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Union blockade
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"West India Squadron (United States)" redirects here. For the U.S. Navy's West Indies Squadron of 1822–1842, see West Indies Squadron (United States). For the British naval formation, see North America and West Indies Station.
Union Blockade
Part of the American Civil War

A 1861 characterized map of the Union blockade, known as Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan
Date
1861–1865
Location
Southern United States, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico
Result
Union victory, successful blockade of the South
Belligerents
United States (Union) Confederate States
Commanders and leaders
Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis
[show]
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Theaters of the American Civil War
Union blockade
Eastern
Western
Lower Seaboard
Trans-Mississippi
Pacific Coast
The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading.
The blockade was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln in April 1861, and required the monitoring of 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of Atlantic and Gulf coastline, including 12 major ports, notably New Orleans and Mobile. Those blockade runners fast enough to evade the Union Navy could only carry a small fraction of the supplies needed. They were operated largely by British citizens, making use of neutral ports such as Havana, Nassau and Bermuda. The Union commissioned around 500 ships, which destroyed or captured about 1,500 blockade runners over the course of the war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Proclamation of blockade and legal implications
1.1 Recognition of the Confederacy
2 Operations
2.1 Scope
2.2 Blockade service
2.3 Blockade runners
3 Impact on the Confederacy
3.1 Impact on International Trade
3.2 Confederate response
4 Major engagements
5 Squadrons
5.1 Atlantic Blockading Squadron
5.2 North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
5.2.1 Commanders
5.3 South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
5.3.1 Commanders
5.4 Gulf Blockading Squadron
5.4.1 Commanders
5.5 East Gulf Blockading Squadron
5.5.1 Commanders
5.6 West Gulf Blockading Squadron
5.6.1 Commanders
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
Proclamation of blockade and legal implications[edit]
On April 19, 1861, President Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Blockade Against Southern Ports:[1]
Whereas an insurrection against the Government of the United States has broken out in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and the laws of the United States for the collection of the revenue cannot be effectually executed therein comformably to that provision of the Constitution which requires duties to be uniform throughout the United States:
And whereas a combination of persons engaged in such insurrection, have threatened to grant pretended letters of marque to authorize the bearers thereof to commit assaults on the lives, vessels, and property of good citizens of the country lawfully engaged in commerce on the high seas, and in waters of the United States: And whereas an Executive Proclamation has been already issued, requiring the persons engaged in these disorderly proceedings to desist therefrom, calling out a militia force for the purpose of repressing the same, and convening Congress in extraordinary session, to deliberate and determine thereon:
Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, with a view to the same purposes before mentioned, and to the protection of the public peace, and the lives and property of quiet and orderly citizens pursuing their lawful occupations, until Congress shall have assembled and deliberated on the said unlawful proceedings, or until the same shall ceased, have further deemed it advisable to set on foot a blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the laws of the United States, and of the law of Nations, in such case provided. For this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. If, therefore, with a view to violate such blockade, a vessel shall approach, or shall attempt to leave either of the said ports, she will be duly warned by the Commander of one of the blockading vessels, who will endorse on her register the fact and date of such warning, and if the same vessel shall again attempt to enter or leave the blockaded port, she will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port, for such proceedings against her and her cargo as prize, as may be deemed advisable.
And I hereby proclaim and declare that if any person, under the pretended authority of the said States, or under any other pretense, shall molest a vessel of the United States, or the persons or cargo on board of her, such person will be held amenable to the laws of the United States for the prevention and punishment of piracy.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.
Recognition of the Confederacy[edit]
In his Memoirs of Service Afloat, Raphael Semmes contended that the announcement of a blockade carried de facto recognition of the Confederate States of America as an independent national entity since countries do not blockade their own ports but rather close them (See Boston Port Act).[2] Under international law and maritime law, however, nations had the right to stop and search neutral ships in international waters if they were suspected of violating a blockade, something port closures would not allow. In an effort to avoid conflict between the United States and Britain over the searching of British merchant vessels thought to be trading with the Confederacy, the Union needed the privileges of international law that came with the declaration of a blockade.
However, by effectively declaring the Confederate States of America to be belligerents—rather than insurrectionists, who under international law were not eligible for recognition by foreign powers—Lincoln opened the way for Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy. Britain's proclamation of neutrality was consistent with the Lincoln Administration's position—that under international law the Confederates were belligerents—and helped legitimize the Confederate States of America's national right to obtain loans and buy arms from neutral nations. The British proclamation also formally gave Britain the diplomatic right to discuss openly which side, if any, to support.[3]
Operations[edit]
Scope[edit]
A joint Union military-navy commission, known as the Blockade Strategy Board, was formed to make plans for seizing major Southern ports to utilize as Union bases of operations to expand the blockade. It first met in June 1861 in Washington, D.C., under the leadership of Captain Samuel F. Du Pont.[4]
In the initial phase of the blockade, Union forces concentrated on the Atlantic Coast. The November 1861 capture of Port Royal in South Carolina provided the Federals with an open ocean port and repair and maintenance facilities in good operating condition. It became an early base of operations for further expansion of the blockade along the Atlantic coastline,[5] including the Stone Fleet. Apalachicola, Florida, received Confederate goods traveling down the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia, and was an early target of Union blockade efforts on Florida's Gulf Coast.[6] Another early prize was Ship Island, which gave the Navy a base from which to patrol the entrances to both the Mississippi River and Mobile Bay. The Navy gradually extended its reach throughout the Gulf of Mexico to the Texas coastline, including Galveston and Sabine Pass.[7]
With 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of Confederate coastline and 180 possible ports of entry to patrol, the blockade would be the largest such effort ever attempted. The United States Navy had 42 ships in active service, and another 48 laid up and listed as available as soon as crews could be assembled and trained. Half were sailing ships, some were technologically outdated, most were at the time patrolling distant oceans, one served on Lake Erie and could not be moved into the ocean, and another had gone missing off Hawaii.[8] At the time of the declaration of the blockade, the Union only had three ships suitable for blockade duty. The Navy Department, under the leadership of Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, quickly moved to expand the fleet. U.S. warships patrolling abroad were recalled, a massive shipbuilding program was launched, civilian merchant and passenger ships were purchased for naval service, and captured blockade runners were commissioned into the navy. In 1861, nearly 80 steamers and 60 sailing ships were added to the fleet, and the number of blockading vessels rose to 160. Some 52 more warships were under construction by the end of the year.[9][10] By November 1862, there were 282 steamers and 102 sailing ships.[11] By the end of the war, the Union Navy had grown to a size of 671 ships, making it the largest navy in the world.[12]
By the end of 1861, the Navy had grown to 24,000 officers and enlisted men, over 15,000 more than in antebellum service. Four squadrons of ships were deployed, two in the Atlantic and two in the Gulf of Mexico.[13]
Blockade service[edit]
Blockade service was attractive to Federal seamen and landsmen alike. Blockade station service was considered the most boring job in the war but also the most attractive in terms of potential financial gain. The task was for the fleet to sail back and forth to intercept any blockade runners. More than 50,000 men volunteered for the boring duty, because food and living conditions on ship were much better than the infantry offered, the work was safer, and especially because of the real (albeit small) chance for big money. Captured ships and their cargoes were sold at auction and the proceeds split among the sailors. When Eolus seized the hapless blockade runner Hope off Wilmington, North Carolina, in late 1864, the captain won $13,000 ($199,066 today), the chief engineer $6,700, the seamen more than $1,000 each, and the cabin boy $533, compared to infantry pay of $13 ($199 today) per month.[14] The amount garnered for a prize of war widely varied. While the little Alligator sold for only $50, bagging the Memphis brought in $510,000 ($7,809,511 today) (about what 40 civilian workers could earn in a lifetime of work). In four years, $25 million in prize money was awarded.
