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Cytoplasm
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Cell biology
The animal cell
Components of a typical animal cell:
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (little dots)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles – the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryotic organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryotic organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.[1]
The submicroscopic ground cell substance or cytoplasmatic matrix which remains after exclusion the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm. It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy, and high complex, polyphasic system in which all of resolvable cytoplasmic elements of are suspended, including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes, mitochondria, the plant plastids, lipid droplets, and vacuoles.
It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and processes such as cell division. The concentrated inner area is called the endoplasm and the outer layer is called the cell cortex or the ectoplasm.
Movement of calcium ions in and out of the cytoplasm is a signaling activity for metabolic processes.[2]
In plants, movement of the cytoplasm around vacuoles is known as cytoplasmic streaming.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Physical nature
2.1 As a sol-gel
2.2 As a glass
2.3 Other perspectives
3 Constituents
3.1 Cytosol
3.2 Organelles
3.3 Cytoplasmic inclusions
3.4 Controversy and research
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The term was introduced by Rudolf von Kölliker in 1863, originally as a synonym for protoplasm, but later it has come to mean the cell substance and organelles outside the nucleus.[3][4]
There has been certain disagreement on the definition of cytoplasm, as some authors prefer to exclude from it some organelles, especially the vacuoles[5] and sometimes the plastids.[6]
Physical nature[edit]
The physical properties of the cytoplasm have been contested in recent years.[citation needed] It remains uncertain how the varied components of the cytoplasm interact to allow movement of particles[clarification needed] and organelles while maintaining the cell’s structure. The flow of cytoplasmic components plays an important role in many cellular functions which are dependent on the permeability of the cytoplasm.[7] An example of such function is cell signalling, a process which is dependent on the manner in which signaling molecules are allowed to diffuse across the cell.[8] While small signaling molecules like calcium ions are able to diffuse with ease, larger molecules and subcellular structures often require aid in moving through the cytoplasm.[9] The irregular dynamics of such particles have given rise to various theories on the nature of the cytoplasm.
As a sol-gel[edit]
There has long been evidence that the cytoplasm behaves like a sol-gel.[10] It is thought that the component molecules and structures of the cytoplasm behave at times like a disordered colloidal solution (sol) and at other times like an integrated network, forming a solid mass (gel). This theory thus proposes that the cytoplasm exists in distinct fluid and solid phases depending on the level of interaction between cytoplasmic components, which may explain the differential dynamics of different particles observed moving through the cytoplasm.
As a glass[edit]
Recently it has been proposed that the cytoplasm behaves like a glass-forming liquid approaching the glass transition.[9] In this theory, the greater the concentration of cytoplasmic components, the less the cytoplasm behaves like a liquid and the more it behaves as a solid glass, freezing larger cytoplasmic components in place (it is thought that the cell's metabolic activity is able to fluidize the cytoplasm to allow the movement of such larger cytoplasmic components).[9] A cell's ability to vitrify in the absence of metabolic activity, as in dormant periods, may be beneficial as a defence strategy. A solid glass cytoplasm would freeze subcellular structures in place, preventing damage, while allowing the transmission of very small proteins and metabolites, helping to kickstart growth upon the cell's revival from dormancy.[9]
Other perspectives[edit]
There has been research examining the motion of cytoplasmic particles independent of the nature of the cytoplasm. In such an alternative approach, the aggregate random forces within the cell caused by motor proteins explain the non-Brownian motion of cytoplasmic constituents.[11]
Constituents[edit]
The three major elements of the cytoplasm are the cytosol, organelles and inclusions.
Cytosol[edit]
Main article: Cytosol
The cytosol is the portion of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane-bound organelles. Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water. The cytosol's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes.[12] The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm.
Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein
Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution. This crowding effect alters how the components of the cytosol interact with each other.
Organelles[edit]
Main article: Organelle
Organelles (literally "little organs"), are usually membrane-bound structures inside the cell that have specific functions. Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, and in plant cells, chloroplasts.
Cytoplasmic inclusions[edit]
Main article: Cytoplasmic inclusion
The inclusions are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the cytosol. A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants,[13][14] to granules of energy-storage materials such as starch,[15] glycogen,[16] or polyhydroxybutyrate.[17] A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets, which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols.[18] Lipid droplets make up much of the volume of adipocytes, which are specialized lipid-storage cells, but they are also found in a range of other cell types.
Controversy and research[edit]
The cytoplasm, mitochondria and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete. Contrary to the older information that disregards any notion of the cytoplasm being active, new research has shown it to be in control of movement and flow of nutrients in and out of the cell by viscoplastic behavior and a measure of the reciprocal rate of bond breakage within the cytoplasmic network.[19]
The material properties of the cytoplasm remain an ongoing investigation. Recent measurements using force spectrum microscopy reveal that the cytoplasm can be likened to an elastic solid, rather than a viscoelastic fluid.
See also[edit]
Amoeboid movement
Cytoplasmic streaming
Protoplasm, a general term for cytoplasm
Syncytium
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shepherd, V. A. (2006). "The cytomatrix as a cooperative system of macromolecular and water networks". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 75: 171–223. ISBN 9780121531751. PMID 16984813. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)75006-2.
Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2010). "Calcium" in Encyclopedia of Earth. A. Jorgensen, C. Cleveland (eds.). National Council for Science and the Environment.
Jump up ^ Kölliker, R. A. v. (1863). Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4. Auflage. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
Jump up ^ Bynum, W. F., Browne, E. J. and Porter, Ray (1981). Dictionary of the history of science. Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ Parker, J. (1972). "Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits", pp. 125–176 in Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.), Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, [1].
Jump up ^ Strasburger, E. (1882). "Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung". Arch Mikr Anat. 21: 476–590.
Jump up ^ Cowan AE, Moraru II, Schaff JC, Slepchenko BM, Loew LM (2012). "Spatial Modeling of Cell Signaling Networks". Methods in Cell Biology. Methods in Cell Biology. 110: 195–221. ISBN 9780123884039. PMC 3519356  . PMID 22482950. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-388403-9.00008-4.
Jump up ^ Holcman, David; Korenbrot, Juan I. (2004). "Longitudinal Diffusion in Retinal Rod and Cone Outer Segment Cytoplasm: The Consequence of Cell Structure". Biophysical Journal. 86 (4): 2566–2582. Bibcode:2004BpJ....86.2566H. PMC 1304104  . PMID 15041693. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74312-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Parry, Bradley R.; Surovtsev, Ivan V.; Cabeen, Matthew T.; o'Hern, Corey S.; Dufresne, Eric R.; Jacobs-Wagner, Christine (2014). "The Bacterial Cytoplasm Has Glass-like Properties and is Fluidized by Metabolic Activity". Cell. 156 (1–2): 183–94. PMC 3956598  . PMID 24361104. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.028.
Jump up ^ Taylor, C. V. (1923). "The contractile vacuole in Euplotes: An example of the sol-gel reversibility of cytoplasm". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 37 (3): 259–289. doi:10.1002/jez.1400370302.
Jump up ^ Guo, Ming; Ehrlicher, Allen J.; Jensen, Mikkel H.; Renz, Malte; Moore, Jeffrey R.; Goldman, Robert D.; Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer; MacKintosh, Frederick C.; Weitz, David A. (2014). "Probing the Stochastic, Motor-Driven Properties of the Cytoplasm Using Force Spectrum Microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–32. PMC 4183065  . PMID 25126787. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051.
Jump up ^ van Zon A, Mossink MH, Scheper RJ, Sonneveld P, Wiemer EA (September 2003). "The vault complex". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (9): 1828–37. PMID 14523546. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3030-y.
Jump up ^ Prychid, Christina J.; Rudall, Paula J. (1999). "Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons: A Review of their Structure and Systematics". Annals of Botany. 84 (6): 725–739. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0975.
Jump up ^ Prychid, C. J.; Rudall, P. J.; Gregory, M. (2004). "Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons". The Botanical Review. 69 (4): 377–440. JSTOR 4354467. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:SABOSB]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Ball SG, Morell MK (2003). "From bacterial glycogen to starch: understanding the biogenesis of the plant starch granule". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 54: 207–33. PMID 14502990. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134927.
Jump up ^ Shearer J, Graham TE (April 2002). "New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen". Can J Appl Physiol. 27 (2): 179–203. PMID 12179957. doi:10.1139/h02-012.
Jump up ^ Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1 December 1990). "Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates". Microbiol. Rev. 54 (4): 450–72. PMC 372789  . PMID 2087222.
Jump up ^ Murphy DJ (September 2001). "The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, growth and microorganisms". Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (5): 325–438. PMID 11470496. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00013-3.
Jump up ^ Feneberg, Wolfgang; Sackmann, Erich; Westphal, Monika (2001). "Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body". European Biophysics Journal. 30 (4): 284–94. PMID 11548131. doi:10.1007/s002490100135.
External links[edit]
Luby-Phelps K (2000). "Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area" (PDF). Int Rev Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 192: 189–221. ISBN 9780123645968. PMID 10553280. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60527-6.
[hide]
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t
e
Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)
Endomembrane system
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Parenthesome
Autophagosome
Vesicles
Exosome
Lysosome
Endosome
Phagosome
Vacuole
Acrosome
Cytoplasmic granules
Melanosome
Microbody
Glyoxysome
Peroxisome
Weibel–Palade body
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MTOCs
Centrosome
Centriole
Basal body
Spindle pole body
Myofibril
Endosymbionts
Mitochondrion
Plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast
Leucoplast
Amyloplast
Elaioplast
Proteinoplast
Tannosome
Other internal
RNA
Ribosome
Spliceosome
Vault
Cytoplasm
Proteasome
External
Undulipodium
Cilium
Flagellum
Axoneme
Radial spoke
Extracellular matrix
Cell wall
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Great Hypostyle Hall
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Entrance to the Hypostyle Hall
Egypt. Karnak. Great Hall., n.d., This slide colored by Joseph Hawkes. Brooklyn Museum Archives.
