text:
List of Bewitched characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Agnes Moorehead as Endora, Dick York as Darrin Stephens and Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha
There are many characters in Bewitched, a fantasy television sitcom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Samantha Stephens
2 Darrin Stephens
3 Endora
4 Larry Tate
5 Louise Tate
6 Gladys Kravitz
7 Abner Kravitz
8 Aunt Clara
9 Tabitha Stephens
10 Adam Stephens
11 Serena
12 Uncle Arthur
13 Dr. Bombay
14 Esmeralda
15 Phyllis Stephens
16 Frank Stephens
17 Maurice
18 Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha
19 Apothecary
20 Betty
21 Sheila Summers
22 Howard McMann
23 Charlie Leach
24 Characters from history and other fiction
25 Cast
26 References
Samantha Stephens[edit]
Samantha Stephens (Elizabeth Montgomery) is a witch and the show's protagonist. She's married to a mortal named Darrin Stephens and has two magical children by him. Samantha often has difficulty adjusting to mortal life, even though she is trying to give up using her powers. She is perhaps the most sensible character in the show; she enjoys her mother's company and is able to take her jabs at mortal life with ease. She is optimistic and treats everyone with respect be they magical creatures, powerful witches and wizards, or ordinary people.
Dick Sargent, was the second actor to portray Darrin Stephens, Samantha's long suffering husband
Darrin Stephens[edit]
Darrin Stephens (originally Dick York, seasons 1-5; later Dick Sargent, seasons 6-8) is a mortal married to Samantha. He did not know she was a witch until she told him after their marriage. He works as a Vice President/Account Executive at the McMann & Tate Advertising agency. Dick York was unable to continue his role as Darrin because of a severe back condition, the result of an accident during the filming of They Came To Cordura in 1959. Starting during the third season, York's disability caused ongoing shooting delays and script rewrites. After collapsing while filming the episode "Daddy Does His Thing" and being rushed to the hospital in January 1969, York left the show. Dick Sargent, who would go on to play Darrin in the sixth through eighth seasons, was cast for the role that same month.[1]
Endora[edit]
Agnes Moorehead as Endora
Endora (Agnes Moorehead), is Samantha's mother and Darrin's chief antagonist in the series. Like all witches, she never reveals her surname, indicating to Darrin that he would be unable to pronounce it. Endora finds mortals dull and disapproves of Darrin, as do many of Samantha's relatives. Endora refuses to even use Darrin's name, alternatively calling him "Derwood", "What's-his-name", "Darwin", "Dum-Dum", etc., all much to his annoyance. She refers to him as "Darrin" only eight times during the entire series.[2] Endora's ploys to provoke a breakup always fail as Samantha and Darrin's love overcomes every obstacle. Even though Endora casts countless farcical spells on Darrin, she never attempts to destroy him outright. During the first season, Endora threatens her warlock husband Maurice, after he destroys Darrin, saying that she will not have a human being on her conscience. It was one of the few times when Endora went out of her way to protect Darrin from Maurice (See episode 1-10). Endora, once, let Maurice kiss her. But, when she realizes that, after he has kissed her and disappeared, that she has contracted an illness which leaves her unable to use her powers, she is furious. until Maurice returns to gives her an antidote, and take her to, "the place we used to go to on the Milky Way", to have dinner. She doesn't get along with Darrin's mother, Phyllis Stephens, because she gets along too well with Phyllis' husband, Frank. But, they are civil to one another in, what Samantha calls, "killing one another with kindness". Endora does dote on her grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam; They call her "Grandmama".
Larry Tate[edit]
Larry Tate (David White) is Darrin's profit-obsessed boss. Tate is a regular character. Tate's opinions turn on a dime to appease a client in an attempt to land a deal. However, there are two episodes that show evidence that Larry has deep feelings as well as having a sense of integrity. In the first season installment, "And Something Makes Three", Larry realizes he is to become a father for the first time and is almost overcome with joyful emotion. In the seventh season Christmas episode "Sisters at Heart", notwithstanding his obsession with the bottom line, Larry threatens to cancel an important client's account with McMann & Tate when he realizes the client is a racist.
Louise Tate[edit]
Louise Tate (Irene Vernon, and, after Vernon's departure from the show, Kasey Rogers) is Larry's wife and Samantha's closest mortal friend. Louise Tate was played by Irene Vernon during the first two seasons and then replaced by Kasey Rogers, who wore a short black wig to appear similar to Vernon. According to Rogers,[3]
Bill Asher noticed her tugging at the wig and asked why she was wearing it. She laughed and said, "because you told me to." He replied, "Why don't you take it off!" and she played Louise with red hair for the show's final three seasons.
Gladys Kravitz[edit]
Alice Pearce and Sandra Gould as Gladys Kravitz, respectively.
Gladys Kravitz, whose maiden name was Gruber, (played originally by Alice Pearce, and, after Pearce's death during the run of the show, Sandra Gould) is Samantha and Darrin's nosy neighbor who lives across the street. She often witnesses incidents of witchcraft but, by the time her husband Abner gets to the window, there is nothing to see, thus, he never believes her.
Abner Kravitz[edit]
Abner Kravitz (George Tobias) is Gladys's retired husband. He doesn't believe the stories his wife tells about Samantha being a witch. By the time she gets him to come to the window to see some magic she has just witnessed, it is all over. His sister, Harriet (Mary Grace Canfield), stayed with her brother once while Gladys was out of town (around the time Alice Pearce died). Harriet also witnessed some behavior that caused her to share her sister-in-law's opinion of their neighbors. Abner again disagreed just as he always did with his wife.
Aunt Clara[edit]
Marion Lorne played much-loved Aunt Clara
Aunt Clara (Marion Lorne) is the only one of Samantha's relatives for whom Darrin regularly shows tolerance (and the only relative who regularly tolerates him). She is Samantha's bumbling, elderly, absent-minded-but-lovable aunt. The well-meaning Aunt Clara's spells usually backfire, and her entrances and exits are often a grand fumble, such as entering via a chimney or colliding with a wall. She has a collection of over a thousand doorknobs (inspired by Lorne's real-life collection).
Tabitha Stephens[edit]
Tabitha Stephens (Erin Murphy) (spelled Tabatha in production credits until season 5) is the daughter of Samantha and Darrin. She is born in season 2. She has supernatural powers. Tabitha Stephens' birth in the season 2 episode "And Then There Were Three" featured infant Cynthia Black in the role. For the remainder of the season, Tabitha was played by twins Heidi and Laura Gentry, followed by twins Tamar and Julie Young. Fraternal twin toddlers Diane Murphy and Erin Murphy were cast for the role at the beginning of season 3. In time, they began to look less alike, so Diane was dropped during season 4. Diane made several guest appearances in other roles, and filled in as Tabitha one last time in season 5's "Samantha Fights City Hall", because Erin had the mumps. Tabitha was played by Liberty Williams in the 1976 pilot and by Lisa Hartman in the 1977 series of the same name.
Adam Stephens[edit]
Adam Stephens (David Lawrence) is the son of Samantha and Darrin. Like his sister and his mother, he has supernatural powers. In the Tabitha TV show pilot, he is played by Bruce Kimmel and he also possessed warlock powers and a mischievous nature, but in the series itself, he was played by David Ankrum, and was often the disapproving mortal figure of the family, much like their father, Darrin was. Despite his entreaties to his sister to not use her powers, and his dismay when their Aunt Minerva (Karen Morrow) encouraged her to use them, he really does love his sister very much. A continuity error switched the birth order of Tabitha and Adam (in Bewitched, Tabitha is older and Adam is younger; in Tabitha, Adam is older and Tabitha is younger).
Serena[edit]
Serena (Elizabeth Montgomery) is Samantha's cousin on Maurice's side.[4] Serena is egocentric and looks like Samantha (except for a tattoo under her left eye). Also played by Montgomery, Serena is credited as "Pandora Spocks" (a spin on the phrase "Pandora's box") in many of her appearances from 1969 to 1971. Serena is first seen in episode, #54, "And Then There Were Three".[5] Serena is the antithesis of Samantha, in most episodes sporting a beauty mark on her cheek, raven-black cropped hair and mod mini-skirts. Ever mischievous, bawdy and irresponsible, Serena often flirts with Larry Tate (calling the white-haired Tate "Cotton-Top"), just for sport. She occasionally dates mortals, and has been known to flirt with Darrin, while pretending to be Samantha. Despite her conduct and frequent co-plotting with Endora, Serena has been known to assist Samantha and Darrin, although she finds them "both a bit square".
Uncle Arthur[edit]
Samantha and Uncle Arthur in the 1968 episode, "No Harm Charm"
Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora's prank-loving brother, makes several appearances. Despite many practical jokes at Darrin's expense, Uncle Arthur has a less antagonistic relationship with him than Endora. In one episode, both Serena and Uncle Arthur go head-to-head with the Witches Council to support the Stephens' union, only to have their own powers suspended. Samantha is clearly very fond of her uncle, and vice versa.
Dr. Bombay[edit]
Dr. Hubert Bombay (Bernard Fox) is a witch doctor and womanizer, almost always accompanied by a buxom assistant in a nurse's outfit. He constantly cracks stale jokes. A strange occurrence or condition caused by a supernatural illness is occasionally used as a plot device, and his assistance is often sought. He could be summoned by the phrase: "Calling Dr. Bombay, calling Dr. Bombay. Emergency, come right away." His first name, Hubert, was revealed in the final episode of the spinoff "Tabitha" where he marries his mortal nurse.
Esmeralda[edit]
Esmeralda (Alice Ghostley) is the Stephens' anxiety-ridden and magically inept "Yoo-Hoo" maid. She is prone to uncontrolled bursts of magic (especially when she sneezes) and becomes invisible when she's nervous. Like Clara, her magic is unpredictable but, because her powers are weak the manifestations usually fade away in time. Esmeralda was introduced in 1969 after Lorne's death. Ghostley stated that she did not consider her character as a replacement for Clara.
Phyllis Stephens[edit]
Phyllis Stephens (Mabel Albertson) is Darrin's strait-laced mother who visits occasionally but never learns of Samantha's supernatural powers. Phyllis makes inopportune surprise visits (which often cause Samantha to use magic to clean up the house quickly). Phyllis often becomes discombobulated and complains of "a sick headache" after accidentally witnessing something inexplicable. She and Endora do not get along, as Endora often displays contempt for her mortal counterpart. Phyllis also once thought her husband was having an affair with Endora, which did not help relations between the two. They are civil to one another in what Samantha refers to as "killing each other with kindness".
Frank Stephens[edit]
Frank Stephens (Robert F. Simon, Roy Roberts) is Darrin's laid-back father. He loves musicals and operas and once, during the first season he and Endora go together to a musical, from which he doesn't come back that night. He and his wife, Phyllis, get near to a divorce, until Samantha and Endora use their magic to bring them back together.
Maurice[edit]
Maurice (Maurice Evans) is Samantha's father, an urbane thespian, and the only warlock in the House of Lords. He often embellishes his entrances and exits with strained Shakespearean verse. Bewitched is unique for pre-1970s sitcoms in that it portrays Endora and Maurice in, as Maurice describes to his private secretary, "an informal marriage". Maurice once introduces Endora as "her (Samantha's) mother", and Endora twice threatens, if she doesn't get what she wants, to "move back in" with Maurice, a prospect that terrifies him. In the episode "Samantha's Good News", Endora threatens to file for an "ectoplasmic interlocutory" (i.e. "divorce"), only to wrangle Maurice's affection. He is also a member of the Warlock's Club in London. Maurice refers to Darrin with incorrect names (like Endora), including "Duncan" and "Dustbin", with Endora going so far as to "correct" him, saying "that's Durwood". Once in the series he kisses Endora, and after takes her to "the little place, we used to go to on the Milky Way" (episode: "A Plague on Maurice and Samantha"). Like Endora, he dotes on his grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam, who are allowed to call him "Grandpa".
Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha[edit]
Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha are two of Samantha's other aunts. They occasionally ride in an antique car called "Macbeth" (sometimes driven by chauffeur Rasputin, other times operating sans driver), which enters the Stephens' home through the wall. Enchantra was played by three different actresses, including Estelle Winwood, while Hagatha was played by five, including Jane Connell, Reta Shaw, and Ysabel MacCloskey.
Apothecary[edit]
An unnamed witches' apothecary (Bernie Kopell) is an amorous old warlock from whom help for supernatural illnesses is occasionally sought. He appears in four episodes.
Betty[edit]
Betty, the secretary at McMann and Tate, was played by various actresses, including Jill Foster (ten appearances) and Marcia Wallace.[6]
Sheila Summers[edit]
Sheila Summers (Nancy Kovack) is Darrin's wealthy former fiancée and Samantha's nemesis. She appeared three times in the series (in the pilot episode ("I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha", and in "Snob in the Grass", where she tries to seduce Darrin, only to be publicly humiliated by Samantha's witchcraft). She also appeared in the 1968 episode "If They Never Met".
Howard McMann[edit]
Howard McMann (Roland Winters, Leon Ames) is Larry Tate's business partner, and appears only twice during the series in "Man of the Year" and "What Makes Darrin Run".
Charlie Leach[edit]
Charlie Leach (Robert Strauss) is a conniving private investigator who attempts to blackmail Samantha, with disastrous results, in "Follow that Witch" and "Catnapped". In the first episode, he was working for a client of Darrin's who was considering hiring the advertising firm. In the second episode, he caught Samantha using her powers. The Leaches were the reverse of the Kravitzes with Charlie convinced that Samantha was a witch, while his wife, Charmaine (Virginia Martin) was convinced that her husband was crazy. However, unlike the Kravitzes, Charlie used blackmail to get Samantha to give him what he wants, but it always backfired when Samantha used her powers to defeat him. After "Catnapped", Charlie and Charmaine were never seen or spoken of again.
Characters from history and other fiction[edit]
Thanks to witchcraft, a number of interesting characters were seen, including Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Pierce, George and Martha Washington, Paul Revere, Sigmund Freud, Julius Caesar, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon, King Henry VIII, Cleopatra, Bonanno Pisano, Santa Claus, Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, The Artful Dodger, Hansel and Gretel, The Tooth Fairy, the Loch Ness Monster, a leprechaun, Prince Charming, Sleeping Beauty, Willie Mays (playing himself), and Boyce and Hart (playing themselves).
Cast[edit]
Cast of Characters
Character
Actor(s)
No. of episodes
Main Characters
Samantha Stephens Elizabeth Montgomery 254
Darrin Stephens Dick York (1964–1969)
Dick Sargent (1969–1972) 156 (York)
84 (Sargent)
Endora Agnes Moorehead 147
Larry Tate David White 166
Recurring Characters
Tabitha Stephens Cynthia Black (1966)
Heidi and Laura Gentry (1966)
Tamar and Julie Young (1966)
Diane Murphy (1966–1968)
Erin Murphy (1966–1972) 116
Gladys Kravitz Alice Pearce (1964–1966)
Sandra Gould (1966–1971) 27 (Pearce)
29 (Gould)
Abner Kravitz George Tobias (1964–1971) 55
Louise Tate Irene Vernon (1964–1966)
Kasey Rogers (1966–1972) 13 (Vernon)
33 (Rogers)
Aunt Clara Marion Lorne (1964–1968) 28
Serena Elizabeth Montgomery (1966–1972)
(credited as "Pandora Spocks") 24
Adam Stephens unknown (1969–1970)
Greg and David Lawrence (1970–1972) 24
Phyllis Stephens Mabel Albertson (1964–1971) 19
Dr. Bombay Bernard Fox (1967–1972) 18
Esmeralda Alice Ghostley (1969–1972) 15
Frank Stephens Robert F. Simon (1964–67, 1971)
Roy Roberts (1967–1970) 13
Maurice Maurice Evans 12
Uncle Arthur Paul Lynde (1965–1971) 10
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sargent Replaces Bewitched Costar". Los Angeles Times. January 31, 1969. p. G14.
Jump up ^ "Nicknames". Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Kasey Rogers and Mark Wood - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre".
Jump up ^ Episode 5.20, "Mrs. Stephens, Where Are You?" Aired 1969-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Serena's Style - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre". harpiesbizarre.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Lance, Steven (1996). Written Out of Television: A TV Lover's Guide to Cast Changes, 1945–1994. Madison Books. p. 63. ISBN 1-56833-071-5.
[hide]
v
t
e
Bewitched
Characters
Episodes
"I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha"
"Sisters at Heart"
Home video
Tabitha
Film
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bewitched_characters&oldid=804173508"
Categories:
Bewitched (TV series) characters
Lists of American sitcom television characters
Lists of fantasy television characters
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 October 2017, at 07:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/They_Came_To_Cordura
mw-redirect
They Came To Cordura

