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Enlightenment in Buddhism
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The English term enlightenment is the western translation of the term bodhi, "awakening", which was popularised in the Western world through the 19th century translations of Max Müller. It has the western connotation of a sudden insight into a transcendental truth.
The term is also being used to translate several other Buddhist terms and concepts used to denote insight (prajna, kensho and satori);[1] knowledge (vidhya); the "blowing out" (Nirvana) of disturbing emotions and desires and the subsequent freedom or release (vimutti); and the attainment of Buddhahood, as exemplified by Gautama Buddha.
What exactly constituted the Buddha's awakening is unknown. It may probably have involved the knowledge that liberation was attained by the combination of mindfulness and dhyāna, applied to the understanding of the arising and ceasing of craving. The relation between dhyana and insight is a core problem in the study of Buddhism, and is one of the fundamentals of Buddhist practice.
In the western world the concept of (spiritual) enlightenment has taken on a romantic meaning. It has become synonymous with self-realization and the true self and false self, being regarded as a substantial essence being covered over by social conditioning.[2][page needed], [3][page needed], [4][page needed], [5][page needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Translation
2 Terms
2.1 Insight
2.1.1 Bodhi
2.1.2 Prajna
2.1.3 Kensho and satori
2.2 Knowledge
2.3 Freedom
2.4 Nirvana
3 Buddhahood
3.1 Anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi
3.2 Buddha's awakening
3.2.1 Canonical accounts
3.2.2 Critical assessment
3.3 Development of Buddhahood in Buddhist traditions
4 Western understanding of enlightenment
4.1 Enlightenment as "Aufklärung"
4.2 Awakening
4.3 Romanticism and transcendentalism
4.4 Enlightenment and experience
5 Bodhi Day
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Web references
10 Sources
11 External links
Translation[edit]
Robert S. Cohen notes that the majority of English books on Buddhism use the term "enlightenment" to translate the term bodhi.[6] The root budh, from which both bodhi and Buddha are derived, means "to wake up" or "to recover consciousness".[6] Cohen notes that bodhi is not the result of an illumination, but of a path of realization, or coming to understanding.[6] The term "enlightenment" is event-oriented, whereas the term "awakening" is process-oriented.[6] The western use of the term "enlighten" has Christian roots, as in Calvin's "It is God alone who enlightens our minds to perceive his truths".[7]
Early 19th century bodhi was translated as "intelligence".[7] The term "enlighten" was first being used in 1835, in an English translation of a French article,[8] while the first recorded use of the term 'enlightenment' is credited (by the Oxford English Dictionary) to the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (February, 1836). In 1857 The Times used the term "the Enlightened" for the Buddha in a short article, which was reprinted the following year by Max Müller.[9] Thereafter, the use of the term subsided, but reappeared with the publication of Max Müller's Chips from a german Workshop, which included a reprint from the Times-article. The book was translated in 1969 into German, using the term "der Erleuchtete".[10] Max Müller was an essentialist, who believed in a natural religion, and saw religion as an inherent capacity of human beings.[11] "Enlightenment" was a means to capture natural religious truths, as distinguished from mere mythology.[12][note 1]
By the mid-1870s it had become commonplace to call the Buddha "enlightened", and by the end of the 1880s the terms "enlightened" and "enlightenment" dominated the English literature.[9]
Terms[edit]
Insight[edit]
Bodhi[edit]
Bodhi (Sanskrit, Pāli), from the verbal root budd, "to awaken", "to understand",[13] means literally "to have woken up and understood".[14] According to Johannes Bronkhorst,[15] Tillman Vetter,[16] and K.R. Norman,[17] bodhi was at first not specified. K.R. Norman:
It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading ... It is not clear what the buddha was awakened to, or at what particular point the awakening came.[18]
According to Norman, bodhi may basically have meant the knowledge that nibbana was attained,[19][20] due to the practice of dhyana.[17][16] Originally only "prajna" may have been mentioned,[15] and Tillman Vetter even concludes that originally dhyana itself was deemed liberating, with the stilling of pleasure of pain in the fourth jhana.[16] Gombrich also argues that the emphasis on insight is a later development.[21]
In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi refers to the realisation of the four stages of enlightenment and becoming an Arahant.[14] In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi is equal to supreme insight, and the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.[14] According to Nyanatiloka,
(Through Bodhi) one awakens from the slumber or stupor (inflicted upon the mind) by the defilements (kilesa, q.v.) and comprehends the Four Noble Truths (sacca, q.v.).[13]
This equation of bodhi with the four noble truths is a later development, in response to developments within Indian religious thought, where "liberating insight" was deemed essential for liberation.[15][16] The four noble truths as the liberating insight of the Buddha eventually were superseded by Pratītyasamutpāda, the twelvefold chain of causation, and still later by anatta, the emptiness of the self.[15]
In Mahayana Buddhism, bodhi is equal to prajna, insight into the Buddha-nature, sunyata and tathatā.[22] This is equal to the realisation of the non-duality of absolute and relative.[22]
Prajna[edit]
In Theravada Buddhism pannā (Pali) means "understanding", "wisdom", "insight".[23] "Insight" is equivalent to vipassana', insight into the three marks of existence, namely anicca, dukkha and anatta.[23] Insight leads to the four stages of enlightenment and Nirvana.[23]
In Mahayana Buddhism Prajna (Sanskrit) means "insight" or "wisdom", and entails insight into sunyata. The attainment of this insight is often seen as the attainment of "enlightenment".[24][need quotation to verify]
Kensho and satori[edit]
Kensho and Satori are Japanese terms used in Zen traditions. Kensho means "seeing into one's true nature." Ken means "seeing", sho means "nature", "essence",[25] c.q Buddha-nature. Satori (Japanese) is often used interchangeably with kensho, but refers to the experience of kensho.[25] The Rinzai tradition sees kensho as essential to the attainment of Buddhahood, but considers further practice essential to attain Buddhahood.
