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HTML5
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HTML 5
(HyperText Markup Language)
Filename extension
.html
Internet media type
text/html
Type code
TEXT
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
public.html[1]
Initial release
28 October 2014
(3 years ago) (2014-10-28)[2]
Extended to
XHTML 5 (XML-serialized HTML 5)
Standard
HTML 5.2 Recommendation (W3C); HTML Living Standard (WHATWG)
Open format?
Yes
XHTML 5
(XHTML Syntax of HTML 5)
Filename extension
.xhtml, .html
Internet media type
application/xml, application/xhtml+xml
Developed by
World Wide Web Consortium and WHATWG
Type of format
Markup language
Extended from
XML, HTML 5
Standard
HTML 5.2 Reccomendation: "The XHTML Syntax"
Open format?
Yes
HTML
HTML
Dynamic HTML
HTML5
audio
canvas
video
XHTML
Basic
Mobile Profile
C-HTML
HTML element
span and div
HTML attribute
HTML frame
HTML editor
Character encodings
Unicode
Language code
Document Object Model
Browser Object Model
Style sheets
CSS
Font family
Web colors
HTML scripting
JavaScript
WebGL
WebCL
W3C
Validator
WHATWG
Quirks mode
Web storage
Rendering engine
Comparisons
Document markup languages
HTML support
XHTML
1.1
v
t
e
HTML 5 (formerly spelled HTML5[a]) is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and current major version of the HTML standard, and subsumes XHTML. It currently exists in two standardized forms. HTML 5.2 Recommendation[4] by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C, a broad coalition of organizations), intended primarily for Web content developers; and HTML Living Standard[5] by WHATWG (a small consortium of four browser vendors), intended primarily for browser developers, though it also exists in an abridged Web developer version.[6] There are minor conflicts between the two groups' specifications.
HTML 5 was first released in public-facing form on 22 January 2008[7], with a major update and "W3C Recommendation" status in October 2014.[2][8] Its goals are to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia and other new features; to keep the language both easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices such as Web browsers, parsers, etc., without XHTML's rigidity; and also to remain backward-compatible with older software. HTML 5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML;[9] the HTML 4 and XHTML specs were announced as superseded by HTML 5.2 on 27 March 2018.[10]
HTML 5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves and rationalizes the markup available for documents, and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.[11] For the same reasons, HTML 5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications, because it includes features designed with low-powered devices in mind.
Many new syntactic features are included. To natively include and handle multimedia and graphical content, the new <video>, <audio> and <canvas> elements were added, and support for scalable vector graphics (SVG) content and MathML for mathematical formulas. To enrich the semantic content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>, and <figure>, are added. New attributes are introduced, some elements and attributes have been removed, and others such as <a />, <cite>, and <menu> have been changed, redefined, or standardized.
The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are now fundamental parts of the HTML 5 specification[11] and HTML 5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents.[12]
Contents
1 History
1.1 "Thoughts on Flash"
1.2 Last call, candidacy, and recommendation stages
1.3 Timeline
1.4 W3C and WHATWG conflict
2 Features and APIs
3 Features
3.1 Markup
3.2 New APIs
3.3 XHTML 5 (XML-serialized HTML 5)
3.4 Error handling
3.5 Popularity
3.6 Differences from HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x
4 Logo
5 Digital rights management
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004. At that time, HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000,[13] and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire and decided not to renew it.[14]
The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented a position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) workshop in June 2004,[15] focusing on developing technologies that are backward-compatible with existing browsers,[16] including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for, 14 against—for continuing work on HTML.[17] Immediately after the workshop, WHATWG was formed to start work based upon that position paper, and a second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced.[18] The two specifications were later merged to form HTML 5.[19] The HTML 5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007.
