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Boot Hill
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For other uses, see Boot Hill (disambiguation).
Tombstone, Arizona's Boothill Graveyard in 2009
Boot Hill, or Boothill, is the name for any number of cemeteries, chiefly in the American West. During the 19th century it was a common name for the burial grounds of gunfighters, or those who "died with their boots on" (i.e., violently).
Contents
1 Origin of term
2 Boothill Graveyard
3 Boot Hill Museum
4 In popular culture
5 Gallery
5.1 Tombstone, Arizona
5.2 Deadwood, South Dakota
5.3 Dodge City, Kansas
5.4 Miscellaneous
6 List of places with Boot Hill cemeteries
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Origin of term[edit]
Although many towns use the name "Boot Hill", the first graveyard named "Boot Hill" was at Hays, Kansas, 5 years before the founding of Dodge City, Kansas.[1] The term alludes to the fact that many of its occupants were cowboys who "died with their boots on," the implication here being they died violently, as in gunfights or by hanging, and not of natural causes. The term became commonplace throughout the Old West, with some Boot Hills becoming famous, such as Dodge City, Kansas, Tombstone, Arizona, and Deadwood, South Dakota.
Boothill Graveyard[edit]
The most notable use of the name "Boot Hill" is at the Boothill Graveyard in Tombstone, Arizona. 31°43′11.6″N 110°04′13.6″W / 31.719889°N 110.070444°W / 31.719889; -110.070444 (Boothill Graveyard) Formerly called the "Tombstone Cemetery", the plot features the graves of Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury and Tom McLaury; the three men who were killed during the famed Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.[2]
Located on the northwest corner of the town, the graveyard is believed to hold over 300 persons, 205 of which are recorded. This was due to some people (especially Chinese and Jewish immigrants) being buried without record. There is a separate Jewish cemetery nearby with some markers restored, and there are also marked graves of Chinese. However, most of the loss was due to neglect of grave markers and theft of these wooden relics as souvenirs.[3] For example, when former Tombstone Mayor John Clum visited Tombstone for the first Helldorado celebration in 1929, he was unable to locate the grave of his wife Mary, who had been buried in Boothill.
The Tombstone "boothill" cemetery was closed in late 1886, as the new "City Cemetery" on Allen Street opened. Thereafter, Boothill was referred to as the "old city cemetery" and neglected. It was used after that only to bury a few later outlaws (some legally hanged and one shot in a robbery), as well as a few colorful Western characters and one man (Emmett Crook Nunnally) who had spent many volunteer hours restoring it.[4]
Currently, the Boothill Graveyard is open to the public for a $3 fee, and is a popular stop for tourists visiting Tombstone.
Boot Hill Museum[edit]
The Boot Hill Museum is located on the original location of the Boot Hill Cemetery in Dodge City, Kansas.[5]
In popular culture[edit]
Boot Hill is the name of the cemetery in Dodge City in the Gunsmoke radio series. In many episodes, the marshal (Matt Dillon) would allude to "putting you in Boot Hill", or "another man headed to Boot Hill". In the first season of the Gunsmoke television series, the introduction to each episode showed Matt Dillon walking around Boot Hill reflecting on the deaths of men buried there.
Boothill Graveyard is referenced in many films such as Tombstone (1993), Wyatt Earp (1994), and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), during which it was repeatedly sung over the recurring title theme song by Frankie Laine. In the later half of the movie Laine changes the theme to:
“
Boothill... Boothill...
So cold... so still...
There they lay side by side,
the killers that died,
in the Gunfight at O.K. Corral.
”
Boot Hill is the name of a role playing game first published in 1975 by TSR, Inc., the original publisher of Dungeons & Dragons. It was the third game released by TSR and notable as one of the first games to use ten-sided dice.
Boot Hill also appears in the first person shooter video game Borderlands 2, located in 'The Dust', and playing home to a 'truxican standoff'.
Carl Perkins wrote in 1959 a song "The Ballad of Boot Hill". Johnny Cash recorded it for Columbia Records and it was released in the same year.
A Spaghetti Western named Boot Hill was released in 1969. It featured Terence Hill and Bud Spencer.
The first of three parts that compose the Neil Young song "Country Girl", that appears in his 1970 album with Crosby, Stills & Nash, "Déjà Vu", is called "Whiskey Boot Hill".
The Outlaws' song "Hurry Sundown" also references "lying" an unnamed character in "Boot Hill".
The song "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" from Billy Joel's 1973 Album Piano Man contains the lyrics "And he never had a sweetheart, but he finally found a home, underneath the boothill grave that bears his name".
Gallery[edit]
Tombstone, Arizona[edit]
The entrance to Boothill Graveyard
31°43′12″N 110°04′13″W / 31.720000°N 110.070278°W / 31.720000; -110.070278 (Site of Boot Hill Cemetery at Tombstone, Arizona)
Graves of Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers
Alleged grave of John Wesley Heath
Grave of George Johnson
Grave of "Two Chinese"
Gene Barry as Bat Masterson standing next to Lester Moore's grave in 1960
The Boothill Graveyard in 1940
Graves of Dan Dowd, Red Sample, Tex Howard, Bill Delaney and Dan Kelly in 1940
A blooming prickly pear at Boothill Graveyard
Deadwood, South Dakota[edit]
Deadwood's Boot Hill, the Mount Moriah Cemetery
Plaques for Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane
Grave of Wild Bill Hickok
Bust of Wild Bill Hickok in 1891
Bust of Wild Bill Hickok
Grave of Seth Bullock and his wife Martha
Dodge City, Kansas[edit]
The entrance to the Boot Hill Museum
The shops at Boot Hill Museum, including a reconstruction of the Long Branch Saloon
Graves at the Boot Hill Cemetery in 1959
Graves and the Hangman's Tree
The Hangman's Tree
John M Lawson at Boot Hill Cemetery
Miscellaneous[edit]
The Boot Hill Cemetery at Tilden, Texas in 2006
Historical marker in front of the Tilden Boot Hill Cemetery
Soapy Smith's grave at the Skagway, Alaska, Boot Hill
Grave of Frank H. Reid in Skagway
The Boothill Cemetery at Coulson, Montana
View of Virginia City, Nevada, from Boot Hill
List of places with Boot Hill cemeteries[edit]
Alma, New Mexico[6]
Anamosa, Iowa
Billings, Montana[7]
Bodie, California
Bonanza, Idaho
Calabasas, Santa Cruz County, Arizona[8]
Calico, San Bernardino County, California
Canyon City, Oregon
Canyon Diablo, Arizona
Columbia, California
Coulson, Montana
Cripple Creek, Colorado
Deadwood, South Dakota
Dodge City, Kansas
El Paso, Texas
Fort Sill, Oklahoma[9]
Guthrie, Oklahoma
Hartville, Wyoming[10]
Hays, Kansas
Idaho City, Idaho
Leadville, Colorado
Livermore, California
Mowry, Arizona[11]
Ogallala, Nebraska
Pioche, Nevada
Powderville, Montana
Riley Camp, Quay County, New Mexico
Seney Township, Michigan
Sidney, Nebraska[12]
Silver Reef, Utah
Skagway, Alaska[13]
Tascosa, Texas
Tilden, Texas
Tincup, Colorado[14]
Tombstone, Arizona
Valentine, Nebraska, also known as Minnechaduza Cemetery
Virginia City, Montana
Virginia City, Nevada
Weaver, Arizona[15]
Webster, Park County, Colorado[16]
Boot Hill was a common name for the prison graveyard at New Westminster, British Columbia.[17]
Boot Hill was also the name given by the prisoners to the cemetery at the Japanese-run Batu Lintang POW and civilian internment camp in Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo during World War II.