Blockade runners[edit]
The Confederate blockade runner
SS Banshee in 1863
While a large proportion of blockade runners did manage to evade the Union ships,[3] as the blockade matured, the type of ship most likely to find success in evading the naval cordon was a small, light ship with a short draft—qualities that facilitated blockade running but were poorly suited to carrying large amounts of heavy weaponry, metals, and other supplies badly needed by the South.[15] To be successful in helping the Confederacy, a blockade runner had to make many trips; eventually, most were captured or sunk. Nonetheless, five out of six attempts to evade the Union blockade were successful. During the war, some 1,500 blockade runners were captured or destroyed.[3]
Ordinary freighters were too slow and visible to escape the Navy. The blockade runners therefore relied mainly on new steamships built in Britain with low profiles, shallow draft, and high speed. Their paddle-wheels, driven by steam engines that burned smokeless anthracite coal, could make 17 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph). Because the South lacked sufficient sailors, skippers and shipbuilding capability, the runners were built, commanded and manned by British officers and sailors. Private British investors spent perhaps £50 million on the runners ($250 million in U.S. dollars, equivalent to about $2.5 billion in 2006 dollars). The pay was high: a Royal Navy officer on leave might earn several thousand dollars (in gold) in salary and bonus per round trip, with ordinary seamen earning several hundred dollars.
Blockade runner SS A.D. Vance, captured by the Union Navy and recommissioned as
Advance
The blockade runners were based in the British islands of Bermuda and the Bahamas, or Havana, in Spanish Cuba. The goods they carried were brought to these places by ordinary cargo ships, and loaded onto the runners. The runners then ran the gauntlet between their bases and Confederate ports, some 500–700 mi (800–1,130 km) apart. On each trip, a runner carried several hundred tons of compact, high-value cargo such as cotton, turpentine or tobacco outbound, and rifles, medicine, brandy, lingerie and coffee inbound. Often they also carried mail. They charged from $300 to $1,000 per ton of cargo brought in; two round trips a month would generate perhaps $250,000 in revenue (and $80,000 in wages and expenses).
Blockade runners preferred to run past the Union Navy at night, either on moonless nights, before the moon rose, or after it set. As they approached the coastline, the ships showed no lights, and sailors were prohibited from smoking. Likewise, Union warships covered all their lights, except perhaps a faint light on the commander's ship. If a Union warship discovered a blockade runner, it fired signal rockets in the direction of its course to alert other ships. The runners adapted to such tactics by firing their own rockets in different directions to confuse Union warships.[16]
In November 1864, a wholesaler in Wilmington asked his agent in the Bahamas to stop sending so much chloroform and instead send "essence of cognac" because that perfume would sell "quite high". Confederate patriots held rich blockade runners in contempt for profiteering on luxuries while the soldiers were in rags. On the other hand, their bravery and initiative were necessary for the nation's survival, and many women in the back country flaunted imported $10 gewgaws and $50 hats as patriotic proof that the "damn yankees" had failed to isolate them from the outer world. The government in Richmond, Virginia, eventually regulated the traffic, requiring half the imports to be munitions; it even purchased and operated some runners on its own account and made sure they loaded vital war goods. By 1864, Lee's soldiers were eating imported meat. Blockade running was reasonably safe for both sides. It was not illegal under international law; captured foreign sailors were released, while Confederates went to prison camps. The ships were unarmed (the weight of cannon would slow them down), so they posed no danger to the Navy warships.
One example of the lucrative (and short-lived) nature of the blockade running trade was the ship Banshee, which operated out of Nassau and Bermuda. She was captured on her seventh run into Wilmington, North Carolina, and confiscated by the U.S. Navy for use as a blockading ship. However, at the time of her capture, she had turned a 700% profit for her English owners, who quickly commissioned and built Banshee No. 2, which soon joined the firm's fleet of blockade runners.[17]
In May 1865, CSS Lark became the last Confederate ship to slip out of a Southern port and successfully evade the Union blockade when she left Galveston, Texas, for Havana.[18]
Impact on the Confederacy[edit]
The Union blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of very few lives.[19] The measure of the blockade's success was not the few ships that slipped through, but the thousands that never tried it. Ordinary freighters had no reasonable hope of evading the blockade and stopped calling at Southern ports. The interdiction of coastal traffic meant that long-distance travel depended on the rickety railroad system, which never overcame the devastating impact of the blockade. Throughout the war, the South produced enough food for civilians and soldiers, but it had growing difficulty in moving surpluses to areas of scarcity and famine. Lee's army, at the end of the supply line, nearly always was short of supplies as the war progressed into its final two years.
When the blockade began in 1861, it was only partially effective. It has been estimated that only one in ten ships trying to evade the blockade were intercepted. However, the Union Navy gradually increased in size throughout the war, and was able to drastically reduce shipments into Confederate ports. By 1864, one in every three ships attempting to run the blockade were being intercepted.[20] In the final two years of the war, the only ships with a reasonable chance of evading the blockade were blockade runners specifically designed for speed.[21][22]
The blockade almost totally choked off Southern cotton exports, which the Confederacy depended on for hard currency. Cotton exports fell 95%, from 10 million bales in the three years prior to the war to just 500,000 bales during the blockade period.[3] The blockade also largely reduced imports of food, medicine, war materials, manufactured goods, and luxury items, resulting in severe shortages and inflation. Shortages of bread led to occasional bread riots in Richmond and other cities, showing that patriotism was not sufficient to satisfy the daily demands of the people. Land routes remained open for cattle drovers, but after the Union seized control of the Mississippi River in summer 1863, it became impossible to ship horses, cattle and swine from Texas and Arkansas to the eastern Confederacy. The blockade was a triumph of the Union Navy and a major factor in winning the war.
Impact on International Trade[edit]
The southern cotton industry began to heavily influence the British economy. On the eve of the war, 1,390,938,752 pounds weight of cotton were imported into Great Britain in 1860. Of this, the United States supplied 1,115,890,608 pounds, or about five-sixths of the whole.[23] Not only was Great Britain aware of the impact of Southern cotton, but so was the South. They were confident that their industry held large power, so much, that they referred to their industry as "King Cotton." This slogan was used to declare its supremacy in America. On the floor of the U.S. Senate, Senator James Henry Hammond declaimed (March 4, 1858): "You dare not make war upon cotton! No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is king."[24] The South proclaimed that many domestic and even some international markets depended so heavily on their cotton, that no one would dare spark tensions with the South. They also viewed this slogan as their reasoning behind why they should achieve their efforts in seceding from the Union. The Southern Cotton industry was so confident in the power of cotton diplomacy, that without warning, they refused to export cotton for one day.
