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MacBook Air
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MacBook Air
The mid-2015 13.3in MacBook Air model
Developer
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Apple Inc.
Product family
Macintosh
MacBook
Type
Subnotebook
Release date
January 29, 2008; 9 years ago (2008-01-29) (Original)[1]
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05) (Current)
Retail availability
January 29, 2008 (2008-01-29)
Operating system
macOS
Sound
Internal speakers and microphone
Power
45 W MagSafe2 AC
Related articles
MacBook, MacBook Pro
Website
www.apple.com/macbook-air
The MacBook Air is a line of Macintosh subnotebook computers developed and manufactured by Apple Inc. It consists of a full-size keyboard, a machined aluminum case, and a thin light structure. The Air is available with a screen size of (measured diagonally) 13.3in (33.782 cm), with different specifications produced by Apple. Since 2011, all MacBook Air models have used solid-state drive storage and Intel Core i5 or i7 CPUs.[2] A MacBook Air with an 11.6in (29.46 cm) screen was made available in 2010.[3]
In the current product line, the MacBook Air sits below the performance-range of the MacBook Pro and compared to the MacBook Retina, its features reflect different priorities. The Air was originally released as a premium ultraportable positioned above the previous MacBook.[4] Since then, the Air has become Apple's entry-level laptop due to the MacBook's discontinuation in 2011, as well as lowered prices on subsequent iterations.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
3 Specifications
4 Reception
4.1 Comparison with iPad and netbooks
4.2 Ultrabook competition
4.2.1 "Thinnest laptop"
4.3 Issues
5 Timeline of the MacBook family
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Steve Jobs with a MacBook Air at the 2008 keynote.
Steve Jobs introduced the first MacBook Air during a speech at his keynote at the 2008 Macworld conference on January 15, 2008.[6] The first-generation MacBook Air was a 13.3"-only model, initially promoted as the world's thinnest notebook.[7] It featured a custom[8] Intel Merom CPU and Intel GMA graphics. In late 2008, the CPU was updated to a faster, non-custom Penryn CPU and integrated Nvidia GeForce graphics while the hard drive capacity was increased and the micro-DVI video port was replaced by the Mini DisplayPort.[9] A mid-2009 refresh, introduced alongside the MacBook Pro family, featured a slightly higher-capacity battery, and a faster Penryn CPU.[10]
On October 20, 2010, Apple released a redesigned 13.3" model, with improved enclosure, screen resolution, battery, and flash storage instead of a hard drive. In addition, a new 11.6" model was introduced, offering reduced cost, weight, battery life, and performance relative to the 13.3" model, but better performance than typical netbooks of the time.[11][12][13][14]
On July 20, 2011, Apple released updates to the 11.6" and 13.3" models of the MacBook Air, which also became Apple's entry-level laptops due to lowered prices and the discontinuation of the white MacBook around the same time.[5] The mid-2011 MacBook Airs were powered by the new Sandy Bridge 1.6 or 1.7 GHz dual-core Intel Core i5, or 1.8 GHz dual-core Intel Core i7 processors, that came with an Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor, and with a backlit keyboard, two USB 2.0 ports, FaceTime camera, a standard of 2 GB of RAM (configurable up to 4 GB), Thunderbolt which shares function with Mini DisplayPort and Bluetooth was upgraded to v4.0.[15][16] Maximum SSD flash memory storage options were increased up to 256 GB. Both 11" and 13" models had an analog audio output/headphone minijack (that also supports an iPhone/iPod touch headset with microphone), but only the 13" model had an integrated SDXC-capable SD Card slot. These models use a less expensive "Eagle Ridge" Thunderbolt controller that provides two Thunderbolt channels (2 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional), compared to the MacBook Pro which uses a "Light Ridge" controller that provides four Thunderbolt channels (4 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional). A USB ethernet adapter was immediately available upon release and a Thunderbolt-to-Firewire 800 adapter became available in mid-year 2012.
On June 11, 2012, Apple released an updated model in the same form factor as the prior model. The new model is powered by the new Ivy Bridge dual-core Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, doubles the RAM and SSD speeds, has the new USB 3 ports (with USB 2 capability) in place of the USB 2 ports and the new MagSafe 2 charging port.[17] The camera was upgraded to 720p FaceTime HD.
