text:
Special session
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In a legislature, a special session (also extraordinary session) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session. This most frequently occurs in order to complete unfinished tasks for the year (often delayed by conflict between political parties), such as outlining the government's budget for the next fiscal year, biennium, or other period. Special sessions may also be called during an economic downturn in order to cut the budget. In other cases, a special session may be convened to address special topics, or emergencies such as war or natural disaster.
Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session, by the executive, or by the legislature's speaker or presiding officer. The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions.
United States[edit]
In the United States of America, Article II, Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to "on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them." [1]
This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations that require congressional action when Congress is adjourned. Presidents have exercised this power 46 times to recall only the Senate and 28 times to recall both Chambers of Congress, most recently by Harry Truman in 1948.[2]
The Senate itself differentiates between "extraordinary sessions" called by the Presidential proclamation and "special sessions" that merely indicate a session not normally scheduled.[3] The term "session" can refer to either the formal start and end of a Congressional session or the daily sessions of the chambers of Congress.[4] Thus a formal "special session" will only happen when Congress has adjourned sine die and is not simply in recess (in other words Congress may or may not already be in an official session, but in recess, when convened).[4]
The power is also given to some principals in the United States by their respective school constitutions. An example is the Constitution of TCM states that on extraordinary occasions the principal may convene neither or both houses of the legislature.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ United States Archives: Transcript of the Constitution
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate History
Jump up ^ "Types of Sessions". Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Beth, Richard; Tollestrup, Jessica (23 February 2013). "Sessions, Adjournments, and Recesses of Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. Summary. Retrieved 26 January 2014.

This government-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Alfie (Burt Bacharach song)
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"Alfie"
Single by Cilla Black
B-side
"Night Time Is Here"
Released
1966 (UK); July 1966 (US)
Format
7" single
Length
2:40
Label
Parlophone (UK)
Capitol (U.S.)
Songwriter(s)
Burt Bacharach
Hal David
Producer(s)
George Martin
Cilla Black singles chronology
"Love's Just a Broken Heart"
(1966) "Alfie"
(1966) "Don't Answer Me"
(1966)
"Love's Just a Broken Heart"
(1966) "Alfie"
(1966) "Don't Answer Me"
(1966)
"Alfie" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David to promote the 1966 film Alfie. The song was a major hit for Cilla Black (UK) and Dionne Warwick (US).
Contents
1 Background
2 Cilla Black version
3 Cher version
3.1 Charts
4 Early covers
5 Dionne Warwick version
5.1 Charts
6 Other versions
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Although Bacharach has cited "Alfie" as his personal favorite of his compositions, he and Hal David were not eager to write a song to promote the film Alfie (a release from Paramount Pictures, which owned Famous Music) when approached by Ed Wolpin of the Composers' Guild. David thought the title character's name pedestrian: "Writing a song about a man called 'Alfie' didn't seem too exciting at the time."
The composers agreed to submit an "Alfie" song if they could complete it within three weeks. Bacharach, in California, was inspired by a rough cut of the film about the Cockney womanizer played by Michael Caine. Bacharach felt that: "with 'Alfie' the lyric had to come first because it had to say what that movie was all about".[1] He arranged for David – in Long Island – to receive a script of the film to enable him to compose the lyrics. David utilized one of Caine's lines, "What's it all about?", as the opening phrase. David's lyrics were then set to music by Bacharach. The original was recorded in the key of F-sharp major, but Bacharach usually plays it live in B-flat major, the same key in which Cilla Black recorded it.
Cilla Black version[edit]
Although Bacharach and David suggested "Alfie" be recorded by Dionne Warwick, their most prolific interpreter, Paramount felt the film's setting demanded the song be recorded by a UK singer. Accordingly, Sandie Shaw, who had had a UK #1 hit with the Bacharach/David composition "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me", was initially invited to record "Alfie". When Shaw declined, the song was offered to Cilla Black, who had also had a UK #1 with a Bacharach/David number, "Anyone Who Had a Heart".
