text:
Southern Colonies
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Map of the Southern colonies, with the proclamation line of 1763 shown in red.
The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland,[1] the Colony of Virginia, the Province of Carolina (in 1712 split into North and South Carolina) and the Province of Georgia. In 1763, the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain. These colonies would become the historical core of what would become the Southern United States, or "Dixie".
The colonies developed prosperous economies based on the cultivation of cash crops, such as tobacco,[2] indigo,[3] and rice.[4] A side effect of the cultivation of these crops was the presence of slavery in significantly higher proportions than in other parts of British America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Carolina
2 Georgia
3 Maryland
4 Virginia
5 See also
6 References
Carolina[edit]
The Province of Carolina, originally chartered in 1608, was an English and later British colony of North America. Because the original charter was unrealized and was ruled invalid, a new charter was issued to a group of nine English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663.[5] Led informally by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, the Province of Carolina was controlled from 1663 to 1729 by these lords and their heirs.
Shaftesbury and his secretary, the philosopher John Locke, devised an intricate plan to govern the many people arriving in the colony. The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina sought to ensure the colony's stability by allotting political status by a settler's wealth upon arrival - making a semi-manorial system with a Council of Nobles and a plan to have small landholders defer to these nobles. However, the settlers did not find it necessary to take orders from the Council. By 1680, the colony had a large export industry of tobacco, lumber, and pitch
By 1680, the colony had a large export industry of tobacco, lumber, and pitch.
In 1691, dissent over the governance of the province led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of Carolina. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, both Carolinas became royal colonies.
Georgia[edit]
The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12, 1733.[6] The colony was administered by the Georgia Trustees under a charter issued by and named for King George II. The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the settlement of the colony, known as the Oglethorpe Plan, which envisioned an agrarian society of Yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins' Ear. In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the Crown, and Georgia became a Crown colony, with a governor appointed by the king. [7]The warm climate and swampy lands make it perfect for growing crops such as tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo.
Maryland[edit]
George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I to found the colony of Maryland in 1632. When George Calvert died,, Cecilius Calvert, later known as Lord Baltimore, became the proprietor. Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family and was the first individual (rather than a joint-stock company) to receive a grant from the Crown. He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay.[8] Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Roman Catholics, most of whom were well-to-do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public.[9] He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves. They soon became a majority of the population, and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt. Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship, after Rhode Island. However, the Act did little to help religious peace. In 1654, Protestants barred Catholics from voting, ousted a pro-tolerance Governor, and repealed the Toleration Act.[10] Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert again took control of the colony in 1658.
Virginia[edit]
The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia, and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution (as a British colony after 1707[11]). The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Commonwealth of England.
While other colonies were being founded, Virginia continued to grow. Tobacco planters held the best land near the coast, so new settlers pushed inland. Sir William Berkeley, the colony's governor, sent explorers over the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back country of Virginia to settlement.
After independence from Great Britain in 1776 the Virginia Colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia, one of the original thirteen states of the United States, adopting as its official slogan "The Old Dominion". The states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois, and portions of Ohio, were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by the Colony of Virginia.
See also[edit]
Thirteen Colonies
Middle Colonies
Mid-Atlantic
Chesapeake Colonies
Colonial South and the Chesapeake
Colonial history of the United States
New England Colonies
Confederate States of America
Southern United States
Dixie
South Atlantic States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Southern Colonies". Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. (2004). The Enduring Vision, 5th Edition. The Enduring Vision. Houghghton-Mifflin. p. 64. ISBN 0-618-28065-0.
Jump up ^ West, Jean M. "The Devil's Blue Dye and Slavery". Slavery in America. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. (2004). The Enduring Vision, 5th Edition. The Enduring Vision. Houghton-Mifflin. p. 77. ISBN 0-618-28065-0.
Jump up ^ "Charter of Carolina - March 24, 1663". Retrieved 2012-03-24.
Jump up ^ "This Day in Georgia History - February 1". Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Trustee Georgia, 1732–1752". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. July 27, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Browne, William Hand (1890). George Calvert and Cecil Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. p. 17
Jump up ^ "Maryland: History, Geography, Population, and State Facts". Info please. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. (2004). The Enduring Vision, 5th Edition. The Enduring Vision. Houghton-Mifflin. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-618-28065-0.
