text:
Gastrointestinal wall
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This article is one of a series on the
Gastrointestinal wall
General structure[hide]
Epithelium
Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa
Adventitia
Specific[show]
Meissner's plexus
Auerbach's plexus
Organs[show]
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
v
t
e
The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue – from the lumen outwards:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular layer
Serosa (if the tissue is intraperitoneal) / Adventitia (if the tissue is retroperitoneal) -- these last two tissue types differ slightly in form and function according to the part of the gastrointestinal tract they belong to (see the section below for more detail)
The epithelium, the most exposed part of the mucosa, is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells. Goblet cells secrete mucus, which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes. In the small intestine, villi are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine. The villi contain a lacteal, a vessel connected to the lymph system that aids in the removal of lipids and tissue fluids. Microvilli are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place. Numerous intestinal glands as pocket-like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue. In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed. Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune cells, and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut.
The submucosa contains nerves including the submucous plexus (Meissner's plexus), blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen, that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine.
Surrounding this is the muscular layer, which comprises both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle that also helps with continued peristalsis and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut. In between the two layers of muscle lies the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus).
Lastly, there is the serosa/adventitia which is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue. Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Mucosa
1.1.1 Epithelium
1.2 Submucosa
1.3 Muscular layer
1.4 Serosa/Adventitia
2 Clinical relevance
3 Additional images
4 References
Structure[edit]
The general structure of the intestinal wall
The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy.
Mucosa[edit]
Main article: Mucosa
Image of the gastric mucosa.
The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the lumen of the tract, and comes into direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers: [1] :264
The epithelium is the innermost layer. It is where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur.
Lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue within the mucosa. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle.
Epithelium[edit]
The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium:[1]:265
In the oesophagus, pharynx and external anal canal the epithelium is stratified, squamous and non-keratinising, for protective purposes.
In the stomach, the epithelium is simple columnar, and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion.[1]:265
In the small intestine, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. The epithelium is arranged into villi, creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption. Each cell also has microvilli. it is organised into plicae circulares and villi, and the enterocytes have microvilli. This creates a brush border which greatly increases the surface area for absorption. The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli. In the ileum there are occasionally Peyer's patches in the lamina propria. Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum but not in other parts of the small intestine.[1]:265
In the colon, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. Goblet cells, which secrete mucous, are also present.[1]:265
The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.
Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach; between the stomach and duodenum, between the ileum and caecum, and at the pectinate line of the anus.[1]:264
Submucosa[edit]
Main article: Submucosa
The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer. It contains the submucous plexus, and enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer.[1]:263
Muscular layer[edit]
Main article: Muscular layer
The muscular layer (also known as the muscularis propria[2] ) consists of two layers of muscle, the inner and outer layer. The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract, whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally. The stomach has an extra layer, an inner oblique muscular layer.[1]:263 Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach's plexus. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (basal electrical rhythm) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can of course be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system.
The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch.
The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces. The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract.
The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract:
In the colon, for example, the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy, and require more force to push along. The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands, known as taeniae coli (bands of the colon). This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine.
Occasionally in the large intestine (2-3 times a day) there will be mass contraction of certain segments, moving a lot of faeces along. This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate.
The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer: the pyloric sphincter. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer. This is the inner oblique layer, and helps churn the chyme in the stomach.
Serosa/Adventitia[edit]
Main articles: Serosa and Adventitia
The outermost layer of the GI tract consists of several layers of connective tissue and is either adventitia or serosa.[1]:263[3]
Intraperitoneal regions of the digestive tract (aka those parts suspended by peritoneum) are covered with serosa. This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium, called the mesothelium, which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements. The intraperitoneal regions include most of the stomach, first part of the duodenum, all of the small intestine, caecum and appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a mesentery.
Retroperitoneal regions of the digestive tract (aka those parts that are firmly attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibers) parts are covered with adventitia. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position (for example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane). The retroperitoneal regions include the oral cavity, esophagus, pylorus of the stomach, distal duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon and anal canal.
Clinical relevance[edit]
Inflammatory bowel disease affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways. Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa. Crohn's disease may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural fistulae.
A perforated ulcer is one that has eroded through the layers of the gastrointestinal tract.
Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in staging of tumour spread. This is associated with prognosis.
The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3-5 mm,[4] and 1-5 mm in the large intestine.[5] Focal, irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy.[5] Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic, inflammatory or infectious disease.[5]
Additional images[edit]
General organisation of GI tract
The wall of the stomach.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Deakin, Barbara Young ... [et al.] ; drawings by Philip J. (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-4430-6-8508.