WHATWG's Ian Hickson (Google) and David Hyatt (Apple) produced W3C's first public working draft of the specification on 22 January 2008.[7]
"Thoughts on Flash"[edit]
While some features of HTML 5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics. However, HTML 5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML 5 (see Comparison of HTML5 and Flash). HTML 5's interactive capabilities became a topic of mainstream media attention around April 2010[20][21][22][23] after Apple Inc.'s then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" in which he concluded that "Flash is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as HTML5, will win".[24] This sparked a debate in web development circles suggesting that, while HTML 5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must consider the varying browser support of the different parts of the standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML 5 and Flash.[25] In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML 5.[26] On July 25, 2017, Adobe announced that both the distribution and support of Flash will cease by the end of 2020.[27]
Last call, candidacy, and recommendation stages[edit]
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML 5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML 5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.[28] In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" specification HTML Living Standard". The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML 5.[29]
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML 5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization continues its work with HTML 5 as a "living standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.[30]
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML 5 as a Candidate Recommendation.[31] The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".[32]
On 16 September 2014, W3C moved HTML 5 to Proposed Recommendation.[33]
On 28 October 2014, HTML 5 was released as a W3C Recommendation,[34] bringing the specification process to completion.[2]
On 1 November 2016, HTML 5.1 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[35].
On 14 December 2017, HTML 5.2 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[36].
Timeline[edit]
The combined timelines for HTML 5.0, HTML 5.1 and HTML 5.2:
Version
First draft
Candidate recommendation
Recommendation
HTML 5.0 ? 2012 2014
HTML 5.1 2012 2015 2016
HTML 5.2[37] 2015 2017 2017
HTML 5.3[38] 2017 N/A N/A
W3C and WHATWG conflict[edit]
W3C and WHATWG have been characterized as both working together on the development of HTML 5,[14] and yet also at cross purposes[30][2] ever since the July 2012 split of the W3C work into milestone-based static standards and WHATWG's into a continually updated "living standard". The relationship has been described as "fragile", even a "rift",[39] and characterized by "squabbling".[2]
In at least one case, namely the permissible content of the <cite> element, the two specifications directly contradict each other (as of July 2018),[update] with the W3C definition being permissive and reflecting traditional use of the element since it's introduction,[40] but WHATWG limiting it to a single defined type of content (the title of the work cited).[41] This is actually at odds with WHATWG's stated goals of ensuring backward compatibility[42] and not losing prior functionality.[30]
The "Introduction" section in the WHATWG spec (edited by Ian "Hixie" Hickson) is critical of W3C, e.g "Note: Although we have asked them to stop doing so, the W3C also republishes some parts of this specification as separate documents." In its "History" subsection it portrays W3C as resistant to Hickson's and WHATWG's original HTML 5 plans, then jumping on the bandwagon belatedly (though Hickson was in control of the W3C HTML 5 spec, too). Regardless, it indicates a major philosophical divide between the organizations:[43]
For a number of years, both groups then worked together. In 2011, however, the groups came to the conclusion that they had different goals: the W3C wanted to publish a "finished" version of "HTML5", while the WHATWG wanted to continue working on a Living Standard for HTML, continuously maintaining the specification rather than freezing it in a state with known problems, and adding new features as needed to evolve the platform.
Since then, the WHATWG has been working on this specification (amongst others), and the W3C has been copying fixes made by the WHATWG into their fork of the document (which also has other changes).
The "markets" for the two specifications are largely different. The W3C spec is the one that Web developers most often refer to, while the WHATWG version is used by the software development teams of the browser makers (though a version exists for Web content authors, trimmed of the material only of interest to browser coders[6]). New features are added to HTML and, often experimentally, to browsers long before they appear in a W3C spec, because they arise in the WHATWG one.[39] The technology journal Ars Technica observed that "both groups are likely to continue to exist, and both groups will continue to have broad-based industry backing".[2]
Features and APIs[edit]
The W3C proposed a greater reliance on modularity as a key part of the plan to make faster progress, meaning identifying specific features, either proposed or already existing in the spec, and advancing them as separate specifications. Some technologies that were originally defined in HTML 5 itself are now defined in separate specifications:
HTML Working Group – HTML Canvas 2D Context;
Web Apps Working Group – Web Messaging, Web workers, Web storage, WebSocket, Server-sent events, Web Components[44] (this was not part of HTML 5, though); the Web Applications Working Group was closed in October 2015 and its deliverables transferred to the Web Platform Working Group (WPWG).
IETF HyBi Working Group – WebSocket Protocol;
WebRTC Working Group – WebRTC;
Web Media Text Tracks Community Group – WebVTT.
After the standardization of the HTML 5 specification in October 2014,[45] the core vocabulary and features are being extended in four ways.[46] Likewise, some features that were removed from the original HTML 5 specification have been standardized separately as modules, such as Microdata and Canvas. Technical specifications introduced as HTML 5 extensions such as Polyglot Markup have also been standardized as modules. Some W3C specifications that were originally separate specifications have been adapted as HTML 5 extensions or features, such as SVG. Some features that might have slowed down the standardization of HTML 5 will be standardized as upcoming specifications, instead. HTML 5.1 is expected to be finalized in 2016, and it is currently on the standardization track at the W3C.