Imagining an overwhelming response of pleas for their cotton, the Southern cotton industry experienced quite the opposite. With the decisions of Lincoln and the lack of intervention on Great Britain's part, the South was officially blockaded. Following the U.S. announcement of its intention to establish an official blockade of Confederate ports, foreign governments began to recognize the Confederacy as a belligerent in the Civil War.[25] Great Britain declared belligerent status on May 13, 1861, followed by Spain on June 17 and Brazil on August 1. This was the first glimpse of failure for the Confederate South.
The decision to blockade Southern port cities took a large toll on the British economy but they weighed their consequences. Great Britain had a good amount of cotton stored up in warehouses in several locations that would provide for their textile needs for some time. But eventually Great Britain began to see the effects of the blockade, "the blockade had a negative impact on the economies of other countries. Textile manufacturing areas in Britain and France that depended on Southern cotton entered periods of high unemployment..."[26] in the so-called Lancashire Cotton Famine. The article written in the New York Times further proves that Great Britain was aware of the influence of cotton in their empire, "Nearly one million of operatives are employed in the manufacture of cotton in Great Britain, upon whom, at least five or six millions more depend for their daily subsistence. It is no exaggeration to say, that one-quarter of the inhabitants of England are directly dependent upon the supply of cotton for their living."[27] Despite these consequences, Great Britain concluded that their decision was crucial in terms of reaching abolishment of slavery in the states.
Confederate response[edit]
CSS David engaging New Ironsides on 5 October 1863, during the blockade of Charleston
The Confederacy constructed torpedo boats, tending to be small, fast steam launches equipped with spar torpedoes, to attack the blockading fleet. Some torpedo boats were refitted steam launches; others, such as the CSS David class, were purpose-built. The torpedo boats tried to attack under cover of night by ramming the spar torpedo into the hull of the blockading ship, then backing off and detonating the explosive. The torpedo boats were not very effective and were easily countered by simple measures such as hanging chains over the sides of ships to foul the screws of the torpedo boats, or encircling the ships with wooden booms to trap the torpedoes at a distance.
One historically notable naval action was the attack of the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, a hand-powered submarine launched from Charleston, South Carolina, against Union blockade ships. On the night of 17 February 1864, Hunley attacked Housatonic. The Housatonic sank with the loss of five crew; the Hunley also sank, taking her crew of eight to the bottom.
Major engagements[edit]
The first victory for the U.S. Navy during the early phases of the blockade occurred on 24 April 1861, when the sloop Cumberland and a small flotilla of support ships began seizing Confederate ships and privateers in the vicinity of Fort Monroe off the Virginia coastline. Within the next two weeks, Flag Officer Garrett J. Pendergrast had captured 16 enemy vessels, serving early notice to the Confederate War Department that the blockade would be effective if extended.[28]
Early battles in support of the blockade included the Blockade of the Chesapeake Bay,[29] from May to June 1861, and the Blockade of the Carolina Coast, August–December 1861.[30] Both enabled the Union Navy to gradually extend its blockade southward along the Atlantic seaboard.
In early March 1862, the blockade of the James River in Virginia was gravely threatened by the first ironclad, CSS Virginia in the dramatic Battle of Hampton Roads. Only the timely entry of the new Union ironclad Monitor forestalled the threat. Two months later, Virginia and other ships of the James River Squadron were scuttled in response to the Union Army and Navy advances.
The port of Savannah, Georgia was effectively sealed by the reduction and surrender of Fort Pulaski on 11 April.[31]
The largest Confederate port, New Orleans, Louisiana, was ill-suited to blockade running since the channels could be sealed by the U.S. Navy. From 16–22 April, the major forts below the city, Forts Jackson and St. Philip were bombarded by David Dixon Porter's mortar schooners. On 22 April, Flag Officer David Farragut's fleet cleared a passage through the obstructions. The fleet successfully ran past the forts on the morning of 24 April. This forced the surrender of the forts and New Orleans.[32]
The Battle of Mobile Bay on 5 August 1864 closed the last major Confederate port in the Gulf of Mexico.
"The Battle of Mobile Bay" by Louis Prang
In December 1864, Union Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles sent a force against Fort Fisher, which protected the Confederacy's access to the Atlantic from Wilmington, North Carolina, the last open Confederate port.[33] The first attack failed, but with a change in tactics (and Union generals), the fort fell in January 1865, closing the last major Confederate port.
As the Union fleet grew in size, speed and sophistication, more ports came under Federal control. After 1862, only three ports—Wilmington, North Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; and Mobile, Alabama—remained open for the 75–100 blockade runners in business. Charleston was shut down by Admiral John A. Dahlgren's South Atlantic Blockading Squadron in 1863. Mobile Bay was captured in August 1864 by Admiral David Farragut. Blockade runners faced an increasing risk of capture—in 1861 and 1862, one sortie in 9 ended in capture; in 1863 and 1864, one in three. By war's end, imports had been choked to a trickle as the number of captures came to 50% of the sorties. Some 1,100 blockade runners were captured (and another 300 destroyed). British investors frequently made the mistake of reinvesting their profits in the trade; when the war ended they were stuck with useless ships and rapidly depreciating cotton. In the final accounting, perhaps half the investors took a profit, and half a loss.
The Union victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in July 1863 opened up the Mississippi River and effectively cut off the western Confederacy as a source of troops and supplies. The fall of Fort Fisher and the city of Wilmington, North Carolina, early in 1865 closed the last major port for blockade runners, and in quick succession Richmond was evacuated, the Army of Northern Virginia disintegrated, and General Lee surrendered. Thus, most economists give the Union blockade a prominent role in the outcome of the war. (Elekund, 2004)
Squadrons[edit]
The Union naval ships enforcing the blockade were divided into squadrons based on their area of operation.[34]
Atlantic Blockading Squadron[edit]
The Atlantic Blockading Squadron was a unit of the United States Navy created in the early days of the American Civil War to enforce a blockade of the ports of the Confederate States. It was originally formed in 1861 as the Coast Blockading Squadron before being renamed May 17, 1861. It was split the same year for the creation of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
North Atlantic Blockading Squadron[edit]
The North Atlantic Blockading Squadron was based at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and was tasked with coverage of Virginia and North Carolina. Its official range of operation was from the Potomac River to Cape Fear in North Carolina. It was tasked primarily with preventing Confederate ships from supplying troops and with supporting Union troops. It was created when the Atlantic Blockading Squadron was split between the North and South Atlantic Blockading Squadrons on 29 October 1861. After the end of the war, the squadron was merged into the Atlantic Squadron on 25 July 1865.[34]
Commanders[edit]
Squadron Commander
From
To
Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough 18 September 1861[35] 4 September 1862
Acting Rear Admiral[35] Samuel Phillips Lee 5 September 1862[35] 11 October 1864
Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter 12 October 1864 27 April 1865
Acting Rear Admiral[35] William Radford 28 April 1865[35] 25 July 1865
South Atlantic Blockading Squadron[edit]
The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron was tasked primarily with preventing Confederate ships from supplying troops and with supporting Union troops operating between Cape Henry in Virginia down to Key West in Florida. It was created when the Atlantic Blockading Squadron was split between the North and South Atlantic Blockading Squadrons on 29 October 1861. After the end of the war, the squadron was merged into the Atlantic Squadron on 25 July 1865.