Egypt - Karnak. Capitals in the Great Hall., n.d., This slide colored by Joseph Hawkes. Brooklyn Museum Archives.
The Great Hypostyle Hall is located within the Karnak temple complex, in the Precinct of Amon-Re. It is one of the most visited monuments of Ancient Egypt. The structure was built around the 19th Egyptian Dynasty (c. 1290–1224 BC).[1] Its design was initially instituted by Hatshepsut, at the North-west chapel to Amun in the upper terrace of Deir el-Bahri. The name refers to hypostyle architectural pattern.
The Great Hypostyle Hall covers an area of 5,000 m2 (54,000 sq ft). The roof, now fallen, was supported by 134 columns in 16 rows; the 2 middle rows are higher than the others (being 10 metres (33 ft) in circumference and 24 metres (79 ft) high).
The 134 papyrus columns represent the primeval papyrus swamp from which Amun; a self-created deity, arose from the waters of chaos at the beginning of creating.
The hall was not constructed by Horemheb, or Amenhotep III as earlier scholars had thought but was built entirely by Seti I who engraved the northern wing of the hall with inscriptions.[citation needed] Decoration of the southern wing was completed by the 19th dynasty pharaoh Ramesses II. A series of succeeding pharaohs added inscriptions to the walls and the columns in places their predecessors had left blank, including Ramesses III, Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. The northern side of the hall is decorated in raised relief, and was mainly Seti I's work. The southern side of the hall was completed by Ramesses II, in sunk relief although he used raised relief at the very beginning of his reign before changing to the sunk relief style and re-editing his own raised reliefs. Ramesses II also usurped decoration of his father along the main north-south and east-west processional ways of the hall, giving the casual observer the idea that he was responsible for the building. However, most of Seti I's reliefs in the northern part of the hall were respected.
The outer walls depict scenes of battle, Seti I on the north and Ramesses II on the south. Although these reliefs had religious and ideological functions, they are important records of the wars of these kings. On another wall adjoining the south wall of the Hall is a record of Ramesses II's peace treaty with the Hittites that he signed in Year 21 of his reign.
In 1899, 11 of the massive columns of the Great Hypostyle Hall collapsed in a chain reaction, because their foundations were undermined by ground water. Georges Legrain, who was then the chief archaeologist in the area, supervised the rebuilding that was completed in May 1902. Later, similar work had to continue in order to strengthen the rest of the columns of the Temple.
Contents
1 See also
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
See also[edit]
Talatat
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. 14th. Boston: Wadsworth, 73. Print.
References[edit]
University of Memphis' Great Hypostyle Hall Project
External links[edit]
Media related to Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak at Wikimedia Commons
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Karnak king list
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Coordinates: 25°43′07″N 32°39′28″E / 25.7186°N 32.6579°E / 25.7186; 32.6579
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Government spending
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Public Purse" and "Public money" redirect here. For the term used in relation to the British monarchy, see Privy Purse. For the academic journal formerly called Public Money, see Public Money & Management.
Public finance
Policies[show]
Agricultural
Economic
Energy
Industrial
Investment
Social
Trade
Fiscal
Monetary
Policy mix
Fiscal policy[show]
Budget
policy
Debt
external
internal
Deficit / Surplus
Finance ministry
Fiscal union
Revenue
Spending
deficit
Tax
Monetary policy[show]
Bank reserves (requirements)
Discount window
Gold reserves
Interest rate
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central bank
currency board
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Money supply
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Balance of trade
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Gains from trade
Non-tariff barrier
Protectionism
Tariff
Trade bloc
Trade creation
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Trade / Commerce ministry
Revenue
Spending
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Non-tax revenue
Tax revenue
Discretionary spending
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v
t
e
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.[1][2] In national income accounting the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use, to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community, is classed as government final consumption expenditure. Government acquisition of goods and services intended to create future benefits, such as infrastructure investment or research spending, is classed as government investment (government gross capital formation). These two types of government spending, on final consumption and on gross capital formation, together constitute one of the major components of gross domestic product.
Government spending can be financed by government borrowing, seigniorage, or taxes. Changes in government spending is a major component of fiscal policy used to stabilize the macroeconomic business cycle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Macroeconomic fiscal policy
2 Current use: final consumption expenditure
3 Infrastructure and investment: gross fixed capital formation
4 Transfer payment spending
5 Government spending per country
5.1 Per capita
5.2 As a percentage of GDP
5.3 Public social spending by country
6 References
7 External links
Macroeconomic fiscal policy[edit]
Main article: fiscal policy
For fiscal policy, increases in government spending are expansionary, while decreases are contractionary. John Maynard Keynes was one of the first economists to advocate government deficit spending (increased government spending financed by borrowing) as part of the fiscal policy response to an economic contraction. According to Keynesian economics, increased government spending raises aggregate demand and increases consumption, which leads to increased production and faster recovery from recessions. Classical economists, on the other hand, believe that increased government spending exacerbates an economic contraction by shifting resources from the private sector, which they consider productive, to the public sector, which they consider unproductive.
