mother and Anezka, but Rafael wants nothing to do with the scheme.
71
7 "Chapter Seventy-One" Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) 0.65[7]
Anezka is revealed to have faked her death to see where her loyalties lie; initially, she trusts Petra after believing she saw her cry, but after finding out she wasn't crying because of her fake death, she threatens Petra. Later, Anezka falls from Petra's apartment to her death... for real. Meanwhile, Xiomara and Jane set off on Jane's book tour, when Alba decides to tag along. Jane's mental state over her breakup with Adam threatens to derail the reading event. After they get back to Miami, Jane and Rafael share a kiss.
72
8 "Chapter Seventy-Two" Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26) 0.68[8]
Mateo starts kindergarten and invites a friend over to Xiomara and Rogelio's house. Jane and Rafael try to cover up that they are pretending to live in their house so they don't get kicked out. Jane and Rafael show mixed emotions following the kiss and try again, which Mateo notices. He then proclaims: "Does this mean you're going to get married?" After Xo convinces Rogelio to attend couples therapy, they both are surprised by their emotions. Meanwhile, Petra hires a lawyer named Jane Ramos (Rosario Dawson), to ensure she gets no charges pending Anezka's death. Also, Rafael moves out of Jane's house into his new apartment. Rafael also gets angry when he learns that Luisa has left the mental hospital where he left her and that Petra knew that her brother and Anezka plotted to drive Luisa insane to claim the hotel for themselves.
73
9 "Chapter Seventy-Three" Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) 0.67[9]
When Jane and Rafael finally realize that the uncertain state of their relationship (or lack of it) is stressing out Mateo, they decide that they need to make a decision. Meanwhile, Petra is on the outs with Jane and Rafael after the Luisa fiasco, so she tries to figure out a way to get back into their good graces. It is also revealed that Petra's lawyer Jane Ramos ("J.R.") has a hidden agenda to helping Petra. Elsewhere, Rogelio and Xo are both contemplating their career choices.
74
10 "Chapter Seventy-Four" Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) 0.80[10]
Jane and Rafael try to be friends, which works great until Jane goes on a date. Meanwhile, Petra and Jane's new partnership is off to a rocky start, but they both know they have to find a way to work together somehow. Rogelio is convinced he has male post-partum depression, which puts him at odds with celebrity Post-Partum Advocate River Fields (guest star Brooke Shields) on The Talk. Also, Alba finally confides in Jane why she turned down the marriage proposal from Jorge, leaving Jane to help Alba in the romance department when Jane takes Alba to a sex store and buys her a vibrator. Elsewhere, Jane and Rafael agree to have sex, and Petra questions her own sexual identity when she starts to have sex dreams about Jane "J.R." Ramos after the lawyer begins flirting with her.
75
11 "Chapter Seventy-Five" Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) 0.59[11]
Jane is ready to move on from the Marbella Hotel issues and pursue writing full time, but an unexpected development forces her to consider returning to her teaching roots. Xiomara decides to go back to school where she listens in on an art history class, while Jane teaches a seminar about writing. Here, Jane finds out Jonathan Chavez, her former advisor, is taking advantage of another student of his. While trying to warn the student, Jane accidentally grabs her breasts to avoid falling over and, as a result, doesn't get the teaching job she was applying for. Meanwhile, Petra gets arrested for Anezka's murder due to the blackmailer planting the screws in her apartment, leading Jane Ramos to tell Petra that she was framing her because she was being threatened by an unknown blackmailer who was threatening J.R.'s mother who is residing in a hospice. Also, Rafael and Jane continue their affair. Elsewhere, Rogelio tries to get Eva Longoria to join his Passions of Santos reboot, but instead finds out the two are distant cousins.
76
12 "Chapter Seventy-Six" Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) 0.58[12]
Jane's fixation on a negative review has left her with writer's block, so Rogelio suggests she take a writing class to help. With the encouragement of Jane, Rafael is ready to dig into his past to find out who his real biological parents are. Meanwhile, Rogelio is trying to make things less about him and more about Xo, but he grows suspicious when he learns she is keeping a secret from him. But the secret Xo has been keeping is not what Rogelio suspected. Elsewhere, Petra tests the loyalty of her lawyer, Jane Ramos, by pretending to be romantically interested in her while trying to find out the identity of the blackmailer. After Petra confides in Jane Ramos of her feelings which are not fake, the two of them sleep together for the first time.