Boot Hill is the name given to the cemetery at the end of Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris where one can see comic gravestones and graves of the Ravenwoods, the former inhabitants of the Manor. At the far end, there are some geysers which erupt quite frequently.
See also[edit]
American Frontier
Bisbee Massacre
Cowboy Action Shooting
Fairbank Train Robbery
Potter's field
Shootout at Wilson Ranch
Shootout on Juneau Wharf
Western (genre)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Boot Hill Cemetery". The Milwaukee Journal. January 10, 1939. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas D. (1997). Tombstone's Epitaph. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2982-2.
Jump up ^ Interment Cemetery Records. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ Ben T. Traywick, Tombstone's Boothill, Red Marie's Bookstore, Tombstone AZ, 1971.
Jump up ^ "Boot Hill Museum and Front Street". Boot Hill Cemetery. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Boot Hill Cemetery". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Boothill Swords Park Cemetery Review | Billings, Little Big Horn, and the Montana Plains | Fodor's Travel Guides". Fodors.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Arizona Tourist Attractions Hometown Offbeat Arizona Ghost Towns Travel Wall Maps". Yourhometown.org. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ Nye, pp. 243–247
Jump up ^ "Hartville, Wyoming – Profile". Wheatlandwy.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Patagonia Backroad Ghost Towns". Legendsofamerica.com. 1903-03-04. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Sidney Nebraska Boot Hill Cemetery". Sidneyboothill.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Skagway Spectacular Sightseeing Tours, Skagway Tours, Skagway Alaska Tours, Skagway Tour, Skagway Train Ride, White Pass, White Pass Railroad Train Ride, AK". Southeasttours.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Boothill Cemetery: a Cemetery in Gunnison County, Colorado". Colorado.hometownlocator.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ "National Park Service – Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster (Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings)". Nps.gov. 2005-05-22. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Jump up ^ Brown, pg. 291-292
Jump up ^ "Boot Hill - New Westminster BC - Abandoned Cemeteries on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
Nye, Wilbur S. (1983). Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1856-7.
Brown, Robert L. (1972). Colorado Ghost Towns – past and Present. Caxton Press. ISBN 978-0-87004-218-8.
Further reading[edit]
Britz, Kevin (October 1, 2003). "'Boot Hill Burlesque': The Frontier Cemetery as Tourist Attraction in Tombstone, Arizona, and Dodge City, Kansas". Journal of Arizona History. Arizona Historical Society. ASIN B00E428MGY.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boothill Graveyard (Tombstone, Arizona).
Boot Hill Museum, Dodge City, Kansas
A tombstone in Boot Hill Cemetery in Tombstone, Arizona, from a Library of Congress website
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Father Knows Best
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the American radio and television sitcom. For other uses, see Father Knows Best (disambiguation).
Father Knows Best
Robert Young and Jane Wyatt as Jim and Margaret Anderson
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Ed James
Directed by
Peter Tewksbury
Starring
Robert Young
Jane Wyatt
Elinor Donahue
Billy Gray
Lauren Chapin
Jean Vander Pyl
Eleanor Audley
Rhoda Williams
Ted Donaldson
Norma Jean Nilsson
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
203
Production
Producer(s)
Murray Bolen
Ken Burton
Fran Van Hartesfeldt
Running time
26 minutes
Production company(s)
Rodney-Young Productions
Screen Gems Television
Release
Original network
CBS (1954–1955, 1958–1960)
NBC (1955–1958)
Picture format
Black-and-white
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
October 3, 1954 (1954-10-03) – May 23, 1960 (1960-05-23)
Father Knows Best is an American sitcom starring Robert Young, Jane Wyatt, Elinor Donahue, Billy Gray, and Lauren Chapin. The series, which first began on radio in 1949, aired for six seasons with a total of 203 episodes. The series debuted on CBS in October 1954. It ran for one season and was canceled the following year. The series was picked up by NBC, where it remained for three seasons. After a second cancellation in 1958, the series was picked up yet again, by CBS, where it aired until May 1960.
Created by Ed James, Father Knows Best follows the lives of the Andersons, a middle-class family living in the Midwestern town of Springfield.[1]
Contents
1 Radio
2 Television series
2.1 1977 reunion movies
3 Home video releases
4 Homages
5 Nielsen ratings
6 Syndication
7 References
8 External links
Radio[edit]
The series began August 25, 1949, on NBC Radio. Set in the Midwest, it starred Robert Young as the General Insurance agent Jim Anderson. His wife Margaret was first portrayed by June Whitley and later by Jean Vander Pyl. The Anderson children were Betty (Rhoda Williams), Bud (Ted Donaldson), and Kathy (Norma Jean Nilsson). Others in the cast were Eleanor Audley, Herb Vigran, and Sam Edwards. Sponsored through most of its run by General Foods, the series was heard Thursday evenings on NBC until March 25, 1954.
On the radio program, the character of Jim differs from the later television character. The radio Jim is far more sarcastic and shows he really rules over his family. Jim also calls his children names, something common on radio but lost in the TV series. For example, Jim says, "What a bunch of stupid children I have." Margaret is portrayed as a paragon of solid reason and patience, unless the plot calls for her to act a bit off; for example, in a Halloween episode, Margaret cannot understand how a table floats in the air. But that is a rare exception.
Betty, on radio, is portrayed as a status-seeking, boy-crazy teenage girl. To her, every little thing is "the worst thing that could ever happen." Bud, on radio, is portrayed as an "all-American" boy who always seems to need "just a bit more" money, though he gets $1.25 (around $12.00 in 2013) per week in allowance. Bud is in charge of always having to answer the phone, which he hates. He is also shown as a somewhat dim boy who takes everything literally; for example, Jim might say, "Go jump in the lake," to which Bud would reply, "Okay, Dad; which lake should I go jump into?" He also uses the phrase "Holy Cow" to express displeasure. On radio, Kathy often is portrayed as a source of irritation. She whines, cries and complains about her status in the family as being overlooked. She often is the source of money to her brother and sister, although she is in hock several years on her own allowance.
In an interview published in the magazine Films of the Golden Age (Fall 2015), Young revealed about the radio program: "I never quite liked it because it had to have laughs. And I wanted a warm relationship show.... When we moved to TV I suggested an entirely new cast and different perspective."[2]
Television series[edit]
The May 27, 1954, episode of The Ford Television Theatre show was called "Keep It in the Family." This 26-minute episode stars Robert Young as Jim Warren, head of the Warren Family. With him was wife Grace (Ellen Drew), older daughter Peggy (Sally Fraser), younger daughter Patty (Tina Thompson), and son Jeff (Gordon Gebert). Developed by Young and his partner Eugene Rodney, it was intended as a pilot for a Father Knows Best television series.[3] In the episode Peggy dreams of making it as an actress, but a talent scout who has raised her hopes just wants people for his acting school.
