text:
Gunmetal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Gunmetal (disambiguation).
Gunmetal parts
Gunmetal, also known as red brass in the United States, is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin, and zinc. Proportions vary by source,[1][2] but 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc is an approximation. Originally used chiefly for making guns, it was eventually superseded in this department by steel. Gunmetal, which casts and machines well and is resistant to corrosion from steam and salt water,[3] is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects, such as buttons. It has a tensile strength of 221 to 310 MPa, a specific gravity of 8.7, a Brinell hardness of 65 to 74, and a melting point of around 1,000 degrees Celsius.
Contents
1 Variants
2 Other uses
3 Colour
4 References
Variants[edit]
Gunmetal ingot is a related alloy where the zinc is replaced by 2% lead; this makes the alloy easier to cast but it has less strength.[4]
Modified gunmetal contains lead in addition to the zinc; it is typically composed of 86% copper, 9.5% tin, 2.5% lead, and 2% zinc. It is used for gears and bearings.[4]
U.S. Government bronze specification G C90500 is composed of 88% copper, 10% tin, and 2% zinc, as is British Admiralty gunmetal.
G bronze (or Copper Alloy No. C90300) contains 88% copper, 8% tin, and 4% zinc.[4][5]
U.S. Government bronze specification H is composed of 83% copper, 14% tin, 3% zinc, and 0.8% phosphorus.[6]
Red brass is used to produce pipes, valves, and plumbing fixtures and is considered to offer a good mixture of corrosion resistance, strength and ease of casting.[7] It typically contains 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc.
Copper Alloy C23000, which is also known as red brass, contains 84–86% copper, 0.05% each iron and lead, with the balance being zinc.[8]
Gunmetal can also mean steel treated to simulate gunmetal bronze.[2] Bushings made of this metal are used in machinery.
Other uses[edit]
The Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for military valour, is traditionally made using gunmetal from a cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
The British Gwalior Star medal, awarded to the British participants in the 1843 campaign against the Scindias, is made from guns captured at the Battles of Maharajpur and Punniar, during the Gwalior Campaign.
Gun money, Irish late 17th-century emergency coins, contain gunmetal, as worn and scrapped guns were used to make them; but also many other metals, in particular brass and bronze, as people donated pots and pans and other metal objects.
Colour[edit]
Gunmetal
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#536267
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(83, 98, 103)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(19, 5, 0, 60)
Source
[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Gunmetal as a colour is entirely different from the reddish alloy of the same name described above. It is a shade of grey that has a bluish purplish tinge.[9]
References[edit]
Look up gunmetal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Gunmetal". Retrieved 2008-04-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gunmetal". Retrieved 2008-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Gunmetal". Retrieved 2008-04-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brady, George Stuart; Henry R. Clauser; John A. Vaccari (2002). Materials Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 468–469. ISBN 0-07-136076-X.
Jump up ^ "C90300 Bronze Navy G - CDA 903". Anchor Bronze & Metals, Inc.
Jump up ^ "Gateway to Metals Steel & Minerals Castings [Gun Metal]". EuroAsia Softech LLP. December 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ammen, C.W. (2000). Metalcasting. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 133. ISBN 0-07-134246-X.
Jump up ^ "C23000 Copper Alloys [Red Brass, C230] Material Property Data Sheet". Metal Suppliers Online.
Jump up ^ "Definition: Gunmetal". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
hide
v
t
e
Shades of grey
Grey Ash grey Battleship grey Blue-grey Cadet grey Charcoal Cool grey Davy's grey Payne's grey Gunmetal
Platinum Silver Slate grey Taupe Purple taupe Medium taupe Rose quartz Taupe grey Timberwolf
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunmetal&oldid=844180897"
Categories:
Shades of gray
Bronze
Plumbing
Hidden categories:
WikiProject Color articles needing infobox sources
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Gaeilge
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 June 2018, at 05:33 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Gunmetal_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Gunmetal (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Brinell_hardness
mw-redirect
Brinell hardness

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Scindia_family
mw-redirect
Scindia family

values: text-align:center;line-height:12px; background-color:#536267; border: 0.1px solid #000000

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%

values:
/wiki/SRGB_color_space
mw-redirect
SRGB color space

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Color/Sources for Color Coordinates

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.anchorbronze.com/c90300.htm

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: ;background:#C0C0C0; color:black; -moz-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;

values:
/wiki/Shades_of_grey
mw-redirect
Shades of grey

values:
/wiki/Battleship_gray
mw-redirect
Battleship gray

values:
/wiki/Charcoal_(color)
mw-redirect
Charcoal (color)

values:
/wiki/Davy%27s_gray
mw-redirect
Davy's gray

values:
/wiki/Gunmetal_(color)
mw-redirect
Gunmetal (color)

values:
/wiki/Purple_taupe
mw-redirect
Purple taupe

values:
/wiki/Medium_taupe
mw-redirect
Medium taupe

values:
/wiki/Rose_quartz_(color)
mw-redirect
Rose quartz (color)

values:
/wiki/Timberwolf_(color)
mw-redirect
Timberwolf (color)

values: font-size:smaller; background:transparent; -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #C0C0C0; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #C0C0C0; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #C0C0C0;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:WikiProject Color articles needing infobox sources