Commanders[edit]
Squadron Commander
From
To
Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont 18 September 1861[35] 5 July 1863
Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren 6 July 1863[35] 25 July 1865
Gulf Blockading Squadron[edit]
The Gulf Blockading Squadron was a squadron of the United States Navy in the early part of the War, patrolling from Key West to the Mexican border. The squadron was the largest in operation. It was split into the East and West Gulf Blockading Squadrons in early 1862 for more efficiency.
Commanders[edit]
Squadron Commander
From
To
Flag Officer William Mervine 6 May 1861 21 September 1861
Flag Officer William McKean 22 September 1861 20 January 1862
East Gulf Blockading Squadron[edit]
The East Gulf Blockading Squadron, assigned the Florida coast from east of Pensacola to Cape Canaveral, was a minor command.[36] The squadron was headquartered in Key West and was supported by a U.S. Navy coal depot and storehouse built during 1856-61.[37]
Commanders[edit]
Squadron Commander[38]
From
To
Flag Officer William McKean 20 January 1862 3 June 1862
Flag Officer James L. Lardner 4 June 1862 8 December 1862
Acting Rear Admiral Theodorus Bailey 9 December 1862 6 August 1864
Captain Theodore P. Greene
(commander pro tem) 7 August 1864 11 October 1864
Acting Rear Admiral Cornelius Stribling 12 October 1864 12 June 1865
West Gulf Blockading Squadron[edit]
The West Gulf Blockading Squadron was tasked primarily with preventing Confederate ships from supplying troops and with supporting Union troops along the western half of the Gulf Coast, from the mouth of the Mississippi to the Rio Grande and south, beyond the border with Mexico. It was created early in 1862 when the Gulf Blockading Squadron was split between the East and West. This unit was the main military force deployed by the Union in the capture and brief occupation of Galveston, Texas in 1862.
Commanders[edit]
Squadron Commander[38]
From
To
Rear Admiral David Farragut 20 January 1862 29 November 1864
Commodore James S. Palmer 30 November 1864 22 February 1865
Acting Rear Admiral Henry K. Thatcher 23 February 1865 12 June 1865
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
Union Navy
Confederate Navy
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
Blockade mail of the Confederacy
Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
References[edit]
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Time-Life Books, ISBN 0-8094-4708-8.
Vandiver, Frank Everson, (1947).Confederate Blockade Running Through Bermuda, 1861–1865: Letters And Cargo Manifests, primary documents
Wagner, Margaret E., Gallagher, Gary W. and Finkelman, Paul ed.,(2002) The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference
Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 978-1-4391-4884-6
Wise, Stephen R. (1991). Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War.
Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 403. ISBN 0-87249-554-X. Url
Wyllie, Arthur (2007). The Confederate States Navy.
Lulu.com. p. 466. ISBN 978-0-615-17222-4. Url1 Url2
Wynne, Nick & Cranshaw, Joe (2011). Florida Civil War Blockades
History Press,Charleston, SC, ISBN 978-1-60949-340-0.
Further reading[edit]
Calore, Paul (2002). Naval Campaigns of the Civil War. McFarland. p. 232. Url
Tucker, Spencer (2010). The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia, Volume 1.
ABC-CLIO. p. 829. ISBN 978-1-59884-338-5. Url
External links[edit]
National Park Service listing of campaigns
Book review: Lifeline of the Confederacy
Unintended Consequences of Confederate Trade Legislation
The Hapless Anaconda: Union Blockade 1861–1865
Sabine Pass and Galveston Were Successful Blockade-Running Ports By W. T. Block
Civil War Blockade Organization
David G. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ISBN 1-57003-407-9
"The Egotistigraphy", by John Sanford Barnes. An autobiography, including his Civil War Union Navy service on a ship participating in the blockade, USS Wabash, privately printed 1910. Internet edition edited by Susan Bainbridge Hay 2012
[show]
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t
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[show]
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[show]
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Categories:
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List of Open Era tennis records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of tennis records that were obtained during the Open Era from 1968 onwards. Records are included from both male (ATP, Grand Prix and WCT) and female (WTA) professional tennis tours.
To keep the list at a reasonable length, it includes only players who have been ranked World No. 1, have won a Grand Slam title and/or hold records (overall or consecutive) with regards to most titles, weeks at No. 1, matches (played, won or lost), winning percentage, tournament appearances, aces and records by court type at a Grand Slam, Year-End Championship or Masters 1000 tournament.
Contents
[hide]
1 Most titles at a single tournament
1.1 Men
1.2 Women
2 Longest match winning streaks during the open era (all surfaces)
2.1 Men
2.2 Women
3 Most Year-End Championships (combined)
3.1 Men
3.2 Women
4 Open era records
4.1 Men
4.1.1 Summary
4.1.2 By player
4.1.2.1 Roger Federer
4.1.2.2 Rafael Nadal
4.1.2.3 Pete Sampras
4.1.2.4 Björn Borg
4.1.2.5 Rod Laver
4.1.2.6 Andre Agassi
4.1.2.7 Ivan Lendl
4.1.2.8 Novak Djokovic
4.1.2.9 John McEnroe
4.1.2.10 Jimmy Connors
4.1.2.11 Mats Wilander
4.1.2.12 Stefan Edberg
4.1.2.13 Boris Becker
4.1.2.14 Jim Courier
4.1.2.15 Guillermo Vilas
4.1.2.16 Lleyton Hewitt
4.1.2.17 Andy Murray
4.1.2.18 Andy Roddick
4.1.2.19 Goran Ivanišević
4.1.2.20 Michael Chang
4.1.2.21 Ken Rosewall
4.1.2.22 Ilie Năstase
4.1.2.23 Bob and Mike Bryan
4.2 Women
4.2.1 Summary
4.2.2 By player
4.2.2.1 Margaret Court
4.2.2.2 Steffi Graf
4.2.2.3 Serena Williams
4.2.2.4 Chris Evert
4.2.2.5 Martina Navratilova
4.2.2.6 Monica Seles
4.2.2.7 Venus Williams
4.2.2.8 Justine Henin
4.2.2.9 Martina Hingis
4.2.2.10 Billie Jean King
4.2.2.11 Evonne Goolagong Cawley
5 References
Most titles at a single tournament[edit]
The following are lists of tennis players who have won a particular tournament at least five times during the open era. Rafael Nadal has won a record ten times at Monte Carlo, Barcelona, and the French Open, and seven times at Rome. Roger Federer has won a record nine tournaments at least five times each (seven on hard courts and two on grass).
