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List of active volcanoes in the Philippines
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For a list of Philippine mountains which include those classified as active volcanoes, see List of mountains in the Philippines.
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Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
Active volcanoes in the Philippines, as categorized by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), include volcanoes in the country having erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), with accounts of these eruptions documented by humans; or having erupted within the last 10,000 years (holocene) based on analyses of datable materials. However, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an "active" volcano. As of 2012[update], PHIVOLCS lists 23 volcanoes as active in the Philippines, 21 of which have historical eruptions; one, Cabalian, which is strongly fumarolic volcano[further explanation needed]; and one, Leonard Kniaseff, which was active 1,800 years ago (C14).[1]
There are 50 Philippines volcanoes listed by the royal Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) at present,[2] of which 20 are categorized as "historical" and 59 as "Holocene".[2] The GVP lists volcanoes with historical, Holocene eruptions, or possibly older if strong signs of volcanism are still evident through thermal features like fumaroles, hot springs, mud pots, etc.[3]
Mayon in Albay is the most active volcano in the Philippines
Taal in Batangas
Kanlaon in Negros island
Bulusan in Sorsogon
Smith in Calayan
Hibok‑Hibok in Camiguin
Pinatubo in Zambales
Musuan in Bukidnon
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
List[edit]
The list below showing 25 active volcanoes in the Philippines was based on the PHIVOLCS list with some included from the GVP. The number is not definite and depends on someone's definition of "active" or historical timeframe. Descriptions under Eruption were based on the GVP website. The frequency of Historical Eruptions excludes questionable or Uncertain accounts based on the two sources mentioned.
Name
Elevation (ASL)[1]
Coordinates
Province(s)[1]
Eruptions[1]
m
ft
Description and current status
Ambalatungan Group
2,329 7,641 17°18′40″N 121°06′13″E / 17.310982°N 121.103668°E / 17.310982; 121.103668 (Ambalatungan Group) Kalinga 0 Explosions in 1952 is uncertain.[4] Fumarolic with solfataras and thermal springs.
Babuyan Claro
843 2,766 9°31′23″N 121°56′24″E / 9.523°N 121.940°E / 9.523; 121.940 (Babuyan Claro) Cagayan 3 Eruptions were recorded in 1831, 1860 and 1913. Askedna Hot Springs is in the southern base of the volcano.
Banahaw
2,169 7,116 14°04′N 121°29′E / 14.07°N 121.48°E / 14.07; 121.48 (Banahaw) Laguna, Quezon 0 Eruptions were uncertain during the mudflows of 1730, 1743, 1843 and 1909.[5]
Biliran
1,340 4,400 11°33′29″N 124°30′47″E / 11.558°N 124.513°E / 11.558; 124.513 (Biliran) Biliran 1 Phreatic eruption in 1939. Fumarolic with thermal springs
Bulusan
1,565 5,135 12°46′12″N 124°03′00″E / 12.770°N 124.05°E / 12.770; 124.05 (Bulusan) Sorsogon 17 Eruptions years are from 1886 to 2011. Permanently monitored
Cabalian[1]
10°17′13.2″N 125°13.25′0″E / 10.287000°N 125.22083°E / 10.287000; 125.22083 (Cabalian) Southern Leyte
Cagua
1,160 3,810 18°13′19″N 122°07′23″E / 18.222°N 122.123°E / 18.222; 122.123 (Cagua) Cagayan 1 Eruption in 1860 and strong solfataric activity in 1907. Thermal areas are near the summit and NW to NNE flanks.
Camiguin de Babuyanes
712 2,336 18°49′48″N 121°51′36″E / 18.83°N 121.860°E / 18.83; 121.860 (Camiguin de Babuyanes) Cagayan 1 Its only recorded eruption was in 1857. Fumarolic with thermal springs
Didicas
843 2,766 19°04′37″N 122°12′07″E / 19.077°N 122.202°E / 19.077; 122.202 (Didicas) Cagayan 6 Eruptions in 1773, 1856, 1900, 1952, 1969 and 1978. A submarine volcano till 1952 when a permanent island was formed.[6]
Hibok‑Hibok
1,332 4,370 9°12′11″N 124°40′23″E / 9.203°N 124.673°E / 9.203; 124.673 (Hibok-Hibok) Camiguin 5 Eruption in years 1827, 1862, 1871 and 1948–1952. Activity from 1897-1902 was only solfataric. Permanently monitored.