77
13 "Chapter Seventy-Seven" Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16) 0.59[13]
When Jane, Rogelio and Alba learn what is going on with Xo who might have breast cancer, they all try to comfort her, but Xo insists they let her live her life. Meanwhile, Rogelio finally gets River Fields to agree to meet with him, but he learns that River has another plan in mind. Also, Rafael is on a mission to find his missing sister Luisa, who may have the information he has been looking for of his origins. Rafael visits Rose in prison to ask for her help, but he quickly turns her down when she makes a demand to know Luisa's location. Also, Jane is upset with Petra after her twin girls spill a secret to Mateo about the Tooth Fairy being make believe. At the same time, Jane 'J.R.' Ramos tells Petra after their romantic night together that she is not interested in a relationship due to the blackmailer paying a visit to Jane R.'s dementia-stricken mother in a rest home. At the end, the identity of Jane R's blackmailer is finally revealed to be Petra's long-suffering and abused secretary Krishna.
78
14 "Chapter Seventy-Eight" Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23) 0.65[14]
Xo struggles to make an important decision on whether or not to get a full mastectomy and looks to Jane for guidance, leaving Rogelio feeling like an outsider. Alba is frustrated with Rogelio when it seems he is once again making his career a priority over Xo's well being. Meanwhile, Petra turns to Rafael for advice on her love life after he finally learns about her new romance with J.R.
79
15 "Chapter Seventy-Nine" Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06) 0.53[15]
After Jane and Rafael, Petra and J.R. all go out together on a double date, Jane is bothered to learn that J.R. doesn't like her very much. Jane and Rafael brush off a big relationship moment, but they both try to make up for it in different ways. Meanwhile, Rogelio is nervous to tell Darci that he is no longer able to be a "Danny" to their son, so he uses Xo as a scapegoat... landing him in hot water with both Xo and Darci. Also, Jane helps Alba prepare to take the biggest test of her life: a written exam to become a US citizen.
80
16 "Chapter Eighty" Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13) 0.57[16]
Jane and Rafael start saving up to buy a one-bedroom apartment, but their plan falls apart when Mateo breaks an antique $4,000 clock. Rafael moves into the Villanueva house, but after Alba hits Mateo, the two get into a heated argument and Rafael moves back out. Xiomara starts chemotherapy, and makes a friend named Donna (guest star Amy Brenneman). The timeline moves forward nine weeks, and Donna dies of unforeseen consequences. Xiomara is shown not to be doing well due to the chemotherapy, Alba and Rafael are still in a fight and River and Rogelio are still arguing over the Passions of Santos adaptation. Alba breaks down to Jane, and she and Rafael make up. Xiomara bonds with River over telenovelas, after she accidentally eats a pot brownie, and she agrees to do the Passions of Steve and Brenda the Latin American way. Jane Ramos gets herself disbarred, and as a result gets the case against Petra thrown out.
81
17 "Chapter Eighty-One" Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20) 0.58[17]
In the fourth season final, Rafael intends to propose to Jane, however Rose's news unsettles him. Meanwhile, Alba finally becomes a naturalized American citizen and the Villanueva's throw her a surprise party. Meanwhile, River spends the week with Rogelio in order to help them be believable as a married couple, but she soon starts to take her role too seriously. Jane Ramos and Petra plan to move in together as a couple, until Jane R. finds out that Petra really did kill Anezka intentionally that night. As she walks out of Petra's office, the imprisoned Krishna phones and tells Jane Ramos that her life is in danger for she was only the blackmailer's associate. J.R. returns and saves Petra's life by shooting, and killing, the blackmailer (who is not shown... leading to "who did J.R. shoot?"). At the end, Jane meets with Rafael, and he shows her that Michael is alive.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Chapter Sixty-Five" October 13, 2017 0.3/1 0.68[1] 0.3 0.67 0.6 1.35[18]
2 "Chapter Sixty-Six" October 20, 2017 0.2/1 0.61[2] 0.3 0.58 0.5 1.19[19]
3 "Chapter Sixty-Seven" October 27, 2017 0.3/1 0.60[3] N/A 0.54 N/A 1.16[20]
4 "Chapter Sixty-Eight" November 3, 2017 0.2/1 0.69[4] 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.24[21]
5 "Chapter Sixty-Nine" November 10, 2017 0.3/1 0.65[5] N/A 0.61 N/A 1.26[22]
6 "Chapter Seventy" November 17, 2017 0.2/1 0.61[6] 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.16[23]
7 "Chapter Seventy-One" December 8, 2017 0.3/1 0.65[7] 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.25[24]
8 "Chapter Seventy-Two" January 26, 2018 0.2/1 0.68[8] 0.4 0.71 0.6 1.39[25]
9 "Chapter Seventy-Three" February 2, 2018 0.3/1 0.67[9] 0.3 0.60 0.6 1.27[26]
