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Decline in amphibian populations
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The Golden toad of Monteverde, Costa Rica, was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.
The decline in amphibian populations is an ongoing mass extinction of amphibian species worldwide. Since the 1980s, decreases in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized extinctions, have been observed in locations all over the world. These declines are known as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity, and several causes are believed to be involved, including disease, habitat destruction and modification, exploitation, pollution, pesticide use, introduced species, and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B). However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and the topic is currently a subject of much ongoing research. Calculations based on extinction rates suggest that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the background extinction rate and the estimate goes up to 25,000–45,000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation.[1]
Although scientists began observing reduced populations of several European amphibian species already in the 1950s, awareness of the phenomenon as a global problem and its subsequent classification as a modern-day mass extinction only dates from the 1980s. By 1993, more than 500 species of frogs and salamanders present on all five continents were in decline. Today, the phenomenon of declining amphibian populations affects thousands of species in all types of ecosystems and is thus recognized as one of the most severe examples of the Holocene extinction, with severe implications for global biodiversity.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Initial skepticism
3 Potential causes
3.1 Habitat modification
3.2 Habitat fragmentation
3.3 Pollution and chemical contaminants
3.4 Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and cloud cover
3.5 Disease
3.5.1 Trematodes
3.5.2 Chytridiomycosis
3.6 Introduced predators
3.7 Increased noise levels
4 Symptoms of stressed populations
5 Conservation measures
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Largest mass extinction in 65 million years underway, scientists say
In the past three decades, declines in populations of amphibians (the class of organisms that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians) have occurred worldwide. In 2004, the results were published of the first worldwide assessment of amphibian populations, the Global Amphibian Assessment. This found that 32% of species were globally threatened, at least 43% were experiencing some form of population decrease, and that between 9 and 122 species have become extinct since 1980.[3] As of 2010[update], the IUCN Red List, which incorporates the Global Amphibian Assessment and subsequent updates, lists 486 amphibian species as "Critically Endangered".[4] Despite the high risk this group faces, recent evidence suggests the public is growing largely indifferent to this and other environmental problems, posing serious problems for conservationists and environmental workers alike.[5]
Habitat loss, disease and climate change are thought to be responsible for the drastic decline in populations in recent years.[6] Declines have been particularly intense in the western United States, Central America, South America, eastern Australia and Fiji (although cases of amphibian extinctions have appeared worldwide). While human activities are causing a loss of much of the world’s biodiversity, amphibians appear to be suffering much greater effects than other classes of organism. Because amphibians generally have a two-staged life cycle consisting of both aquatic (larvae) and terrestrial (adult) phases, they are sensitive to both terrestrial and aquatic environmental effects. Because their skins are highly permeable, they may be more susceptible to toxins in the environment than other organisms such as birds or mammals.[7] Many scientists believe that amphibians serve as "canaries in a coal mine," and that declines in amphibian populations and species indicate that other groups of animals and plants will soon be at risk.[7]
Declines in amphibian populations were first widely recognized in the late 1980s[citation needed], when a large gathering of herpetologists reported noticing declines in populations in amphibians across the globe.[8] Among these species, the Golden toad (Bufo periglenes) endemic to Monteverde, Costa Rica, featured prominently. It was the subject of scientific research until populations suddenly crashed in 1987 and it had disappeared completely by 1989.[9] Other species at Monteverde, including the Monteverde Harlequin Frog (Atelopus varius), also disappeared at the same time. Because these species were located in the pristine Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, and these extinctions could not be related to local human activities, they raised particular concern among biologists.[10]
Initial skepticism[edit]
When amphibian declines were first presented as a conservation issue in the late 1980s, some scientists remained unconvinced of the reality and gravity of the conservation issue.[11] Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms, amphibians included, naturally vary through time. They argued that the lack of long-term data on amphibian populations made it difficult to determine whether the anecdotal declines reported by biologists were worth the (often limited) time and money of conservation efforts.[citation needed]
However, since this initial skepticism, biologists have come to a consensus that declines in amphibian populations are a real and severe threat to biodiversity.[3] This consensus emerged with an increase in the number of studies that monitored amphibian populations, direct observation of mass mortality in pristine sites that lacked apparent cause, and an awareness that declines in amphibian populations are truly global in nature.[12]
Potential causes[edit]
Numerous potential explanations for amphibian declines have been proposed. Most or all of these causes have been associated with some population declines, so each cause is likely to affect in certain circumstances but not others. Many of the causes of amphibian declines are well understood, and appear to affect other groups of organisms as well as amphibians. These causes include habitat modification and fragmentation, introduced predators or competitors, introduced species, pollution, pesticide use, or over-harvesting. However, many amphibian declines or extinctions have occurred in pristine habitats where the above effects are not likely to occur. The causes of these declines are complex, but many can be attributed to emerging diseases, climate change, increased ultraviolet-B radiation, or long-distance transmission of chemical contaminants by wind.