Jump up ^ "Oral: Four layers of the G.I. tract". The Histology Guide. University of Leeds. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Gartner and Hiatt; (2014). Color Atlas and Text of Histology (6th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-1343-3.
Jump up ^ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Updated: Sep 22, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014). "Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis". Insights into Imaging. 5 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y. ISSN 1869-4101.
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Memorial Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Memorial Day (disambiguation).
"Decoration Day" redirects here. For other uses, see Decoration Day (disambiguation).
Memorial Day
The gravestones at Arlington National Cemetery are decorated by U.S. flags on Memorial Day weekend in 2008.
Official name
Memorial Day
Observed by
United States
Type
National
Observances
Remembrance of American soldiers who have died in military service
Date
Last Monday in May
2017 date
May 29 (2017-05-29)
2018 date
May 28 (2018-05-28)
2019 date
May 27 (2019-05-27)
2020 date
May 25 (2020-05-25)
Frequency
Annual
Memorial Day or Decoration Day is a federal holiday in the United States for remembering the people who died while serving in the country's armed forces.[1] The holiday, which is currently observed every year on the last Monday of May, was held on May 28, 2018. The holiday was held on May 30 from 1868 to 1970.[2] It marks the unofficial start of the summer vacation season,[3] while Labor Day marks its end.
Many people visit cemeteries and memorials, particularly to honor those who have died in military service. Many volunteers place an American flag on each grave in national cemeteries.
Two other days celebrate those who serve or have served in the U.S. military: Veterans Day, which celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans;[4] and Armed Forces Day, a minor U.S. remembrance celebrated earlier in May, specifically honoring those currently serving in the U.S. military.
Contents
1 History
1.1 In the North
1.2 In the South
1.3 At Gettysburg
2 20th century
3 21st century
3.1 Poppies
4 As civil religious holiday
5 In film, literature, and music
5.1 Films
5.2 Music
5.3 Poetry
6 Observance dates (1971–present)
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The emergence and evolution of the Memorial Day holiday in the United States has been a highly controversial subject. The University of Mississippi's Center for Civil War Research and Columbus State University's Center for Memorial Day Research serve as excellent starting points for investigating the topic.[5][6]
1870 Decoration Day parade in St. Paul, Minnesota
The practice of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers is an ancient custom.[7] Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before[8] and during the American Civil War.
Some believe that an annual cemetery decoration practice began before the American Civil War and thus may reflect the real origin of the "memorial day" idea.[9] Annual Decoration Days for particular cemeteries are still held on a Sunday in late spring or early summer in some rural areas of the American South, notably in the mountain areas. In cases involving a family graveyard where remote ancestors as well as those who were deceased more recently are buried, this may take on the character of an extended family reunion to which some people travel hundreds of miles. People gather, put flowers on graves and renew contacts with relatives and others. There often is a religious service and a picnic-like "dinner on the grounds," the traditional term for a potluck meal at a church.[9]
On June 3, 1861, Warrenton, Virginia was the location of the first Civil War soldier's grave ever to be decorated, according to a Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper article in 1906.[10] In 1862, women in Savannah, Georgia decorated Confederate soldiers' graves according to the Savannah Republican.[11] The 1863 cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. Some have therefore claimed that Lincoln was the founder of Memorial Day.[12] On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania,[13] yet the principal grave they claim to have decorated was of a man who was not dead yet.[14] Nonetheless, Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day.[15]
In April 1865, following President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, commemorations were widespread. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government began creating national military cemeteries for the Union war dead.[16]
On May 1, 1865, in Charleston, South Carolina, recently freed African-Americans held a parade of 10,000 people to honor 257 dead Union Soldiers, whose remains they had reburied from a mass grave in a Confederate prison camp.[17] Historian David W. Blight cites contemporary news reports of this incident in the Charleston Daily Courier and the New-York Tribune. Although Blight claimed that "African Americans invented Memorial Day in Charleston, South Carolina",[18] in 2012, Blight stated that he "has no evidence" that the event in Charleston inspired the establishment of Memorial Day across the country.[19] Accordingly, investigators for Time Magazine, LiveScience, RealClearLife and Snopes have called this conclusion into question.[20][21][22][23]
In 1868, copying the southern annual observance of the previous three years,[24][25][26] General John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois, established Decoration Day as a time for the nation to decorate the graves of the Union war dead with flowers.[27] By the 20th century, various Union and Confederate memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who died while in the military service.[1]
On May 26, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated an "official" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York, as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York.[28] The village credits druggist Henry C. Welles and county clerk John B. Murray as the founders of the holiday. Scholars have determined that the Waterloo account is a myth.[29] Snopes and Live Science also discredit the Waterloo account.[30][31]
In the North[edit]
The Tomb of the Unknowns located in Arlington National Cemetery
On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of and for Union Civil War veterans.[9] With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states three years earlier.[24][32][33][34]
