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Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
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Main article: Electron configuration
This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) are predicted.
As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2, written as [Ar] 3d4 4s2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
Legend
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p
1 H hydrogen : 1s1
1s1
1
2 He helium : 1s2
1s2
2
3 Li lithium : [He] 2s1
1s2 2s1
2 1
4 Be beryllium : [He] 2s2
1s2 2s2
2 2
5 B boron : [He] 2s2 2p1
1s2 2s2 2p1
2 3
6 C carbon : [He] 2s2 2p2
1s2 2s2 2p2
2 4
7 N nitrogen : [He] 2s2 2p3
1s2 2s2 2p3
2 5
8 O oxygen : [He] 2s2 2p4
1s2 2s2 2p4
2 6
9 F fluorine : [He] 2s2 2p5
1s2 2s2 2p5
2 7
10 Ne neon : [He] 2s2 2p6
1s2 2s2 2p6
2 8
11 Na sodium : [Ne] 3s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
2 8 1
12 Mg magnesium : [Ne] 3s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
2 8 2
13 Al aluminium : [Ne] 3s2 3p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
2 8 3
14 Si silicon : [Ne] 3s2 3p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
2 8 4
15 P phosphorus : [Ne] 3s2 3p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
2 8 5
16 S sulfur : [Ne] 3s2 3p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
2 8 6
17 Cl chlorine : [Ne] 3s2 3p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
2 8 7
18 Ar argon : [Ne] 3s2 3p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
2 8 8
19 K potassium : [Ar] 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
2 8 8 1
20 Ca calcium : [Ar] 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
2 8 8 2
21 Sc scandium : [Ar] 3d1 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
2 8 9 2
22 Ti titanium : [Ar] 3d2 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2
2 8 10 2
23 V vanadium : [Ar] 3d3 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
2 8 11 2
24 Cr chromium : [Ar] 3d5 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
2 8 13 1
25 Mn manganese : [Ar] 3d5 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2
2 8 13 2
26 Fe iron : [Ar] 3d6 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
2 8 14 2
27 Co cobalt : [Ar] 3d7 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2
2 8 15 2
28 Ni nickel : [Ar] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1(disputed - see Nickel article)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2
2 8 16 2
29 Cu copper : [Ar] 3d10 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
2 8 18 1
30 Zn zinc : [Ar] 3d10 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
2 8 18 2
31 Ga gallium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1
2 8 18 3
32 Ge germanium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
2 8 18 4
33 As arsenic : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3
2 8 18 5
34 Se selenium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4
2 8 18 6
35 Br bromine : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
2 8 18 7
36 Kr krypton : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
2 8 18 8
37 Rb rubidium : [Kr] 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1
2 8 18 8 1
38 Sr strontium : [Kr] 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2
2 8 18 8 2
39 Y yttrium : [Kr] 4d1 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2
2 8 18 9 2
40 Zr zirconium : [Kr] 4d2 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2
2 8 18 10 2
41 Nb niobium : [Kr] 4d4 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d4 5s1
2 8 18 12 1
42 Mo molybdenum : [Kr] 4d5 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d5 5s1
2 8 18 13 1
43 Tc technetium : [Kr] 4d5 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d5 5s2
2 8 18 13 2
44 Ru ruthenium : [Kr] 4d7 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1
2 8 18 15 1
45 Rh rhodium : [Kr] 4d8 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d8 5s1
2 8 18 16 1
46 Pd palladium : [Kr] 4d10
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10
2 8 18 18
47 Ag silver : [Kr] 4d10 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s1
2 8 18 18 1
48 Cd cadmium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2
2 8 18 18 2
49 In indium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p1
2 8 18 18 3
50 Sn tin : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p2
2 8 18 18 4
51 Sb antimony : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p3
2 8 18 18 5
52 Te tellurium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p4
2 8 18 18 6
53 I iodine : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p5
2 8 18 18 7
54 Xe xenon : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
2 8 18 18 8
55 Cs caesium : [Xe] 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s1
2 8 18 18 8 1
56 Ba barium : [Xe] 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 18 8 2
57 La lanthanum : [Xe] 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 18 9 2
58 Ce cerium : [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f1 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 19 9 2
59 Pr praseodymium : [Xe] 4f3 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f3 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 21 8 2
60 Nd neodymium : [Xe] 4f4 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f4 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 22 8 2
61 Pm promethium : [Xe] 4f5 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f5 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 23 8 2
62 Sm samarium : [Xe] 4f6 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f6 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 24 8 2
63 Eu europium : [Xe] 4f7 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 25 8 2
64 Gd gadolinium : [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 25 9 2
65 Tb terbium : [Xe] 4f9 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f9 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 27 8 2
66 Dy dysprosium : [Xe] 4f10 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f10 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 28 8 2
67 Ho holmium : [Xe] 4f11 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f11 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 29 8 2
68 Er erbium : [Xe] 4f12 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f12 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 30 8 2
69 Tm thulium : [Xe] 4f13 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f13 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 31 8 2
70 Yb ytterbium : [Xe] 4f14 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 32 8 2
