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Baseball field
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The baseball diamond of the San Diego Padres' Petco Park, seen from the left-field stands.
A baseball field, also called a ball field or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park.
Contents
[hide]
1 Specifications
2 First base
3 Second base
4 Third base
5 Home plate
6 Batter's box and catcher's box
7 Foul poles
8 Pitcher's mound
9 Baseline
9.1 Running baseline
9.2 Running lane
10 Grass line
11 Outfield
12 Warning track
13 Outfield wall
14 Bullpen
15 On-deck circles
16 Coach's boxes
17 History
18 Maintenance
19 Honors and awards
20 See also
21 References
22 External links
Specifications[edit]
This section appears to contradict itself on what "the infield" means. Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2017)
Unless otherwise noted, the specifications discussed in this section refer to those described within the Official Baseball Rules, under which Major League Baseball is played.[1]
Diagram of a baseball field.
The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate, which is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber, 17 inches (43.2 cm) square with two of the corners removed so that one edge is 17 inches (43.2 cm) long, two adjacent sides are 8.5 inches (21.6 cm) and the remaining two sides are 12 inches (30.5 cm) and set at an angle to make a point. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8.5-inch (21.6 cm) sides is a batter's box. The point of home plate where the two 12-inch (30.5 cm) sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot (27.5 m) square. The other three corners of the square, in counterclockwise order from home plate, are called first base, second base, and third base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches (38 cm) square mark the three bases. These three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield.
All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90-foot (27.5 m) square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the "point" of the ninety-foot (27.5 m) infield square. Thus, although the "points" of the bases are 90 feet (27.5 m) apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to 88 feet (26.8 m).[2]
The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is "foul territory." The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield; fair territory outside the infield is known as the outfield. Most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is usually set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet (91 to 128 m) from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole. These poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a batted ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball and the batter is awarded a home run.
First base[edit]
Main article: First baseman
Left field foul pole at Citi Field in Flushing, Queens.
First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the batting team in order to score a run. Unlike when an offensive player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, so long as he makes no move or attempt to advance to second base. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.
The first baseman is the defensive player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall.[citation needed] A tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Players who are left-handed are marginally preferable for first base because: first, it is easier for a left-handed fielder to catch a pick-off throw from the pitcher and tag the baserunner; and, second, it is easier for a left handed thrower to make the throw to second base to start a 3-6-3, 3-6-4, or a 3-6-1 double play.[citation needed] Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base; this is a move that a left-hander need not make (this advantage is very marginal, however). There are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players: 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop. This is because of the time it takes to pivot and set to throw. It takes a left-handed thrower more time to make that pivot and in the fast-paced major league game, that time is critical. As a result, there are fewer positions a left-handed player can occupy, and if that player is not fast, the outfield may not be a good fit.
In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the first baseman is assigned the number '3'.
Second base[edit]
Main article: Second baseman
Second base is the second of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a base runner in order to score a run for that player's team. Second base is typically defended by the second baseman and the shortstop. Second base is also known as the keystone sack. A runner on second base is said to be in "scoring position", owing to the high likelihood of reaching home plate and scoring a run from second base on most base hits. Since second is the farthest base from home plate, it is the most common target of base stealing. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.
Ideally, the second baseman and shortstop possess quick hands and feet and the ability to release the ball rapidly and with accuracy. One will usually cover second base when the other attempts to field the ball. Both players must communicate well to be able to make a double play. Particular agility is required of the second baseman in double play situations, which usually forces the player to throw towards first while his momentum carries him in the opposite direction. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4, and the shortstop 6.
Third base[edit]
Andy Wilkins rounds third base following a home run for the 2010 Arkansas Razorbacks baseball team.
Main article: Third baseman
Third base is the third of four bases a base runner must touch in a counterclockwise succession in order to score a run. Many batted balls that result in the batter being put out (such as a sacrifice fly) may nevertheless allow a runner to reach home plate and score a run from third base, provided that the third and final out is not recorded before he can do so. A runner on third base is therefore particularly valuable to the batting team when fewer than two outs have been recorded. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.
The third baseman is the defensive player whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base. A third baseman ideally possesses quick reaction to batted balls and a strong arm to make the long throw to first base. The distance from 3rd to 1st is about 127 feet. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the third baseman is assigned the number 5.
Home plate[edit]
"Home plate" redirects here. For other uses, see Home plate (disambiguation).
Home plate of a baseball field
Home plate, formally designated home base in the rules, is the final base that a player must touch to score. Unlike the other bases, home plate is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber that is set at ground level. The use of rubber was developed by Robert Keating, who pitched one game for the 1887 Baltimore Orioles. Previously—and more dangerously—the plate was made of stone, iron, or wood.[3]
The dimensions of home plate are 17 inches (43.2 cm) across the front, 8.5 inches (21.6 cm) down each side, with a triangular rear of two sides of 12 inches (30.5 cm). The rear edges are at 45 degrees to the sides, making a point at the back.[1] The plate is white and surrounded by a black strip 3/4 inches (1.9 cm) in width. The plate sits entirely in "fair" territory, with the two rear edges aligned with the right and left field foul lines. The length and angle requirements for home plate mandate that it is not a regular pentagon; it is a 17 inches by 8.5 inches (43.2 x 21.6 cm) rectangle with an isosceles triangle of base 17 inches (43.2 cm) and equal sides of 12 inches (30.5 cm) attached to the back.
Both the Major League Baseball Official Rules and the Little League rulebook say the angle between the two 12 inch sides should be 90 degrees. However, the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle with two sides of 12 inches is 288 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {288}}} inches, which is slightly less than the 17 inches required. The home plate as specified is therefore not physically realizable.[4]
50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) behind home plate is the backstop, which is a wall/fence that will stop wild pitches, passed balls, and foul balls. In enclosed stadiums, the backstop is often composed of a lower part, which is like any other part of the wall, and an upper netting to protect spectators seated behind it; in recreational baseball fields, there is usually a tall chain-link fence, including an angled top section, composing the entire backstop.