Iraya
1,009 3,310 20°28′08″N 122°00′36″E / 20.469°N 122.010°E / 20.469; 122.010 (Iraya) Batanes 1 Last eruption was in 1454. Seismic swarm in 1998.
Iriga
1,143 3,750 13°27′25″N 123°27′25″E / 13.457°N 123.457°E / 13.457; 123.457 (Iriga) Camarines Sur 0 The eruption in 1628 was discredited.[7]
Jolo Group
620 2,030 6°00′47″N 121°03′25″E / 6.013°N 121.057°E / 6.013; 121.057 (Jolo Group) Sulu 0 Uncertain submarine eruption in 1897. Listed as Bud Dajo, a cinder cone on Jolo Island, in the PHIVOLCS list.
Kanlaon
2,435 7,989 10°24′43″N 123°07′55″E / 10.412°N 123.132°E / 10.412; 123.132 (Kanla-on) Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental 26 Eruptions were recorded from 1886 to 2006. On November 23, 2015 the volcano had a small, steam-driven explosion. PHIVOLCS raised the alert level to 1 (mild restiveness). Permanently monitored.
Leonard Kniaseff
200 660 7°22′55″N 126°02′49″E / 7.382°N 126.047°E / 7.382; 126.047 (Leonard Kniaseff) Compostela Valley 0 Last eruption was dated as c.120 AD.[8] Strong thermal features.
Makaturing
1,940 6,360 7°38′49″N 124°19′12″E / 7.647°N 124.32°E / 7.647; 124.32 (Makaturing) Lanao del Sur 2 Eruption recorded in 1865 and 1882. The 1856 and 1858 eruptions was credited to Ragang[9][10]
Matutum
2,286 7,500 6°22′N 125°04′E / 6.37°N 125.07°E / 6.37; 125.07 (Matutum) South Cotabato 0 Mountain was fumarolic on March 7, 1911, but if an eruption occurred was uncertain. Thermal springs in Akmoan and Linan.[11][12]
Mayon
2,460 8,070 13°15′25″N 123°41′06″E / 13.257°N 123.685°E / 13.257; 123.685 (Mayon) Albay 50 Eruptions were recorded from 1616 to 2013. Permanently monitored. Volcanic activity is identified up to present. Alert Level 4 was raised. It could be advanced to Alert Level 5.
Musuan
646 2,119 7°52′37″N 125°04′05″E / 7.877°N 125.068°E / 7.877; 125.068 (Musuan) Bukidnon 2 Eruptions in 1866 & 1867. Strong seismic swarm in 1976.
Parker
1,784 5,853 6°06′47″N 124°53′31″E / 6.113°N 124.892°E / 6.113; 124.892 (Mount Parker) South Cotabato 1 A caldera-forming eruption occurred on January 4, 1641.
Pinatubo
1,445 4,741 15°08′N 120°21′E / 15.13°N 120.35°E / 15.13; 120.35 (Pinatubo) Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga 3 Reawakened in 1991 producing the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century. Followed by milder eruptions in 1992 and 1993.
Ragang
2,815 9,236 7°42′N 124°30′E / 7.70°N 124.50°E / 7.70; 124.50 (Ragang) Lanao del Sur, Cotabato 7 Eruption years are from 1765 to 1873. Eruptions were uncertain in 1915 and 1916.
San Pablo Volcanic Field
1,090 3,580 14°07′N 121°18′E / 14.12°N 121.30°E / 14.12; 121.30 (San Pablo Volcanic Field) Laguna, Batangas 0 Last activity was the formation of Sampaloc Lake around 1350 AD +/- 100 years determined by anthropology[3][13]
Smith
688 2,257 19°32′02″N 121°55′01″E / 19.534°N 121.917°E / 19.534; 121.917 (Smith) Cagayan 6 Eruption years are from 1652 to 1924. Combined with Babuyan Claro on the GVP list.
Taal
311 1,020 14°00′07″N 120°59′35″E / 14.002°N 120.993°E / 14.002; 120.993 (Taal) Batangas 33 Eruption years is from 1572 to 1977. Showing signs of unrest since 1991 and permanently monitored.
Unnamed volcano
(Ibugos)
−24 −79 20°20′N 121°45′E / 20.33°N 121.75°E / 20.33; 121.75 (Unnamed volcano (Ibugos)) Batanes 3 Submarine eruptions in 1773, 1850 and 1854.