Men[edit]
Wins
Player
Tournament
Years
10 Rafael Nadal Monte-Carlo Masters 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017
Barcelona Open 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017
French Open 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017
9 Roger Federer Halle Open 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017
8 Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017
Swiss Indoors 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017
Guillermo Vilas Buenos Aires 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1977(2), 1979, 1982
7 Roger Federer Dubai Tennis Championships 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015
Cincinnati Masters 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Rafael Nadal Italian Open 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
6 Novak Djokovic Australian Open 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
China Open 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Miami Open 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016
Björn Borg French Open 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981
Jimmy Connors Grand Prix Birmingham 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980
Balázs Taróczy Dutch Open 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982
/ Ivan Lendl Canadian Open 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1989
Andre Agassi Miami Masters 1990, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003
Roger Federer ATP World Tour Finals 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011
5 John McEnroe Wembley Championship 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983
Pacific Coast Championships 1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1986
WCT Finals 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1989
Roger Federer US Open 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
Australian Open 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017
Indian Wells Masters 2004, 2005, 2006, 2012, 2017
Pete Sampras US Open 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2002
ATP Tour World Championship 1991, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999
Novak Djokovic ATP World Tour Finals 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Indian Wells Masters 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016
/ Ivan Lendl Masters 1981, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1987
Tokyo Indoor 1983, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1993
Andre Agassi Washington Open (tennis) 1990, 1991, 1995, 1998, 1999
Pacific Coast Championships 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2003
Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
Jimmy Connors US Open 1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983
Yevgeny Kafelnikov Kremlin Cup 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
Carlos Moyá Croatia Open 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007
Andy Murray Queens Club Championships 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016
Rafael Nadal Madrid Open 2005, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017
Women[edit]
Wins
Player
Tournament
Years
12 Martina Navratilova Chicago 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992
11 Martina Navratilova Eastbourne 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993
9 Martina Navratilova Wimbledon 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990
Washington, D.C. 1975, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990
Dallas 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989
Steffi Graf German Open, Berlin 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996
8 Martina Navratilova WTA Tour Championships 1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 (March), 1986 (November)
Los Angeles 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1993
Chris Evert Hilton Head & Charleston 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1985
Serena Williams Key Biscayne 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015
7 Serena Williams Wimbledon 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016
Australian Open 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
Steffi Graf Wimbledon 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996
Chris Evert French Open 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986
Martina Navratilova Orlando 1974, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
6 Steffi Graf French Open 1987, 1988, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999
Brighton 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Zurich 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Boca Raton and other sites in Florida 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995
Hamburg 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Chris Evert US Open 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982
Virginia Slims Palm Harbour Tampa St. Petersburg 1971, 1973, 1974, 1982, 1987, 1988
U.S. Women's Clay Court Championships 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980
Martina Navratilova Houston 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1985
Filderstadt & Stuttgart 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992
Serena Williams US Open 1999, 2002, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Spanish Open 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001[1]
5 Steffi Graf US Open 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996
Key Biscayne 1987, 1988, 1994, 1995, 1996
WTA Tour Championships 1987, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996
Leipzig 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998
Martina Navratilova U.S. Indoor Championships 1975, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1986
Boston 1975, 1986 (January), 1986 (November), 1988, 1989
Sydney 1976, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1989
Stanford & Oakland, California 1979, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1993
Chris Evert Italian Open 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1982
Houston 1974, 1975, 1986, 1987, 1988
Venus Williams Wimbledon 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008
Serena Williams WTA Tour Championships 2001, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014
Virginia Wade Dewar Cup London 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976
/ / Monica Seles Toyota Princess Cup 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998
Martina Hingis Tokyo Pan Pacific Open 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007
Kim Clijsters Luxembourg City 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005
Anabel Medina Garrigues Palermo 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011
Longest match winning streaks during the open era (all surfaces)[edit]
Men[edit]
The following table is based on information maintained on the website of the Association of Tennis Professionals.
#
Player
Matches
Year
1. Björn Borg
49* 1978[2]
2. Björn Borg 48* 1979–1980
3. Guillermo Vilas 46 1977
4. Ivan Lendl 44 1981–1982
5. Novak Djokovic 43 2010–2011
6. John McEnroe 42 1984
7. Roger Federer 41 2006–2007
8. Jimmy Connors 35 1974
Thomas Muster 1995
Roger Federer 2005
Women[edit]
The following table is from page 255 of the 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour.
#
Player
Matches
Year
1 Martina Navratilova 74 1984
2 Steffi Graf 66 1989–90
3 Martina Navratilova 58 1986–87
4 Margaret Court 57 1972–73
5 Chris Evert 56 1974
6 Martina Navratilova 54 1983–84
7 Steffi Graf 46 1988
8 Steffi Graf 45 1987
9 Chris Evert 42 1975-76
10 Martina Navratilova 41 1982-83
* Note: Sources are not in agreement as to the length of Borg's winning streaks. News articles of the time in question clearly tell of the Borg streaks as does counting the ITF results, yet more sources use the Vilas streak as the record.
Most Year-End Championships (combined)[edit]
World Tour Finals (1970–present)
The best players of all participants on the world tour, within a season, would qualify for the year-end tournament.
The world tour event began in 1970 and was originally known as the Masters Grand Prix as part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was organised by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF).
In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) took over the running of the men's tour and replaced the Masters with the ATP Tour World Championship. Between 2000 and 2008, the event was called the Tennis Masters Cup and was endorsed by ITF, ATP and the Grand Slam tournaments (as a result of merging the ATP Tour World Championship with the Grand Slam Cup). In 2009 the Championship was renamed the ATP World Tour Finals.
Currently, the tournament is organized at the O2 Arena in London, under efficient lighting conditions of play, on blue, medium fast, low bouncing, hard courts.
WCT Finals (1971–1989)
The best players of the season, from a reduced pool of professionals under contract for the WCT circuit, would qualify for the circuit finals.
The WCT Finals, as the season-ending championship for the World Championship Tennis circuit, was held annually in Dallas, Texas, and played on indoor carpet courts. The 1971 quarterfinals and semifinals were played in Houston, and final played at Moody Coliseum in Dallas. The 1972–1979 editions were played at Moody Coliseum, and the 1980–1989 tournaments at Reunion Arena in Dallas. The WCT, in 1974, was the first tennis tournament to experiment with electronic line calling.
Grand Slam Cup (1990–1999)
The Grand Slam Cup was the ITF season end finals in the 1990s. Points were allocated to a player based on his Grand Slam performances, and after all four Grand Slam events had concluded the 16 players with the most points – 12 in 1998 and 1999 – qualified for the Cup. Grand Slam champions were not assured of a berth in the event. All of the events were played in Munich, Germany.
The only man to have won all three of these season end championships was Boris Becker (he won the WCT Finals in 1988, the World Tour Finals in 1988, 1992 and 1995 and the Grand Slam Cup in 1996)
Key
GP/ATP
ATP World Tour Finals
WCT
WCT Finals
ITF
Grand Slam Cup
Men[edit]
Player
GP/ATP
WCT
ITF
Total
1. John McEnroe 3 5 -
8
2. Ivan Lendl 5 2 -
7
Pete Sampras 5 — 2
7
4. Roger Federer 6 — -
6
5. Boris Becker 3 1 1
5
Novak Djokovic 5 — -
5
7. Ilie Năstase 4 — -
4
8. Björn Borg 2 1 -
3
Jimmy Connors 1 2 -
3
Women[edit]
Name
Total
1. Martina Navratilova 8
2. Steffi Graf 5
Serena Williams 5
4. Chris Evert 4
5. / Monica Seles 3
Kim Clijsters 3
7. Evonne Goolagong Cawley 2
Gabriela Sabatini 2
Martina Hingis 2
Justine Henin 2
Open era records[edit]
Men[edit]
Summary[edit]
The following six male players have won at least five singles titles in one Grand Slam tournament during the open era:
Player
Grand Slam tournament
# of titles
Rafael Nadal French Open 10
Roger Federer Wimbledon 8
US Open 5
Australian Open 5
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 7
US Open 5
Björn Borg French Open 6
Wimbledon 5
Novak Djokovic Australian Open 6
Jimmy Connors US Open 5
By player[edit]
The records and achievements of various players who have competed during the open era are listed in this section. This section is based on information maintained on the website of the Association of Tennis Professionals.
