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Panchayati raj (India)
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In India, the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system introduced by constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia. The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats (or Caste Panchayats) found in northern India.[1] The Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration.
Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, Madhya Pradesh, India
Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.[2][3] The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.[4] However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992.[5]
In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level).[6] It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution.[7]
Various committees on Panchayati Raj:
Balwant Rai Mehta: established 1957
V.T. Krishnammachari: 1960
Takhatmal Jain Study Group: 1966
Ashok Mehta Committee: 1977
G.V.K. Rao Committee: 1985
Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee: 1986
Contents
[hide]
1 Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
2 Block level panchayat
2.1 Constituency
2.2 Departments
2.3 Functions
3 District level panchayat
3.1 Composition
3.2 Functions
3.3 Sources of income
4 Village level panchayat
5 Reservation for women in PRIs in India
6 See also
7 Notes and references
7.1 Further reading
7.2 External links
Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee[edit]
The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, headed by MP Balwantrai Mehta, was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation of the committee by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralisation’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj.
This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.
The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2nd Oct 1959. The second state was Andhra Pradesh, while Maharashtra was the Ninth state. State governments during the 1950s and 60s adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.[8]
The Act aims to provide a three-tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee, to prepare a development plan draft for the district.
The Panchayats receive funds from three sources:[8]
Local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission
Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes
Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions
In the history of Panchayati Raj, in India, on 24 April 1993, the Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This act was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Rajasthan beginning on 24 December 1996. Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, and in all Union Territories except Delhi.[9]
Block level panchayat[edit]
Main article: Panchayat Samiti (Block)
Newly elected panchayat in Punjab, India
A Panchayat Samiti (block panchayat) is a local government body at the tehsil level. This body works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a "development block". The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration. Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably mandal and taluka, there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat and Karnataka, and Panchayat Samiti in Maharashtra. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.
Constituency[edit]
Membership in the block panchayat is mostly ex-official; it is composed of: all of the Sarpanchas (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the SC/ST and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members.
The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.
Departments[edit]
The common departments in the Samiti are as follows:
General Administration
Finance
Public Works
Agriculture
Health
Education
Social Welfare
Information Technology
Water Supply Department
Animal Husbandry and others
There is an officer for every department. A government-appointed Block Development Officer (BDO) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration, and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP.
Functions[edit]
Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure
Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools
Supply of drinking water, drainage and construction/repair of roads
Development of a cottage and small-scale industries, and the opening of cooperative societies
Establishment of youth organisations
District level panchayat[edit]
Main article: District Councils of India
The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad. The chief of administration is an officer of the IAS cadre.
Composition[edit]
The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises- Deputy Commissioner of the District. Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district, and heads of all Government Departments in the district;members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district; a representative of each cooperative society ;some women and Scheduled Caste members if not adequately represented; and co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service.
Functions[edit]
Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population
Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques
Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas
Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics
Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram shalas for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them
Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes
Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance
Provide employment
Sources of income[edit]
Taxes collected locally such as on water, place of pilgrimage, local mandirs (temples), and markets
A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishes
Village level panchayat[edit]
Main article: Gram panchayat
A gram panchayat is a village level administrative body, with a Sarpanch as its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha.[10]
Reservation for women in PRIs in India[edit]
On August 27, 2009, the Union Cabinet of the Government of India approved 50% reservation for women in PRIs (Panchayati Raj Institutions). The Indian states Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Uttarakhand[11] have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs.[12][13] The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. Currently 100% of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women.[14]
See also[edit]
National Panchayati Raj Day
Local self-government in India
Patwari
Lambardar
Zaildar
Notes and references[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Mullick, Rohit & Raaj, Neelam (9 September 2007). "Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Sisodia, R. S. (1971). "Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj". Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 (2): 9–10.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Manohar Lal (1987). Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. OCLC 17678104. Hathi Trust copy, search only
Jump up ^ Hardgrave, Robert L. & Kochanek, Stanley A. (2008). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (seventh ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4.
Jump up ^ Singh, Vijandra (2003). "Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi". Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration. Studies in public administration. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 84–90. ISBN 978-81-7625-392-5.