On June 10, 2013, Apple released another update in the same form factor as the 2012 model during the company's Worldwide Developer Conference (WWDC). The 11" and 13" models have a minimum standard 4 GB RAM, with a maximum configuration of 8 GB. Both models are powered by the Haswell ULT 1.3 GHz dual-core Intel Core i5 processors, with Turbo Boost up to 2.6 GHz, while a 1.7 GHz Dual-Core i7, with Turbo Boost up to 3.3 GHz, option is also available. Each model's storage standard is 128 GB SSD, upgradeable to 256 GB and 512 GB SSD. Due to Haswell CPUs, battery life has considerably improved from the previous generation, and the mid-2013 models are capable of 9 hours on the 11" model and 12 hours on the 13" model; a team of reviewers exceeded expected battery life ratings during their test.[18]
While Apple's MacBook lines have been affected towards consumer trend to smartphones,[19] they still managed to ship 2.8M Macs in Q2 2012, notably Air, compared to 500K total Ultrabooks,[20][21] despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11" and 13" models of it.[22] Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56% of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. [23]
Design[edit]
The original 2008 MacBook Air
Left side of a late-2010 MacBook Air. From left to right, MagSafe power connector, USB port, headphone jack and built-in microphone.
The MacBook Air features an anti-glare LED backlit display and a full-size keyboard, as well as a large trackpad that responds to multi-touch gestures such as pinching, swiping, and rotating.[24] Since the release of Snow Leopard, the Air's trackpad has supported handwriting recognition of Chinese characters.[25]
On the 11" Air, the left side of the computer has a MagSafe power connector, a USB port, a headphone jack, and a microphone.[24] The right side of the computer has a USB port and a Mini DisplayPort, now sharing Thunderbolt function beginning with the 2011 model. On top of the screen bezel there is a webcam, first dubbed iSight and now the FaceTime camera.
The MacBook Air was the first subcompact laptop offered by Apple since the full-featured 12" PowerBook G4 was discontinued in 2006. It was also Apple's first computer with an optional solid-state drive.[26] ArsTechnica found "moderate" performance improvements of the 64GB[note 1] solid-state drive of the first-generation Air over the standard 80 GB hard drive in tests. On October 14, 2008, new models were announced with improved capacities of 128 GB SSD and 120 GB hard drive. For the late-2010 MacBook Air and later models, only flash storage is available, with the standard options currently being 128 GB and 256 GB.[27]
The CPU in the first-generation MacBook Air was a custom Intel Core 2 Duo Merom that was 40% of the size of the standard chip package.[28] For models of late 2008, the CPU was replaced with a low-voltage Penryn chip with 6MB of cache, running on a 1066 MHz bus.[29]
MacBook Air components are officially non-user-replaceable, though third-parties do sell upgrade kits for the SSDs. The flash memory and battery are enclosed within the casing, with RAM soldered onto the motherboard. The flash memory, difficult to access, has a 128MB cache[30] and a mSATA connection (updated to a proprietary PCIe interface) to the motherboard.[31]
The optional Apple USB 'SuperDrive' DVD-drive.
Apple incorporated several features in the design of the MacBook Air, such as the reduction of lead to make it more environmentally friendly. The MacBook Air contains no BFRs and PVC wiring, meets Energy Star 5.0 requirements, has a recyclable enclosure, and is rated EPEAT Gold. Its display is made from arsenic-free glass, and contains no mercury.[7][32] To reduce the computer's size and weight, several features were sacrificed. It was Apple's first notebook since the PowerBook 2400c without a built-in removable media drive.[33] It also omits a FireWire port, Ethernet port, line-in, media card slots (except the 13" 2010 through 2015 models, which have an SD card slot), and a Kensington Security Slot.[34]
To gain optical drive features, users could either purchase an external USB SuperDrive or other brand, or the bundled Remote Disc software, only for browsing or software installation to access the drive of another computer wirelessly[35] that has the program installed.[36][37] It can also be used to reinstall the system software from the included installation DVD. Remote Disc supports NetBooting, so the Air can boot from its installation DVD in another computer's drive, which requires Remote Install Mac OS X to be running on that computer. The software does not allow playback or information of DVDs, CDs or installing Windows.[35] For these features, an external USB drive is required.[35] More recent versions of OS X replaced the installation DVD with a USB flash drive containing the software, eliminating remote installation.