The first northern Memorial Day was observed on May 30, 1868. One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle.[35] According to a White House address in 2010, the date was chosen as the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North.[36]
Memorial Day, Boston by Henry Sandham
The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869.[37] In 1871, Michigan made "Decoration Day" an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit. There was no standard program for the ceremonies, but they were typically sponsored by the Women's Relief Corps, the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in the South. The most famous are Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania and Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, D.C.[38]
Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the "atrocities" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism for the people to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined together and the point was often made that the German and Irish soldiers had become true Americans in the "baptism of blood" on the battlefield.[39]
Since 1868 Doylestown, Pennsylvania, has held annual Memorial Day parades which it claims to be the nation's oldest continuously running. However, the Memorial Day parade in Rochester, Wisconsin, predates Doylestown's by one year.[40][41]
By the 1880s, ceremonies were becoming quite similar as the GAR provided handbooks that presented specific procedures, poems, and Bible verses for local post commanders to utilize in planning the local event. Historian Stuart McConnell reports:
on the day itself, the post assembled and marched to the local cemetery to decorate the graves of the fallen, an enterprise meticulously organized months in advance to assure that none were missed. Finally came a simple and subdued graveyard service involving prayers, short patriotic speeches, and music...and at the end perhaps a rifle salute.[42]
In the South[edit]
Confederate Memorial Monument in Montgomery, Alabama
The U.S. National Park Service[43] and numerous scholars attribute the beginning of a Memorial Day practice in the South to the ladies of Columbus, Georgia.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] On April 25, 1866, women in Columbus, Mississippi laid flowers on the graves of both the Union and Confederate dead in the city's Friendship Cemetery, claiming to be the first "Decoration Day."[51][52] The early southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries.[53]
Historians acknowledge the Ladies Memorial Association played a key role in these rituals of preservation of Confederate "memory."[54] Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate dead. The most important of these was the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 women by World War I. They were "strikingly successful at raising money to build Confederate monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks."[55]
In 1868, some southerners appended the label "Confederate" to what they originally called "Memorial Day" after northerners co-opted the holiday.[56] The tradition of observances were linked to the South, they served as the prototype for the national day of memory embraced by the nation in 1868.[43][57]
By 1890, there was a shift from the emphasis on honoring specific soldiers to a public commemoration of the Confederate south.[53] Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, David Blight argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate.[58]
At Gettysburg[edit]
Soldiers National Monument at the center of Gettysburg National Cemetery
Starting in 1868, the ceremonies and Memorial Day address at Gettysburg National Park became nationally known. In July 1913, veterans of the United States and Confederate armies gathered in Gettysburg to commemorate the fifty-year anniversary of the Civil War's bloodiest and most famous battle.[59]
Since the cemetery dedication at Gettysburg occurred on November 19, that day (or the closest weekend) has been designated as their own local memorial day that is referred to as Remembrance Day.[60]
20th century[edit]
Indiana from the 1860s to the 1920s saw numerous debates on how to expand the celebration. It was a favorite lobbying activity of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). An 1884 GAR handbook explained that Memorial Day was "the day of all days in the G.A.R. Calendar" in terms of mobilizing public support for pensions. It advised family members to "exercise great care" in keeping the veterans sober.[61]. As the years went by, the GAR complained more and more about the younger generation. In 1913, one Hoosier veteran complained that younger people born since the war had a "tendency ... to forget the purpose of Memorial Day and make it a day for games, races and revelry, instead of a day of memory and tears."[62] Indeed, in 1911 the scheduling of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway car race was vehemently opposed by the increasingly elderly GAR. The state legislature in 1923 rejected the race on that special day. But the new American Legion and local officials wanted the big race to continue, so Governor Warren McCray vetoed the bill and the race went on.[63]
In the national capital in 1913 the four-day "Blue-Gray Reunion" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southerner elected to the White House since the War. James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address. Heflin was a noted orator; his choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers.[64]
One of the longest-standing traditions is the running of the Indianapolis 500, an auto race which has been held in conjunction with Memorial Day since 1911.[65] Originally it was held on Memorial Day itself, and since 1974 it runs on the Sunday preceding the Memorial Day holiday. Since 1961 NASCAR's Coca-Cola 600 has been held during Memorial Day weekend, and has also been held on the previous Sunday since 1974.[citation needed] Since 1976 The Memorial Tournament golf event has been held on or close to the Memorial Day weekend.[citation needed] The Final of the NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship has been held on Memorial Day since 1986.[66]
"On Decoration Day" Political cartoon c. 1900 by John T. McCutcheon. Caption: "You bet I'm goin' to be a soldier, too, like my Uncle David, when I grow up."