values:
/wiki/Liberty_Williams
mw-redirect
Liberty Williams

values:
/wiki/Lisa_Hartman
mw-redirect
Lisa Hartman

values:
/wiki/Continuity_error
mw-redirect
Continuity error

values: Edit section: Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha

values:
/wiki/Leon_Ames_(actor)
mw-redirect
Leon Ames (actor)

values: Edit section: Characters from history and other fiction

values:
/wiki/The_Artful_Dodger
mw-redirect
The Artful Dodger

values:
/wiki/Tooth_Fairy
mw-redirect
Tooth Fairy

values:
/wiki/Gladys_Kravitz
mw-redirect
Gladys Kravitz

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Bewitched (TV series) characters

values: Category:Lists of American sitcom television characters

values: Category:Lists of fantasy television characters

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Bewitched_characters
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endora
Endora – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Bewitched_characters rootpage-List_of_Bewitched_characters vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Romantic literature in English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period but here the publishing of William Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end.[1] Romanticism arrived later in other parts of the English-speaking world, such as America.
William Blake is considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age
The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, because of the depopulation of the countryside and the rapid development of overcrowded industrial cities, that took place in the period roughly between 1798 and 1832. The movement of so many people in England was the result of two forces: the Agricultural Revolution, that involved the enclosure of the land, drove workers off the land, and the Industrial Revolution which provided them employment, "in the factories and mills, operated by machines driven by steam-power".[2] Indeed, Romanticism may be seen in part as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[3] though it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, as well a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[4] The French Revolution was an especially important influence on the political thinking of many at this time.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 England
1.1 18th-century precursors
1.2 Romantic Poetry
1.2.1 Second generation
1.2.2 Other poets
1.2.3 Women poets
1.3 Romantic Novel
1.4 Drama
2 Wales
3 Scotland
4 America
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
England[edit]
18th-century precursors[edit]
The Romantic movement in English literature of the early 19th century has its roots in 18th-century poetry, the Gothic novel and the novel of sensibility.[6] This includes the graveyard poets, who were a number of pre-Romantic English poets, writing in the 1740s and later, whose works are characterised by their gloomy meditations on mortality, "skulls and coffins, epitaphs and worms" in the context of the graveyard.[7] To this was added, by later practitioners, a feeling for the 'sublime' and uncanny, and an interest in ancient English poetic forms and folk poetry.[8] They are often considered precursors of the Gothic genre.[9] The poets include Thomas Gray (1716–71), whose Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751) is "the best known product of this kind of sensibility";[10] William Cowper (1731–1800); Christopher Smart (1722–71); Thomas Chatterton (1752–70); Robert Blair (1699–1746), author of The Grave (1743), "which celebrates the horror of death";[11] and Edward Young (1683–1765), whose The Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality (1742–45) is another "noted example of the graveyard genre".[12] Other precursors of Romanticism are the poets James Thomson (1700–48) and James Macpherson (1736–96).[6]
The sentimental novel or "novel of sensibility" is a genre which developed during the second half of the 18th century. It celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in the 18th century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response, both from their readers and characters. They feature scenes of distress and tenderness, and the plot is arranged to advance emotions rather than action. The result is a valorization of "fine feeling", displaying the characters as a model for refined, sensitive emotional effect. The ability to display feelings was thought to show character and experience, and to shape social life and relations.[13] Among the most famous sentimental novels in English are Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740), Oliver Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield (1766), Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1759–67), Sentimental Journey (1768), Henry Brooke's The Fool of Quality (1765–70), Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling (1771) and Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent (1800).[14]
Significant foreign influences were the Germans Goethe, Schiller and August Wilhelm Schlegel and French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78).[15] Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) is another important influence.[16] The changing landscape, brought about by the industrial and agricultural revolutions, with the expansion of the city and depopulation of the countryside, was another influence on the growth of the Romantic movement in Britain. The poor condition of workers, the new class conflicts and the pollution of the environment led to a reaction against urbanism and industrialization and a new emphasis on the beauty and value of nature.
In the late 18th century, Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto created the Gothic fiction genre, that combines elements of horror and romance. The pioneering gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her most popular and influential work The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel. Vathek (1786) by William Beckford, and The Monk (1796) by Matthew Lewis, were further notable early works in both the gothic and horror literary genres. The first short stories in the United Kingdom were gothic tales like Richard Cumberland's "remarkable narrative" The Poisoner of Montremos (1791).[17]
Romantic Poetry[edit]
See also: English Romantic sonnets and Romantic poetry
The physical landscape is prominent in the poetry of this period--the Romantics, and especially Wordsworth, are often described as 'nature poets'. However, these 'nature poems' have wider concerns in that they are often meditations on "an emotional problem or personal crisis".[18]
The poet, painter, and printmaker William Blake (1757–1827) was an early writer of this kind. Largely disconnected from the major streams of the literature of the time, Blake was generally unrecognised during his lifetime, but is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. Considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, Blake is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. Among his most important works are Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794) "and profound and difficult 'prophecies' " such as Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793), The First Book of Urizen (1794), Milton (1804–?11), and "Jerusalem: the Emanation of the Giant Albion" (1804–?20).[19]
After Blake, among the earliest Romantics were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends, including William Wordsworth (1770–1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834), Robert Southey (1774–1843) and journalist Thomas de Quincey (1785–1859). However, at the time Walter Scott (1771–1832) was the most famous poet. Scott achieved immediate success with his long narrative poem The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805, followed by the full epic poem Marmion in 1808. Both were set in the distant Scottish past.[20]
The early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is marked by the first romantic manifesto in English literature, the "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads (1798). In it Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men", and which avoids the poetic diction of much 18th-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth gives his famous definition of poetry, as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" which "takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." The poems in Lyrical Ballads were mostly by Wordsworth, though Coleridge contributed, one of the great poems of English literature,[21] the long "Rime of the Ancient Mariner", a tragic ballad about the survival of one sailor through a series of supernatural events on his voyage through the South Seas, and which involves the symbolically significant slaying of an albatross. Coleridge is also especially remembered for "Kubla Khan", "Frost at Midnight", "Dejection: an Ode", "Christabel", as well as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture.[22] Coleridge and Wordsworth, along with Carlyle, were a major influence, through Emerson, on American transcendentalism.[23] Among Wordsworth's most important poems, are "Michael", "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey", "Resolution and Independence", "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood" and the long, autobiographical, epic The Prelude. The Prelude was begun in 1799 but published posthumously in 1850. Wordsworth's poetry is noteworthy for how he "inverted the traditional hierarchy of poetic genres, subjects, and style by elevating humble and rustic life and the plain [...] into the main subject and medium of poetry in general", and how, in Coleridge's words, he awakens in the reader "freshness of sensation" in his depiction of familiar, commonplace objects.[24]
Robert Southey (1774–1843) was another of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Although his fame has been long eclipsed by that of his contemporaries and friends William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Thomas De Quincey (1785–1859) was an English essayist, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821),[25] an autobiographical account of his laudanum use and its effect on his life. William Hazlitt (1778–1830), friend of both Coleridge and Wordsworth, is another important essayist at this time, though today he is best known for his literary criticism, especially Characters of Shakespeare's Plays (1817–18).[26]
Lord Byron
Second generation[edit]
The second generation of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron (1788–1824), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) and John Keats (1795–1821). Byron, however, was still influenced by 18th-century satirists and was, perhaps the least 'romantic' of the three, preferring "the brilliant wit of Pope to what he called the 'wrong poetical system' of his Romantic contemporaries".[27] Byron achieved enormous fame and influence throughout Europe with works exploiting the violence and drama of their exotic and historical settings. Goethe called Byron "undoubtedly the greatest genius of our century".[28] A trip to Europe resulted in the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812), a mock-heroic epic of a young man's adventures in Europe, but also a sharp satire against London society. The poem contains elements thought to be autobiographical, as Byron generated some of the storyline from experience gained during his travels between 1809 and 1811.[29] However, despite the success of Childe Harold and other works, Byron was forced to leave England for good in 1816 and seek asylum on the Continent, because, among other things, of his alleged incestuous affair with his half-sister Augusta Leigh.[30] Here he joined Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley, with his secretary John William Polidori on the shores of Lake Geneva, during the 'year without a summer'.[30] Polidori's The Vampyre was published in 1819, creating the literary vampire genre. This short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem The Giaour (1813).[31] Between 1819 and 1824 Byron published his unfinished epic satire Don Juan, which, though initially condemned by the critics, "was much admired by Goethe who translated part of it".[32]