Current use: final consumption expenditure[edit]
Main article: Government final consumption expenditure
Government acquisition of goods and services for current use to directly satisfy individual or collective needs of the members of the community is called government final consumption expenditure (GFCE.) It is a purchase from the national accounts "use of income account" for goods and services directly satisfying of individual needs (individual consumption) or collective needs of members of the community (collective consumption). GFCE consists of the value of the goods and services produced by the government itself other than own-account capital formation and sales and of purchases by the government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households – without any transformation – as "social transfers" in kind.[3]
Infrastructure and investment: gross fixed capital formation[edit]
Main article: Gross fixed capital formation
Further information: Investment § In economics or macroeconomics
Government acquisition intended to create future benefits, such as infrastructure investment or research spending, is called gross fixed capital formation, or government investment, which usually is the largest part of the government.[4] Acquisition of goods and services is made through production by the government (using the government's labour force, fixed assets and purchased goods and services for intermediate consumption) or through purchases of goods and services from market producers. In economic theory or in macroeconomics, investment is the amount purchased per unit of time of goods which are not consumed but are to be used for future production (i.e. capital). Examples include railroad or factory construction.
Infrastructure spending is considered government investment because it will usually save money in the long run, and thereby reduce the net present value of government liabilities.
Spending on physical infrastructure in the U.S. returns an average of about $1.92 for each $1.00 spent on nonresidential construction because it is almost always less expensive to maintain than repair or replace once it has become unusable.[5]
Likewise, government spending on social infrastructure, such as preventative health care, can save several hundreds of billions of dollars per year in the U.S., because for example cancer patients are more likely to be diagnosed at Stage I where curative treatment is typically a few outpatient visits, instead of at Stage III or later in an emergency room where treatment can involve years of hospitalization and is often terminal.[6]
Transfer payment spending[edit]
Main article: Transfer payment
Government expenditures that are not acquisition of goods and services, and which represent transfers of money such as social security payments, are called transfer payments. These payments are considered to be exhaustive[jargon] because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. In other words, transfers are made without an exchange of goods or services.[7] Examples of certain transfer payments include welfare (financial aid), social security, and government giving subsidies to certain businesses (firms).
Government spending per country[edit]
Per capita[edit]
In 2010 national governments spent an average of $2,376 per person, while the average for the world's 20 largest economies (in terms of GDP) was $16,110 per person. Norway and Sweden expended the most at $40,908 and $26,760 per capita respectively. The federal government of the United States spent $11,041 per person. Other large economy country spending figures include South Korea ($4,557), Brazil ($2,813), Russia ($2,458), China ($1,010), and India ($226).[8] The figures below, indicate 42% of GDP spending and a GDP per capita of $54,629, which suggests and total per person government spending of $22,726 in the U.S.
As a percentage of GDP[edit]
Public spending / GDP in Europe.
Legend: maroon > 55%, red 50–55%, orange 45–50%, yellow 40–45%, green 35–40%, blue 30–35%
Government Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP (2014 Index of Economic Freedom).[9]
Tax Burden as a Percentage of GDP (2014 Index of Economic Freedom).[9]
This is a list of countries by government spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for the listed countries, according to the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom[9] by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. Tax revenue is included for comparison.
Country
Tax burden % GDP
Govt. expend. % GDP
Afghanistan 9 23
Albania 23 28
Algeria 10 40
Angola 6 39
Argentina 35 41
Armenia 17 25
Australia 26 35
Austria 42 51
Azerbaijan 13 34
Bahamas 16 23
Bahrain 3 31
Bangladesh 10 16
Barbados 27 41
Belarus 25 36
Belgium 44 53
Belize 23 29
Benin 16 22
Bhutan 14 38
Bolivia 22 35
Bosnia and Herzegovina 39 49
Botswana 28 32
Brazil 35 39
Bulgaria 26 34
Burkina Faso 14 24
Burma 4 19
Burundi 14 40
Cambodia 11 20
Cameroon 11 22
Canada 31 42
Cape Verde 20 32