Roger Federer[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Roger Federer and Roger Federer § Records
Rafael Nadal[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal and Rafael Nadal § Records
Pete Sampras[edit]
Main article: Pete Sampras § Records
Björn Borg[edit]
Main article: Björn Borg § Records
Rod Laver[edit]
Main article: Rod Laver § Records
Andre Agassi[edit]
Main article: Andre Agassi § Records
Ivan Lendl[edit]
Main article: Ivan Lendl § Records
Novak Djokovic[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Novak Djokovic and Novak Djokovic § Records
John McEnroe[edit]
Main article: John McEnroe § Records
Jimmy Connors[edit]
Main article: Jimmy Connors § Records
Mats Wilander[edit]
Main article: Mats Wilander § Records
Stefan Edberg[edit]
Main article: Stefan Edberg § Records
Boris Becker[edit]
Main article: Boris Becker § Records
Jim Courier[edit]
Main article: Jim Courier § Records
Guillermo Vilas[edit]
Main article: Guillermo Vilas § Records
Lleyton Hewitt[edit]
Youngest qualifier at the Australian Open at 15 years, 11 months old (1997).[3]
Won the singles title in Adelaide in 1998 to become the youngest tour winner (16 years, 10 months old) since Michael Chang in 1988 and the lowest-ranked (550) winner in the history of the ATP tour.[3]
Youngest male to win a Grand Slam tournament doubles title at 19 years, 6 months old (2000 US Open).[3]
Youngest ever male player to be ranked World No. 1[4]
Youngest male player to be the year-end World No. 1 at 20 years, 8 months old (2001).[3][5]
Best career match winning percentage in finals on grass: 87.5% (7–1)[6]
Andy Murray[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Andy Murray and Andy Murray § Records
Andy Roddick[edit]
Main article: Andy Roddick § Records
Goran Ivanišević[edit]
The only male player to win a Grand Slam title as a wildcard. He achieved this at Wimbledon in 2001.
Most aces by any player in a single season (1,477 in 1996).
Michael Chang[edit]
Main article: Michael Chang § Records
Ken Rosewall[edit]
Main article: Ken Rosewall § Records
Ilie Năstase[edit]
Main article: Ilie Năstase § Records
Bob and Mike Bryan[edit]
Main article: The Bryan brothers § Doubles records
Women[edit]
Summary[edit]
The following five players have won at least five singles titles in one Grand Slam tournament during the open era:
Player
Grand Slam tournament
# of titles
Martina Navratilova Wimbledon 9
Serena Williams Australian Open 7
Wimbledon 7
US Open 6
Steffi Graf Wimbledon 7
French Open 6
US Open 5
Chris Evert French Open 7
US Open 6
Venus Williams Wimbledon 5
By player[edit]
Margaret Court[edit]
Highest Open Era singles career winning percentage: 91.37% (593–56)
First to win the Grand Slam in (1970) in the open era: (later achieved by Steffi Graf).
Most WTA singles titles won in a year: 21 (1970) this was her most notable season she played 24 tournaments winning 21 of them. Out of 110 matches she won 104 giving her (94.54%) winning percentage.
Most consecutive Major singles titles (1969–71): 6 (later achieved by Martina Navratilova).
First player of either sex to complete a "boxed set" of Grand Slam titles (singles, same-sex doubles, mixed doubles at all four championships) in the Open Era, and one of only three (all women) to have done so in history (later achieved by Martina Navratilova).
Only mother to win three grand slams in one season (1973)
Three career grand slams titles as a mother (shared with Kim Clijsters)
Only mother to win the French Open (1973)
Steffi Graf[edit]
Most consecutive Major Finals in a row: 13 (1987 French Open through 1990 French Open: Record: 9–4)
Only player who has won four singles titles at each Major tournament.
Most year-end World No. 1 rankings by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA): 8 (1987–1990, 1993–1996)[7]
Most years ranked year-end No.1 officially: 7 (1987-1990, 1993, 1995 & 1996) tied with Chris Evert.
Ranked World No. 1 or World No. 2 by the WTA longer than any other player (10 years and three months, from March 1987 to June 1997). Ranked World No. 1 by the WTA for more weeks than any other player (377).[7]
Only player to have been ranked World No. 1 by the WTA at some point during 10 different years: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 (tied with Serena Williams).
Tied with Serena Williams for most consecutive weeks ranked world No. 1 by WTA (186, August 17, 1987, through March 10, 1991).[8]
Won her first 45 singles matches in 1987.[9]
Only player to have won the "Golden Grand Slam" - winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic singles gold medal in the same calendar year.
Second woman to win a non-calendar year Grand Slam in singles with her win at the 1994 Australian Open.
During the 1999 French Open, became the first player since the WTA rankings began on November 3, 1975, to defeat the first, second, and third ranked players at the same tournament (#1 Hingis, #2 Davenport, #3 Seles).[7]
Only player to have four times won three of the four Major singles titles in a calendar year: 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996.
Lost only 20 games while winning the 1988 French Open, the third least number of games lost by the winner of a Grand Slam singles tournament during the open era. (Martina Navratilova lost 19 games while winning the 1983 US Open. Chris Evert lost only 12 games while winning the 1976 US Open. )[9]
Most singles match wins at the French Open: 84.
Only player (man or woman) in history to have defended all the 4 Major Singles at least once in her career.
Highest Hard court winning percentage: 90.30% (335–36).
Does not have a losing record against any Grand Slam tournament champion.
Longest winning streak against No 1 player (years): 4 (shared with Davenport, Serena and Venus Williams).
Serena Williams[edit]
Main article: List of career achievements by Serena Williams
Most Major singles titles in the open era: 23
At 1997 Ameritech Cup in Chicago, became the lowest ranked player (No.304) to defeat two Top 10 players in one tournament (Monica Seles and Mary Pierce)
At the 1998 Lipton Championships in Miami became the fastest woman to record 5 Top 10 wins by defeating Irina Spîrlea
At the 1999 Lipton Championships in Miami became the first pair of sisters in the Open era to meet in a tournament final (with Venus Williams)
By winning the 2001 Australian Open Doubles with Venus Williams, became the only pair to win a Career Doubles Golden Slam and thus Serena's the only player, male or female, to accomplish a Career Golden Slam (each of the four grand slams & Olympic gold) in singles AND doubles.
At the 2001 US Open, marked the first time in the Open era, and second time in 117 years that sisters met in a Grand Slam final (with Venus Williams)
In 2001 became the first player in history to win the Season-Ending Championships on her debut
At the 2002 French Open, she became the first younger sister to defeat her older sister in a Grand Slam singles tournament.