Shelley is perhaps best known for poems such as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud, The Masque of Anarchy and Adonaïs, an elegy written on the death of Keats. Shelley's early profession of atheism, in the tract "The Necessity of Atheism", led to his expulsion from Oxford,[33] and branded him as a radical agitator and thinker, setting an early pattern of marginalization and ostracism from the intellectual and political circles of his time. Similarly, Shelley's 1851 essay "A Defense of Poetry" displayed a radical view of poetry, in which the poet acts as "the unacknowledged legislators of the world," because, of all of artists, they best perceive the undergirding structure of society. [34] His close circle of admirers, however, included the most progressive thinkers of the day, including his future father-in-law, philosopher William Godwin. A work like Queen Mab (1813) reveal Shelley, "as the direct heir to the French and British revolutionary intellectuals of the 1790s.[35] Shelley became an idol of the next three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, as well as later W. B. Yeats.[36] Shelley's influential poem The Masque of Anarchy (1819) calls for nonviolence in protest and political action. It is perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.[37] Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance was influenced and inspired by Shelley's verse, and Gandhi would often quote the poem to vast audiences.[38]
Though John Keats shared Byron and Shelley's radical politics, "his best poetry is not political",[39] but is especially noted for its sensuous music and imagery, along with a concern with material beauty and the transience of life.[40] Among his most famous works are: "The Eve of St Agnes", "Ode to Psyche", "La Belle Dame sans Merci", "Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "Ode on Melancholy", "To Autumn" and the incomplete Hyperion, a 'philosophical' poem in blank verse, which was "conceived on the model of Milton's Paradise Lost ".[41] Keats' letters "are among the finest in English" and important "for their discussion of his aesthetic ideas", including 'negative capability' ".[42] Keats has always been regarded as a major Romantic, "and his stature as a poet has grown steadily through all changes of fashion".[43]
Other poets[edit]
Another important poet in this period was John Clare (1793–1864), Clare was the son of a farm labourer, who came to be known for his celebratory representations of the English countryside and his lamentation for the changes taking place in rural England.[44] His poetry underwent a major re-evaluation in the late 20th century and he is often now considered to be among the most important 19th-century poets.[45] His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was "the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced. No one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self".[46]
George Crabbe (1754–1832) was an English poet who, during the Romantic period, wrote "closely observed, realistic portraits of rural life [...] in the heroic couplets of the Augustan age".[47] Lord Byron who was an admirer of Crabbe's poetry, described him as "nature's sternest painter, yet the best".[48] Modern critic Frank Whitehead has said that "Crabbe, in his verse tales in particular, is an important–indeed, a major–poet whose work has been and still is seriously undervalued."[49] Crabbe's works include The Village (1783), Poems (1807), The Borough (1810), and his poetry collections Tales (1812) and Tales of the Hall (1819).
Women poets[edit]
Women writers were increasingly active in all genres throughout the 18th century, and by the 1790s women's poetry was flourishing. Notable poets later in the period include Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Joanna Baillie, Susanna Blamire, Hannah More. Other women poets include Mary Alcock (c. 1742-1798) and Mary Robinson (1758-1800) both of whom "highlighted the enormous discrepancy between life for the rich and the poor",[50] and Felicia Hemans (1793-1835) author of nineteen individual books during her lifetime, and who continued to republished widely after her death in 1835.[51]
More interest has been shown in recent years in Dorothy Wordsworth (1771-1855), William's sister, who "was modest about her writing abilities, [but] she produced poems of her own; and her journals and travel narratives certainly provided inspiration for her brother."[52]
In the past decades there has been substantial scholarly and critical work done on women poets of this period, both by make them available in print or online, and second, to assess them and position them within the literary tradition.[53]
Romantic Novel[edit]
See also: Novel and English novel
Mary Shelley
Mary Shelley (1797–1851) is remembered as the author of Frankenstein (1818). The plot of this is said to have come from a waking dream she had, in the company of Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori, following a conversation about galvanism and the feasibility of returning a corpse or assembled body parts to life, and on the experiments of the 18th-century natural philosopher and poet Erasmus Darwin, who was said to have animated dead matter.[54] Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company also amused themselves by reading German ghost stories, prompting Byron to suggest they each write their own supernatural tale.
Jane Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism.[55] Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.[56] Austen brings to light the hardships women faced, who usually did not inherit money, could not work and where their only chance in life depended on the man they married. She reveals not only the difficulties women faced in her day, but also what was expected of men and of the careers they had to follow. This she does with wit and humour and with endings where all characters, good or bad, receive exactly what they deserve. Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become accepted as a major writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture. Austen's works include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), Northanger Abbey (1817) and Persuasion (1817).
Drama[edit]
Byron, Keats and Shelley all wrote for the stage, but with little success in England, with Shelley's The Cenci perhaps the best work produced, though that was not played in a public theatre in England until a century after his death. Byron's plays, along with dramatizations of his poems and Scott's novels, were much more popular on the Continent, and especially in France, and through these versions several were turned into operas, many still performed today. If contemporary poets had little success on the stage, the period was a legendary one for performances of Shakespeare, and went some way to restoring his original texts and removing the Augustan "improvements" to them. The greatest actor of the period, Edmund Kean, restored the tragic ending to King Lear;[57] Coleridge said that, “Seeing him act was like reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning.”[58]
Wales[edit]
Wales had its own Romantic movement, especially in Welsh literature (which was rarely translated or known outside Wales).[59] The countryside and history of Wales exerted an influence on the Romantic imagination of Britons, especially in travel writings, and the poetry of Wordsworth.[60]
The "poetry and bardic vision" of Edward Williams (1747-1826), better known by his bardic name Iolo Morganwg, bear the hallmarks of Romanticism. "His Romantic image of Wales and its past had a far-reaching effect on the way in which the Welsh envisaged their own national identity during the nineteenth century".[61]
(See: Damian Walford Davies and Lynda Pratt, eds., Wales and the Romantic Imagination (University of Wales Press, 2007), James Prothero. Wordsworth and Welsh Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013. and Shawna Lichtenwalner, Claiming Cambria: Invoking the Welsh in the Romantic Era (University of Delaware Press, 2008).
Scotland[edit]
See Romanticism in Scotland
James Macpherson was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation. Claiming to have found poetry written by the ancient bard Ossian, he published "translations" that acquired international popularity, being proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the Classical epics. Fingal, written in 1762, was speedily translated into many European languages, and its appreciation of natural beauty and treatment of the ancient legend have been credited, more than any single work, with bringing about the Romantic movement in European, and especially in German literature, through its influence on Johann Gottfried von Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.[62] It was also popularised in France by figures that included Napoleon.[63] Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic, but flowery adaptations made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience.[64] Both Robert Burns (1759–96) and Walter Scott (1771–1832) were highly influenced by the Ossian cycle. Robert Burns (1759–1796) was a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a cultural icon in Scotland. As well as writing poems, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them. His Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect was published in 1786. Among poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world are, "Auld Lang Syne"; "A Red, Red Rose"; "A Man's A Man for A' That"; "To a Louse"; "To a Mouse"; "The Battle of Sherramuir"; "Tam o' Shanter" and "Ae Fond Kiss".
The most important British novelist at the beginning of the early 19th century was Sir Walter Scott, who was not only a highly successful novelist, but "the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century [...] [and] a European figure".[65] Scott's novel writing career was launched in 1814 with Waverley, often called the first historical novel, and was followed by Ivanhoe. The Waverley Novels, including The Antiquary, Old Mortality, The Heart of Midlothian, and whose subject is Scottish history, are now generally regarded as Scott's masterpieces.[66] He was one of the most popular novelist of the era and his historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe, including Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn and J. M. W. Turner. His novels also inspired many operas, of which the most famous are Lucia di Lammermoor (1835) by Donizetti and Bizet's, La jolie fille de Perth, The Fair Maid of Perth (1867).[67] However, today his contemporary, Jane Austen, is widely read and the source for films and television series, while Scott is neglected. He also inspired French authors such as Flaubert with Madame Bovary and Hugo in The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.[citation needed]
America[edit]
Main article: American literature
The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century. American Romanticism was just as multifaceted and individualistic as it was in Europe. Like the Europeans, the American Romantics demonstrated a high level of moral enthusiasm, commitment to individualism and the unfolding of the self, an emphasis on intuitive perception, and the assumption that the natural world was inherently good, while human society was filled with corruption.[68] Romanticism became popular in American politics, philosophy and art. The movement appealed to the revolutionary spirit of America as well as to those longing to break free of the strict religious traditions of early settlement. The Romantics rejected rationalism and religious intellect. It appealed to those in opposition of Calvinism, which includes the belief that the destiny of each individual is preordained.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) and Rip Van Winkle (1819), There are picturesque "local color" elements in Washington Irving's essays and especially his travel books. From 1823 the prolific and popular novelist James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) began publishing his historical romances of frontier and Indian life, to create a unique form of American literature. Cooper is best remembered for his numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an already-exotic mythicized frontier peopled by "noble savages", exemplified by Uncas, from The Last of the Mohicans (1826) show the influence of Rousseau's (1712–78) philosophy. Edgar Allan Poe's tales of the macabre that first appeared in the early 1830s, and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home.[69][70]