Only Robert Young remained of the radio cast when the series moved to CBS Television:
James "Jim" Anderson Sr.: Robert Young
Margaret Anderson: Jane Wyatt
Betty "Princess" Anderson: Elinor Donahue
James "Bud" Anderson Jr.: Billy Gray
Kathy "Kitten" Anderson: Lauren Chapin
The Andersons-top from left: Elinor Donahue, Robert Young, Jane Wyatt. Bottom: Lauren Chapin, Billy Gray.
Jim with daughter Kathy, 1957.
The series premiered October 3, 1954, on CBS where it aired Sundays at 10:00 pm (EST). Originally sponsored by Lorillard's Kent cigarettes in its first season, Scott Paper Company became the primary sponsor when in the fall of 1955 the series moved to NBC, where it aired Wednesdays at 8:30 pm (EST) for the next three seasons. Scott Paper remained as sponsor even after it moved in September 1958 back to CBS, where it aired Mondays at 8:30 pm (EST) for the last two seasons, with Lever Brothers as an alternate sponsor from 1957 through 1960. A total of 203 episodes were produced, running until September 17, 1960, and appearing on all three of the television networks of the time, including prime-time repeats from September 1960 through April 1963.
As before, the character of Margaret was portrayed as a "voice of reason," but Jim's character was softened to that of a thoughtful father who offered sage advice whenever one (or more) of his children had a problem. Jim was a salesman and manager of the General Insurance Company in Springfield, while Margaret was a housewife. One history of the series characterized the Andersons as "truly an idealized family, the sort that viewers could relate to and emulate."[4] As the two eldest children aged from teen-ager to young adult, Betty (1956) and Bud (1959) graduated from high school and attended Springfield Junior College.
Other actors had recurring roles on Father Knows Best. Vivi Janiss played the part of Myrtle Davis in eleven sporadic episodes from 1954 to 1959.
Father Knows Best had become so ingrained in American pop culture as its idyllic presentation of family life that in 1959, the U.S. Treasury Department commissioned a special 30-minute episode of the show called "24 Hours in Tyrant Land."[4] Never aired on television, the episode—distributed to schools, churches and civic groups—promoted the buying of savings bonds.[4] The episode was later included in the Season One DVD.
Young left the series in 1960 at the height of the show's popularity to work on other projects, but reruns continued to air in prime time for another three years, on CBS from 1960 to 1962 and on ABC from 1962 to 1963. Following that, reruns were shown on ABC-TV in the early afternoon for several years.
On November 22, 1963, the third-season episode "Man About Town" was being rerun on several ABC affiliates, mostly in the Mountain Time Zone (WABC-TV in New York was airing a local repeat of The Ann Sothern Show), when at 1:42 PM EST, ABC News broke into the program with the first bulletin of the assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas, Texas.
The facade of the Anderson House depicted in the series' opening credits is the same structure used as Mr. George Wilson's home in the television series Dennis the Menace and again, in remodeled form, as Captain/Major Anthony Nelson's residence in I Dream of Jeannie. This reuse of the house is identified both under "Production notes" in Wikipedia's entry on Dennis the Menace and under "Setting" in Wikipedia's entry relating to I Dream of Jeannie. Originally built in 1941 during the production of a series of Blondie movies, this theatrical property continued to serve for many more years as part of the backlot of Columbia Pictures (now Warner Brothers Ranch in Burbank, California). The house can also be seen in both its familiar Father Knows Best style and later renovated variations in episodes of Hazel, Bewitched, The Monkees, The Partridge Family and in numerous other television comedies and dramas.
1977 reunion movies[edit]
Cast photo from Father Knows Best Reunion. Standing, from left: Elinor Donahue, Robert Young and Jane Wyatt. Seated: Lauren Chapin and Billy Gray.
The TV cast reunited for a pair of TV movies on NBC: Father Knows Best Reunion on May 15, 1977 and Father Knows Best: Home for Christmas on December 18, 1977. In the 17 years since the series ended, the characters of Betty and Bud had both gotten married and had families of their own. Betty was the widowed mother of two girls, Jenny (Cari Anne Warder) and Ellen (Kyle Richards), while Bud and his wife, Jean (Susan Adams) were the parents of a son, Robert "Robby" (Christopher Gardner). Kathy, meanwhile, had become engaged to a doctor, Jason Harper (played by Hal England).[5]
Home video releases[edit]
Shout! Factory has released all six seasons of Father Knows Best on DVD in Region 1. Season 5 and 6 were released as Shout! Select titles, available exclusively through their online store. Season 5 was re-released on April 11, 2017.[6] Season 6 was re-released on July 18, 2017.[7]
In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia.[8][9]
DVD Name
Ep#
Release Date
Season One 26 April 1, 2008
Season Two 37 November 11, 2008
Season Three 37 June 9, 2009
Season Four 33 March 23, 2010
Season Five 38 August 17, 2010♦
April 11, 2017 (re-release)
Season Six 32 April 19, 2011♦
July 18, 2017 (re-release)
♦ – Shout! Factory Exclusives title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store
Homages[edit]
In a September 2010 episode of the CBS daytime television series The Young and the Restless, newlyweds Billy and Victoria Abbott (portrayed by Billy Miller and Amelia Heinle, respectively) buy a house that's a replica of the Anderson house. They watch Father Knows Best on DVD and often call each other "Jim" and "Margaret." At her wedding, which takes place in the house, Victoria chooses a 1950s-style white dress. Judge Anderson, the minister who marries the couple, was played by Donahue.
Nielsen ratings[edit]
The series finished in the Nielsen ratings at #25 for the 1957–1958 season, #14 for 1958–1959 and #6 for 1959–1960.[10]
Syndication[edit]
Father Knows Best aired in the 1980s on Superstation WTBS and in the 1990s on The Family Channel. The show also aired on TV Land from 1998–1999 and 2002–2004. Reruns of Father Knows Best air on Antenna TV as part of that channel's regular programming schedule since January 3, 2011 and it also aired weekday afternoons on digital sub-channel ME-TOO in Chicago. Father Knows Best is currently broadcast weekday mornings on fetv.
References[edit]
General
"Shout! Factory Store". Los Angeles: Shout! Factory. 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
"Father Knows Best – Collector Helps Shout! Include Lost 'Playground' Episode On DVDs!". TVshowsondvd.com. Vancouver: Pacific Online. January 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
Specific
Jump up ^ Father Knows Best (radio). Pilot Episode. Dec 20, 1948.
Jump up ^ Bawden, James (Fall 2015). "Robert Young -- Family Man". Films of the Golden Age (82): 18–31.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (1999). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present (Twentieth Anniversary ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 338.
Jump up ^ Terrace, Vincent (1993). Television Character and Story Facts: Over 110,000 Details From 1,008 Shows, 1945–1992. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. Inc. ISBN 0-89950-891-X. [page needed]
Jump up ^ General 'Wide' Retail Release for 'Season 5,' Starring Robert Young Archived January 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 'Wide' General Retail Release for 'Season 6,' The Show's Final Season Archived April 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Father Knows Best – Season 1 Archived December 30, 2012, at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Father Knows Best – Season 2 Archived July 29, 2012, at Archive.is
Jump up ^ http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/index.htm
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Father Knows Best.