Batter's box and catcher's box[edit]
David Ortiz (in gray) of the Boston Red Sox stands in the left-handed hitters' batter's box at U.S. Cellular Field against the Chicago White Sox on July 7, 2006.
The batter's box is the place where the batter stands when ready to receive a pitch from the pitcher. It is usually drawn in chalk on the dirt surrounding home plate, and the insides of the boxes are watered down before each game.
The chalk lines delineating the two Foul Lines are rarely extended through the batter's boxes. However, those lines exist conceptually for the purpose of judging a batted ball fair or foul. In addition, inside edges of the Batter's Boxes are often not laid-in with chalk. Similarly, though not marked, those lines continue to exist for the purpose of the rules pertaining to the batter's box and the batter's position relative thereto.
There are two batter's boxes, one on each side of home plate. The batter's boxes are 4 feet wide (1.2 m) and 6 feet long (1.8 m). The batter's boxes are centered lengthwise at the center of home plate with the inside line of each batter's box 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the near edge of home plate. A right-handed batter would stand in the batter's box on the left side of home plate from the perspective of the catcher and umpire. A left-handed batter would stand in the batter's box to their right. A batter may only occupy one batter's box at a time and may not legally leave the batter's box after the pitcher has come set or has started his windup. Should the batter wish to leave the batter's box once the pitcher has engaged the rubber, he must first ask the umpire for time-out. Time will not be granted if the pitcher has already started his pitching motion. For playing rules relating to the batter's box, see Rules 6.05 and 6.06 of the Official Baseball Rules.
Foul poles[edit]
One of two foul poles at Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia.
Foul poles, if present, help umpires judge whether a fly ball hit above the fence line is foul (out of play) or fair (a home run). The poles are a vertical extension of the foul lines at the edge of the field of play. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory. Both the lines and the poles are in fair territory, in contrast to football and basketball, where the lines marking the playing boundaries are out of bounds. The minimum distance to hit a home run (along either foul line) is set by baseball rules, generally at 325 feet (99 m).[5]
Before 1920,[citation needed] the foul lines extended indefinitely; a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball out of the field was fair where it landed, or "when last seen" by the umpire. Now, a batted ball that leaves the field in flight is judged fair or foul at the point it leaves the field. Thus, such a fly ball passing on the fair side of a foul pole, or hitting a foul pole, is a home run regardless of where the ball goes thereafter.
Foul poles are typically much higher than the top of the outfield fence or wall, and often have a narrow screen running along the fair side of the pole. This further aids the umpires' judgment, as a ball that bounces off this screen is a home run. It can still be a difficult call, especially in ballparks with no outfield stands behind the poles to provide perspective. Wrigley Field is notorious for arguments over long, curving flies down a foul line (most notably in left field) that sail higher than the foul pole.
At Major League Baseball fields, foul poles are usually yellow. Those at Citi Field are orange. At the Rogers Centre, there are no foul poles, but large nets suspended from the roof that serve the same purpose. At Petco Park, there is no foul pole in left field; the pole's function is served by a yellow metal strip along the corner of the Western Metal Supply Co. building.
Pitcher's mound[edit]
The pitcher moves forward off the rubber as the pitch is released.
In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures 6 inches (15 cm) front-to-back and 2 feet (61 cm) across, the front of which is exactly 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details in History section).
In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter, with the center 59 feet (18 m) from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the pitcher's plate or rubber is 18 inches (46 cm) behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15.2 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25.4 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at 15 inches (38.1 cm), but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as 20 inches (51 cm), especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.
A pitcher will push off the rubber with his foot in order to gain velocity toward home plate when pitching. In addition, a higher mound generally favors the pitcher. With the height advantage, the pitcher gains more leverage and can put more downward velocity on the ball, making it more difficult for the batter to strike the ball squarely with the bat. The lowering of the mound in 1969 was intended to "increase the batting" once again, as pitching had become increasingly dominant, reaching its peak the prior year; 1968 is known among baseball historians as "The Year of the Pitcher". This restrictive rule apparently did its job, contributing to the hitting surge of modern baseball.
A pitcher's mound is difficult for groundskeepers to maintain. Usually before every game it is watered down to keep the dust from spreading. On youth and amateur baseball fields, the mound may be much different from the rule book definition due to erosion and repair attempts. Even in the major leagues, each mound gains its own character, as pitchers are allowed to kick away pieces of dirt in their way, thereby sculpting the mound a bit to their preference.
The pitcher may keep a rosin bag on the rear of the mound to dry off his hands. Major League Baseball teams are also permitted cleat cleaners on the back of the mound. This may be a flat grate-style plate, or simply a hand tool such as a piece of wood used to remove mud and dirt from cleats. These items are allowed to remain on the backside of the mound at the discretion of the umpire, thus reducing the probability that they will affect a live play.[6]
Baseline[edit]
A baseline is the straight line between two adjacent bases. Baselines are not drawn on the field, although the foul lines serve to mark the baseline between home plate and first base, and between third base and home.
Running baseline[edit]
Generally, base runners are not required to follow the baseline. A base runner seeking to advance more than one base typically "rounds" the base, following a more circular path. However, a base runner's left-right motion is constrained when the defense tries to tag him. At the moment the defense begins the attempt, the baserunner's running baseline is established as a direct line from his current position to the base he is trying for. A runner straying more than three feet (1 m) away from this baseline to avoid a tag may be called out.