Jump up ^ The Royal Government in Virginia, 1624-1775, Volume 84, Issue 1, Percy Scott Flippin, Wallace Everett Caldwell, p. 288
[hide]
v
t
e
The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America
New England Colonies
Middle Colonies
Chesapeake Colonies
Southern Colonies
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maryland
Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
South Carolina
Virginia
Early English colonial entities
Carolina
East Jersey
Maine
New England
New Haven
Plymouth
Saybrook
West Jersey
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Colonies&oldid=834209480"
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text:
Show Me the Way to Go Home
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Show Me the Way to Go Home" is a popular song written in 1925 by the pseudonymous "Irving King" (the English songwriting team James Campbell and Reginald Connelly). The song is said to have been written on a train journey from London by Campbell and Connelly. They were tired from the traveling and had a few alcoholic drinks during the journey, hence the lyrics. The song is in common use in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and North America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Publication
3 Popular culture
3.1 Literature
3.2 Film
3.3 Television
3.4 Football
4 Recordings
5 References
Lyrics[edit]
Show me the way to go home
I'm tired and I want to go to bed
I had a little drink about an hour ago
And it’s gone right to my head
Wherever I may roam
On land or sea or foam
You can always hear me singing this song
Show me the way to go home.
(Repeat)
Publication[edit]
The music and lyrics were written in 1925 by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly. They self-published the sheet music and it became their first big success, selling 2 million copies and providing the financial basis of their publishing firm, Campbell, Connelly & Co.[1] Campbell and Connelly published the sheet music and recorded the song under the pseudonym "Irving King".[2]
The song was recorded by several artists in the 1920s, including radio personalities The Happiness Boys,[2] Vincent Lopez and his Orchestra,[2] and the California Ramblers.[3] Throughout the twentieth into the twenty-first century it has been recorded by numerous artists.
Popular culture[edit]
A parody popular on Midwest American campuses in the 1950s went
Indicate the way to my abode
I'm fatigued and I want to retire
I imbibed a few about sixty minutes ago
And it percolated right through my cerebellum
Wherever I may perambulate
O'er land or sea or atmospheric vapor
You will always hear me rendering this melody
Indicate the way to my abode"
or
Indicate the way to my abode
I'm fatigued and I want to retire
I had a spot of beverage sixty minutes ago
And it went right to my cerebellum
Wherever I may perambulate
On land, or sea or atmospheric vapour
You can always hear me crooning the melody
Indicate the way to my abode
Some similar versions substitute "terra firma" for land and/or "aqueous precipitate" for foam.
Literature[edit]
Referenced several times in Norman Mailer's 1948 novel The Naked and the Dead.
George Orwell references the song in his 1934 novel Burmese Days.
Brick, a main character of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, sings this song toward the end while drinking liquor, leaving out the line "And it's gone right to my head" and the last two lines due to dialogue between other characters.
Albert Wendt references the song, slightly and purposefully revising it in his first novel, Sons For the Return Home (1973)
In the Truman Capote short story, A Christmas Memory (1956), the character, Miss Sook, sings the line "Show me the way to go home."
Film[edit]
The first two lines of the song are shown on screen in King Vidor's silent film, "The Crowd" (1928) after a scene where John goes to borrow some liquor from Bert but decides to stay and drink and dance with Bert and the two women at Bert's house instead of going home to spend Christmas Eve with his wife and her family.
This song was the basis for a 1932 Screen Songs animated short by Fleischer Studios.
In the movie Hell Below (1933), it is sung by Lt. JG "Brick" Walters, played by Robert Young (actor).
Famously used in the popular 1975 thriller film Jaws, the song was sung by the three principal characters of Brody (Roy Scheider), Quint (Robert Shaw), and Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss), and their rhythmic thumping of the table prevents them from hearing the shark ramming the boat before it has severely damaged the hull.
It is sung by an old man in the jail in A River Runs Through It when Paul is picked up by his brother.
In the Woody Allen film Cassandra's Dream, Terry (Colin Farrell) and Ian (Ewan McGregor) sing this song on the maiden voyage of their boat.