Black was invited to record "Alfie" in a letter from Bacharach, and Black recalls him saying that the song had been written specially for her. Brian Epstein, her manager, was sent a demo[2] of the song, originally performed by 22-year-old Kenny Karen, with Bacharach on piano, accompanied by a string ensemble[3]. Black reacted negatively on hearing the demo "of some fella singing 'Alfie' ... I actually said to Brian 'I can't do this.' For a start - Alfie?? You call your dog Alfie! ... [Couldn't] it be Tarquin or something like that?"[4]
Black states that, rather than declining outright to record the song, she decided to set conditions: "I said I'd only do it if Burt Bacharach himself did the arrangement, never thinking for one moment that he would. [When] the reply came back from America that he'd be happy to...I said I would only do it if Burt came over to London for the recording session. 'Yes,' came the reply. Next I said that as well as the arrangements and coming over, he had to play [piano] on the session. To my astonishment it was agreed that Burt would do all three. So by this time, coward that I was, I really couldn't back out."
The session for Black's recording of "Alfie" took place in the autumn of 1965, in Studio One at Abbey Road, and was overseen by Black's regular producer George Martin. In addition to the agreed arranging and piano playing, Bacharach conducted a 48-piece orchestra, and the session also featured the Breakaways as background vocalists. According to Black, Bacharach had her record eighteen complete takes before he was satisfied with her vocal, while Bacharach's estimation of the total number of takes, including partial ones, is as high as "twenty-eight or twenty-nine...I kept going [thinking] can we get it a little better...[add] just some magic[?]. Cilla was great and wound up delivering a killer vocal as she did on so many of my songs."[5]
"Alfie" was released in January 1966, four months prior to the opening of the film. The single was essentially intended as a specialty item to foster interest in the upcoming film rather than a mainstream hit. However the track accrued enough interest to enter the UK Top 50 in April 1966, reaching #9 that May.[6][7]
Black's "Alfie" was released in Australia, New Zealand and the US in July 1966, a month prior to the release of the film in both countries. Despite the soundtrack appearance of a version of "Alfie" by Cher in the film's worldwide release, Black's "Alfie" was a sizable Australian hit at #22. It went to #20 in New Zealand.[8] In the US - where Black had previously enjoyed only one moderate success with "You're My World" in 1964 - her "Alfie" single just made the Billboard Hot 100 at #95, the pop mainstream sector's focus being primarily on Cher's version of the song, which was only a moderate hit in the US at #32. Interest in any one recorded version of "Alfie" was dissipated by the plethora of easy listening-oriented covers which were in release by the summer of 1966.
Cilla Black titled her 2004 autobiography What's It All About?, a reference to the opening phrase of the song. The grave marker beneath the headstone on her burial plot in Allerton Cemetery is inscribed with four lines taken from the bridge and the third verse of "Alfie". Lyrics from Black's hits "Step Inside Love" and "You're My World" also appear on the marker. The black marble headstone and marker were installed 18 April 2016, eight months after Black's death on 1 August 2015. Following the December 2015 theft of the original bronze nameplate, Black's grave remained unmarked until drier weather permitted the installation of the replacement marble headstone and marker. [9]
Cher version[edit]
"Alfie"
Single by Cher
from the album Cher
B-side
"She's No Better Than Me"
Released
1966
Format
7" single
Genre
Pop, folk
Length
2:50
Label
Imperial
Songwriter(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Producer(s)
Sonny Bono
Cher singles chronology
"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)"
(1966) "Alfie"
(1966) "I Feel Something in the Air"
(1966)
"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)"
(1966) "Alfie"
(1966) "I Feel Something in the Air"
(1966)
"Alfie" (Cher version)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Although Black's version of "Alfie" in F major had served as a promotional tool for the film's UK release rather than as the film's theme - being in fact featured nowhere on the soundtrack of the film's UK release - for the US release of the film Alfie the film's distributor United Artists wanted the song featured on the film's soundtrack despite the objections of the film's director Lewis Gilbert who felt the song "Alfie" would distract from the jazz score he had had Sonny Rollins provide for the film. United Artists compromised with Gilbert in keeping the prospective theme song out of the main body of the film Alfie but having it play during the closing credits.