By the mid-19th century, the pre-eminence of literature from the British Isles began to be challenged by writers from the former American colonies. This included one of the creators of the new genre of the short story, and inventor of the detective story Edgar Allan Poe (1809–49). A major influence on American writers at this time was Romanticism. The Romantic movement gave rise to New England Transcendentalism, which portrayed a less restrictive relationship between God and Universe. The publication of Ralph Waldo Emerson's 1836 essay Nature is usually considered the watershed moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. The new philosophy presented the individual with a more personal relationship with God. Transcendentalism and Romanticism appealed to Americans in a similar fashion, for both privileged feeling over reason, individual freedom of expression over the restraints of tradition and custom. It often involved a rapturous response to nature. It encouraged the rejection of harsh, rigid Calvinism, and promised a new blossoming of American culture.[68][71]
The romantic American novel developed fully with Nathaniel Hawthorne's (1804–1864) The Scarlet Letter (1850), a stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819–1891). In Moby-Dick (1851), an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. By the 1880s, however, psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel.
See also[edit]
Dark romanticism
Irish literature
Literature of Northern Ireland
Post-romanticism
Romanticism
Romanticism in Scotland
Romantic poetry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol.2, p. 5.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Romanticism. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
Jump up ^ Christopher Casey, (30 October 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism". Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol.2 (2000), p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Rerms, p. 588; "Pre-Romanticism." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 5 October 2012. [1].
Jump up ^ Line 23 of "The Grave" by Robert Blair.
Jump up ^ William Harmon and C. Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature. (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1986), pp. 452–3,502.
Jump up ^ A Handbook to Literature, p. 238.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 418.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 107.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 1106.
Jump up ^ Richard Maxwell and Katie Trumpener, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Fiction in the Romantic Period (2008).
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms (1999), p. 809.
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, pp. 588–9.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, pp. 957–8.
Jump up ^ Oxford Book of Gothic Tales. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol.2 (2000), p. 9
Jump up ^ "William Blake." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 2 October 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68793/William-Blake>.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, p. 885.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Taylor Coleridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 May. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125261/Samuel-Taylor-Coleridge>.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 215.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, pp. 320, 1003.
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. 2 (2000), p.11.
Jump up ^ Horace Ainsworth Eaton, Thomas De Quincey: A Biography, New York, Oxford University Press, 1936; reprinted New York, Octagon Books, 1972; Grevel Lindop, The Opium-Eater: A Life of Thomas De Quincey, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, 1981.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, p. 587.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, p. 379.
Jump up ^ Rupert Christiansen. Romantic Affinities: Portraits From an Age, 1780–1830. (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 215
Jump up ^ › Poems & Poets viewed 12 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 156.
Jump up ^ Robert Morrison and Chris Baldick, The Vampyre and Other Tales of the Macabre (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), pp. 285–6.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature (1990), p. 904.
Jump up ^ Percy Bysshe Shelley,"A Defence of Poetry by Percy Bysshe Shelley,"Poetry Foundation.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 905.
Jump up ^ [2] viewed 12 May 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.morrissociety.org/publications/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols[permanent dead link].
Jump up ^ Thomas Weber, "Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor," Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 28–29.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, p. 248,
Jump up ^ "John Keats." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 May. 2013.<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314020/John-Keats>; The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, pp. 649–50.
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature, p. 824.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature (1990), p. 650.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 534.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Summerfield, in introduction to John Clare: Selected Poems, Penguin Books 1990, pp. 13–22. ISBN 0-14-043724-X
Jump up ^ Sales, Roger (2002) John Clare: A Literary Life; Palgrave Macmillian ISBN 0-333-65270-3
Jump up ^ Bate, Jonathan (2003) John Clare: A biography; Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 239.
Jump up ^ Arthur Pollard, ed. George Crabbe: The Critical Heritage. Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. ISBN 0-203-19631-7.
Jump up ^ Frank Whitehead. George Crabbe: A Reappraisal. (Susquehanna University Press, 1995) ISBN 0-945636-70-9.
Jump up ^ "The Romantics" British Library
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 26: 274–77 (2004)
Jump up ^ "The Romantics". The British Library.
Jump up ^ Romanticism and Women Poets: Opening the Doors of Reception. Eds. Harriet Kramer Linkin and Stephen C. Behrendt. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999.
Jump up ^ Holmes, p. 328; see also Mary Shelley’s introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein.
Jump up ^ Litz, pp. 3–14; Grundy, "Jane Austen and Literary Traditions", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, pp. 192–193; Waldron, "Critical Responses, Early", Jane Austen in Context, pp. 83, 89–90; Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", The Jane Austen Companion, pp. 93–94.
Jump up ^ A. Walton Litz, Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. p. 142; Oliver MacDonagh, Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. pp. 66–75; Collins, pp. 160–161.
Jump up ^ Or at least he tried to; Kean played the tragic Lear for a few performances. They were not well received, and with regret, he reverted to Nahum Tate's version with a comic ending, which had been standard since 1689. See Stanley Wells, "Introduction" from King Lear Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 69.
Jump up ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Table Talk, 27 April 1823 in Coleridge, Samuel Taylor; Morley, Henry (1884). Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Christobel, &c. New York: Routledge. p. 38.
Jump up ^ Gwyn A. Williams, Romanticism in Wales (Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Jump up ^ Damian Walford Davies, Lynda Pratt, eds., Wales and the Romantic Imagination (2007)
Jump up ^ Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, "Iolo Morganwg and the Romantic Tradition in Wales 1740–1918": [3].
Jump up ^ J. Buchan, Crowded with Genius (London: Harper Collins, 2003), ISBN 0-06-055888-1, p. 163.
Jump up ^ H. Gaskill, The Reception of Ossian in Europe (Continuum, 2004), ISBN 0-8264-6135-2, p. 140.
Jump up ^ D. Thomson, The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson's "Ossian" (Aberdeen: Oliver & Boyd, 1952).
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984), p. 435.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 890.
Jump up ^ [4] viewed 12 May 2013; http://www.tate.org.uk/.../jmw-turner/tour-of-scotland-for-scotts-poetical-work] viewed 12 May 2013; The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 890.
^ Jump up to: a b George L. McMichael and Frederick C. Crews, eds. Anthology of American Literature: Colonial through romantic (6th ed. 1997) p 613
Jump up ^ Harner, Gary Wayne (1990). "Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV. Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. ISBN 978-0-9616449-2-5.
Jump up ^ Ann Woodlief, "American Romanticism (or the American Renaissance): Introduction"[5]
Jump up ^ "Romanticism, American," in The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists ed by Ann Lee Morgan (Oxford University Press, 2007) online
External links[edit]
British Women Romantic Poets, 1789 - 1832 [6]
Romanticism via Discovering Literature: Romantics and Victorians at the British Library
The Romantics, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jonathan Bate, Rosemary Ashton and Nicholas Roe (Oct. 12, 2000)
The Later Romantics, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jonathan Bate, Robert Woof & Jennifer Wallace (Apr, 15, 2004)
[hide]
v
t
e
Romanticism
Countries
Denmark
England (literature)
France (literature)
Germany
Norway
Poland
Russia (literature)
Scotland
Movements
Bohemianism
Counter-Enlightenment
Dark romanticism
Düsseldorf School
Gesamtkunstwerk
Gothic fiction
Gothic Revival (architecture)
Hudson River School
Indianism
Nazarene movement
Ossian
Romantic hero
Romanticism in science
Romantic nationalism
Opium and Romanticism
Transcendentalism
Ultra-Romanticism
Wallenrodism
Writers
Abovian
Alencar
Alfieri
Andersen
A. v. Arnim
B. v. Arnim
Azevedo
Baratashvili
Baratynsky
Barbauld (Aikin)
Batyushkov
Baudelaire
Beer
Bertrand
Blake
Botev
Brentano
Bryant
Burns
Byron
Castelo Branco
Castilho
Cazotte
Chateaubriand
Chavchavadze
Clare
Coleridge
Cooper
De Quincey
Dias
Dumas
Eichendorff
Emerson
Eminescu
Espronceda
Fouqué
Foscolo
Garrett
Gautier
Goethe
Grimm Brothers
Gutzkow
Hauff
Hawthorne
Heine
Heliade
Herculano
Hoffmann
Hölderlin
Hugo
Ilić
Irving
Jakšić
Jean Paul
Karamzin
Keats
Kleist
Krasiński
Lamartine
Larra
Leopardi
Lermontov
Lowell
Macedonski
Mácha
Magalhães
Malczewski
Manzoni
Maturin
Mérimée
Mickiewicz
Musset
Nalbandian
Nerval
Nodier
Norwid
Novalis
Oehlenschläger
Orbeliani
Poe
Polidori
Potocki
Prešeren
Pushkin
Raffi
Schiller
Schwab
Scott
Seward
M. Shelley
P. B. Shelley
Shevchenko
Słowacki
Southey
De Staël
Stendhal
Tieck
Tyutchev
Uhland
Vörösmarty
Vyazemsky
Wordsworth
Zhukovsky
Zorrilla
Music
Adam
Alkan
Auber
Beethoven
Bellini
Bennett
Berlioz
Bertin
Berwald
Bruckner
Cherubini
Chopin
Dargomyzhsky
Félicien David
Ferdinand David
Donizetti
Fauré
Field
Franck
Franz
Glinka
Gomis
Halévy
Kalkbrenner
Liszt
Loewe
Marschner
Masarnau
Méhul
Fanny Mendelssohn
Felix Mendelssohn
Méreaux
Meyerbeer
Moniuszko
Moscheles
Mussorgsky
Niedermeyer
Onslow
Paganini
Prudent
Reicha
Rimsky-Korsakov
Rossini
Rubinstein
Schubert
Clara Schumann
Robert Schumann
Smetana
Sor
Spohr
Spontini
Thalberg
Verdi
Voříšek
Wagner
Weber
Theologians and
philosophers
Chaadayev
Coleridge
Feuerbach
Fichte
Goethe
Hegel
Khomyakov
Müller
Ritschl
Rousseau
Schiller
A. Schlegel
F. Schlegel
Schopenhauer
Schleiermacher
Tieck
Wackenroder
Visual artists
Aivazovsky
Bierstadt
Blake
Bonington
Bryullov
Chassériau
Church
Constable
Cole
Corot
Dahl
David d'Angers
Delacroix
Friedrich
Fuseli
Géricault
Girodet
Głowacki
Goya
Gude
Hayez
Janmot
Jones
Kiprensky
Koch
Lampi
Leutze
Loutherbourg
Maison
Martin
Michałowski
Palmer
Porto-Alegre
Préault
Révoil
Richard
Rude
Runge
Saleh
Scheffer
Stattler
Stroj
Tidemand
Tropinin
Turner
Veit
Ward
Wiertz
« Age of Enlightenment
Realism »
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romantic_literature_in_English&oldid=842796014"
Categories:
English literature
English-language culture
History of literature in the United Kingdom
Romanticism
18th-century British literature
19th-century British literature
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 18:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: i