In the opening scene of Piranha 3D (2010), Richard Dreyfuss (reprising/spoofing his character of Matt Hooper from Jaws) listens to this song as well as singing along.
In a stolen car scene from Eat My Dust! (1976) starring Ron Howard.
Sung by the cast in Husbands
Television[edit]
In the premiere episode of the World War II TV show Combat!, "Forgotten Front", Albert Paulsen plays a captured German soldier who shows his love for American music by singing this song.
In an episode of Family Guy ("A Fish out of Water"), where Peter and his friends are on his boat hunting a feared fish, they recreate the scene from Jaws and sing this song as they become weary.
The character Harry Hewitt sings a portion of this song in a drunken stupor in an early episode of Coronation Street, transmitted in early 1961.
Davy Jones sings this during the "Listen To The Band/Chaos" segment of The Monkees TV special 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee (NBC, 1968.)
In an episode of Red Dwarf ("Thanks for the Memory"), the main characters get drunk after finding a planet with a breathable atmosphere, afterwards singing the song while piloting a shuttle back to the ship, altering the words "And it's gone right to my head" with "To celebrate Rimmer's death" (BBC2, 1988.)
In the Babylon 5 episode "Meditations on the Abyss", Garibaldi is singing this to himself while he is very drunk.
In the English dub version of Ghost Stories, one of the main characters uses this song as a chant to trap a ghost.
In a season 3 episode of Lost ("Stranger in a Strange Land"), Sawyer sings this while paddling a boat with Kate back to the main island.
In the final episode of The Heavy Water War, Julie sings this song at a farewell party for the Norwegians.
In the English dub of the Pokémon episode "Showdown at the Po-ké Corral", James says "Show me the way to go home. I'm tired and I want to go to bed."
Football[edit]
Supporters of Wimbledon FC / AFC Wimbledon have sung an adapted version reflecting their team spending 25 years away from their Plough Lane home stadium: 'Show Me The Way To Plough Lane'
Theme Parks
At Universal Studios Orlando Florida in the WIzarding World of Harry Potter's Diagon Alley, in the rear subsection Knockturn Alley there is a window of animated shrunken heads. They banter with each other and often break into "Show Me The Way To Go Home". It is also one of the spots where you can use an interactive wand and use the Silencio wand movement to make them stop singing and make muffled sounds as if they suddenly can't move their lips. It is located across from Borgin & Burke's gift shop and next to the Dystal Phaelanges skeleton display. This along with several other design details throughout the Harry Potter themed section are a tribute to the Jaws ride/attraction which closed January 2, 2012 and was replaced by Diagon Alley.
Recordings[edit]
Frank Crumit recorded a version of the song in 1926.[4]
Julie London recorded a version of the song for her 1968 album Easy Does It.
Jefferson Starship covered the song live during shows of their Acoustic Explorer / Acoustic Shuttlecraft incarnation in 1996–1998.
Emerson, Lake & Palmer included their version of the song on their 1977 album Works Volume II.
Shai Hulud sings the song as a group as the hidden track on their album Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion.
Bono, the lead singer of the band U2, used the song several times whilst in the guise of the stage character Macphisto in the band's Zoo TV Tour in 1992-93.
Squalus covered the song on their 2017 album The Great Fish
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J. J. Kennedy (4 November 2011). The Man Who Wrote the Teddy Bears' Picnic: How Irish-Born Lyricist and Composer Jimmy Kennedy Became One of the Twentieth Century's Finest Songwriters. AuthorHouse. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4678-8569-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marvin E. Paymer; Don E. Post (1999). Sentimental Journey: Intimate Portraits of America's Great Popular Songs, 1920-1945. Noble House Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-881907-09-1.
Jump up ^ Howard T. Weiner (6 November 2008). Early Twentieth-Century Brass Idioms: Art, Jazz, and Other Popular Traditions. Scarecrow Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8108-6246-3.