See also[edit]
Geomorphology
Landforms
List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
List of mountains in the Philippines
List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines
Volcanic field
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "List of Active Volcanoes". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Volcanoes of the Philippines and Southeast Asia". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Volcano Data Criteria". accessdate=2011-08-18. Smithsonian Institution.
Jump up ^ "Eruption History, Ambalatungan Group". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Banahaw Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Didicas Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Iriga Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Leonard Range Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Makaturing Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Makaturing". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Matutum". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Matutum Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "San Pablo Volcanic Field Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volcanoes of the Philippines.
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Sahel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sahel (disambiguation).
The Sahel region in Africa: a belt up to 1,000 km (620 mi) wide that spans the 5,400 km (3,360 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea
The Sahel (/səˈhɛl/)[1] is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna (historically known as the Sudan region) to the south. Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The name is derived from the Arabic word sāḥil (ساحل, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈsaːħil]) meaning "coast" or "shore" in a figurative sense (in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara)[2][3], while the name Swahili means "coastal [dweller]" in a literal sense.
The Sahel part of Africa includes (from west to east) parts of northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, central Mali, northern Burkina Faso, the extreme south of Algeria, Niger, the extreme north of Nigeria, central Chad, central and southern Sudan, the extreme north of South Sudan, Eritrea, Cameroon, Central African Republic and extreme north of Ethiopia.[4]
Historically, the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region.[5] This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Flora and fauna
3 Climate
4 Culture
5 History
5.1 Early agriculture
5.2 Sahelian kingdoms
5.3 Colonial period
6 Recent droughts
6.1 2010 drought
7 Desertification and soil loss
8 See also
9 References
10 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Geography[edit]
Camels trample the soil in the semiarid Sahel as they move to water holes, such as this one in Chad.
The lush green of the rainy season Sahelian forest, along the Bamako-Kayes Road in Mali. The trees in the foreground are acacia. Note the large baobab tree.
Sahel people with livestock and azawakh dogs
The Sahel spans 5,400 km (3,360 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east, in a belt that varies from several hundred to a thousand kilometers (c. 600 miles) in width, covering an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers (1,178,850 sq mi). It is a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands lying between the wooded Sudanian Savanna to the south and the Sahara to the north.[6]
The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat; most of the region lies between 200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft) in elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel, but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands. Annual rainfall varies from around 100–200 mm (4–8 in) in the north of the Sahel to around 600 mm (24 in) in the south.[6]
Flora and fauna[edit]
The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland. Grass cover is fairly continuous across the region, dominated by annual grass species such as Cenchrus biflorus, Schoenefeldia gracilis and Aristida stipoides. Species of acacia are the dominant trees, with Acacia tortilis the most common, along with Acacia senegal and Acacia laeta. Other tree species include Commiphora africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Faidherbia albida, and Boscia senegalensis. In the northern part of the Sahel, areas of desert shrub, including Panicum turgidum and Aristida sieberana, alternate with areas of grassland and savanna. During the long dry season, many trees lose their leaves and the predominantly annual grasses die.
The Sahel was formerly home to large populations of grazing mammals, including the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), dama gazelle (Gazella dama), Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), red-fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrons), the giant prehistoric buffalo (Pelorovis) and Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus busephalus buselaphus), along with large predators like the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), the Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki), the Northeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii), the West African lion (Panthera leo senegalensis) and the East African lion (Panthera leo nubica). The larger species have been greatly reduced in number by over-hunting and competition with livestock, and several species are vulnerable (Dorcas gazelle, cheetah, lion and red-fronted gazelle), endangered (Dama gazelle and African wild dog), or extinct (the Scimitar-horned oryx is probably extinct in the wild, and both Pelorovis and the Bubal hartebeest are now extinct).
The seasonal wetlands of the Sahel are important for migratory birds moving within Africa and on the African-Eurasian flyways.[6]
Climate[edit]
The Sahel has a tropical, hot steppe climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). The climate is typically hot, sunny, dry and somewhat windy all year long. The Sahel's climate is similar to, but less extreme than, the climate of the Sahara desert located just to the north.