Artificial lighting has been suggested as another potential cause. Insects are attracted to lights making them scarcer within the amphibian habitats.[13][14]
Habitat modification[edit]
Main article: Habitat destruction
Habitat modification or destruction is one of the most dramatic issues affecting amphibian species worldwide. As amphibians generally need aquatic and terrestrial habitats to survive, threats to either habitat can affect populations. Hence, amphibians may be more vulnerable to habitat modification than organisms that only require one habitat type. Large scale climate changes may further be modifying aquatic habitats, preventing amphibians from spawning altogether.[15]
Habitat fragmentation[edit]
Main article: Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation occurs when habitats are isolated by habitat modification, such as when a small area of forest is completely surrounded by agricultural fields. Small populations that survive within such fragments are often susceptible to inbreeding, genetic drift, or extinction due to small fluctuations in the environment.[citation needed]
Pollution and chemical contaminants[edit]
There is evidence of chemical pollutants causing frog developmental deformities (extra limbs, or malformed eyes).[16][17] Pollutants have varying effects on frogs. Some alter the central nervous system; others like atrazine cause a disruption in the production and secretion of hormones. Experimental studies have also shown that exposure to commonly used herbicides such as glyphosate (Tradename Roundup) or insecticides such as malathion or carbaryl greatly increase mortality of tadpoles.[18] Additional studies have indicated that terrestrial adult stages of amphibians are also susceptible to non-active ingredients in Roundup, particularly POEA, which is a surfactant.[19] Atrazine has been shown to cause male tadpoles of African clawed frogs to become hermaphroditic with development of both male and female organs. Such feminization has been reported in many parts of the world.[20] In a study conducted in a laboratory at Uppsala University in Sweden, more than 50% of frogs exposed to levels of estrogen-like pollutants existing in natural bodies of water in Europe and the United States became females. Tadpoles exposed even to the weakest concentration of estrogen were twice as likely to become females while almost all of the control group given the heaviest dose became female.[21]
While most pesticide effects are likely to be local and restricted to areas near agriculture, there is evidence from the Sierra Nevada mountains of the western United States that pesticides are traveling long distances into pristine areas, including Yosemite National Park in California.[22]
Some recent evidence points to ozone as a possible contributing factor to the worldwide decline of amphibians.[23]
Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and cloud cover[edit]
See also: Climate change
Like many other organisms, increasing ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion and other factors may harm the DNA of amphibians, particularly their eggs.[24][25] The amount of damage depends upon the life stage, the species type and other environmental parameters. Salamanders and frogs that produce less photolyase, an enzyme that counteracts DNA damage from UVB, are more susceptible to the effects of loss of the ozone layer. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation may not kill a particular species or life stage but may cause sublethal damage.
More than three dozen species of amphibians have been studied, with severe effects reported in more than 40 publications in peer-reviewed journals representing authors from North America, Europe and Australia. Experimental enclosure approaches to determine UVB effects on egg stages have been criticized; for example, egg masses were placed at water depths much shallower than is typical for natural oviposition sites. While UVB radiation is an important stressor for amphibians,[26] its effect on the egg stage may have been overstated.[27]
Anthropogenic climate change has likely exerted a major effect on amphibian declines. For example, in the Monteverde Cloud Forest, a series of unusually warm years led to the mass disappearances of the Monteverde Harlequin frog and the Golden Toad.[28] An increased level of cloud cover, a result of geoengineering[citation needed] and global warming, which has warmed the nights and cooled daytime temperatures, has been blamed for facilitating the growth and proliferation of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the causative agent of the fungal infection chytridiomycosis).
An adult male Ecnomiohyla rabborum in the Atlanta Botanical Garden, a species ravaged by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in its native habitat. It was the last known surviving member of its species, and with its death on Sept 28, 2016, the species is believed to be extinct.[29][30]
Although the immediate cause of the die offs was the chytrid, climate change played a pivotal role in the extinctions. Researchers included this subtle connection in their inclusive climate-linked epidemic hypothesis, which acknowledged climatic change as a key factor in amphibian extinctions both in Costa Rica and elsewhere.[31]
New evidence has shown global warming to also be capable of directly degrading toads' body condition and survivorship.[32] Additionally, the phenomenon often colludes with landscape alteration, pollution, and species invasions to effect amphibian extinctions.[33]
Disease[edit]
A number of diseases have been related to mass die-offs or declines in populations of amphibians, including "red-leg" disease (Aeromonas hydrophila), Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), Anuraperkinsus, and chytridiomycosis. It is not entirely clear why these diseases have suddenly begun to affect amphibian populations, but some evidence suggests that these diseases may have been spread by humans, or may be more virulent when combined with other environmental factors.[34]
Trematodes[edit]
Further information: Ribeiroia
Trematode cyst-infected Pacific Tree Frog (Hyla regilla) with supernumerary limbs, from La Pine, Deschutes County, Oregon, 1998-9. This 'category I' deformity (polymelia) is believed to be caused by the trematode cyst infection. The cartilage is stained blue and calcified bones in red.
There is considerable evidence that parasitic trematode platyhelminths (a type of fluke) have contributed to developmental abnormalities and population declines of amphibians in some regions.[35] These trematodes of the genus Ribeiroia have a complex life cycle with three host species. The first host includes a number of species of aquatic snails. The early larval stages of the trematodes then are transmitted into aquatic tadpoles, where the metacercariae (larvae) encyst in developing limb buds. These encysted life stages produce developmental abnormalities in post-metamorphic frogs, including additional or missing limbs.[8] These abnormalities increase frog predation by aquatic birds, the final host of the trematode.
Pacific Tree Frog with limb malformation induced by Ribeiroia ondatrae
A study showed that high levels of nutrients used in farming and ranching activities fuel parasite infections that have caused frog deformities in ponds and lakes across North America. The study showed increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus cause sharp hikes in the abundance of trematodes, and that the parasites subsequently form cysts in the developing limbs of tadpoles causing missing limbs, extra limbs and other severe malformations including five or six extra or even no limbs.[36]
Chytridiomycosis[edit]
A chytrid-infected frog
Main article: Chytridiomycosis
In 1998, following large-scale frog deaths in Australia and Central America, research teams in both areas came up with identical results: a previously undescribed species of pathogenic fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.[37] It is now clear that many recent extinctions of amphibians in Australia and the Americas are linked to this fungus.[37] This fungus belongs to a family of saprobes known as chytrids that are not generally pathogenic.
The disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is called chytridiomycosis. Frogs infected by this disease generally show skin lesions and hyperkeratosis, and it is believed that death occurs because of interference with skin functions including maintenance of fluid balance, electrolyte homeostasis, respiration and role as a barrier to infections.[38][39] The time from infection to death has been found to be 1–2 weeks[citation needed] in experimental tests, but infected animals can carry the fungus as long as 220 days.[37] There are several hypotheses on the transmission and vectors of the fungus.[40][41]
Subsequent research has established that the fungus has been present in Australia since at least 1978, and present in North America since at least the 1970s. The first known record of chytrid infection in frogs is in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis. Because Xenopus are sold in pet shops and used in laboratories around the world, it is possible that the chytrid fungus may have been exported from Africa.[42]
Introduced predators[edit]
Main article: Introduced species
Non-native predators and competitors have also been found to affect the viability of frogs in their habitats. The mountain yellow-legged frog which typically inhabits the Sierra Nevada lakes have seen a decline in numbers due to stocking of non-native fish (trout) for recreational fishing. The developing tadpoles and froglets fall prey to the fish in large numbers. This interference in the frog's three-year metamorphosis is causing a decline that is manifest throughout their ecosystem.[43]
Increased noise levels[edit]
Frogs and toads are highly vocal, and their reproductive behaviour often involves the use of vocalizations. There have been suggestions that increased noise levels caused by human activities may be contributing to their declines. In a study in Thailand, increased ambient noise levels were shown to decrease calling in some species and to cause an increase in others.[44] This has, however, not been shown to be a cause for the widespread decline.
Symptoms of stressed populations[edit]
Amphibian populations in the beginning stages of decline often exude a number of signs, which may potentially be used to identify at-risk segments in conservation efforts. One such sign is developmental instability, which has been proven as evidence of environmental stress.[45] This environmental stress can potentially raise susceptibility to diseases such as chytridiomycosis, and thus lead to amphibian declines. In a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, for example, populations of two amphibian species, Litoria nannotis and Litoria genimaculata, were found to exhibit far greater levels of limb asymmetry in pre-decline years than in control years, the latter of which preceded die offs by an average of 16 years.[citation needed] Learning to identify such signals in the critical period before population declines occur might greatly improve conservation efforts.
Conservation measures[edit]
See also: Amphibian Ark
On 16 February 2007, scientists worldwide met in Atlanta, U.S., to form a group called the Amphibian Ark to help save more than 6,000 species of amphibians from disappearing by starting captive breeding programmes.[46] Conservation efforts have been created by several organizations such as Amphibian Conservation Alliance (ACA) and the World Wildlife Fund to help further studies on frog extinction and educate people on the issue at hand.
Areas with noticed frog extinctions, like Australia, have few policies that have been created to prevent the extinction of these species. However, local initiatives have been placed where conscious efforts to decrease global warming will also turn into a conscious effort towards saving the frogs. In South America, where there is also an increased decline of amphibian populations, there is no set policy to try to save frogs. Some suggestions would include getting entire governments to place a set of rules and institutions as a source of guidelines that local governments have to abide by.[47][48]
A critical issue is how to design protected areas for amphibians which will provide suitable conditions for their survival. Conservation efforts through the use of protected areas have shown to generally be a temporary solution to population decline and extinction because the amphibians become inbred.[49] It is crucial for most amphibians to maintain a high level of genetic variation through large and more diverse environments.
Education of local people to protect amphibians is crucial, along with legislation for local protection and limiting the use of toxic chemicals, including some fertilizers and pesticides in sensitive amphibian areas.[50]
See also[edit]
Effects of pesticides on amphibians
Holocene extinction
Colony collapse disorder
White nose syndrome
The Sixth Extinction (book)
Racing Extinction (film)
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External links[edit]
FrogWeb: Amphibian Declines & Malformations
IUCN Red List - Amphibians – assesses the current status of amphibian species worldwide (incorporates the Global Amphibian Assessment)
AmphibiaWeb – provides background information on amphibian declines.
Reptile Amphibian & Pesticide (RAP) Database
Weedicide induced feminization
Photos of Sick Frogs at Queensland Frog Society
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Once Upon a Time in Shaolin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Once Upon a Time in Shaolin
Studio album by Wu-Tang Clan
Released
2015
Recorded
2008–13
Genre
Hip hop
Length
110:12
Producer
Cilvaringz
RZA
Wu-Tang Clan chronology
A Better Tomorrow
(2014)A Better Tomorrow2014 Once Upon a Time in Shaolin...
(2015) The Saga Continues
(2017)The Saga Continues2017
Once Upon a Time in Shaolin is a double album by the New York hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan that was limited to a single copy sold in 2015. It is the most expensive single album ever sold.[1] One double-CD of the album, which was recorded in secret over six years, was pressed in 2014 and stored in a secured vault at the Royal Mansour Hotel in Marrakech, Morocco. The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015.[2] It was subsequently revealed that the winning bid of $2 million was placed by American businessman Martin Shkreli. A legal agreement with the purchaser states that the album cannot be commercially exploited until 2103, although it can be released for free or played during listening parties.[3]
Shkreli shared the intro and part of two tracks after Donald Trump was elected president,[4] after threatening to destroy the album.[5] In 2017 Shkreli allegedly livestreamed a portion of the album to YouTube after a verdict was reached in a criminal case against him.[6] On September 6, 2017, Shkreli placed the album up for auction via eBay;[7] it received 343 bids and sold for $1,025,100 USD.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Response
3 Track listing
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
The concept to offer a musical work in a single form was conceived by Wu-Tang Clan producer Cilvaringz and was based on music exploitation as a commissioned commodity in the Baroque, Enlightenment and Renaissance ages.[8] The idea was later developed further with Wu-Tang de facto leader RZA into a concept presentable to the public. The album reportedly features the singer and actress Cher as a guest on two of the album's tracks.[9]
The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015. A winning bid for the album was accepted by the Wu-Tang Clan on May 3, 2015, and was followed by months of legal diligence. Due to the unprecedented nature of the sale, new and unique legal structures were written for the sales agreement. The sale was completed on August 26, 2015, at a price "in the millions" to a "private American collector".[10] On December 9, 2015, Bloomberg Businessweek identified the buyer as controversial Turing pharmaceutical CEO Martin Shkreli.[11] In a statement emailed to Bloomberg, RZA noted that the sale had been agreed upon before Shkreli's controversial price hike of Daraprim, an anti-infective agent most commonly used in immunocompromised patients with toxoplasmosis. In the statement, RZA added that the group had donated a "significant portion" of the proceeds to charity upon hearing who the buyer was.[12] Among the charities Wu-Tang Clan donated to were the Children's Literacy Society, the Hip Hop Chess Federation and TTAC, an institution focused on showcasing alternative cures for cancer.[13] The actual sale price was never revealed by the auction house or the Wu-Tang Clan, but Bloomberg reported[11] and Shkreli later confirmed[14] that he had purchased the album for $2 million.