Features[edit]
Markup[edit]
HTML 5 introduces elements and attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block (<div>) and inline (<span>) elements, for example <nav> (website navigation block), <footer> (usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio> and <video> instead of <object>.[47][48][49] Some deprecated elements from HTML 4.01 have been dropped, including purely presentational elements such as <font> and <center>, whose effects have long been superseded by the more capable Cascading Style Sheets.[50] There is also a renewed emphasis on the importance of DOM scripting in Web behavior.
The HTML 5 syntax is no longer based on SGML[51][52] despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward-compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration, <!DOCTYPE html>, which triggers the standards-compliant rendering mode.[53] Since 5 January 2009, HTML 5 also includes Web Forms 2.0, a previously separate WHATWG specification.[54][55]
New APIs[edit]
HTML5 related APIs[56]
In addition to specifying markup, HTML 5 specifies scripting application programming interfaces (APIs) that can be used with JavaScript.[57] Existing Document Object Model (DOM) interfaces are extended and de facto features documented. There are also new APIs, such as:
Canvas;[58]
Timed Media Playback;[59]
Offline;[60]
Editable content;[61]
Drag and drop;[62]
History;[63]
MIME type and protocol handler registration;[64][65]
Microdata;[66]
Web Messaging;[67]
Web Storage – a key-value pair storage framework that provides behaviour similar to cookies but with larger storage capacity and improved API.[68]
Not all of the above technologies are included in the W3C HTML 5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification.[69] Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML 5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately:
Geolocation;
IndexedDB – an indexed hierarchical key-value store (formerly WebSimpleDB);[70]
File[71] – an API intended to handle file uploads and file manipulation;[72]
Directories and System – an API intended to satisfy client-side-storage use cases not well served by databases;[73]
File Writer – an API for writing to files from web applications;[74]
Web Audio[75] – a high-level JavaScript API for processing and synthesizing audio in web applications;
ClassList.[76]
Web cryptography API[77]
WebRTC[78]
Web SQL Database – a local SQL Database (no longer maintained);[79]
HTML 5 cannot provide animation within web pages. Additional JavaScript or CSS3 is necessary for animating HTML elements. Animation is also possible using JavaScript and HTML 4[80][not in citation given], and within SVG elements through SMIL, although browser support of the latter remains uneven as of 2011.
XHTML 5 (XML-serialized HTML 5)[edit]
XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type (often called "MIME type") such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml,[57] and must conform to strict, well-formed syntax of XML. XHTML 5 is simply XML-serialized HTML 5 data (that is, HTML 5 constrained to XHTML's strict requirements, e.g., not having any unclosed tags), sent with one of XML media types. HTML that has been written to conform to both the HTML and XHTML specifications and which will therefore produce the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML is known as Polyglot markup[81]
Error handling[edit]
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HTML 5 is designed so that old browsers can safely ignore new HTML 5 constructs.[11] In contrast to HTML 4.01, the HTML 5 specification gives detailed rules for lexing and parsing, with the intent that compliant browsers will produce the same results when parsing incorrect syntax.[82] Although HTML 5 now defines a consistent behavior for "tag soup" documents, those documents are not regarded as conforming to the HTML 5 standard.[82]
Popularity[edit]
According to a report released on 30 September 2011, 34 of the world's top 100 Web sites were using HTML 5 – the adoption led by search engines and social networks.[83] Another report released in August 2013 has shown that 153 of the Fortune 500 U.S. companies implemented HTML5 on their corporate websites.[84]
Since 2014, HTML 5 is at least partially supported by most popular layout engines.
Differences from HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x[edit]
The following is a cursory list of differences and some specific examples.