Jump up ^ "Frank Crumit Collection 1925-1934 (COMPLETE)". 78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings. Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Show_Me_the_Way_to_Go_Home&oldid=823669630"
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Emerson, Lake & Palmer songs
Songs written by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly
1925 songs
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text:
Billy Gray (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Billy Gray
Gray in 1977
Born
William Thomas Gray
(1938-01-13) January 13, 1938 (age 80)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Residence
Topanga, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1943–80 (actor)
1970–95 (motorcyclist)
Spouse(s)
Helena Kallianiotes
Website
http://www.billygray.com
William Thomas "Billy" Gray (born January 13, 1938) is an American former actor known primarily for his role as James "Bud" Anderson, Jr., in 193 episodes of the situation comedy Father Knows Best, which aired between 1954 and 1960 on both NBC and CBS. A motorcycle aficionado, Gray maintains a large collection of the vehicles.
Contents
1 Early roles
2 Later roles
3 Businessman
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Early roles[edit]
Gray was born in Los Angeles to actress Beatrice Gray (March 3, 1911 – November 25, 2009), and her husband, William H. Gray. His mother was mostly uncredited in the 1930s and 1940s, having appeared in Otto Preminger's Laura, with Gene Tierney and Dana Andrews. In 1949, Billy Gray appeared with his mother in separate scenes in the film Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff.[1]
In 1951, at age 13, he appeared in the film Jim Thorpe -- All-American, with Burt Lancaster in the lead role. Gray portrayed the Indian athlete Jim Thorpe as a child. Later that year, he was chosen to appear in the science fiction picture The Day the Earth Stood Still. Michael Rennie played the part of the alien who befriends a boy played by Gray.[2] In 1952 he appeared in an uncredited role as one of the many children in Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair. That same year he played George Murphy's son in MGM's Talk About a Stranger, portraying a boy who saves his money to buy a dog, only to have it killed by a strange reclusive new neighbor played by Kurt Kasznar. Gray in 1952 was also slated to play the part of Tagg Oakley in the syndicated western television series Annie Oakley, starring Gail Davis and Brad Johnson. Billy did perform as Tagg in the first of two pilots produced for that series, in the 1952 episode titled "Bull's Eye", which potential sponsors opted not to purchase and underwrite the series.[3][4] Oddly, the Bull's Eye episode was aired as Season 1, Episode 21. [5] This makes watching the series a bit confusing when Annie's appearance is somewhat different and Tagg is played by a completely different actor for a single mid season episode. The role of Tagg later went to 12-year-old Jimmy Hawkins for the series' second pilot, "Annie Gets Her Man" (aired as Season 1, Episode 14)[6], and for the full run of Annie Oakley after sponsors bought the series. Gray instead joined the cast of Father Knows Best, which would premiere nine months after the first broadcast of Annie Oakley in January 1954.[3][7]
After Gray's brief work on the Annie Oakley series, Warner Bros. in 1953 cast Gray as Wesley Winfield in By the Light of the Silvery Moon, a sequel to On Moonlight Bay (1951) in which Gray had played the role of the same Wesley Winfield.[8] He appeared as Alan in the 1953 episode "Shot in the Dark" of the Adventures of Superman, starring George Reeves. In that episode's plot, the character Alan takes a photograph of Superman that could expose the hero's secret identity.[2] Also in 1953 Billy Gray appeared in "The Girl Next Door" as Dan Dailey's son Joe Carter. In 1953 Billy Gray appeared in "All I Desire" as Barbara Stanwyck's son Ted Murdoch.
In 1955, Gray appeared in The Seven Little Foys, which starred Bob Hope as famed vaudeville entertainer Eddie Foy, in the teen role of Bryan Lincoln Foy.[9] In 1957, while still on Father Knows Best, Gray appeared as Mike Edwards in the episode "Come Back Darling Asta" of Peter Lawford's NBC crime series The Thin Man, based on the work of Dashiell Hammett.[8]
Later roles[edit]
After Father Knows Best, Gray appeared in several dozen single-appearance television roles. In 1960, he guest-starred as Frankie Niles in the episode "Dark Return" of the ABC western series Stagecoach West, a program similar to the longer-running Wagon Train. That same year he portrayed David Ross in the episode "Ginger's Big Romance" on Bachelor Father.