Central African Republic 9 16
Chad 5 26
Chile 19 23
China 19 24
Colombia 15 29
Comoros 12 22
Democratic Republic of the Congo 24 29
Congo 8 26
Costa Rica 22 18
Ivory Coast 13 26
Croatia 33 43
Cuba 24 67
Cyprus 27 46
Czech Republic 35 43
Denmark 48 58
Djibouti 20 35
Dominica 24 36
Dominican Republic 13 16
Ecuador 18 44
Egypt 14 32
El Salvador 15 22
Equatorial Guinea 2 35
Eritrea 50 34
Estonia 33 38
Ethiopia 11 18
Fiji 23 28
Finland 43 55
France 44 56
Gabon 10 25
Gambia 13 26
Georgia 25 32
Germany 37 45
Ghana 15 24
Greece 31 52
Guatemala 11 15
Guinea 16 22
Guinea-Bissau 9 21
Guyana 21 31
Haiti 13 34
Honduras 16 26
Hong Kong 14 19
Hungary 36 49
Iceland 36 47
India 7 27
Indonesia 12 19
Iran 9 22
Iraq 2 45
Ireland 28 48
Israel 33 45
Italy 43 50
Jamaica 23 32
Japan 28 42
Jordan 14 33
Kazakhstan 15 22
Kenya 20 29
Kiribati 20 92
North Korea N/A N/A
South Korea 26 30
Kuwait 1 39
Kyrgyzstan 19 36
Laos 14 21
Latvia 27 39
Lebanon 17 30
Lesotho 38 63
Liberia 20 31
Libya 1 67
Liechtenstein N/A N/A
Lithuania 16 38
Luxembourg 37 42
Macau 35 17
Macedonia 26 31
Madagascar 11 16
Malawi 20 35
Malaysia 15 29
Maldives 16 43
Mali 14 25
Malta 34 42
Mauritania 18 28
Mauritius 18 25
Mexico 11 27
F.S. Micronesia 12 65
Moldova 31 39
Mongolia 33 45
Montenegro 24 44
Morocco 23 35
Mozambique 20 34
Namibia 28 37
Nepal 13 19
Netherlands 39 50
New Zealand 32 48
Nicaragua 18 26
Niger 14 20
Nigeria 5 29
Norway 43 44
Oman 2 38
Pakistan 9 20
Panama 18 27
Papua New Guinea 26 29
Paraguay 13 19
Peru 17 19
Philippines 12 16
Poland 32 44
Portugal 31 49
Qatar 3 31
Romania 28 37
Russia 30 36
Rwanda 13 27
Saint Lucia 25 35
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 22 30
Samoa 23 44
São Tomé and Príncipe 17 49
Saudi Arabia 4 35
Senegal 19 29
Serbia 35 45
Seychelles 32 36
Sierra Leone 12 22
Singapore 14 17
Slovakia 29 38
Slovenia 37 51
Solomon Islands 37 51
South Africa 27 32
Spain 32 45
Sri Lanka 12 21
Sudan 7 18
Suriname 19 27
Swaziland 23 31
Sweden 45 51
Switzerland 29 34
Syria 10 N/A
Taiwan 9 23
Tajikistan 20 27
Tanzania 15 27
Thailand 16 23
Timor-Leste 277 140
Togo 17 24
Tonga 18 29
Trinidad and Tobago 17 35
Tunisia 21 35
Turkey 25 35
Turkmenistan 18 15
Uganda 17 21
Ukraine 38 46
United Arab Emirates 6 24
United Kingdom 36 49
United States 25 42
Uruguay 27 33
Uzbekistan 20 31
Vanuatu 16 25
Venezuela 13 40
Vietnam 21 31
Yemen 5 29
Zambia 19 24
Zimbabwe 30 35
Somalia N/A N/A
Brunei 24 34
Public social spending by country[edit]
Public social spending comprises cash benefits, direct in-kind provision of goods and services, and tax breaks with social purposes provided by general government (that is central, state, and local governments, including social security funds).[10]
2015 Public social spending, OECD[10]
Country
Public social spending
% of GDP
France 31.7
Finland 30.6
Belgium 29.2
Italy 28.9
Denmark 28.8
Austria 28.0
Sweden 26.7
Greece 26.4
Spain 25.4
Germany 25.0
Portugal 24.1
Norway 23.9
Slovenia 22.4
Netherlands 22.3
Luxembourg 22.2
Great Britain 21.5
OECD 21.0
Hungary 20.7
New Zealand 19.7
Switzerland 19.6
Czech Republic 19.5
Poland 19.4
Slovakia 19.4
United States 19.0
Australia 18.8
Canada 17.2
Estonia 17.0
Ireland 17.0
Israel 16.0
Iceland 15.7
Latvia 14.4
Chile 11.2
South Korea 10.1
Concepts:
Rahn curve
Government operations
Public expenditure
Public finance
Government budget
Government waste
Fiscal policy
Tax
Mandatory spending
Taxpayers unions
Eurostat
Specific:
Government spending in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: BEA seems to have several different measures of government spending. What are they for and what do they measure?". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Robert Barro and Vittorio Grilli (1994), European Macroeconomics, Ch. 15–16. Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-57764-7.
Jump up ^ F. Lequiller, D. Blades: Understanding National Accounts, Paris: OECD 2006, pp. 127–30
Jump up ^ "Gross capital formation" Statistics Explained European Union Statistics Directorate, European Commission
Jump up ^ Cohen, Isabelle; Freiling, Thomas; Robinson, Eric (January 2012). The Economic Impact and Financing of Infrastructure Spending (PDF) (report). Williamsburg, Virginia: Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy, College of William & Mary. p. 5. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Hogg, W.; Baskerville, N.; Lemelin, J. (2005). "Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: Cost-consequences analysis" (PDF). BMC Health Services Research. 5 (1): 20. PMC 1079830  . PMID 15755330. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-5-20.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Matthew (2012). "Economics AZ– terms beginning with T;transfer". The Economist. Retrieved 11 July 2012. Payments that are made without any good or service being received in return. Much PUBLIC SPENDING goes on transfers, such as pensions and WELFARE benefits. Private-sector transfers include charitable donations and prizes to lottery winners.