The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from "Decoration Day" to "Memorial Day," which was first used in 1882.[67] Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967.[68] On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend.[69] The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.[69] After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years.
21st century[edit]
The United States Marine Band on Memorial Day
Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW stated in 2002:
Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.[70]
In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 PM.[71]
On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon.[72] It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.[73]
Memorial Day observances in small New England towns are often marked by dedications and remarks by veterans and politicians.
The National Memorial Day Concert takes place on the west lawn of the United States Capitol.[74] The concert is broadcast on PBS and NPR. Music is performed, and respect is paid to the men and women who gave their lives for their country.
Across the United States, the central event is attending one of the thousands of parades held on Memorial Day in large and small cities. Most of these feature marching bands and an overall military theme with the Active Duty, Reserve, National Guard and Veteran service members participating along with military vehicles from various wars.[citation needed]
Poppies[edit]
Main article: Remembrance poppy
In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, wrote the poem, "In Flanders Fields". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders.
In 1918, inspired by the poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. In 1920, the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance.[75]
As civil religious holiday[edit]
Scholars,[76][77][78][79] following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah, often make the argument that the United States has a secular "civil religion" – one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint – that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the Church of England. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals.[80]
Memorial Day has been called a "modern cult of the dead". It incorporates Christian themes of sacrifice while uniting citizens of various faiths.[81]
In film, literature, and music[edit]
Films[edit]
Memorial Day (2012) is a war film starring James Cromwell, Jonathan Bennett, and John Cromwell.
Logan Lucky (2017) starring Channing Tatum
Music[edit]
Charles Ives's symphonic poem Decoration Day depicted the holiday as he experienced it in his childhood, with his father's band leading the way to the town cemetery, the playing of "Taps" on a trumpet, and a livelier march tune on the way back to the town. It is frequently played with three other Ives works based on holidays, as the second movement of A Symphony: New England Holidays.
Poetry[edit]
Poems commemorating Memorial Day include:
Francis M. Finch's "The Blue and the Gray" (1867)[82]
Michael Anania's "Memorial Day" (1994)[83]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Decoration Day" (1882)[84]
Joyce Kilmer's "Memorial Day"
Observance dates (1971–present)[edit]
Year
Memorial Day
1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 May 29
1973 2001 2029 2057 2085 May 28
1974 2002 2030 2058 2086 May 27
1975 2003 2031 2059 2087 May 26
1976 2004 2032 2060 2088 2100 May 31
1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 May 30
1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 May 29
1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 May 28
1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 May 26
1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 May 25
1982 2010 2038 2066 2094 2106 May 31
1983 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 May 30
1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 2108 May 28
1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 2109 May 27
1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 2110 May 26
1987 2015 2043 2071 2099 2111 May 25
1988 2016 2044 2072 2112 May 30
1989 2017 2045 2073 2113 May 29
1990 2018 2046 2074 2114 May 28
1991 2019 2047 2075 2115 May 27
1992 2020 2048 2076 2116 May 25
1993 2021 2049 2077 2117 May 31
1994 2022 2050 2078 2118 May 30
1995 2023 2051 2079 2119 May 29
1996 2024 2052 2080 2120 May 27
1997 2025 2053 2081 2121 May 26
1998 2026 2054 2082 2122 May 25
1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 2123 May 31
See also[edit]
Military of the United States portal
Holidays portal
A Great Jubilee Day, first held the last Monday in May 1783 (American Revolutionary War)
ANZAC Day, an analogous observance in Australia and New Zealand on April 25 every year
Armistice Day
Confederate Memorial Day
Remembrance of the Dead ("Dodenherdenking"), every year on May 4, commemorates all civilians and members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands who have died in wars or peacekeeping missions since the outbreak of World War II.