value: sup

value: p

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Gothic_novel
mw-redirect
Gothic novel

values:
/wiki/Night_Thoughts
mw-redirect
Night Thoughts

values:
/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet)
mw-redirect
James Thomson (poet)

values:
/wiki/Novel_of_sensibility
mw-redirect
Novel of sensibility

values:
/wiki/Pamela,_or_Virtue_Rewarded
mw-redirect
Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded

values:
/wiki/Vicar_of_Wakefield
mw-redirect
Vicar of Wakefield

values:
/wiki/Tristram_Shandy
mw-redirect
Tristram Shandy

values: A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy

values:
/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)
mw-redirect
Romance (heroic literature)

values:
/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence
mw-redirect
Songs of Innocence

values:
/wiki/Songs_of_Experience
mw-redirect
Songs of Experience

values:
/wiki/The_First_Book_of_Urizen
mw-redirect
The First Book of Urizen

values:
/wiki/Milton_(poem)
mw-redirect
Milton (poem)

values:
/wiki/Thomas_de_Quincey
mw-redirect
Thomas de Quincey

values:
/wiki/Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner
mw-redirect
Rime of the Ancient Mariner

values:
/wiki/Poet_Laureate
mw-redirect
Poet Laureate

values:
/wiki/The_Eve_of_St_Agnes
mw-redirect
The Eve of St Agnes

values:
/wiki/The_Borough_(George_Crabbe_(poem)
mw-redirect
The Borough (George Crabbe (poem)

values:
/wiki/Natural_philosopher
mw-redirect
Natural philosopher

values:
/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder
mw-redirect
Johann Gottfried von Herder

values:
/wiki/A_Man%27s_A_Man_for_A%27_That
mw-redirect
A Man's A Man for A' That

values:
/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott
mw-redirect
Sir Walter Scott

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Gothic_literature
mw-redirect
Gothic literature

values:
/wiki/Historical_novel
mw-redirect
Historical novel

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.poetryfoundation.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.poets.org/pshel/
external autonumber

values: -moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

values: Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia

values: Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Romanticism padding:3px

values: Category:History of literature in the United Kingdom

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Romantic_literature_in_English rootpage-Romantic_literature_in_English skin-vector action-view