Jump up ^ Nath, Akshaya (24 April 2015). "National Panchayati Raj Day: Here are few things that you need to know about Panchayati Raj". SaddaHaq.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 May 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
Jump up ^ panchayat.nic.in
Jump up ^ Sapra, Ipsita (February 2013). "Living in the villages". Rural Democracy. D+C Development and Cooperation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ 50% reservation for women in panchayats - Oneindia News. News.oneindia.in (2009-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ 50% reservation for women in AP, Bihar Panchayats. Sify.com (2011-11-25). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mayor-malayalam-news-1.696624
Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/lsgd-womans-malayalam-news-1.694513
Sources
Nepal glossary, United States Library of Congress
Article 333357, zeenews.com
Article India994-07, hrw.org
Panchayati raj Recruitment, Exambuzzer.com
Further reading[edit]
Subrata K. Mitra and V.B. Singh. 1999. Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-4 (U.S. HB).
Subrata K. Mitra. 2001. Making local government work: Local elites, Panchayati raj and governance in India, in Atul Kohli (Ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Subrata K. Mitra. 2003. Politics in India, in Almond, Gabriel/Bingham Powell/Russell Dalton/Kaare Strøm (Eds.), Comparative Politics Today. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634–684.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panchayati Raj.
Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
"Home page". Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.
"Panchayat (article 440944)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. about the caste panchayats
The Hunger Project. "Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government". International Museum of Women. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015.
National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol
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The Facts of Life (TV series)
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The Facts of Life
The Facts of Life title screen for season 1. A similar shot without students was used for seasons 2-4.
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Dick Clair
Jenna McMahon
Developed by
Howard Leeds
Ben Starr
Jerry Mayer
Starring
Charlotte Rae
Lisa Whelchel
Kim Fields
Mindy Cohn
Nancy McKeon

Additional Cast
Geri Jewell
Roger Perry
Mackenzie Astin
Cloris Leachman
George Clooney
Felice Schachter
Julie Piekarski
Molly Ringwald
Julie Anne Haddock
Sherrie Krenn
Pamela Segall
John Lawlor
Jenny O'Hara
Theme music composer
Al Burton
Gloria Loring
Alan Thicke
Opening theme
"The Facts of Life"
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
209 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jack Elinson
(seasons 2–7)
Jerry Mayer
(seasons 3–6)
Linda Marsh
Margie Peters
(seasons 5–6)
Deidre Fay
Stuart Wolpert
(seasons 6–7)
Irma Kalish
Richard Gurman
(seasons 8–9)
Producer(s)
Jerry Mayer
(seasons 1–3)
Linda Marsh
Margie Peters
(seasons 3–4)
Rita Dillon
(seasons 5–9)
Kimberly Hill
(season 6)
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Videotape
Running time
22 mins.
Production company(s)
PITS Films (August 24, 1979)
T.A.T. Communications Co.
(1979–1982)
(seasons 1-3)
Embassy Television
(1982–1986)
(seasons 4-7)
Embassy Communications
(1986–1988)
(seasons 8-9)
ELP Communications
(1988)
(season 9)
Columbia Pictures Television
(1988)
(season 9)
Distributor
Embassy Communications
(1986–1988)
Columbia Pictures Television
(1988–1989)
Release
Original network
NBC
Audio format
Monaural (1979–1984)
Stereo (1984–1988)
Original release
August 24, 1979 (1979-08-24) – May 7, 1988 (1988-05-07)
Chronology
Followed by
The Facts of Life Reunion
Related shows
Diff'rent Strokes
The Facts of Life is an American sitcom and a spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes that originally aired on NBC from August 24, 1979, to May 7, 1988, making it one of the longest-running sitcoms of the 1980s. The series focuses on Edna Garrett (Charlotte Rae) as she becomes a housemother (and after the second season, a dietitian as well) at the fictional Eastland School, an all-female boarding school in Peekskill, New York.[1]
Contents
1 Plot
1.1 Season 1
1.2 Seasons 2–8
1.3 Final season
2 Cast
2.1 Main characters
2.2 Recurring characters
2.3 Celebrity guest stars
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Theme music
4 Episodes
4.1 Television films
4.1.1 The Facts of Life Goes to Paris
4.1.2 The Facts of Life Down Under
4.1.3 The Facts of Life Reunion
5 Syndication
6 International airings
7 Reception
7.1 Ratings
7.2 Awards
8 Home media
9 Attempted spin-offs
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
Season 1[edit]
A spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes, the series featured the Drummonds' former housekeeper Edna Garrett (Charlotte Rae) becoming the housemother of a dormitory at Eastland School, a private all-girls school. The girls in her care included spoiled rich girl Blair Warner (Lisa Whelchel); the youngest, gossipy Dorothy "Tootie" Ramsey (Kim Fields); and impressionable Natalie Green (Mindy Cohn).