Running lane[edit]
Beginning halfway between home and first base, and ending at first base, there is a second chalk line to the right of the foul line. This second line and the part of the foul line it runs parallel to, form the running lane that defines the path in which a batter-runner must run as he is advancing to first base. Rule 6.05(k) of the Official Baseball Rules states that, if a batter-runner running to first base runs outside the running lane, and "in doing so" interferes with the fielder taking the throw at first, then the batter-runner is automatically out. First base itself is not located in the running lane, but Rule 6.05 lets the batter-runner leave the running lane "by means of a step, stride or slide in the immediate vicinity of first base" to step on first base.[7]
Grass line[edit]
The H.H.H. Metrodome, showing a white "grass" line.
The grass line, where the dirt of the infield ends and the grass of the outfield begins, has no special significance to the rules of the game, but it can influence the outcome of a game. Dirt running paths between the bases (and, at one time and still in some parks, between the pitcher and the catcher) have existed since the beginning of the game, although they were not mentioned in the rule books until around 1950, and their specifications are flexible. In addition to providing a running path, the grass lines act as a visual aid so that players, umpires and fans may better judge distance from the center of the diamond. Occasionally the ball may take a tricky bounce off the dirt area or the edge between the dirt and the grass. Multiple World Series championships (including 1924, 1960 and 1986) have been decided or heavily influenced by erratic hops of ground balls.
In artificial turf stadiums, infield dirt was originally only placed around the bases and around the pitcher's and batting areas, which are referred to as "sliding pits." In this configuration, the "grass line" is usually designated with a white arc. Among Major League Baseball fields, Rogers Centre was the last stadium to maintain this type of configuration and is reconfigured with a full dirt infield starting in the 2016 MLB season.[8]
In some college baseball parks with artificial turf fields, the entire field (along with possibly the pitcher's mound) is made up of turf, with parts of the field mainly containing dirt instead merely being clay-colored turf.
Outfield[edit]
The outfield is made from thick grass or artificial turf. It is where the outfielders play. The positions to play in the outfield are right, center, and left field (named in relation to the batter's position; thus left field is beyond third base and right field is beyond first base). Outfields vary in size and shape depending on the overall size and shape of the playing field. The outfield stretches from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains the warning track. Outfields especially vary from Little League to Major League fields. Little League outfields vary more in size than Major League outfields. Outfields often differ from infields in the specific type of grass used, but most Major League outfields are grass.[9]
Warning track[edit]
The bottom of the picture shows part of the orange-colored clay warning track at Fenway Park.
The warning track is the strip of dirt at the edges of the baseball field (especially in front of the home run fence and along the left and right sides of a field). Because the warning track's color and feel differ from the grass field, a fielder can remain focused on a fly ball near the fence and measure his proximity to the fence while attempting to catch the ball safely.
A warning track's width is not specified in the rules. It is generally designed to give about three steps of warning to the highest-level players using the field. Typical widths run from about six feet for Little League fields to about 10–15 feet (3 - 4.5 m) for college- or professional-level play. A warning track this wide also lets groundskeepers avoid driving maintenance vehicles on the grass.
The track can be composed of finely ground rock particles such as cinders, which is why announcer Bob Wolff called it the "cinder path" rather than the "warning track".
The idea of a warning track originated in Yankee Stadium, where an actual running track was built for use in track and field events. When ballpark designers saw how the track helped fielders, it soon became a feature of every ballpark.
Single-minded fielders often crash into a wall trying to make a catch despite the warning track. For this reason, outfield walls are typically padded for extra safety. Wrigley Field's brick wall is covered only by ivy, which is not especially soft. However, there are pads on the walls of the tight left and right field corners in foul ground.
Warning-track power is a derogatory term for a batter who seems to have just enough power to hit the ball to the warning track for an out, but not enough to hit a home run. The term more generally refers to someone or something that is almost but not quite good enough for something.
Outfield wall[edit]
The Green Monster in 2006, showing the manual scoreboard and Green Monster seating, and more recent additions, including charity advertisements along the top, billboards above the Green Monster seating, and the American League East standings.
Pitchers warming up in the bullpen
The outfield wall or outfield fence is the wall or fence that marks the outer boundary of the outfield. A ball passing over the wall is dead; if it passes over the wall in fair territory while in flight, it is a home run. The official rules do not specify the shape, height, or composition of the wall, or a specific mandatory distance from home plate (though Major League Baseball mandates a minimum distance of 250 feet (76 m) and recommends a minimum distance of 320 feet (98 m) at the foul poles and 400 feet (120 m) at center field). As a result, baseball fields can vary greatly along those lines. The wall has numbers affixed or painted on it that denote the distance in feet from that point on the wall to home plate. In most modern major league ballparks, the wall is made of some hard material (e.g., concrete) with padding on the field side to protect players who may collide with the wall at high speed while trying to make a play. Chain link fencing may also be incorporated into the wall in areas where the wall needs to be transparent, e.g., an outfield bullpen, a spectator area behind the wall, or to protect a scoreboard incorporated into the wall. Many ballparks feature a yellow line denoting the top of the wall to aid umpires in judging whether the ball passed over the wall or if the ball is fair or foul.
Bullpen[edit]
Main article: Bullpen
The bullpen (sometimes referred to as simply "the pen") is the area where pitchers warm up before entering a game. Depending on the ballpark, it may be situated in foul territory along the baselines or just beyond the outfield fence. Relief pitchers usually wait in the bullpen when they have yet to play in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes his final pregame warmups in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin his warmup tosses. "Bullpen" is also used metonymically to describe a team's collection of relief pitchers.