text:
Alcoholic beverages in Oregon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1914 Executive Order by Governor Oswald West, announcing the passage of prohibition by ballot initiative.
The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, dating back to 1844. It has been an alcoholic beverage control state, with the Oregon Liquor Control Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages, since Prohibition. Today, there are thriving industries producing beer, wine, and liquor in the state. Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. As of 2007, consumption of spirits is on the rise, while beer consumption is holding steady. Also, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in-state, the highest figure in the United States.
Oregon wine production began in the mid-19th century, before it was a state. By 1919, the industry had collapsed due to prohibition, and after prohibition ended fruit wines dominated the industry. The modern era of Oregon wine began in 1961, and the industry cemented its reputation in 1975 by winning a French award. In 2007, wine making was a $207.8 million business. Beer production began in 1852 with Henry Saxer's liberty brewing in Portland. In 1862 Henry Weinhard's bought the Liberty brewery. The company is now a part of the Miller Brewing Company, but it helped Portland to become the microbrewing capital of the world. Portland hosts North America's largest beerfest, and Oregon has produced a number of national and international award winning beers.
In 1844, the Oregon territories voted to prohibit alcoholic beverages. This was repealed in 1845, but prohibition was reinstated in a 1915, four years before the national alcohol prohibition. When national prohibition was repealed in 1933, the Oregon Liquor Control Commission (OLCC) was created. Unlike states that allow liquor sales in grocery stores, liquor in Oregon is sold only in OLCC run liquor stores and establishments that have liquor licenses, and the OLCC has strict guidelines and training to ensure that all licensed venues understand how to safely sell and serve alcoholic beverages.[1] Alcohol and alcoholism are also studied by the state at the Portland Alcohol Research Center.
Contents
[hide]
1 Consumption
1.1 Beer consumption
2 Production
2.1 Wine
2.2 Beer
2.3 Spirits
3 Legislative history
3.1 Ballot measures relating to alcohol
4 Research
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Consumption[edit]
Alcohol laws in Oregon permit the sale of beer, wine, and liquor, for on- or off-premises consumption, between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m.[2] In 2004, Oregonians consumed 5,103,000 US gallons (19,320,000 L) of distilled spirits, 11,132,000 US gallons (42,140,000 L) of wine, and 80,415,000 US gallons (304,400,000 L) of beer, ranking it 27th, 19th, and 27th respectively of US states.[3] Oregon had an estimated population of 3,594,586 in 2004, ranking it 27th among US states.[4]
In 2007, sales of spirits increased 9% over the previous year. Whiskey and vodka were the top sellers, while tequila had the largest percentage increase. Oregonian's top buy was Jack Daniel's, with 412,000 bottles sold. This was during a national spirits trend where manufacturers introduced new products and advertising aimed at young drinkers. Again in 2007, Oregon's 2.6 million adults on average drank 32 gallons of beer each, versus 4 gallons of wine and 2 gallons of spirits, but sales of beer hadn't increased like sales of spirits. The Oregon Department of Human Services reported that while drinking among 8th–11th graders has fallen nationally, it has increased in Oregon. The number of DUI offenses dropped between 2002 and 2005, from 25,342 to 23,455.[5]
Beer consumption[edit]
Salem Beer label from 1904.
The following table lists the amount of beer consumed in Oregon for the years 1997–2004 as reported in the 2005 Beer Handbook. The scale is in 1,000s of cases of beer. A case of beer is 24 12-ounce beers, for a total of 2.25 gallons per case.[3]
Year
Oregon
United States
1997 31,822 2,632,184
1998 32,242 2,667,752
1999 32,947 2,727,195
2000 33,398 2,765,670
2001 34,400 2,788,820
2002 34,650 2,824,710
2003 35,000 2,817,400
2004 35,740 2,838,400
Production[edit]
Wine[edit]
Main article: Oregon wine
Wine grapes were planted in Oregon in the Willamette Valley starting in 1847. A census in 1860 revealed that Oregon's wine production was 2,600 gallons. In the 1880s and 1890s, German immigrants began planting wine grapes in Southern Oregon. In the 1880s, Ernest Reuter garnered a reputation for his Klevner wines, grown in the Willamette Valley, west of Forest Grove. By 1919, the Oregon wine industry had collapsed due to the temperance movement and resulting prohibition. Fruit wines dominated Oregon's wine industry post-prohibition, and by 1938 there were 28 bonded wineries, producing wines based on berries, Concord grapes, and other American hybrids.[6]
Oregon's modern wine industry dates to 1961 when Hillcrest Vineyard in Roseburg began planting Riesling and small amounts of other grapes. In 1965, Oregon pinot noir was established when The Eyrie Vineyards planted grapes near Corvallis.[6] Oregon's wine reputation was made in 1979 when a French magazine ranked The Eyrie's 1975 Pinot noir third among 330 wines of the world.[7] By 2007, Oregon wineries were producing 1.7 million cases of wine for a total of $207.8 million in sales.[8]
There are several official American Viticultural Areas entirely within the state, including the Willamette Valley, Southern Oregon, Umpqua Valley, and Rogue Valley AVAs. Parts of the Columbia Gorge, Walla Walla Valley, and Snake River Valley AVAs lie within Oregon.[9] Pinot noir and Pinot gris are the top two grapes grown.[10]
Beer[edit]
Main article: Brewing in Oregon
In 1862, German immigrant Henry Weinhard founded a brewery in Portland. By the early 1880s it had become the Northwest's largest brewery. Weinhard once attempted to pump free beer through Portland's Skidmore Fountain. He died in 1904, but the company continued to do well, making it through prohibition by brewing soft drinks and merging with Arnold Blitz, a local competitor. Blitz-Weinhard was sold to the Pabst Brewing Company in 1979, and then again to the Miller Brewing Company in 1999. The company helped prepare Oregon beer drinkers for the arrival of microbrewing.[11]
Portland, Oregon is considered to be the nation's microbrew capital.[12][13][14] A microbrewery is defined as one that produces less than 15,000 barrels a year. Portland hosts the Oregon Brewers Festival, North America's largest beer festival. The microbrewery industry began in 1979 when President Jimmy Carter legalized home brewing. In 2006, 14 beers from eight Oregon breweries won medals at the Great American Beer Festival, out of 2,800 entries. Also in 2006, Oregon won 11 times at the World Beer Cup, in a field of 2,200 beers. In 2007, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in-state, the highest figure in the United States. According to the Oregon Hop Commission, in 2007, Oregon was also the second largest U.S. hops producer, after Washington.[14]
Spirits[edit]
Main article: List of distilleries in Portland, Oregon
As of 2008, Oregon contains 12 of the nation's 142 craft distilleries, up from six in 2006. In 2007, a law was approved allowing tasting rooms and direct sales to the public. Jim Dodge, purchasing manager for the OLCC, believes that the distilleries are an outgrowth of the microbrew industry, instead of the wine industry, as well as a societal change. Dodge explained that "there's been a recent shift from beer, and to some degree wine, to distilled spirits as the alcohol of choice."[15]
In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined that absinthe was legal, though it had been understood to be illegal for about 80 years. Portland distillery Integrity Spirits responded by releasing the second American-made absinthe, which was in high demand immediately upon its release.[16]
Legislative history[edit]
Oregon has been regulating alcohol through its laws for over 150 years. In 1844, the Oregon Territory voted to prohibit alcoholic beverages. This is often referred to as the first prohibition in the United States. The law was repealed in 1845.[17] From 1845 to 1915, various local laws governing alcohol were passed. In 1915, Oregonians voted to ban all alcohol, preceding national alcohol prohibition by four years.[17]
In 1933, national prohibition ended with a repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Oregon's governor, Julius Meier, appointed Dr. William S. Knox to study the situation. Knox recommended adopting the Canadian system of sales of alcohol by the state. The reasoning was that this would provide revenue and lower alcohol abuse.[17]
The Oregon Legislative Assembly held a special session and the OLCC was created days after the repeal of national prohibition.[18] Eighteen states in total chose to regulate alcohol. Oregon Revised Statutes Chapters 471, 472, 473 and 474 were the commission's enabling statutes. OAR Chapter 845 governed its administrative rules. The OLCC's mission is "to effectively regulate the sale, distribution, and responsible use of alcoholic beverages in order to protect Oregon's public health, safety and community livability."[17] However, under these laws bootlegging in Oregon was rife and Portland became infamous as a center of corruption.
In 1939, the advertising of hard liquor on billboards and in newspapers was voluntarily discontinued. Also, in 1939, a "club bill" was passed by the Legislative Assembly. The bill gave regulatory power to the OLCC over hotels, restaurants and private clubs where liquor was served. Lobbyists then succeeded in having the bill referred to the voters in 1940. Voters passed the bill in 1940.[17]