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Gunmetal
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Gunmetal&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunmetal
Gunmetal – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotguss
Rotguss – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spi%C5%BC
Spiż – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gunmetal rootpage-Gunmetal skin-vector action-view


text:
Prime Minister of the Bahamas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prime Minister of The Bahamas
Flag of the Prime Minister
Incumbent
Hubert Minnis
since 11 May 2017
Style
The Honourable
Appointer
Governor-General of the Bahamas
Term length
At the Governor-General's pleasure (normally 5 years)
Inaugural holder
Sir Lynden Pindling
Formation
10 May 1969
Website
bahamas.gov.bs
The Bahamas
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Bahamas
Executive[show]
Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governor-General (list)
Marguerite Pindling
Prime Minister
Hubert Minnis
Cabinet
Legislature[show]
Senate
President of the Senate
House of Assembly
Speaker
Judiciary[show]
Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council
Court of Appeal
Supreme Court
Magistrates' Court
Law of the Bahamas
Local government[show]
Local Government Act 1996
Chief Councillors
Elections[show]
General
1962
1967
1968
1972

1977
1982
1987
1992

1997
2002
2007
2012

2017
Political parties
FNM
PLP
DNA
Foreign relations
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Prime Minister of The Bahamas is the head of government of the Bahamas, currently Hubert Minnis. Minnis, as leader of the governing Free National Movement party (FNM), He was sworn in as Prime Minister on 11 May 2017, succeeding Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) leader Perry Christie. This was a result of the FNM's victory in the Bahamas general election of May 10, 2017. The Prime Minister is formally appointed into office by the Governor General of the Bahamas, who represents Elizabeth II, the Queen of the Bahamas (The Bahamian Head of State).
The following article contains a list of Prime Ministers of The Bahamas, from the establishment of the position of Chief Minister of The Bahama Islands in 1955 to the present day.
Contents
[hide]
1 Office of the Prime Minister
2 List of heads of government of The Bahamas (1955–present)
2.1 Chief Minister of The Bahama Islands (1955–1964)
2.2 Premiers of The Bahama Islands (1964–1969)
2.3 Prime Minister of The Commonwealth of The Bahama Islands (1969–1973)
2.4 Prime Ministers of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas (1973–present)
3 Deputy Prime Ministers
4 See also
5 References
Office of the Prime Minister[edit]
The Prime Minister of the Bahamas is the head of the Government of the Bahamas. Duties of the Prime Minister include:
the Grand Bahama Port Authority
the Public Utilities Commission
City of Nassau revitalization project
Industrial and hotel encouragement
Bahamas Information Services
National Economic Council
Promotion and facilitation of investment
Development in the Family Islands
Agencies under the prime minister include:
Department of Lands and Surveys
Lands and Surveying
Acquiring Land
Department of Local Government
Relations with Local Government Agencies
Local improvement associations
List of heads of government of The Bahamas (1955–present)[edit]
Chief Minister of The Bahama Islands (1955–1964)[edit]
Chief Minister
Term of Office
Political Party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
1
Sir Roland Symonette
(1898–1980) 1955 7 January 1964 9 years United Bahamian Party
Premiers of The Bahama Islands (1964–1969)[edit]
Premier
Term of Office
Political Party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
(1)
Sir Roland Symonette
(1898–1980) 7 January 1964 16 January 1967 3 years, 9 days United Bahamian Party
2
Lynden Pindling
(1929–2000) 16 January 1967 10 May 1969 2 years, 114 days Progressive Liberal Party
Prime Minister of The Commonwealth of The Bahama Islands (1969–1973)[edit]
Prime Minister
Term of Office
Political Party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
1
Lynden Pindling
(1929–2000) 10 May 1969 10 July 1973 4 years, 61 days Progressive Liberal Party
Prime Ministers of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas (1973–present)[edit]
Prime Minister
Term of Office
Political Party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
1
Lynden Pindling
(1929–2000) 10 July 1973 21 August 1992 19 years, 42 days Progressive Liberal Party
2
Hubert Ingraham
(1947–) 21 August 1992 3 May 2002 9 years, 255 days Free National Movement
3
Perry Christie
(1942–) 3 May 2002 4 May 2007 5 years, 1 day Progressive Liberal Party
(2)
Hubert Ingraham
(1947–) 4 May 2007 8 May 2012 5 years, 4 days Free National Movement
(3)
Perry Christie
(1942–) 8 May 2012 11 May 2017 5 years, 3 days Progressive Liberal Party
4
Hubert Minnis
(1954–) 11 May 2017 Incumbent 293 days Free National Movement
Deputy Prime Ministers[edit]
Arthur Dion "A.D" Hanna 1967–1984
Clement T. Maynard 1985–1992
Orville Turnquest 1992-1995
Frank Watson 1995–2002
Cynthia A. Pratt 2002–2007
Brent Symonette 2007–2012
Philip Davis 2012–2017
Peter Turnquest 2017–present
See also[edit]
Governor-General of the Bahamas
Lists of office-holders
Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II
List of Commonwealth Heads of Government
List of Privy Counsellors (1952–present)
References[edit]
http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#bahamas
http://www.hk-bahamas.de/en/parties.php
http://www.politicalresources.net/bahamas.htm
Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd
[show]
v
t
e
Prime Ministers of the Bahamas
Symonette*
Symonette†
Pindling†
Pindling
Ingraham
Christie
Pratt (Acting)
Christie
Ingraham
Christie
Minnis
* Served as Chief Minister of the Bahamas. † Served as Premier of the Bahamas.
[show]
v
t
e
The Bahamas articles
History
Battle of Nassau
Colonial heads
Eleutheran Adventurers
American Civil War
Raid on Charles Town
Raid on Nassau
Battle of Nassau (1720)
Capture of the Bahamas (1782)
Capture of the Bahamas (1783)
Geography
Cities
Nassau
Freeport
Islands
New Providence
Grand Bahama
Rivers
Wildlife
birds
mammals
Politics
Defence Force
Elections
Foreign relations
Governor-General
Law
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Chief Justice
Enforcement
Capital punishment
Local government
Monarchy
Parliament
Political parties
Prime Minister
Security and intelligence
Economy
Agriculture
Communications
Dollar (currency)
Stock exchange
Transport
Society
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Education
Languages
Religion
LGBT rights in the Bahamas
Culture
Coat of Arms
Creole
Flag
Films
Music
Television
Anthem
National Song
Pledge
Outline
Index
Bibliography
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Heads of state and government of North America
Heads of state
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Heads of government
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
[show]
v
t
e
Deputy heads of government of North America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
[show]
v
t
e
Prime minister
Prime Ministers
by country
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia
Artsakh
Aruba
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Kinshasa)
Cook Islands
Croatia
Cuba
Curaçao
Northern Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
East Timor
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Ghana
Georgia
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
North Korea
South Korea
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Myanmar (Burma)
Nagorno-Karabakh
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Niue
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Ossetia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Syria
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Yemen
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas&oldid=812904971"
Categories:
Prime Ministers of the Bahamas
Lists of heads of government
Lists of political office-holders in the Bahamas
Lists of prime ministers
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from September 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Asturianu
Català
Français
Galego
Latviešu
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Simple English
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 15:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: Flag of the Prime Minister of the Bahamas.svg