Father Knows Best on IMDb
Father Knows Best: American Icon
Museum of Broadcast Communications: Father Knows Best
Father Knows Best fan site
Father Knows Best at TV.com
Father Knows Best on Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner
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Obi (sash)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Back of a woman wearing a kimono with the obi sash tied in the tateya musubi style
Obi (帯, おび) is a sash for traditional Japanese dress, keikogi (uniforms for Japanese martial arts), and part of kimono outfits.
The obi for men's kimono is rather narrow, 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide at most, but a woman's formal obi can be 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and more than 4 metres (13 ft) long. Nowadays, a woman's wide and decorative obi does not keep the kimono closed; this is done by different undersashes and ribbons worn underneath the obi. The obi itself often requires the use of stiffeners and ribbons for definition of shape and decoration.
There are many types of obi, most for women: wide obi made of brocade and narrower, simpler obi for everyday wear. The fanciest and most colourful obi are for young unmarried women.[1][2] The contemporary women's obi is a very conspicuous accessory, sometimes even more so than the kimono robe itself. A fine formal obi might cost more than the rest of the entire outfit.
Obi are categorised by their design, formality, material, and use. Informal obi are narrower and shorter.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Women's obi
2.1 Women's obi types
2.2 Accessories for women's obi
3 Men's obi
3.1 Men's obi types
3.2 Accessories
4 Children's obi
4.1 Children's obi types
5 Obi in martial arts
6 Knots (musubi)
6.1 Types of knots
7 See also
8 Gallery
9 Notes
10 References
History[edit]
A Japanese woman tying the obi for a geisha in the 1890s.
In its early days, an obi was a cord or a ribbon-like sash, approximately 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in width. Men's and women's obi were similar. At the beginning of the 17th century, both women and men wore a ribbon obi. By the 1680s, the width of women's obi had already doubled from its original size. In the 1730s women's obi were about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) wide, and at the turn of the 19th century were as wide as 30 centimetres (12 in). At that time, separate ribbons and cords were already necessary to hold the obi in place. The men's obi was at its widest in the 1730s, at about 16 centimetres (6.3 in).[3]
Before the Edo period, which began in 1600, women's kosode robes were fastened with a narrow sash at the hips.[4] The mode of attaching the sleeve widely to the torso part of the garment would have prevented the use of wider obi. When the sleeves of kosode began to grow in width (i.e. in length) at the beginning of the Edo period, the obi widened as well. There were two reasons for this: firstly, to maintain the aesthetic balance of the outfit, the longer sleeves needed a wider sash to accompany them; secondly, unlike today (where they are customary only for unmarried women) married ladies also wore long-sleeved kimono in the 1770s. The use of long sleeves without leaving the underarm open would have hindered movements greatly. These underarm openings in turn made room for even wider obi.[3]
Originally, all obi were tied in the front. Later, fashion began to affect the position of the knot, and obi could be tied to the side or to the back. As obi grew wider the knots grew bigger, and it became cumbersome to tie the obi in the front. In the end of the 17th century obi were mostly tied in the back. However, the custom did not become firmly established before the beginning of the 20th century.[3]
At the end of the 18th century it was fashionable for a woman's kosode to have overly long hems that were allowed to trail behind when in house. For moving outside, the excess cloth was tied up beneath the obi with a wide cloth ribbon called shigoki obi. Contemporary kimono are made similarly over-long, but the hems are not allowed to trail; the excess cloth is tied up to hips, forming a fold called ohashori. Shigoki obi are still used, but only in decorative purposes.[3]
The most formal of obi are about to become obsolete. The heavy and long maru obi is nowadays used only by maiko and brides as a part of their wedding outfit. The lighter fukuro obi has taken the place of maru obi. The originally everyday Nagoya obi is the most common obi used today, and the fancier ones may even be accepted as a part of a semi-ceremonial outfit. The use of musubi, or decorative knots, has also narrowed so that women tie their obi almost solely in the simple taiko musubi, "drum knot".[5] Tsuke obi with ready-made knots are also gaining in popularity.
Tatsumura Textile located in Nishijin in Kyoto is a centre of manufacturing today. Founded by Heizo Tatsumura I in the 19th century, it is renowned for making some of the most luxurious obi.[6] Amongst his students studying design was the later painter Inshō Dōmoto. The technique Nishijin-ori is intricately woven and can have a three dimensional effect and can cost up to 1 Million Yen.[7][8][9]
The "Kimono Institute" was founded by Kazuko Hattori in the 20th century and teaches how to tie an obi and wear it properly.[10][11][12][13]
Women's obi[edit]
Women's obi in scale:
1. tsuke/tsukuri/kantan obi
2. hanhaba obi
3. Nagoya obi
4. Fukuro obi
5. Maru obi
The wide women's obi is folded in two when worn, to a width of about 15 centimetres (5.9 in) to 20 centimetres (7.9 in). It is considered elegant to tie the obi so that the folded width is in harmony with the wearer's body dimensions. Usually this means about a tenth of her height. The full width of the obi is present only in the decorative knot, musubi.
A woman's obi is worn in a fancy musubi knot. There are ten ways to tie an obi, and different knots are suited to different occasions and different kimono.
There are many different types of women's obi, and the usage of them is regulated by many unwritten rules not unlike those that concern the kimono itself. Certain types of obi are used with certain types of kimono; the obi of married and unmarried women are tied in different ways. Often the obi adjusts the formality and fanciness of the whole kimono outfit: the same kimono can be worn in very different situations depending on what kind of obi is worn with it.[14]
Women's obi types[edit]
The Nagoya obi, the most popular type for kimono throughout Japan
Tsuke obi is much shorter than the other types of obi.
The separate bow part of a tsuke obi is attached using a wire hook.
Girl wearing a yukata. A striking effect is obtained by folding the reversible obi to reveal the contrasting underside.
Darari obi (だらり帯) is a very long maru obi worn by maiko. A maiko's darari obi has the kamon insignia of its owner's okiya on the other end. A darari obi can be 600 centimetres (20 ft) long.
Fukuro obi (袋帯, "pouch obi") is a grade less formal than a maru obi[15] and the most formal obi actually used today.[5] It has been made by either folding cloth in two or sewing two pieces of cloth together. If two cloths are used, the cloth used for the backside of the obi may be cheaper and the front cloth may be, for example, brocade. Not counting marriage outfits, the fukuro obi has replaced the heavy maru obi as the obi used for ceremonial wear and celebration.[16] A fukuro obi is often made so that the part that will not be visible when worn is of smooth, thinner and lighter silk.[15] A fukuro obi is about 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and 360 centimetres (11.8 ft) to 450 centimetres (14.8 ft) long.