71 Lu lutetium : [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 32 9 2
72 Hf hafnium : [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d2 6s2
2 8 18 32 10 2
73 Ta tantalum : [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d3 6s2
2 8 18 32 11 2
74 W tungsten : [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d4 6s2
2 8 18 32 12 2
75 Re rhenium : [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d5 6s2
2 8 18 32 13 2
76 Os osmium : [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d6 6s2
2 8 18 32 14 2
77 Ir iridium : [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d7 6s2
2 8 18 32 15 2
78 Pt platinum : [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d9 6s1
2 8 18 32 17 1
79 Au gold : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s1
2 8 18 32 18 1
80 Hg mercury : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2
2 8 18 32 18 2
81 Tl thallium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p1
2 8 18 32 18 3
82 Pb lead : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p2
2 8 18 32 18 4
83 Bi bismuth : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p3
2 8 18 32 18 5
84 Po polonium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p4
2 8 18 32 18 6
85 At astatine : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p5
2 8 18 32 18 7
86 Rn radon : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6
2 8 18 32 18 8
87 Fr francium : [Rn] 7s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 7s1
2 8 18 32 18 8 1
88 Ra radium : [Rn] 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 18 8 2
89 Ac actinium : [Rn] 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 18 9 2
90 Th thorium : [Rn] 6d2 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2
2 8 18 32 18 10 2
91 Pa protactinium : [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f2 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 20 9 2
92 U uranium : [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f3 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 21 9 2
93 Np neptunium : [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f4 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 22 9 2
94 Pu plutonium : [Rn] 5f6 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f6 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 24 8 2
95 Am americium : [Rn] 5f7 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f7 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 25 8 2
96 Cm curium : [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f7 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 25 9 2
97 Bk berkelium : [Rn] 5f9 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f9 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 27 8 2
98 Cf californium : [Rn] 5f10 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f10 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 28 8 2
99 Es einsteinium : [Rn] 5f11 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f11 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 29 8 2
100 Fm fermium : [Rn] 5f12 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f12 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 30 8 2
101 Md mendelevium : [Rn] 5f13 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f13 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 31 8 2
102 No nobelium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 8 2
103 Lr lawrencium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 7s2 7p1
2 8 18 32 32 8 3
104 Rf rutherfordium : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 10 2
105 Db dubnium : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d3 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 11 2
106 Sg seaborgium : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d4 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 12 2
107 Bh bohrium : [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d5 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 13 2
108 Hs hassium : [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d6 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 14 2
109 Mt meitnerium : [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d7 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 15 2
110 Ds darmstadtium : [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d8 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 16 2
111 Rg roentgenium : [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d9 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 17 2
112 Cn copernicium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 18 2
113 Nh nihonium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p1
2 8 18 32 32 18 3
114 Fl flerovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p2
2 8 18 32 32 18 4
115 Mc moscovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p3
2 8 18 32 32 18 5
116 Lv livermorium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p4
2 8 18 32 32 18 6
117 Ts tennessine : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p5
2 8 18 32 32 18 7
118 Og oganesson : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6
2 8 18 32 32 18 8
119 Uue ununennium : [Og] 8s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s1
2 8 18 32 32 18 8 1
120 Ubn unbinilium : [Og] 8s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s2
2 8 18 32 32 18 8 2
121 Ubu unbiunium : [Og] 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 18 8 3
122 Ubb unbibium : [Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 18 9 3
123 Ubt unbitrium : [Og] 6f1 7d1 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f1 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 19 9 3
124 Ubq unbiquadium : [Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 21 8 3
125 Ubp unbipentium : [Og] 5g1 6f3 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g1 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 33 21 8 3
126 Ubh unbihexium : [Og] 5g2 6f2 7d1 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g2 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 34 20 9 3
127 Ubs unbiseptium : [Og] 5g3 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g3 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 35 20 8 4
128 Ubo unbioctium : [Og] 5g4 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g4 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 36 20 8 4
129 Ube unbiennium : [Og] 5g5 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g5 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 37 20 8 4
130 Utn untrinilium : [Og] 5g6 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g6 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 38 20 8 4