attrs: href class

value: td

values: text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;

values: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: List of Presidents of the Senate of the Bahamas

values: List of Speakers of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_the_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Court of Appeal of the Bahamas

values: List of political parties in the Bahamas

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Governor General of the Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Head_of_State
mw-redirect
Head of State

values: Edit section: Office of the Prime Minister

values:
/wiki/Government_of_the_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Government of the Bahamas

values: Edit section: List of heads of government of The Bahamas (1955–present)

values: Edit section: Chief Minister of The Bahama Islands (1955–1964)

values: Edit section: Premiers of The Bahama Islands (1964–1969)

values: Edit section: Prime Minister of The Commonwealth of The Bahama Islands (1969–1973)

values: Edit section: Prime Ministers of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas (1973–present)

values:
/wiki/Peter_Turnquest
mw-redirect
Peter Turnquest

values: List of Commonwealth Heads of Government

values: List of Privy Counsellors (1952–present)

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.hk-bahamas.de/en/parties.php

values: Template talk:Prime Minister of the Bahamas

values: List of heads of government of the Bahamas

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/History_of_The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
History of The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Nassau
mw-redirect
Battle of Nassau

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Geography of The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Politics of The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Economy of The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Outline_of_The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Outline of The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Bibliography of The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Book:The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Book:The Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Portal:The_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Portal:The Bahamas

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Heads of state and government of North America

values: Template talk:Heads of state and government of North America

values: width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;

values: List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic

values: Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values: List of Prime Ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis

values: List of Prime Ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values: List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Deputy heads of government of North America

values: Template talk:Deputy heads of government of North America

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Barbados (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Belize (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Dominica (page does not exist)

values: Vice President of the Dominican Republic

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Grenada (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Jamaica (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)

values: Deputy Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belize
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belize

values:
/wiki/Premiers_of_Bermuda
mw-redirect
Premiers of Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Bhutan

values: Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burkina_Faso
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burkina Faso

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Cape Verde

values: Prime Minister of the Central African Republic

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Chad

values: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Prime_ministers_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Prime ministers of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Djibouti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Grenada

