text:
Thomas Silverstein
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Thomas Silverstein
Thomas Silverstein
Born
(1952-02-04) February 4, 1952 (age 66)
Long Beach, California, U.S.
Other names
Terrible Tom, Tommy
Known for
Former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang
Criminal charge
Murder, Armed Robbery
Criminal penalty
Life imprisonment (without parole) release date: Nov. 2, 2095
Criminal status
Convicted; Incarcerated at ADX Florence supermax prison Federal Correctional Complex, Florence Fremont County, Colorado
Parent(s)
Virginia Conway, Thomas Conway
Thomas Edward Silverstein (born February 4, 1952) is an American convicted murderer. He has been incarcerated continuously since 1977 and has been convicted of four separate murders while imprisoned, one of which was overturned.[1] He has been in solitary confinement since 1983, when he killed prison guard Merle Clutts at the Marion Penitentiary in Illinois. Prison authorities describe him as a brutal killer and a former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang. Silverstein maintains that the dehumanizing conditions inside the prison system contributed to the three murders he committed. He was held "in a specially designed cell" in what is called "Range 13" at ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado.[2] He is currently the longest-held prisoner in solitary confinement within the Bureau of Prisons.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Murders at USP Marion
2.1 Murder of Correction Officers Clutts and Hoffmann
3 Riot in Atlanta and transfer to Leavenworth
4 Allegations of torture and injustice
5 References
Early life[edit]
Thomas Silverstein was born in Long Beach, California, to Virginia Conway. Conway had divorced her first husband in 1952 while pregnant with Silverstein and married Thomas Conway, who Silverstein claims is his biological father. Four years later, Virginia divorced Conway and married Sid Silverstein, who legally adopted her son.
Silverstein was timid, awkward, shy, and frequently bullied as a child in the middle-class neighborhood where the family lived. Virginia Silverstein demanded that her son fight back, telling the boy that if he ever came home again crying because he had been beaten up by a bully, she would be waiting to give him another beating. Silverstein states, "That’s how my mom was. She stood her mud. If someone came at you with a bat, you got your bat and you both went at it." At age fourteen, Silverstein was sentenced to a California Youth Authority reformatory where, he said, his attitudes about violence were reinforced. "Anyone not willing to fight was abused."
In 1971, at age nineteen, Silverstein was sent to San Quentin Prison in California for armed robbery. Four years later, he was paroled, but he was arrested soon after along with his father, Thomas Conway, and his cousin, Gerald Hoff, for three armed robberies. Their take was less than $11,000. In 1977, Silverstein was sentenced to fifteen years for armed robbery, to be served at United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas.[1][4]
Murders at USP Marion[edit]
While at Leavenworth, Silverstein developed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood. In 1980, Silverstein was convicted of the murder of inmate Danny Atwell, who reportedly refused to serve as a mule for heroin being moved through the prison. He was sentenced to life without parole and transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois (USP Marion), which was then a high security facility.[1] The conviction was overturned in 1985 after it emerged that the jailhouse informants who testified at his trial had perjured themselves on the stand.[5]
At Marion, Silverstein was housed in the "Control Unit", a virtual solitary confinement regime reserved for extreme "management problems" (prisoners prone to assaultive and disruptive behavior) in the prison.
In 1981, Silverstein was accused of the murder of Robert Chappelle, a member of the D.C. Blacks prison gang. Silverstein and another inmate, Clayton Fountain, were convicted and Silverstein received an additional life sentence. Silverstein maintained his innocence. While Silverstein was on trial for Chappelle’s murder, the Bureau of Prisons transferred Raymond “Cadillac” Smith, the national leader of the D.C. Blacks prison gang, from another prison into the control unit in Marion. From the moment Smith arrived in the control unit, prison logs show that he began trying to kill Silverstein.[1][4]
"I tried to tell Cadillac that I didn't kill Chappelle, but he didn't believe me and he bragged that he was going to kill me," Silverstein recalled. "Everyone knew what was going on and no one did anything to keep us apart. The guards wanted one of us to kill the other."[4] Silverstein and Clayton Fountain killed Smith with improvised weapons, stabbing him 67 times. After Smith was dead, they dragged his body up and down the catwalk in front of the cells, displaying it to other prisoners.[6] Silverstein received another life sentence.
Murder of Correction Officers Clutts and Hoffmann[edit]
Correction Officer Merle Clutts
Correction Officer Robert Hoffmann
On October 22, 1983, Silverstein killed Correction Officer Merle Clutts at USP Marion.[7] After being let out of his cell for a shower, Silverstein used a ruse to get Clutts to walk ahead of him and positioned himself between Clutts and other officers. He stopped outside the cell of another inmate, Randy Gometz. Gometz passed a homemade prison knife, known as a shank, to Silverstein and unlocked Silverstein's handcuffs with a homemade key. Silverstein then attacked Clutts, stabbing him several dozen times. Silverstein later claimed that he murdered Clutts in retaliation for Clutts' deliberately harassing him.[4] Among other things, Clutts was accused of destroying paintings by Silverstein.[8]
A few hours later, Silverstein's friend, Clayton Fountain (also an Aryan Brotherhood member) used the same strategy to kill another correction officer, Robert Hoffmann.
USP Marion was subsequently placed on an indefinite lockdown, which ultimately lasted for 23 years. Following the murder of Clutts, Silverstein was transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta, where he was placed in solitary confinement. His security status was recorded as "no human contact."[1] The events surrounding the murders of Correction Officers Clutts and Hoffmann inspired the design of the federal supermax prison, the United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX (USP Florence ADX) in Colorado, which opened in 1994 and was built to house the most dangerous inmates in the federal prison system. Silverstein and Gometz are both currently held at ADX Florence. Fountain died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri in 2004.