131 Utu untriunium : [Og] 5g7 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g7 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 39 20 8 4
132 Utb untribium : [Og] 5g8 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g8 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 40 20 8 4
133 Utt untritrium : [Og] 5g8 6f3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g8 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 40 21 8 4
134 Utq untriquadium : [Og] 5g8 6f4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g8 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 40 22 8 4
135 Utp untripentium : [Og] 5g9 6f4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g9 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 41 22 8 4
136 Uth untrihexium : [Og] 5g10 6f4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g10 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 42 22 8 4
137 Uts untriseptium : [Og] 5g11 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g11 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 43 21 9 4
138 Uto untrioctium : [Og] 5g12 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g12 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 44 21 9 4
139 Ute untriennium : [Og] 5g13 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g13 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 45 20 10 4
140 Uqn unquadnilium : [Og] 5g14 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g14 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 46 21 9 4
141 Uqu unquadunium : [Og] 5g15 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g15 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 47 20 10 4
142 Uqb unquadbium : [Og] 5g16 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g16 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 48 20 10 4
143 Uqt unquadtrium : [Og] 5g17 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g17 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 49 20 10 4
144 Uqq unquadquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f1 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f1 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 19 11 4
145 Uqp unquadpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f3 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 21 10 4
146 Uqh unquadhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f4 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 22 10 4
147 Uqs unquadseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f5 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f5 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 23 10 4
148 Uqo unquadoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f6 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 24 10 4
149 Uqe unquadennium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f6 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 24 11 4
150 Upn unpentnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f6 7s2 7p6 7d4 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 24 12 4
151 Upu unpentunium : [Og] 5g18 6f8 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f8 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 26 11 4
152 Upb unpentbium : [Og] 5g18 6f9 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f9 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 27 11 4
153 Upt unpenttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f11 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f11 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 29 10 4
154 Upq unpentquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f12 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f12 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 30 10 4
155 Upp unpentpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f13 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f13 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 31 10 4
156 Uph unpenthexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 10 4
157 Ups unpentseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 11 4
158 Upo unpentoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d4 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 12 4
159 Upe unpentennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d4 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 12 4 1
160 Uhn unhexnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d5 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 13 4 1
161 Uhu unhexunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d6 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 14 4 1
162 Uhb unhexbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d8 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 16 4
163 Uht unhextrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d9 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d9 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 17 4
164 Uhq unhexquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4
165 Uhp unhexpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 1
166 Uhh unhexhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 2
167 Uhs unhexseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p1
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 3
168 Uho unhexoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 4
169 Uhe unhexennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p3 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p3 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 5 4
170 Usn unseptnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p4 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p4 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 6 4
171 Usu unseptunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p5 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p5 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 7 4
172 Usb unseptbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 8 4
Legend
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p
173 Ust unsepttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 6g1 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 6g1 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 33 18 8 4
References[edit]
All sources concur with the data above except in the separately listed instances:
NIST[edit]
http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ionEnergy.html ; retrieved July 2005, (elements 1–104) based on:
Atomic Spectroscopy, by W.C. Martin and W.L. Wiese in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135–153.