East-Asian (Chinese) Buddhism emphasizes insight into Buddha-nature. This term is derived from Indian tathagata-garbha thought, "the womb of the thus-gone" (the Buddha), the inherent potential of every sentient being to become a Buddha. This idea was integrated with the Yogacara-idea of the ālaya vijñāna, and further developed in Chinese Buddhism, which integrated Indian Buddhism with native Chinese thought. Buddha-nature came to mean both the potential of awakening and the whole of reality, a dynamic interpenetration of absolute and relative. In this awakening it is realized that observer and observed are not distinct entities, but mutually co-dependent.[26][27]
Knowledge[edit]
The term vidhya is being used in contrast to avidhya, ignorance or the lack of knowledge, which binds us to samsara. The Mahasaccaka Sutta[note 2] describes the three knowledges which the Buddha attained:[28][29][30]
Insight into his past lives
Insight into the workings of Karma and Reincarnation
Insight into the Four Noble Truths
According to Bronkhorst, the first two knowledges are later additions, while insight into the four truths represents a later development, in response to concurring religious traditions, in which "liberating insight" came to be stressed over the practice of dhyana.[15]
Freedom[edit]
Vimutti, also called moksha, means "freedom",[31] "release",[31][note 3] "deliverance".[32] Sometimes a distinction is being made between ceto-vimutti, "liberation of the mind", and panna-vimutti, "liberation by understanding".[33] The Buddhist tradition recognises two kinds of ceto-vimutti, one temporarily and one permanent, the last being equivalent to panna-vimutti.[33][note 4]
Yogacara uses the term āśraya parāvŗtti, "revolution of the basis",[35]
... a sudden revulsion, turning, or re-turning of the ālaya vijñāna back into its original state of purity [...] the Mind returns to its original condition of non-attachment, non-discrimination and non-duality".[36]
Nirvana[edit]
Nirvana is the "blowing out" of disturbing emotions, which is the same as liberation.[web 1] The usage of the term "enlightenment" to translate "nirvana" was popularized in the 19th century, due, in part, to the efforts of Max Muller, who used the term consistently in his translations.[37]
Buddhahood[edit]
Anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi[edit]
Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, is said to have achieved full awakening, known as samyaksaṃbodhi (Sanskrit; Pāli: sammāsaṃbodhi), "perfect Buddhahood", or anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi, "highest perfect awakening".[38]
The term buddha has acquired somewhat different meanings in the various Buddhist traditions. An equivalent term for Buddha is Tathāgata, "the thus-gone". The way to Buddhahood is somewhat differently understood in the various buddhist traditions.
Buddha's awakening[edit]
Canonical accounts[edit]
In the suttapitaka, the Buddhist canon as preserved in the Theravada-tradition, a couple of texts can be found in which the Buddha's attainment of liberation forms part of the narrative.[39][40][note 5]
The Ariyapariyesana Sutta[note 6] describes how the Buddha was dissatisfied with the teachings of Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta, wandered further through Magadhan country, and then found "an agreeable piece of ground" which served for striving. The sutra then only says that he attained Nibbana.[41]
The Mahasaccaka Sutta[note 7] describes his ascetic practices, which he abandoned. There-after he remembered a spontaneous state of jhana, and set out for jhana-practice. After destroying the disturbances of the mind, and attaining concentration of the mind, he attained three knowledges (vidhya):[28][29][30]
Insight into his past lives
Insight into the workings of Karma and Reincarnation
Insight into the Four Noble Truths
According to the Mahasaccaka Sutta these insights, including the way to attain liberation, led the Buddha himself straight to liberation.[42] called "awakening."[43]
Critical assessment[edit]
Schmithausen[note 8] notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[44][15][16] Bronkhorst notices that
...the accounts which include the Four Noble Truths had a completely different conception of the process of liberation than the one which includes the Four Dhyanas and the destruction of the intoxicants.[45]
It calls in question the reliability of these accounts, and the relation between dhyana and insight, which is a core problem in the study of early Buddhism.[16][15][21] Originally the term prajna may have been used, which came to be replaced by the four truths in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas.[46] Bronkhorst also notices that the conception of what exactly this "liberating insight" was developed throughout time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified, later on the four truths served as such, to be superseded by pratityasamutpada, and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.[47] And Schmithausen notices that still other descriptions of this "liberating insight" exist in the Buddhist canon:
"that the five Skandhas are impermanent, disagreeable, and neither the Self nor belonging to oneself";[note 9] "the contemplation of the arising and disappearance (udayabbaya) of the five Skandhas";[note 10] "the realisation of the Skandhas as empty (rittaka), vain (tucchaka) and without any pith or substance (asaraka).[note 11][48]
An example of this substitution, and its consequences, is Majjhima Nikaya 36:42-43, which gives an account of the awakening of the Buddha.[49]
Development of Buddhahood in Buddhist traditions[edit]
In Theravada Buddhism, reaching full awakening is equivalent in meaning to reaching Nirvāṇa.[web 2] Attaining Nirvāṇa is the ultimate goal of Theravada and other śrāvaka traditions.[web 3] It involves the abandonment of the ten fetters and the cessation of dukkha or suffering. Full awakening is reached in four stages.
In Mahāyāna Buddhism the Bodhisattva is the ideal. The ultimate goal is not only of one's own liberation in Buddhahood, but the liberation of all living beings.
In time, the Buddha's awakening came to be understood as an immediate full awakening and liberation, instead of the insight into and certainty about the way to follow to reach enlightenment. However, in some Zen traditions this perfection came to be relativized again; according to one contemporary Zen master, "Shakyamuni buddha and Bodhidharma are still practicing."[50]
But Mahayana Buddhism also developed a cosmology with a wide range of buddhas and bodhisattvas, who assist humans on their way to liberation.
Western understanding of enlightenment[edit]
See also: Buddhist modernism, Transcendentalism, and Perennial philosophy
In the western world the concept of enlightenment has taken on a romantic meaning.[2][3][4][5] It has become synonymous with self-realization and the true self, being regarded as a substantial essence being covered over by social conditioning.[2][3][4][5]
Enlightenment as "Aufklärung"[edit]
The use of the western word enlightenment is based on the supposed resemblance of bodhi with Aufklärung, the independent use of reason to gain insight into the true nature of our world. In fact there are more resemblances with Romanticism than with the Enlightenment: the emphasis on feeling, on intuitive insight, on a true essence beyond the world of appearances.[51]
Awakening[edit]
The equivalent term "awakening" has also been used in a Christian context, namely the Great Awakenings, several periods of religious revival in American religious history. Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 19th century. Each of these "Great Awakenings" was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, an increase in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.
Romanticism and transcendentalism[edit]
The romantic idea of enlightenment as insight into a timeless, transcendent reality has been popularized especially by D.T. Suzuki.[web 4][web 5] Further popularization was due to the writings of Heinrich Dumoulin.[52][53][web 6] Dumoulin viewed metaphysics as the expression of a transcendent truth, which according to him was expressed by Mahayana Buddhism, but not by the pragmatic analysis of the oldest Buddhism, which emphasizes anatta.[54] This romantic vision is also recognizable in the works of Ken Wilber.[55]
In the oldest Buddhism this essentialism is not recognizable.[56][web 7] According to critics it doesn't really contribute to a real insight into Buddhism:[web 8]
...most of them labour under the old cliché that the goal of Buddhist psychological analysis is to reveal the hidden mysteries in the human mind and thereby facilitate the development of a transcendental state of consciousness beyond the reach of linguistic expression.[57]
Enlightenment and experience[edit]
A common reference in western culture is the notion of "enlightenment experience". This notion can be traced back to William James, who used the term "religious experience" in his book, The Varieties of Religious Experience.[58] Wayne Proudfoot traces the roots of the notion of "religious experience" further back to the German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite. Schleiermacher used the notion of "religious experience" to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular critique.