In 2002 became the first ever siblings to rank Top 2 at same time with sister Venus Williams
By winning the 2003 Australian Open, became the first African-American to win the championship
By winning the 2005 Australian Open by defeating Mauresmo and Davenport, became the only player to win three Grand Slam singles titles (1999 US Open, 2002 French Open) by beating the top two ranked players.[citation needed]
At 2007 Sony Ericsson Open in Miami became lowest ranked player (Number 18) to defeat the Top 2 players in the world in the same tournament by defeating Number 1 Henin & 2 Sharapova
In 2008 winning her fifth Miami tournament title, tying Steffi Graf for the most singles titles at this tournament
By winning 2008 US Open she makes the longest-ever gap between stints at No.1 (five years, one month)
Only player to have won three Grand Slam singles titles after saving match points (2003 Australian Open versus Kim Clijsters, 2005 Australian Open versus Maria Sharapova, and 2009 Wimbledon versus Elena Dementieva).[citation needed]
Against Elena Dementieva, she played the longest recorded Wimbledon women's semifinal in the open era: 2 hours, 45 minutes.[citation needed]
In 2010, she became the first woman in the open era to win the Australian Open singles title five times.
Longest winning streak against No 1 player (years): 4 (shared with Davenport, Graf and Venus Williams).
Most Key Biscayne (Miami) titles: 8
Oldest player to hold No. 1 ranking (35 years, 126 days) as of 28 January 2017.
First woman to win more than US$12 million in prize money in a single year: 2013.
First woman to win over US$60 million in career prize money (2014)
Most WTA premier series titles: 21
Most hardcourt Grand slam titles: 13
Most Australian Open Singles titles in the Open Era: 7
Most US Open singles titles in the Open Era: 6 (tied with Chris Evert)
Most match wins at the Australian Open in the Open Era: 81
Longest-ever span between first and last Grand Slam titles: 1999 US Open - 2017 Australian Open.
With Graf, the only 2 players (male or female), to hold all Grand Slam titles in singles and the Olympic Gold simultaneously (US Open 2014-Wimbledon 2015, 2012 Olympics).
First woman to win 50+ career matches in all four Grand Slams in the Open Era.
Oldest singles Grand Slam winner: 2017 Australian Open (35 years, 124 days)
Only player to win at least 6 singles titles in at least 3 out of 4 Grand Slams.
Only player to win at least 10 Grand Slam singles titles in two different decades.
Tied with Steffi Graf for most consecutive weeks ranked World No. 1 by WTA (186; February 18, 2013 to September 05, 2016).
Holds an all-time record for the most singles matches won at the Grand Slams with 316 matches (through the 2017 Australian Open).
Has been ranked World No. 1 by the WTA at some point during 10 different years: 2002, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 (tied with S. Graf).
Chris Evert[edit]
Most Major finals: 34
Most Years Ranked year-end #1: 7 (1974 - 1978, 1980, 1981)
Most consecutive Major singles semi-finals:34.
Most Major semi-finals:52.
Most Major quarter-finals:54.
Most losses in Major finals :16.
Won at least one Major singles title the most consecutive years: 13
Most consecutive years ended at No1,(singles), (1974–78): 5 (later tied by Navratilova)
First female player to win over 1 million dollars in prize money.
First Player of the Open Era to win 100 tournament titles.
First Player of the Open Era to attain 1,000 match wins (accomplished at the 1984 Australian Open, she finished the tournament with the title and a win/loss record of 1,003-97)
Won the most French Open's: 7
Won the most US Open's: 6 ( later tied by Serena Williams)
Won the most consecutive US Open's (1975–78): 4
Most US Open singles matches wins: 101
Only female player to win US Open on two different surfaces: Clay 75-77 & Hard 78, 80, 82
Only female player to win US Open on Clay: 75-77
Most consecutive women's singles finals at the US Open: 6
Most US Open finals amongst men and women: 9
Best Career win-loss record singles matches 1972-89 of 1309-145 (.900%) of any player man or woman.
Best Clay court winning percentage: 94.05% (316–20).
Best record on clay of any player male or female for any single surface with a 125 match winning streak with the loss of only 7 sets from August 1973 to May 1979 when she was defeated by Tracy Austin in the semi finals of the 1979 Italian Open
Best Career semi-final record, she made 273 semi-finals of 303 tournaments played: 90.10%
Most consecutive years inside the top 3 rankings: 17 (1972–1988)
Most career outdoor titles: 112
Most career clay court titles: 66
Most career singles titles on hard courts :53.
Most career match wins overall on clay courts: 316
Most matches between the same players: 80 (against Martina Navratilova 43-37).
Most singles finals between the same players: 61 (against Martina Navratilova, 36-25).
Fewest games lost while winning a major: 12, when Evert won the 1976 US Open.
Youngest player to beat a world number one, when Evert (15 years 8 months), beat Margaret Court in September 1970 in the year that Court won the Grand Slam.
Longest years undefeated on one surface in one state: Florida, Evert did not lose a professional match on clay courts in Florida from 1971 until 1984.
2nd Most singles titles won (men or women):157
Martina Navratilova[edit]
Won most Major titles overall (men or women)in the open era: 59
Won the Wimbledon singles title 6 consecutive times, which is an open era record among both men and women.
Most consecutive years ended at No1 (singles),(1982–86): 5 (tied with Chris Evert)
Most weeks at No.1 (doubles ranking): 237.
Most consecutive weeks at No.1 (doubles): 191.
Won the Wimbledon singles title 9 times, which is a record for both men and women.
Won most single titles (men or women): 167
Won most doubles titles (men or women): 177
Won most titles overall (men or women): 359
Won most single matches (men or women): 1,442
Won most single titles at a single tournament (Wimbledon): 9
Won a career boxed set of Grand Slam (tennis) titles winning singles, same gender doubles and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam tournaments a record shared with Margaret Court.
Won most Majors combined doubles (same gender and mixed) titles: 41 (an all-time record).
Won most same gender Majors doubles titles: 31 (20 partnered with Pam Shriver)
Best single-season win-loss record of all time (man or woman): 86–1 (98.9%) in (1983).
Longest winning streak on grass courts: 69
Won singles and doubles at same tournament a record 84 times.
Won the most WTA Tour Championships titles (1978–86): 8
Most WTA Tour Championship Finals (1975–92): 14
Won the most WTA Tour Championships doubles titles (1980–91): 11.
Most consecutive tour titles in a single season: 13 (1984).
Most consecutive years winning at least one tour title: 21 (1975–1995)
Most titles at any single WTA tournament overall Ameritech Cup Chicago: 12 (6 wins consecutive 1978–1993).
Most career indoor titles: 93
Most Majors match wins: 306
Most WTA tour finals match wins: 60
Most career match wins overall on grass courts: 305
Most career match wins overall on carpet courts: 516
Most match wins against No 1 ranked player: 18
Most consecutive sets won in a season (1984): 74.
Most matches between the same players:80 (against Chris Evert 43-37).
Most singles finals between the same players: 61 (against Chris Evert, 36-25).
Most consecutive singles finals played: 23 (1983-1984).
Most different tournaments played in a career: 390.
Longest consecutive winning streak (open era):74 matches (1984).
Best Grass court winning percentage: 86.66% (305–39).