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guinea
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guinea

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guyana
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guyana

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ha%C3%AFti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Haïti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Morocco

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burma

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Saint Lucia

values: Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Solomon_Islands
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Solomon Islands

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Somalia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Sudan

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Swaziland
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Swaziland

values: Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values: Category:Lists of political office-holders in the Bahamas

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Primer Ministru de Les Bahames – Asturian

values: Primer Ministre de les Bahames – Catalan

values: Primeiro ministro das Bahamas – Galician

values: Prime Minister of the Bahamas – Simple English

values: Bahamalar başbakanları listesi – Turkish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas rootpage-Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas skin-vector action-view


text:
Olfactory receptor neuron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Olfactory receptor neuron
Labels in German. "Zellen" = "cell","riech" = "smell", "Riechnerv" = olfactory nerve, "cillien" = cilia.
Details
Location
olfactory epithelium in the nose
Morphology
Bipolar sensory receptor
Function
Detect traces of chemicals in inhaled air (sense of smell)
Neurotransmitter
Glutamate[1]
Presynaptic connections
None
Postsynaptic connections
Olfactory bulb
Identifiers
Code
TH H3.11.07.0.01003
NeuroLex ID
Olfactory receptor neuron
TH
H3.11.07.0.01003
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Plan of olfactory neurons.
An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a transduction cell within the olfactory system.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Vertebrates
1.1 Structure
1.2 Function
1.3 Desensitization of olfactory neuron
1.4 Number of distinguishable odors
2 Insects
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Vertebrates[edit]
Humans have about 10 million olfactory receptor neurons.[3] In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium.[4]
Structure[edit]
Many tiny hair-like cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrite into the mucus covering the surface of the olfactory epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.[5]
Function[edit]
ORs, which are located on the membranes of the cilia have been classified as a complex type of ligand-gated metabotropic channels.[6] There are approximately 1000 different genes that code for the ORs, making them the largest gene family. An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind to an OR. ORs can bind to a variety of odor molecules, with varying affinities. The difference in affinities causes differences in activation patterns resulting in unique odorant profiles.[7][8] The activated OR in turn activates the intracellular G-protein, GOLF (GNAL), adenylate cyclase and production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) opens ion channels in the cell membrane, resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of chloride ions. This influx of positive ions and efflux of negative ions causes the neuron to depolarize, generating an action potential.
Desensitization of olfactory neuron
Desensitization of olfactory neuron[edit]
The olfactory receptor neuron has a fast working negative feedback response upon depolarization. When the neuron is depolarizing, the CNG ion channel is open allowing sodium and calcium to rush into the cell. The influx of calcium begins a cascade of events within the cell. Calcium first binds to calmodulin to form CaM. CaM will then bind to the CNG channel and close it, stopping the sodium and calcium influx.[9] CaMKII will be activated by the presence of CaM, which will phosphorylate ACIII and reduce cAMP production.[10] CaMKII will also activate phosphodiesterase, which will then hydrolyze cAMP.[11] The effect of this negative feedback response inhibits the neuron from further activation when another odor molecule is introduced.
Number of distinguishable odors[edit]
A widely publicized study suggested that humans can detect more than one trillion different odors.[12] This finding has however been disputed. Critics argued that the methodology used for the estimation was fundamentally flawed, showing that applying the same argument for better-understood sensory modalities, such as vision or audition, leads to wrong conclusions.[13] Other researchers have also showed that the result is extremely sensitive to the precise details of the calculation, with small variations changing the result over dozens of orders of magnitude, possibly going as low as a few thousand.[14] The authors of the original study have argued that their estimate holds as long as it is assumed that odor space is sufficiently high-dimensional.[15]
Insects[edit]
Main article: insect olfaction
See also[edit]
Chemoreceptor
Sensory receptor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Berkowicz, D. A.; Trombley, P. Q.; Shepherd, G. M. (1994). "Evidence for glutamate as the olfactory receptor cell neurotransmitter". Journal of Neurophysiology. 71 (6): 2557–61. PMID 7931535.