Heroes' Day
Memorial Day massacre of 1937
Nora Fontaine Davidson, credited with the first Memorial Day ceremony in Petersburg, Virginia
Patriot Day
United States military casualties of war
Remembrance Day, an analogous observance in Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other Commonwealth nations held on November 11 each year
Volkstrauertag ( "People's Mourning Day" ), usually in November two Sundays ahead of 1. Advent, inaugurated in Germany in 1919 by the Weimar Republic, the German version of Memorial Day celebrated in the Weimar Republic and since 1949 in West Germany, a holiday with democratic context strictly different from the Imperial and Nazi-Era "Heldengedenktag", usually with a special event including the President in Bundestag
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Alan Jabbour; Karen Singer Jabbour (May 31, 2010). Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8078-3397-1. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Johnson, Lyndon. "Presidential Proclamation 3727". Retrieved May 27, 2013.
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Jump up ^ General John Logan, quoted by his wife. Books.google.com. 1913. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Complicated Journey: The Story of Logan and Memorial Day" Tom English, The Southern Illinoisian, May 22, 2015
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Jump up ^ Hennig Cohen; Tristram Potter Coffin (1991). The Folklore of American holidays. Gale Research. p. 215. ISBN 9780810376021.
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Jump up ^ says, Lisa. "Doylestown Hosts Oldest Memorial Day Parade In The Country". Retrieved June 1, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service, "Flowers For Jennie" Retrieved February 24, 2015
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Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher, The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, p. 190
Jump up ^ Kristina Dunn Johnson, No Holier Spot of Ground, p. 33
Jump up ^ Michael Kammen (Pulitzer Prize Winner), Mystic Chords of Memory, New York, Knopf 1991, 103.
Jump up ^ Tom English, "A Complicated Journey," The Southern Illinoisian, May 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mrs. Logan's Memoirs, p. 246. Books.google.com. 1913. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Birthplace of Memorial Day? That Depends Where You're From". The New York Times. May 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Friendship Cemetery - Columbus MS". visitcolumbusms.org.
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Jump up ^ Sacco, p 362
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^ Jump up to: a b "Public Law 90-363". Retrieved April 7, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Peggy Post; Anna Post; Lizzie Post; Daniel Post Senning (November 15, 2011). Emily Post's Etiquette, 18. HarperCollins. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-06-210127-3.
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Jump up ^ "The National Memorial Day Concert" pbs.org, May 25, 2018
Jump up ^ "Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?". BBC News. November 10, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
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Further reading[edit]
Albanese, Catherine. "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", American Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct. 1974), pp. 386–98 in JSTOR
Bellah, Robert N. "Civil Religion in America". Daedalus 1967 96(1): 1–21. online edition
Bellware, Daniel, and Richard Gardiner, The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America (Columbus State University, 2014).
Blight, David W. "Decoration Day: The Origins of Memorial Day in North and South" in Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds. The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture (2004), online edition pp. 94–129; the standard scholarly history
Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2000) ch. 3, "Decorations" excerpt and text search
Buck, Paul H. The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900 (1937)
Cherry, Conrad. "Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications for the Study of Religion in America", American Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1969), pp. 739–54 in JSTOR
Dennis, Matthew. Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar (2002)
Jabbour, Alan, and Karen Singer Jabbour. Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians (University of North Carolina Press; 2010)
Myers, Robert J. "Memorial Day". Chapter 24 in Celebrations: The Complete Book of American Holidays. (1972)
Robert Haven Schauffler (1911). Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil W. BiblioBazaar reprint 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memorial Day.
Look up Memorial Day in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
36 USC 116. Memorial Day (designation law)
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
National Moment of Remembrance Home Page
National Memorial Day Museum website
National Memorial Day Concert site
The History of Memorial Day
Memorial Day celebration suggestions, 1898
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List of 3rd Rock from the Sun characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Below is a list of characters in the U.S. television comedy series 3rd Rock from the Sun:
Contents
1 Cast
2 Main characters
2.1 Dick Solomon
2.2 Sally Solomon
2.3 Harry Solomon
2.4 Tommy Solomon
2.5 Dr. Mary Albright
2.6 Don Orville
2.7 Mamie Dubcek
2.8 Nina Campbell
3 Recurring characters
3.1 Dr. Judith Draper
3.2 August Leffler
3.3 Vincent Strudwick
3.4 Alissa Strudwick
4 References
Cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
John Lithgow Dick Solomon Main
Kristen Johnston Sally Solomon Main
French Stewart Harry Solomon Main
Joseph Gordon Levitt Tommy Solomon Main
Jane Curtin Mary Albright Main
Simbi Khali Nina Campbell Recurring Main
Elmarie Wendel Mamie Dubcek Recurring Main
Wayne Knight Don Orville Recurring Main
Main characters[edit]
Dick Solomon[edit]
See also: Dick Solomon
Though the High Commander and head of the expedition to Earth, Dick is often the most childlike member of the group, being the youngest of the crew, despite being the oldest family member (at least appearing to be the oldest due to his body). Much of the behavioral or societal-based troubles faced by the crew in their mission while on Earth frequently arise from some juvenile act perpetrated by Dick, troubles which in turn are forced to be overcome by the entire troupe with a great deal of reluctance.