In 1944, the "Burke Bill" became law: wines with more than 14% alcohol could only be sold by Commission stores and agencies. Also in the 1940s, a "service bars" license was established. This restricted liquor licenses to establishments serving food. In 1949, the Legislative Assembly approved a method where establishments that sold liquor could ask for proof of age from patrons they thought were under the age of 21.[17] Measure 15—passed in 1952—amended the Constitution (Article I, section 39) to regulate the sale of liquor by the individual glass.[19]
Five more types of licenses were created in the 1950s, dealing with liquor-by-the-drink operations, industry agents, salesmen, out-of-state manufacturers of malt beverages, and conventions, group meetings, etc. In 1960, establishments were required to have food sales equal to 25% of their total sales. In the 1970s, the OLCC began enforcing the Oregon Bottle Bill and wines of up to 20% alcohol became allowed with certain licenses. In the 1980s, the number of OLCC commissioners was changed from three to five, to reflect the number of congressional districts. The 1990s saw a flurry of laws passed governing the OLCC's oversight of the newly numerous Oregon wineries and microbreweries.[17] House Bill 4028–passed in 2002–allowed liquor stores to operate on Sunday; they had previously been restricted to six days a week.[20]
This sort of licensing is very important for maintaining safe production and sales of alcoholic beverages in Oregon. Under Oregon law, specifically ORS 471.565, bars and restaurants can be held legally responsible for any damages to property or injuries incurred when an intoxicated person is served alcohol and causes a car crash.
Ballot measures relating to alcohol[edit]
The following ballot measures changed state policy on alcohol:
Measure 3 (1904), a "local option" law, passed.
Measure 17 (1914), Prohibition Constitutional Amendment: passed 57.7%[21]
Measure 9 (1916), Prohibition Amendment Forbidding Importation of Intoxicating Liquors for Beverage Purposes: passed with 51.2%.[22]
Measure 7 (1932), Bill to Repeal State Prohibition Law of Oregon: passed 59.8%[23]
Measure 7 (1944), Burke Bill; Only State Selling Liquor over 14 Hundredths Alcohol: passed 55.95%[24]
Measure 15 (1952), Constitutional Amendment Authorizing Alcoholic Liquor Sale by Individual Glass: passed 56.4%[19]
The following alcohol-related ballot measures have failed:
Measure 3 (1906), Amendment to local option law giving anti-prohibitionists and prohibitionists equal privileges: failed with 43.9% support.[25]
Measure 22 (1910), Prohibiting Liquor Traffic: failed 41.6%.[25]
Measure 23 (1910), Prohibiting the Sale of Liquors and Regulating Shipments of Same, and Providing for Search for Liquor: failed 40.2%.[25]
Measure 8 (1916), Permitting Manufacture and Regulating Sale 4 Percent Malt Liquors: failed with 38% support.[22]
Measure 11 (1938), Bill Regulating Sale of Alcoholic Liquor for Beverage Purposes: failed 34.7%[24]
Measure 6 (1940), Bill to Further Regulate Sale and Use of Alcoholic Liquor: failed 40.2%[24]
Measure 9 (1950), Making Sale of Promotively Advertised Alcoholic Beverage Unlawful: failed 23.1%[19]
Measure 5 (1988), Finances Intercollegiate Athletic Fund by Increasing Malt Beverage, Cigarette Taxes [26]
Research[edit]
The Portland Alcohol Research Center is a NIH-established effort funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. About 20 scientists and 60 people, mostly at OHSU,[27] are investigating science organized around ten components:[28]
Dependency using mice.
Molecular genetics responses affecting alcohol withdrawal and preference.
Quantitative trait locus which relates gene expression to genotypes.
Genetic analysis of gene expression.
Characterization of ethanol response on chromosome 11.
Massive search strategy for ethanol-related genes.
Genetic models of variation in impulsivity and alcoholism.
Genetics of alcohol-associated traits in monkeys.
A dedicated section (Pilot projects) launches 2 to 4 projects annually.
Educational outreach with three aims: K-12 schools, scientific education, and publication.
Additional themes and focuses include:
Genetic contributions to alcohol sensitivity
Permit is needed to make Alcohol.
Behavioral predispositions to the drug, such as impulse effects and dependency.
The center has trained medical students in alcohol-related issues for more than 30 years[27] and has published more than 380 papers and articles since 1996.[29]
See also[edit]
Alcohol laws of the United States by state
Drug policy of Oregon
Cannabis in Oregon
Fern Hobbs, West's personal secretary
Oregon Bottle Bill
Oswald West, former Governor and noted prohibitionist
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How to Get a Liquor License?". Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "OLCC Law Orientation Booklet for Retailers" (PDF). OLCC. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top metropolitan areas for beer, 2004". Beer Handbook. Bev-AL Communications, Inc. 2005-01-01. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Oregon". City-Data.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Har, Janie; Ryan Kost (July 19, 2007). "Cocktails push up liquor sales". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Lisa Shara (2001). Wines of the Pacific Northwest. Mitchell Beazley.
Jump up ^ Hale, Sally Carpenter (December 14, 1997). "A Taste of Success". Los Angeles Times. pp. Metro, Part B, p. 1. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Sarah Skidmore (March 18, 2008). "Oregon wine grape production hits record". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ "American Viticultural Areas of Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Wine Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ "2006 Oregon Vineyard and Winery Report" (PDF). Oregn Wine Board. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Alworth, Jeff (February 24, 1999). "Goodbye Blitz-Weinhard". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Portland". New York Times. Frommer's. 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
Jump up ^ Heim, Joe; Greg Kitsock (April 7, 2008). "Beer Madness Crowns a Winner". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Greif, Andrew (September 17, 2007). "Good beer: what Oregon does best". Oregon Daily Emerald. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dininny, Shannon (January 13, 2008). "Wash. entrepreneurs getting into the distillery business". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Watts, Joe (July 14, 2008). "Happy Daze Are Here Again: Integrity Spirits Releases Trillium Absinthe Supérieure". Willamette Week.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Oregon Liquor Control Commission (OLCC) Administrative Overview August 2000" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
Jump up ^ "OLCC celebrates 75 years of responsible sales and service" (PDF) (Press release). Oregon Liquor Control Commission. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1948-1952". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Nolan, Rebecca (April 15, 2002). "Liquor Remains Scarce on Sundays in Eugene, Ore., Area.". The Register-Guard. Retrieved 2008-12-24. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1912-1914". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1916-1921". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1930-1936". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1938-1947". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1902-1906". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search
^ Jump up to: a b "About PARK Overview: Uncovering the genetics of how the brain adapts to alcohol". OHSU. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Research component & core structure". OHSU. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
Jump up ^ "PARC Publications". OHSU. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
External links[edit]
Oregon Liquor Control Commission
National Alcohol Beverage Control Association
Prohibition in Oregon: The Vision and the Reality, from the Oregon State Archives
Portland Beer Wiki
[show]
v
t
e
Topics in Oregon legislation
Crime and sentencing
Capital punishment
Measure 11 (1994) (mandatory minimum sentencing)
Measure 40 (1996) etc. (victims' rights)
Elections and voting
Direct Legislation League
Vote-by-mail
Term limits
List of Oregon ballot measures
Gay rights
Same-sex marriage
Oregon Citizens Alliance
Measure 9 (1992) (homosexuality and education)
Environment
Bottle bill
Nuclear power
Wind power
Solar power
Coal power
Land use
O&C Lands
Beach Bill (1967)
Land Conservation and Development Act (1973)
Measure 37 (2004) & 49 (2008)
Health care
Death with Dignity Act
Oregon Health Plan
Minimum wage
Measures 36 (1996), 25 (2002)
Taxation
Tax revolt
Measure 5 (1990) (landmark tax law)
Measures 47 (1996) and 50 (1997) (adjusted Measure 5)
Kicker tax rebate
Measure 97 (2016)
Miscellaneous
Compulsory Education Act
Adoption rights
Alcoholic beverages in Oregon
Bicycle Bill
Cannabis in Oregon
Influential people
Loren Parks
Bill Sizemore
Background, further reading
Oregon legislature
Direct democracy in Oregon
Oregon government
Oregon history
Oregon ballot measures
[show]
v
t
e
Alcohol laws of the United States
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C.
Insular areas
American Samoa
The Marianas
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverages_in_Oregon&oldid=796702327"
Categories:
Alcohol law in the United States by state
Controlled substances in Oregon
History of Oregon
Oregon law
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2012
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 22 August 2017, at 15:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage
mw-redirect
Alcoholic beverage