Jump up ^ Vermeulen, A; Rospars, J. P. (1998). "Dendritic integration in olfactory sensory neurons: A steady-state analysis of how the neuron structure and neuron environment influence the coding of odor intensity". Journal of computational neuroscience. 5 (3): 243–66. PMID 9663551.
Jump up ^ Schacter, Daniel L. (2014). Psychology. p. 167. ISBN 1464106037.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, A.M.; Manis, P.B.; Reed, R.R.; Ronnett, G.V. (1999). "Olfactory receptor neurons exist as distinct subclasses of immature and mature cells in primary culture". Neuroscience. 93 (4): 1301–12. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00193-1. PMID 10501454.
Jump up ^ McEwen, D. P (2008). "Olfactory cilia: our direct neuronal connection to the external world". Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 85: 333–370. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(08)00812-0.
Jump up ^ Touhara, Kazushige (2009). "Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex Functions as a Ligand-gated Ionotropic Channel". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1170: 177–80. Bibcode:2009NYASA1170..177T. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03935.x. PMID 19686133.
Jump up ^ Bieri, S.; Monastyrskaia, K; Schilling, B (2004). "Olfactory Receptor Neuron Profiling using Sandalwood Odorants". Chemical Senses. 29 (6): 483–7. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh050. PMID 15269120.
Jump up ^ Fan, Jinhong; Ngai, John (2001). "Onset of Odorant Receptor Gene Expression during Olfactory Sensory Neuron Regeneration". Developmental Biology. 229 (1): 119–27. doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9972. PMID 11133158.
Jump up ^ Bradley, J; Reuter, D; Frings, S (2001). "Facilitation of calmodulinmediated odor adaptation by cAMP-gated channel subunits". Science. 294: 2176–2178. doi:10.1126/science.1063415. PMID 11739960.
Jump up ^ Wei, J; Zhao, AZ; Chan, GC; Baker, LP; Impey, S; Beavo, JA; Storm, DR (1998). "Phosphorylation and inhibition of olfactory adenylyl cyclase by CaM kinase II in Neurons: a mechanism for attenuation of olfactory signals". Neuron. 21: 495–504. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80561-9. PMID 9768837.
Jump up ^ Yan, C; Zhao, AZ; Bentley, JK; Loughney, K; Ferguson, K; Beavo, JA (1995). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase enriched in olfactory sensory neurons". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92: 9677–9681. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9677.
Jump up ^ Bushdid, C.; Magnasco, M. O.; Vosshall, L. B.; Keller, A. (2014). "Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli". Science. 343 (6177): 1370–2. Bibcode:2014Sci...343.1370B. doi:10.1126/science.1249168. PMC 4483192  . PMID 24653035.
Jump up ^ Meister, Markus. "On the dimensionality of odor space". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.07865.
Jump up ^ Gerkin, Richard C.; Castro, Jason B. "The number of olfactory stimuli that humans can discriminate is still unknown". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.08127.
Jump up ^ http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/07/06/022103.full.pdf
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olfactory receptor neurons.
NIF Search - Olfactory receptor neuron via the Neuroscience Information Framework
Insect olfaction
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of smell
Microanatomy
Epithelium
glands
mucosa
Sustentacular cell
Tufted cell
Olfactory nerve: 1° neuron
Olfactory receptor neurons (Olfactory receptor) → Olfactory bulb (Glomeruli)
Olfactory nerve: 2° neuron
Mitral cells → Olfactory tract → Olfactory trigone
Lateral olfactory stria/
Primary olfactory cortex
Piriform cortex
EC-hippocampus system
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampal formation
Prepyriform area
Periamygdaloid cortex
Stria medullaris → Habenular nuclei
Amygdala → Stria terminalis → Hypothalamus
Medial forebrain bundle → Hypothalamus
Medial olfactory stria
Anterior olfactory nucleus
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Funiculus
Fasciculus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
Dorsal
Root
Ganglion
Ramus
Ventral
Root
Ramus
Ramus communicans
Gray
White
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Connective tissues
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Nerve fascicle
Neuroglia
Myelination: Schwann cell
Neurolemma
Myelin incisure
Node of Ranvier
Internodal segment
Satellite glial cell
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon
Telodendron
Axon terminals
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Neurofibril/neurofilament
Dendrite
Nissl body
Dendritic spine
Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
Types
Bipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia or Aα
Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor neuron
GSE
GVE
SVE
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
α motorneuron
β motorneuron
γ motorneuron
Termination
Synapse
Electrical synapse/Gap junction
Chemical synapse
Synaptic vesicle
Active zone
Postsynaptic density
Autapse
Ribbon synapse
Neuromuscular junction
Sensory receptors
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Nociceptor
Olfactory receptor neuron
Photoreceptor cell
Hair cell
Taste bud
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olfactory_receptor_neuron&oldid=796906239"
Categories:
Chemoreceptor cells
Olfactory system
Neurons
Signal transduction
Hidden categories:
Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
日本語
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 August 2017, at 19:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: i