New parsing rules: oriented towards flexible parsing and compatibility; not based on SGML
Ability to use inline SVG and MathML in text/html
New elements: article, aside, audio, bdi, canvas, command, data, datalist, details, embed, figcaption, figure, footer, header, keygen, mark, meter, nav, output, progress, rp, rt, ruby, section, source, summary, time, track, video, wbr
New types of form controls: dates and times, email, url, search, number, range, tel, color[85]
New attributes: charset (on meta), async (on script)
Global attributes (that can be applied for every element): id, tabindex, hidden, data-* (custom data attributes)
Deprecated elements will be dropped altogether: acronym, applet, basefont, big, center, dir, font, frame, frameset, isindex, noframes, strike, tt
W3C Working Group publishes "HTML5 differences from HTML 4",[86] which provides a complete outline of additions, removals and changes between HTML 5 and HTML 4.
Logo[edit]
The W3C HTML5 logo
On 18 January 2011, the W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML 5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official.[87]
When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML 5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML 5, CSS, SVG, WOFF, and others".[88] Some web standard advocates, including The Web Standards Project, criticized that definition of "HTML5" as an umbrella term, pointing out the blurring of terminology and the potential for miscommunication.[88] Three days later, the W3C responded to community feedback and changed the logo's definition, dropping the enumeration of related technologies.[89] The W3C then said the logo "represents HTML5, the cornerstone for modern Web applications".[87]
Digital rights management[edit]
Industry players including the BBC, Google, Microsoft, Apple Inc. have been lobbying for the inclusion of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME),[90][91][92][93][94] a form of digital rights management (DRM), into the HTML 5 standard. As of the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 27 organisations[95] including the Free Software Foundation[96] have started a campaign against including digital rights management in the HTML 5 standard.[97][98] However, in late September 2013, the W3C HTML Working Group decided that Encrypted Media Extensions, a form of DRM, was "in scope" and will potentially be included in the HTML 5.1 standard.[99][100] WHATWG's "HTML Living Standard" continued to be developed without DRM-enabled proposals.[100]
Manu Sporny, a member of the W3C, said that EME will not solve the problem it's supposed to address.[101] Opponents point out that EME itself is just an architecture for a DRM plug-in mechanism.[102]
The initial enablers for DRM in HTML 5 were Google[103] and Microsoft.[104] Supporters also include Adobe.[105] On 14 May 2014, Mozilla announced plans to support EME in Firefox, the last major browser to avoid DRM.[106][107] Calling it "a difficult and uncomfortable step", Andreas Gal of Mozilla explained that future versions of Firefox would remain open source but ship with a sandbox designed to run a content decryption module developed by Adobe.[106] While promising to "work on alternative solutions", Mozilla's Executive Chair Mitchell Baker stated that a refusal to implement EME would have accomplished little more than convincing many users to switch browsers.[107] This decision was condemned by Cory Doctorow and the Free Software Foundation.[108][109]
See also[edit]
Computer science portal
Internet portal
Cache manifest in HTML5
Comparison of layout engines (HTML5)
HTML5 in mobile devices
Polyglot HTML5
Ian Hickson, Google main editor of HTML5 specs
David Hyatt, Apple editor of HTML5 specs
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In early W3C recommendations, there was no space between "HTML" and "5" in the name.[3] This has not been the case since HTML 5.1; the current specification is named HTML 5.2 W3C Recommendation, and "HTML5" does not appear in it.[4] WHATWG had also used the "HTML5" spelling, but their specification is now named HTML Living Standard, and they have abandoned version numbering.[5]
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Jump up ^ "HTML5 form additions". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "HTML5 Differences from HTML4". FAQ. World Wide Web Consortium. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "W3C HTML5 Logo FAQ". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 21 January 2011. Is this W3C's "official" logo for HTML5? Yes, as of 1 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "HTML5 Logo: Be Proud, But Don't Muddy the Waters!". The Web Standards Project. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "The HTML5 Logo Conversation". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Encrypted Media Extensions draft specification of the W3C
Jump up ^ Peter Bright (16 April 2013). "Netflix coming to HTML5 just as soon as the DRM ducks are in a row". Ars Technica.
Jump up ^ Manu Sporny (26 January 2013). "DRM in HTML5".
Jump up ^ "Tell W3C: We don't want the Hollyweb". Free Software Foundation. May 2013.
Jump up ^ "HTML5 webpage locks 'would stifle innovation'". BBC News Online. 30 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Une coalition de vingt-sept organisations demande au W3C de garder les menottes numériques (DRM) hors des standards du Web". 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Tell W3C: We don't want the Hollyweb - Free Software Foundation". www.defectivebydesign.org.