10 "Chapter Seventy-Four" February 9, 2018 0.3/1 0.80[10] 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.39[27]
11 "Chapter Seventy-Five" March 2, 2018 0.2/1 0.59[11] 0.3 0.62 0.5 1.21[28]
12 "Chapter Seventy-Six" March 9, 2018 0.2/1 0.58[12] 0.3 0.53 0.5 1.12[29]
13 "Chapter Seventy-Seven" March 16, 2018 0.2/1 0.59[13] 0.3 0.59 0.5 1.19[30]
14 "Chapter Seventy-Eight" March 23, 2018 0.2/1 0.65[14] 0.3 N/A 0.5[31] N/A
15 "Chapter Seventy-Nine" April 6, 2018 0.2/1 0.54[15] 0.3 0.59 0.5 1.13[32]
16 "Chapter Eighty" April 13, 2018 0.2/1 0.57[16] 0.2 0.48 0.4 1.10[33]
17 "Chapter Eighty-One" April 20, 2018 0.2/1 0.58[17] 0.3 0.61 0.5 1.20[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (October 16, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver,' 'Once Upon a Time,' & more remain unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 23, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 30, 2017). "'MacGyver,' 'Jane the Virgin' and World Series adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 6, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Once Upon a Time' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 13, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Hell's Kitchen,' everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 20, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver' and all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 11, 2017). "'Blue Bloods' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 29, 2018). "'Blindspot,' 'Agents of SHIELD,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 5, 2018). "'Hell's Kitchen' finale, 'Jane the Virgin,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 12, 2018). "Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 5, 2018). "'Blue Bloods,' 'Blindspot,' all other unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 12, 2018). "Blue Bloods,' 'Taken,' 'Confronting Putin' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 19, 2018). "NCAA Tournament adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 26, 2018). "NCAA Tournament and 'Dynasty' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 9, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 16, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up, 'Taken' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 23, 2018). "'Dynasty' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "'Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). "'This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'This Is Us' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 16, 2018). "Closing the book on the Super Bowl 'This Is Us': Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' and 'This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 14, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). "'Scandal' and 'Criminal Minds' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
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Single-member district
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Single-seat" redirects here. For a racing car with only one seat, see Single-seater.
Part of the Politics series
Electoral systems
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A single-member district or single-member constituency is an electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature. This is also sometimes called single-winner voting or winner takes all. The alternative are multi-member districts, or the election of a body by the whole electorate voting as one constituency.
A number of electoral systems use single-member districts, including plurality voting (first past the post), two-round systems, instant-runoff voting (IRV), approval voting, range voting, Borda count, and Condorcet methods (such as the Minimax Condorcet, Schulze method, and Ranked Pairs). Of these, plurality and runoff voting are the most common.
In some countries, such as Australia and India, members of the lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts; and members of the upper house are elected from multi-member districts. In some other countries like Singapore, members of parliament can be elected from both single-member districts as well as multi-member districts that are headed by members of the Cabinet.
Contents
[hide]
1 History in U.S.
2 Aspects
2.1 Constituency link
2.2 Fewer minority parties
2.3 Safe seats
3 Comparison of single-member district election methods
4 References
History in U.S.[edit]
Single-member House districts became law on Dec 14, 1967.[1] 2 U.S. Code §2c
Aspects[edit]
Constituency link[edit]
It has been argued by proponents of single-member constituencies that it encourages a stronger connection between the representative and constituents and increases accountability and is a check on incompetence and corruption. In countries that have multi-member constituencies, it is argued that the constituency link is lost. For example, in Israel the whole country is a single constituency and representatives are selected by party-lists.