Response[edit]
The ornate casing for the album
Many fans reacted negatively to the news of the single-copy album, believing that the album would not be available to the public until 2103. Wu-Tang member Method Man spoke out against the 88-year commercial ban, blaming fellow member RZA and producer Cilvaringz. RZA replied that the 88-year ban was necessary to maintain the integrity of the album as a work of art and deflect any notions of a grand marketing or publicity stunt. According to him, the number 8 bears symbolic significance because there were eight original members of the Wu-Tang Clan, the numbers of the year 2015 add up to eight, Paddle8 has eight in its name, and a rotated eight is the symbol for infinity that was used on their second album Wu-Tang Forever.[15] Wu-Tang later released an official statement saying that, although the music cannot be sold to the public until 2103, the owner may exhibit or distribute the music for free.[3]
The Guinness Book of Records certified the album as the most valuable album in existence,[16] outpricing the previous most expensive records in the world held by Elvis Presley and The Quarrymen, later to be known as The Beatles. On March 3, 2015, the album was detained at JFK Airport for three hours while border control determined the contents of the silver box holding the album.[17]
In February 2016, artist Jason Koza sued RZA, Cilvaringz, Paddle8 and Shkreli in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for the alleged unauthorized use of his artwork on the album.[18][19]
Track listing[edit]
The track listing remained a secret for the buyer.[citation needed] Paddle8 released a track list of working titles the group used during the recordings.[citation needed] The track listing has been compiled by Complex magazine.[20]
Shaolin School
"Entrance (Intro)" (1:57)
"Rivals" (4:12)
"Staple Town Pt. 1 (Interlude)" (0:44)
"Ethiopia" (7:55)
"Handkerchief" (0:49)
"Staple Town Pt. 2 (Interlude)" (1:10)
"The Pillage of ’88" (6:52)
"Centipedes" (7:14)
"The Widow’s Tear" (3:55)
"Sorrow" (5:45)
"Shaolin" (6:14)
"The Saga Continuous" (6:58)
"Shaolin Soul (Exit)" (3:41)
Allah School
"Sustenance (Intro)" (0:43)
"Lions" (6:08)
"Since Time Immemorial" (2:32)
"The Slaughter Mill" (6:31)
"The Brute" (3:24)
"Iqra" (7:23)
"Flowers" (5:49)
"Poisoned Earth" (4:34)
"Freedom (Interlude)" (2:25)
"The Sword Chamber" (4:05)
"Unique" (2:32)
"The Bloody Page" (5:09)
"Salaam (Outro)" (1:31)
See also[edit]
Musique pour Supermarché, another single-copy album
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greenburg, Zack O'Malley. "New Details Emerge On Wu-Tang Clan Secret Album Sale". Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Tshepo Mokoena (8 January 2015). "Wu-Tang Clan: unique copy of album will be sold by online auction". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Shawn Christ (6 March 2015). "Wu-Tang Clan Issue Statement to Clarify 'Once Upon a Time in Shaolin' Release". Music Times. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Nunez, Michael (November 9, 2016). "Hell Freezes Over as Martin Shkreli Performs a Public Service". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
Jump up ^ Lars Brandle (28 January 2016). "Martin Shkreli Considers Destroying or Leaving Wu-Tang Clan's 'Shaolin' in a Remote Place". Billboard. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Saul, Emily (2017-08-04). "'Pharma Bro' plays $2M Wu-Tang Clan album to celebrate verdict". New York Post. New York. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Wu-Tang Clan - Once Upon A Time In Shaolin - Rare CD!". EBay. Sep 15, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Forbes Asks Cilvaringz How The Idea For One Copy Conceptualized".
Jump up ^ Evan Minsker (24 November 2015). "Wu-Tang Clan's One-of-a-Kind Album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin Has Been Sold". Pitchfork. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Zack O'Malley Greenburg (24 November 2015). "Wu-Tang Clan Secret Album Sold By Paddle8, But To Whom?". Forbes. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Leonard, David; Hordern, Annmarie (9 December 2015). "Who Bought The Most Expensive Album Ever Made?". Bloomberg Businessweek.
Jump up ^ Devin Leonard; Annmarie Hordern (9 December 2015). "Pharma's Bad Boy Exec Paid $2 Million for Wu-Tang Clan's New Record". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "TTAC Confirms Donation Wu-Tang Clan".
