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Ocean
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Further information: Seawater
For other uses, see Ocean (disambiguation).
Clouds over the Atlantic Ocean
Earth's oceans
Arctic
Atlantic
Indian
Pacific
Southern
World Ocean
v
t
e
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity[1]) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.[2] On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans.[3][4] The word sea is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.[5]
Saline water covers approximately 360,000,000 km2 (140,000,000 sq mi) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere.[6] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored.[6] The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).[7][8][9]
As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, it is integral to life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. The world ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is unexplored, the number of species that exist in the ocean is much larger, possibly over two million.[10] The origin of Earth's oceans is unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean eon and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.
Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.[11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Earth's global ocean
2.1 Oceanic divisions
2.2 Global system
2.3 Physical properties
2.4 Oceanic zones
2.5 Exploration
2.6 Oceanic maritime currents
2.7 Climate
2.8 Biology
2.9 Gases
2.10 Surface
2.11 Mixing time
2.12 Salinity
2.13 Absorption of light
2.14 Economic value
2.15 Waves and swell
3 Extraterrestrial oceans
3.1 Planets
3.2 Natural satellites
3.3 Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects
3.4 Extrasolar
3.5 Non-water surface liquids
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Etymology
The word « ocean » comes from the figure in classical antiquity, Oceanus (/oʊˈsiːənəs/; Greek: Ὠκεανός Ōkeanós,[13] pronounced [ɔːkeanós]), the elder of the Titans in classical Greek mythology, believed by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be the divine personification of the sea, an enormous river encircling the world.
The concept of Ōkeanós has an Indo-European connection. Greek Ōkeanós has been compared to the Vedic epithet ā-śáyāna-, predicated of the dragon Vṛtra-, who captured the cows/rivers. Related to this notion, the Okeanos is represented with a dragon-tail on some early Greek vases.[14]
Earth's global ocean
Various ways to divide the World Ocean
Oceanic divisions
Further information: Borders of the oceans
1. Epipelagic zone: surface – 200 meters deep 2. Mesopelagic zone: 200 m – 1000 m 3. Bathypelagic zone: 1000 m – 4000 m 4. Abyssopelagic zone: 4000 m – 6000 m 5. Hadal zone (the trenches): 6000 m to the bottom of the ocean
Though generally described as several separate oceans, the global, interconnected body of salt water is sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[15][16] The concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[17]
The major oceanic divisions – listed below in descending order of area and volume – are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria.[9][12][18]
#
Ocean
Location
Area
(km2)
(%)
Volume
(km3)
(%)
Avg. depth
(m)
Coastline
(km)
1 Pacific Ocean Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas[19][NB] 7008168723000000000♠168,723,000
46.6 7008669880000000000♠669,880,000
50.1 7003397000000000000♠3,970 7005135663000000000♠135,663
2 Atlantic Ocean Separates the Americas from Europe and Africa[20] 7007851330000000000♠85,133,000
23.5 7008310410900000000♠310,410,900
23.3 7003364600000000000♠3,646 7005111866000000000♠111,866
3 Indian Ocean Washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia[21] 7007705600000000000♠70,560,000
19.5 7008264000000000000♠264,000,000
19.8 7003374100000000000♠3,741 7004665260000000000♠66,526
4 Southern Ocean Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans,[22][23] which encircles Antarctica 7007219600000000000♠21,960,000
6.1 7007718000000000000♠71,800,000
5.4 7003327000000000000♠3,270 7004179680000000000♠17,968
5 Arctic Ocean Sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic,[24][25] which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia[26] 7007155580000000000♠15,558,000
4.3 7007187500000000000♠18,750,000
1.4 7003120500000000000♠1,205 7004453890000000000♠45,389
Total – World Ocean
7008361900000000000♠361,900,000
100
7009133500000000000♠1,335,000,000
100
7003368800000000000♠3,688
7005377412000000000♠377,412[27]
NB: Volume, area, and average depth figures include NOAA ETOPO1 figures for marginal South China Sea.
Sources: Encyclopedia of Earth,[19][20][21][22][26] International Hydrographic Organization,[23] Regional Oceanography: an Introduction (Tomczak, 2005),[24] Encyclopædia Britannica,[25] and the International Telecommunication Union.[27]
Oceans are fringed by smaller, adjoining bodies of water such as seas, gulfs, bays, bights, and straits.
Global system
World Distribution of Mid-Oceanic Ridges; USGS
Three main types of plate boundaries.