Rather than utilize Black's version, United Artists commissioned a new version of the song "Alfie" by the American singer/actress Cher who was on the roster of Imperial Records. Recorded at Gold Star Studios, Cher's version of "Alfie" was released at the end of June 1966 almost two months prior to the film's US premiere (August 25, 1966); Sonny Bono's production showcased the song à la Phil Spector. Despite being the follow-up to the #2 hit "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" Cher's version of "Alfie" rose no higher than #32.[10] Cher's version was also a top 40 hit in Canada, reaching #36.[11]
The versions of "Alfie" by both Cilla Black and Cher were released in Australia in July 1966, with Black's becoming the major hit at #22; the Cher version's Australian chart peak was #96. "Alfie" was featured on the October 1966 album release entitled Chér.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1966)
Peak
position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12] 36
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 32
US Cashbox Sales Chart[14] 32
Early covers[edit]
Despite the relative failure of the version of "Alfie" cut for the US film release, Cilla Black's UK success with the song had attracted sufficient attention in the US for several American singers besides Cher to cover the song by the time the film Alfie opened in the US in August 1966. Two of these covers actually predate the Cher recording although neither was released prior to Cher's, the first evident recording of "Alfie" by an American singer being that cut by Jerry Butler in May 1966 which first appeared as a track on the December 1967 album release Mr Dream Merchant. Also in the spring of 1966 Dee Dee Warwick, while on a promotional junket to the UK, made a recording of "Alfie" at the Philips Studio in Marble Arch with Johnny Franz producing the session and Peter Knight arranging and conducting the orchestra; this version was first issued over a year later as the B-side of Dee Dee Warwick's 1967 single "Locked in Your Love".
At the time the film Alfie premiered in New York City August 25, 1966 at least eight recorded versions of the song "Alfie" were in release in the US: besides the Cher version from the film and the Cilla Black original which had been issued in the US that July to peak at No.95 on the Billboard Hot 100, "Alfie" had been recorded by Vikki Carr, Jack Jones, Tony Martin, Carmen McRae, Joanie Sommers and Billy Vaughn. The five last-named singers had recorded "Alfie" in hopes of taking the song into the Billboard Easy Listening chart rather than scoring a mainstream Pop hit and both Joanie Sommers and Carmen McRae did score an Easy Listening hit with their respective versions of "Alfie" (Sommers - #9; McRae - #29).
Dionne Warwick version[edit]
"Alfie"
Single by Dionne Warwick
from the album Here Where There Is Love
B-side
"The Beginning of Loneliness"
Released
March 1967
Format
7" Vinyl single
Recorded
1966
Genre
Soul, pop
Length
2:44
Label
Scepter
Songwriter(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Producer(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Dionne Warwick singles chronology
"Another Night"
(1966) "The Beginning of Loneliness" / "Alfie"
(1967) "The Windows of the World""
(1967)
"Another Night"
(1966) "The Beginning of Loneliness"/
"Alfie"
(1967) "The Windows of the World""
(1967)
"Alfie" would not become a Top 15 hit in the US until the spring and summer of 1967 when Dionne Warwick, the most prolific interpreter of Bacharach/David compositions and the composers' original choice to record the song. Warwick's version peaked to #15 on the Billboard Hot 100, #5 on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart and #10 on the Canadian Singles Chart. Introduced on the December 1966 album release Here Where There Is Love, Warwick's version of "Alfie" had been an impromptu addition to a recording session at A&R Studio in New York City whose scheduled tracks had been completed early; Scepter Records A&R man Steve Tyrell suggested to Burt Bacharach that the booked time remaining be put to use by having Warwick record a version of "Alfie". Warwick, though feeling it pointless to increase the song's massive cover version count (there were by then some forty-two recorded versions of the song), was persuaded to record the song, cutting her vocal in a single take.