On the other hand, today most voters tend to vote for a candidate because they are endorsed by a particular political party or because they are in favour of who would become or remain the leader of the government, more than their feelings for or against the actual candidate standing. Sometimes voters are in favor of a political party but do not like specific candidates. For example, voters in Canada re-elected the Alberta government in 1989 but, because of dissatisfaction with its leadership, the premier and leader of the governing party, Don Getty, lost his seat.[citation needed]
Fewer minority parties[edit]
It has been argued that single-member districts tend to promote two-party systems (with some regional parties). Called Duverger's law, this principle has also been empirically supported by the cube rule which shows how the winning party in a first-past-the-post system is mathematically over-represented in the final chamber of representatives.
Supporters view this effect as beneficial, as parliamentary governments are typically more stable in two-party systems, and minorities do not have undue power to break a coalition. First-past-the-post minimizes the influence of third parties and thus arguably keeps out extremists. Critics of two-party systems believe that two-party systems offer less choice to voters, create an exaggerated emphasis on issues that dominate more marginal seats, and does not completely remove the possibility of a balanced chamber (or hung parliament), which can also give undue power to independents and lead to even greater instability.[citation needed]
Safe seats[edit]
A safe seat is one in which a plurality or majority of voters, depending on the electoral system, support a particular candidate or party so strongly that the candidate's election is practically guaranteed in advance of the vote. This means all other voters in the constituency make no difference to the result. This results in feelings of disenfranchisement and to nonparticipation by some voters, both supporters of the dominant candidate as well as his or her detractors.[citation needed]
Comparison of single-member district election methods[edit]
See Comparison of electoral systems, Compliance of selected single-winner methods
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "P.L. 90-196". US GPO. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Authority control
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Jessica Jones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the character. For the television series, see Jessica Jones (TV series). For the comic book, see Jessica Jones (comic book). For other uses, see Jessica Jones (disambiguation).
Jessica Jones
Jessica Jones on the cover of The Pulse #14. Art by Mike Mayhew. Pictured clockwise from top left: Jones as Jewel; with husband Luke Cage; with daughter Danielle; as Knightress.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Alias #1 (November 2001)
Created by
Brian Michael Bendis (writer)
Michael Gaydos (artist)
In-story information
Full name
Jessica Campbell Jones Cage
Team affiliations
New Avengers
The Pulse Magazine
Alias Private Investigations
Daily Bugle
Defenders
Partnerships
Luke Cage
Carol Danvers
Notable aliases
Jewel, Knightress, Power Woman
Abilities
Superhuman strength and endurance
Flight
Jessica Campbell Jones[1] is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Gaydos, and first appeared in Alias #1 (November 2001), as part of Marvel's Max, an imprint for more mature content. Within the context of Marvel's shared universe, Jones is a former superhero who becomes the owner and sole employee of Alias Private Investigations. Bendis originally envisioned the series centered on Jessica Drew and only decided to create Jones once he noticed that the main character had a distinct voice and background that differentiated her from Drew.
Jones has since starred in three ongoing series, Alias, The Pulse and Jessica Jones. Alias ran for 28 issues before ending in 2004, while The Pulse ran for 14 issues from April 2004 to May 2006. Jessica Jones debuted in October 2016. She became a member of the New Avengers, alongside her husband, Luke Cage, during Marvel's 2010 Heroic Age campaign. She has used various aliases throughout her history, including Jewel, Knightress, and Power Woman.
The character is portrayed by actress Krysten Ritter in the various TV series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, including Marvel's Jessica Jones, and The Defenders. She has also been featured in various video games, in which she has been voiced by actors including Michelle Phan, Mary Elizabeth McGlynn and Tara Strong.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Origin
2.2 Early years
2.3 The Pulse and Young Avengers
2.4 "Civil War", "Secret Invasion" and "Dark Reign"
2.5 2010–present
3 Powers and abilities
4 Other versions
5 In other media
5.1 Television
5.2 Video games
6 References
7 External links
Creation[edit]
Jessica Jones debuted in the Marvel MAX imprint series Alias in November 2001. The character and series were created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Gaydos. Alias ran for 28 issues from 2001 to 2004, with most covers drawn by David W. Mack. After the end of the series, Jones and other characters from the series moved to Bendis' subsequent series, The Pulse. In a 2005 interview,[2] Bendis claimed:
"Originally, Alias was going to star Jessica Drew, but it became something else entirely. Which is good, because had we used Jessica, it would have been off continuity and bad storytelling." Previously, Bendis commented, "I was at one time toying with doing Jessica Drew [in Alias] because she has the best hair of any superhero in comics, but this book is entirely different than what that idea was to be."[3]
By the time Bendis was actively developing the title, Jones was his central character, one with a distinct background and voice from Drew's.[4]
Jessica Jones appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010–2013 New Avengers series, from issue #1 (August 2010) through its final issue #34 (January 2013). In a Marvel Comics podcast, Bendis expressed his desire to incorporate Jones into the parallel universe Ultimate Marvel imprint.[5] In Ultimate Spider-Man #106, she appears as a senior at Peter Parker's school.