The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean and the longest mountain range in the world. The continuous mountain range is 65,000 km (40,000 mi) long (several times longer than the Andes, the longest continental mountain range).[28]
Physical properties
Further information: Seawater
The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons (7018140000000000000♠1.4×1018 long tons or 7018150000000000000♠1.5×1018 short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles),[9] which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles).[9] This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,101 kilometers (684 mi). Its average depth is about 3,688 meters (12,100 ft),[9] and its maximum depth is 10,994 meters (6.831 mi) at the Mariana Trench.[29] Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep.[16] The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 meters or 660 feet) cover about 66% of Earth's surface.[30] This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea.
The bluish color of water is a composite of several contributing agents. Prominent contributors include dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll.[31] Mariners and other seafarers have reported that the ocean often emits a visible glow which extends for miles at night. In 2005, scientists announced that for the first time, they had obtained photographic evidence of this glow.[32] It is most likely caused by bioluminescence.[33][34][35]
Oceanic zones
The major oceanic zones, based on depth and biophysical conditions
Oceanographers divide the ocean into different vertical zones defined by physical and biological conditions. The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions, and can be divided into further regions categorized by depth and light abundance. The photic zone includes the oceans from the surface to a depth of 200 m; it is the region where photosynthesis can occur and is, therefore, the most biodiverse. Because plants require photosynthesis, life found deeper than the photic zone must either rely on material sinking from above (see marine snow) or find another energy source. Hydrothermal vents are the primary source of energy in what is known as the aphotic zone (depths exceeding 200 m). The pelagic part of the photic zone is known as the epipelagic.
The pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be further divided into vertical regions according to temperature. The mesopelagic is the uppermost region. Its lowermost boundary is at a thermocline of 12 °C (54 °F), which, in the tropics generally lies at 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft). Next is the bathypelagic lying between 10 and 4 °C (50 and 39 °F), typically between 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft) and 2,000–4,000 meters (6,600–13,100 ft), lying along the top of the abyssal plain is the abyssopelagic, whose lower boundary lies at about 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). The last zone includes the deep oceanic trench, and is known as the hadalpelagic. This lies between 6,000–11,000 meters (20,000–36,000 ft) and is the deepest oceanic zone.
The benthic zones are aphotic and correspond to the three deepest zones of the deep-sea. The bathyal zone covers the continental slope down to about 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). The abyssal zone covers the abyssal plains between 4,000 and 6,000 m. Lastly, the hadal zone corresponds to the hadalpelagic zone, which is found in oceanic trenches.
The pelagic zone can be further subdivided into two subregions: the neritic zone and the oceanic zone. The neritic zone encompasses the water mass directly above the continental shelves whereas the oceanic zone includes all the completely open water.
In contrast, the littoral zone covers the region between low and high tide and represents the transitional area between marine and terrestrial conditions. It is also known as the intertidal zone because it is the area where tide level affects the conditions of the region.
If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth, it contains a thermocline. The tropical thermocline is typically deeper than the thermocline at higher latitudes. Polar waters, which receive relatively little solar energy, are not stratified by temperature and generally lack a thermocline because surface water at polar latitudes are nearly as cold as water at greater depths. Below the thermocline, water is very cold, ranging from −1 °C to 3 °C. Because this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water, the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9 °C.[citation needed] If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in salinity with depth, it contains a halocline. If a zone undergoes a strong, vertical chemistry gradient with depth, it contains a chemocline.
The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, and the combination produces a pronounced pycnocline.
Exploration
Map of large underwater features (1995, NOAA)
The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be 10,971 meters (35,994 ft) (plus or minus 11 meters; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth.) The British naval vessel Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the "Challenger Deep". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.