The Sahel mainly receives a low to a very low amount of precipitation annually. The steppe has a very long, prevailing dry season and a short rainy season. The precipitation is also extremely irregular, and varies considerably from season to season. Most of the rain usually falls during only one or two months, while the other months may remain absolutely dry. The entire Sahel region generally receives between 100 mm and 600 mm of rain yearly. A system of subdivisions often adopted for the Sahelian climate based on annual rainfall is as follows: the Saharan-Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 100 and 200 mm (such as Khartoum, Sudan), the strict Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 600 mm (such as Kiffa, Mauritania) and the Sahelian-Sudanese climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 400 mm (such as Niamey, Niger). The relative humidity in the steppe is low to very low, often between 10% and 25% during the dry season and between 25% and 75% during the rainy season. The least humid places have a relative humidity under 35%.
The Sahel is characterized by constant, intense heat, with an unvarying temperature. The Sahel rarely experiences cold temperatures. During the hottest period, the average high temperatures are generally between 36 and 42 °C (97 and 108 °F) (and even more in the hottest regions), often for more than three months, while the average low temperatures are around 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F). During the "coldest period", the average high temperatures are between 27 and 33 °C (81 and 91 °F) and the average low temperature are between 15 and 21 °C (59 and 70 °F). Everywhere in the Sahel, the average mean temperature is over 18 °C (64 °F) due to the tropical climate.
The Sahel has a high to very high sunshine duration year-round, between 2,700 hours (about 61% of the daylight hours) and 3,500 hours (more than 79% of the daylight hours). The sunshine duration in the Sahel approaches desert levels, and is comparable to that in the Arabian Desert, for example, even though the Sahel is only a steppe and not a desert. The cloud cover is low to very low. For example, Niamey, Niger has 3,082 hours of bright sunshine; Gao, Mali has near 3,385 hours of sunshine; Timbuktu, Mali has 3,409 sunny hours, and N'Djamena, Chad has 3,205 hours of sunlight.[7][8][9][10]
Culture[edit]
Traditionally, most of the people in the Sahel have been semi-nomads, farming and raising livestock in a system of transhumance, which is probably the most sustainable way of utilizing the Sahel. The difference between the dry North with higher levels of soil nutrients and the wetter South with more vegetation, is utilized by having the herds graze on high quality feed in the North during the wet season, and trek several hundred kilometers to the South to graze on more abundant, but less nutritious feed during the dry period.[citation needed]
In Western Sahel, polygamy and child marriage are common.[11] Female genital mutilation is also practiced across the Sahel.[11][12]
Wahhabism is taking root across the Sahel, according to author Joshua Hammer.[13][14]
History[edit]
Early agriculture[edit]
The first instances of domestication of plants for agricultural purposes in Africa occurred in the Sahel region circa 5000 BC, when sorghum and African rice began to be cultivated.[citation needed] Around this time small guineafowl were domesticated in the region.
Around 4000 BC, the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink rather significantly and caused increasing desertification. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and caused migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa.[15]
Sahelian kingdoms[edit]
Main article: Sahelian kingdoms
Further information: Trans-Saharan trade and Islamization of the Sudan region
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert, especially the slave trade with the Islamic world. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after AD 750 and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bend region, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.
The Sahel states were hindered from expanding south into the forest zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba peoples as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region.
Colonial period[edit]
The Western Sahel fell to France in the late 19th century as part of French West Africa. Chad was added in 1900 as part of French Equatorial Africa. The French territories were decolonized in 1960.
The Eastern Sahel (the part in what is now Sudan) did not fall to the European powers but was annexed by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1820. It came under British administration as part of the Sultanate of Egypt in 1914. The Sudanese Sahel became part of independent Sudan in 1956, and South Sudan in turn achieved its independence from Sudan proper in 2011.
Recent droughts[edit]
Further information: Sahel drought
For hundreds of years, the Sahel region has experienced regular droughts and megadroughts. One megadrought, from 1450 to 1700, lasted 250 years.[16] There was a major drought in the Sahel in 1914 caused by annual rains far below average, leading to large-scale famine. From 1951 to 2004, the Sahel experienced some of the most consistent and severe droughts in Africa.[17] The 1960s saw a large increase in rainfall in the region, making the northern drier region more accessible. There was a push, supported by governments, for people to move northwards. When the long drought period from 1968 through 1974 began, grazing quickly became unsustainable and large-scale denuding of the terrain followed. Like the drought in 1914, this led to a large-scale famine, but this time somewhat tempered by international visibility and an outpouring of aid. This catastrophe led to the founding of the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
2010 drought[edit]
Main article: 2010 Sahel drought
In June to August 2010 famine struck the Sahel.[18] Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat, 350,000 faced starvation, and 1,200,000 were at risk of famine.[19] In Chad the temperature reached 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) on 22 June in Faya-Largeau, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, also on 22 June, at 47.1 °C in Bilma. That record was broken the next day, when Bilma hit 48.2 °C (118.8 °F). The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on 25 June, at 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) in Dongola, breaking a record set in 1987.[20] Niger reported on 14 July that diarrhea, starvation, gastroenteritis, malnutrition, and respiratory diseases had sickened or killed many children. The new military junta appealed for international food aid and took serious steps to call on overseas help.[21] On 26 July, the heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger,[22] and in northern Niger about 20 people reportedly died of dehydration by 27 July.