Her adoptive surname Jones is of Welsh origin.
Fictional character biography[edit]
Origin[edit]
Midtown High student Jessica Campbell goes to school with Peter Parker, on whom she has a crush and is present when he is bitten by the irradiated spider which gives him radioactive powers.[6] Jessica's father receives tickets for Disney World from his boss Tony Stark. On the way home, their car collides with a military convoy carrying radioactive chemicals. Her family is killed, and she spends several months in a coma. Upon waking, she is placed in an orphanage and adopted by the Jones family.[6] Jessica later discovers that her radiation exposure granted her super strength, limited invulnerability, and flight. Jessica's adoptive parents re-enroll her at Midtown High, where she is ostracized by her classmates, especially Flash Thompson. Peter Parker (who has since become Spider-Man) senses in Jessica a kindred spirit—someone who has also lost her family due to a tragic circumstance. Jessica mistakes his kind attention for pity and lashes out at him.[7] She later witnesses a fight between Spider-Man and the villain Sandman in her school. This inspires her to use her abilities for positive ends.[8]
Early years[edit]
Main article: Alias (comics)
As Jewel, Jones has a fairly uneventful superhero career until she intervenes in a disturbance at a restaurant involving Zebediah Killgrave, the Purple Man. Killgrave uses his power of mind control to place Jones under his command, psychologically torturing her and forcing her to aid his criminal schemes.[9] After Killgrave sends her to kill Daredevil at the Avengers Mansion, Jones is rescued by Carol Danvers, the only Avenger who actually knows her.[10] Jones undergoes psychic therapy with Jean Grey of the X-Men, who places a special mental command in Jones's subconscious to protect her from further mind control.[11] During this time, Jones develops a brief romantic relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Clay Quartermain.[10] Due to the traumatic violation of her mind by Killgrave and the fact that she was barely noticed missing for eight months, a demoralized and depressed Jones gives up her costumed superhero life.[12] She briefly adopts a darker identity as the Knightress and interrupts a crime meeting between the Owl and a mafioso, through which she meets up with fellow superhero Luke Cage. After defeating the Owl, she and Cage develop a lasting friendship.[13] No longer a superhero, Jones opens a private detective agency. Longtime friend Carol Danvers sets Jones up with Scott Lang (the second Ant-Man), and the two date for several months. She also has an off-and-on affair with Cage.[14] Killgrave, still obsessed with Jones, escapes from high-security incarceration, but with the mental defenses Grey gave her, Jones breaks his control and subsequently beats him to death.[11] Later, Cage and Jones admit their feelings for each other, and after she becomes pregnant with their child, they begin a committed relationship.[15]
The Pulse and Young Avengers[edit]
Main article: The Pulse (comics)
Jones takes a leave from the detective business and joins the staff of the Daily Bugle as a superhero correspondent and consultant, becoming a main character of the comic book The Pulse, and a contributor to the same-name fictional newspaper supplement within. A pregnant Jones is attacked by the Green Goblin after the Bugle reported that he was secretly industrialist Norman Osborn. In response, Cage retaliates and Osborn is irrevocably exposed as the Goblin upon his defeat and incarceration. Jones quits her job with the Bugle after publisher J. Jonah Jameson uses the paper to smear the New Avengers. Jones and Cage are living together when she gives birth to their child, whom they name Danielle after Luke's best friend, Danny Rand.[13] Cage and Jones marry in New Avengers Annual #1.[16] Jones appears as a supporting character in Young Avengers until the series ended. She returns in Avengers: The Children's Crusade #6 in which she, Beast and Hawkeye attempted to defuse the situation between the Avengers and X-Men who were fighting over who was to punish the Scarlet Witch. She helps fight Doctor Doom and is present when Stature and the Vision are killed. She is seen hugging Hulkling in the final panel when the team is declared full-fledged Avengers by Captain America.