It was popularised by the Transcendentalists, and exported to Asia via missionaries.[59] Transcendentalism developed as a reaction against 18th Century rationalism, John Locke's philosophy of Sensualism, and the predestinationism of New England Calvinism. It is fundamentally a variety of diverse sources such as Hindu texts like the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita,[60] various religions, and German idealism.[61]
It was adopted by many scholars of religion, of which William James was the most influential.[62][note 12]
The notion of "experience" has been criticised.[3][66][67] Robert Sharf points out that "experience" is a typical western term, which has found its way into Asian religiosity via western influences.[3][note 13]
The notion of "experience" introduces a false notion of duality between "experiencer" and "experienced", whereas the essence of kensho is the realisation of the "non-duality" of observer and observed.[69][dead link] [70] "Pure experience" does not exist; all experience is mediated by intellectual and cognitive activity.[71][72] The specific teachings and practices of a specific tradition may even determine what "experience" someone has, which means that this "experience" is not the proof of the teaching, but a result of the teaching.[73] A pure consciousness without concepts, reached by "cleaning the doors of perception" as per romantic poet William Blake[note 14], would, according to Mohr, be an overwhelming chaos of sensory input without coherence.[75]
Bodhi Day[edit]
Sakyamuni's Buddhahood is celebrated on Bodhi Day. In Sri Lanka and Japan different days are used for this celebration.
According to the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka, Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood at the full moon in May. This is celebrated at Wesak Poya, the full moon in May, as Sambuddhatva jayanthi (also known as Sambuddha jayanthi).[web 9]
According to the Zen tradition, the Buddha reached his decisive insight on 8 December. This is celebrated in Zen monasteries with a very intensive eight-day session of Rōhatsu.
See also[edit]
Buddhist philosophy
Buddhism and psychology
Illuminationism
Enlightenment (spiritual)
Hongaku
Subitism
Wisdom
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See also Lourens Peter van den Bosch, Theosophy or Pantheism? Friedrich Max Müller's Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion: "The three principal themes of his Gifford lectures on natural religion were the discovery of God, the discovery of the soul, and the discovery of the oneness of God and soul in the great religions of the world."
Jump up ^ Majjhima Nikaya chapter 36
Jump up ^ See Encyclopedia.com, Vimutti
Jump up ^ According to Gombrich, this distinction is artificial, and due to later, too literal, interpretations of the suttas.[34]
Jump up ^ See Majjhima Nikaya chaper 4, 12, 26 & 36
Jump up ^ Majjhima Nikaya chapter 26
Jump up ^ Majjhima Nikaya chapter 36
Jump up ^ In his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism
Jump up ^ Majjhima Nikaya 26
Jump up ^ Anguttara Nikaya II.45 (PTS)
Jump up ^ Samyutta Nikaya III.140-142 (PTS)
Jump up ^ James also gives descriptions of conversion experiences. The Christian model of dramatic conversions, based on the role-model of Paul's conversion, may also have served as a model for western interpretations and expectations regarding "enlightenment", similar to Protestant influences on Theravada Buddhism, as described by Carrithers:
It rests upon the notion of the primacy of religious experiences, preferably spectacular ones, as the origin and legitimation of religious action. But this presupposition has a natural home, not in Buddhism, but in Christian and especially Protetstant Christian movements which prescribe a radical conversion.[63]
See Sekida for an example of this influence of William James and Christian conversion stories, mentioning Luther[64] and St. Paul.[65] See also McMahan for the influence of Christian thought on Buddhism.[5]
Jump up ^ Robert Sharf:
[T]he role of experience in the history of Buddhism has been greatly exaggerated in contemporary scholarship. Both historical and ethnographic evidence suggests that the privileging of experience may well be traced to certain twentieth-century reform movements, notably those that urge a return to zazen or vipassana meditation, and these reforms were profoundly influenced by religious developments in the west [...] While some adepts may indeed experience "altered states" in the course of their training, critical analysis shows that such states do not constitute the reference point for the elaborate Buddhist discourse pertaining to the "path".[68]
Jump up ^ William Blake: "If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, infinite. For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things thru' narrow chinks of his cavern."[74]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fischer-Schreiber 2008, p. 5051, lemma "bodhi".
^ Jump up to: a b c Carrette & King 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sharf 1995b.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sharf 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McMahan 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cohen 2006, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen 2006, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Cohen 2006, p. 2-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen 2006, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Cohen 2006, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Cohen 2006, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Cohen 2006, p. 6-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Nyanatiloka 1980, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schreiber-Fischer 2008, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bronkhorst 1993.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Vetter 1988.
^ Jump up to: a b Norman 1997, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Norman, K. R. (2005). Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-135-75154-8.
Jump up ^ Norman 1997, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Vetter 1988, p. xxix, xxxi.
^ Jump up to: a b Gombrich 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b Schreiber-Fischer 2008, p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nyanatiloka 1980, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Fischer-Schreiber 2008, p. 281.
^ Jump up to: a b Kapleau 1989.
Jump up ^ Lusthaus 1998.
Jump up ^ Lai 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b Bikkhu Nanamoli 1995, p. 340-342.
^ Jump up to: a b Warder 2000, p. 47–48.
^ Jump up to: a b Snelling 1987, p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Bowker 1997.
Jump up ^ Nyanatiloka 1980, p. 239.
^ Jump up to: a b Gombrich 2005, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Gombrich 2005, p. 147-148.
Jump up ^ Park 1983, p. 126-132.
Jump up ^ Park 1983, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Scott 2009, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Mäll 2005, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Warder 2000, p. 45-50.
Jump up ^ Faure 1991
Jump up ^ Bikkhu Nanamoli 1995, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Bikkhu Nanamoli 1995, p. 342.
Jump up ^ Warder 2000, p. 47-48.
Jump up ^ Schmithausen 1981.
Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993, p. 110.
Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993, p. 100-101.
Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993, p. 102-103.
Jump up ^ Harris 2004, p. 103.
Jump up ^ Wright 2000, p. 181-183.
Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005a.
Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005b.
Jump up ^ Dumonlin 2000.
Jump up ^ Wilber 1996.
Jump up ^ Warder 2000, p. 116-124.