The pilot for the show originally aired as the last episode of Diff'rent Strokes' first season and was called "The Girls' School (aka Garrett's Girls)." The plotline for the pilot had Kimberly Drummond (Dana Plato) requesting that Mrs. Garrett help her sew costumes for a student play at East Lake School for Girls, the school Kimberly attended in upstate New York, as her dorm's housemother had recently quit. Mrs. Garrett agrees to help, puts on a successful play, and also solves a problem for Nancy. Mrs. Garrett is asked to stay on as the new housemother but states she would rather remain working for the Drummonds at the end of the pilot.
Following the pilot, the name of the school was changed to Eastland and characters were replaced, with Natalie, Cindy (Julie Anne Haddock), and Mr. Bradley becoming part of the main group featured. Although Kimberly Drummond is featured as a student at East Lake, her character did not cross over to the spinoff series with Mrs. Garrett.
In the show's first season, episodes focus on the troubles of seven girls, with the action usually set in a large, wood-paneled common room of a girls' dormitory. Also appearing was the school's headmaster, Mr. Steven Bradley (John Lawlor), and Ms. Emily Mahoney (Jenny O'Hara), an Eastland teacher who was dropped after the first four episodes. Early episodes of the show typically revolve around a central morality-based or "lesson teaching" theme. The show's pilot episode plot included a story line in which Blair Warner insinuates that her schoolmate Cindy Webster is a lesbian because she is a tomboy and frequently shows affection for other girls. Other season one episodes deal with issues including drug use, sex, eating disorders, parental relationships, and peer pressure.
Seasons 2–8[edit]
The producers felt that there were too many characters given the limitations of the half-hour sitcom format, and that the plot lines should be more focused to give the remaining girls more room for character development. Four of the original actresses—Julie Anne Haddock (Cindy), Julie Piekarski (Sue Ann), Felice Schachter (Nancy), and Molly Ringwald (Molly)—were written out of the show (although the four did make periodic guest appearances in the second and third seasons, and all but Molly Ringwald appeared in one "reunion" episode in the eighth season). Mr. Bradley's character was also dropped and replaced by Mr. Parker[2] for the rest of the series. In addition to being housemother to the remaining girls, Mrs. Garrett became the school dietitian as the second season began. Jo Polniaczek (Nancy McKeon), a new student originally from the Bronx, arrived at Eastland on scholarship. A run-in with the law forced the four to be separated from the other girls and work in the cafeteria, living together in a spare room next to Mrs. Garrett's bedroom.
The season two premiere of the retooled series saw an immediate ratings increase. By its third season (1981–82), Facts of Life had become NBC's #1 comedy and #2 overall NBC program, beating out its predecessor, Diff'rent Strokes, for the first time.[3]
In 1983, Jo and Blair graduated Eastland Academy in the highly anticipated season four finale "Graduation". To keep the four girls under one roof, the hour-long season five premiere "Brave New World" saw Mrs. Garrett go into business for herself and open a gourmet food venture named Edna's Edibles (it placed #9 in the weekly ratings). The four girls would come to live and work with Mrs. Garrett in this new refreshed space.