The 2010 models include two speakers for stereo sound while earlier versions have one speaker located under the keyboard. The 2011 model replaces DisplayPort with a Thunderbolt 1 port, and also has a 1280×720 FaceTime HD Camera, replacing the previous 640×480 iSight camera. The 2012 model replaces USB 2 with USB 3, and uses the MagSafe 2 instead of the MagSafe connector for charging. The 2015 model updated the Thunderbolt port to Thunderbolt 2.
Specifications[edit]
Discontinued Current
[hide]Table of models
Model
Early 2008
(February)[38]
Late 2008
(October)[9]
Mid 2009
(June)[39]
Late 2010
(October)[40][41]
Mid 2011
(July)[42][43]
Mid 2012
(June)[44][45]
Mid 2013
(June)[46][47]
Early 2014
(April)[48]
Early 2015
(March)[49]
Mid 2017
(June)[50]
Model identifier MacBookAir1,1 MacBookAir2,1 MacBookAir3,1 (11"), MacBookAir3,2 (13") MacBookAir4,1 (11"), MacBookAir4,2 (13") MacBookAir5,1 (11"), MacBookAir5,2 (13") MacBookAir6,1 (11"), MacBookAir6,2 (13") MacBookAir7,1 (11"), MacBookAir7,2 (13")
Model number (on underside) A1237 A1304 A1370 (11"), A1369 (13") A1465 (11"), A1466 (13") A1466 (13")
Part number (Order number) MB003LL/A MB543LL/A, MB940LL/A MC233LL/A, MC234LL/A MC504LL/A, MC505LL/A, MC506LL/A, MC503LL/A MC968LL/A, MC969LL/A, MC965LL/A, MC966LL/A MD223LL/A, MD224LL/A, MD231LL/A, MD232LL/A MD711LL/A, MD712LL/A, MD760LL/A, MD761LL/A MD711LL/B, MD712LL/B, MD760LL/B, MD761LL/B MJVM2LL/A, MJVP2LL/A, MJVE2LL/A, MJVG2LL/A, MMGF2LL/A (2016, 8 GB, 128 GB SSD), MMGG2LL/A (2016, 8 GB, 256 GB SSD) MQD32LL/A (128 GB SSD), MQD42LL/A (256 GB SSD)
Display
(glossy) N/A 11.6", native 1366 × 768 (16:9). Lower resolutions supported N/A
13.3", native 1280 × 800 pixels (16:10). Lower resolutions supported 13.3", native 1440 × 900 (16:10). Lower resolutions supported
Graphics
(Shared with system memory) Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB of DDR2 SDRAM with Micro-DVI output Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Nvidia GeForce 320M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor using 256 MB (11" base model) or 384 MB (all other models) of DDR3 SDRAM Intel HD Graphics 4000 processor with up to 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 5000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 6000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory
Front side bus/DMI 800 MHz 1066 MHz 800 MHz (11"), 1066 MHz (13") Intel Direct Media Interface
2.5 GT/s Intel Direct Media Interface
5.0 GT/s
Processor 1.6 GHz (L7500) or 1.8 GHz (L7700) Intel Core 2 Duo with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache 1.6 GHz (SL9300) or 1.86 GHz (SL9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache 1.86 GHz (SL9400) or 2.13 GHz (SL9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache (11") 1.4 GHz (SU9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 1.6 GHz (SU9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache
(13")1.86 GHz (SL9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 2.13 GHz (SL9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache (11") 1.6 GHz (i5-2467M) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(13") 1.7 GHz (i5-2557M) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(Higher-End 11" & 13") Optional 1.8 GHz (i7-2677M) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache (11") 1.7 GHz (i5-3317U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(13") 1.8 GHz (i5-3427U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(Higher-End 11" & 13") Optional 2.0 GHz (i7-3667U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.3 GHz (i5-4250U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 1.7 GHz (i7-4650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.4 GHz (i5-4260U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 1.7 GHz (i7-4650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.6 GHz (i5-5250U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 2.2 GHz (i7-5650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.8 GHz (i5-5350U) dual core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 2.2 GHz (i7-5650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache
Memory
2 GB of 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 2 GB[note 2] of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM
Optional 4 GB 2 GB (11" base model; Optional 4 GB) or 4 GB of 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM (all other models) 4 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM Optional 8 GB 4 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Optional 8 GB (8 GB standard for the 13" version since April 19, 2016) (Optional 16GB) 8 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM
Storage 80 GB 4200-rpm 1.8-inch PATA HDD or 64 GB SSD 120 GB 4200-rpm 1.8-inch SATA HDD or 128 GB SSD 64 (MC505LL/A) or 128 GB (MC506LL/A) (11"), 128 (MC503LL/A) or 256 GB (MC504LL/A) (13") SSD 64 GB (11") SSD
128 GB (11") SSD Optional 256 GB upgrade
128 or 256 GB (13") SSD 64 GB or 128 GB SSD (11") Optional 256 GB or 512 GB upgrade
128 or 256 GB SSD (13") Optional 512 GB upgrade 128 GB or 256 GB PCIe-based SSD Optional 512 GB upgrade
Video Camera iSight (640 × 480) FaceTime HD (720p)
Power Connector MagSafe MagSafe 2
Connectivity
Internal 802.11 a/b/g and draft-n Internal 802.11 a/b/g/n (AirPort) Internal Dual-Band 802.11 a/b/g/n (AirPort, Broadcom BCM43224 300 Mbit/s) Internal 802.11ac a/b/g/n/ac compatible (AirPort, Broadcom BCM4360-based 867Mbit/s)
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Bluetooth 4.0
Built-in infrared (IR) receiver for Apple Remote N/A
Optional Apple USB Ethernet Adapter (Year 2008) Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter
Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter
Latest possible OS X version Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion"
(Unofficially, can run OS X 10.8 using MacPostFactor) OS X 10.11 "El Capitan"
(Unofficially, can run macOS 10.12 "Sierra" without wi-fi using Sierra Patcher) macOS 10.13 "High Sierra"
Battery
(removable lithium-ion polymer) N/A 35-watt-hour (11") 38-watt-hour (11") N/A
37-watt-hour (13") 40-watt-hour (13") 50-watt-hour (13") 54-watt-hour (13")
Battery cycle count [51] 300 500 1000
Unit weight N/A 2.38 lb (1.08 kg) (11") N/A
3.0 lb (1.36 kg) 2.96 lb (1.34 kg) (13")
Dimensions N/A 11.8 in (30 cm) wide × 7.56 in (19.2 cm) deep × 0.11 in (0.3 cm) to 0.68 in (1.7 cm) high (11") N/A
12.8 in (33 cm) wide × 8.94 in (23 cm) deep × 0.16 in (0.4 cm) to 0.76 in (1.9 cm) high (13") 12.8 in (33 cm) wide × 8.94 in (22.7 cm) deep × 0.11 in (0.3 cm) to 0.68 in (1.7 cm) high (13")
Peripheral connections 1× USB 2.0 2× USB 2.0 2× USB 3.0
1× 3.5 mm headphone jack
Micro-DVI video port
DVI-D/VGA adapter included 1× Mini DisplayPort video port 1× Thunderbolt port 1× Thunderbolt 2 port
N/A 1× SDXC card slot (13" only)
Reception[edit]
Comparison with iPad and netbooks[edit]
Although the 11" Air is only slightly lighter than the 13" Air, the biggest difference is the footprint which gives each model a distinct category; the 13” Air is much closer in size to most other conventional laptops, while the 11” Air is almost small enough to fit in a space that can hold an iPad.[52][53]
The 11" MacBook Air carried the desirable essential attributes of a netbook, but without the drawbacks of a slower processor and less capable operating system,[54] albeit at a higher price.[55][56][57][58][59] At the low end, Apple introduced the iPad—a different form factor than the netbook, but with improved computing capabilities and lower production cost. Both of these led to a decline in netbook sales, and most PC manufacturers have consequently discontinued their netbook lines in response.[60] Capitalizing on the success of the MacBook Air,[61] Intel promoted Ultrabook as a new high-mobility standard, which has been hailed by some analysts as succeeding where netbooks failed.[62][63][64]
Ultrabook competition[edit]
Intel developed a set of specifications for the Ultrabook, a higher-end type of subnotebook produced by various PC manufacturers and usually running Windows. Competing directly with the Air, the Ultrabook is intended to reduce size and weight, and extend battery life without compromising performance.[65][66][67]
Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. [23] Apple had previously dominated the premium PC market, in 2009 having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000, according to NPD, and Ultrabooks were an attempt by other PC manufacturers to move in on Apple's turf.[68] While Apple's MacBook lines were not immune to this consumer trend towards mobile devices,[19] they still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which were the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks,[20][21] despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11" and 13" models of the Macbook Air.[22] Forrester Research analyst Frank Gillett attributes Apple's increased success in the enterprise market to the 2010 MacBook Air and the iPad.[69]
While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the MacBook Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around Ultrabook in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction".[70]