Best Carpet court winning percentage:89.99% (576–58).
In 2006, Navratilova became the oldest-ever Grand Slam tournament champion when she won the United States Open (U.S. Open) mixed doubles title. At that time she was just over a month away from her 50th birthday (October 18). Her partner, Bob Bryan, was born in 1978, four years after she won her first Slam title.
The only man or woman to win 8 different tournaments at least 7 times.
Monica Seles[edit]
By winning the 1990 French Open, became the youngest woman ever to win the tournament.
Seles has the longest unbeaten streak in a grand slam tournament with 33–0 victories at the Australian Open (winner in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996 and semi finalist in 1999).
Seles is the only player to win the first 6 Major finals she entered without a loss.
Seles is the only teen to hold 8 Major titles (man or woman) before turning 20.
By beating Gabriela Sabatini in the 1990 YEC final, Seles became the first woman of the Open Era to win a 5-set match.[10]
Seles won the French Open 3 times in a row, an open era record shared with Justine Henin (and all-time record shared with Hilde Sperling).
Seles is the only player, man or woman of the open era to win 8 of the first 14 slams she played. In comparison, after 14 slams, Evert had won 5, Graf 1, Hingis 4, Navratilova 0, Serena Williams 1, Venus Williams 2.
Seles is the only player who beat Graf 3 times in Major finals.
Seles is the only #1 player with a leading record against Martina Navratilova.
Up to the day of her stabbing, Seles had compiled 253 victories for only 29 losses, an 89.7% winning percentage.
Until her stabbing, Seles had a winning record against all active players, except for Steffi Graf.
Venus Williams[edit]
US Open (1997) first unseeded finalist.
In 1999, Venus won the IGA Classic in Oklahoma City during the same week that her sister Serena Williams won the tournament in Paris. This was the first time in tennis history that sisters won singles titles in the same week.[citation needed]
At the 1999 Lipton International Players Championships in Miami, she and her sister Serena became the first pair of sisters in the open era to meet in a tournament final.
Won a Career Doubles Grand Slam (2001) at the Australian Open with Serena Williams.
Only woman to win a Career Doubles (Serena Williams) Golden Slam (1999 French Open to 2001 Australian Open).
Became the first sisters (Serena Williams) in the open era to contest a Grand Slam singles tournament final at the US Open (2001).
Became the first ever siblings (Serena Williams) to rank Top 2 at same time (2002).
Lowest seeded (27th) and lowest ranked (31st) to win Wimbledon (2007).[11]
Holds fastest serve recorded by a woman at the French Open: 128 mph in 2007 second round against Ashley Harkleroad.[12]
Holds fastest serve recorded by a woman at the US Open: 129 mph in 2007 first round against Kira Nagy.[13]
Holds fastest serve recorded by a woman at the Wimbledon: 129 mph in 2008 final against Serena Williams.[14]
Four Olympic Gold Medals (shared with Serena Williams)
Longest winning streak against No 1 player (years): 4 (shared with Davenport, Graf and Serena Williams).
Most Olympic medals won in tennis (shared with Kathleen McKane Godfree)
Most Grand slam appearances surpassing Amy Frazier's record in the 2016 US Open
Oldest player to defeat a reigning world number one in the open era, (Angelique Kerber). This feat was achieved at the Miami Masters tournament. (2017)
Justine Henin[edit]
Shares with Monica Seles the open era record for most consecutive French Open singles titles: 3.
Holds the open era record (and tied with Helen Wills Moody all time) for most consecutive sets won at the French Open: 40 (2005–2010).
First woman to win $5 million in prize money in a single year: 2007.
In 2005, she became the first reigning French Open champion to lose in the first round at Wimbledon.[citation needed]
In 2008, she became the only woman in the open era to retire from professional tennis while being ranked World No. 1.[15]
Only player in open era to win the French Open twice without dropping a set (2006 and 2007)
One of only 7 players in open era to reach the final of all 4 grand slams in a calendar year (2006) [others are Graf, Seles, Hingis, Evert, Navratilova, and Court]
One of only 6 players in open era to win 2 grand slams in a calendar year (2007) without dropping a set [others include King, Navratilova, Graf, Hingis, and S. Williams]
Shares with Evonne Goolagong the women's open era record for player with lowest ranking to reach the final of a grand slam. Each was unranked. Henin fell to S. Williams at the Australian Open in 2010; Goolagong won the same event in 1977.
Martina Hingis[edit]
On March 31, 1997, Hingis became the youngest player ever to be ranked World No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association (age 7003602600000000000♠16 years, 182 days).[16]
In 1997, Hingis became the first Swiss woman ever to win Wimbledon.
In 1998, Hingis won all four Major women's doubles titles in the same calendar year, only the fourth woman in tennis history to do so (after Maria Bueno, Martina Navratilova, and Pam Shriver).
In 2000, Hingis became the only woman player to earn more than US$3 million in prize money for four consecutive years.[17]
On June 8, 1998, Hingis became the third woman since the Women's Tennis Association rankings began on November 3, 1975, to hold the World No. 1 ranking in singles and doubles simultaneously (after Navratilova and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario).[18] Lindsay Davenport, Kim Clijsters, and Serena Williams have since duplicated that feat.[18]
Won all WTA Tier I titles.
Most WTA Tier I finals: 27
Billie Jean King[edit]
Most singles matches played in a season (1971):125.
Most singles matches won in a season (1971):112.
Most doubles titles won in a season (1971):21.
Most singles and doubles titles won in a season (1971): 38.
Most singles and doubles matches won in a season (1971):192.
Most doubles matches won in a season (1971):80.
Oldest singles title winner on the WTA Tour (Birmingham 1983):39 years, 7 months.
Evonne Goolagong Cawley[edit]
Most consecutive Australian Open finals (1971–76):6 (shared with Martina Hingis).
Most Australian Open finals overall:7.
Most Australian Open wins in straight sets in consecutive years(1975–77):3. (shared with Steffi Graf).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Six time champion". Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vilas snaps Borg's 49 match win streak at Nations Cup" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lleyton Hewitt – Career Highlights". ATP World Tour. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Baynes, Dan (October 10, 2006). "Lleyton Hewitt Plans to Regain No. 1 Tennis Ranking After Slide". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Clarey, Christopher (January 16, 2002). "Tennis; Add Grosjean to List Of Surprising Losers". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2012. Hewitt...rode a late-season surge in 2001 to become the youngest year-end No. 1 player in the world.
Jump up ^ "Isner Stops Hewitt To Retain Newport Title". ATP World Tour. July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012. Hewitt, 31, lost for the first time in a grass-court final (7–1).
^ Jump up to: a b c 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 237, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
Jump up ^ 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 230, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
^ Jump up to: a b 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 254, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
Jump up ^ "Seles beats Sabatini - 1990". Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Venus becomes first Aussie semifinalist
Jump up ^ Venus sets record with 128 mph serve
Jump up ^ Venus sets record with 129-mph serve
Jump up ^ Venus Williams is queen of Wimbledon again
Jump up ^ "Henin Retires From Sony Ericsson WTA Tour". WTA. Archived from the original on 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 237, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
Jump up ^ 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 243, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
^ Jump up to: a b 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 238, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
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