values: /wiki/Cilia mw-redirect Cilia

attrs: scope style

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.neurolex.org/wiki/nifext_116

values:
/wiki/Olfactory_transduction
mw-redirect
Olfactory transduction

values:
/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor
mw-redirect
G protein-coupled receptor

values:
/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase
mw-redirect
Adenylate cyclase

values:
/wiki/Ion_channels
mw-redirect
Ion channels

values: Edit section: Desensitization of olfactory neuron

values:
/wiki/CNG_ion_channel
mw-redirect
CNG ion channel

values: Edit section: Number of distinguishable odors

values:
/wiki/Sensory_receptor
mw-redirect
Sensory receptor

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7931535

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9663551

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10501454

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686133

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2Fbjh050

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15269120

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fdbio.2000.9972

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11133158

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1063415

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739960

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9768837

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.21.9677

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1249168

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653035

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.07865

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.08127

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.olfacts.nl

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Funiculus_(neurology)
mw-redirect
Funiculus (neurology)

values:
/wiki/Nerve_fiber
mw-redirect
Nerve fiber

values:
/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent
mw-redirect
Special somatic afferent

values:
/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent
mw-redirect
Special visceral afferent

values:
/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent
mw-redirect
Special visceral efferent

values: Category:Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Olfactory_receptor_neuron rootpage-Olfactory_receptor_neuron skin-vector action-view


text:
Cairn Terrier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cairn Terrier
Two Cairn Terriers showing variations in coat color.
Origin
Scotland
[hide]Traits
Weight
10–16 lb (4.5–7.3 kg)
Height
9–13 in (23–33 cm)
Coat
Abundant shaggy outer coat, soft downy undercoat. Can be cream, deep red, brindle, light gray, or black.[1]
Litter size
2-10
Life span
12-17 years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 3, Section 2 Small Terriers #004 standard
AKC
Terrier standard
ANKC
Group 2 (Terriers) standard
CKC
Group 4 - Terriers standard
KC (UK)
Terrier standard
NZKC
Terrier standard
UKC
Terriers standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Cairn Terrier is one of the oldest terrier breeds, originating in the Scottish Highlands and recognized as one of Scotland's earliest working dogs. The breed was given the name Cairn, because the breed's function was to hunt and chase quarry between the cairns in the Scottish highlands.[2]
Although the breed had existed long before, the name 'Cairn Terrier' was a compromise suggestion after the breed was originally brought to official shows in the United Kingdom in 1909 under the name Short-haired Skye terriers. This name was not acceptable to The Kennel Club due to opposition from Skye Terrier breeders, and the name 'Cairn Terrier' was suggested as an alternative. They are usually left-pawed,[3] which has been shown in dogs to correlate to superior performance in tasks related to scent. Cairn terriers are ratters.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Description
3 Grooming
4 Health
4.1 Survey
5 Living conditions
6 Exercise
7 Famous Cairns
7.1 In media
7.2 In books
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Cairns originated in the Highlands of Scotland and the Isle of Skye,[4] initially grouped in the "Skye Terrier" class alongside the Scottish and West Highland White terriers. In the early 1900s, the three breeds began to be bred separately.
The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered and it was in that year that the breed was also given Championship status.[5]
Description[edit]
A brindle Cairn Terrier
A red/wheaten Cairn Terrier
Cairn Terriers tend to look similar to a Norwich Terrier, but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). Their outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. Their ideal weight is also 4.5-7.3 kg (10-16 lb), and the height 9–13 in (23–33 cm).
Grooming[edit]
Cairn Terrier
Cairn terriers shed very little, but should always be hand stripped. Using scissors or shears can ruin the dog's rugged outer coat after one grooming. Hand stripping involves pulling the old dead hair out by the roots. If done incorrectly, this can cause discomfort to the dog, causing it to shy away from future hand stripping. Removing the dead hair in this manner allows new growth to come in. This new growth helps protect the dog from water and dirt.
Cairn terrier ancestors are from Scotland, where the wire coat repels water and keeps the dog dry even in rainy or damp climates. Keeping the Cairn terrier coat in its original state will prevent possible skin irritations. As dead hair is removed by stripping the coat, new growth comes in and the skin and coat remain healthy. Clipper-cutting a Cairn might destroy the protective wire coat unique to this breed.
It is wise to have a pet examined to rule out heritable skin diseases if a Cairn is obtained from unknown sources (i.e. pet stores, rescues, or puppy mills).[citation needed]
Health[edit]
These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.[6][7]
Survey[edit]
Breeders, owners, and veterinarians have identified several health problems that are significant for Cairns. Some of these diseases are hereditary, while others occur as a result of nonspecific factors (i.e. infections, toxins, injuries, or advanced age). Currently, the Cairn Terrier Club of America, along with the Institute for Genetic Disease Control in Animals, maintains an open registry for Cairn terriers in hopes of reducing the occurrence of hereditary diseases within the breed. Breeders voluntarily submit their dogs' test results for research purposes, as well as for use by individuals who seek to make sound breeding decisions.
Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:[8][9]
Bronchoesophageal fistula
Cataracts
Corneal dystrophy
Craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw)
Diabetes mellitus
Entropion
Hip dysplasia
Hypothyroidism
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy)
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome
Lens luxation
Luxating patella
Ocular melanosis
Portosystemic shunt
Progressive retinal atrophy
Soft tissue sarcoma
Von Willebrand disease
Living conditions[edit]
Cairn Terrier portrait
Cairn terriers exist happily in an apartment if sufficiently exercised.[citation needed] They are very active indoors and suffice even without a yard.[citation needed] Daily walks help keep Cairn terriers happy and healthy. Fenced-in yards are strongly recommended for safety and well being as well as being kept on leash when not in the yard.
Cairn terriers are particularly easily trained; ethical breeders strongly suggest obedience school or some other type of training to direct Cairn terrier's focus on the owner as the one in command if they are going to be used for hunting. If allowed to take control of the household, behavior problems may develop that can only be resolved by hiring a professional dog trainer. Many breeders only sell puppies to dedicated dog owners who agree to basic obedience school.
Exercise[edit]
Cairns are active dogs, thus need a daily walk. Play takes care of a lot of their exercise needs; however, as with all breeds, play will not fulfill their primal instinct to walk. Dogs which do not get to go on daily walks are more likely to display behavior problems. They also enjoy a good romp in a safe open area off leash, such as a large fenced yard.
According to Temple Grandin in her book Animals Make Us Human, dogs need 45 minutes to one hour per day of playing and seeking. After fulfilling this, dogs become balanced and well-mannered. Obedience school is often a good start to creating interactive play using words or commands for a dog to perform specific actions on cue. Teaching a Cairn terrier tricks is also a clever way to direct their active energy into acceptable controlled dog games.
Famous Cairns[edit]
Black and gray Cairn Terrier
Terry, the dog that played Toto in the 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, was a brindle Cairn terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a resident of Wichita has begun a drive to make the Cairn terrier the official dog of Kansas.[10] Terry also had a role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes, and 12 other films.