Jump up ^ Justin Hunte (16 December 2015). "Martin Shkreli Plans To Bail-Out Bobby Shmurda". HipHopDX. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ George Palathingal (20 February 2014). "Wu-Tang Clan's Method Man slams 'stupid' release plan for Once Upon a Time in Shaolin". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records (September 1, 2015). Guinness World Records 2016. Macmillan. p. 187. ISBN 978-1910561027. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Baker, Soren (6 March 2015). "Wu-Tang Clan's 'Once Upon A Time In Shaolin' Album Seized At Airport". HipHopDX. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (February 9, 2016). "Wu-Tang Clan's $2 Million Album a Target in Copyright Lawsuit". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Koza v. Diggs et al, Docket No. 1:16-cv-00956 (S.D.N.Y. Feb 09, 2016), Court Docket". Bloomberg Law. 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
Jump up ^ "You'll Never Hear the New Wu-Tang Clan Album, But This Is What It Sounds Like". Complex. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
External links[edit]
Official site of Once Upon a Time in Shaolin
[hide]
v
t
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Wu-Tang Clan
Cappadonna
Ghostface Killah
GZA
Inspectah Deck
Masta Killa
Method Man
RZA
Raekwon
U-God
Ol' Dirty Bastard
Wu-Tang Clan albums
Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (1993)
Wu-Tang Forever (1997)
The W (2000)
Iron Flag (2001)
8 Diagrams (2007)
A Better Tomorrow (2014)
Once Upon a Time in Shaolin (2015)
Wu-Tang Clan compilations
Legend of the Wu-Tang Clan (2004)
Wu-Tang Clan singles
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Wu-Tang albums
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Mathematics Presents Wu-Tang Clan & Friends Unreleased (2007)
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Wu-Tang Chamber Music (2009)
Legendary Weapons (2011)
The Saga Continues (2017)
Wu-Tang compilations
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Penguin Cafe Orchestra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the band. For their self-titled 1981 album, see Penguin Cafe Orchestra (album).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Penguin Cafe Orchestra
Origin
England
Genres
Avant-pop[1]
Years active
1972–1997, 2007
Labels
Obscure, E.G., Virgin/EMI
Associated acts
The Anteaters, The Orchestra That Fell to Earth, Penguin Cafe
Website
www.penguincafe.com
The Penguin Cafe Orchestra (PCO) was an avant-pop band led by English guitarist Simon Jeffes. Also founded by Jeffes with cellist Helen Liebmann, the band toured extensively during the 1980s and 1990s. The orchestra's sound is not easily categorized, but has elements of exuberant folk music and a minimalist aesthetic occasionally reminiscent of composers such as Philip Glass.[2]
The group recorded and performed for 24 years until Jeffes died of an inoperable brain tumour in 1997. Several remaining members of the original group reunited for three concerts in 2007. Since then, five original members have continued to play concerts of PCO's music, first as The Anteaters, then as The Orchestra That Fell to Earth. In 2009, Jeffes' son Arthur founded a distinct successor band simply called Penguin Cafe. Although it includes no original PCO members, it features many PCO pieces in its live repertoire, and records and performs new music written by Arthur.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Evolution
3 Later bands
4 Famous pieces
5 Uses by others
5.1 Covers and sampling
5.2 Film
5.3 Radio/podcasts
5.4 Television
5.5 Advertising
6 Personnel
7 Discography
7.1 Studio albums
7.2 Extended play
7.3 Live albums
7.4 Collections
7.5 Simon Jeffes albums
7.6 Related album
7.7 Soundtracks
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
After becoming disillusioned with the rigid structures of classical music and the limitations of rock, in which he also dabbled, Simon Jeffes became interested in the relative freedom in ethnic music and decided to imbue his work with the same sense of immediacy and spirit.[citation needed]
Describing how the idea of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra came to him, Jeffes said:
“ In 1972 I was in the south of France. I had eaten some bad fish and was in consequence rather ill. As I lay in bed I had a strange recurring vision, there, before me, was a concrete building like a hotel or council block. I could see into the rooms, each of which was continually scanned by an electronic eye. In the rooms were people, everyone of them preoccupied. In one room a person was looking into a mirror and in another a couple were making love but lovelessly, in a third a composer was listening to music through earphones. Around him there were banks of electronic equipment. But all was silence. Like everyone in his place he had been neutralized, made grey and anonymous. The scene was for me one of ordered desolation. It was as if I were looking into a place which had no heart. Next day when I felt better, I was on the beach sunbathing and suddenly a poem popped into my head. It started out 'I am the proprietor of the Penguin Cafe, I will tell you things at random' and it went on about how the quality of randomness, spontaneity, surprise, unexpectedness and irrationality in our lives is a very precious thing. And if you suppress that to have a nice orderly life, you kill off what's most important. Whereas in the Penguin Cafe your unconscious can just be. It's acceptable there, and that's how everybody is. There is an acceptance there that has to do with living the present with no fear in ourselves.[3] ”
The group's debut album, Music from the Penguin Cafe, a collection of pieces recorded in 1974–76, was released in 1976 on Brian Eno's experimental Obscure Records label, an offshoot of the EG label. It was followed in 1981 by Penguin Cafe Orchestra, after which the band settled into a more regular release schedule.
The band played its first major concert on 10 October 1976, supporting Kraftwerk at The Roundhouse. They went on to tour the world and play at a variety of music festivals as well as residencies on the South Bank in London. From 1976 to 1996 they played in the US, Canada, Australia, Japan, and throughout Europe and the UK. In March, 1987 they were the subject of an episode of the ITV arts series The South Bank Show,[4] on which they performed "Air", "Bean Fields", "Dirt" and "Giles Farnaby's Dream".[5]
Evolution[edit]
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Simon Jeffes experimented with various configurations live and in the studio, including an occasional 'dance orchestra' and a quintet of strings, oboe, trombone and himself on piano. On the studio albums, he sometimes played several instruments himself, and brought in other musicians according to the needs of each piece.
There were a number of incarnations of the live band. Original members Gavyn Wright and Steve Nye left in 1984 and 1988 respectively. Bob Loveday replaced Gavyn Wright on violin. Gradually a regular line-up evolved around Simon Jeffes and Helen Liebman: Neil Rennie, who joined in 1975 on ukulele; Geoffrey Richardson, who had joined in 1976 and co-wrote three pieces on Broadcasting from Home (1984), played viola, cuatro, guitar, clarinet, mandolin and ukulele; Julio Segovia answered an advert in the Melody Maker and joined in 1978 on percussion; Paul Street joined in 1984 playing guitar, cuatro and ukulele, leaving in 1988; Jennifer Maidman joined in 1984 on percussion, bass, ukulele and cuatro; Steve Fletcher replaced Steve Nye in 1988 on piano and keyboards and Annie Whitehead, who had also appeared on Broadcasting from Home (1984), joined the live band in 1988 on trombone. Finally, Peter McGowan took over from Bob Loveday on violin and Barbara Bolte joined on oboe. Doug Beveridge also became a regular fixture at the live mixing desk. The album Concert Program (1995) is the definitive recording of this lineup, and includes many of the group's best-known pieces.
Later bands[edit]
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After Simon Jeffes' death, members of the orchestra continued to meet occasionally to play together, but there were no new recordings or public appearances for over ten years. In 2007 the band briefly re-formed, with the lineup as featured on Concert Program (minus Julio Segovia), with Jennifer Maidman now handling Simon's guitar parts. The original members were joined onstage by Simon Jeffes's son Arthur on percussion and additional keyboards, and played three sold-out shows at the Union Chapel in London.