"Civil War", "Secret Invasion" and "Dark Reign"[edit]
In Marvel's 2006–2007 crossover storyline "Civil War", Jones and Cage reject Iron Man and Ms. Marvel's offer to join the Superhuman Registration Act. As part of the New Avengers, Jones moved into Doctor Strange's Sanctum Sanctorum, but after an attack involving the demonic villain the Hood, Jones, shaken by the experience and desperate to protect her child, left the New Avengers and registered for the Superhuman Registration Act, ending her relationship with Luke Cage for the time being.[17] Jones is among the heroes who emerge from the crashed Skrull ship wearing her Jewel costume, although it is later revealed this Jones was a Skrull.[18][19] The real Jessica Jones appears in Secret Invasion #7, in which she joins in the heroes' fight against the Skrulls and was able to be reunited with her husband. After the Skrull surrender, the Skrull impersonating Jarvis disappears with their daughter, leaving Jessica desperate.[20]
Jessica is unaware that Luke has asked Norman Osborn for help in their search for Danielle.[21] Osborn helped Luke recover Danielle, and Luke gave the baby back to Jessica.[22] Spider-Man revealed himself as Peter Parker to the New Avengers, leaving Jones shocked to see that her former classmate is Spider-Man. She then tells Peter of her former crush on him, only to find out that he did not recognize her all this time, let alone remember her name, only remembering her as "Coma Girl", upsetting her.[23] She later assists the Avengers in rescuing Clint after being captured by Norman Osborn.[24] Jessica reveals that she was inspired to become a superheroine after witnessing an early battle between Spider-Man and the Sandman. Peter then tries to convince Jessica to return to the life of a superhero, suggesting that she could provide a better example for her daughter by going into action as a hero rather than simply telling her daughter about her old career.[25][26]
2010–present[edit]
Jessica Jones as the titular character of her own comic book series. Artwork for the cover of Jessica Jones 1 (October 2016 Marvel Comics). Art by Alex Maleev. (Variant cover art)
During the storylines of Marvel's 2010 "Heroic Age" branding campaign, Jessica returned to her costumed identity of Jewel and became a member of the New Avengers when the title relaunched in June 2010.[27] She and Luke began searching for a nanny, interviewing characters featured from other comics set in the Marvel Universe. Ultimately, Squirrel Girl was chosen as Danielle's nanny.[28] In New Avengers #8, Jessica took the name Power Woman to both honor her husband, Power Man (Luke Cage), and to be a role model for their daughter.[29] However following several incidents revolving around Thule Society attacking Avengers Mansion,[30] and Norman Osborn's threat,[31] Jessica quit the team and went into hiding, realizing that it was too dangerous for Danielle to remain in Avengers Mansion due to the numerous potential threats.[32]
Jessica later appeared as an ally to the Mighty Avengers team formed by Luke Cage. Jessica and Danielle lived in the apartment of the Gem Theater, which was serving as the Mighty Avenger's base of operations. She and Luke would later be confronted by the Superior Spider-Man and his Spider Robots, who offered her a place on a different type of Avengers team that was to be run by him. Jessica swiftly found a babysitter for her child and refused before delivering a powerful punch to Spider-Man's face for his threat. The group was later backed up by She-Hulk and she and Jessica decided to go out for coffee. Jessica and Luke would later switch apartments with an old friend of Luke's named David Griffiths. While moving in, Jessica spoke to the Blue Marvel about what it's like to raise a child of superheroes and expressed both her support and annoyance at her husband's choice to start another team of Avengers.
During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Jessica Jones became a member of the Defenders alongside Daredevil, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage. They alongside Cloak and Dagger, Doctor Strange, and Spider-Woman fought the Army of Evil during Hydra's rise to power where they were defeated by Nitro. Jessica Jones and those with him were trapped in the Darkforce dome by Blackout when his powers were enhanced by Baron Helmut Zemo using the Darkhold.[33]
In October 2016, a new ongoing series featuring the character, titled Jessica Jones, began. In 2017, a new ongoing Defenders series was launched, featuring Jessica as one of the main characters.