In media[edit]
In I Love Lucy, Little Ricky had a Cairn terrier named Fred.
UK TV presenter Paul O'Grady often features a Cairn terrier called Olga on his primetime chat show; dark in colour, Olga is a rescue dog.
Also in the UK, Pauline Fowler actress Wendy Richard in the BBC TV show EastEnders had a Cairn she fondly named Betty. Betty made an appearance as Toto on BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" (series 10) after Vincent Simone and his celebrity partner Dani Harmer danced a waltz to "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz.
George Lopez's family dog on the ABC TV series George Lopez, is a Cairn terrier named Mr. Needles, named by the son, Max, for the extremely high number of shots that the incredibly sick former stray received from the veterinarian.
Australian television soap series Neighbours had a Cairn terrier named Audrey which belonged to the character Libby Kennedy.[11]
The character of Romulus, owned by Ray Milland's character, Steven Tolliver, in Cecil B. De Mille's epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942) was a Cairn terrier.
A few years later, in The Uninvited (1944), the Ray Milland character also had a Cairn terrier.
Thimble the dog was a brindle Cairn terrier played by Danvers. Thimble appeared once in episode five, season five of the British television drama Upstairs, Downstairs.
A wheaten Cairn Terrier named Kobe was featured in Dunston Checks In, Lost And Found, and the opening scenes of Twister.
In USA Network's Mr. Robot, Rami Malek's character Elliot Alderson has a Cairn terrier named Flipper.[12]
In books[edit]
In the Maximum Ride book series, Total, the talking dog, is a Cairn terrier.
In the first edition of L. Frank Baum's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1899), though Baum did not specify in the text what breed Toto was, illustrator W. W. Denslow drew him as a Cairn Terrier.
In Donald Barthelme’s short story "Chablis," the narrator says that his baby wants, according to his wife, a "Cairn Terrier."[13]