The Microsoft Surface Pro has a similar size and price to the 11" MacBook Air;[71][72] Apple CEO Tim Cook has criticized the Surface Pro and other Ultrabook hybrids running the touch-based Windows 8, that attempt to combine laptop and tablet functionality in one device, saying that such devices were confusing like trying to "combine a fridge and a toaster".[73][74]
When released in October 2010, the 13" model's screen resolution was higher than the average 1366x768 screens of similar sized laptops. However, by mid-2013, with many premium Ultrabooks having high resolution screens (1080p or greater) as standard or upgrades, the MacBook Air has been increasingly criticized for sticking with a low-resolution screen. Many in the tech community had expected Apple to release a MacBook Air with Retina Display by mid-2013, similar to the MacBook Pro Retina which came out in 2012.[75] The October 2013 refresh of the 13" MacBook Pro Retina, with a slimmer chassis and a lower price point, was mentioned as a potential MacBook Air alternative as the battery life is not much shorter while not being considerably bulkier.[4][76] Apple released an entry-level version of the 13" MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016, which was specifically targeted towards MacBook Air users.[77]
"Thinnest laptop"[edit]
At the launch of the first MacBook Air in January 2008, Apple claimed it to be the thinnest laptop in the world. While this was true of laptops on sale at the time, the 2003 Sharp Actius MM10 Muramasas was thinner at some points than the Macbook Air, being 0.54 inches (14 mm) thick at its minimum.[78] It, like the MacBook Air, was a tapered design, with a maximum height of 0.78 inches (19.8 mm) —slightly thicker than the MacBook Air — shown above as 0.76 inches (19.3 mm).[79] The Sony Vaio X505, released in 2004, had a minimum thickness of 0.38 inches (10 mm) and a maximum of 0.8 inches (20.3 mm).[80]
Since the release of the first MacBook Air, other thinner laptops have been released, such as the Dell Adamo,[81] launched in March 2009, which is a constant 0.65 inches (17 mm) thick. Apple subsequently removed "The world's thinnest notebook" from their marketing materials.
The 11.6" MacBook Air, introduced in October 2010, is only slightly larger and heavier (when closed) than the iPad 2. The 11.6" Air has been regarded as thin and light compared to other ultraportables, such as the Sony VAIO Z and the 11" Samsung Series 9.[82]
As of 2013, several Ultrabooks such as the Sony VAIO Pro have managed smaller dimensions than the MacBook Air by using carbon fiber construction.[83][84][85]
Issues[edit]
Following its introduction, the MacBook Air was greeted with a mixed reception. The portability of the MacBook Air was praised in reviews, but the compromise in features was criticized.[86][87][88] The full-sized keyboard, weight, thinness, and Multi-Touch trackpad were appreciated in reviews, while the limited configuration options and ports, slow speed (in non-SSD models), non-user-replaceable battery, small hard drive, and price were criticized.[86][87] The flip-down hatch on the side of the original MacBook Air is a tight fit for some headphone plugs and USB devices, requiring users to purchase an extension cable. Apple removed the flip-down hatch on the late 2010 model in favor of open connection ports, as is the case with most other laptops.[89][90]
Most of these problems have been dismissed by now, following many revisions and speed enhancements, and with the addition of more portability and ports.[citation needed]
Since the release of the first-generation product, some MacBook Air users have complained of CPU lockup caused by overheating. Apple released a software update in early March 2008 to fix the problem with mixed results: the deactivation of one CPU core was corrected; however, the runaway kernel problem remained for some users.[91] The problem is aggravated by system-intensive tasks such as video playback or video chatting.[92]
Due to a more mature manufacturing process, the CPUs in the second-generation MacBook Air perform better under load, as the first generation chips ran at a higher temperature—the processor needed to be throttled to avoid overheating and this further degraded performance.[93]
On October 17, 2013, Apple announced a replacement program for the 64 GB and 128 GB MacBook Air flash storage drives that are installed in Air systems purchased between June 2012 and June 2013.[94]
Timeline of the MacBook family
See also: Timeline of Macintosh models

See also[edit]
Comparison of Macintosh models
MacBook family
MacBook Pro
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In this article, the conventional prefixes for computer storage denote base-10 values whereby "kilobyte" (KB) = 103 bytes, "megabyte" (MB) = 106 bytes and "gigabyte" (GB) = 109 bytes.