Sally Solomon[edit]
See also: Sally Solomon
With a rank of lieutenant, Sally is the security officer and second-in-command. She has been called Dick's sister, but was sometimes introduced as Tommy's sister earlier in the series, and, on one occasion, claimed to be his mother, although never Dick's daughter and certainly not his spouse; failure to clarify the exact relationship between Tommy, Harry, and Sally led to humorous confusion whenever either Harry or Sally attempted to act as Tommy's guardian. Sally was chosen to be the woman because she apparently lost some sort of contest and was not too thrilled about it; while the alien species is described as asexual, Sally seems to have a harder time trying to figure out womanhood than the others do manhood. She files a request to be made male early in the mission, though later decides she liked being a woman. A later episode had Dick and her switching bodies on orders from the Big Giant Head, which caused much confusion both on their parts, as they had gotten used to their respective genders while on Earth, and the other characters, as they could not get used to Sally acting like Dick and vice versa.
Harry Solomon[edit]
See also: Harry Solomon
Originally, Harry was not part of the mission, but just happened to go for the ride because an extra seat was available. Later, it becomes known that a chip is in his head, and he becomes the Communicator or Transmitter. Occasionally, he gets a message from the Solomons' leader, the Big Giant Head, and shakes violently in the middle of a sentence and squats down, with his arms at 90° angles, declaring "Incoming message from the Big Giant Head!", before going through the motions of delivering the message, which always ends with a violent sneeze. He poses as Dick and Sally's brother, and Tommy's uncle. Harry is often known to be the simplest family member, is occasionally impulsive and misunderstands people. He is also prone to misfortune. Though he seems to fit in on Earth with the earthlings better than anyone else, this is implied because he is seen as dimwitted. Whether he is really dimwitted or just more sensitive to his surroundings is unclear, however.
Tommy Solomon[edit]
See also: Tommy Solomon (3rd Rock from the Sun)
Information officer and third-in-command behind Sally, Tommy plays the role of Dick's adolescent son, yet he is the oldest and smartest of all the aliens. Throughout the series, Tommy continually reminds the others of his superior intelligence and greater age. Gordon-Levitt left the series (after the fifth season concluded) as a primary character, only appearing as a recurring character in just over half the episodes of season six. In the show, this is explained by Tommy's graduating from high school and moving out to college.
Dr. Mary Albright[edit]
See also: Mary Albright
Dick's colleague and on-and-off girlfriend, Mary is aware that Dick is an insensitive idiot, but appreciates his joie de vivre and quirkiness. Reference is often made to the insecurity caused by her bad parenting, and the fact that before Dick arrived, she was known for sleeping around, and had even been nicknamed "Dr. Slutbunny".
Don Orville[edit]
See also: Don Orville
As Sally's boyfriend, Don is an underachieving, spineless police officer, who has a talent for romanticizing his rather mundane job. Sally is completely enraptured by his stories, and is reduced to simpering and giggling around him.
Mamie Dubcek[edit]
Mrs. Mamie Dubcek (usually referred to as 'Dubcek' by the Solomon family) is the landlady who rents an attic apartment to the Solomon family for the duration of the series.
Mrs. Dubcek lives below the Solomon family and is portrayed as a loose and carefree woman who is prone to having many sexual partners. For this reason, she often acts as a bizarre and unlikely guide for the Solomons in handling problems in their love lives.