Riot in Atlanta and transfer to Leavenworth[edit]
During the 1987 Atlanta Prison Riots, Cuban detainees at the Atlanta federal penitentiary released Silverstein from his isolation cell. They handed Silverstein over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hostage Rescue Team one week later. Bureau of Prisons officials were reportedly afraid that Silverstein would begin killing correctional officers held hostage by the Cubans. Before the Cubans released Silverstein to Bureau of Prisons, the Cubans let Silverstein out of his isolation cell and Silverstein was able to roam freely about the prison. One of the prison guards being held hostage had a history of being kind to Silverstein. (When the guard would handcuff Silverstein he would make it a point to ask Silverstein if his handcuffs were too tight.) Bureau of Prisons negotiators were able to convince the Cuban riot leaders to hand over Silverstein as a gesture of good faith, a relatively easy decision for them, given that Silverstein's status was peripheral to the aims of the Cuban leaders during the riot.[4]
Silverstein was subsequently moved back to Leavenworth, where he stayed for the next 18 years.[1]
In 2005, when USP Leavenworth was downgraded to a medium-security facility, Silverstein was moved to ADX Florence, a supermax facility in Colorado. His earliest theoretical date of release is November 2, 2095.[9]
Allegations of torture and injustice[edit]
Silverstein claims that "no human contact” status is essentially a form of torture reserved for those who kill correctional officers. "When an inmate kills a guard, he must be punished," a Bureau of Prisons official told author Pete Earley. "We can’t execute Silverstein, so we have no choice but to make his life a living hell. Otherwise other inmates will kill guards too. There has to be some supreme punishment. Every convict knows what Silverstein is going through. We want them to realize that if they cross the same line that he did, they will pay a heavy price."[4] Ted Sellers, a former convict who met Silverstein during 25 years spent in prison, said he became a "legend" at Leavenworth. Sellers told BBC News Online, "He is not as bad as they portray. Sure he is dangerous if they push him to the wall. But there were some dirty rotten guards at Marion… They would purposely screw you around. You are dealing with a person locked up 23 hours a day. Of course he's got a short fuse."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Prendergast, Alan (August 16, 2007). "The Caged Life". Denver Westword. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Supermax: A Clean Version Of Hell - 60 Minutes - CBS News
^ Jump up to: a b ”America’s Most Dangerous Prisoner?” BBC News August 2001
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Earley, P: The Hot House Life Inside Leavenworth Prison. Bantam Books, 1993
Jump up ^ "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CLAYTON FOUNTAIN, THOMAS E. SILVERSTEIN, and RANDY K. GOMETZ, Defendants-Appellants". Project Posner. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
Jump up ^ Peters, Justin (October 23, 2014). "How a 1983 Murder Created America's Terrible Supermax-Prison Culture". Slate. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Merle E. Clutts". Office Down Memorial Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ The Hot House, inside Leavenworth. Book.
Jump up ^ "Inmate Locator". Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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The Star-Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The Star Spangled Banner"
Single by Whitney Houston
from the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits and Live: Her Greatest Performances
B-side
"America the Beautiful"
Released
February 12, 1991 (original release)
September 26, 2001 (re-release)
Format
Cassette
CD
7"
Video single
Recorded
January 1991
Genre
Pop
R&B
Americana
Length
2:15
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Francis Scott Key
Producer(s)
John Clayton
(music arrangement)
Rickey Minor (music coordinator)
Whitney Houston singles chronology
"All the Man That I Need"
(1990) "The Star Spangled Banner"
(1991) "Miracle"
(1991)
"All the Man That I Need"
(1990) "The Star Spangled Banner"
(1991) "Miracle"
(1991)
Alternative cover
2001 re-released single
Whitney Houston singles (2001 re-release) singles chronology
"Fine"
(2001) Fine2001 "The Star Spangled Banner"
(2001) The Star Spangled Banner2001 "Whatchulookinat"
(2002) Whatchulookinat2002
"The Star Spangled Banner" is a charity single recorded by American singer Whitney Houston to raise funds for soldiers and families of those involved in the Persian Gulf War. Written by Francis Scott Key, "The Star-Spangled Banner" is the National Anthem of the United States. The musical arrangement for Whitney Houston's rendition was by conductor John Clayton. The recording was produced by music coordinator Rickey Minor, along with Houston herself. The recording was included in the 2014 CD/DVD release, Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances[1] and the US edition of the 2000 release, Whitney: The Greatest Hits.