Although the "Alfie" track on Warwick's Here Where There Is Love album began receiving radio airplay as early as January 1967, the track was not issued as a single until March 1967 and then as the intended B-side of the Bacharach/David composed "The Beginning of Loneliness"; however disc jockeys preferred "Alfie", flipped the single to its B-side, and the track began to ascend the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1967, with a major assist from Warwick's performance of "Alfie" on the 39th Academy Awards ceremony television broadcast live worldwide on April 10, 1967. Billboard's year end tally of the biggest Pop hits of 1967 ranked Warwick's version of "Alfie" at #44 in a Top 100 of the year composed otherwise of Top Ten hits.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12] 10
US Cashbox Sales Chart[14] 15
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 15
US Billboard Hot R&B Songs[16] 5
Other versions[edit]
In 1968, Stevie Wonder released a harmonica instrumental version. This version made the Hot 100, peaking at #66, and it was also a Top 20 Easy Listening hit. Wonder's single was made for Gordy Records and released pseudonymously as Eivets Rednow - an inversion of "Stevie" and "Wonder".
Mina recorded the song in 1971 for her album Mina, also known as "the monkey album".
The Delfonics recorded "Alfie" for their 1968 La La Means I Love You album produced by Thom Bell; originally the B-side of the group's hit 1968 hit "Break Your Promise", the Delfonics' recording of "Alfie" had a belated A-side release in 1973 when it was a minor R&B hit (#88).
In 1994, Whitney Houston performed the song on select dates during her Bodyguard Tour, and her 1997 HBO televised concert, Classic Whitney: Live from Washington, D.C..
Joss Stone remade "Alfie" to play under the closing credits of the 2004 remake of the film Alfie.[17]
Other artists to record versions of "Alfie" include several versions by Bacharach himself, Patricia Barber, Tony Bennett, Jerry Butler, Liane Carroll, Randy Crawford, Blossom Dearie, Bill Evans, Percy Faith, Everything But The Girl, Maynard Ferguson, Renée Geyer, Stan Getz, Tony Hatch, Dick Hyman, Jack Jones, The Anita Kerr Singers, Chaka Khan, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Earl Klugh, Cleo Laine, Tony Martin, Johnny Mathis, David McCallum, Carmen McCrae, Brad Mehldau, Pat Metheny, Matt Monro, Olivia Newton-John, Elaine Paige, Rita Reys, Buddy Rich, Rumer, The John Scofield Trio, The Sweet Inspirations, Joanie Sommers, McCoy Tyner, Midge Ure, Sylvia Vrethammar (Swedish rendering), Sarah Vaughan, Billy Vaughn, Nancy Wilson, Andy Williams, Vanessa Williams, Kerry Ellis and Nanette Workman.
Barbra Streisand recorded the song for her 1969 album What About Today? and performed it on her Timeless Tour in 2000.
In a deleted scene from the movie Austin Powers in Goldmember, the song is parodied, with "Austin" replacing "Alfie" in the lyric. Alfie is sung by most of the main characters. Michael Caine, who plays Austin Powers' father, also played the character Alfie in the original 1966 movie, and scenes from the film appear in the background while he is singing. Susanna Hoffs made the recording of this version - entitled "Alfie (What's It All About, Austin?)" for the soundtrack album.
Bob Welch covered this song on his 2011 Album: Sings The Best Songs Ever Written
Recently, Gina Hayes recorded an updated/jazzy version of the song, which appears on her 2014 album "Montage".
Santana Lopez (portrayed by Naya Rivera) performed this song on the sixth episode of Glee's sixth season, "What The World Needs Now". The episode aired in the US on 6 February 2015.
Jazz bassist Jaco Pastorius references the main melody to demonstrate the use of bass for melodic lines in his 1985 instructional video Modern Electric Bass.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Burt Bacharach interview about 'At This Time.'". PopEntertainment.com. 2006-07-24. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
Jump up ^ "Alfie demo song. Label says "A Famous DEMO - Famous music corporation" "ALFIE" typed on label". YouTube. 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
Jump up ^ "Kenny Karen Bio". Retrieved 2017-11-16.
Jump up ^ Bacharach, Burt (2013). "11: What's It All About?". Anyone Who Had a Heart: My Life and Music. Atlantic Books Ltd. ISBN 0857898043. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
Jump up ^ Munns, Stephen (2012). Completely Cilla. EMI.