Mrs. Dubcek's daughter Vicki is introduced in the Thanksgiving episode, Gobble, Gobble, Dick, Dick.[1] During this episode, Vicki is established as a love interest for Harry, and as the series progresses, the pair consider having a baby together, before the Big Giant Head intervenes and impregnates Vicki himself.[2] Mrs. Dubcek also has an unnamed son, as mentioned in the Season 2 episode, My Mother the Alien. She apparently has an illegitimate granddaughter named Melanie, possibly from her aforementioned unnamed son, in the Season 2 episode, Will Work for Dick.[3]
Although Mrs. Dubcek is unmarried throughout the course of the series, she often refers to former husbands. In the episode Dick Like Me she describes her ethnicity as "a little Czech, a little Romanian; I'm your basic Slavic mutt."[4]
Nina Campbell[edit]
Nina is the professional assistant of Dr. Mary Albright and Dr. Dick Solomon at the fictional Pendelton State University. At times, she and Dr. Albright are friends, while at others they seem to dislike each other. She stated in the episode "Dick, Who's Coming To Dinner" that she is a student of Pendelton.[5]
Nina does not usually get on with Dick but eventually he grows on her. She quits working for him in the episode "Will Work for Dick", which causes him a great deal of angst and resulting in his hiring and firing Harry. He convinces her to return to him in the end of the episode.[3]
Sally tends to regard Nina and Vicki Dubcek as her two best friends and are often seen asking them for advice and discussing her problems. In one episode, she moves in with Nina and they share an Odd Couple-like relationship until Sally moves back to the loft.[6]
Nina is sarcastic in dealing with both Mary and Dick and was particularly angry when Mary's promotion left her with just Dick to manage. Despite this, Nina can be kind to both of them, particularly to Mary whom she encourages to be more firm with Dick. It was Nina who encouraged Mary to stop tormenting Dick and go out with him in the episode "See Dick Run".[7]
Recurring characters[edit]
Dr. Judith Draper[edit]
Judith Draper is a fictional character in 3rd Rock from the Sun, played by Ileen Getz. She is the professor of Women's Studies at the fictional Pendelton State University. She appeared in a promotional video for Pendelton, alongside Dick's son Tommy (who played a teenager saying he is applying for Pendelton) after Dick and Mary, the original stars of the video, sabotaged the entire production.[8]
Little is shown about Judith's life, as she is usually seen in purely academic situations, such as in the office or at Pendleton staff meetings or parties. She is known for her husky and unrestrained laugh after she makes a joke, although nobody else laughs at her jokes. She generally speaks in monotone.
Judith was shown to be neurotic, cynical, and possibly a closeted lesbian. She claimed to have a boyfriend named Trent, but Mary believes that he's imaginary.[9] She admitted that she once believed there was a hidden camera in the ladies restroom at Pendleton, and even went as far as to dismantle the ceiling tiles in her search for it.[10]
August Leffler[edit]
August Leffler is Tommy's steady girlfriend. She had a habit of demanding a lot of Tommy while not always giving anything in return. However, Tommy attempted to break up with her a couple of times to pursue other women (e.g. one of which is his music teacher in the episode "Fourth and Dick" in Season Two). They continue to hang out together until she decides to move on (third-season episode "Moby Dick"). She confirms this in the fourth-season episode "Citizen Solomon" when confronted by Tommy. This was part of a story arc that involved all the aliens breaking up with their significant others. However, while the other broken relationships (Dick and Mary, Sally and Don, etc.) were ultimately resolved, Tommy and August's was not. In the fourth season, Tommy began dating Alissa Strudwick, who soon took August's place on the show.
In the episode "Just Your Average Dick", August says that she is of Dutch ancestry. Her family emigrated to the United States on a schooner in 1852.[11]
Portrayal
August was generally portrayed as an icy and disdainful female, a scholar and a feminist. She tended to play games with Tommy, making sure he would come at her beck and call. She was a studious high schooler who was especially contemptuous of prettier girls whom she regarded as shallow and unintelligent. She was known for being able to easily manipulate Tommy and was clearly the one in charge of their relationship. She treated him as more of a pet than a boyfriend. For instance, in her first episode "Lonely Dick," she told Tommy, who was unsure when it would be appropriate to be physically intimate with her, that she would "decide that as we go along."
August was often shown to have a lot of the same highbrow interests as Tommy, and her perceived intellectual superiority over him (and the "shallow" girls whom she disliked) seemed to give her a degree of elitism. She was also known for her rather quaint neo-feminist views, such as her belief, stated in "I Brake for Dick," that cosmetics are a way for men to "decorate the women they own and turn them into vacuous playthings." She seemed to also have similarly unusual opinions about other topics (according to Tommy in "I Enjoy Being a Dick," August got out of the Girl Scouts because she thought the cookie selling verged on racketeering).
Break-up with Tommy
August eventually left Tommy due to her annoyance with what she regarded as his immaturity. She was seeing another boy, Kevin, behind his back. August appeared in two fourth-season episodes after Tommy began dating Alissa, the first of which was "Citizen Solomon". In the following episode, "Alien Hunter", she appeared as a guest at Dick's birthday party, but didn't have any lines. Her appearance in this episode (as well as Alissa's absence) wasn't explained.