On-deck circles[edit]
Main article: On-deck
There are two on-deck circles in the field, one for each team, positioned in foul ground between home plate and the respective teams' benches. They are technically known as next-batter's boxes. The on-deck circle is where the next scheduled batter, or "on-deck" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish his turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, a mat made from artificial material, with the team or league logo painted onto it.
Coach's boxes[edit]
The coach's boxes, located behind first and third base, are where the first and third base coaches are supposed to stand, although coaches often stand outside the box. This is permissible as long as the coach does not interfere with play and the opposing team does not object (in which case the umpire shall ensure that all coaches on both teams must abide by the boundaries of the coach's boxes). The coach's boxes are marked with chalk or paint. In the early days of baseball, the term "coacher's box" was used, as "coach" was taken to be a verb. As the term "coach" evolved into a noun, the name of the box also changed.
History[edit]
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The basic layout of the diamond has been little changed since the original Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. The distance between bases was already established as 90 feet (27.5 m), which it remains to this day. Through trial and error, 90 feet (27.5 m) had been settled upon as the optimal distance. 100 feet (30.5 m) would have given too much advantage to the defense, and 80 feet too much to the offense.
The original Knickerbocker Rules did not specify the pitching distance explicitly. By the time major league baseball began in the 1870s, the pitcher was compelled to pitch from within a "box" whose front edge was 45 feet (13.7 m)from the "point" of home plate. Although he had to release the ball before crossing the line, as with bowlers in cricket, he also had to start his delivery from within the box; he could not run in from the field as bowlers do. Furthermore, the pitcher had to throw underhand. By the 1880s, pitchers had mastered the underhand delivery—in fact, in 1880, there were two perfect games within a week of each other.[10]
In an attempt to "increase the batting", the front edge of the pitcher's box was moved back 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1881, to 50 feet (15 m) from home plate. The size of the box was altered over the following few years. Pitchers were allowed to throw overhand starting in 1884, and that tilted the balance of power again. In 1887, the box was set at 4 feet (1.2 m) wide and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) deep, with the front edge still 50 feet (15 m) from the plate. However, the pitcher was compelled to deliver the ball with his back foot at the 55.5 foot (16.9 m) line of the box, thus somewhat restricting his ability to "power" the ball with his overhand delivery.[11]:96
In 1893, the box was replaced by the pitcher's plate, although "the box" is still used today as a slang term for the pitcher's location on the field. Exactly 5 feet (1.5 m) was added to the point the pitcher had to toe, again "to increase the batting" (and hopefully to increase attendance, as fan interest had flagged somewhat), resulting in the seemingly peculiar pitching distance of 60.5 feet (18.4 m).[11]:230
Many sources suggest that the pitching distance evolved from 45 to 50 to 60.5 feet. However, the first two were the "release point" and the third is the "pushoff point", so the 1893 increase was not quite as dramatic as is often implied; that is, the 1893 rule change added only 5 feet to the release point, not 10.5 feet (3.2 m).
Originally the pitcher threw from flat ground, but over time the raised mound was developed, somewhat returning the advantage to the pitchers. Before the mid-20th century, it was common for baseball fields to include a dirt pathway between the pitcher's mound and home plate. This feature is sometimes known as the "keyhole" due to the shape that it makes together with the mound. The keyhole was once as wide as the pitcher's box and resembled the "pitch" area used in the game of cricket. Sometimes this path extended through the batting area and all the way to the backstop. Once the rounded pitcher's mound was developed, the path became more ornamental than practical, and was gradually thinned before being largely abandoned by the 1950s. In recent years some ballparks, such as Comerica Park and Chase Field in the major leagues, have revived the feature for nostalgic reasons.
Maintenance[edit]
See: Turf management, Sports turf, Groundskeeping#Groundskeeping equipment, Equipment manager, and Sand-based athletic fields
Honors and awards[edit]
See also: ABCA/Turface Athletics Field Maintenance Awards
The Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) presents various awards each year. Starting in 2001, its Sports Turf Manager of the Year Awards have been presented annually in the Triple-A, Double-A, Class A, and Short-Season/Rookie divisions of Minor League Baseball and are chosen from the 16 league winners.[12] STMA also presents the Baseball Field of the Year Award, which includes Schools and Parks, College/University and Professional categories.[13]
See also[edit]
Official Rules of Major League Baseball
The Baseball Encyclopedia, published by Macmillan Publishers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Rules: 1.00 Objectives of the Game". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "DIAGRAM NO 2". Official Rules of Major League Baseball, 2013 Edition (PDF). Triumph Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-60078-797-3.
Jump up ^ James, B. New Historical Baseball Abstract.
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Home Plate". MathWorld.
Jump up ^ "Field Dimensions". MLB.com. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahony, Phillip (2014). Baseball Explained. McFarland Books.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Blue Jays' new dirt infield under construction at Rogers Centre". CBC.ca. February 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Major League Baseball Ballpark Grass and Turf". www.baseballpilgrimages.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Lee Richmond Perfect Game Box Score by Baseball Almanac". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lansch, Jerry. Glory Fades Away.
Jump up ^ "Turf award winners named: Stevenson, Parrott, Tanis, Hall are classification winners". Florida State League official website. Minor League Baseball. November 21, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-01. [T]he STMA [Sports Turf Managers Association] began recognizing sports turf managers in 2001.
Jump up ^ "Baseball: Hawks Field at Haymarket Park". Nebraska Huskers. Retrieved 2012-01-01. Hawks Field at Haymarket Park ... won the Baseball Field of the Year Award in the College/University division by the Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) for the second time.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baseball fields.
Baseball portal
Baseball field Almanac
PONY Baseball
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No man's land
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see No Man's Land (disambiguation).