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook, population data from 2010, Spending and GDP data from 2011. Note: these numbers do not include U.S. state and local government spending which when included bring the per capita spending to $16,755
^ Jump up to: a b c 2014 Index of Economic Freedom
^ Jump up to: a b "Social spending Public, % of GDP, 2015". OECD. OECD data
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government Spending.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public expenditure.
OECD Government spending statistics
Canadian Governments Compared
Eurostat's government spending per sector
Authority control
GND: 4043136-8
NDL: 00566500
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2018–19 NBA season
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2018–19 NBA season
League
National Basketball Association
Sport
Basketball
Duration
October 16, 2018 – April 10, 2019
April 13 – May 2019 (Playoffs)
May – June 2019 (Finals)
Number of games
82
Number of teams
30
TV partner(s)
ABC, TNT, ESPN, NBA TV
Draft
Top draft pick
Deandre Ayton
Picked by
Phoenix Suns
Regular season
Playoffs
Finals
NBA seasons
← 2017–18
2019–20 →
The 2018–19 NBA season is the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 16, 2018, and will end on April 10, 2019. The playoffs will begin April 13, 2019,[1] with the NBA Finals concluding in June. The 2019 NBA All-Star Game will be played on February 17, 2019, at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Contents
1 Transactions
1.1 Retirement
1.2 Free agency
1.3 Coaching changes
1.3.1 Off-season
1.3.2 In-season
2 Preseason
2.1 International games
3 Regular season
3.1 By conference
3.2 International games
4 Statistics
4.1 Individual statistic leaders
4.2 Individual game highs
4.3 Team statistic leaders
5 Awards
5.1 Players of the Week
5.2 Players of the Month
5.3 Rookies of the Month
5.4 Coaches of the Month
6 Arenas
7 Media
8 Uniforms
8.1 Uniform sponsorships
9 Notable occurrences
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Transactions
Main article: List of 2018–19 NBA season transactions
Retirement
On May 10, 2018, Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA. Collison played all his 14 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[2]
On May 25, 2018, after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams, Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge.[3]
On July 17, 2018, after playing 9 seasons in the NBA for four teams, Roy Hibbert announced his retirement from the NBA.[4]
On August 27, 2018, Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA. Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise.[5]
On August 30, 2018, after playing 15 seasons in the NBA for four teams, David West announced his retirement from the NBA.[6][7]
On September 6, 2018, Boris Diaw announced his retirement from basketball. Diaw spent 14 years in the NBA and was an NBA champion with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014.[8]
On October 13, 2018, after playing 17 seasons in the NBA for eight teams, Richard Jefferson announced his retirement from the NBA.[9]
Free agency
Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.
Coaching changes
Coaching changes
Off-season
Team
2017–18 season
2018–19 season
Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce
Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego
Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey
Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty (interim) Mike Budenholzer
New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale
Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford
Phoenix Suns Jay Triano (interim) Igor Kokoškov
Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse
In-season
Team
Outgoing coach
Ingoing coach
Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Larry Drew (interim)
Off-season
On April 12, 2018, the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs.[10] In addition, associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired.
On April 12, 2018, the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs.[11]
On April 13, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs.[12]
On April 25, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways.[13]
On May 1, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J. B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team.[14]
On May 2, 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach.[15]
On May 7, 2018, the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach.[16]
On May 7, 2018, the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.[17]
On May 10, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach.[18]
On May 11, 2018, the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason.[19]
On May 11, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach.[20]
On May 17, 2018, the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach.[21]
On May 30, 2018, the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach.[22]
On June 11, 2018, the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach.[23]
On June 14, 2018, the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach.[24]
In-season
On October 28, 2018, the Cleveland Cavaliers fired head coach Tyronn Lue after a 0-6 start to the season and named Larry Drew interim head coach.[25][26]
Preseason
The preseason began on September 28 and ended on October 12.[1]
International games