Vincent Strudwick[edit]
Vincent Strudwick is first a friend, and later the arch-enemy of Dick. In the first seasons of the show, Dick and Strudwick appeared to be friends, and were seen playing physics-related games together in the second season episode Dick Behaving Badly.[12] Also, in the fourth season episode Power Mad Dick, Mary is made Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences and Dick believes that this gives him her authority, and one of the changes he makes is giving Strudwick a pay raise.[13]
Strudwick's rivalry with Dick came into play after he released a bestselling book about physics, and Dick, as another physics teacher, became jealous of his achievement and from then on appeared to detest him.[14] In the season five episode Dick For Tat it was revealed that Mary had had a fling with Strudwick. Their rivalry continued until the very last episode of the series, in which the aliens held an alien-themed farewell party, that Dick misled Strudwick into arriving at dressed for a masquerade ball recreating the court of King Louis XIV.[15]

Alissa Strudwick[edit]
Alissa Strudwick becomes Tommy's long-time girlfriend after he breaks up with August. She's the daughter of Vincent Strudwick, a colleague of Dick, at Pendelton State University.
Alissa first appears in "Indecent Dick," sitting in Tommy's science class. Alissa and Tommy are mutually attracted, but are too shy to do anything about it. After Alissa catches a cold, Tommy brings her chicken soup and Alissa asks if Tommy always gives chicken soup to girls he likes, to which Tommy replies, with a "macho" attitude: "I don't like you."[16] However, in "Sally Forth" Tommy gets himself sent to detention class so he can ask Alissa out on a date.[17] When Tommy refers to Alissa as his girlfriend, Harry calls him crazy, so Tommy decides to prove it by joining Alissa babysitting at the Wheelers' house. This turns out to be a disaster, because Harry and Vicki come in, having a huge argument about having a baby together. But after this, Tommy and Alissa become boyfriend and girlfriend.[18]
When Tommy becomes class valedictorian, he and Alissa discuss what he should say in his end speech. Sally accidentally overhears Alissa suggesting something about moving on and saying goodbye to friends and because of this she thinks that Alissa wants to break up with Tommy. Sally decides that she should dump Alissa, for Tommy, before Alissa dumps Tommy.[19] Tommy gets mad at Sally after she tells him that she broke up with Alissa for him because she was going to dump him. When Tommy tries to talk to Alissa she tells him to get lost.[20] Tommy tries to get back with Alissa, saying that she still has the beer tap which they rented for the senior party and he needs to return it, as an excuse to see her again. He gets Alissa to watch a scary movie with him, hoping that the movie would be so scary that she needed a big strong man to hold on to. This plan is ruined by Harry and Sally trying to make the movie scarier and by Dick, Strudwick and Albright who thought that Tommy and Alissa ran away from home together. This is the last time we ever see her.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gobble, Gobble, Dick, Dick". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 2. Episode 10. 24 November 1996. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dick's Big Giant Headache - Part II". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 4. Episode 24. 29 May 1999. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Will Work for Dick". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 2. Episode 22. 4 May 1997. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dick Like Me". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 1. Episode 16. 23 April 1996. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 5. Episode 6. 23 November 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dick-In-Law". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 3. Episode 4. 15 October 1997. NBC.
Jump up ^ "See Dick Run". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 1. Episode 20. 21 May 1996. NBC.
Jump up ^ "The Tooth Harry". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 3. Episode 26. 20 May 1998. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Gwen, Larry, Dick and Mary". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 5. Episode 10. 25 January 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Sally and Don's First Kiss"
Jump up ^ "Just Your Average Dick". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 3. Episode 22. 28 April 1998. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dick Behaving Badly". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 2. Episode 19. 23 March 1996. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Power Mad Dick". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 4. Episode 2. 7 October 1998. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dick v. Strudwick". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 4. Episode 21. 11 May 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "The Thing That Wouldn't Die". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 6. Episode 20. 22 May 2001. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Indecent Dick". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 4. Episode 8. 9 December 1998. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Sally Forth". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 4. Episode 13. 9 February 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "The House that Dick Built". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 4. Episode 15. 23 February 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "The Big Giant Head Returns Again: Pt. 1". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 5. Episode 21. 23 May 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "The Big Giant Head Returns Again: Pt. 2". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 5. Episode 22. 23 May 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Fear and Loathing in Rutherford". 3rd Rock from the Sun. Season 6. Episode 2. 31 September 2000. NBC. Check date values in: |= (help)
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3rd Rock from the Sun
Characters
Dick Solomon
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Nina Campbell
Mamie Dubcek
Don Orville
Mary Albright
Big Giant Head
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"Brains and Eggs"
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5
6
"The Thing That Wouldn't Die"
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun_characters&oldid=842933530"
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z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun_characters rootpage-List_of_3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun_characters skin-vector action-view