An aerial photograph showing opposing trenches and no man's land between Loos and Hulluch during World War I
No man's land is land that is unoccupied or is under dispute between parties who leave it unoccupied due to fear or uncertainty. The term was originally used to define a contested territory or a dumping ground for refuse between fiefdoms.[1] In modern times, it is commonly associated with World War I to describe the area of land between two enemy trench systems, which neither side wished to cross or seize due to fear of being attacked by the enemy in the process.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 World War I
3 Cold War
4 Israel–Jordan
5 Oklahoma Panhandle
6 See also
7 References
Origin[edit]
According to Alasdair Pinkerton, an expert in human geography at the Royal Holloway University of London, the term is first mentioned in Domesday Book in the 11th century to describe parcels of land that were just beyond the London city walls.[3] The Oxford English Dictionary contains a reference to the term dating back to 1320, and spelled nonesmanneslond, when the term was used to describe a disputed territory or one over which there was legal disagreement.[1][4] The same term was later used as the name for the piece of land outside the north wall of London that was assigned as the place of execution.[4] The term was applied to a little-used area on ships called the forecastle, a place where various ropes, tackle, block, and other supplies were stored.[5] In the United Kingdom several places called No Man's Land denoted "extra-parochial spaces that were beyond the rule of the church, beyond the rule of different fiefdoms that were handed out by the king … ribbons of land between these different regimes of power".[3]
World War I[edit]
A stretch of no man's land at Flanders Fields, France, 1919
The British Army did not widely employ the term when the Regular Army arrived in France in August 1914, soon after the outbreak of the Great War.[6] The terms used most frequently at the start of the war to describe the area between the trench lines included 'between the trenches' or 'between the lines'.[6] The term 'no man's land' was first used in a military context by soldier and historian Ernest Swinton in his short story The Point of View.[1] Swinton used the term in war correspondence on the Western Front, with specific mention of the terms with respect to the Race to the Sea in late 1914.[6] The Anglo-German Christmas truce of 1914 brought the term into common use, and thereafter it appeared frequently in official communiqués, newspaper reports, and personnel correspondences of the members of the British Expeditionary Force.[6]
In World War I, no man's land often ranged from several hundred yards to in some cases less than 10 yards.[7] Heavily defended by machine guns, mortars, artillery and riflemen on both sides, it was often riddled with barbed wire and rudimentary improvised land mines, as well as corpses and wounded soldiers who were not able to make it across the sea of bullets, explosions and flames. The area was usually devastated by the warfare and riddled with craters from artillery and mortar shells, and sometimes contaminated by chemical weapons. It was open to fire from the opposing trenches and hard going generally slowed down any attempted advance. However, not only were soldiers forced to cross no man's land when advancing, and as the case might be when retreating, but after an attack the stretcher bearers would need to go out into it to bring in the wounded. No man's land remained a regular feature of the battlefield until near the end of World War I, when mechanised weapons (i.e. tanks) made entrenched lines less of an obstacle.
Effects from World War I no man's lands persist today, for example at Verdun in France, where the Zone Rouge (Red Zone) is an area with unexploded ordnance, poisoned beyond habitation by arsenic, chlorine, and phosgene. The zone is sealed off completely and still deemed too dangerous for civilians to return: "The area is still considered to be very poisoned, so the French government planted an enormous forest of black pines, like a living sarcophagus", comments Alasdair Pinkerton, a researcher at Royal Holloway University of London, who compared the zone to the nuclear disaster site at Chernobyl, similarly encased in a "concrete sarcophagus".[3]
Cold War[edit]
During the Cold War, one example of "no man's land" was the territory close to the Iron Curtain. Officially the territory belonged to the Eastern Bloc countries, but over the entire Iron Curtain there were several wide tracts of uninhabited land, several hundred meters in width, containing watch towers, minefields, unexploded bombs and other such debris.
The U.S. Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba is separated from Cuba proper by an area called the Cactus Curtain. In late 1961, Cuba had its troops plant an 8-mile (13 km) barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the 28-kilometre (17 mi) fence surrounding the base to prevent economic migrants fleeing from Cuba from resettling in the United States.[8] This was dubbed the "Cactus Curtain", an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain[9] and the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia. U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 land mines across the no man's land, creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Americas. On 16 May 1996, Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, ordered their removal. The U.S. land mines have since been replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders. The Cuban government has not removed the corresponding minefield on its side of the border.
Israel–Jordan[edit]
No man's land in Jerusalem, between Israel and Jordan, circa 1964
The 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Jordan were signed in Rhodes with the help of UN mediation on 3 April 1949.[10] Armistice lines were determined in November 1948. Between the lines territory was left that was defined as no man's land.[11][12] Such areas existed in Jerusalem, in the area between the western and southern parts of the Walls of Jerusalem and Musrara.[13] A strip of land north and south of Latrun was also known as "no man's land" because it was not controlled by either Israel or Jordan in 1948–1967.[14]
Oklahoma Panhandle[edit]
Main article: Oklahoma Panhandle
In 1885, the United States Interior Department ruled that what was called "The Neutral Strip" was public land and that squatter homesteads were invalid. The Strip began to be called No Man's Land around 1886 after one official stated "no man can own the land".[15]
See also[edit]
Batman: No Man's Land
Bir Tawil
Hay Meadow Massacre
Korean Demilitarized Zone
Kowloon Walled City
Terra nullius
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Persico p. 68
Jump up ^ Coleman p. 268
^ Jump up to: a b c "Adventures in No Man's Land - BBC News", Bbc.com, retrieved 30 September 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Levenback p. 95
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Robert Facts on File Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins (2008)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Payne, David (8 July 2008). "No Man's Land". Western Front Association. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, John (2003), Trench Fighting of World War I, ABDO, p. 8, ISBN 1-57765-916-3
Jump up ^ "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises". Trade and Environment Database. American University. Archived from the original on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
Jump up ^ "Yankees Besieged". TIME. 1962-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/CD41289E-0875-4D84-A2D1-5BBF34BCF91A/0/mapstorypart2.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/1949+Armistice+Agreement+with+Jordan.htm
Jump up ^ Hasson, Nir (30 October 2011). "Reclaiming Jerusalem's No-man's-land" – via Haaretz.