Desertification and soil loss[edit]
Over-farming, over-grazing, over-population of marginal lands, and natural soil erosion, have caused serious desertification of the region.[23][24] This has had an impact on shelter construction, making it necessary to change the used materials. The Woodless Construction project was introduced in Sahel in 1980 by the Development Workshop, achieving since then a high social impact in the region.[25]
Major dust storms are a frequent occurrence as well. During November 2004, a number of major dust storms hit Chad, originating in the Bodélé Depression.[26] This is a common area for dust storms (occurring, on average, 100 days every year).
On 23 March 2010, a major sandstorm hit Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and inland Sierra Leone. Another struck in southern Algeria, inland Mauritania, Mali, and northern Ivory Coast[27] at the same time.
See also[edit]
Community of Sahel-Saharan States
Epidemiology of Meningitis
Green Sahara
2010 Sahel famine
2012 Sahel drought
Sahel drought
Sudan (region)
Sudanian Savanna
Pan Sahel Initiative
Sahara Conservation Fund
Semi-arid climate
Trans-Sahelian Highway
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition grid different of Sahel (British and World English)". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
Jump up ^ A System of Modern Geography. E. Huntington & Co. 1834. p. 287.
Jump up ^ http://www.yourdictionary.com/sahel
Jump up ^ "Sahel: $1.6 billion appeal to address widespread humanitarian crisis". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Jump up ^ The "Sudan region" encompasses not just the history of the Republic of Sudan (whose borders are those of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, drawn in 1899) but of the wider Sahel, in Arabic known as bilad as-sudan, "the land of the blacks".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sahelian Acacia savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Niamey Climate Niamey Temperature - Niamey.Climatemps.com".
Jump up ^ "Timbuktu Climate Timbuktu Temperature - Timbuktu.Climatemps.com".
Jump up ^ "Gao Climate Gao Temperature - Gao.Climatemps.com".
Jump up ^ "N’Djamena Climate N’Djamena Temperature - N-Djamena.Climatemps.com".
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Retrieved 5 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF WCARO - Overview - Violence against children".
Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21699430-paper-trail
Jump up ^ Hammer, Joshua. The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu. Simon & Schuster.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Patrick K., ed. (2005). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ Brahic, Catherine. "Africa trapped in mega-drought cycle". New Scientist. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Scholl, Adam. "Map Room: Hidden Waters". World Policy Journal. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News". Channel4.com. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ Foy, Henry (2010-06-21). "Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Masters, Jeff. "NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record". Weather Underground. Jeff Masters' WonderBlog. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Niger: famine on the horizon?". France 24. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
Jump up ^ "wonder Blog: Weather Underground". Wonder-ground.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Causes and Effects of Desertification".
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Laurie J. (18 May 2001). "From the Dust Bowl to the Sahel". NASA.
Jump up ^ "Training and employment of locals. [Social Impact]. WConstruction. The promotion of Woodless Construction in West Africa (1980-2017).". SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository.
Jump up ^ "Dust Storm in the Bodele Depression". NASA. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Earth Snapshot • Sand Storm".
Sources[edit]
Azam (ed.), Conflict and Growth in Africa: The Sahel, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1999), ISBN 92-64-17101-0.
(in French) Lagha CHEGROUCHE, "L'arc géopolitique de l'énergie : le croissant énergétique, in Le Soir d'Algérie, 19/12/2010 hi
Further reading[edit]
Dai, A.; Lamb, P.J.; Trenberth, K.E.; Hulme, M.; Jones, P.D.; Xie, P. (2004). "The recent Sahel drought is real" (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 24 (11): 1323–1331. doi:10.1002/joc.1083 .