During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Jessica Jones and Luke Cage assist Iron Man and Spider-Man find Wolverine when his body has gone missing from his unmarked grave. When the four of them arrive undercover at a submarine in international waters upon hearing that a genetic material will be auctioned off, Jessica and Luke are shocked to find that the genetic material that will be auctioned off belongs to their daughter Danielle.[34]
Powers and abilities[edit]
After coming into contact with experimental chemicals and spending some time in a coma, Jessica emerged with superhuman abilities. She possesses superhuman strength, as well as flight, and can block mind control. She shows the capacity to lift a two-ton police car with little effort. Her strength allowed her to lift up a giant-sized Goliath by the nostrils and toss him a short distance, break Atlas' nose, and render her fellow superheroine Jessica Drew unconscious with a single punch to the face. She later withstood being punched by a human on Mutant-Growth Hormone and sustained only mild bruising and a bloody nose and was able to recover in moments after being shocked by Jessica Drew's venom blasts. Despite this resistance to harm, Jessica sustained severe injuries, including a damaged spine and neck, a detached retina, and a broken nose after being attacked by both the Vision and Iron Man.[10]
Jessica is also able to fly, and while she was able to fly quite well during her early years as a heroine, she has admitted that her flying ability degenerated while she was no longer an active hero. She has since displayed improved flying ability after joining the New Avengers.[volume & issue needed]
After her ordeal at the hands of the Purple Man, Jessica was given a degree of psionic protection by Jean Grey of the X-Men. This psionic protection was sufficient to protect Jessica against a second attack by the Purple Man, though she had to "trigger" this resistance on her own.[11]
In addition to her superhuman powers, Jessica is a skilled detective and investigative journalist.[35]
Other versions[edit]
Ultimate Jessica Jones. Art by David Lafuente.
Multiple versions of Jessica Jones have appeared in Marvel's multiverse. In the 2005 "House of M" storyline, Jessica was apparently dating Scott Lang.[36]
In What If,[37] Jones accepted Captain America's offer to work for S.H.I.E.L.D.. Perceiving that something was amiss with Wanda Maximoff (the Scarlet Witch), she alerted the other Avengers, ensuring that the catastrophic events depicted in "Avengers Disassembled" and "House of M" would never occur. Jessica married Captain America.
In Ultimate Spider-Man,[38] Jones appeared as a senior student in the school Peter Parker attended. She was the executive producer of the school's television network. She later became jealous of Mary Jane Watson's superior film skills. She attempted to deduce Spider-Man's secret identity for the school newspaper and may have been suspicious about Peter Parker. Later on after the events of Ultimatum, she claimed to have abandoned her attempts to figure out who Spider-Man was and instead wanted to focus on his heroics.[38]
In Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane, Jessica was a student at Mary Jane's high school and was a former friend of Mary Jane until she became a goth. Mary Jane spent more time with Jessica after her breakup with Ned Leeds and became more goth-like until Jessica told Mary Jane it wasn't her.
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones in the Netflix original series, Marvel's Jessica Jones.
On November 20, 2015, Jessica Jones was released on Netflix, with the title character portrayed by Krysten Ritter as an adult[39][40] and by Elizabeth Cappuccino as a teenager. As a child, she was in a car accident that killed her parents and put her in a coma. After she regained consciousness, Jessica was legally adopted by talent agent Dorothy Walker, therefore becoming the adopted sister of Trish Walker. As an adult, Jessica crosses paths with Kilgrave and spends a year under his control, snapping out of it after she kills Luke Cage's wife Reva Connors on Kilgrave's orders. She experiences post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of what Kilgrave did to her, and drinks to excess to numb her pain and guilt. Her Jewel costume from the comics appears briefly in the fifth episode of season 1, "AKA: The Sandwich Saved Me", although she refuses to wear it and rejects Trish's suggestion of Jewel as an alias, saying "Jewel is a stripper's name, a really slutty stripper. And if I wear that thing you're going to have to call me Camel Toe."[41] In the eighth episode of Iron Fist, Joy Meachum indirectly mentions to her brother Ward that she hired Jessica in the past to take compromising pictures of members on the Rand Enterprises board of directors. Ritter reprised her role in The Defenders, a 2017 crossover miniseries.[42] A second season of Jessica Jones was released on Netflix on March 8, 2018[43], on International Women's Day.