Jump up ^ Stallman, Richard (2013-05-02). "The W3C's Soul at Stake". The Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ Lord, Timothy (2013-04-16). "Netflix Wants to Go HTML5, but Not Without DRM". Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ "New Charter for the HTML Working Group from Philippe Le Hegaret on 2013-09-30 (public-html-admin@w3.org from September 2013)". Lists.w3.org. 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Danny O'Brien (2013-10-02). "Lowering Your Standards: DRM and the Future of the W3C". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
Jump up ^ Manu Sporny (2013-01-26). "DRM in HTML5". The Beautiful, Tormented Machine. Manu Sporny. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ Scott Gilbertson (2013-02-12). "DRM for the Web? Say It Ain't So". Webmonkey. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Releasenotes for Google Chrome 25.0.1364.87".
Jump up ^ "HTML5 Video in IE 11 on Windows 8.1".
Jump up ^ Adobe Support for Encrypted Media Extensions Adobe.com. 19 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Gal, Andreas (2014-05-14). "Reconciling Mozilla's Mission and W3C EME". Mozilla. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Mitchell (2014-05-14). "DRM and the Challenge of Serving Users". Mozilla. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ Doctorow, Cory (2014-05-14). "Firefox's adoption of closed-source DRM breaks my heart". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "FSF condemns partnership between Mozilla and Adobe to support Digital Rights Management". Free Software Foundation. 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
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text:
Rappahannock River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rappahannock River
The Rappahannock at sunset
Country
United States
State
Virginia
Counties
Lancaster, Middlesex, Essex, Richmond, Westmoreland, King George, Caroline, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Culpeper, Fauquier, Rappahannock
City
Fredericksburg
Physical characteristics
Main source
Chester Gap
1,720 feet (520 m)
River mouth
Chesapeake Bay
Length
195 miles (314 km)
Discharge
Average rate:
1,670 cubic feet per second (47 m3/s)[1]
Basin features
Basin size
2,848 sq mi (7,380 km2)
The Rappahannock River is a river in eastern Virginia, in the United States,[2] approximately 195 miles (314 km) in length.[3] It traverses the entire northern part of the state, from the Blue Ridge Mountains in the west where it rises, across the Piedmont to the Fall Line, and onward through the coastal plain to flow into the Chesapeake Bay, south of the Potomac River.
An important river in American history, the Rappahannock was long an area of occupation by indigenous peoples. During the colonial era, early settlements in the Virginia Colony were formed along the river. It was at the center of a major theater of battle in the American Civil War, where tens of thousands of troops fought against each other. Some 10,000 African-American slaves escaped across the river to Union lines and freedom, after the first Battle of Fredericksburg. Due to the river's significance as an obstacle to north-south movements, it effectively functioned as the boundary of the eastern theater of the war, between the "North" (the Union) and the "South" (the Confederate States of America).
The river drains an area of 2,848 square miles (7,380 km2), approximately 6% of Virginia. Much of the watershed is rural and forested, but development in it has increased since the late 20th century with the southward expansion of the Washington, D.C. suburbs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Course
2 The oysters
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Course[edit]
The Rappahannock River rises at Chester Gap, a wind gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains a few miles southeast of Front Royal, Virginia, near the single point where Warren, Fauquier, and Rappahannock counties come together. It flows southeastward, past Remington, Kelly's Ford, and Richardsville, before it is joined by the Rapidan River, its largest tributary, from the right. Then the Rappahannock passes through the city of Fredericksburg. Southeast of Fredericksburg, it begins to slow and widen into a brackish tidal estuary approximately 50 miles (80 km) long. It passes two small, but historic, river towns, Port Royal and Port Conway, which developed opposite each other, the former on the south bank, the latter on the north. Then it flows past Tappahannock on its southern bank, a point where the river is well over a mile wide. The last settlements of any size before it reaches the Chesapeake Bay are Irvington, Urbanna, Stingray Point, and White Stone Beach.
The broad river enters the Chesapeake Bay approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of the mouth of the Potomac River and approximately 60 miles (97 km) east of the state capital, Richmond. At the point where the river enters the bay, between Windmill Point, on the north, and Stingray Point, on the south, it is more than 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide. This estuary, south of the Northern Neck peninsula, is a productive oyster and crab fishery.
Above Fredericksburg, the Rappahannock provides fine opportunities for recreational canoeing and kayaking. Most of the rapids are Class I and Class II in difficulty, but, near Remington, there are some rapids that are considered to be Class III.