In September 1985, NBC moved the seventh season of the series to its burgeoning Saturday night lineup at 8:30 p.m., as a lead-in for the new series The Golden Girls at 9:00 p.m. In an attempt to refresh the "ratings work horse" and increase ratings, George Clooney was added to the regular cast and Mrs. Garrett's store was gutted by fire in the season seven premiere "Out of the Fire". The follow-up episodes "Into the Frying Pan" and "Grand Opening" had the girls join together to rebuild the store with a pop culture-influenced gift shop, called Over Our Heads. The changes proved successful as all three episodes placed in the top ten ratings each week. By the end of the season, TV Guide reported, "Facts' success has been so unexpected that scions of Hollywood are still taken aback by it.…Facts has in fact been among NBC's top-ranked comedies for the past five years. It finished twenty-third overall for the 1985–1986 season, handily winning its time slot against its most frequent competitors, Airwolf and Benson. Lisa Whelchel stated, 'We're easily overlooked because we've never been a huge hit; we just sort of snuck in there.'"[4]
Charlotte Rae initially reduced her role in seasons six and seven, and later decided to leave the series altogether, believing she had done all she could do with her character and desired to move on to other projects.[5] In season eight's heavily promoted one-hour premiere, "Out of Peekskill" Mrs. Garrett married the man of her dreams and joined him in Africa while he worked for the Peace Corps. Mrs. Garrett convinces her sister, Beverly Ann Stickle (Cloris Leachman), to take over the shop and look after the girls. Beverly Ann later legally adopted Over Our Heads worker Andy Moffett (Mackenzie Astin) in the episode "A Boy About the House". Describing the new changes to The Facts of Life Brandon Tartikoff, NBC Entertainment President, said he "was surprised that The Facts of Life performed well this season, as, with a major cast change and all, I thought it might not perform as it had in the past. Facts has been renewed for next season."[6]
Final season[edit]
In the ninth and final season, the series aired on NBC's Saturday night lineup at 8:00 p.m. NBC still had confidence in the series, making it the 8:00 p.m. anchor, kicking off the network's second-highest rated night (next to Thursdays). For February sweeps, the writers created a controversial storyline in this season for the episode titled "The First Time", in which Natalie became the first of the girls to lose her virginity. Lisa Whelchel refused this particular storyline that would have made her character, not Natalie, the first among the four young women in the show to lose her virginity. Having become a Christian when she was 10, Whelchel refused because of her Christian convictions. Whelchel appeared in every episode, but asked to be written out of "The First Time".[7] The episode ran a parental advisory before starting, and placed 22nd in the ratings for the week.[8]
With the show still comfortably winning its timeslot, NBC made plans to renew The Facts of Life for a tenth season, but two castmates—Mindy Cohn and Nancy McKeon—chose to leave at the conclusion of season nine.[9]
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Facts of Life characters
Main characters[edit]
Actor
Character
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Charlotte Rae Edna Garrett Main Guest Absent
Lisa Whelchel Blair Warner Main
Kim Fields Tootie Ramsey Main
Mindy Cohn Natalie Green Main
Nancy McKeon Jo Polniaczek Absent Main
John Lawlor Steven Bradley Main Absent
Jenny O'Hara Emily Mahoney[note 1] Main Absent
Felice Schachter Nancy Olsen Main Recurring Absent Guest Absent
Julie Piekarski Sue Ann Weaver Main Recurring Absent Guest Absent
Julie Anne Haddock Cindy Webster Main Recurring Absent Guest Absent
Molly Ringwald Molly Parker Main Guest Absent
Pamela Segall Kelly Affinado Absent Main Absent
Mackenzie Astin Andy Moffett Absent Recurring Main
George Clooney George Burnett Absent Main Recurring Absent
Cloris Leachman Beverly Ann Stickle Absent Main
Sherrie Krenn Pippa McKenna[note 2] Absent Main

Recurring characters[edit]
A key recurring character was Geri Tyler (Geri Jewell), Blair's cousin who has cerebral palsy. Other recurring characters included the judgment-impaired Miko Wakamatsu (Lauren Tom), the delivery boy Roy (Loren Lester) who was enamored with Jo, the royal princess Alexandra (Heather McAdam) and the snobbish Boots St. Clair (Jami Gertz). Shoplifter Kelly (Pamela Segall) was billed as a regular during the fifth season. Other guest roles included the boyfriends of the girls; Jo's parents, played by Alex Rocco and Claire Malis; Blair's parents, played by Nicolas Coster and Marj Dusay (Blair's mother was played by Pam Huntington in one episode during the first season); Tootie's parents, played by Kim Fields' real-life mother, actress Chip Fields, and Robert Hooks; and Natalie's parents, played by Norman Burton and Mitzi Hoag. (Natalie's grandmother was played by Molly Picon, and appeared in two episodes.) Hugh Gillin appeared in four episodes as Howard. Officer Ziaukus was played by Larry Wilmore, and appeared in 2 episodes. A 1984 episode was built around Natalie coming to terms with the sudden death of her father. Characters from Diff'rent Strokes also appeared in some episodes of both season one and season two. Shawnte Northcutte from The New Mickey Mouse Club appeared as Madge in the 1980 episode "Who Am I?". Other recurring characters included Tootie's boyfriend Jeff Williams (Todd Hollowell), Blair's boyfriend Cliff (Woody Brown), and Mr. Charles Parker (Roger Perry), who served as headmaster of Eastland following Lawlor's exit from the show.