Oceanic maritime currents
Oceanic surface currents (U.S. Army, 1943).
Amphidromic points showing the direction of tides per incrementation periods along with resonating directions of wavelength movements.
Oceanic maritime currents have different origins. Tidal currents are in phase with the tide, hence are quasiperiodic, they may form various knots in certain places,[clarification needed] most notably around headlands. Non periodic currents have for origin the waves, wind and different densities.
The wind and waves create surface currents (designated as « drift currents »). These currents can decompose in one quasi permanent current (which varies within the hourly scale) and one movement of Stokes drift under the effect of rapid waves movement (at the echelon of a couple of seconds).).[36] The quasi permanent current is accelerated by the breaking of waves, and in a lesser governing effect, by the friction of the wind on the surface.[37]
This acceleration of the current takes place in the direction of waves and dominant wind. Accordingly, when the sea depth increases, the rotation of the earth changes the direction of currents, in proportion with the increase of depth while friction lowers their speed. At a certain sea depth, the current changes direction and is seen inverted in the opposite direction with speed current becoming nul: known as the Ekman spiral. The influence of these currents is mainly experienced at the mixed layer of the ocean surface, often from 400 to 800 meters of maximum depth. These currents can considerably alter, change and are dependent on the various yearly seasons. If the mixed layer is less thick (10 to 20 meters), the quasi permanent current at the surface adopts an extreme oblique direction in relation to the direction of the wind, becoming virtually homogeneous, until the Thermocline.[38]
In the deep however, maritime currents are caused by the temperature gradients and the salinity between water density masses.
In littoral zones, breaking wave is so intense and the depth measurement so low, that maritime currents reach often 1 to 2 knots.
Climate
A map of the global thermohaline circulation; blue represent deep-water currents, whereas red represent surface currents
Ocean currents greatly affect Earth's climate by transferring heat from the tropics to the polar regions. Transferring warm or cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, winds may carry them inland. Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation. Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on Earth's energy budget. In so far as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters reach the surface, it may also significantly influence atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
For a discussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulation under global warming, see shutdown of thermohaline circulation.
It is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that the climate of Western Europe is so temperate. An alternate hypothesis claims that this is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it lies downwind of an ocean basin, and because atmospheric waves bring warm air north from the subtropics.[39][40]
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent, influencing the area's climate and connecting currents in several oceans.
One of the most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans: tropical cyclones (also called "typhoons" and "hurricanes" depending upon where the system forms).
Biology
Further information: Marine biology
The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere. Oceanic evaporation, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Life within the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the biodiversity of the plants and animals present in each region.[41]
As it is thought that life evolved in the ocean, the diversity of life is immense, including:
Bacteria : ubiquitous single-celled prokaryotes found throughout the world
Archaea : prokaryotes distinct from bacteria, that inhabit many environments of the ocean, as well as many extreme environments
Algae : algae is a "catch-all" term to include many photosynthetic, single-celled eukaryotes, such as green algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates, but also multicellular algae, such as some red algae (including organisms like Pyropia, which is the source of the edible nori seaweed), and brown algae (including organisms like kelp).
Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves
Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments
Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars). Many other familiar animal groups primarily live in the ocean, including cephalopods (includes octopus and squid), crustaceans (includes lobsters, crabs, and shrimp), fish, sharks, cetaceans (includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises).