The river's watershed is protected in various places as parcels of the Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge.
The oysters[edit]
The oysters that thrive in the estuary of the Rappahannock River are the least salty oysters of the East Coast. They are renowned for their sweet and smooth flavor, described as almost buttery. The low salinity allows a Blue Ridge minerality[4] to come through, and also makes these oysters good to consume with wine.
The nutritious oysters were eaten on a large scale in 19th-century Washington. They were served fresh, grilled, stewed or as part of a pie.
History[edit]
Fredericksburg, Virginia, March 1863. View from the north across the Rappahannock River.
The name of the river comes from an Algonquian word, lappihanne (also recorded as toppehannock), meaning "river of quick, rising water" or "where the tide ebbs and flows," the name used by the local Rappahannock tribe.
Although a few small hamlets developed along the lower Rappahannock during early colonial times, the settlement of the Rappahannock River valley began in earnest during the first years of the eighteenth century, at the urging of Governor Alexander Spotswood. The James River had been surveyed up to its fall line, the point where, geologically, continental bedrock of the Piedmont meets the sedimentary rocks and alluvial soils of the coastal plain. Spotswood encouraged settlement in a river valley other than that of the James. In 1714, he began recruiting immigrants from the Rhineland-Palatinate and Switzerland to homestead on lands he controlled near the confluence of the Rappahannock and the Rapidan. Known as the Germanna settlement(s), these villages were founded in order to exploit the iron ore deposits of the region.
During the War of 1812, the Battle of Rappahannock River was fought on the river during the War of 1812. Seventeen British boats filled with hundreds of marines and sailors captured four American privateers.
During the American Civil War, the river, with few convenient fords and fewer bridges, provided a barrier and defensive line behind which movements of troops could be accomplished with little fear of attack from the river-side flank. It was an especially difficult barrier for Union troops to overcome in their attempts to thrust into southern Virginia, as they were vulnerable to attack while trying to cross the river on temporary bridges. Control of the river changed hands many times during the course of the war. Significant battles fought along the river include the Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Rappahannock Station. The defensive line at the river was finally circumvented by General Ulysses S. Grant in the Wilderness (or Overland) Campaign of 1864, ending in the ultimate Union victory.
During and after the first battle at Fredericksburg in late December 1862, about 10,000 enslaved African Americans from area plantations and the city left slavery, crossing the river to gain freedom behind Union lines. This exodus and "Trail of Freedom" was commemorated in 2010 by installation of historical markers on both sides of the river, in Fredericksburg and in Stafford County.[5] The exodus to freedom is now celebrated in an annual re-enactment starting in Fredericksburg.
In some 18th- and 19th-century documents, including some Civil War records, the Rappahannock River was referred to as "Hedgeman's River".[6] A 1736-1737 survey labeled the Rappahannock above the mouth of the Rapidan as "Cannon", and further upstream it was identified as "Hedgeman's River," named after Nathaniel Hedgeman, an early settler of the region.[7]
See also[edit]
Ferry Farm
Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition
List of rivers of Virginia
Stingray Point Light
Windmill Point Light
References[edit]
Jump up ^ USGS data, accessed 2010-06-14
Jump up ^ "Rappahannock River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 1, 2011
Jump up ^ See: [1] 2012
Jump up ^ "Trail of Freedom", Rappahannock River Heritage Trail, University of Mary Washington blog
Jump up ^ Rappahannock River
Jump up ^ A History of Orange County, Virginia by W. W. Scott, New River Notes website
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rappahannock River.
Friends of the Rappahannock
"Rappahannock River watershed". Archived from the original on September 8, 2006.
Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Virginia Dept. of Conservation and Recreation: Rappahannock Tributary Strategy
Early Settlement on the Rappahannock
Wade Fishing the Rappahannock River of Virginia
Belle Isle State Park
Coordinates: 37°35′15″N 76°17′21″W / 37.58750°N 76.28917°W / 37.58750; -76.28917
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rappahannock_River&oldid=826618459"
Categories:
Rappahannock River
Rivers of Virginia
Bodies of water of Middlesex County, Virginia
Rivers of Fauquier County, Virginia
Rivers of Culpeper County, Virginia
Rivers of Caroline County, Virginia
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Rivers of King George County, Virginia
Bodies of water of Essex County, Virginia
Bodies of water of Lancaster County, Virginia
Tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay
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