Video games[edit]
Jessica Jones appears in a series of Marvel mobile and video games, such as Marvel: War of Heroes,[44] and Marvel: Future Fight. Her appearance in all of them is based off the Netflix version.[45]
A teenage version of Jones appears in Marvel Avengers Academy, where she is voiced by Michelle Phan. She initially resembles her Netflix counterpart but gains the Jewel costume once she is upgraded.[46]
Jones appears in Marvel Heroes, where she is voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn and Tara Strong.[47][48]
Jones a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Tara Strong. This version is based on her Jewel variant. Her mission requires the player to find Mantis, She-Hulk, Squirrel Girl, and Echo, who have applied to be a potential nanny for Danielle.
She appears as a playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.[49]
Jessica Jones appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.[50]
Jessica Jones appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy.[51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ New Avengers vol. 1, #50 (April 2009). Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Weiland, Jonah (August 5, 2005). "Spider-Love: Bendis on 'Spider-Woman: Origin' and New Ongoing Series". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
Jump up ^ Powers #11, letters pages
Jump up ^ Cronin, Brian (July 27, 2006). "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #61". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Marvel Comics podcast". Retrieved 2011-02-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #22. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #23. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (2009). Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #25. Marvel Comics
^ Jump up to: a b c Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #26. Marvel Comics
^ Jump up to: a b c Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #28. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #25–26. Marvel Comics.
^ Jump up to: a b Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Pulse #14. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #28. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual #1. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual #2 (2008). Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Secret Invasion #2 (May 2008). Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Secret Invasion #5 (August 2008)
Jump up ^ Secret Invasion #8 (December 2008). Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers #48. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers #49. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers #51. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual #3. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Amazing Spider-Man #601 (October 2009). Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ The battle between Spider-Man and the Sandman occurred during the villain's first published appearance in Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963). Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ "Jessica Jones is a New Avenger". Comic Book Resources. March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ New Avengers #7. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers #8. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ New Avengers vol. 2 #15–16
Jump up ^ New Avengers #24
Jump up ^ New Avengers #24. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Secret Empire #0
Jump up ^ Hunt for Wolverine: The Adamantium Agenda #1. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w). Alias #1–28. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ House of M #6. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ What If Jessica Jones Had Joined the Avengers? Vol. 3, #1, February, 2005
^ Jump up to: a b Ultimate Spider-Man #106, Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Strom, Marc (December 5, 2014). "Krysten Ritter to Star in Marvel's A.K.A. Jessica Jones". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jayson, Jay (June 8, 2015). "Confirmed! Marvel Drops AKA From Jessica Jones Title". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hairston, Tahirah (November 30, 2015). "Jessica Jones doesn't wear a superhero costume. Here's why that's so powerful". Fusion. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (November 20, 2015). "'Jessica Jones' star Mike Colter a powerhouse as Luke Cage". USA Today. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gajanan, Martha (February 13, 2018). "Jessica Jones Season 2 Is Netflix's Next Marvel Binge. Here's What to Expect". TIME. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'LEGO Marvel's Avengers: Age of Ultron' Mixes Action, Humor & Fan-Favorite Scenes". Comic Book Resources.
Jump up ^ "Marvel Adds Netflix Heroes To Rosters Of Popular Mobile Games". Comic Book Resources.
Jump up ^ "Jessica Jones". Retrieved 2016-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Behind The Voice Actors – Voice Of Jessica Jones". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ Brian Waggoner [@Asros] (September 29, 2016). "Also, for those who are wondering, the amazing @tarastrong voices Jessica Jones in @MarvelHeroes" (Tweet). Retrieved June 22, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Martinez, Phillip (November 17, 2015). "Marvel Avengers Alliance Spec Ops 31: Jessica Jones Confirmed As Next Reward Hero". iDigitalTimes. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://news.marvel.com/games/85936/piecing-together-marvel-puzzle-quest-jessica-jones/
Jump up ^ https://news.marvel.com/games/87421/this-week-in-marvel-games-runaways-jessica-jones-and-proxima-midnight/
External links[edit]
Jessica Jones at Marvel.com
Bendis Interview at Comic Book Resources (August 2005)
Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed: Which Jessica for Alias?
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