Jump up ^ In this article, the conventional prefixes for computer RAM denote base-2 values whereby kilobyte (KB) = 210 bytes, megabyte (MB) = 220 bytes and "gigabyte" (GB) = 230 bytes.
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Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MD711LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MD760LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Apple - Macbook Air - Technical Specifications". Apple. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Apple - Macbook Air - Technical Specifications". Apple. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MacBook Air - Technical Specifications - Apple". Apple. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Apple support: Mac notebooks: Determining battery cycle count". Retrieved January 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Vivek Gowri. "AnandTech - The 2013 MacBook Air Review (11-inch)". anandtech.com.
Jump up ^ "Apple MacBook Air 11-inch (Mid 2013)". PC Magazine.
Jump up ^ http://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/mac/how-mac-changed-continues-change-world-3498814/
Jump up ^ Nuttall, Chris (October 22, 2010). "MacBook Air — my new favourite netbook". Financial Times. Pearson PLC.
Jump up ^ Ngo, Dong (November 1, 2012). "MacBook Air a great Windows Netbook, for a price". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Krasnoff, Barbara (October 29, 2010). "Apple's new MacBook Air: A netbook by any other name". ComputerWorld. IDG. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hodge, Karl (October 21, 2010). "Apple's Netbook? The 11.6" MacBook Air debuts". Computer Weekly. Reed Business Information. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lanxon, Nate (October 20, 2010). "Apple unveils a netbook: An 11" MacBook Air". Wired. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Brian (November 28, 2011). "The NetBook Is Dead, The iPad Killed It, Don't Buy One". Forbes. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ MacBook Air vs. Ultrabooks, PC Magazine
Jump up ^ Enterprise Mobility: Ultrabooks Will Succeed Where Netbooks Failed: 10 Reasons Why, eWeek
Jump up ^ The Ultrabook Revolution, PC World, August 21, 2012
Jump up ^ John C. Dvorak. "Where Did All the Netbooks Go?". PC Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Ultrabooks threaten MacBook Air". Gulf News.
Jump up ^ Stern, Joanna (February 10, 2012). "MacBook Air with Windows 7 review: the ultrabook to rule them all?". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Westover, Brian (December 20, 2011). "MacBook Air Review". PC Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Why Ultrabook Sales Have Flopped So Far". PCWorld. July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Keizer, Gregg (January 26, 2012). "Apple breaks Microsoft's 'lock' on enterprise workers, argues analyst". ComputerWorld. IDG. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ author. "NPD: MacBook Air owns 56 percent of the US ultrabook market". Electronista.
Jump up ^ "Apple MacBook Air (11-inch) vs. Microsoft Surface Pro 2". laptopmag.com.
Jump up ^ "2013 MacBook Air (11-inch) vs. Microsoft Surface Pro". gizmag.com.
Jump up ^ "Tim Cook On Windows 8 And Surface - Business Insider". Business Insider. October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ David Price. "iPad Pro (or iPad Plus) release date rumours and leaked images - News - Macworld UK". Macworld UK.
Jump up ^ "Samsung ATIV Book 9 Plus vs Sony Vaio Pro 13, MacBook Air and Acer Aspire S7". ultrabookreview.com.