Celebrity guest stars[edit]
Celebrities who made guest appearances on the show included Helen Hunt, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Jermaine Jackson, Eve Plumb, Jean Smart, John Astin, Bobby Rydell, Fabian, Dick Van Patten, Penelope Ann Miller, Doug Savant, Dennis Haysbert, Lois Nettleton, Richard Moll, David Spade, Richard Grieco, Juliette Lewis, Seth Green, Charo, Mayim Bialik, Deborah Harmon, Irene Tedrow, El DeBarge, Joyce Bulifant, Stacey Q, and Anne Jackson.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The Facts of Life was produced first by T.A.T. Communications Company, later known as Embassy Television (Norman Lear's production companies), and then as Embassy Communications, and Columbia Pictures Television (through ELP Communications) on January–May 1988 episodes of the series. Sony Pictures Television currently owns the distribution rights to the sitcom.
From 1979 to 1982, the show was produced at Metromedia Square in Los Angeles, California. In 1982, production moved to Universal City Studios and then to Sunset Gower Studios in 1985.
Theme music[edit]
The show's theme was composed by Al Burton, Gloria Loring, and her then-husband, Alan Thicke. The well-known opening lyric "You take the good, you take the bad…" came later as the first season lyrics, some of them performed by Rae, and the original cast, differed from those that followed, later sung by Loring. The original lyrics eventually shifted to the closing credits before being dropped entirely. Burton, Loring, and Thicke had previously composed the theme to Diff'rent Strokes, which was sung by Thicke.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Facts of Life episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 August 24, 1979 (1979-08-24) June 11, 1980 (1980-06-11)
2 16 November 19, 1980 (1980-11-19) June 3, 1981 (1981-06-03)
3 24 October 28, 1981 (1981-10-28) May 5, 1982 (1982-05-05)
4 24+movie September 25, 1982 (1982-09-25) May 4, 1983 (1983-05-04)
5 26 September 21, 1983 (1983-09-21) May 9, 1984 (1984-05-09)
6 26 September 26, 1984 (1984-09-26) May 15, 1985 (1985-05-15)
7 24 September 14, 1985 (1985-09-14) May 10, 1986 (1986-05-10)
8 24+movie September 27, 1986 (1986-09-27) May 9, 1987 (1987-05-09)
9 24 September 26, 1987 (1987-09-26) May 7, 1988 (1988-05-07)

Television films[edit]
The Facts of Life Goes to Paris[edit]
The Facts of Life Goes to Paris, a two-hour TV movie in which Mrs. Garrett and the girls travel to France, aired September 25, 1982. It scored 18.1/31 in the Nielsen Ratings. The movie was later added to the U.S. syndication package, separated into four half-hour episodes; however, the original cut of the film appears on the 2010 Season four DVD set. The television movie was directed by Asaad Kelada.[10]
The Facts of Life Down Under[edit]
The Facts of Life Down Under, another two-hour TV movie, aired Sunday February 15, 1987 placing a strong #13 for the week garnering 21.4/32.[11] This was strategic counterprogramming by NBC, which placed the movie against the conclusion of ABC's highly publicized mini-series Amerika.