The Toronto Raptors played two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29, and second with the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.[27]
The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers played two preseason games in China, in Shanghai on October 5 and in Shenzhen on October 8.[28]
Regular season
The regular season began on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.[29]
Eastern Conference
Atlantic Division
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
GP
Toronto Raptors 6 1 .857 0.0 5–0 1–1 1–0 7
Boston Celtics 4 2 .667 1.5 1–1 3–1 2–1 6
Philadelphia 76ers 4 3 .571 2.0 4–0 0–3 0–1 7
Brooklyn Nets 2 5 .286 4.0 1–1 1–4 1–1 7
New York Knicks 2 5 .286 4.0 2–2 0–3 1–2 7
Central Division
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
GP
Milwaukee Bucks 7 0 1.000 0.0 5–0 2–0 1–0 7
Detroit Pistons 4 1 .800 2.0 3–1 1–0 2–0 5
Indiana Pacers 4 3 .571 3.0 2–1 2–2 1–1 7
Chicago Bulls 2 5 .286 5.0 1–2 1–3 0–1 7
Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 .000 6.5 0–3 0–3 0–2 6
Southeast Division
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
GP
Miami Heat 3 3 .500 0.0 2–2 1–1 1–2 6
Charlotte Hornets 3 4 .429 0.5 1–1 2–3 2–0 7
Orlando Magic 2 4 .333 1.0 1–2 1–2 1–1 6
Atlanta Hawks 2 4 .333 1.0 1–1 1–3 0–0 6
Washington Wizards 1 5 .167 2.0 0–2 1–3 0–1 6
Western Conference
Northwest Division
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
GP
Denver Nuggets 5 1 .833 0.0 4–0 1–1 0–0 6
Utah Jazz 4 2 .667 1.0 0–2 4–0 0–0 6
Portland Trail Blazers 4 2 .667 1.0 2–1 2–1 0–0 6
Minnesota Timberwolves 3 4 .429 2.5 3–1 0–3 0–0 7
Oklahoma City Thunder 1 4 .200 3.5 1–2 0–2 0–0 5
Pacific Division
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
GP
Golden State Warriors 7 1 .875 0.0 3–0 4–1 1–0 8
Los Angeles Clippers 4 2 .667 2.0 3–1 1–1 0–0 6
Sacramento Kings 4 3 .571 2.5 2–1 2–2 0–0 7
Los Angeles Lakers 2 5 .286 4.5 1–2 1–3 1–0 7
Phoenix Suns 1 5 .167 5.0 1–1 0–4 0–2 6
Southwest Division
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
GP
New Orleans Pelicans 4 2 .667 0.0 3–1 1–1 1–0 6
San Antonio Spurs 4 2 .667 0.0 3–1 1–1 1–0 6
Memphis Grizzlies 3 2 .600 0.5 2–0 1–2 0–0 5
Dallas Mavericks 2 5 .286 2.5 2–1 0–4 0–1 7
Houston Rockets 1 4 .200 2.5 0–3 1–1 0–1 5
By conference
Eastern Conference
#
Team
W
L
PCT
GB
GP
1
Milwaukee Bucks * 7 0 1.000 – 7
2
Toronto Raptors * 6 1 .857 1.0 7
3
Detroit Pistons 4 1 .800 2.0 5
4
Boston Celtics 4 2 .667 2.5 6
5
Indiana Pacers 4 3 .571 3.0 7
6
Philadelphia 76ers 4 3 .571 3.0 7
7
Miami Heat * 3 3 .500 3.5 6
8
Charlotte Hornets 3 4 .429 4.0 7
9
Orlando Magic 2 4 .333 4.5 6
10
Atlanta Hawks 2 4 .333 4.5 6
11
Brooklyn Nets 2 5 .286 5.0 7
12
New York Knicks 2 5 .286 5.0 7
13
Chicago Bulls 2 5 .286 5.0 7
14
Washington Wizards 1 5 .167 5.5 6
15
Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 .000 6.5 6
Western Conference
#
Team
W
L
PCT
GB
GP
1
Golden State Warriors * 7 1 .875 – 8
2
Denver Nuggets * 5 1 .833 1.0 6
3
New Orleans Pelicans * 4 2 .667 2.0 6
4
Utah Jazz 4 2 .667 2.0 6
5
Los Angeles Clippers 4 2 .667 2.0 6
6
Portland Trail Blazers 4 2 .667 2.0 6
7
San Antonio Spurs 4 2 .667 2.0 6
8
Memphis Grizzlies 3 2 .600 2.5 5
9
Sacramento Kings 4 3 .571 2.5 7
10
Minnesota Timberwolves 3 4 .429 3.5 7
11
Dallas Mavericks 2 5 .286 4.5 7
12
Los Angeles Lakers 2 5 .286 4.5 7
13
Oklahoma City Thunder 1 4 .200 4.5 5
14
Houston Rockets 1 4 .200 4.5 5
15
Phoenix Suns 1 5 .167 5.0 6
Notes
* – Division leader
International games
On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.[30]
On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.[31]
Statistics
Individual statistic leaders
Category
Player
Team
Statistic
Points per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.5
Rebounds per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 16.2
Assists per game Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 11.0
Steals per game Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves 3.0
Blocks per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 3.2
Turnovers per game Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 5.5
Fouls per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 4.6
Minutes per game DeMar DeRozan San Antonio Spurs 38.8
FG% Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 75.0%
FT% 8 players 100.0%
3FG% Nikola Vučević Orlando Magic 77.8%
Efficiency per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.7
Double-doubles Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 5
Triple-doubles Ben Simmons Philadelphia 76ers 2
Individual game highs
Category
Player
Team
Statistic
Points Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 52
Rebounds Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 24
Assists Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 15
Steals P. J. Tucker Houston Rockets 7
Blocks Michael Kidd-Gilchrist Charlotte Hornets 7
Three pointers Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 14
Team statistic leaders
Category
Team
Statistic
Points per game New Orleans Pelicans 124.8
Rebounds per game Milwaukee Bucks 55.3
Assists per game Golden State Warriors 29.2
Steals per game Los Angeles Lakers 9.8
Blocks per game Memphis Grizzlies 7.8
Turnovers per game Atlanta Hawks 18.4
FG% Golden State Warriors 52.3%
FT% Portland Trail Blazers 87.2%
3FG% Indiana Pacers 44.6%
+/− Milwaukee Bucks +16.0
Awards
Players of the Week
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week.