Traditionally performed at sports games in the US, "The Star Spangled Banner" was performed by Houston at the now demolished Tampa Stadium for Super Bowl XXV in 1991. Houston donated her portion of the proceeds.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Arista Records re-released Houston's "The Star Spangled Banner". She once again donated her share of the royalties, as did Arista Records, towards the firefighters and victims of the terrorist attacks. This time the single peaked at #6 on the US Hot 100, and was certified platinum by the RIAA. This made Houston the first musical act to take the national anthem Top 10 in the US, and have it certified platinum. The 2001 re-release of the single was Houston's last Top Ten hit on the US Hot 100 during her lifetime.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
2 The Super Bowl XXV performance
3 Release and donation
4 Critical reception
5 Accolades
6 Chart performance
7 Lip-sync controversy
8 Royalty dispute
9 Other live performances
10 Influence
11 Track listing and formats
12 Credits and personnel
13 Charts and certifications
13.1 Weekly charts
13.2 Year-end charts
13.3 Certifications
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Background and recording[edit]
On Election Day 1990, when Whitney Houston was announced as the performer of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV, Houston knew instantly how she wanted to interpret the tune there—with jazz chords and soulful gospel rhythms. So, her longtime musical director Rickey Minor suggested changing the song from standard, waltz tempo—3
4 time signature—to 4
4, with the extra beat per measure allowing Houston to open up her lungs and 'breathe'. Two weeks before the Super Bowl, Houston heard the arrangement, played by The Florida Orchestra and recorded at Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center earlier in January, for the first time. And about ten days later, she recorded a breathtaking game-day master at a California studio. Minor recalled that she truly embraced the song. But not everybody agreed. Some National Football League (NFL) officials feared the rendition was too flamboyant for wartime. Minor told USA Today that "They thought the harmonies were too different, that it was sacrilegious." Bob Best, the Super Bowl's pregame show producer since the early 1980s, added that "Their hang-up was that it wasn't easy to sing to. I disagreed wholeheartedly." Four days before the game, NFL officials ordered Best to phone Houston's father, John, and ask if she would record another version. The answer was no. Best said that "I held that phone so far away from my ear." Yet, when Houston stepped onto the field, Minor was filled with anxiety: "I thought, 'What if everybody boos?'" Two weeks later, the single was a big hit on the Billboard charts.[2][3]
The Super Bowl XXV performance[edit]
"If you were there, you could feel the intensity. You know, we were in the Gulf War at the time. It was an intense time for a country. A lot of our daughters and sons were overseas fighting. I could see, in the stadium, I could see the fear, the hope, the intensity, the prayers going up, you know, and I just felt like this is the moment. And it was hope, we needed hope, you know, to bring our babies home and that's what it was about for me, that what I felt when I sang that song, and the overwhelming love coming out of the stands was incredible."
—Whitney Houston talking about how she felt at the moment when she belted out the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV.[4]
On January 27, 1991–10 days into the Persian Gulf War—Whitney Houston took the field at Tampa Stadium and performed "The Star Spangled Banner", backed by the Florida Orchestra along with music director Jahja Ling, before 73,813 fans, 115 million viewers in the United States and a worldwide television audience of 750 million.[5][6] The pregame program including Houston's performance of the national anthem was produced by Bob Best for the National Football League and televised live on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States.[7] Because of the Gulf War situation, this marked the first time the Super Bowl would be telecast in most countries around the world. Outside of North America and the United Kingdom, the Super Bowl was broadcast for the first time in such countries as Australia, Russia, and most other countries. Houston's performance was later used as a music video of the song.
Houston wears a white tracksuit with a red and blue print and hairband, an athletic uniform that refers to the national tricolor red, white and blue. The announcer asks the audience to join in the honoring of "America" and "especially the brave men and women serving our nation in the Persian Gulf and throughout the world." While the athletes are notably absent on the field, the military personnel, dressed in various uniforms to signify the solidarity among different branches of service, display the flags of the different American states. Two male members of the military are singled out through the use of close-ups: an African-American officer and a white officer. The close-up of the African-American officer raising his hand in salute overlaps with the close-up of the audience. And the close-up of Houston dissolves into the close-up of the white officer, and back again. For a second, both Houston and the white officer are captured within the same frame. The American flag is omnipresent in all shots, either explicitly in the form of an actual American flag, or implicitly through the use of its colors red, white and blue. In addition to the waving American flags, best visible when shot from a distance. On several occasions, the presence of the flag is emphasized through the use of close-ups in connection to the words Whitney Houston sings. When she sings, "...see, by the dawn's early light," a close-up of an American flag dissolves in and out of the close-up of Houston. Houston does not leave the frame, but for a second, the image of American flag is transparently placed over her image. At the point when Houston sings "through the night that our flag was still there," the camera cuts to a close-up of the American flag waving at the top of the stadium. Throughout the performance, there are medium shots and close-ups of the audience waving small American flags. With Houston throwing her arms into the air, the scene is made complete with four F-16 fighter jets from the 56th Tactical Training Wing at MacDill Air Force Base flying over as the performance's grand finale.[8]
Release and donation[edit]
The patriotic feeling of Houston's stirring cover resonated strongly with the public.[9] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, Arista Records announced that it was released as a single and video of her performance, and all profits would be donated to a charity connected with the war effort, to be selected by Houston at a later date.[10] Afterward Houston said that "I went back up in the sky booth and watched the game. It wasn't until a day or two later that I realized the whole country was in an uproar."[5] According to Clive Davis, Arista Records' decision to release the record came after three days of being flooded with phone calls from all over the country from people asking to buy copies of the single. Hundreds of radio stations around the country aired the song from tapes they had recorded from the TV broadcast.[10][11] Eventually, the CDs, audio cassettes of the performance were released on February 12, and its video singles on February 17, 1991 in the United States by Arista Records, respectively. And the proceeds―$531,650, a combined contribution from the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, Inc., Arista and Bertelsmann Music Group Distribution which donated all their royalties and profits from the sale of those―went to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund, which provided aid to US military personnel, their families and war victims in the region.[12] Houston was named to the American Red Cross Board of Governors.[13][14] The audio single was also released in some countries including the Netherlands but its shipments were very small.[15]