When worn, a fukuro obi is almost impossible to tell from a maru obi.[15] Fukuro obi are made in roughly three subtypes. The most formal and expensive of these is patterned brocade on both sides. The second type is two-thirds patterned, the so-called "60% fukuro obi", and it is somewhat cheaper and lighter than the first type. The third type has patterns only in the parts that will be prominent when the obi is worn in the common taiko musubi.[5]
Fukuro Nagoya obi (袋名古屋帯) or hassun Nagoya obi (八寸名古屋帯, "eight-inch Nagoya obi") is an obi that has been sewn in two only where the taiko knot would begin. The part wound around the body is folded when put on. The fukuro Nagoya obi is intended for making the more formal, two-layer variation of the taiko musubi, the so-called nijuudaiko musubi. It is about 350 centimetres (11.5 ft) long.[16]
Hoso obi (細帯, "thin sash") is a collective name for informal half-width obi. Hoso obi are 15 centimetres (5.9 in) or 20 centimetres (7.9 in) wide and about 330 centimetres (10.8 ft) long.[16]
Hanhaba obi (半幅帯[17] / 半巾帯, "half-width obi") is an unlined[16] and informal obi that is used with a yukata or an everyday kimono.[15] Hanhaba obi are very popular these days.[18] For use with yukata, reversible hanhaba obi are popular: they can be folded and twisted in several ways to create colour effects.[19] A hanhaba obi is 15 centimetres (5.9 in) wide and 300 centimetres (9.8 ft) to 400 centimetres (13 ft) long. Tying it is relatively easy,[18] and its use does not require pads or strings.[14] The knots used for hanhaba obi are often simplified versions of bunko-musubi. As it is more "acceptable" to play with an informal obi, the hanhaba obi is sometimes worn in self-invented styles, often with decorative ribbons and such.[18][19]
Kobukuro obi (小袋帯) is an unlined hoso obi whose width is 15 centimetres (5.9 in) or 20 centimetres (7.9 in) and length 300 centimetres (9.8 ft).[16]
Hara-awase obi (典雅帯) or chūya obi (昼夜帯, "day-and-night obi") is an informal obi[2] that has sides of different colours. It is frequently seen in pictures from the Edo and Meiji periods, but today it is hardly used.[5] A chūya obi ("day and night") has a dark, sparingly decorated side and another, more colourful and festive side. This way the obi can be worn both in everyday life and for celebration. The obi is about 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and 350 centimetres (11.5 ft) to 400 centimetres (13 ft) long.
Heko obi (兵児帯, "soft obi") is a very informal obi made of soft, thin cloth,[14] often dyed with shibori.[16] Its traditional use is as an informal obi for children and men,[16][20] and there were times when it was considered totally inappropriate for women. Nowadays young girls and women can wear a heko obi with modern, informal kimono and yukata. An adult's heko obi is the common size of an obi, about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) to 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and about 300 centimetres (9.8 ft) long.[20]
Hitoe obi (単帯, "one-layer obi"[21]) is made from silk cloth so stiff that the obi does not need lining or sewn-in stiffeners. One of these cloth types is called Hakata ori (博多織), which consists of thick weft thread interwoven with thin warp thread with a stiff, tight weave;[22] obi made from this material are also called Hakata obi (博多帯). A hitoe obi can be worn with everyday kimono or yukata.[2][21] A hitoe obi is 15 centimetres (5.9 in) to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) wide (the so-called hanhaba obi)[16] or 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and about 400 centimetres (13 ft)[16] long.
Kyōbukuro obi (京袋帯, "capital fukuro obi") was invented in the 1970s in Nishijin, Kyoto.[16] It lies on the usage scale right between Nagoya obi and fukuro obi, and can be used to smarten up an everyday outfit.[16] A kyōbukuro obi is structured like a fukuro obi but is as short as a Nagoya obi.[16] It thus can also be turned inside out for wear like reversible obi.[16] A kyōbukuro obi is about 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and 350 centimetres (11.5 ft) long.[16]
Maru obi (丸帯, "one-piece obi") is the most formal obi. It is made from cloth about 68 cm wide[20] and is folded around a double lining and sewn together. Maru obi were at their most popular during the Taishō and Meiji periods.[15] Their bulk and weight makes maru obi difficult to handle and nowadays they are worn mostly by geishas, maikos and similar. Another use for maru obi is as a part of a bride's outfit.[15] A maru obi is about 30 centimetres (12 in) to 35 centimetres (14 in) wide and 360 centimetres (11.8 ft) to 450 centimetres (14.8 ft) long,[16][18] fully patterned[20] and often embroidered with metal-coated yarn and foilwork.[14]
Manaita ("chopping board") obi -- the thickly padded and often outrageously decorated obi worn by oiran--both real and actresses--and kabuki actors.
Nagoya obi (名古屋帯) – or to differentiate from the fukuro Nagoya obi, also called kyūsun Nagoya obi (九寸名古屋帯, "nine-inch nagoya obi")[16] – is the most-used obi type today. A Nagoya obi is distinguished by its structure: one end is folded and sewn in half, the other end is of full width.[15] This is to make putting the obi on easier. A Nagoya obi can be partly or fully patterned. It is normally worn only in the taiko musubi style, and many Nagoya obi are designed so that they have patterns only in the part that will be most prominent in the knot. A Nagoya obi is shorter than other obi types, about 315 centimetres (10.33 ft) to 345 centimetres (11.32 ft) long, but of the same width, about 30 centimetres (12 in).[18]
The Nagoya obi is relatively new. It was developed by a seamstress living in Nagoya at the end of the 1920s. The new, easy-to-use obi gained popularity among Tokyo's geisha, from whom it then was adopted by fashionable city women for their everyday wear.[5]
The formality and fanciness of a Nagoya obi depends on its material, just as with other obi types. Since the Nagoya obi was originally used as everyday wear, it can never be part of a truly ceremonial outfit, but a Nagoya obi made from exquisite brocade can be accepted as semi-ceremonial wear.[5]
The term Nagoya obi can also refer to another obi with the same name, used centuries ago. This Nagoya obi was cord-like.[2]
Odori obi (踊帯, "dance obi") is a name for obi used in dance acts.[2] An odori obi is often big, simple-patterned and has patterns done in metallic colours so that it can be seen easily from the audience. An odori obi can be 10 centimetres (3.9 in) to 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and 350 centimetres (11.5 ft) to 450 centimetres (14.8 ft) long. As the term "odori obi" is not established, it can refer to any obi meant for dance acts.[2]
Sakiori obi is a woven obi made by using yardage or narrow strips from old clothes as weave. Sakiori obi are used with kimono worn at home. A sakiori obi is similar to a hanhaba obi in size and extremely informal.
Tenga obi (典雅帯, "fancy obi") resembles a hanhaba obi but is more formal. It is usually wider and made from fancier cloth more suitable for celebration. The patterns usually include auspicious, celebratory motifs. A tenga obi is about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) wide and 350 centimetres (11.5 ft) to 400 centimetres (13 ft) long.
Tsuke obi (付け帯) or tsukuri obi (作り帯) or kantan obi (簡単帯, "easy obi") is any ready-tied obi. It often has a separate, cardboard-supported knot piece and a piece that is wrapped around the waist. The tsuke obi is fastened in place by ribbons.[23] Tsuke obi are normally very informal[21] and they are mostly used with yukatas.
Accessories for women's obi[edit]
The structure of the common taiko musubi (drum bow). Obijime is shown in mid-shade grey, obiage in dark grey. Obimakura is hidden by the obiage.