Jump up ^ Kalupahana 1992a, p. xi.
Jump up ^ Hori 1999, p. 47.
Jump up ^ King 2002.
Jump up ^ Versluis 2001, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Hart 1995.
Jump up ^ Sharf 2000, p. 271.
Jump up ^ Carrithers 1983, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Sekida 1985, p. 196-197.
Jump up ^ Sekida 1985, p. 251.
Jump up ^ Mohr 2000, p. 282-286.
Jump up ^ Low 2006, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Sharf & 1995-C, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Hori 1994, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Samy 1998, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Mohr 2000, p. 282.
Jump up ^ Samy 1998, p. 80-82.
Jump up ^ Samy 1998, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Quote DB
Jump up ^ Mohr 2000, p. 284.
Web references[edit]
Jump up ^ Dr. Alexander Berzin, Nirvana and enlightenment
Jump up ^ Kusala Bhikshu (3/2008), Buddhist Enlightenment vs NirvanaAs of September 2010[update]
Jump up ^ "David Loy (2010), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?As of September 2010[update]
Jump up ^ Robert H. Sharf, Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited
Jump up ^ Hu Shih: Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism in China. Its History and Method
Jump up ^ Critical introduction by John McRae to the reprint of Dumoulin's A history of Zen
Jump up ^ Nanzan Institute: Pruning the bodhi Tree
Jump up ^ David Chapman: Effing the ineffable
Jump up ^ Vesak full moon poya day
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Kalupahana, David J. (1992b), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
Lai, Whalen (2003), Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. In Antonio S. Cua (ed.): Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy (PDF), New York: Routledge, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2014
Lusthaus, Dan (1998), Buddhist Philosophy, Chinese. In: Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Index, Taylor & Francis
Low, Albert (2006), Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing, Boston & London: Shambhala
Mäll, Linnart (2005), Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and other essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199720293.
Mohr, Michel (2000), Emerging from Nonduality. Koan Practice in the Rinzai Tradition since Hakuin. In: steven Heine & Dale S. Wright (eds.)(2000), "The Koan. texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism", Oxford: Oxford University Press
Norman, K.R. (1992), The Four Noble Truths. In: "Collected Papers", vol 2:210-223, Pali Text Society, 2003
Nyanatiloka (1980), Buddhist Dictionary. Manual of Buddhist terms and Doctrines. Fourth Revised edition, Buddhist Publication Society
Park, Sung-bae (1983), Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment, SUNY Press
Samy, AMA (1998), Waarom kwam Bodhidharma naar het Westen? De ontmoeting van Zen met het Westen, Asoka: Asoka
Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism". In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199-250
Scott, Rachelle M. (2009), Nirvana for sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakaya Temple in Contemporary Thailand, SUNY Press
Sekida, Katsuki (1985), Zen Training. Methods and Philosophy, New York, Tokyo: Weatherhill
Sharf, Robert H. (1995b), "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience" (PDF), NUMEN, 42
Sharf, Robert H. (2000), "The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion" (PDF), Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7 (11-12): 267–87
Snelling, John (1987), The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice, London: Century Paperbacks
Versluis, Arthur (2001), The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance, Oxford University Press
Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL
Warder, A.K. (2000), Indian Buddhism, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
Wilber, Ken (1996), The Atman Project
Williams, Paul (2000), Buddhist Thought. A complete introduction to the Indian tradition, Routledge
Wright, Dale S. (2000), Philosophical Meditations on Zen Buddhism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wynne, Alexander (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge
Yen, Chan Master Sheng (2006), (missing title), Boston & London: Shambhala
External links[edit]
Pali Text Society: Occurrences of the term 'enlightenment'
Joan Sutherland, What is enlightenment?', Buddhadharma February 16, 2013
Barbara O'Brien, What is Enlightenment?
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Rashida Jones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rashida Jones
Jones at the 2017 Peabody Awards
Born
Rashida Leah Jones
(1976-02-25) February 25, 1976 (age 42)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma mater
Harvard University
Occupation
Actress, writer, producer, singer
Years active
1997–present
Parent(s)
Quincy Jones
Peggy Lipton
Relatives
Kidada Jones (sister)
Quincy Jones III (half-brother)
Rashida Leah Jones (born February 25, 1976)[1] is an American actress, producer, singer, and writer.
She played Ann Perkins on the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation, for which she received critical acclaim. Jones also appeared as Karen Filippelli on the NBC comedy series The Office, and as Louisa Fenn on the Fox drama series Boston Public. She is also known for her work in film, including roles in I Love You, Man (2009), The Social Network (2010), Our Idiot Brother (2011), The Muppets (2011), and Celeste and Jesse Forever (2012), the latter of which she co-wrote.
Since 2016, she has starred as the lead title role in the TBS comedy series Angie Tribeca.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Other work
3.1 Writing
3.2 Music and related videos
3.3 Online comedy series
3.4 Modeling and advertising
4 Personal life
4.1 Philanthropic efforts
4.2 Syria refugee camp visit
4.3 Political work
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
5.3 Music videos
6 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Jones was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of actress Peggy Lipton and musician/record producer Quincy Jones. She is the younger sister of actress and model Kidada Jones, and half-sister to five siblings from their father's other relationships. Jones' father is African American with Tikar roots from Cameroon, and a paternal Welsh grandfather.[2][3][4][5][6] Her mother is Ashkenazi Jewish (a descendant of Jewish emigrants from Russia and Latvia).[7] Jones and her sister were raised in Reform Judaism by their mother; Jones attended Hebrew school, though she left at the age of ten and did not have a Bat Mitzvah.[8]
Jones grew up in Los Angeles' Bel Air neighborhood. She has said of her parents' mixed-race marriage: "it was the 1970s and still not that acceptable for them to be together".[9] In his autobiography, her father recalled how he would often find the six-year-old Jones under the covers after bedtime, reading five books at a time with a flashlight.[10] She has said that she grew up a "straight-up nerd" and "had a computer with floppy disks and a dial-up modem before it was cool".[9]
Jones displayed musical ability from a young age and can play classical piano.[11] Her mother told Entertainment Tonight that Jones is "also a fabulous singer and songwriter".[12]
Jones attended The Buckley School in Sherman Oaks, California, where she made the National Honor Society and was voted "Most Likely To Succeed" by her classmates. Jones was involved with theatre at Buckley, with tutelage from acting teacher Tim Hillman. She went to the same school as socialites Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie.[9][13] Jones' parents divorced when she was 14 years old; her sister subsequently remained with their father, while Rashida moved with their mother to Brentwood.