In 1961, he played Johnny Blatner in the episode "Two-Way Deal" of the Henry Fonda/Allen Case NBC western The Deputy. He appeared twice in 1961 on the anthology series General Electric Theater, hosted by Ronald Reagan. That same year he was Perry Hatch in "The Hatbox" of CBS's Alfred Hitchcock Presents. In 1962, he appeared on CBS's The Red Skelton Show.[8] His other roles included appearances on The Greatest Show on Earth and Combat!. He guest-starred in such series as Rawhide, Arrest and Trial, and Custer.[8]
In 1962, at age 24, Gray was arrested for possession of marijuana. The arrest was blamed for later costing him film and television roles. He appeared as a heroin dealer, "City Life", in the 1971 film Dusty and Sweets McGee. Critic Leonard Maltin claimed incorrectly that Gray had been recruited for the role of "City Life" from actual addicts and narcotics dealers. Maltin did not remove the false information from his guide for another two decades, and only after Gray filed suit for libel.[7]
In 1977, Gray appeared on both Father Knows Best television movie reunion specials that aired on NBC: the Father Knows Best Family Reunion special on May 15, 1977, and the Father Knows Best: Home for Christmas special on December 18, 1977. Both specials were reunions of the entire cast from the former series that had left the air 17 years earlier.[8]
In a 1983 interview, Gray spoke disparagingly of Father Knows Best:
"I wish there was some way I could tell the kids not to believe it. The dialogue, the situations, the characters they were all totally false. The show did everyone a disservice. The girls were always trained to use their feminine wiles, to pretend to be helpless to attract men. The show contributed to a lot of the problems between men and women that we see today.... I think we were all well motivated, but what we did was run a hoax. 'Father Knows Best' purported to be a reasonable facsimile of life. And the bad thing is, the model is so deceitful. It usually revolved around not wanting to tell the truth, either out of embarrassment or not wanting to hurt someone. If I could say anything to make up for all the years I lent myself to (that), it would be, 'You Know Best."[7]
Businessman[edit]
As the co-owner of a company called BigRock Engineering, Gray markets several products that he has invented, including a self-massager, high-technology guitar picks, and a candleholder for jack-o-lanterns. He raced competitively at dirt tracks in southern California from 1970 to 1995. He has since been a spectator and finds the sport is shrinking in availability.[7]
Gray still resides at the house in Topanga, California, which he purchased in 1957 at the height of his Father Knows Best popularity. The house has over the years become something of a "motorcycle museum".[7]
Biography portal
California portal
Film portal
Television portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff, imdb.com; accessed November 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billy Gray". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Magers, Boyd. "Annie Oakley", Western Clippings, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Annie Oakley—'Bull's Eye' (pilot episode)—Gail Davis", the first full pilot episode for Annie Oakley filmed in 1952 with Billy Gray in the role of Tagg Oakley is available for viewing on YouTube. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046578/episodes?season=1&ref_=tt_eps_sn_1
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046578/episodes?season=1&ref_=tt_eps_sn_1
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Ken Hall, "Billy Gray, Bud from Father Knows Best. Collects Racing Motorcycles"". go-star.com. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Billy Gray". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Seven Little Foys". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved December 11, 2010. [permanent dead link]
Bibliography[edit]
Goldrup, Tom and Jim (2002). Growing Up on the Set: Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television. McFarland & Co. pp. 94–102. ISBN 1476613702.
Holmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich: Michael Russell, p. 206-207.