Jump up ^ "Palestinians for Peace and Democracy". www.p4pd.org.
Jump up ^ "The Panhandle of Oklahoma before statehood". No Mans Land Historical society. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
Bibliography
Coleman, Julie (2008). A History of Cant and Slang Dictionaries. 3. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-954937-0.
Persico, Joseph E. (2005). Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918 World War I and Its Violent Climax. Random House. ISBN 0-375-76045-8.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_man%27s_land&oldid=826694799"
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values: An aerial reconnaissance photograph of the opposing trenches and no man's land between Loos and Hulluch in Artois, France. German trenches are at the right and bottom, and British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road or track.

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GMC Acadia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the manufacturing in Canada of a similar name, see Acadian (automobile).
GMC Acadia
Overview
Manufacturer
GMC (General Motors)
Production
2006–present
Model years
2007–present
Body and chassis
Class
Full-size crossover SUV (until 2016)
Mid-size crossover SUV (2017–present)
Body style
4-door SUV
Layout
FF / AWD layout
Powertrain
Transmission
6-speed automatic
Chronology
Predecessor
GMC Envoy XL
Isuzu Ascender
Pontiac Montana SV6
Saturn Outlook
Hummer H3 (SUV version)
Pontiac Torrent
The GMC Acadia is a mid-size crossover SUV (full-size in 2007–2016) from GMC. The first generation GMC Acadia shared the GM Lambda platform with the Chevrolet Traverse, and Buick Enclave. The Acadia went on sale in 2006 as a 2007 model in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The Acadia replaces three of the 7- or 8-seater vehicles on the Pontiac-Buick-GMC dealership network, the mid-size GMC Safari van, the GMC Envoy, and the Pontiac Montana SV6 minivan for the domestic market. As of 2009, the Lambda vehicles have replaced the Buick Rainier, Buick Rendezvous, and the Buick Terraza, and then subsequently the GMC Envoy and the Chevrolet TrailBlazer. A Denali version of the Acadia debuted in 2010 as a 2011 model. In 2016, the second generation Acadia was repositioned as a mid-size crossover utility vehicle (as a 2017 model) in order to compete within the growing mid-size CUV market against the likes of the Ford Edge and Dodge Journey.
Contents
[hide]
1 First generation (2007–2017)
1.1 Suspension and chassis
1.2 Engine and transmission
1.3 Interior
1.4 Wheels and tires
1.5 Acadia Denali
1.6 Trim levels
1.7 Safety
1.8 Model year updates
1.8.1 2013 facelift
1.8.2 2014 model year
1.8.3 2015 model year
2 Second generation (2017–present)
2.1 Holden Acadia
2.2 Acadia Limited
3 Yearly US sales
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
First generation (2007–2017)[edit]
GMC Acadia
Overview
Production
2006–2017
Model years
2007–2016
2017 (Acadia Limited)
Assembly
Lansing Delta Township Assembly, Delta Township, Michigan
Body and chassis
Platform
GM Lambda platform/GMT968 (Series GMT960)
Related
Buick Enclave
Chevrolet Traverse
Saturn Outlook
Powertrain
Engine
3.6 L LY7 V6
3.6 L LLT V6
Transmission
6-speed 6T75 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
118.9 in (3,020 mm)
Length
2007–2008 & 2013–2016: 201.1 in (5,108 mm)
2009–2012: 200.7 in (5,098 mm)
Width
2007–2008 & 2013–2016: 78.9 in (2,004 mm)
2009–2012: 78.2 in (1,986 mm)
Height
2007–2008 & 2013–2016: 72.8 in (1,849 mm)
2009–2012: 69.9 in (1,775 mm)
2007 GMC Acadia
The Acadia represents GMC's entry-level truck-like CUV and is the first unibody vehicle from the marque. It is also GMC's first front-wheel drive passenger vehicle and GMC's first crossover utility vehicle (CUV).
The Acadia has seating for eight and either front or all-wheel drive. With a 5,200 lb (2,359 kg) towing capacity, the Acadia slots between the GMC Terrain and the Yukon. The Acadia is the mid-priced Lambda model between the Chevrolet Traverse and Enclave.
In December 2006, all production and sales of the Acadia (and the Saturn Outlook) were temporarily stopped due to the engine mounts not having holes drilled to release accumulated water, as well as an issue with potentially faulty rivets in the load floor just forward of the vehicle's rear hatch. The assembly process was quickly adjusted, and dealership sales of the vehicles had resumed within days of the notice.
The first-generation Acadia will continue to be sold alongside its second-generation replacement as the Acadia Limited. For more information, please see below.
Suspension and chassis[edit]
The 2008 Acadia has a 118.9 in (3,020 mm) wheelbase and 67.28 in (1,709 mm) front/rear tracks. The independent front suspension is a MacPherson strut design, with a direct-acting stabilizer bar and aluminum knuckles. The independent rear suspension uses a "H" Linked design.
Steering is power-assisted rack-and-pinion, with an optional variable-effort system. Standard are 18 inch wheels and tires, with optional 19 inch wheels. Four-wheel disc brakes with ABS are standard.
Engine and transmission[edit]
The Acadia uses GM's High Feature LY7 V6 that was introduced in the Cadillac CTS. In the Acadia, the engine produces 275 hp (205 kW) and 258 lb⋅ft (350 N⋅m) of torque. The Acadia also uses the new GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission.