Obiage (帯揚げ, "obi bustle"[24]) is a scarf-like piece of cloth that covers up the obimakura[25] and keeps the upper part of the obi knot in place.[2][21] These days it is customary for an unmarried, young woman to let her obiage show from underneath the obi in the front. A married woman will tuck it deeper in and only allow it to peek. Obiage can be thought of as an undergarment for kimono, so letting it show is a little provocative.
Obidome (帯留, "sash clip"[24]) is a small decorative accessory that is fastened onto obijime.[25]
Obi-ita is a separate stiffener that keeps the obi flat.[2][25] It is a thin piece of cardboard covered with cloth and placed between the layers of obi when putting the obi on.[25] Some types of obi-ita are attached around the waist with cords before the obi is put on.[25]
Obijime (帯締め) is a string about 150 centimetres (4.9 ft) long[25] that is tied around the obi and through the knot,[25] and which doubles as decoration.[20] It can be a woven string, or be constructed as a narrow sewn tube of fabric.[20] There are both flat and round obijimes.[20] They often have tassels at both ends[20] and they are made from silk, satin, brocade[20] or viscose.[25] A cord-like or a padded tube obijime is considered more festive and ceremonial than a flat one.[25]
Obimakura (帯枕, "obi pillow") is a small pillow that supports and shapes the obi knot.[2] The most common knot these days, taiko musubi, is made using an elongated round obimakura.[25]
Men's obi[edit]
A reversible kaku obi,
about 6 centimetres (2.4 in) wide
Kaku obi
Formal obis worn by men are much narrower than those of women (the width is about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) at its most). The men's obi is worn in much simpler fashion than women's: it is wrapped around the waist, below the stomach and tied with a simple knot in the back.
Men's obi types[edit]
Heko obi (兵児帯, "obi for men between 15 and 25") is an informal, soft obi,[16] free flowing and made of tie-dyed fabrics, made from silk crape, habutai, cotton, or others. It is tied very informally. The adult's heko obi is as long as a normal obi at 350 centimetres (11.5 ft) to 400 centimetres (13 ft), but relatively wide at up to 74 centimetres (29 in).[26] Adult men wear the heko obi only at home,[16] but young boys can wear it in public, for example at a summer festival with a yukata.
Kaku obi (角帯, "stiff obi") is another obi used by men. A formal kaku obi is about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide and 400 centimetres (13 ft) long[16] and depending on its material, colours and pattern is suited to any and all occasions from everyday wear to a close relative's funeral. A kaku obi typically is made of hakata ori (and thus a Hakata obi, which has length-wise stripes[16]), or from silk pongee, silk gauze, silk damask.[27] It is worn in the simple kai-no-kuchi knot.
Accessories[edit]
A netsuke is an ornament suspended from the obi worn by men.
Children's obi[edit]
A little girl wearing kimono. A simple soft obi is tied around the waist.
Children are dressed in kimono especially for the Shichi-Go-San (Seven-Five-Three) celebration, when girls aged three and seven and boys aged five are celebrated. Children's kimono outfits resemble those of adults and their parts are basically miniature versions from adult's pieces.[28] The youngest children wear soft, scarf-like obi.
Children's obi types[edit]
Sanjaku obi (三尺帯, さんじゃくおび, "three-foot-long obi") is a type of men's obi. It is named for its length, three old Japanese feet (鯨尺, about 37.9 centimetres (14.9 in)). The obi is sometimes called simply sanjaku (三尺). During the Edo period, it was popular among the people as the obi for yukata-like kimono because of its ease of use. According to some theories, the sanjaku obi originates from a scarf of the same length, which was folded and used as a sash. A sanjaku obi typically is shaped like a kaku obi, narrow and with short stitches. It is usually made from soft cotton-like cloth. Because of its shortness, the sanjaku obi is tied in the koma musubi, which is much like a square knot.
Shigoki-obi (しごき帯) was utility wear in the time of trailing kimono, and was used to tie up the excess length when going out. Nowadays the shigoki obi's only function is decorative.[3] It is part of a 7-year-old girl's outfit for celebration of Shichi-Go-San.[29]
Tsuke obi is a popular obi used for children because of its ease of use. There are even formal tsuke obi available for children.[29] These obi correspond to fukuro obi on the formality scale.[29]
Obi in martial arts[edit]
Obi for budō. The colours shown range from yellow to brown, corresponding to judo kyū (levels) from 9th to 1st.
Black obi, wadō-ryū karate
Main article: Obi in martial arts
Many Japanese martial arts feature an obi as part of their exercise outfit. These obi are often made of thick cotton and are about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide. The martial arts obi are most often worn in the koma-musubi knot; in practice where hakama is worn, the obi is tied in other ways.
In many martial arts the colour of the obi signifies the wearer's skill level. Usually the colours start from the beginner's white and end in the advanced black, or masters' red and white. When the exercise outfit includes a hakama, the colour of the obi has no significance.
Knots (musubi)[edit]
The knot of the obi is called musubi (結び, むすび, literally "knot"). These days, a woman's knot often does not keep the obi in place as much as it functions as a large decorative piece in the back. The actual knot is usually supported by a number of accessories: pads, scarves and cords. While putting on the obi, especially when without assistance, there is a need for several additional temporary ribbons.
There are hundreds of decorative knots[2][21] and they often represent flowers or birds. As everything else in a kimono outfit, the knots are regulated by a number of unwritten propriety rules. Generally the more complex and showy knots are for young unmarried women in festive situations, the more subdued for married or mature women or for use in ceremonial situations.
In earlier days, the knots were believed to banish malicious spirits.[2] Many knots have a name with an auspicious double meaning.[2]
Types of knots[edit]
Chōchō musubi
Fukurasuzume musubi
Asagao musubi (朝顔, あさがお, "morning glory") is a knot suitable for yukata. As its name suggests, it resembles the Japanese morning glory. The knot requires a great length of obi so it can be usually only be made for little girls.[19]
Ayame musubi (菖蒲, あやめ, "iris") is a very decorative and complex knot that resembles a blossom of iris. It is considered suitable for young women in informal situations and parties. Because of the complexity and conspicuousness of the knot it should be worn with more subdued, preferably monochrome kimono and obi.[30]
Bara musubi (薔薇, バラ, "rose") is a contemporary, conspicuous knot. It is suitable for young women and can be worn to informal parties. Because of the complexity of the knot, a multi-coloured or strongly patterned obi should not be used. The patterns of the kimono should match the knot representing an occidental flower.[31]
Chōchō musubi (蝶蝶, ちょうちょう, "butterfly") is a version of the bunko musubi, tied using the hanhaba obi. Most ready-made obi (tsuke obi) are made with the butterfly knot.
Darari musubi is a knot nowadays used only by maikos, dancers and kabuki actors. It is easily distinguishable by the long "tails" hanging in the back. In the past also courtesans[2] and daughters of rich merchants, among others, would have their obi tied in this manner. A specific darari obi, about 600 centimetres (20 ft) long, is needed for making this knot in full length.
There also exists a half-length version of the darari musubi, the so-called handara musubi. According to tradition, a minarai (a maiko-to-be in training) wears her obi in this style. Maikos wear this knot for specific dances.