On May 16, 2000, the song and its video were released on CD, VHS and DVD of her Whitney: The Greatest Hits.[16][17] The song was only included in the domestic version of the album.[18]
According to Arista, Houston, who had been in the process of picking songs for the upcoming album with then Arista CEO L.A. Reid before September 11 attacks, shortly after the attack, decided to do her part to help the country recover by agreeing to have her 1991 rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" re-released.[9] So, it was reissued as a commercial CD single on September 26, 2001 by Arista Records, with proceeds going to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police; the single also included her version of "America the Beautiful." With releasing of the single, Reid said that "In a time of tragedy, Whitney Houston's recording of our National Anthem has comforted and inspired our nation."[9][19]
Critical reception[edit]
Whitney Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" has garnered critical acclaim from almost all music critics, since 1991 when she performed the song at Super Bowl XXV, being considered one of the best performances ever for the national anthem in music history and the benchmark for singers.[20] Hubert Mizell of St. Petersburg Times lauded her to the skies, saying "Whitney Houston brought down the house as the lady with the super pipes sang the Super Bowl's most meaningful national anthem ever."[21] Liz Smith from Newsday called the performance "[a] magnificent rendition," commenting "Her[Houston's] powerhouse version [...] turned that often impossible-to-sing tune into a hit."[22] Entertainment Weekly's Jess Cagle noted the specific circumstances, particularly a patriotic mood at the time, rather than the performance itself, stating that "Her[Houston's] timing couldn't be better: patriotism, thanks to the Iraqi war, is high, and Francis Scott Key's 1814 ode to the flag is about to celebrate its 60th anniversary as our national anthem. The Gulf war fervor has turned Houston's performance into an unlikely, overnight pop hit."[23] Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that Houston's rendition represented the image which the war was recast as sexy and exhilarating in the 1990s, becoming a counterpart to Jimi Hendrix's at Woodstock in 1969, with screaming siren notes and blasts of feedback that suggested the chaos and carnage of Vietnam bombing raids. He was critical of the media which used Houston's performance as a means of allowing the public to forget the violence of war, and the public's unquestioning acceptance of that, stating "'The Star-Spangled Banner' memorializes 'bombs bursting in air,' and the quiver in Ms. Houston's voice finds seductiveness in the rockets' red glare. But so far, despite the gleaming high-tech weapons paraded on the nightly news, the pop public hasn't joined her. For the moment, it is keeping its distance and hoping the worst will be over soon."[24]
Deborah Wilker of South Florida Sun-Sentinel commented that Houston's version was a "moving rendition" and "imaginative arrangement" of the national anthem, adding "The rare moment on the football field showed her to be much more than a hit machine."[25] Jim Farber, a music critic of New York Daily News, in his review of Houston's 2000 album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, said the song was "bold enough to launch a thousand ships."[26] Sportswriter Dave Anderson of The New York Times commented that "When Whitney Houston belted out the national anthem with the nation at war, she reminded everybody that there was a much more important world out there beyond the Super Bowl, a much more important world beyond even the Giants' hold-your-breath triumph when Bills kicker Scott Norwood's 47-yard field goal try sailed wide right."[27] Los Angeles Times's J.A. Adande, a sports columnist, commented that "It dripped red, white and blue," placing Houston's Super Bowl performance at number three on his list for the best renditions of "The Star-Spangled Banner."[28] In February 2003, Vibe, in a feature article in honor of Super Bowl XXVII, wrote that Houston's performance was "sweet, sweaty and sensational," choosing it as "Most Kleenex-Worthy Performance."[29] In 2005, Orlando Sentinel's Emily Badger, in her articles of the national anthem, picked Houston's rendition of the song as the first of the three good performances along with Marvin Gaye's at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game, and Natalie Gilbert and Maurice Cheeks's in 2003 NBA playoffs, saying a word of praise: "Whitney Houston [...] was so good it sold successfully as a single."[30] Janet Mock of People magazine extolled her performance that "Houston gave one of the most iconic interpretations of the National Anthem in history."[31] Writing for MTV.com in February 2009, Gil Kaufman said the song is a "legendary take on the National Anthem."[32] Luchina Fisher and Sheila Marikar of ABC News, in their articles of lip-syncing, wrote that "Houston's unforgettable rendition of the anthem [...] set the standard that most singers have tried to top."[33] Jenny Mayo of The Washington Times, in her review of Houston's 2009 album I Look to You, praised the rendition highly: "Miss Houston is an artist who can—or at least used to—make songs untouchable. 'The Star Spangled Banner' will never be the same."[34] Bill Lamb from About.com expressed that "[Houston's] formidable power made her Super Bowl XXV 'Star Spangled Banner' performance a legendary moment," and on her biography by Lamb, also described it "as one of the most stunning televised performances ever."[35][36] Monica Herrera of Billboard called Houston's performance an "epic take", adding "[Houston] made it memorable."[37]
Rushelle O'Shea of Yahoo! Sports called it "the most beautiful and most moving to have ever been performed at a sporting event" and recalled then "Leaving the crowd with tears in their eyes, she moved the hearts of many and received a well-earned standing ovation for this beautiful performance," choosing the performance as one of 'The Top 10 Greatest Sports Songs of All Time'.[38] While commenting on Christina Aguilera's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XLV, The Christian Science Monitor's Peter Grier drew comparisons between Houston's version and Aguilera's, writing "One thing is sure: She [Aguilera] was no Whitney Houston. Remember Ms. Houston’s performance of 'The Star-Spangled Banner' at the Super Bowl in 1991? Houston [...] gave an emotional rendition of the song, and it remains one of her career highlights."[39] The Oxford Student's Abbas Panjwani wrote that "Houston’s version is totally euphoric and boundless in energy. Nothing overly fancy. Just immense vocal talent."[40] Chris Willman from Yahoo! Music complimented on Houston's version of the song that it "hasn't aged" and "may remain the most highly regarded version of our lifetimes," ranked second in his 'The 10 Best National Anthems Ever' list.[41] Mike Vaccaro of New York Post recalled the performance that "Not only because she [Houston] was at her peak that January of 1991, not only because we were at war, but she hits the final note ('brave') in a different way than almost anyone else who’s ever tried to sing it, and it is unforgettable," choosing it as his all time number-one favorite among the national anthems.[42] Both Jack Yacks and Gary Mills of The Florida Times-Union described the song as "the gold standard for national anthem performances."[43] In March 2011, St. Petersburg Times' Tom Jones, in his article of memorable sporting events in Tampa Bay Area, recalled the Super Bowl XXV as follows: "the game was about more than football. The United States was embroiled in the first Gulf War, and Whitney Houston, right, backed by the Florida Orchestra, produced goose bumps and tears with a powerful rendition of the Star-Spangled Banner. It is one of the great Super Bowl moments."[44]
Accolades[edit]
Date
Organization or publisher
List description
Result
Note(s)
August 2, 2000
(Episode 33) VH1 100 Greatest Rock & Roll Moments on TV[45] #59
VH1's "100 Greatest" special that counted down the most memorable times when rock and the tube combined to make entertainment history, spanning five decades in five hours over five nights, premiered July 31 to August 4, 2000.