This website is also cited in the CRC Handbook as source of Section 1, subsection Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State.
91 Pa : [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2
92 U : [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2
93 Np : [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2
103 Lr : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 question-marked
104 Rf : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 question-marked
CRC[edit]
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 1, Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors; Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. (elements 1–104)
Also subsection Periodic Table of the Elements, (elements 1–103) based on:
G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990.
Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985.
Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1999, Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 667, 2001.
WebElements[edit]
http://www.webelements.com/ ; retrieved July 2005, electron configurations based on:
Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, Ed. Gordon W. F. Drake, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York, 1996.
J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, Harper Collins, New York, 1993.
R.L. DeKock and H.B. Gray in Chemical Structure and bonding, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California, 1980.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
103 Lr : [Rn].5f14.7s2.7p1 tentative ; 2.8.18.32.32.9.2 [inconsistent]
104 Rf : [Rn].5f14.6d2.7s2 tentative
105 Db : [Rn].5f14.6d3.7s2 (a guess based upon that of tantalum) ; 2.8.18.32.32.11.2
106 Sg : [Rn].5f14.6d4.7s2 (a guess based upon that of tungsten) ; 2.8.18.32.32.12.2
107 Bh : [Rn].5f14.6d5.7s2 (a guess based upon that of rhenium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.13.2
108 Hs : [Rn].5f14.6d6.7s2 (a guess based upon that of osmium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.14.2
109 Mt : [Rn].5f14.6d7.7s2 (a guess based upon that of iridium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.15.2
110 Ds : [Rn].5f14.6d9.7s1 (a guess based upon that of platinum) ; 2.8.18.32.32.17.1
111 Rg : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s1 (a guess based upon that of gold) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.1
112 Cn : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2 (a guess based upon that of mercury) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.2
113 Nh : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p1 (a guess based upon that of thallium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.3
114 Fl : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p2 (a guess based upon that of lead) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.4
115 Mc : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p3 (a guess based upon that of bismuth) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.5
116 Lv : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p4 (a guess based upon that of polonium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.6
117 Ts : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p5 (a guess based upon that of astatine) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.7
118 Og : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p6 (a guess based upon that of radon) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.8
Lange[edit]
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), online version, McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements. (Elements 1–103)
97 Bk : [Rn] 5f8 6d 7s2
103 Lr : [Rn] 4f14 [sic] 6d 7s2
Hill and Petrucci[edit]
Hill and Petrucci, General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach (3rd edition), Prentice Hall. (Elements 1–106)
58 Ce : [Xe] 4f2 6s2
103 Lr : [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2
104 Rf : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 (agrees with guess above)
105 Db : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
106 Sg : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
Hoffman, Lee, and Pershina[edit]
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1722. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
This book contains predicted electron configurations for the elements 119–172 and 184, based on relativistic Dirac–Fock calculations by B. Fricke in Fricke, B. (1975). Dunitz, J. D., ed. "Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Structure and Bonding. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116496.
Fricke[edit]
Predicted electron configurations for element 173 based on relativistic Dirac–Fock calculations by B. Fricke Fricke, Burkhard (1977). "Dirac-Fock-Slater calculations for the elements Z = 100, fermium, to Z = 173" (PDF). Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. 19: 83–192. Bibcode:1977ADNDT..19...83F. doi:10.1016/0092-640X(77)90010-9. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
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Stereospecificity
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In chemistry, stereospecificity is the property of a reaction mechanism that leads to different stereoisomeric reaction products from different stereoisomeric reactants, or which operates on only one (or a subset) of the stereoisomers.[1][2][3]
In contrast, stereoselectivity[1][2] is the property of a reactant mixture where a non-stereospecific mechanism allows for the formation of multiple products, but where one (or a subset) of the products is favored by factors, such as steric access, that are independent of the mechanism.