values: Hillcrest Vineyard (page does not exist)

values: Oregon Hop Commission (page does not exist)

values: List of distilleries in Portland, Oregon

values:
/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration
mw-redirect
U.S. Food and Drug Administration

values: Edit section: Ballot measures relating to alcohol

values: Portland Alcohol Research Center (page does not exist)

values: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

values:
/wiki/Mus_musculus
mw-redirect
Mus musculus

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal
mw-redirect
Alcohol withdrawal

values: Alcohol laws of the United States by state

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
/wiki/Oregon_Daily_Emerald
mw-redirect
Oregon Daily Emerald

values:
/wiki/Seattle_Times
mw-redirect
Seattle Times

values:
nofollow
external text
http://wweek.com/wwire/?p=12482

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ohsu.edu/parc/about_parc.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ohsu.edu/parc/components.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.nabca.org/
external text

values: Oregon Ballot Measure 40 (1996) and subsequent measures

values:
/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_60_(1998)
mw-redirect
Oregon Ballot Measure 60 (1998)

values: Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands

values: Oregon Land Conservation and Development Act of 1973

values: Oregon Ballot Measures 37 (2004) and 49 (2007)

values:
/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act
mw-redirect
Oregon Death with Dignity Act

values: Oregon Ballot Measures 47 (1996) and 50 (1997)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Alcohol laws of the United States

values: Template talk:Alcohol laws of the United States

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of the United States

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Alabama
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Alabama

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Alaska
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Alaska

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Arizona
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Arizona

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Arkansas
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Arkansas

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_California
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of California

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Colorado
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Colorado

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Connecticut
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Connecticut

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Delaware
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Delaware

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Florida
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Florida

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Hawaii
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Hawaii

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Idaho
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Idaho

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Illinois
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Illinois

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Iowa
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Iowa

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Louisiana
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Louisiana

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Michigan
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Michigan

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Minnesota
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Minnesota

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Mississippi
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Mississippi

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Montana
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Montana

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Nebraska
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Nebraska

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_New_Hampshire
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of New Hampshire

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_New_Mexico
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of New Mexico

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_North_Carolina
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of North Carolina

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Ohio
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Ohio

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Oregon
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Oregon

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Rhode_Island
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Rhode Island

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_South_Dakota
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of South Dakota

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Vermont
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Vermont

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Virginia
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Virginia

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Wyoming
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Wyoming

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Washington,_D.C.
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Washington, D.C.

values: Alcohol laws of American Samoa (page does not exist)

values: Alcohol laws of Guam (page does not exist)

values: Alcohol laws of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Puerto Rico

values: Alcohol laws of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Alcohol law in the United States by state

values: Category:Controlled substances in Oregon

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages_in_Oregon
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Alcoholic_beverages_in_Oregon rootpage-Alcoholic_beverages_in_Oregon skin-vector action-view