Ellis, William S. (August 1987). "The Stricken Land". National Geographic. Vol. 172 no. 2. pp. 140–179. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
The Growing Crisis in Africa’s Sahel Region: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade of the Committee in Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, May 21, 2013
Moseley, W.G. 2008. “Strengthening Livelihoods in Sahelian West Africa: The Geography of Development and Underdevelopment in a Peripheral Region.” Geographische Rundschau International Edition, 4(4): 44-50. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=william_moseley
Simon, L., A. Mattelaer and A. Hadfield (2012) "A Coherent EU Strategy for the Sahel". Brussels: European Parliament (DG for External Policies).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sahel.
"Sahelian Acacia savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
World Wildlife Fund (2001). "Sahelian Acacia savanna". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
rain4sahara.org: Rain for the Sahel and Sahara
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text:
The pot calling the kettle black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The pot calling the kettle black" is a proverbial idiom that seems to be of Spanish origin, versions of which began to appear in English in the first half of the 17th century. It is glossed in the original sources as being used of a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Similar themes in antiquity
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Origin[edit]
The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote. The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza, of which one is that "You are like what is said that the frying-pan said to the kettle, 'Avant, black-browes'."[1] The Spanish text at this point reads: Dijo la sartén a la caldera, Quítate allá ojinegra (Said the pan to the pot, get out of there black-eyes).[2] It is identified as a proverb (refrán) in the text, functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has. Among several variations, the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra (black-arse) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire.[3]
This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as "The pot calls the pan burnt-arse" in John Clarke's collection of proverbs, Paroemiologia Anglo-Latina (1639).[4] A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims (1682):
"If thou hast not conquer'd thy self in that which is thy own particular Weakness, thou hast no Title to Virtue, tho' thou art free of other Men's. For a Covetous Man to inveigh against Prodigality, an Atheist against Idolatry, a Tyrant against Rebellion, or a Lyer against Forgery, and a Drunkard against Intemperance, is for the Pot to call the Kettle black."[5]
Apart from the final example in this passage, there is not a strict accord between the behaviour of the critic and the person censured.
An alternative modern interpretation,[6][7] far removed from the original intention, argues that while the pot is sooty (being placed on a fire), the kettle is shiny (being placed on coals only); hence, when the pot accuses the kettle of being black, it is the pot's own sooty reflection that it sees: the pot accuses the kettle of a fault that only the pot has, rather than one that they share. The point is illustrated by a poem that appeared anonymously in an early issue of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1876:
"Oho!" said the pot to the kettle;
"You are dirty and ugly and black!
Sure no one would think you were metal,
Except when you're given a crack."

"Not so! not so!" kettle said to the pot;
"'Tis your own dirty image you see;
For I am so clean – without blemish or blot –
That your blackness is mirrored in me."[8]
Similar themes in antiquity[edit]
The fable of the Snake and the Crab in the 1470s Medici Manuscript
In ancient Greece, mention of 'the Snake and the Crab' signified much the same, where the critic censures its own behaviour in another. The first instance of this is in a drinking song (skolion) dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE.[9] The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.[10]
The same theme differently expressed occurs in the Aramaic version of the story of Ahiqar, dating from about 500 BCE. 'The bramble sent to the pomegranate tree saying, "Wherefore the multitude of thy thorns to him that toucheth thy fruit?" The pomegranate tree answered and said to the bramble, "Thou art all thorns to him that toucheth thee".[11]
In Matthew 7:3-5, it is criticism of a less significant failing by those who are worse that is the target of the Sermon on the Mount: "Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye?"
See also[edit]
Tu quoque
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Phrase Finder
Jump up ^ Ch. 67
Jump up ^ Regino Etxabe, Diccionario de refranes comentado, Madrid 2012
Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell, Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 2010, p. 339
Jump up ^ Lines 445–6
Jump up ^ Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins, by William Morris, Mary Morris
Jump up ^ Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870, revised by Adrian Room (Millennium Edition)
Jump up ^ St Nicholas Magazine 3.4, February 1876, p. 224
Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados, History of the Graeco-Latin fable I, Brill, Leiden NL 1999, p.146
Jump up ^ Folklore and Fable vol.XVII, New York 1909, p.30
Jump up ^ The Words of Ahiqar: Aramaic proverbs and precepts, Syriac Studies site
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of pot calling the kettle black at Wiktionary
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