Fukura-suzume musubi (ふくら雀, "puffed sparrow") is a decorative knot that resembles a sparrow with its wings spread and is worn only by unmarried women. It is suitable for formal occasions and is only worn with a furisode. Traditionally, the fukura-suzume musubi worn with a furisode indicated a woman was available for marriage.
Kai-no-kuchi musubi (貝の口, "clam's mouth") is a subdued obi which is often worn by men. Sometimes older women or women seeking a somewhat masculine air to their outfit tie their obi in this knot.
Koma musubi (駒結び, square knot, literally "foal knot") is often used with haori strings and obijime. The short sanjaku obi for children is also tied in this way.
Taiko musubi (太鼓, "drum knot") is the most used musubi these days. It is simple and subdued and resembles a box. The taiko musubi is suited for both old and young women in almost any occasion and goes with almost any kind of kimono and in some cases even with yukata. Only furisode are considered too formal and youthful to be worn with the taiko musubi.
Nowadays the taiko musubi is usually associated with the taiko drum, but the origin of the name does not relate to the instrument. The knot was created at the time of the festive opening ceremony of the Taikobashi bridge in Tokyo in 1823.[2] Some geisha attending to the event tied their obi in a new, conspicuous way that was thought to resemble the shape of a karuta playing card. The knot was a variation of a simple men's knot used then. The knot worn by trendsetting geisha was later adopted by other women. By the creation of the taiko musubi, the accessories obiage, obijime and obimakura were also established. These accessories belong to most kimono outfits used today.[32]
Nijūdaiko musubi (二重太鼓, "two-layer drum") is, as its name suggests, a version of the common taiko musubi, worn with the formal fukuro obi. Fukuro obi are longer than the more commonly used Nagoya obi, so the obi must be folded in two during the tying of the knot.[14] The knot has an auspicious double meaning of "double joy".[33]
Tateya musubi (立て矢, "standing arrow"[34]) resembles a large bow and is one of the most simple musubi worn with furisodes. According to the kitsuke authority Norio Yamanaka, it is the most suitable knot to be used with the honburisode, the furisode with full length sleeves.[34]
Washikusa musubi (鷲草, "eagle plant") is basically a bow which resembles a certain plant thought to look like an eagle taking flight.[35]
See also[edit]
Kimono
Obi strip: a paper band around a book
Traditional Japanese clothing
Gallery[edit]
A complex musubi worn as part of a costume worn to wedding
Tying a hanhaba obi around a yukata
A maiko in Kyoto, her obi tied in the darari style
Washikusa musubi
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Fält et al., p. 452.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yoshino Antiques. "Kimono". Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dalby, pp. 47–55
Jump up ^ Fält et al., p. 450.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dalby, pp. 208–212
Jump up ^ "About Heizo 1st Tatsumura – Official Site of Tatsumura Textile, Kyoto". www.tatsumuraarttextiles.com.
Jump up ^ "Nishijin-ori Fabric – Authentic Japanese product". japan-brand.jnto.go.jp.
Jump up ^ "JAL Guide to Japan – Nishijin-ori Weaving and Textiles". www.world.jal.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.nishijin.or.jp/eng/eng.htm
Jump up ^ "着物の着付けを学ぶなら｜服部和子きもの学院（本校・京都）". kimonomuseum.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/sites/default/files/research/activity/news/rm/pdf/100827_hattori.pdf
Jump up ^ "『"服部和子ワールド" モテマナー講座開催☆』". ameblo.jp.
Jump up ^ http://www.thekyoto.net/kyoukyou/0811/081113_03/
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Types of Obi". Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Japanese Obi Types". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Toma-san. 帯の種類について (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-03-08.
Jump up ^ 出張着付・半巾帯の販売・着付講習 "京都 宇ゐ" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "More about obi". Kimono Flea Market Ichiroya. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Toma-san. 浴衣の帯結びの色々 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Glossary". Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kimono Place. "Glossary". Retrieved 2009-03-07.
Jump up ^ "What's HAKATA-ORI?". 21st Century HAKATA-ORI Japan Brand. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
Jump up ^ Toma-san. 作り帯のつけ方 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ Jump up to: a b David, Vee (2013). The Kanji Handbook. Tuttle Publishing. p. 1999. ISBN 978-1-4629-1063-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Sailor Mo's Cosplay – Kimono Accessories". Retrieved 2009-03-07.
Jump up ^ "兵児帯". 百科事典マイペディア / kotobank.jp. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "角帯". 百科事典マイペディア / kotobank.jp. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ JapaneseKimono.com. "Children's Kimono". Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Toma-san. 七五三の着付け、女の子七歳編 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
Jump up ^ nickn. Sortie. "Ayame Obi musubi". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
Jump up ^ nickn. Sortie. "Bara Obi musubi". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
Jump up ^ Dalby, pp. 337–348
Jump up ^ Yamanaka, pp. 66–70
^ Jump up to: a b Yamanaka, pp. 7-12, 29-30
Jump up ^ nickn. Sortie. "Washikusa Obi musubi". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Obi.
Bennett, Gary (1997). Aikido techniques & tactics. Human Kinetics Publisher. ISBN 0-88011-598-X.
Dalby, Liza (2001). Kimono, Fashioning Culture. Vintage. ISBN 0-09-942899-7.
Fält, Olavi K.; Nieminen, Kai; Tuovinen, Anna; Vesterinen, Ilmari (2006). Japanin kulttuuri (in Finnish). Otava. ISBN 951-1-12746-2.
Goodman, Fay (1998). The Ultimate Book of Martial Arts. Lorenz Books. ISBN 1-85967-778-9.
Yamanaka, Norio (1986). The book of kimono. Kondansha International. ISBN 0-87011-785-8.
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List of NASCAR Manufacturers' champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The NASCAR Manufacturers' Championship is awarded by NASCAR to the most successful manufacturer over a season, as determined by a points system based on race results. The Manufacturers' Championship was first awarded in 1952, to Hudson.
Different car make/engine combinations are considered to be different manufacturers for the purposes of the Championship. Up to the 2013 season, the Manufacturer's Championship points were calculated by adding points scored in each race by the highest finishing driver for that manufacturer. The winning manufacturer earns nine points, while the second highest finishing manufacturer earns six points. The third highest manufacturer earns four points, one ahead of the fourth highest.[1] For the 2014 season on, NASCAR made the decision to mirror the points structure of the Owner's Championships. Under this system the highest finishing driver for each manufacturer earns the same number of points the representing team earned during the race, including bonus points for wins and laps lead.[2]
In the 60 seasons the Championship has been awarded, only nine different manufacturers have won it. Chevrolet has been the most successful, with 39 titles. The second most successful is Ford, with 15 titles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
1.1 Representation
2 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, by season
3 Championship winners (totals)
4 References
5 External links
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series[edit]
Representation[edit]
In the beginning, teams received little support from the car companies themselves, but by the mid 1960s, teams began creating partnerships with American manufacturers to provide factory support. Chrysler, Ford and General Motors were the primary, if not only, competitors for much of NASCAR's history. Plymouth achieved some success during the 1960s, but abandoned the sport in 1977. In the next decade, Ford's Mercury brand left, as did Chrysler's remaining brand in Dodge. General Motors had been using four different brands in NASCAR up to 1991, but within three years, Buick and Oldsmobile were no longer represented on the grid. Pontiac survived until 2004, leaving only Chevrolet as the lone General Motors division. However, in 2007 when Japanese manufacturer Toyota joined, becoming the first new manufacturer since 1971. Chrysler's Dodge brand returned after a 15-year hiatus in 2001, but departed after 2012, leaving just Chevrolet, Ford and Toyota.