In addition, many land animals have adapted to living a major part of their life on the oceans. For instance, seabirds are a diverse group of birds that have adapted to a life mainly on the oceans. They feed on marine animals and spend most of their lifetime on water, many only going on land for breeding. Other birds that have adapted to oceans as their living space are penguins, seagulls and pelicans. Seven species of turtles, the sea turtles, also spend most of their time in the oceans.
Gases
Characteristics of oceanic gases [42][43][44]
Gas
Concentration of seawater, by mass (in parts per million), for the whole ocean
% Dissolved gas, by volume, in seawater at the ocean surface
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 64 to 107 15%
Nitrogen (N2) 10 to 18 48%
Oxygen (O2) 0 to 13 36%
Solubility of oceanic gases (in mL/L) with temperature at salinity of 33‰ and atmospheric pressure[45]
Temperature
O2
CO2
N2
0 °C 8.14 8,700 14.47
10 °C 6.42 8,030 11.59
20 °C 5.26 7,350 9.65
30 °C 4.41 6,600 8.26
Surface
Generalized characteristics of ocean surface by latitude [46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
Characteristic
Oceanic waters in polar regions
Oceanic waters in temperate regions
Oceanic waters in tropical regions
Precipitation vs. evaporation P > E P > E E > P
Sea surface temperature in winter −2 °C 5 to 20 °C 20 to 25 °C
Average salinity 28‰ to 32‰ 35‰ 35‰ to 37‰
Annual variation of air temperature ≤ 40ªC 10 °C < 5 °C
Annual variation of water temperature < 5ªC 10 °C < 5 °C
Mixing time
Mean oceanic residence time for various constituents [53][54]
Constituent
Residence time (in years)
Iron (Fe) 200
Aluminum (Al) 600
Manganese (Mn) 1,300
Water (H2O) 4,100
Silicon (Si) 20,000
Carbonate (CO32−) 110,000
Calcium (Ca2+) 1,000,000
Sulfate (SO42−) 11,000,000
Potassium (K+) 12,000,000
Magnesium (Mg2+) 13,000,000
Sodium (Na+) 68,000,000
Chloride (Cl−) 100,000,000
Salinity
A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth is called a halocline. The temperature of maximum density of seawater decreases as its salt content increases. Freezing temperature of water decreases with salinity, and boiling temperature of water increases with salinity. Typical seawater freezes at around −1.9 °C at atmospheric pressure. If precipitation exceeds evaporation, as is the case in polar and temperate regions, salinity will be lower. If evaporation exceeds precipitation, as is the case in tropical regions, salinity will be higher. Thus, oceanic waters in polar regions have lower salinity content than oceanic waters in temperate and tropical regions.[55]
Salinity can be calculated using the chlorinity, which is a measure of the total mass of halogen ions (includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) in seawater. By international agreement, the following formula is used to determine salinity:
Salinity (in ‰) = 1.80655 × Chlorinity (in ‰)
The average chlorinity is about 19.2‰, and, thus, the average salinity is around 34.7‰ [55]
Absorption of light
Absorption of light in different wavelengths by ocean [55]
Color: Wavelength (nm)
Depth at which 99 percent of the wavelength is absorbed (in meters)
Percent absorbed in 1 meter of water
Ultraviolet (UV): 310 31 14.0
Violet (V): 400 107 4.2
Blue (B): 475 254 1.8
Green (G): 525 113 4.0
Yellow (Y): 575 51 8.7
Orange (O): 600 25 16.7
Red (R): 725 4 71.0
Infrared (IR): 800 3 82.0
Economic value
Many of the world's goods are moved by ship between the world's seaports.[56] Oceans are also the major supply source for the fishing industry. Some of the major harvests are shrimp, fish, crabs, and lobster.[6]
Waves and swell
Further information: Wind wave
See also: Sea § Waves
The motions of the ocean surface, known as undulations or waves, are the partial and alternate rising and falling of the ocean surface. The series of mechanical waves that propagate along the interface between water and air is called swell.[citation needed]
Extraterrestrial oceans
Further information: Extraterrestrial liquid water and List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
Artist's conception of subsurface ocean of Enceladus confirmed April 3, 2014.[57][58]
Two models for the composition of Europa predict a large subsurface ocean of liquid water. Similar models have been proposed for other celestial bodies in the Solar System.
Although Earth is the only known planet with large stable bodies of liquid water on its surface and the only one in the Solar System, other celestial bodies are thought to have large oceans.[59]
Planets
The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of liquid hydrogen, however their planetary geology is not well understood. The possibility of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune having hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised. Although their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz and Ingersall ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune,[60] though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible.[61]
The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic (much of it residing in the ice caps). The possibility continues to be studied along with reasons for their apparent disappearance. Astronomers think that Venus had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history.[citation needed] If they existed, all later vanished via resurfacing.