The Telemovie was also syndicated as four half-hour episodes in later U.S. airings.[12]
The Facts of Life Reunion[edit]
On November 18, 2001, The Facts of Life Reunion aired on ABC, in which Mrs. Garrett and the girls are reunited in Peekskill, New York, for the Thanksgiving holiday. It airs sporadically in the U.S. on ABC Family. Nancy McKeon does not appear in this movie. Her character is explained as being on assignment as a police officer.
Syndication[edit]
NBC aired daytime reruns of The Facts of Life from December 13, 1982 until June 7, 1985 at 10:00 AM (and later 12:00 noon) on the daytime schedule. Episodes aired on various television stations from September 15, 1986 to September 10, 1993, then aired on the USA Network on and off from September 13, 1993[13] to September 11, 1998.[14] In August 1994, the network celebrated the show's 15-year anniversary with a day-long marathon of 14 episodes featuring new interviews with Rae, Whelchel, and Cohn.
Episodes aired on Nick at Nite from September 4, 2000 to June 28, 2001, although the network did not air certain episodes that contained highly mature content during prime time (including the first-season episode "Dope"), instead opting to air episodes with more serious topics at late night/early morning times. TV Land aired 48 hours of The Facts of Life episodes on its "Fandemonium Marathon Weekend" on November 17–19, 2001.
The Hallmark Channel aired The Facts of Life from July 1 to November 1, 2002. Episodes were available on Comcast's Video-On-Demand service from August 8, 2005 to July 31, 2006 and again from the August 6, 2007 until Tube Time's shutdown date on December 31, 2009.
On July 16, 2008 full episodes and short "minisodes" of The Facts of Life became available online via Hulu.[15]
On March 12, 2012, Teen Nick added the series to their morning line-up; however, the series' addition to the channel was short-lived, as it left the schedule on April 3, 2012.[16] The series premiered on The Hub on April 2, 2012, where it played through the end of March 2013. Currently the series airs on Logo TV. Since August 21, 2017, the series has also aired on MeTV.
International airings[edit]
In Brazil, the show aired on Nick at Nite as Vivendo e Aprendendo (Living and Learning, in English).
In Italy, seasons one through five were aired in 1983–1986 (dubbed as usual in Italian), on the terrestrial TV Canale 5, the first Italian commercial network, and later on other local commercial TV networks. The Italian version was named L'albero delle mele, which means the apple tree (the word 'apple' is popularly used euphemistically in Italian as a reference to teenage girls).
In France, seasons two and three (dubbed in French and titled Drôle de Vie) aired in 1987 on the terrestrial TV La Cinq, and seasons one, eight and nine aired on TF1.
In the United Kingdom, unlike Diff'rent Strokes, The Facts of Life has never aired on terrestrial TV. A few seasons aired on the UK BSB satellite channels, and after BSB merged with Sky Television plc, the entire series was shown on Sky One.
In Canada, The Facts of Life was a mainstay on CBC – the Canadian Public broadcaster, airing weekdays 4:00 p.m.(4:30 p.m. in Newfoundland) until April 1992. CTS, a Christian-based network, aired it from September 2006 to 2009. Beginning on September 15, 2007, The Facts of Life aired weekends at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. on CanWest's digital specialty channel, DejaView, which later moved it to weekdays at 4:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. in March 2010.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
The Facts of Life was originally not a ratings winner on Friday nights in its summer debut in 1979 or in its second tryout in the spring of 1980. It ranked 74th out of 79 shows on the air in the year-end Nielsen ratings, and was NBC's lowest-rated series.
The show was put on hiatus and extensively retooled in preparation for season two. In November 1980, season two of The Facts of Life premiered in a Wednesday 9:30 p.m. time slot, where it immediately flourished, peaking in January 1981 with a 27.4 rating and 41 share; it ranked #4 for the week. The program became NBC's fourth highest-rated scripted series, after Little House on the Prairie, Diff'rent Strokes, and CHiPs.[17]
By the third season, the series moved time slots to 9:00 p.m. Wednesdays, and soon became NBC's highest-rated comedy series, and NBC's #2 overall series, after Real People.[18] For its seventh season, it moved to Saturdays at 8:30 p.m., to bolster the premiering series The Golden Girls at 9:00 p.m. in the newly formed Saturday night comedy block.