In 1994, Jones garnered attention with an open letter responding to scathing remarks made by rapper Tupac Shakur about her parents' interracial marriage.
Rashida Jones attended Harvard University,[9] where she lived in Currier House and Eliot House. She belonged to the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, Harvard Radcliffe Dramatic Club, Harvard-Radcliffe Opportunes, Black Students Association, and the Signet Society.[14] She was initially interested in becoming a lawyer but changed her mind after becoming disillusioned by the O. J. Simpson murder trial.[10][13] She became involved in the performing arts and served as musical director for the Opportunes, an a cappella group,[15] co-composed the score for the 149th annual Hasty Pudding Theatricals performance, and acted in several plays.[16] In her second year at college, Jones performed in For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf, which she said was "healing" because she had been seen by many blacks as not being "black enough".[17] She studied religion and philosophy[18] and graduated in 1997.[19]
Career[edit]
Jones made her professional acting debut in The Last Don, a 1997 miniseries based on the novel by Mario Puzo. She next appeared in Myth America, East of A and If These Walls Could Talk 2. In 2000, she guest starred as Karen Scarfolli on Freaks and Geeks before landing the role of Louisa Fenn on Boston Public. Between 2000 and 2002, she appeared in 26 episodes, earning an NAACP Image Award nomination in her final year.[20] Although she had a minor supporting role in the series, film opportunities quickly surfaced. She had a small role in Full Frontal, directed by Steven Soderbergh, and starred in Now You Know, written and directed by Kevin Smith regular Jeff Anderson. She also starred in the short film Roadside Assistance with Adam Brody.
After Jones left Boston Public, she appeared in Death of a Dynasty, directed by Damon Dash, and two episodes of Chappelle's Show on Comedy Central. In 2004, she was cast in Strip Search, an HBO film directed by Sidney Lumet, but her scenes were cut from the final broadcast version. Later that year, she played Dr. Rachel Keyes in Little Black Book and starred as Edie Miller in British drama series NY-LON. In 2005, Jones played Karen in the Stella pilot on Comedy Central and special government agent Carla Merced in the TNT police drama Wanted.
Jones was considering leaving the acting profession and pursuing a graduate degree in public policy before she was offered the part on The Office. She joined the ensemble cast in September 2006, playing the role of Karen Filippelli. She appeared regularly during the third season, returning as a guest star for two episodes in season four and another in season five.[21]
Jones also played Karen in the February 2007 Saturday Night Live episode hosted by Rainn Wilson, appearing briefly in the opening monologue's Office parody. Jones filmed cameo roles in The Ten and Role Models, both directed by David Wain, with the latter appearing on the Blu-ray release.[22] She co-starred in Unhitched, the short-lived 2008 comedy series produced by the Farrelly brothers. She also appeared as the love interest in the Foo Fighters' music video "Long Road to Ruin".
Jason Segel, Rashida Jones, and Paul Rudd at the Austin, Texas premiere of I Love You, Man
In January 2009, Jones voiced several characters in an episode of the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken.[23] She played Hannah in Brief Interviews with Hideous Men, an independent film by John Krasinski that screened during the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. She co-starred as Zooey Rice in I Love You, Man, a DreamWorks comedy with Paul Rudd and Jason Segel.
Jones accepted a role in Parks and Recreation, a mockumentary-style sitcom on NBC. The show was created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, with whom she previously worked on The Office. She played nurse Ann Perkins from the show's debut until midway through the sixth season, and reprised the role for the final episode of the series.[24]
Jones had a small role in the 2010 Kevin Smith film Cop Out. She appeared in The Social Network (2010), alongside Jesse Eisenberg, Andrew Garfield and Justin Timberlake, which is set at Harvard. She played Marylin Delpy, a second-year legal associate assisting with the defense of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.
Jones starred opposite Chris Messina in Monogamy (2010), a drama directed by Dana Adam Shapiro. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2010 and was released theatrically in March 2011.[25][26]
Jones' other 2011 films were Friends with Benefits, starring Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis; The Big Year, with Steve Martin, Owen Wilson, and Jack Black; The Muppets, with Jason Segel, Amy Adams and Chris Cooper; and Our Idiot Brother, with Paul Rudd, Elizabeth Banks and Emily Mortimer.[27] In the latter she played a lesbian lawyer named Cindy, the caring girlfriend of a bisexual character played by Zooey Deschanel.[28] Jones also has a cameo in the Beastie Boys' short film Fight For Your Right Revisited, which premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.[29] Additionally, Jones appeared on an episode of Wilfred as Lisa, a hospice volunteer. The episode aired on July 21, 2011 on FX.
In 2012, she starred opposite Andy Samberg in the film Celeste and Jesse Forever, which she co-wrote.
Along with Danny DeVito, she was a voice guest star in The Simpsons episode "The Changing of the Guardian" (season 24, episode 11).
In 2014, Jones was cast in the lead role of Angie Tribeca on the TBS comedy series Angie Tribeca, which premiered in 2016.[30]
In 2015, Jones produced the documentary film Hot Girls Wanted, which examines the role of teenage girls in pornographic films.[31] Netflix acquired the film after the film's premiere at Sundance Film Festival; it premiered on May 29, 2015.[32]
Other work[edit]
Writing[edit]
Jones created Frenemy of the State, a comic book series about a socialite who is recruited by the CIA. The comics are published by Oni Press and co-written with husband-and-wife writing team Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir.[33] In October 2009, before the first issue had been released, Jones sold the screen rights to Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment. Brian Grazer and Eric Gitter produced the film, and Jones co-wrote the screenplay with writing partner Will McCormack.[34]
Jones sold her first screenplay, a comedy titled Celeste and Jesse Forever, in March 2009. She co-wrote the script with McCormack and was attached to star in the film.[35] It was released in 2012.
In 2016, Jones co-wrote the teleplay of "Nosedive", an episode of the television anthology series Black Mirror with Michael Schur from a story by Charlie Brooker.[36]
Jones and McCormack co-wrote Toy Story 4 for Pixar Animation Studios for a prospective June 2019 release.[37][38][39] Jones left the writing assignment early due to feeling that Pixar is "a culture where women and people of color do not have an equal creative voice.”[40]
Jones has been published in Teen Vogue magazine, where she worked as a contributing editor.[41] She wrote chapter 36 of her father's biography, Q: The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones (2001).
Jones was a contributing essayist to the 2017 book Courage is Contagious, a compilation of essays written about former First Lady Michelle Obama.