External links[edit]
Billy Gray on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 5332 3648
LCCN: no2001066362
SNAC: w6c8639j
VIAF: 48882264
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Gray_(actor)&oldid=849911299"
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United States declaration of war on Japan
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President Roosevelt, wearing a black armband, signs the Declaration of War on Japan on December 8, 1941
On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77-328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message for the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message – the high security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Vote and Presidential signature
3 Text of the declaration
4 See also
5 References
Background[edit]
The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan had been delivered to the United States. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the US that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations,[1][2] but the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification – known as the "14-Part Message" – in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. However, because of the very secret nature of the message, it had to be decoded, translated and typed up by high embassy officials, who was unable to do these tasks in the available time. Hence, the ambassador did not deliver it until after the attack had begun. But even if it had been, the notification was worded so that it actually neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations, so it was not a proper declaration of war as required by diplomatic traditions.[3]
The United Kingdom declared war on Japan nine hours before the US did, partially due to Japanese attacks on the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong; and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.[4]
Vote and Presidential signature[edit]
President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech, addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12:30 p.m. on December 8.[5] The declaration was quickly brought to a vote; it passed the Senate, and then passed the House at 1:10 p.m.[5] The vote was 82 – 0 in the Senate and 388 – 1 in the House. Jeannette Rankin, a pacifist and the first woman elected to Congress (in 1916), cast the only vote against the declaration, eliciting hisses from some of her peers. Several colleagues requested she change her vote to make the resolution unanimous—or at least to abstain—but she refused.[6][7] "As a woman, I can't go to war," she said, "and I refuse to send anyone else." Nine other women held Congressional seats at the time. After the vote, an angry mob followed her from the Capitol building, forcing her to take refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police could rescue her. Two days later a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote; Rankin abstained. Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war.
Roosevelt signed the declaration at 4:10 p.m the same day.[5] The power to declare war is assigned exclusively to Congress in the United States Constitution, making it an open question whether his signature was technically necessary.[5] However, his signature was symbolically powerful and resolved any doubts.
Text of the declaration[edit]
JOINT RESOLUTION Declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial Government of Japan and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same.
Whereas the Imperial Government of Japan has committed unprovoked acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America:
Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war between the United States and the Imperial Government of Japan which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial Government of Japan; and, to bring the conflict to a successful termination, all the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States.[8]
See also[edit]
World War II portal
Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire
United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941)
United States declaration of war upon Italy
Declaration of war by the United States
Kellogg–Briand Pact
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hixson, Walter L. (2003), The American Experience in World War II: The United States and the road to war in Europe, Taylor & Francis, p. 73, ISBN 978-0-415-94029-0
Jump up ^ Calvocoressi, Peter; Wint, Guy & Pritchard, John (1999) The Penguin History of the Second World War, London: Penguin. p.952
Jump up ^ Prange, Gordon W. (1982) At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor, Dillon. pp.424, 475, 493-94
Jump up ^ Staff (December 15, 1941) "The U.S. At War, The Last Stage" Time
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kluckhorn, Frank L.(December 9, 1941) "U.S. Declares War, Pacific Battle Widens" The New York Times p.A1. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (April 1, 2014) "Jeannette Rankin: Suffragist, Congresswoman, Pacifist" Women's History Matters
Jump up ^ Luckowski, Jean and Lopach, James (ndg) "A Chronology and Primary Sources for Teaching about Jeannette Rankin" Montana.gov
Jump up ^ "Declaration of War with Japan" Retrieved 2010-15-7
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Lower Peninsula of Michigan
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Lower Peninsula of Michigan
Michigan
Nickname: The Mitten
Country
United States
State
Michigan
Length
277 mi (446 km), north to south
Width
195 mi (314 km), east to west
Area
40,162 sq mi (104,019 km2)
Population
9,584,261 (2015 est.)
Regions and major cities of the Lower Peninsula
The Lower Peninsula of Michigan is the southern of the two major landmasses of the U.S. state of Michigan, the other being the Upper Peninsula. It is surrounded by water on all sides except its southern border, which it shares with Indiana and Ohio. Although the Upper Peninsula is commonly referred to as "the U.P." it is fairly uncommon for the Lower Peninsula to be called "the L.P."
Because of its recognizable shape, the Lower Peninsula is nicknamed "the mitten", with the eastern region identified as "The Thumb". This has led to several folkloric creation myths for the area, one being that it is a hand print of Paul Bunyan, a giant lumberjack and popular European-American folk character in Michigan. When asked where they live, Lower Peninsula residents may hold up their right palm and point to a spot on it to indicate the location.[1] The peninsula is sometimes divided into the Northern Lower Peninsula—which is more sparsely populated and largely forested—and the Southern Lower Peninsula—which is largely urban or farmland.