Natural satellites
A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on the natural satellites Titan, Europa, Enceladus and, with less certainty, Callisto, Ganymede[62][63] and Triton.[64][65] A magma ocean is thought to be present on Io. Geysers have been found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, possibly originating from about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) deep ocean beneath an ice shell.[57] Other icy moons may also have internal oceans, or may once have had internal oceans that have now frozen.[66]
Large bodies of liquid hydrocarbons are thought to be present on the surface of Titan, although they are not large enough to be considered oceans and are sometimes referred to as lakes or seas. The Cassini–Huygens space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had. Cassini's more recent fly-by of Titan offers radar images that strongly suggest hydrocarbon lakes exist near the colder polar regions. Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice and hydrocarbon mix that forms its outer crust.
Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects
Diagram showing a possible internal structure of Ceres
Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle and may harbour a liquid-water ocean under its surface.[67][68]
Not enough is known of the larger trans-Neptunian objects to determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of supporting oceans, although models of radioactive decay suggest that Pluto,[69] Eris, Sedna, and Orcus have oceans beneath solid icy crusts approximately 100 to 180 km thick.[66]
Extrasolar
Rendering of a hypothetical large extrasolar moon with surface liquid-water oceans
Some planets and natural satellites outside the Solar System are likely to have oceans, including possible water ocean planets similar to Earth in the habitable zone or "liquid-water belt". The detection of oceans, even through the spectroscopy method, however is likely extremely difficult and inconclusive.
Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that GJ 1214 b, detected by transit, is composed of exotic form of ice VII, making up 75% of its mass,[70] making it an ocean planet.
Other possible candidates are merely speculated based on their mass and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is actually known of their composition. Some scientists speculate Kepler-22b may be an "ocean-like" planet.[71] Models have been proposed for Gliese 581 d that could include surface oceans. Gliese 436 b is speculated to have an ocean of "hot ice".[72] Exomoons orbiting planets, particularly gas giants within their parent star's habitable zone may theoretically have surface oceans.
Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion, some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but most of it will go into a steam atmosphere, and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming an ocean. There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as the magma solidifies—this will happen even for planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water, so "super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary impact."[73]
Non-water surface liquids
Oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water, for example the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. The possibility of seas of nitrogen on Triton was also considered but ruled out.[74] There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan and Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–ammonia.[75][76][77][78][79] Earth is often called the ocean planet because it is 70% covered in water.[80][81] Extrasolar terrestrial planets that are extremely close to their parent star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean.[82] It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts.[83] Hot Neptunes close to their star could lose their atmospheres via hydrodynamic escape, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface.[84] Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets include ammonia, argon, carbon disulfide, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, neon, nitrogen, nitric oxide, phosphine, silane, sulfuric acid, and water.[85]
Supercritical fluids, although not liquids, do share various properties with liquids. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.[86] The gaseous outer layers of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into oceans of supercritical hydrogen.[87][88] The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide, which is a supercritical fluid at its surface.
See also
Oceans portal
Ecology portal
Environment portal
Geography portal
Weather portal
Biosalinity
Blue carbon
Brackish water
Effects of global warming on oceans
European Atlas of the Seas
Four Seas
International Maritime Organization
List of bodies of water by salinity
List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
List of oceans with alternative names
List of seas
Marine debris
Marine pollution
Ocean acidification
Ocean current
Ocean general circulation model