A stereospecific mechanism specifies the stereochemical outcome of a given reactant, whereas a stereoselective reaction selects products from those made available by the same, non-specific mechanism acting on a given reactant. Given a single, stereoisomerically pure starting material, a stereospecific mechanism will give 100% of a particular stereoisomer (or no reaction), although loss of stereochemical integrity can easily occur through competing mechanisms with different stereochemical outcomes. A stereoselective process will normally give multiple products even if only one mechanism is operating on an isomerically pure starting material.
The term stereospecific reaction is ambiguous, since the term reaction itself can mean a single-mechanism transformation (such as the Diels–Alder reaction), which could be stereospecific, or the outcome of a reactant mixture that may proceed through multiple competing mechanisms, specific and non-specific. In the latter sense, the term stereospecific reaction is commonly misused to mean highly stereoselective reaction.
Chiral synthesis is built on a combination of stereospecific transformations (for the interconversion of existing stereocenters) and stereoselective ones (for the creation of new stereocenters), where also the optical activity of a chemical compound is preserved.
The quality of stereospecificity is focused on the reactants and their stereochemistry; it is concerned with the products too, but only as they provide evidence of a difference in behavior between reactants. Of stereoisomeric reactants, each behaves in its own specific way.
Examples[edit]
Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 centres can proceed by the stereospecific SN2 mechanism, causing only inversion, or by the non-specific SN1 mechanism, the outcome of which can show a modest selectivity for inversion, depending on the reactants and the reaction conditions to which the mechanism does not refer. The choice of mechanism adopted by a particular reactant combination depends on other factors (steric access to the reaction centre in the substrate, nucleophile, solvent, temperature).
Stereospecificity in substitution reactions
SN1 mechanism non-stereospecific SN2 mechanism stereospecific
For example, tertiary centres react almost exclusively by the SN1 mechanism whereas primary centres (except neopentyl centres) react almost exclusively by the SN2 mechanism. When a nucleophilic substitution results in incomplete inversion, it is because of a competition between the two mechanisms, as often occurs at secondary centres, or because of double inversion (as when iodide is the nucleophile).
The addition of singlet carbenes to alkenes is stereospecific in that the geometry of the alkene is preserved in the product. For example, dibromocarbene and cis-2-butene yield cis-2,3-dimethyl-1,1-dibromocyclopropane, whereas the trans isomer exclusively yields the trans cyclopropane.[4]
This addition remains stereospecific even if the starting alkene is not isomerically pure, as the products' stereochemistry will match the reactants'.
The disrotatory ring closing reaction of conjugated trienes is stereospecific in that isomeric reactants will give isomeric products. For example, trans,cis,trans-2,4,6-octatriene gives cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene, whereas the trans,cis,cis reactant isomer gives the trans product and the trans,trans,trans reactant isomer does not react in this manner.
See also[edit]
Dynamic stereochemistry
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Overlap Control of Carbanionoid Reactions. I. Stereoselectivity in Alkaline Epoxidation," Zimmerman, H. E.; Singer, L.; Thyagarajan, B. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1959, 81, 108-116.
^ Jump up to: a b Eliel, E., "Stereochemistry of Carbon Compound", McGraw-Hill, 1962 pp 434-436
Jump up ^ March, Jerry (1985), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (3rd ed.), New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-85472-7
Jump up ^ Skell, P.S. & Garner, A.Y. (1956). "The Stereochemistry of Carbene-Olefin Reactions. Reactions of Dibromocarbene with the cis- and trans-2-Butenes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (14): 3409–3411. doi:10.1021/ja01595a040.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stereospecificity&oldid=830070068"
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