Chevrolet is the most successful manufacturer, having won 749 races and 38 manufacturers championships. Ford is second with 636 victories and 15 manufacturers championships, while Dodge is third in wins with 217, Plymouth is fourth with 190, and Pontiac is ranked fifth with 155. Toyota currently ranks 7th all time, with 111 victories.
Manufacturer
Model
Years active
Cha.
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1962[3] 0
American Motors
Nash Ambassador early 1950s
Hudson Hornet 3
AMC Matador 1971–1978 0
Aston Martin
Unknown model 1953
Austin-Healey
Austin-Healey Sprite 1961–1962
Chrysler
DeSoto 1952, 1959 0
Dodge Coronet 1953–1957, 1965–1968 2
Dodge 440 1964
Dodge Charger
Dodge Charger Daytona 1966–1977, 2005–2007
Dodge Magnum 1978–1980
Dodge Mirada 1981–1985
Dodge Intrepid 2001–2004
Dodge Avenger 2007 (COT)
Dodge Charger R/T 2008–2012
Chrysler 300 1954–1956 0
Chrysler Imperial 1981–1985
Plymouth Belvedere 1959–1967 1
Plymouth Road Runner
Plymouth Superbird 1968–1974
Plymouth Savoy 1950s
Ford Motor Company
Ford Fairlane 1955–1959, 1966–1967 15
Ford Fusion 2006–present
Ford Galaxie 1960–1966
Ford Taurus 1998–2005
Ford Torino
Ford Torino Talladega 1968–1977
Ford Thunderbird 1959–1960, 1977–1997
Mercury Monterey 1950s–1962 0
Mercury Marauder 1963–1966
Mercury Comet
Mercury Cyclone 1966–1967
Mercury Cyclone
Mercury Montego 1968–1980
Mercury Cougar 1970s-1980s
Lincoln 1949–1957 0
Edsel 1959
General Motors
Buick Regal 1981–1985, 1988–1991 2
Buick Century 1976–1980
Buick Gran Sport 1970s
Buick LeSabre 1986–1987
Buick Somerset 1980s
Cadillac 1949–1955 0
Chevrolet Bel Air 1955–1958 39
Chevrolet Chevelle
Chevrolet Malibu 1964–1980
Chevrolet Chevelle Laguna 1973–1977
Chevrolet Impala 1979–1980, 2010–2012[4]
Chevrolet Impala SS (COT) 2007–2009
Chevrolet Lumina 1989–1994
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS 1971–1988, 1995–2007
Chevrolet SS 2013–2017
Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 2018–present
Chevrolet Beretta 1980s
Oldsmobile 88 1949–1960 1
Oldsmobile Cutlass
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
Oldsmobile 442 1960s–1994
Oldsmobile Delta 88 1986–1987
Pontiac Catalina 1959–1963 1
Pontiac Firebird 1970
Pontiac Grand Prix 1981–2004
Pontiac Le Mans 1970s
Pontiac Tempest 1960s
Pontiac GTO 1960s
Jaguar
Jaguar XK120 1953–1956 0
Kaiser-Frazer
Henry J 1949–1954
MG Motor
MG T-type 1954
MG MGA 1960–1963
Packard
Unknown model 1950–1956
Porsche
Porsche 356 1953–1954
Studebaker
Unknown model 1950–1962
Toyota
Toyota Camry 2007–present 2
Triumph Motor Company
Unknown model 1960 0
Tucker
1948 Tucker Sedan 1950
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Beetle 1953
Willys
Unknown model 1952–1954
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, by season[edit]
Season
Manufacturer
Wins
Notes
1952 Hudson 27
1953 22
1954 17
1955 Oldsmobile 10 Chrysler had 27 wins, but lost the points title
1956 Ford 14 Chrysler had 22 wins, but lost the points title
1957 26
1958 Chevrolet 25
1959 16 Ford also had 16 wins, but lost the points title
1960 13 Ford had 15 wins, but lost the points title
1961 11 Pontiac had 30 wins, but lost the points title
1962 Pontiac 22
1963 Ford 23
1964 30
1965 48 Ford ran unopposed most of the season due to a boycott by Chrysler Corp.
1966 10 Plymouth had 31 wins and Dodge had 18; both lost the points title
1967 10 Plymouth had 31 wins, but lost the points title
1968 21
1969 26
1970 Dodge 17 Plymouth had 21 wins, but lost the points title
1971 Plymouth 22
1972 Chevrolet 10
1973 7 Mercury had 11 wins, but lost the points title
1974 12
1975 Dodge 14
1976 Chevrolet 13
1977 21
1978 10 Oldsmobile had 11 wins, but lost the points title
1979 18
1980 22
1981 Buick 22
1982 25
1983 Chevrolet 15
1984 21
1985 14 Ford also had 14 wins, but lost the points title
1986 18
1987 15
1988 8 Ford had 9 wins, but lost the points title
1989 13
1990 13
1991 11
1992 Ford 16
1993 Chevrolet 9 Pontiac had 11 wins, but lost the points title
1994 Ford 20
1995 Chevrolet 21
1996 17[1]
1997 Ford 19[5]
1998 Chevrolet 16[6]
1999 Ford 13[7]
2000 14[8]
2001 Chevrolet 16[9]
2002 Ford 14[10]
2003 Chevrolet 19[11]
2004 22[12]
2005 17[13]
2006 23[14]
2007 26[15] Modern Era record for wins in a season
2008 11[16]
2009 11[17]
2010 18 Won championship after the 2010 Pepsi Max 400
2011 18
2012 15 The Penske Miller Lite Dodge driven by Brad Keselowski won the driver's championship
2013 17
2014 20[18]
2015 15
2016 Toyota 16 Chevrolet streak ended as Toyota won its first manufacturer's title
2017 16
Championship winners (totals)[edit]
Manufacturer
Total
Wins
Chevrolet
39
Ford
15
Hudson
3
Toyota
2
Dodge
2
Buick
2
Plymouth
1
Pontiac
1
Oldsmobile
1
Active in 2018
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Standings: 1996 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "NASCAR simplifies manufacturer points system ".
Jump up ^ Racing-reference.info 1962 International 200 results, Retrieved May 18, 2009
Jump up ^ NASCAR.com Chevrolet working hard on its car of the future, Retrieved January 20, 2011
Jump up ^ "Standings: 1997 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 1998 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 1999 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2000 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2001 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2002 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2003 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2004 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2005 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2006 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2007 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2008 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Standings: 2009 Manufacturer Standings". NASCAR; Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Manufacturer Standings & Stats". Jayski's Silly Season Site. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
External links[edit]
2007 Manufacturers Championship, all-time Manufacturers Championships, and all-time Manufacturers Wins
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