Music and related videos[edit]
Jones in March 2009
As a singer, Jones has provided backing vocals for the band Maroon 5. She appears on the tracks "Tangled", "Secret" and "Not Coming Home" from their debut record, Songs About Jane, and on "Kiwi" from the follow-up album It Won't Be Soon Before Long. Jones was a guest vocalist on the Tupac Shakur tribute album, The Rose That Grew from Concrete, released in 2000. The track, "Starry Night", also featured her father's vocals, Mac Mall's rapping, and her half-brother QD3's production. Jones also contributed vocals on the song "Dick Starbuck: Porno Detective" on The High & Mighty's 1999 debut Home Field Advantage.[42][43][44]
Jones contributed vocals to songs on The Baxter, The Ten and Reno 911!: Miami soundtracks. She sang in some episodes of Boston Public and for charitable events such as the What A Pair Benefit in 2002 to raise money for breast cancer research.[45] In May 2015, Jones released a song titled Wanted to Be Loved alongside Daniel Ahearn, the song was used in a documentary titled Hot Girls Wanted which Jones produced.[46]
In 2001, Jones appeared in the video to "More Than A Woman" by Aaliyah alongside her sister Kidada Jones and then-boyfriend Mark Ronson [47] Jones has also appeared in music videos for The Boy Least Likely To song "Be Gentle With Me", and the Foo Fighters' single "Long Road to Ruin". In the latter she was credited as Racinda Jules and played the role of Susan Belfontaine.[48] In 2013, Jones directed the music video for Sara Bareilles' song "Brave". It marked her debut as a director.
Online comedy series[edit]
Jones has appeared in several online comedy series projects. She starred in Funny or Die's Speak Out series with Natalie Portman[49] and guest starred in two episodes in the first webseason Web Therapy with Lisa Kudrow. Due to other commitments, Jones was unable to reprise her role for the second, third and fourth seasons, provided voiceover work for an off-screen appearance in the show's first TV season (containing her appearance from the first webseason) and was able to make time to reprise her role on-screen for an exclusive appearance in the second-season finale of the show. She also played David Wain in disguise for an episode of My Damn Channel's Wainy Days. In 2008, Jones appeared with several other celebrities in Prop 8 – The Musical, an all-star video satirising California's anti-gay marriage initiative, written by Marc Shaiman From 2013 to 2015, she provided the voice of Hotwire on the Hulu comedy series The Awesomes.
Modeling and advertising[edit]
In 2011, Dove selected Jones as its spokeswoman for its Dove Nourishing Oil Care Collection.
In 2015, she began starring in a series of commercials for Verizon FiOS.[50]
In 2017, Jones became a spokeswoman for Almay.[51]
Personal life[edit]
Jones was engaged to music producer Mark Ronson in February 2003. He proposed on her 27th birthday, using a custom-made crossword puzzle spelling out "Will you marry me?" Their relationship ended approximately one year later.[52][53]
Though raised Jewish, Jones began practicing Hinduism in her early teens with her mother, after the two visited an ashram in India.[10] As an adult, she practices Judaism.[54] She told a reporter:
“ In this day and age, you can choose how you practice and what is your relationship with God. I feel pretty strongly about my connection, definitely through the Jewish traditions and the things that I learned dating the guy that I dated. My boyfriends tend to be Jewish and also be practicing... I don't see it as a necessity, but there's something about it that I connect with for whatever reason.[8] ”
On her multi-racial identity, she has remarked "I have gone through periods where I only feel black or Jewish. Now I have a good balance."[9]
Philanthropic efforts[edit]
Jones has worked to promote Peace First (formerly Peace Games), a nonprofit that teaches children to resolve conflict without violence. She has been a board member since 2004 and holds several annual benefits to raise money for the organization.[55] Jones has participated in Stand Up to Cancer events, EDUN and ONE: The Campaign to Make Poverty History, and The Art of Elysium's volunteer program, which runs artistic workshops for hospitalized children.[56][57][58][59] In 2007, she was honorary chair of the annual Housing Works benefit, which fights AIDS and homelessness in New York City.[60] She has helped fundraise for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the EB Medical Research Foundation, and New York's Lower Eastside Girls Club.[61][62][63][64]
Syria refugee camp visit[edit]
In 2016, Jones visited a Syrian refugee camp in Lebanon. She wrote about the confronting experience for Vanity Fair.[65] She also made a virtual reality movie to document her experiences, which appeared on rescue.org.[66]
Political work[edit]
Jones has campaigned in the last four cycles for Democratic Party presidential candidates. She supported Barack Obama during the 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns. In 2008, along with Kristen Bell, she visited college campuses in Missouri to discuss the candidates and to encourage voter registration for the Democratic Party.[67][68] In 2012, she campaigned in Iowa along with co-star Adam Scott.[69] Jones previously campaigned for Democratic candidate John Kerry during the 2004 election, speaking at student rallies and a public gallery in Ohio.[70][71] In the 2016 Democratic primary, she endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998
Myth America
N/A
2000
East of A
Emily
2001
Roadside Assistance
Lucy Short film
2002
Full Frontal
N/A Uncredited
2002
Now You Know
Kerri
2003
Death of a Dynasty
Layna Hudson
2004
Little Black Book
Dr. Rachel Keyes
2007
The Ten
Hostess Rebecca Fornier
2008
Life in Flight
Nina
2009
Brief Interviews with Hideous Men
Hannah
2009
I Love You, Man
Zooey
2010
Cop Out
Debbie
2010
The Social Network
Marylin Delpy
2010
Monogamy
Nat
2011
The Big Year
Ellie
2011
Friends with Benefits
Maddison Uncredited[72]
2011
Our Idiot Brother
Cindy Harris
2011
The Muppets
Veronica Martin
2012
Celeste and Jesse Forever
Celeste Martin Also co-writer
2013
Decoding Annie Parker
Kim
2014
Cuban Fury
Julia
2015
Matters of the Heart
N/A
2015
Hot Girls Wanted
N/A Documentary; producer
2015
Inside Out
Emotions of Cool Girl (voice)
2015
A Very Murray Christmas
The Bride
2017
Don't Come Back from the Moon
Eva Smalley
2018
Zoe
Post-production
2018
Tag
Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997
The Last Don
Johanna Television miniseries
2000
If These Walls Could Talk 2
Feminist Television film; segment: "1972"
2000
Freaks and Geeks
Karen Scarfolli Episode: "Kim Kelly Is My Friend"
2000–02
Boston Public
Louisa Fenn 26 episodes
2003–04
Chappelle's Show
Pam/Woman in 'Love Contract' 2 episodes
2004
Strip Search
N/A Television film; scenes deleted
2004
NY-LON
Edie Miller 7 episodes
2005
Stella
Karen Episode: "Pilot"
2005
Wanted
Detective Carla Merced 13 episodes
2005
Our Thirties
Liz Television short film
2006–09,
2011
The Office
Karen Filippelli 24 episodes
2007
Saturday Night Live
Karen Filippelli Episode: "Rainn Wilson / Arcade Fire"; uncredited
2007
Wainy Days
Wainette Davids Episode: "A Woman's Touch"
2008
Unhitched
Kate 6 episodes
2009
Robot Chicken
Casper / Little Orphan Annie / Molly / Princess (voices) Episode: "Tell My Mom"
2009–15
Parks and Recreation
Ann Perkins 106 episodes
2010
Vamped Out
Dispensary Receptionist (voice) Episode: "Hungry Hungry Al"
2011
Wilfred
Lisa Episode: "Respect"
2011–12,
2014
Web Therapy
Hayley Feldman-Tate 4 episodes
2012
Who Do You Think You Are?