The 2009 model year engine was the direct injected LLT, producing 288 hp (215 kW) and 270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m) of torque.
The 2012 Acadia has a 3.6 L V6 engine producing 288 hp (215 kW) and 270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m) torque.[citation needed]
The 2017 Acadia Limited has a 3.6 L V6 engine producing 310 hp (231 kW) and 271 lb ft (367 Nm) torque[1]
Year
Engine
Power
Torque
Transmission
2007–2008 3.6 L LY7 V6 275 hp (205 kW) 251 lb⋅ft (340 N⋅m) 6-speed 6T75
2009–2016 3.6 L LLT V6 288 hp (215 kW) 270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m)
2017 3.6 L LGX V6 310 hp (231 kW) 271 lb·ft (367 N·m) 6-speed 6T70
Interior[edit]
The Acadia features available 3-row, 7 or 8-seater seating. Inside, the Acadia features more contemporary trim than the Outlook, including chrome and satin nickel textures, and a wider variety of two-toned interior colors such as an Ebony and Light Titanium (grey) cloth upholstery, and a choice of either Ebony, Light Titanium (grey) or Brick (brown) leather upholstery. A heads-up display similar to those found in the Cadillac XLR, Cadillac STS, Pontiac Grand Prix, Pontiac Aztek, Pontiac Bonneville, Buick Park Avenue and Chevrolet Corvette is one of the available options exclusive to the Acadia and standard on the Acadia Denali thus far.
Wheels and tires[edit]
The 2008 Acadia features 19 inch cast aluminum wheels and Goodyear Eagle RS-A M+S P255/60R-19 108H tires with a high-pressure compact spare tire standard on the SLT2 model and optional on the SLT1. The SLE model has 18 inch painted aluminum wheels with P255/65R-18 tires. The SLT1 comes standard with 18 inch machined aluminum wheels.
Acadia Denali[edit]
First generation 2011 GMC Acadia Denali
first generation refresh for 2013 GMC Acadia Denali
The Denali version of the Acadia arrived at dealerships in 2010 as 2011 model. This upgraded trim is available in FWD and AWD versions in seven- or eight-passenger form and features monotone paint, honeycomb grille, unique front and rear fascias, along with HID headlamps, chrome accents, exhaust tips, and six-spoke 20-inch wheels. Interior upgrades include perforated leather seating and wood trim.
The Acadia Denali joins its SUV siblings, the Terrain Denali, the Yukon Denali and Yukon XL Denali, and marks GMC's first crossover to take the Denali badge.[2]
Trim levels[edit]
Trim Level
Years
SL 2008–2012
SLE 2007–present
SLT 2007–present
Denali 2011–present
Safety[edit]
A unibody construction helps lower center of gravity, compared to previous truck-based GM SUVs, reduces the risk of rollover accidents. Much of the Acadia's structure is reinforced with high-strength steel, including a steel cross-car beam welded across the floor between the B-pillars.
The Acadia has six different airbags equipped in the vehicle; two dual-stage front air bags for the driver and front passenger, two seat-mounted side-impact air bags in the first row and two head curtain side impact air bags that cover all three seating rows. Similar to the Volvo XC90, the Acadia will have a detection system on board that will deploy various airbags if a rollover is detected.
Additionally, the Acadia comes standard with the OnStar system.
Model year updates[edit]
2013 facelift[edit]
GM unveiled an updated 2013 GMC Acadia at the 2012 Chicago Auto Show, taking the bodyshell of the discontinued Saturn Outlook.[3] The 2013 Acadia received a completely redesigned grille and front fascia, a redesigned rear liftgate, and an improved interior with upgrades to interior quality, as with its other two updated siblings, the Buick Enclave and Chevrolet Traverse.
2014 model year[edit]
For the 2014 model year, the Acadia added Forward Collision Alert and Lane Departure Warning as a standard on Denali and as an optional feature on SLT1 and SLT2 trims, while two charging-only USB ports on the rear of the center console for second-row use were added as a standard for all trims.[4]
2015 model year[edit]
For the 2015 model year, a heated, leather-wrapped steering wheel became standard on SLT-2 and Denali models, along with a twenty-inch aluminum wheel design. Crimson Red Tintcoat, Dark Sapphire Blue Metallic, and Midnight Amethyst Metallic are added as new exterior color palettes. In addition, dual exhaust became available only on Denali versions, while all other trim levels received single exhaust.[5]
Second generation (2017–present)[edit]
GMC Acadia
Overview
Also called
Holden Acadia
Production
2016–present
Model years
2017–present
Assembly
Spring Hill Assembly, Spring Hill, Tennessee
Body and chassis
Platform
C1XX
Related
Buick Enclave
Cadillac XT5
Chevrolet Traverse
Powertrain
Engine
3.6 L LGX V6 (gasoline)
2.5 L LCV I4 (gasoline)
Transmission
6-speed 6T50/6T70 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
112.5 in (2,857 mm)
Length
193.6 in (4,917 mm)
Width
75.4 in (1,915 mm)
Height
68.7 in (1,745 mm)
Chronology
Predecessor
Holden Captiva 7 (Australia)
The second generation Acadia made its official debut at the North American International Auto Show on January 12, 2016. The redesigned Acadia went on sale in May 2016 as a 2017 model.[6] The second generation Acadia is built in Spring Hill, Tennessee.