Jump up ^ "The Making of "Alfie" (Part 1)". JazzWax.com. 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine, May 1966. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
Jump up ^ Cilla Black - Flavour of New Zealand. Flavour of New Zealand
Jump up ^ Jones, Neil (April 18, 2016). "Cilla Black's grave to become a tourist stop as HUGE headstone is fitted". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Making of "Alfie" (Part 2)". JazzWax.com. February 23, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b RPM Archives. Dionne Warwick's Canada Singles History.
Jump up ^ Billboard Chart History. Cher's Hot 100 History.
^ Jump up to: a b Music: 1960's Songs Archives Files. Archived July 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Billboard Chart History. Dionne Warwick's Hot 100 History.
Jump up ^ Billboard Chart History. Dionne Warwick's R&B Singles History.
Jump up ^ "In Brief: Cher song pulled from Alfie". The Guardian. London. August 26, 2004. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Alfie
Films
Alfie (1966)
Alfie Darling (1975)
Alfie (2004)
Music
"Alfie" (song)
Alfie (Sonny Rollins album)
Alfie (2004 soundtrack)
"Old Habits Die Hard"
show
v
t
e
Dionne Warwick
Discography
Studio albums
Presenting Dionne Warwick (1963)
Anyone Who Had a Heart (1964)
Make Way for Dionne Warwick (1964)
The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick (1965)
Here I Am (1965)
Here Where There Is Love (1966)
On Stage and in the Movies (1967)
The Windows of the World (1967)
Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls (1968)
Promises, Promises (1968)
Soulful (1969)
I'll Never Fall in Love Again (1970)
Very Dionne (1970)
Dionne (1979)
No Night So Long (1980)
Friends in Love (1982)
Heartbreaker (1982)
How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye (1983)
Finder of Lost Loves (1985)
Friends (1985)
Reservations for Two (1987)
Friends Can Be Lovers (1993)
My Friends & Me (2006)
Live albums
Dionne Warwick in Paris (1966)
Hot! Live and Otherwise (1981)
Christmas in Vienna II (1993)
Compilation albums
The Love Collection (2008)
Singles
"Don't Make Me Over"
"Wishin' and Hopin'"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"Walk On By"
"You'll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart)"
"A House Is Not a Home"
"Reach Out for Me"
"Who Can I Turn To?"
"Are You There (With Another Girl)"
"Message to Michael"
"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself"
"Alfie"
"The Windows of the World"
"I Say a Little Prayer"
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me"
"This Girl's in Love with You"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"Make It Easy on Yourself"
"The Good Life"
"Then Came You"
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix
"Only Love Can Break a Heart"
"I'll Never Love This Way Again"
"Déjà Vu"
"After You"
"No Night So Long"
"Easy Love"
"Heartbreaker"
"All the Love in the World"
"Run to Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Love Power"
"It's All Over"
"What the World Needs Now Is Love"
Book
show
v
t
e
Cilla Black
Studio albums
Cilla (1965)
Is It Love? (1965)
Cilla Sings a Rainbow (1966)
Sher-oo! (1968)
Surround Yourself with Cilla (1969)
Sweet Inspiration (1970)
Images (1971)
Day by Day with Cilla (1973)
In My Life (1974)
It Makes Me Feel Good (1976)
Modern Priscilla (1978)
Especially For You (1980)
Surprisingly Cilla (1985)
Cilla's World (1990)
Through The Years (1993)
Beginnings: Greatest Hits & New Songs (2003)
Cilla All Mixed Up (2009)
Compilation albums
The Best of Cilla Black (1968)
The Definitive Collection (A Life in Music) (2009)
Completely Cilla: 1963-1973 (2012)
The Very Best of Cilla Black (2013)
Songs
"Love of the Loved"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"You're My World"
"It's for You"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"
"Alfie"
"For No-one"
"Step Inside Love"
"Surround Yourself with Sorrow"
"If I Thought You'd Ever Change Your Mind"
"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"
Related
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfie_(Burt_Bacharach_song)&oldid=853438110"
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