Chosen by VH1 with input from the editors of Entertainment Weekly Magazine, the list spotlights those instances that changed rock history: stunning live performances, television firsts, the rise of music videos, and some of the medium's strangest and most unpredictable events.
January 16, 2003
(Episode 64) VH1 / TV Guide 100 Moments That Rocked TV[46] #12
Hosted by Molly Shannon, VH1 and TV Guide's "100 Moments That Rocked TV" counted down the unforgettable moments when rock music and television combined to make entertainment history in a five-hour, five-night special, premiering January 13 through January 17, 2003 each night.
The chosen 100 Moments also appeared in TV Guide's January 11, 2003 issue.
September 4, 2003
(The issue date of Rolling Stone) National Football League (NFL) / Rolling Stone 25 Most Memorable Music Moments in NFL History[47] #1
Rolling Stone gave a very positive review, stating "With America entangled in the Persian Gulf War, the possibility of terrorists targeting the Super Bowl brings metal detectors, SWAT teams and shaky emotions to Tampa stadium. Then Whitney Houston takes the stage ― and belts out a mind-blowing rendition of the 'Star Spangled Banner,' bringing fans to their feet and tears to the eyes of many watching at home. Her singing, perhaps even more memorable than the Giants 20-19 win over the Bills, stirs such strong patriotism that it's released as a single,[...]and goes gold in 1991. Ten years later, a week after the September 11 attacks, Houston and Arista Records re-release the still-resonant song.[...] Unforgettable."
November 10, 2005 ESPN.com Page 2 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments[48] #18
Ranked eighteenth of the list, saying "Whitney Houston's stirring national anthem in Tampa―as the Gulf War goes on―brings tears to millions. Who cares if it was pre-recorded?"
August 16, 2006
(Episode 17) TV Land Top Ten Musical Moments[49][50] #7
During the episode, Ian Ziering said "Whitney Houston's rendition of 'The Star Spangled Banner' was one of the most amazing presentation of the song that I've ever seen." Lorenzo Lamas commented on Houston's performance that "There's a standard now that we will have to measure, every single female artist sings the national anthem."
January 24, 2007 USA Today Sports Weekly The Best National Anthem in 40 Years of Super Bowl History.[51] #2
Ranked second on the list, writing "Whitney Houston had a memorable rendition before Super Bowl XXV while the country was at war with Iraq during Desert Storm," following The US Air Force Academy Chorale's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl VI.
August 11, 2009 Blender The Top 5 Intriguing Artist Performances of The Star Spangled Banner.[52] #2
Blender wrote that "The sporting event version that all others must measure up to. It was 1991, and Operation Desert Storm had begun nine days earlier, sending US troops into Kuwait. It was the first major US military action since Vietnam, so the NFL took no chances, bringing in Houston, whose fame and skill made her perfect for the role. Whitney begins her performance respectfully, placing the spotlight squarely on the melody. Once she hits the second half, however, all bets are off. The voice that made her famous takes over, belting out the crescendos and trills the American people needed to get through, well, a short, highly successful war."
Chart performance[edit]
Whitney Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV was released as a single in the United States alone on February 12, 1991 during the Gulf War. The single debuted at number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart, the issue dated of March 9, 1991, becoming her highest first week chart entry at the time and the first rendition of the national anthem to appear on the chart since 1968, when José Feliciano's version during Game 5 pregame ceremonies of the 1968 World Series, climbed to number 50.[53][54] Her previous highest debut on the chart had been when "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" entered the Hot 100 chart some six places lower at number 38 in May 1987. The following week it leaped to number 25, two weeks later peaked at number 20 on the chart in the March 30, 1991 issue, making Houston the first and only artist to hit the Top 20 with the national anthem since 1958, when the Billboard Hot 100 chart was published first, and spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart.[53][55] The single was certified Gold for shipments of 500,000 copies and the video single was 2× Platinum for shipping of 100,000 units, respectively, by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on April 11, 1991.[56] "The Star Spangled Banner" became the fastest-selling single in Arista's history at the time, with 750,000 copies sold in the first eight days.[57]
Thanks to re-entering the Hot 100 Airplay list at number 45 with 30 million listeners, Houston's 1991 Super Bowl version of "The Star Spangled Banner" re-visited the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 50, with the marks for Gold certification and 12 weeks on, the issue date of September 29, 2001.[58] It also debuted for the first time on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart at number 54 in the same week.[59] On its first week of retail release, the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart at number two, and the following week topped the chart in the October 20 issue, becoming her third chart-topper, after "I Will Always Love You" in 1992 and "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" in 1995.[60][61] In the same week, the single reached number 13 and a peak of number 30, on the Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop chart, respectively.[62][63] On the Billboard October 27, 2001 issue, Houston set another historic Hot 100 record with "The Star Spangled Banner" which reached number six on the chart. She became the first and only artist to make the national anthem Top 10 hit since 1958, when Billboard premiered the Hot 100 chart, and the third overall in music history, following Margaret Woodrow Wilson who hit number seven with it in 1915 and Irish tenorJohn McCormack who made the tune number one in 1917.[23][64] It stayed on the chart for a total of 27 weeks, combined a fresh-16-weeks with 1991's 11 weeks.[65] The single gave an impressive performance on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart, spending six weeks on the top of the chart from October 20 to November 24, 2001 and 94 weeks on the chart by May 2003.[66][67] In October 2001, RIAA certified it Platinum for shipments of 1,000,000 copies, making it Houston's seventh Platinum single.[56] According to Nielsen SoundScan, as of 2007, it sold 1,200,000 copies in the US alone.[68]