The Lower Peninsula dominates Michigan politics, and maps of it without the Upper Peninsula are sometimes presented as "Michigan", which contribute to resentment by "Yoopers" (residents of "the U.P").[2][3] Yoopers jokingly refer to residents of the Lower Peninsula as "flat-landers" (referring to the region's less rugged terrain) or "trolls" (because, living south of the Mackinac Bridge, they "live under the bridge").[4]
Contents
1 Geography
1.1 Flora and fauna
1.2 Geology
2 Transportation
2.1 Major airports
2.2 Highways
3 Regions
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Michigan
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009)
The Lower Peninsula is bounded on the south by the states of Indiana and Ohio. It is bounded by the west by Lake Michigan and on the northeast by Lake Huron, which connect at the Straits of Mackinac. In the southeast, the waterway of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, and Lake Erie separate it from the province of Ontario, Canada.
At its widest points, the Lower Peninsula is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west. It contains nearly two-thirds of Michigan's total land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. The western coast features extensive sandy beaches and dunes. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is not definitely established but is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).
Flora and fauna[edit]
Geologic map of the Michigan Basin
The American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society have designated several locations as internationally Important Bird Areas.[5]
Geology[edit]
The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a geological basin known as the Michigan Basin. That feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are 16,000 feet (4,900 m) deep. Around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around 4,000 feet (1,200 m) down. This 4,000-foot (1,200 m) contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and continues under Lake Michigan along the west. It crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron.
Transportation[edit]
Major airports[edit]
Alpena County Regional Airport (APN) (Alpena)
Bishop International Airport (FNT) (Flint)
Capital Region International Airport (LAN) (Lansing)
Cherry Capital Airport (TVC) (Traverse City)
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) (Romulus)
Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR) (Grand Rapids)
Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport (AZO) (Kalamazoo)
MBS International Airport (MBS) (Saginaw)
Pellston Regional Airport (PLN) (Pellston)
Highways[edit]
Primary Interstate Highways have two digits on their shields; auxiliary Interstate Highways have three digits. Interstate Highways include:
I-69
I-75
I-275
I-375
I-475
I-675
I-94
I-194
I-96
I-196
I-296
I-496
I-696
U.S. Highways include:
US 10
US 12
US 23
US 24
US 31
US 127
US 131
US 223
The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[6]
Regions[edit]
Michigan regions, including the Upper Peninsula and the four principal regions of the Lower Peninsula.
Michigan's Lower Peninsula can be divided into four main regions based on geological, soil, and vegetation differences; amount of urban areas or rural areas; minority populations; and agriculture. The four principal regions listed below can further be separated into sub-regions and overlapping areas.
Northern Michigan
Central/Mid-Michigan
The Thumb
Tri-Cities
Southern Michigan
West Michigan
Southern Michigan
Michiana
Southeast Michigan
Metro Detroit
See also[edit]
Michigan portal
List of counties in Michigan
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Keilman, John (December 9, 2011). "Hand-to-hand combat". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Update: U.P. Added to White House Medicaid Map". Cadillac, MI: WWTV-TV. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ "The Upper Peninsula Is Not Optional". theupperpeninsulaisnotoptional.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ Parrish, P. J. (2007). "Somebody's Daughter". A Thousand Bones. Simon and Schuster. p. 22. ISBN 1-4165-2587-4. Retrieved August 26, 2008. A troll was what people from Michigan's Upper Peninsula called anyone who lived 'below the bridge,' the five-mile-long span that connected the Upper and Lower peninsulas.
Jump up ^ "Michigan's IBAs are online". Michigan Important Bird Areas (IBA) Program. February 28, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Great Lakes Circle Tour". Great Lakes Information Network. August 22, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lower Peninsula.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliography on Michigan (arranged by counties and regions)
Michigan Geology -- Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University
Michigan Department of Natural Resources website, harbors, hunting, resources and more
Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities
List of Museums, other attractions compiled by state government
Michigan's Official Economic Development and Travel Site
"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
Map of Michigan Lighthouse in PDF Format
Northern Michigan Live Streaming Webcam
Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the Western Great Lakes
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Coordinates: 43°40′N 84°45′W / 43.667°N 84.750°W / 43.667; -84.750
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan&oldid=846824981"
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