Ocean governance
Ocean rowing
Oceanography
Oceans (film)
Ogyges
Pelagic zone
Physical oceanography
Polar seas
Saline water
Salinity
Sea
Sea ice
Sea in culture
Sea level and sea level rise
Sea salt
Sea state
Seawater
Seven Seas
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Water
Water distribution on Earth
Wind wave
World Ocean Atlas
World Oceans Day
On other bodies:
Extraterrestrial liquid water
Ocean planet
Ice planet
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^ Jump up to: a b "Indian Ocean". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 2015-03-07.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Recommendation ITU-R RS.1624: Sharing between the Earth exploration-satellite (passive) and airborne altimeters in the aeronautical radionavigation service in the band 4 200–4 400 MHz (Question ITU-R 229/7)" (PDF). ITU Radiotelecommunication Sector (ITU-R). Retrieved 2015-04-05. The oceans occupy about 3.35×108 km2 of area. There are 377412 km of oceanic coastlines in the world.
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Jump up ^ Wiktorowicz, Sloane J.; Ingersoll, Andrew P. (2007). "Liquid water oceans in ice giants". Icarus. 186 (2): 436–447. arXiv:astro-ph/0609723  . Bibcode:2007Icar..186..436W. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.003. ISSN 0019-1035.
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Jump up ^ Vance, Steve; Bouffard, Mathieu; Choukroun, Mathieu; Sotina, Christophe (12 April 2014). "Ganymede's internal structure including thermodynamics of magnesium sulfate oceans in contact with ice". Planetary and Space Science. 96: 62–70. Bibcode:2014P&SS...96...62V. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
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^ Jump up to: a b Hussmann, Hauke; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman (November 2006). "Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects" (PDF). Icarus. 185 (1): 258–273. Bibcode:2006Icar..185..258H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005.
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Jump up ^ McKinnon, William B.; Kirk, Randolph L. (2007). "Triton". In Lucy Ann Adams McFadden; Lucy-Ann Adams; Paul Robert Weissman; Torrence V. Johnson. Encyclopedia of the Solar System (2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-12-088589-3.
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Jump up ^ Goldreich, Peter M.; Mitchell, Jonathan L. (2010). "Elastic ice shells of synchronous moons: Implications for cracks on Europa and non-synchronous rotation of Titan". Icarus. 209 (2): 631–638. arXiv:0910.0032  . Bibcode:2010Icar..209..631G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.013. A number of synchronous moons are thought to harbor water oceans beneath their outer ice shells. A subsurface ocean frictionally decouples the shell from the interior
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Jump up ^ Hinrichsen, D (2011-10-03). "The ocean planet". People Planet. 7 (2): 6–9. PMID 12349465.
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Jump up ^ Schaefer, Laura; Fegley, Bruce, Jr. (2009). "Chemistry of Silicate Atmospheres of Evaporating Super-Earths". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 703 (2): L113–L117. arXiv:0906.1204  . Bibcode:2009ApJ...703L.113S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/L113.
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Jump up ^ Leitner, J.J.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Leitzinger, M.; et al. (2009). "Atmospheric Loss of Sub-Neptune's and Implications for Liquid Phases of Different Solvents on Their Surfaces" (PDF). EPSC Abstracts. 4. EPSC2009-542.
Jump up ^ Tables 3 and 4 in Bains, William (2004). "Many Chemistries Could Be Used to Build Living Systems" (PDF). Astrobiology.
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Jump up ^ Guillot, T. (1999). "A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn". Planetary and Space Science. 47 (10–11): 1183–200. arXiv:astro-ph/9907402  . Bibcode:1999P&SS...47.1183G. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00043-4.
Jump up ^ Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). "Jupiter: a giant primitive planet". NASA. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
Further reading
Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. (see the site)
Pope, F. 2009. From eternal darkness springs cast of angels and jellied jewels. in The Times. November 23. 2009 pp. 16–17.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocean.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Oceans
Look up ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Oceans at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Smithsonian Ocean Portal
NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Ocean
Ocean :: Science Daily
Ocean-bearing Planets: Looking For Extraterrestrial Life In All The Right Places
Titan Likely To Have Huge Underground Ocean | Mind Blowing Science
Origins of the oceans and continents". UN Atlas of the Oceans.
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values:
/wiki/Indian_Ocean_islands
mw-redirect
Indian Ocean islands