As the single was released in some countries in 1991, it failed to make the pop charts outside of the United States. In 2001, however, the single surprisingly debuted a peak of number five on the Canadian SoundScan Singles chart for the week dated November 11, 2001.[69]
Lip-sync controversy[edit]
In the days following Houston's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV, a controversy arose when it was reported that she lip-synched to her own pre-recorded version of the song by media such as the New York Post, USA Today and St. Petersburg Times. Larry Estrin, the Super Bowl engineer, told USA Today that TV viewers actually heard the studio version, "plus her live voice, plus the audience reaction," and added that "She sang the melody and words the same way (as the studio version), but she sang her heart out."[70] St. Petersburg Times, in its February 2, 1991 article of the Florida Orchestra, wrote that "Both Houston and the orchestra recorded the music before the game.[...] Some people have speculated that Houston lip-synced the National Anthem at the game."[71] On February 4, 1991, Mary Jo Melone of the same newspaper, in her article of Houston's Super Bowl performance, clearly stated that "It was the Memorex. The singing and music you heard were prerecorded."[72] Bob Best, an NFL pre-game entertainment official told USA Today that the NFL chose the recorded version because "we felt there were too many risks to do it live." USA Today reported that it is customary to use pre-recorded versions of the anthem at games, adding that in the past such stars as Diana Ross, Barry Manilow and Neil Diamond have sung to their pre-recorded versions of "The Star Spangled Banner."[70] Best, in an interview with the New York Post, also said that what was played was "protection copy"―it's so-called to protect against the singer's last minute inability to sing―Houston recorded several days before the game at an L.A. studio.[73] Kathryn Holm McManus, former executive director of the orchestra, in an interview with St. Petersburg Times in 2001, reaffirmed that, saying "At the game, everyone was playing, and Whitney was singing, but there were no live microphones. Everyone was lip-synching or finger-synching."[3]
During this controversy, Houston's personal publicist, Regins Brown said that "Our understanding is Whitney sang live." Brown added that the song was recorded in a studio several days before the Super Bowl, which has always been the National Football League (NFL) policy, stating "NFL policy is that when they have a performer singing the national anthem for live TV, they request the performer record what they call a protection copy, just in case the singer has laryngitis, the day of the Super Bowl."[70] Dan Klores, a spokesman for Houston, explained "This is not a Milli Vanilli thing; she sang, but the microphone was turned off. It was a technical decision, partially based on the noise factor. This is standard procedure at these events."[74] According to Jet magazine, similarly, several music industry officials including Estrin emphasized that "this issue is not a case of Milli Vanilli, because the bottom line is―it was Ms. Houston's voice that we were hearing."[70]
Since 1991, whenever the controversy involved lip-sync by some performers arose, Houston's Super Bowl performance to her own pre-recorded voice has been often mentioned. At the beginning of the controversy about Houston's performance, there were some people giving negative views of it, such as Melone of St. Petersburg Times who expressed disappointment about it, commenting "Granted, there were technical difficulties in the way of a live performance, but at least a few other singers have pulled off the national anthem live at a Super Bowl. This was the nation's most precious piece of music sung by one of its best performers at a most precarious time. If we were going to make such a deal of the moment, for the troops in Saudi Arabia, we should have heard the real thing. Or at least we should have been told we weren't."[72] Liz Smith of Newsday commented in support of Houston's performance: "[A] controversy reared its head was it [Houston's performance] live or was it Memorex. It was much ado about nothing. I thought it was clearly Houston's own voice."[22] Jimmy Jam, a songwriter and producer, in an interview with The Associated Press, expressed his thoughts for Houston's version of the song by saying that "Whitney, when she did the national anthem, which was the greatest national anthem that we ever heard, what we heard over the air was prerecorded. The reason it was prerecorded was, that was a moment that no one wanted any mistakes. They didn't want any feedback, they didn't want any technical difficulties ... and it was great."[75] When Jennifer Hudson delivered a lip-syncing of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XLIII in February 2009, it caused a little controversy once again. But most critics and many in the music industry didn't make a criticism of it. David Hinckley of New York Daily News made a remark on lip-syncing the national anthem that it was of secondary importance, writing "The national anthem is different. Yes, it's a musical performance and yes, we're interested in how a Jennifer Hudson will interpret the song. That's why we remember the Whitney Houston and Marvin Gaye versions so well. Because the Super Bowl is primarily a television spectacle with a thousand moving parts, the producers years ago started asking to hear the anthem tracks a week before airtime, just so they would have one less potential variable. That's why [Jennifer Hudson] was lip-syncing."[76] Rickey Minor, the pregame show producer of the 2009 Super Bowl, told The Associated Press that "There's too many variables to go live. I would never recommend any artist go live because the slightest glitch would devastate the performance." Similarly, Billboard magazine's Robert Levine didn't see anything wrong with lip-syncing the national anthem, saying "If Bruce Springsteen flubs a line on 'Born to Run' only his fans will notice. If Jennifer Hudson flubs on the national anthem, people are going to get upset. People want it to be technically perfect as well as emotionally inspiring. Can you guarantee that live? Maybe. But it's good to have insurance."[33] Patrick Hruby of ESPN.com, on his recent article titled 'Star-Spangled Banner isn't easy to sing,' gave a positive comment on Houston's choice that lip-synced "The Star Spangled Banner," saying "Small wonder, then, that when Whitney Houston performed her memorable anthem rendition at Super Bowl XXV in January 1991, she did the sensible thing."[77]