After those concerts, Arthur Jeffes wanted to form a new group without any of the original PCO members. He called it "Music from the Penguin Cafe", later shortened to simply "Penguin Cafe". This all-new ensemble, sometimes inaccurately billed as The Penguin Cafe Orchestra, played at a number of festivals in 2009, combining Penguin Cafe numbers with new pieces. In 2010 they appeared at the BBC Proms (with Northumbrian piper Kathryn Tickell).
With the 'Penguin Cafe' name now being used by Arthur, the original Penguin Cafe Orchestra members who wanted to continue playing their music needed an alternative title. Four of them, multi-instrumentalists Geoffrey Richardson and Jennifer Maidman, trombonist Annie Whitehead and pianist Steve Fletcher have since played some festivals under the name The Anteaters. They have been joined by percussionist Liam Genockey. Well known as a member of Steeleye Span, Liam had also played live with the Penguins in Italy in the 1980s. The name 'Anteaters' came from an incident on the 1983 PCO tour of Japan when Simon Jeffes discovered there was a craze for penguins in the country. Simon joked that, if the fashion changed, the orchestra would have to change its name to "The Anteater Cafe Orchestra". In October 2011 the same line-up also appeared at the Canterbury Festival in Kent, UK, performing two hours of original PCO music under another name "The Orchestra That Fell To Earth" and they have subsequently continued to perform under that name.
Famous pieces[edit]
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The Penguin Cafe Orchestra's most famous piece may be "Telephone and Rubber Band", which is based around a tape loop of a UK telephone ringing tone intersected with an engaged tone, accompanied by the twanging of a rubber band. The piece is featured on the soundtracks of Nadia Tass's film comedy Malcolm (1986) and Oliver Stone's film Talk Radio (1988), and in a long-running advertising campaign for the telecoms company One2One (now T-Mobile). The 1996 single "In The Meantime" by New York City-based English rockers Spacehog featured a tweaked and fine-tuned sample of "Telephone and Rubber Band". It was also the trademark song of the Argentinean show dedicated to artistic animation Caloi en su tinta. The tape loop was recorded when Jeffes was making a phone call, and discovered that he was hearing a combination of a ring tone and an engaged signal at the same time, due to a fault in the system. He recorded it on an answering machine.
Another famous tune featured in Malcolm (among other films) is "Music for a Found Harmonium", which Jeffes wrote on a harmonium that he had found dumped in a back street in Kyoto, where he was staying in the summer of 1982 after the ensemble's first tour of Japan. He wrote that after installing the found harmonium "in a friend's house in one of the most beautiful parts at the edge of the city," he "frequently visited this instrument during the next few months, and I remember the time fondly as one during which I was under a form of enchantment with the place and the time."[6] "Music for a Found Harmonium" was used for a trailer as well as over the end-credits of the 1988 John Hughes movie She's Having a Baby where many film actors and celebrities of the time invent their favourite name for an imagined child, although it was not placed on the soundtrack accompanying the movie.[6] The piece gained exposure when it was released on the first Café del Mar volume in 1994. Its rhythm, tempo and simple structure made it very suitable for adaptation into a reel, and it was subsequently recorded by many Irish traditional musicians, including Patrick Street, De Dannan, Kevin Burke and Sharon Shannon. An Irish traditional version was used on the soundtrack of the film Hear My Song, made in Ireland in the early 1990s. In 2004, Patrick Street's cover of "Music For A Found Harmonium" was featured in the film Napoleon Dynamite and the following year in the film It's All Gone Pete Tong. The Scottish folk rock band Rock Salt and Nails, from Shetland, also recorded a version for their debut album Waves in 1993.
In 2016, "Music for a Found Harmonium" was featured in the film The Founder.
Simon Jeffes composed music for the ballet Still Life at the Penguin Cafe, largely based on earlier compositions for the Penguin Cafe Orchestra. (Geoffrey Richardson co-wrote one of the pieces.[7]) The ballet was first performed by the Royal Ballet in 1988 and released as an album under Jeffes' name.
Another of the group's well-known pieces is "Perpetuum Mobile" from their 1987 album Signs of Life[8]. It has been used as theme music for several films, television and radio programmes, including the Australian stop motion animated film Mary and Max (2009) as the main theme, as well as the television adaptation of The Handmaid's Tale. It is even considered to be inspiration for the song "Fade into Darkness" by popular DJ artist Avicii. The song is unusual in that it was written with a 15/8 time signature. The melody appears to end and repeat one beat ahead of when it should, giving the piece the feel of a perpetual motion device.
Uses by others[edit]
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (February 2017)
Covers and sampling[edit]
"Music for a Found Harmonium" was covered by the Galician band Matto Congrio in 1993, also by the California Guitar Trio on their Echoes album (2008), and by Irish accordion player Sharon Shannon on her first album. The tune was also covered by the pan-celtic violin ensemble Celtic Fiddle Festival in 1993, at the time consisting of former Silly Wizard fiddler Johnny Cunningham, Bothy Band fiddler Kevin Burke, and Kornog fiddler Christian Lemaitre, on their self-titled debut album.
A section of "Music for a Found Harmonium" was used by record producer Steve Mac for his dance track "Paddy's Revenge".[9]
"Music for a Found Harmonium" was the basis for a mix on The Orb's 2001 remix compilation "Auntie Aubrey's Excursions Beyond the Call of Duty - The Orb Remix Project, Volume 2". The title was given as "Music for a Found Harmonium (Pandaharmoniumorb mix)".
The song "Telephone and Rubber Band" was sampled by Spacehog in their 1995 hit "In the Meantime", from the album Resident Alien.
Avicii samples a section of "Perpetuum Mobile" in his dance track Fade Into Darkness (previously known as Penguin); the Leona Lewis/Avicii collaboration Collide uses the same piano hook.