The second generation Acadia was reduced from 200.8 inches to 193.6 inches in length and from 78.9 inches to 75.4 inches in width (losing 700 pounds in the process), as GM repositioned the vehicle to mid-size status while remaining above the Terrain in size (the Terrain itself would relinquish its midsize status after it was repositioned as a second generation smaller compact crossover with the 2018 model), as GM has already announced that the next generation Traverse and Enclave will be the only GM-built full size crossover SUVs in this segment. With the reduction from full-size to mid-size, the Acadia's MSRP was reduced to $29,995 (US).[7] The GMC Acadia now has 5, 6, and 7 passenger configurations arranged respectively like either two front bucket seats and one rear bench seat; two bucket seats up front, two buckets in the second row, and two seats in the rear row; or two front bucket seats, one second row bench seat, and two rear seats in the third row.
The second generation Acadia features seven seats instead of eight, a choice of either a 2.5L or 3.6L engine, a new All Terrain drivetrain designed for off-road environments (joining the FWD and AWD drivetrains), an updated fascia and redesigned lighting.[8] The Acadia is built on the same platform as the Cadillac XT5 and will be joined by the Chinese-built Buick Envision and a yet to be named Chevrolet equivalent (built on the C1XX platform) when GM unveils its lineup for its mid-size CUVs for 2018 and beyond.[9][10]
With the decrease in size, fuel economy with the 3.6L increases to 18 city, 25 hwy (AWD and FWD) from 17 city 24 hwy (FWD).[11][12] The 2017 Acadia will offer the newly launched AppShop feature.[13]
Trim levels for the second generation Acadia were carried over from the previous generation; SL, SLE-1, SLE-2, SLT-1, SLT-2, as well as a Denali trim level, though an All-Terrain Package is available on Acadia SLE and SLT trim levels that will be more rugged in its appearance. The second generation Acadia is also available with Third Row Seat Delete option on SLE and SLT trim levels as part of the All-Terrain Package.
The second generation Acadia introduced a feature to remind drivers to check the rear seats for children to help prevent heatstroke of children accidentally left behind in a vehicle.[14]
Holden Acadia[edit]
The Acadia will be sold in Australia and New Zealand as a Holden badged vehicle and will retain the Acadia name. The Holden Acadia will also be built in Tennessee with RHD specifications and marketed as a full size CUV when it goes on sale in 2018.[15] Australia will be the only market in the world where a right-hand drive version of the Acadia will be sold.
Acadia Limited[edit]
Starting with the 2017 model year, the first-generation Acadia is sold alongside its second-generation replacement, but was renamed the Acadia Limited, much like the Chevrolet Cruze Limited, Chevrolet Malibu Limited, and Chevrolet Impala Limited were also sold alongside their replacements, at least for a single model year, as rental and fleet vehicles. However, production remained in Lansing, Michigan as the second generation Acadia moved to Spring Hill, Tennessee, the site of the old Saturn plant. With the second-generation Buick Enclave and Chevrolet Traverse making their debuts in 2017 as 2018 models, GMC ended production on the Acadia Limited on March 31, 2017 in order to start production on the Traverse and Enclave.[16] The Acadia Limited carried a base price tag of $44,775 and continued to offer the same features from the 2016 model.[17]
Yearly US sales[edit]
Year
Sales
2006 480
2007 72,765
2008 66,440
2009 53,820[18]
2010 68,295[19]
2011 79,288[20]
2012 79,756
2013 89,793[21]
2014 83,972[22]
2015 96,393[23]
2016 88,466[24]
2017 111,276[25]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "2017 GMC Acadia". GM Authority. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
Jump up ^ Filipponio, Frank (December 17, 2009). "GMC reveals gussied-up Acadia Denali for 2011". Autoblog. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fogelson, Jason. "2013 GMC Acadia Revealed at Chicago Auto Show". About.com. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GMC Acadia - 2014" (Press release). GM Media. May 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali - 2015" (Press release). GM Media. August 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "High End Vehicles And Crossovers Will Take Center Stage In Motown" from Automotive News (January 9, 2016)
Jump up ^ "2017 GMC Acadia MSRP Drops Between $1,725 And $3,000 Over 2016 Model: Pricing Comparison" from GM Authority (February 18, 2016)
Jump up ^ GMC Introduces All-New 2017 Acadia from GMC (January 12, 2016)
Jump up ^ "Chevrolet Clears Space For A New Crossover" from Automotive News (July 20, 2015)
Jump up ^ Is this a new Blazer? Chevy midsize SUV spied inside and out from Autoblog (March 1, 2018)
Jump up ^ "FEATURES & SPECS". GMC. GM. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "FEATURES & SPECS". GMC. GM. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "2017 Model Year GM Vehicles To Roll Out Long-Awaited App Shop" from GM Authority (June 3, 2016)
Jump up ^ "GM Unveils Technology To Help Avoid Child Heatstroke Deaths" from Automotive News (January 12, 2016)
Jump up ^ http://www.redbook.com.au/car-news/2016/car/holden/holden-confirms-captiva-replacement-103624?csn_tnet=true
Jump up ^ "GMC Acadia Limited Production To End Next Week" from GM Authority (March 24, 2017)
Jump up ^ "GMC Acadia Limited Priced at $44,775" from GM Authority (July 1, 2016)
Jump up ^ "General Motors December 2009 - Cheers & Gears Forums". Cheersandgears.com. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "December 2010 Sales: General Motors - Cheers & Gears Forums". Cheersandgears.com. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GM's U.S. Sales Increase 5 Percent in December" (Press release). Media.gm. 2012-01-04. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2013" (PDF). Media General Motors. 2014-01-03. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GM Deliveries Up 19 Percent In Blockbuster December" (Press release). Media.gm. January 5, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GM, Chevrolet Lead with the Industry's Largest Retail Market Share Increases of 2015" (Press release). GM Media. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/jan/0104-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2016.pdf
Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/jan/0103-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2017.pdf
References[edit]
"2007 GMC Acadia". Leftlanenews.com. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GMC Acadia.
Official GMC Acadia site
GMC Acadia at the Internet Movie Cars Database
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