Herself Episode: "Rashida Jones"
2012
The Cleveland Show
Daisy (voice) Episode: "All You Can Eat"
2013
The Simpsons
Portia (voice) Episode: "Changing of the Guardian"
2013
Kroll Show
Various Characters Episode: "The Greatest Hits of It"
2013
Comedy Bang! Bang!
Herself Episode: "Rashida Jones Wears a Black Blazer & Flowered Pants"
2013–15
The Awesomes
Hotwire (voice) 26 episodes
2014–15
A to Z
Whalen Executive producer; episode: "M is for Meant to Be"
2014
Key & Peele
Colin's Wife Episode: "Dying Wife"
2016
Zoolander: Super Model
D'Jangelo Television film
2016–present
Angie Tribeca
Angie Tribeca Lead role
2016
Black Mirror
N/A Episode: "Nosedive"; Co-wrote teleplay with Michael Schur
2017–2018
Black-ish
Santa Monica Episodes: "Sister, Sister", "Inheritance"
2017–present
Claws
N/A Executive producer
Music videos[edit]
Title
Other performer(s)
Director(s)
Album
Year
"Nice for What"
Drake Karena Evans !Karena Evans TBA 2018
"Family Feud"
Jay-Z Ava DuVernay !Ava DuVernay 4:44 2018
"More Than A Woman"
Aaliyah Dave Meyers !Dave Meyers Aaliyah 2001
Accolades[edit]
2002: Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Boston Public
2011: Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay for Celeste and Jesse Forever
2012: Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Parks and Recreation
2017: Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Television Movie for the episode "Nosedive" of Black Mirror
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1248). March 1, 2013. p. 25.
Jump up ^ Riley, Shay (September 19, 2010). "DID YOU KNOW? The Ancestry Of Quincy Jones". Booker Rising. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Interview with Jon Stewart, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Airdate July 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "Quincy Jones Interview -". Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Quincy Jones on his Welsh roots". British Broadcasting Corporation. July 4, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New DNA test results trace Oprah Winfrey's ancestry to Liberia / Zambia : Zambia News". Zambia News. February 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ Stated on Who Do You Think You Are?, May 4, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Gerri (2007). "The Daughter of Q". American Jewish Life Magazine. Genco Media LLC. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Keeps, David A. (July–August 2012). "In the Lead". Arrive Magazine: 58–65.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Bob Rivers Show: Interview with Actress Rashida Jones". Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jones, Quincy. "Q Notes: It's A Family Affair". The Official Website of Quincy Jones. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Women of Twin Peaks," Interview with Peggy Lipton, Entertainment Tonight. Airdate November 1990
^ Jump up to: a b Quine, Oscar (February 8, 2014). "The Conversation: Rashida Jones on school bus rides with Kim Kardashian, how OJ Simpson put her off law, and hating Valentine's Day". The Independent. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1997 Candidates for Harvard & Radcliffe Class Marshals". The Harvard Crimson, October 1, 1996. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sitcom Star Rashida Jones '97 to Speak at 2016 Class Day". The Harvard Crimson, April 2, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schaffer, Sarah J. (March 11, 1997). "Drinks Before, Not After". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bardin, Brantley (2008). "A Conversation With Rashida Jones". Women's Health. Rodale, Inc. (April): 88.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Hadley (February 15, 2014). "Rashida Jones: "There's more than one way to be a woman and be sexy"". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Harvard Alumni website (screenshot)". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Zeitchik, Steven (March 26, 2011). "Rashida Jones knows her comedy stats". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Role Models – Unrated Review, DVD Talk. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Episode: "Tell My Mom", The Robot Chicken Wiki. Retrieved on June 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Parks and Recreation' Cast Bids Farewell to Rashida Jones and Rob Lowe and We Cry With Them". E! Online. January 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Monogamy". Tribeca 2010 Film Guide. Archived from the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Poster for Indie Drama 'Monogamy' Starring Chris Messina Rashida Jones & Meital Dohan". IndieWire. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rashida Jones Joins The Big Year". Empire Online. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sundance Review: My Idiot Brother". The Film Stage. Archived from the original on March 27, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Does Adam Yauch's 'Fight For Your Right Revisited' Contain The Most Epic Cast Ever?". IndieWire. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. "Rashida Jones To Topline Steve Carell's TBS Comedy Pilot 'Tribeca'". Deadline. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sundance Quick Quote: Rashida Jones on Porn, Sex and Women". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 27, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jacob Siegal. "Netflix Movies May 2015: New movies and TV shows coming to Netflix - BGR". BGR. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Frenemy of the State, Oni Press. Retrieved on September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (October 13, 2009). "Universal and Imagine make 'Frenemy'". Variety. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Fox Atomic nabs 'Celeste and Jesse'", Variety, March 25, 2009. Retrieved on June 4, 2009
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (July 27, 2016). "Black Mirror Enlists Rashida Jones and Mike Schur for Season 3 Writing Stint". TVLine. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rashida Jones is Co-Writing Toy Story 4". The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon - YouTube. November 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (October 8, 2015). "'Cars 3' and 'Incredibles 2' Get Release Dates; 'Toy Story 4' Bumped a Year". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (October 26, 2016). "'The Incredibles 2' Moves Up to Summer 2018; 'Toy Story 4' Pushed to 2019". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (2017-11-21). "John Lasseter, a Pixar Founder, Takes Leave After 'Missteps'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
Jump up ^ Fierman, Daniel (February 16, 2007). "Paper Doll". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ The High & Mighty - Home Field Advantage (CD liner notes). Rawkus Records. P2-50121
Jump up ^ "The High & Mighty – Dick Starbuck Porno Detective". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The High & Mighty – Home Field Advantage". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What a Pair! Cast 2002". Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Daniel Ahearn & Rashida Jones - Wanted To Be Loved". SoundCloud.