A portion of "Perpetuum Mobile" is sampled on the track "Missed Calls" by rapper Mac Miller.
"Music for a Found Harmonium" was used as part of a tune set ("Guns") by Roving Crows on their Deliberate Distractions album (2013)
The main theme of "Music for a Found Harmonium" was used by Earl 16 on his 1997 track "Steppin' Out".
The Egg sample "Rosasolis" on their 1998 track "Willow".
Film[edit]
Penguin Cafe Orchestra music featured on the 1986 Australian cult film Malcolm, written by David Parker and directed by Nadia Tass. The film won the 1986 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film. The opening theme is "Music for a Found Harmonium", and during the film features "Paul's Dance", "Yodel 1", "Yodel 2" and "Telephone and Rubber Band". The closing theme is "The Ecstasy of Dancing Fleas".
"Telephone & Rubber Band" was used during the final scene of the Oliver Stone's film Talk Radio (1988)
Penguin Cafe Orchestra music featured on the Petra Katharina Wagner film Oskar und Leni (1999). The music was also issued on a separate CD.
"Music for a Found Harmonium" was used in John Hughes's She's Having a Baby, starring Kevin Bacon and Elizabeth McGovern (1987)
"Nothing Really Blue" was used during the final scene of the German film The Princess and the Warrior (2000).
"Air á Danser", "Paul's Dance", "Prelude and Yodel" and "Nothing Really Blue" was used in the Miguel Arteta's Chuck & Buck (2000), written and starred by Mike White (filmmaker).
"Perpetuum Mobile" was used the main theme for the documentary The Union: The Business Behind Getting High (2007), the animated Australian film Mary and Max (2009), the Swedish movie Slim Susie (2003) and the documentary Project Nim (2011).
"Music For A Found Harmonium" is featured in Michael Moore's documentary film Capitalism: A Love Story (2009), as he wraps several Wall Street banks and the New York Stock Exchange in crime scene tape; in 2004's It's All Gone Pete Tong; for the ending montage in Napoleon Dynamite (2004), but not included on the motion picture soundtrack; and in 2011's Goodbye First Love.
"Music For a Found Harmonium" is featured in 2016's film The Founder[10]
Radio/podcasts[edit]
This American Life, a popular show on public radio in the United States, has often used the band's "Perpetuum Mobile" to accompany its stories, and news programs on National Public Radio have at times used the ringtone from "Telephone and Rubber Band" as bumper music between pieces.
The Economist magazine has used "Perpetuum Mobile" in its weekly podcasts.
The Australian ABC Radio National weekly broadcast of The Music Show uses "Perpetuum Mobile" as its theme music.
"Scherzo and Trio" is the theme music for BBC Radio 4's Round Britain Quiz.
"Pythagoras's Trousers" was the theme music for CBC Radio's Basic Black.
"Paul's Dance" and "The Ecstasy of Dancing Fleas" was the theme music for CBC Radio's Eclectic Circus.
Television[edit]
"Music for a found harmonium" was used in the 2007–13 documentary Belga Sport on Canvas about the biggest impacts in sports in Belgium including the 1982 Gilles Villeneuve crash at Zolder.
"Music for a found harmonium" was adapted into a string quartet version for the 2017 Japanese TV drama Quartet (karutetto).
"Perpetuum Mobile" was used in The Big Bang Machine, a 2008 BBC documentary about CERN's Large Hadron Collider.
"Perpetuum Mobile" was used in the 1997 award-winning BBC Horizon documentary "Fermat's Last Theorem" directed by Simon Singh (shown in North America as part of the PBS series Nova entitled "The Proof"). The documentary relates Andrew Wiles's successful attempt to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.
"Perpetuum Mobile" was used in episode 8 of New York: A Documentary Film, a 2003 PBS documentary about the World Trade Center.
"Perpetuum Mobile" was also used in the pilot episode (entitled "Lost For Words") of the American television show 3 lbs starring Stanley Tucci, and in an episode ("Touch of Greatness") about the American educator Albert Cullum in the ITVS/PBS series Independent Lens.
"Telephone and a Rubber Band" was the theme music for the Argentine show Caloi en su Tinta.
"Perpetuum Mobile" was also used in the fifth-season finale of the UK version of The Apprentice.
"Perpetuum Mobile" has been used in Adult Swim's Off the Air season 2 episode "Color".
"Pythagoras Trousers" was used as the theme for the Spanish TV show Juego de Niños.
Both "Perpetuum Mobile" and "Music for a Found Harmonium" appeared in the first episode (of three) of a 2012 BBC documentary about Art Nouveau called Sex and Sensibility.
"Air" was used as the opening music for the Avro Shackleton episode of the BBC documentary series Perpetual Motion.
"Perpetuum Mobile" was also used in the fourth episode of the Hulu TV show, The Handmaid's Tale in 2017.
Advertising[edit]
The music of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra has been used in advertisements for Eurotunnel, The Independent, Hewlett Packard, MFI, Knorr, One2One, Origin Energy, Ford and Bradesco.
Personnel[edit]
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Simon Jeffes – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, cuatro, ukulele, bass, voice, Omnichord, Dulcitone, penny whistle, pitch pipes, harmonium, shakers, drums, ring modulator, rubber band, electronic organ, milkbottles, triangle, violin, drum, Linn Drum computer, soloban, spinet, Prophet V, fretless guitar, Bluthner and Bosendorfer pianos, zebra drum, tape, pianica, mandolin, electric aeolian harp
Helen Liebmann – cello
Steve Nye – electric piano, cuatro, Bluthner piano, Wurlitzer piano, harmonium
Gavyn Wright – violin
Geoffrey Richardson – viola, slide guitar, bass, bongos, metal frame, ukulele, mandolin, electric guitar, penny whistle, clarinet
Ian Maidman (later Jennifer Maidman) – percussion, bass guitar, ukulele, cuatro, electric guitar, zebra drum.