At the start of the eighth season, the series was moved back a half-hour to the toughest time slot on television—Saturday at 8:00 p.m., which brought the ratings down from its season seven high. Still, the series easily won its time slot, and garnering high numbers in the coveted teen and 18–49 demographics. One of the highest rated season eight episodes saw the original season one cast return for a mini reunion. Titled "The Little Chill", it placed #19 for the week with a 18.2 rating and 31 share.
In the article "Ratings Top with Teens" appearing in the January 19, 1988 edition of USA Today, The Facts of Life was ranked as one of the top 10 shows in a survey of 2,200 American teenagers.[19]
Awards[edit]
Emmy Nomination for Best Actress (1982)—Charlotte Rae
Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Technical Direction/Electronic Camerawork/Video Control for a Series (1986)—For episode "Come Back to the Truck Stop, Natalie Green, Natalie Green".
Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series (1987)—For episode "'62 Pickup".
TV Land Award Won for Pop Culture Icon in 2011.
Home media[edit]
On April 21 and 22, 2001, Columbia House released The Facts of Life: The Collector's Edition, a 10-volume "Best of" the series on VHS (40 episodes in all). With the advent shortly thereafter of TV on DVD and Columbia House's eventual move from the direct marketing model of exclusive series, the tapes were discontinued.
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1 on May 9, 2006 with new interviews with most of the cast, including first season regulars Felice Schachter and Julie Anne Haddock. To promote the DVD's release, McKeon, Whelchel, and Cohn appeared together on various TV shows such as Entertainment Tonight, Today Show and CNN Showbiz to reminisce about their time on the show and talk about their lives presently; unfortunately, Fields was unable to take part due to other commitments. The third season was released on October 24, 2006. This release failed to match the success of the first and second seasons, sales-wise.
The first and second seasons were also released in Region 4 on March 7, 2007.[20]
In 2010, Shout! Factory acquired the rights to the series and released the fourth season on Region 1 DVD on May 4, 2010.[21] Special features include The Facts of Life Goes To Paris, a made-for-TV-movie (which originally aired a few days prior to the fourth season debut) and a "Know The Facts: Trivia Game." They have subsequently released seasons five through nine on DVD.[22][23][24][25][26]
Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on May 20, 2014.[27] It is unknown as to whether or not Mill Creek will release any further seasons.
On January 13, 2015, Shout! Factory released The Facts of Life – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[28] The 26-disc set contains all 201 episodes of the series as well as the two made-for-TV films (The Facts of Life Goes to Paris and The Facts of Life Down Under) and other bonus features including an all-new cast reunion. The Facts of Life Reunion film is not included in this collection and is yet to be released on DVD.
DVD Name
Ep #
Release date
The Complete First and Second Seasons 29 May 9, 2006
May 20, 2014 (re-release)
The Complete Third Season 24 October 24, 2006
The Complete Fourth Season 23 May 4, 2010
The Complete Fifth Season 26 November 2, 2010
The Complete Sixth Season 26 June 9, 2015
The Complete Seventh Season 24 October 20, 2015
The Complete Eighth Season 24 January 26, 2016
The Complete Ninth Season 24 May 17, 2016
The Complete Series 201 January 13, 2015
Attempted spin-offs[edit]
The various attempts at spin-offs were backdoor pilots, which were shown as episodes of The Facts of Life.
"Brian & Sylvia" — A season two episode in which Tootie and Natalie go to Buffalo, New York to visit Tootie's Aunt Sylvia, a black woman (played by Rosanne Katon) who has recently married a white man, played by Richard Dean Anderson (the future star of MacGyver and Stargate SG-1). Ja'net Dubois of Good Times played Ethel, who was both Tootie's grandmother and Sylvia's mother.[29] The episode never developed into a series and in the season five episode "Crossing the Line", Tootie mentions Brian's and Sylvia's interracial marriage and says that the two have recently gotten divorced.
"The Academy" — A season three episode set at Stone Academy, an all-boys military school that was near Eastland. In this episode, the girls at Eastland attended a dance with the boys from the military school. The boys included actors Jimmy Baio, Ben Marley, David Ackroyd, Peter Frechette, and John P. Navin, Jr.