Jump up ^ AaliyahMusicVideo (August 26, 2008). "Aaliyah - More Than A Woman" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Video for "Long Road to Ruin" on MTV". Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Natalie Portman and Rashida Jones Speak Out, FunnyOrDie.com. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ "McCann NY Gets Out of the Past for Verizon FiOS".
Jump up ^ "Rashida Jones is Partnering with Almay: See the Photos".
Jump up ^ "Rashida Jones: Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Abel, Olivia (March 17, 2003). "Passages". People. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Williams, Kam (March 9, 2009). "Rashida's Rhapsody". The Sly Fox. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ About Peace First: Board & Committees, Peace First. Retrieved on March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ First-look video: Rashida Jones' 'Stand Up 2 Cancer' PSA, Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ EDUN and ONE (Slide 13), Edun Online. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ EDUN ONE Auction, ONE.org. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Celebrity Supporters, The Art of Elysium. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Housing Works Fashion for Action, TFI. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Celebrity Involvement: News, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ EB Medical Research Foundation, Look To The Stars. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Events: GivEBig, EBMRF. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Doing Good for Downtown Girls"[permanent dead link], Fashion Week Daily: FWD, Retrieved on June 26, 2009
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Jump up ^ Kotyk, KC (October 4, 2008). "State urges voter registration". The Rolla Daily News. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Livengood, Chad (October 5, 2008). "Battle for votes goes to Springfield streets". Springfield News-Leader.
Jump up ^ "'Parks and Rec' stars stump for Obama at UI - The Daily Iowan". dailyiowan.com. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ White, Christopher (October 31, 2004). "Clout concerns". INF Magazine. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mozzocco, J. Caleb (September 29, 2004). "The Kerry camp's so-called outreach to young professionals" (PDF). Columbus Alive. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (July 18, 2011). "Review: 'Friends With Benefits'". Variety.com. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutRashida Jonesat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Data from Wikidata
Rashida Jones on IMDb
Rashida Jones at the TCM Movie Database
Rashida Jones at AllMovie
Rashida Jones discography at Discogs
Interview with Rashida Jones on Her Porn Documentary 'Hot Girls Wanted'
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 107563717
LCCN: no2007001066
ISNI: 0000 0000 7766 2820
GND: 1042622086
MusicBrainz: 4fcb173e-78a8-4e1a-99db-b0052087ed06
BNE: XX4894273
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashida_Jones&oldid=837169678"
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Hamida Djandoubi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hamida Djandoubi
Born
(1949-09-22)September 22, 1949
French Tunisia
Died
September 10, 1977(1977-09-10) (aged 27)
Baumettes prison, Marseille, France
Cause of death
Executed by guillotine
Resting place
Cimetière Saint-Pierre, Marseilles
Nationality
Tunisian
Other names
"Pimp Killer"
Occupation
Landscaper, pimp
Criminal charge
Procuring
Rape (2 counts)
Torture murder
Premeditated violence (3 counts)[1]
Criminal penalty
Capital punishment
Criminal status
Executed by guillotine on September 10, 1977
Motive
Revenge for previous criminal charges
Conviction(s)
Guilty on all charges (February 25, 1977)
Killings
Victims
Élisabeth Bousquet, 21
Date
Early 1973 (procuring) – July 3, 1974 (murder)
State(s)
Bouches-du-Rhône
Location(s)
Marseilles
Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: حميدة جندوبي; September 22, 1949 – September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22-year-old Élisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union[2] and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Murder of Elisabeth Bousquet
3 Trial and execution
4 Further reading
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Tunisia on September 22, 1949, Djandoubi started living in Marseille in 1968, working in a grocery store. He later worked as a landscaper but had a workplace accident in 1971 that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of his right leg.[4]
In 1973, a 21-year-old woman named Elisabeth Bousquet, whom Djandoubi had met in the hospital while recovering from his amputation, filed a complaint against him, stating that he had tried to force her into prostitution.[4]
Murder of Elisabeth Bousquet[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
After his arrest and eventual release from custody during the spring of 1973, Djandoubi drew two other young girls into his confidence and then forced them to "work" for him. On July 3, 1974, he kidnapped Bousquet and took her into his home where, in full view of the terrified girls, he beat the woman before stubbing a lit cigarette all over her breasts and genital area. Bousquet survived the ordeal so he took her by car to the outskirts of Marseille and strangled her there.
On his return, Djandoubi warned the two girls to say nothing of what they had seen. Bousquet's body was discovered in a shed by a boy on July 7, 1974. One month later, he kidnapped another girl who managed to escape and report him to police.
Trial and execution[edit]
After a lengthy pre-trial process, Djandoubi eventually appeared in court in Aix-en-Provence on charges of torture-murder, rape, and premeditated violence on February 24, 1977. His main defense revolved around the supposed effects of the amputation of his leg six years earlier which his lawyer claimed had driven him to a paroxysm of alcohol abuse and violence, turning him into a different man.
On February 25 he was sentenced to death. An appeal against his sentence was rejected on June 9. In the early morning of September 10, 1977, twelve days before his 28th birthday, Djandoubi was informed that he, like the child murderers Christian Ranucci (guillotined on July 28, 1976) and Jérôme Carrein (guillotined on June 23, 1977), had not received a reprieve from President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Shortly afterwards, at 4:40 a.m., he was executed by guillotine at Baumettes Prison in Marseille.
While Djandoubi was the last person executed in France, he was not the last condemned.[5] No more executions occurred after capital punishment was abolished in France in 1981 following the election of François Mitterrand.[6]
Further reading[edit]
Jeremy Mercer, When the Guillotine Fell : The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France's River of Blood, 1791–1977, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2008
Jean-Yves Le Nahour, Le Dernier guillotiné, Paris, First Editions, 2011
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Exécution d'Hamida Djandoubi à Marseille, TF1, September 10, 1977. INA. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Franklin E. Zimring (24 September 2004). The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-19-029237-9.
Jump up ^ Les deux derniers bourreaux français toujours vivants, La Dépêche du Midi, 10 September 2007 (French)
^ Jump up to: a b Cédric Condom, Le Dernier Guillotiné, Planète+ Justice, 2011 (French)
Jump up ^ La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans, Radio France internationale, 10 September 2007 (French)
Jump up ^ Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution, Le Nouvel Observateur, 10 September 2007 (French)
External links[edit]
Various photos, newspaper articles, and court documents related to the Djandoubi case (in English)
Le Dernier Guillotiné, directed by Cédric Condom, based on the book by Jean-Yves Le Nahour, Planète+ Justice, 2011
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 41310453
LCCN: n2008020686
BNF: cb165437083 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamida_Djandoubi&oldid=810143097"
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This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 15:54.
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