Week
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
Ref
October 16–21 Kemba Walker (Charlotte Hornets) (1/1) Nikola Jokić (Denver Nuggets) (1/1) [32][33]
October 22–28 Giannis Antetokounmpo (Milwaukee Bucks) (1/1) Stephen Curry (Golden State Warriors) (1/1) [34][35]
October 29 – November 3
Players of the Month
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month.
Month
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
Ref
October/November
Rookies of the Month
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month.
Month
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
Ref
October/November
Coaches of the Month
The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month.
Month
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
Ref
October/November
Arenas
The Atlanta Hawks' home arena formerly known as Phillips Arena was renamed State Farm Arena on August 29, 2018, coinciding with a $192.5 million renovation to the arena.[36]
This is the Golden State Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco. The Warriors will play their final regular season game there on April 7, 2019, against the Los Angeles Clippers.[37]
This is the Milwaukee Bucks' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018. The Bucks played their first game there on October 3, 2018, in a preseason game against the Chicago Bulls, the first regular season game there was played on October 19, 2018, against the Indiana Pacers.[38][39]
The Toronto Raptors' home arena formerly known as Air Canada Centre was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[40][41]
Media
This will be the third year of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.[citation needed]
Uniforms
The NBA will allow the players to wear any color of shoes they wish; previously, they were restricted to white, black, or the colors of their teams.[42]
The "City Edition" jerseys will first be worn on November 9, 2018, while a sixth jersey apparel will first be worn on December 25, 2018.[43]
On June 6, 2018, the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[44][45]
On July 25, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[46]
On July 31, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[47]
On August 2, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[48]
On August 8, 2018, the Orlando Magic unveiled their first "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[49]
On August 16, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta.[50][51]
On August 30, 2018, the Minnesota Timberwolves unveiled their first "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[52]
On September 20, 2018, the Utah Jazz unveiled their first "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 40th anniversary.[53]
On October 10, 2018, the Golden State Warriors unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform.[54][better source needed]
Uniform sponsorships
In April 2016, the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017–18 season.[55] Prior and during the 2017–18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract. Before the 2018–19 season six more teams signed such contracts:
Chicago Bulls – Zenni Optical[56]
Houston Rockets – ROKiT Phones[57]
Memphis Grizzlies – FedEx[58]
Phoenix Suns – PayPal[59]
Portland Trail Blazers – Performance Health[60]
San Antonio Spurs – Frost Bank[61]
As of October 16, 2018, three teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract: Indiana Pacers, Oklahoma City Thunder, and Washington Wizards.
Notable occurrences
On September 21, 2018, the NBA approved of three different rule changes affecting gameplay, starting with this season onward. These changes include shortening the game clock from the typical 24 seconds to 14 seconds during offensive rebounds, simplifying the clear path foul rule, and expanding the definition of a "hostile act" to invoke instant replays on certain events more easily.[62]
See also
National Basketball Association portal
References
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Jump up ^ Witt, Brian (August 30, 2018). "Going Out On Top: David West Retires After 15-Year Career". NBA.com. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wells, Adam. "Boris Diaw Retires at Age 36; Played with Spurs, Suns, Hornets, Hawks, Jazz". BleacherReport.com. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Lakers Unveil New Uniforms for 2018-19". NBA.com. July 31, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Denton, John. "Orlando Magic Unveil 30 Years of Pure Magic". nba.com. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announces Major Next-Generation Initiatives at Season Preview Event". NBA.com. August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tomorrow Starts Today". NBA.com. August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Timberwolves Unveil Classics Edition Uniforms and 30th Season Logo Design". NBA.com. August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jazz to Celebrate 40 Seasons with Classic Jerseys". NBA.com. September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Zenni Optical becomes first-ever jersey patch partner of the Chicago Bulls". NBA.com. October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor". NBA.com. August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Shot clock reset among rule changes approved by Board of Governors". NBA.com. September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
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/wiki/2019_NBA_Playoffs
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2019 NBA Playoffs

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/wiki/2019_NBA_Finals
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2019 NBA Finals

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/wiki/List_of_NBA_seasons
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List of NBA seasons

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/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season
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2019–20 NBA season

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Cal State Northridge

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Free agency

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July moratorium

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Chase Center (arena)

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http://www.nba.com/key-dates

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http://lockervision.nba.com/
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https://www.nba.com/spurs/frost

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http://www.nba.com/
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values: List of National Basketball Association seasons

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values: Template talk:2018–19 NBA season by team

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/wiki/2019_NBA_playoffs
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2019 NBA playoffs

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*_Draft
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values: НБА ў сэзоне 2018—2019 гадоў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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values: National Basketball Association 2018-2019 – Italian

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