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cairn Terrier". Vetstreet.
Jump up ^ - The breed is commonly used for hunting and burrowing prey among the cairns.
Jump up ^ Paw preference
Jump up ^ "Cairn Terrier History". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "swwectc- cairn history". www.swwectc.freeuk.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey".
Jump up ^ Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds". The Veterinary Journal. 203: 74–8. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID 25475165. mean=12.23 ± 4.18 median=13.42
Jump up ^ "Health Related Concerns". Cairn Terrier Club of America Inc. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Alex., Gough, (2004). Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats. Thomas, Alison, 1964-. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1405107480. OCLC 53231203.
Jump up ^ "Wichita resident wants 'Toto' breed named state dog of Kansas". Lawrence Journal-World & 6 News. 13 May 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2005.
Jump up ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (17 August 2011). "'Neighbours' pet dog Audrey loses cancer battle". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Mr. Robot': Rami Malek Reveals What's Next... for Flipper". Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Barthelme, Donald. "Chablis." Forty Stories. New York: Penguin Books, 1989. 1. Print.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cairn Terrier.
Cairn Terrier at DMOZ
[show]
v
t
e
Terriers
Working breeds
Long
legged
Airedale Terrier
Bedlington Terrier
Border Terrier
Brazilian Terrier
Enkarterriko Billanuko
Fox Terrier (Smooth)
Gos Rater Valencià
Irish Terrier
Jagdterrier
Kaikadi
Kerry Blue Terrier
Lakeland Terrier
Majorca Ratter
Manchester Terrier
Old English Terrier
Parson Russell Terrier
Patterdale Terrier
Plummer Terrier
Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz
Ratonero Murciano de Huerta
Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier
Welsh Terrier
Wire Fox Terrier
Short
legged
Australian Terrier
Cairn Terrier
Cesky Terrier
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
Dutch Smoushond
Glen of Imaal Terrier
Jack Russell Terrier
Japanese Terrier
Miniature Fox Terrier
Norfolk Terrier
Norwich Terrier
Rat Terrier
Scottish Terrier
Sealyham Terrier
Skye Terrier
Sporting Lucas Terrier
Teddy Roosevelt Terrier
Tenterfield Terrier
West Highland White Terrier
Bull type breeds
American Pit Bull Terrier
American Staffordshire Terrier
Boston Terrier
Bull Terrier
Bull Terrier (Miniature)
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Toy breeds
Australian Silky Terrier
English Toy Terrier
Russkiy Toy
Toy Fox Terrier
Toy Manchester Terrier
Yorkshire Terrier
Miscellaneous
American Hairless Terrier
[show]
v
t
e
Dogs originating in Britain
Hounds
Beagle
Bloodhound
Dumfriesshire Hound
English Foxhound
Greyhound
Harrier
Otterhound
Scottish Deerhound
Welsh Hound
Whippet
Gun dogs
Clumber Spaniel
Curly Coated Retriever
Cocker Spaniel
English Setter
English Springer Spaniel
Field Spaniel
Flat-Coated Retriever
Golden Retriever
Gordon Setter
Labrador Retriever
Pointer
Sussex Spaniel
Welsh Springer Spaniel
Terriers
Working
breeds
Airedale Terrier
Bedlington Terrier
Black and Tan Terrier
Border Terrier
Cairn Terrier
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
Fox Terrier (Smooth & Wire)
Jack Russell Terrier
Lakeland Terrier
Manchester Terrier
Norfolk Terrier
Norwich Terrier
Parson Russell Terrier
Patterdale Terrier
Plummer Terrier
Russell Terrier
Scottish Terrier
Sealyham Terrier
Skye Terrier
Sporting Lucas Terrier
Welsh Terrier
West Highland White Terrier
Toy breeds
English Toy Terrier
Toy Manchester Terrier
Yorkshire Terrier
Bull types
Bull Terrier
Bull Terrier (Miniature)
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Herding dogs
Bearded Collie
Border Collie
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
English Shepherd
Lancashire Heeler
Old English Sheepdog
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Rough Collie
Shetland Sheepdog
Smooth Collie
Welsh Sheepdog
Other
Bulldog
Bullmastiff
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
English Mastiff
French Bulldog
King Charles Spaniel
Northern Inuit Dog
Types
Fell Terrier
Longdog
Lurcher
Extinct
Blue Paul Terrier
English Water Spaniel
English White Terrier
Norfolk Spaniel
North Country Beagle
Old English Bulldog
Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog
Paisley Terrier
Southern Hound
Talbot
Toy Bulldog
Toy Trawler Spaniel
Turnspit dog
Tweed Water Spaniel
Welsh hillman
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairn_Terrier&oldid=811639094"
Categories:
Dog breeds originating in Scotland
Terriers
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Articles with DMOZ links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 November 2017, at 22:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: id href

value: span

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ankc.aust.com/cairn.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/70

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Legg-Calv%C3%A9-Perthes_syndrome
mw-redirect
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome

values:
/wiki/Lens_luxation
mw-redirect
Lens luxation

values:
/wiki/Soft_tissue_sarcoma
mw-redirect
Soft tissue sarcoma

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

values:
/wiki/Audrey_(Neighbours)
mw-redirect
Audrey (Neighbours)

values:
/wiki/Cecil_B._De_Mille
mw-redirect
Cecil B. De Mille

values:
/wiki/Mr._Robot_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Mr. Robot (TV series)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2014.11.008

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25475165

values:
nofollow
http://cairnterrier.org/health/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231203

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231203

values:
/wiki/Fox_Terrier_(Smooth)
mw-redirect
Fox Terrier (Smooth)

values:
/wiki/Kaikadi_(dog)
mw-redirect
Kaikadi (dog)

values:
/wiki/Bull_Terrier_(Miniature)
mw-redirect
Bull Terrier (Miniature)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Dog breeds originating in Scotland

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cairn_Terrier
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Кеърнтериер – Bulgarian

values: کیرن تریر – Persian

values: קאירן טרייר – Hebrew

values: კერნ-ტერიერი – Georgian

values: ケアーン・テリア – Japanese

values: Керн-терьер – Russian

values: Керн теријер – Serbian

values: แคร์นเทร์เรียร์ – Thai

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cairn_Terrier rootpage-Cairn_Terrier skin-vector action-view