"Jo's Cousin" — Another season three episode, in which Jo visits her family in the Bronx, including her cousin Terry, a fourteen-year-old girl (played by Megan Follows) going through adolescence in a family full of men. The family included actors Grant Cramer, John Mengatti, Donnelly Rhodes and D.W. Brown.
"The Big Fight" — A season four episode set at Stone Academy, a boys' military school. Natalie comes to visit a boy who tries to impress her with his boxing. This episode includes the same cast from the season three episode "The Academy", with the addition of '80s 'nerd' icon Eddie Deezen.
"Graduation" — This spinoff was to revolve around Blair and Jo's life at Langley College.
"Big Apple Blues" — A season nine episode in which Natalie spends the night with a group of eccentric young people living in a Soho loft, and decides to remain in New York to begin her life. Two of the tenants in the loft were played by David Spade and Richard Grieco.
"The Beginning of the End/Beginning of the Beginning" — The two-part series finale sees Blair buying Eastland to prevent its closing. Blair finds that the school is in such dire financial straits that she is forced to make the school co-ed. Blair then essentially adopts the Mrs. Garrett role as she presides over the school and is forced to deal with the trouble-making students in a plot line that is highly reminiscent of the season two premiere. The new Eastland students included Seth Green, Mayim Bialik and future Oscar-nominee Juliette Lewis.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Hara's character was dropped after the fourth episode, "I.Q."
Jump up ^ Krenn was introduced in "Up from Down Under", the sixth episode of season 9, as a recurring character. She was promoted to the main cast beginning with the episode "Something in Common".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Movie Reviews".
Jump up ^ Jones, Sarah (22 October 2017). "'The Facts Of Life' Cast: Where Are They Now?". Greeningz. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Rated Programs - 1980-1985".
Jump up ^ TV Guide July 5–11, 1985
Jump up ^ Bobbin, Jay (October 17, 1986). "Charlotte Rae Leaves Series Life Behind". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Web Brass Dissect Past Season" Variety April 22, 1987
Jump up ^ Whelchel, Lisa (2001). The Facts of Life: And Other Lessons My Father Taught Me. Multnomah Books. pp. 35–37. ISBN 1-576-73858-2.
Jump up ^ "Facts of Life Site: Ratings History".
Jump up ^ "DJ Nocturna interviews actress Mindy Cohn from "The Facts of Life (Part 1)"". YouTube.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life Goes to Paris". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Variety Feb 18 1987, Weekly Ratings Scorecard, page 112
Jump up ^ Ed. Scott Murray, Australia on the Small Screen 1970–1995, Oxford University Press, 1996 p55
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer – September 13, 1993
Jump up ^ TV Guide – September 5–11, 1998
Jump up ^ "Hulu—The Facts of Life". Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Facts of Life Removed From TeenNick Line-Up; More MeTV Network Clearances Announced - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog".
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1980's".
Jump up ^ http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1981.htm 1981–82 television ratings
Jump up ^ USA Today Information Network, Jan 19, 1988 When teenagers watch TV, they like to laugh.
Jump up ^ "Facts Of Life, The: The Complete First And Second Seasons". Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life – Shout! Takes the Good, and There Ya' Have…Season 4 on DVD!". January 26, 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Announcement for The Facts of Life - The Complete 5th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2010-07-31.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Announcement for The Facts of Life - The Complete 6th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Box Art for The Complete 7th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2015-07-19.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Box Art and Details for The Complete 8th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2015-10-21.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Announcement for The Final Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Box Art for The Facts of Life - Seasons 1 & 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "The Facts of Life DVD news: Press Release for The Facts of Life - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on 2014-10-10.
Jump up ^ ""The Facts of Life" Brian and Sylvia (1981)". Retrieved 2008-07-18.
External links[edit]
The Facts of Life on IMDb
The Facts of Life at TV.com
The Facts of Life at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
The Facts of Life Site At www.televisionhits.com: Extensive site for the television series.

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Diff'rent Strokes (1978–1986)
Hello, Larry (1979-1980)
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