values:
/wiki/Comoros_Islands
mw-redirect
Comoros Islands

values:
/wiki/Nile_Valley
mw-redirect
Nile Valley

values: List of countries where Arabic is an official language

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mw-redirect
Northeast Africa

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

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mw-redirect
Asian Steppe

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mw-redirect
Inner Manchuria

values:
/wiki/Pirate_Coast
mw-redirect
Pirate Coast

values:
/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia
mw-redirect
Lower Mesopotamia

values:
/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)
mw-redirect
Aram (biblical region)

values:
/wiki/Eastern_coastal_plains
mw-redirect
Eastern coastal plains

values: Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests

values: Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows

values:
/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago
mw-redirect
Indonesian Archipelago

values:
/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago
mw-redirect
Philippine Archipelago

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mw-redirect
Romance-speaking Europe

values: Template talk:Regions of North America (page does not exist)

values: List of belt regions of the United States

values: Latin America and the Caribbean (region)

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/wiki/Mangareva_Islands
mw-redirect
Mangareva Islands

values:
/wiki/Independent_State_of_Samoa
mw-redirect
Independent State of Samoa

values: Template talk:Regions of South America (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Antarctic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Antarctic ecozone

values:
/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Antarctic
mw-redirect
Extreme points of the Antarctic

values: List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

values:
/wiki/Extreme_North
mw-redirect
Extreme North

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

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values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015

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values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

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values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ocean
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

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navigation
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values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

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p-cactions
navigation
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values:
mw-wiki-logo
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Visit the main page

values:
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Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

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values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

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Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
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values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseaan
Oseaan – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean
Ozean – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: محيط (جغرافيا) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ – Aramaic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values: মহাসাগৰ – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu
Paraguasu – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean
Okean – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: মহাসাগর – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Акіян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: महासागर – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsi
Dipsi – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean
Ozean – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean
Okean – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurvor
Meurvor – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0
Oceà – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5si
Tåsi – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ch
display: none;

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungwa
Gungwa – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnfor
Cefnfor – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean
Ozean – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Lower Sorbian
dsb
dsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ookean
Ookean – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ωκεανός – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano
Ozeano – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: اقیانوس – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav
Hav – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseaan
Oseaan – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuan
Cuan – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Օվկիանոս – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: महासागर – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ig
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaw
Taaw – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra
Samudra – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-iu
display: none;

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iilwandle
Iilwandle – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haf
Haf – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אוקיינוס – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodra
Samodra – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-krc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Мұхит – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynvor
Keynvor – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Океан – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ມະຫາສະໝຸດ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus
Oceanus – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaan
Oceaan – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/braxamsi
braxamsi – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucean
Ucean – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: महासागर – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_nui
Moana nui – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values: महासागर – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan
Lautan – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouceano
Ouceano – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: သမုဒ္ဒရာ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaan
Oceaan – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: महासागर – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: महासागर – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosean
Oosean – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshen
Oshen – Norfuk / Pitkern
pih
pih
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pih
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdshav
Verdshav – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean
Okean – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: سمندر – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoshan
Uoshan – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values: មហាសមុទ្រ – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean
Ozean – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano
Oceano – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean
Okean – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean
Okean – Crimean Turkish
crh
crh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-crh
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeyanu
Okeyanu – Romani
rmy
rmy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy
display: none;

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Океан – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Океан – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean
Ozean – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewatle
Lewatle – Northern Sotho
nso
nso
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeani
Oqeani – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uocean
Uocean – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badweyn
Badweyn – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaladri
Jaladri – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtameri
Valtameri – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
Ocean – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagatan
Karagatan – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பெருங்கடல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara
display: none;

values: Океан – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: మహాసముద్రం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: มหาสมุทร – Thai

values: Уқёнус – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus
Okyanus – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean
Okean – Turkmen
tk
tk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Океан – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values: بحر (سمندر) – Urdu

values: ئوكيان – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdmeri
Valdmeri – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceyan
Oceyan – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan
Kalawdan – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle
Lwandle – Tsonga
ts
ts
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ts
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun
Òkun – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus
Okyanus – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B
洋 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: महासागर – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awuhu
Awuhu – Gorontalo
gor
gor
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gor
display: none;

values: Океан – Ingush

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-inh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar
Mar – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ocean rootpage-Ocean skin-vector action-view