Emily Young – vocals
Michael Giles – drums
Dave DeFries – trumpet, fluegelhorn
Annie Whitehead – trombone
Nigel Kennedy – violin
Naná Vasconcelos – clay pot, twigs
Kathryn Tickell – Northumbrian small pipes
Chris Laurence – bass
Wilfred Gibson – violin
Roger Chase – viola
Braco – drums
Marcus Beale – violin
Kuma Harada – bass
Barbara Bolte – oboe
Stephen Fletcher – piano
Peter McGowan – violin
Giles Leaman – woodwinds
Bob Loveday – violin
Neil Rennie – ukulele
Julio Segovia – percussion
Jill Streater – oboe
Peter Veitch – accordion
Fami – drums
Trevor Morais – drums
Danny Cummings – percussion
Paul Street – guitar
Elisabeth Perry
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Music from the Penguin Cafe (1976) OBSCURE 7, later EEGCD 27
Penguin Cafe Orchestra (1981) EEGCD 11
Broadcasting from Home (1984) EEGCD 38
Signs of Life (1987) EEGCD 50 - UK #49[11]
Union Cafe (1993) ZOPFD 001
Extended play[edit]
The Penguin Cafe Orchestra Mini Album (1983) EGMLP 2 – Six-song mini-LP consisting of 2 previously released tracks, 2 live tracks, and 2 new compositions.
Live albums[edit]
When in Rome... (1988) EEGCD 56
Concert Program (1995) ZOPFD 002
Collections[edit]
Preludes, Airs & Yodels (A Penguin Cafe Primer) (1996)
A Brief History (2001) CDV 2954
History (2001) Virgin Records LCO 3098
The Second Penguin Cafe Orchestra Sampler (2004)
Simon Jeffes albums[edit]
'Still Life' at the Penguin Cafe (1990) DECCA 425 218-2
Piano Music (2000) ZOPFD 003 – Solo pieces, collected after Jeffes' death.
Related album[edit]
Arcane (1994), credited to 'Assorted Artists'
Arcane consists of recordings by diverse musicians brought together in August 1992 at the Real World studios in Wiltshire for a week of spontaneous collaborations and performances. No one musician appears on every track, but Jeffes is one of the more constant presences on this album. Amongst the many other collaborators are Billy Cobham, Andy Sheppard, Jane Siberry, Ayub Ogada, Nigel Kennedy, and Nana Vasconcelos.
Soundtracks[edit]
Night Shift (1982) ("Cutting Branches for a Temporary Shelter")
Malcolm (1986)
She's Having A Baby Trailer (1988) ("Music For A Found Harmonium")
Oskar und Leni (1999) (10 songs, all new recordings of previously released tracks from back catalogue)
Chuck and Buck (2000) ("Air a Danser," "Paul's Dance," "Prelude and Yodel," "Nothing Really Blue")
Slim Susie (2003) ("Perpetuum Mobile")
The Good Girl (2002) ("Air" and "Steady State")
The Princess and the Warrior Official Soundtrack (2000) ("Nothing Really Blue")
Napoleon Dynamite Official Soundtrack (2005) ("Music For A Found Harmonium")
It's All Gone Pete Tong Official soundtrack (2005) ("Music For A Found Harmonium")
Hewlett Packard - Advert (2006) ("Perpetuum Mobile")
3 lbs - "Lost For Words" (2006) ("Perpetuum Mobile")
Year of the Dog (2007) ("Music for a Found Harmonium")
All the Little Animals Music written by Simon Jeffes, performed and recorded by PCO members Geoffrey Richardson, Jennifer Maidman and Steve Fletcher
Capitalism: A Love Story (2009) ("Music For A Found Harmonium")
Mary and Max (2009) ("Perpetuum Mobile"; "Prelude and Yodel")
Origin Energy 'Sustainability Drive' advert ("Perpetuum Mobile")
The Handmaid's Tale (2017) ("Perpetuum Mobile")
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pop: Recommended". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 22 December 1984. p. 1. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Lewis, John (2014-02-18). "Penguin Cafe – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ "The Penguin Cafe Orchestra - Simon Jeffes". The Penguin Cafe Orchestra's official website. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
Jump up ^ epguides.com - The South Bank Show
Jump up ^ locatetv.com - The South Bank Show
^ Jump up to: a b Preludes Airs and Yodels (A Penguin Cafe primer) Virgin Records Ltd 1996
Jump up ^ Roche, Henry, Still Life at the Penguin Cafe: Arranged for Piano by Henry Roche, Edition Peters, 2002
Jump up ^ Mills, Ted. "Signs of Life". Allmusic. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Steve Mac, Paddy's Revenge". Xpressbeats.com. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Keaton, Michael; Offerman, Nick; Lynch, John Carroll; Cardellini, Linda (2017-01-20), The Founder, retrieved 2017-01-26
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 422. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[edit]
Official Site
Unofficial Site
Official Youtube Channel
Official Site of The Orchestra That Fell To Earth (musicians of the original PCO
Penguin Cafe Orchestra at AllMusic
Penguin Cafe Orchestra discography at MusicBrainz
[hide]
v
t
e
Penguin Cafe Orchestra
Simon Jeffes
Barbara Bolte
Roger Chase
Danny Cummings
Dave DeFries
Wilfred Gibson
Stephen Fischer
Michael Giles
Nigel Kennedy
Chris Laurence
Helen Liebmann
Jennifer Maidman
Steve Nye
Geoffrey Richardson
Kathryn Tickell
Naná Vasconcelos
Annie Whitehead
Gavyn Wright
Emily Young
Studio albums
Music from the Penguin Cafe
Penguin Cafe Orchestra
Broadcasting from Home
Signs of Life
Union Cafe
EPs
The Penguin Cafe Orchestra Mini Album
Live albums
When in Rome...
Concert Program
Related articles
Still Life at the Penguin Cafe
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 145561679
LCCN: n93088356
ISNI: 0000 0000 9823 3996
GND: 6035978-X
BNF: cb13905707p (data)
MusicBrainz: 4dfadf48-e15b-4fc2-a800-2b68702a72d5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Cafe_Orchestra&oldid=809250263"
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