Royalty dispute[edit]
The Florida Orchestra's contribution to the performance was virtually ignored by the public and the media.[citation needed] That did not cause a problem until the performance was determined to release as a single and donate any proceeds to a war-related charity by Arista Records. Although Ashley Sanford, a representative of Arista in New York, said everyone associated with the performance had been consulted before announcing plans for the recording, the plan came as a surprise to the orchestra. Kathryn Holm, then acting executive director for the orchestra, told St. Petersburg Times that "We were informed indirectly. We had heard something about it. But we didn't know anything had been decided." Arranger John Clayton was surprised as well, saying "I had heard some talk something might happen." Unlike Clayton, who was paid for his work, the orchestra was paid only for its expenses. The musicians and music director Jahja Ling donated their services. According to Holm, their contract gave permission only for a single broadcast of the performance. Holm said "I'm not an expert in this, so I don't know whether the radio or television stations have permission to broadcast it or not." The orchestra's original contract with the NFL, signed December in 1990, didn't even mention subsequent releases. Holm demanded proper compensation from Arista for the contribution of the orchestra, then faced financial trouble and wanted a share of any profits from its Super Bowl performance, telling the Times that "Nobody anticipated the reaction, but part of the anthem's impact came from the arrangement behind it, so we believe our musicians deserve some restitution."[71][78] Eventually, the orchestra received royalty payments in 1991 and 1992 of about $100,000, the St. Petersburg Times reported.[79]
On December 14, 2001, the Florida Orchestra sued Arista Records for royalties from copies of the song re-released after Sept. 11 and placed on a Whitney Houston Greatest Hits album and videocassette. Leonard Stone, then orchestra executive director, said "It is a pity that we have to go to court on something so honorable and uplifting as the national anthem. [...] I suspect that Whitney Houston, if she knew, would be deeply hurt and offended as well. She was a friend of the orchestra," filing the lawsuit in Hillsborough Circuit Court asked a judge to enforce the terms of a 1991 agreement that requires Arista to pay the orchestra royalties on all sales worldwide of her rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Under the agreement, the orchestra would get royalties of 5 percent on the suggested retail price of all copies of the song sold in the United States. The royalties would range from 2.5 to 4.25 percent in foreign countries. According to Stone, Arista was supposed to send the orchestra quarterly reports on the album's sales but the orchestra never received them, and no one at the orchestra knew that Houston's rendition of the song had been released in 2000 on her greatest hits album.[79][80] Stone added that "the orchestra learned of the alleged contract breach after the anthem was reissued following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and quickly became a hot-selling single." Following the song's release after Sept. 11, orchestra attorney Frank Jakes began looking into the issue. Jakes, who negotiated the agreement with Arista in 1991, said that he sent Arista's general counsel letters and faxes but got no response, recalling how unwilling Arista had been to pay the orchestra a decade ago.[81] However, thanks to both sides' efforts for resolution of the dispute, three days later (December 17, 2001), the suit was withdrawn by the orchestra voluntarily. The Arista spokesperson said "it was an administrative oversight from [Houston's] Greatest Hits album." An Arista representative assured Jakes who claimed that the non-profit organization had not received quarterly royalty statements since mid-1992, that the issue could be settled without legal action.[79][82]
Other live performances[edit]
Houston opening the Welcome Home Heroes concert with "The Star Spangled Banner" on March 31, 1991.
Before her famous rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, Whitney Houston sang the national anthem several times in sports events, such as:
1988: Los Angeles Lakers vs. New Jersey Nets game on December 14, 1988
1990: Game 3 of the 1989-90 NBA playoffs conference finals of Chicago Bulls vs. Detroit Pistons which was played on May 26, 1990.[83][84]
1991: Two months after the Super Bowl performance of the song, Houston opened Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston, her first-ever full-length TV concert, with "The Star Spangled Banner" at Norfolk Naval Air Station in Virginia for a crowd of about 3,200 including Desert Storm troops and their families on March 31, 1991.[85] Houston, in an interview with The Associated Press before the concert, said that her Super Bowl performance sparked a sense of patriotism in her and made her to carry the song over into a concert.[86] The concert was broadcast live nationally on HBO and simulcast on various US radio stations.[87] Liz Smith of Newsday, after the controversy about Houston's lip-syncing at Super Bowl XXV, wrote that "anyone out there who still doubts Whitney's ability to vocally conquer 'The Star Spangled Banner' without technical help should tune in to HBO," praising Houston's Super Bowl performance highly as mentioned above.[22] The performance was included in Laserdisc of the same title only, released in the United States in October 1991.[88] (the performance was not in even LD releases of the concert in foreign countries such Germany and Japan, as well as all of VHS and DVD releases since 1991.)
1999: Houston also gave a live performance of the national anthem at the inaugural All-Star Game at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York on July 14, 1999. George Willis of New York Post said that the performance was "nearly as stirring as when she sang before Super Bowl XXV in Tampa."[89]
Influence[edit]
Beyoncé Knowles, who performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, referred Houston's Super Bowl anthem as a big influence on her, talking about the experience on The Oprah Winfrey Show, originally aired on April 5, 2004:[90] "Even more so than the Grammys, singing The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem, has always been a dream. [As a child,] I watched Whitney Houston and I literally was in tears. And I grew up saying, ‘Mom, I’m going to do that.’…I actually did it! It was overwhelming. It was amazing, it really was."
Lady Gaga, in an exclusive interview with CNN-IBN, answered the question about her mention of Houston's name in her Grammy award acceptance speech in 2011 that "Whitney was my major vocal inspiration when I was young. We used to listen to her rendition of 'The Star Spangled Banner' over and over again. She has an angel in her throat and I promised myself that the first time I win a Grammy that I would thank Whitney on TV. I did that last year too but that was not on TV. So this year I had to thank her again."[91]
Track listing and formats[edit]
US CD single (1991 version) / US Cassette single[92][93]
"The Star Spangled Banner" ― 2:17
"America the Beautiful" ― 1:32
US 7" vinyl single[94]
A "The Star Spangled Banner" ― 2:15
B "America the Beautiful" ― 1:31
US CD single (2001 version) / EU CD single[95][96]
"The Star Spangled Banner" ― 2:14
"America the Beautiful" ― 1:31
Video single / VHS[97][98]
Running time – 4 minutes 30 seconds
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from "The Star Spangled Banner" single liner notes.[7]
"The Star Spangled Banner"
Musical arrangement ― John Clayton, Jr. featuring The Florida Orchestra conducted by Maestro Jahja Ling
Vocal arrangements ― Whitney Houston
"America the Beautiful"
Rhythm arrangement inspired by Ray Charles
Background vocals ― Perri Sisters
Vocal arrangements ― Whitney Houston
Producer ― Ricky Minor and Whitney Houston
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[53] 20
Chart (2001)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian SoundScan Singles)[69] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[99] 6
US Hot 100 Singles Sales (Billboard)[66] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[100] 30
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2001)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales[101] 21
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales[102] 48
Certifications[edit]
Region
Year
Format
Certification(s)
United States (RIAA) 1991 Single Gold[56]
Video single 2× Platinum[56]
2001 Single Platinum[56]
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Jump up ^ "The Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart listing for the week of May 10, 2003". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 115 (19): 76. May 10, 2003. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Charity can create hit singles — sometimes". USA Today. Gannett Company, Inc. July 4, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hits of the World". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 113 (45): 62. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Whitney Houston Did Not Lip-Sync National Anthem". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 79 (22): 60. March 18, 1991. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Stamets, Russell (February 2, 1991). "A 'Banner' Day, But Not For Some" (Payment needed to view the whole article). St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. p. 1D. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary Jo Melone (February 4, 1991). "A Fitting Wartime Rendition Series: Around Tampa" (Payment needed to view the whole article). St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Anthem was prerecorded for Super Bowl". Spokane Chronicle. William Stacey Cowles. March 1, 1991. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Was Whitney live, or was she Memorex?". The Associated Press. The Daily Gazette Co. March 5, 1991. p. A6. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nekesa Mumbi Moody (November 8, 2004). "Read their lips: Ashlee Simpson didn't invent lip-synching". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Hearst Seattle Media, LLC. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hinckley, David (February 4, 2009). "Jennifer Hudson's lip-sync at Super Bowl is a non-issue". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hruby, Patrick (February 7, 2011). "'Star-Spangled Banner' isn't easy to sing". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Benatar, Giselle (February 22, 1991). "Home of the Free and the Broke: Money woes for the Florida Orchestra - The musicians behind Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Banner performance faces financial trouble". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Billy Johnson, Jr. (December 20, 2001). "Whitney Houston's 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Suit Dropped". Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Florida Orchestra Sues Arista Over Anthem". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 17, 2001. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Karp, David (December 15, 2001). "Orchestra sues over anthem's re-release: The Florida Orchestra seeks royalties on Whitney Houston's Super Bowl rendition". St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "People in the News: Whitney Houston, Florida Orchestra Drops Lawsuit Over Anthem". The Ledger. Lakeland Ledger Publishing Company. December 19, 2001. p. D2. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iron-Man Role Hounding Jordan" (Payment needed to view the whole article). The Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. December 18, 1988. p. 3C. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Conklin, Mike (May 28, 1990). "Seventh heaven? Can the Bulls come back from their 2-0.." Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. p. 9. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Houston wows crowded at Norfolk naval base". The Free Lance–Star. Free Lance–Star Publishing Company. April 1, 1991. p. 20. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Dana (March 29, 1991). "TV/Entertainment: Houston welcomes troops from Gulf". Kentucky New Era. p. 4B. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Steve (March 30, 1991). "WEEKEND TV : Houston to Sing 'Welcome Home'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ McGowan, Chris. "Laser Scans: New CD-ROM Releases Display Format's Potential". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 103 (41): 66. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Willis, George (July 15, 1999). "WNBA's Top Guns - In League's 2020 Vision, This Is Night to Remember". New York Post. News Corporation. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Oprah Winfrey Show: Episode dated 5 April 2004". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tripathi, Amrita (February 16, 2011). "I can't wait to come to India: Lady Gaga". CNN-IBN. Global Broadcast News Turner International India Pvt Ltd. / Global Broadcast News. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US CD Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista. 1991. ASCD-2207.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US Cassette Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 1991. CAS-2207.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US 7" Vinyl Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 1991. AS-2207.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US CD Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 2001. 07822-15054-2.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (EU CD Single). Whitney Houston. Europe: Arista Records. 2001. 07822 15054 2.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (Video Single). Whitney Houston. United States: 6 West Home Video. 1991. 07822-15054-2.
Jump up ^ The Star Spangled Banner (Video Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 1991. 07822 15054 2.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "2001 The Year in Music: Hot 100 Singles Sales". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 113 (52). December 29, 2001. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2001 The Year in Music: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 113 (52). December 29, 2001. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Kooijman, Jaap (2008). Fabricating the Absolute Fake: America in Contemporary Pop Culture. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-492-9.
External links[edit]
The Star Spangled Banner at Discogs
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