Jump up ^ Dana Wollman. "MacBook Pro with Retina display review (13-inch, 2013)". Engadget. AOL.
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^ Jump up to: a b Snell, Jason. "Apple MacBook Air/1.6 GHz". Retrieved June 10, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Block, Ryan. "MacBook Air review". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Dan. "MacBook Air review". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Cheng, Jacqui (February 3, 2008). "Thin is in: Ars Technica reviews MacBook Air". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (March 13, 2008). "Apple's MacBook (hot) Air problem". Fortune. CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Asher, Moses (March 13, 2008). "Apple fans burned by hot Airs". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Apple's 2010 MacBook Air (11 & 13 inch) Thoroughly Reviewed". AnandTech.
Jump up ^ "Apple issues recall for MacBook Air flash storage drives". GigaOM. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
External links[edit]
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High School Football National Championship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The High School Football National Championship is a national championship honor awarded to the best high school football team(s) in the United States of America based on rankings from USA Today[1] and the National Prep Poll. There have been some efforts over the years at organizing a single-game playoff for the national championship. Sometimes a dominant team in one state would defeat a dominant team in a neighboring state after the regular season and then would self-claim the national championship. However, sometimes such a game could not be scheduled, like in 1936 after Washington High School of Massillon, Ohio refused to withhold its black players in a proposed game with segregated Central High School of Knoxville, Tennessee. Central High subsequently proclaimed itself national champion that year. On December 31, 1938, duPont Manual of Louisville, Kentucky and New Britain of Connecticut played in an actual national championship game in Baton Rouge with the Louisiana Sports Association as the formal sponsor – and, by extension, the Sugar Bowl Committee, which held a series of sporting events leading up to the Sugar Bowl game itself. Manual won, 28–20.[2] The following year, on December 30, the game featured Pine Bluff, Arkansas, which defeated Baton Rouge High School by a score of 26–0.[2] This series of games proved difficult to organize, due to some states' prohibition of postseason play. Pine Bluff, for example, had to receive a special waiver from its state to participate in the game. In 1962, Florida state champion Miami Senior High beat Baltimore Polytechnic in the Orange Bowl and was recognized by Imperial Sports Syndicate of California as a national champion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selectors
2 National Champions by year
3 National Championships by school (multiple winners only)
4 See also
5 Sources
6 References
Selectors[edit]
Selector
Years
National Sports News Service (NSNS) 1910–1916, 1918–1943, 1946–1999
Louisiana Sports Association (LSA) 1938–39
USA TODAY (USA) 1982–present
National Prep Poll (NPP) 1987–present
MaxPreps Freeman Computer Rankings (Freeman) 2004–present
MaxPreps Composite Rankings (MPComposite) 2013–present
High School Football America Top 25 (Algorithm) 2012–present
National Champions by year[edit]
Year
Champion(s)
Record
Coach
Selector(s)
1910 Oak Park, IL 10–2 Robert Zuppke NSNS
1911 Oak Park, IL 10–0 Robert Zuppke NSNS
1912 Oak Park, IL 10–0 Robert Zuppke NSNS
1913 Oak Park, IL 10–1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS
1914 Everett, MA 13–0 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS
1915 Detroit, MI, Central 11–0–1 Edbert C. Buss NSNS
Everett, MA 11–0–1 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS
1916 San Diego High School San Diego, CA
Scott, Toledo, Ohio
12-0-0
10-0-0
Nibs Price
Tom Merrell
NSNS
NSNS
1917 No Known Champion
1918 Harrisburg, PA, Tech 9–0 Paul Smith NSNS
1919 Harrisburg, PA, Tech 12–0 Paul Smith NSNS
1920 Everett, WA 9–0–1 Enoch Bagshaw NSNS
Oak Park, IL 9–0–1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS
1921 Jacksonville, FL, Duval 8–0 Unknown NSNS
1922 Toledo, OH, Scott 9–0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS
1923 East Cleveland, OH, Shaw 9–1 John Snavely NSNS
Toledo, OH, Scott 10–0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS
1924 Toledo, OH, Waite 10–0 Joe C. Collins NSNS
1925 Pine Bluff, AR 16–0 Foy Hammons NSNS
1926 Tuscaloosa, AL 9–0 Paul Burnum NSNS
1927 Waco, TX 14–0 Paul Tyson NSNS
1928 Medford, OR 9–0 Prink Callison NSNS
1929 Tuscaloosa, AL 9–0 Paul Burnum NSNS
1930 Phoenix, AZ, Union 13–0 R.R. Robinson NSNS
1931 Ashland, KY 10–0 Paul Jenkins NSNS
1932 Toledo, OH, Waite 12–0 Donald McCallister NSNS
1933 Oklahoma City, OK, Capitol Hill 12–0 Jim Lookabaugh NSNS
1934 Canton, OH, McKinley 11–0 Jimmy Aiken NSNS
1935 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Paul Brown NSNS
1936 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Paul Brown NSNS
1937 Chicago, IL, Austin 10–0 William Heiland NSNS
1938 Louisville, KY, Manual 10–0 Ray Baer LSA,[2] NSNS
1939 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Paul Brown NSNS
Pine Bluff, AR 11–0–1 Allen Dunaway LSA[2]
1940 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Paul Brown NSNS
1941 Chicago, IL, Leo 11–0 Whitey Cronin NSNS
1942 Miami, FL 9–0 Lyles Alley NSNS
1943 Miami, FL 9–0 Tom Moore NSNS
1944 No Award Made
1945 No Award Made
1946 Little Rock, AR, Senior 14–0 Raymond Burnett NSNS
1947 East Chicago, IN, Roosevelt 9–0 Unknown NSNS
Lynn, MA, Classical 11–1 Bill Joyce [1] NSNS
1948 Waco, TX 14–0 Carl Price NSNS
1949 Wichita Falls, TX 14–0 Joe Golding NSNS
1950 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Chuck Mather NSNS
1951 Weymouth, MA 9–0 Harry Arlanson [2] NSNS
1952 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Chuck Mather NSNS
1953 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Chuck Mather NSNS
1954 Vallejo, CA 9–0 Bob Patterson NSNS
1955 San Diego, CA 12–0 Duane Maley NSNS
1956 Abilene, TX 14–0 Charles Moser NSNS
1957 Little Rock, AR, Central 12–0 Wilson Matthews NSNS
Downey HS, Downey, California 11–0 NSNS
1958 Oak Ridge, TN, Oak Ridge 10–0 Jack Armstrong NSNS
1959 Massillon, OH, Washington 10–0 Leo Strang NSNS
1960 Miami, Fla. 8-0-2 Ottis Mooney NSNS
1961 Massillon, OH, Washington 11–0 Leo Strang NSNS
1962 Valdosta, GA 12–0 Wright Bazemore NSNS
1963 Chicago, IL, St. Rita 9–0 Edward Buckley NSNS
1964 Coral Gables, FL 12–0 Nick Kotys NSNS
1965 Miami, FL 12–0 Robert Carlton NSNS
1966 Pico Rivera, CA, El Rancho 13–0 Ernest Johnson NSNS
1967 Austin, TX, Reagan 14–0 Travis Raven NSNS
Coral Gables, FL 13–0 Nick Kotys NSNS
1968 Austin, TX, Reagan 15–0 Travis Raven NSNS
Coral Gables, FL 12–1 Nick Kotys NSNS
1969 Coral Gables, FL 11–0 Nick Kotys NSNS
Valdosta, GA 12–0–1 Wright Bazemore NSNS
1970 Reagan, Austin, Texas 14–1 Travis Raven NSNS
1971 Valdosta, GA 13–0 Wright Bazemore NSNS
1972 Bristol, TN 13–0 John Cropp NSNS
1973 Chattanooga, TN, Baylor 13–0 E. B. "Red" Etter NSNS
1974 Thomasville, GA 12–1 Jim Hughes NSNS
1975 Los Angeles, CA, Loyola 13–0 Marty Shaughnessy NSNS
1976 Moeller, Cincinnati, Oh 12-0 Gerry Faust NSNS
Warner Robins, Warner Robins, Ga. 13-0 Robert Davis NSNS
1977 Cincinnati, OH, Moeller 12–0 Gerry Faust NSNS
1978 Annandale, VA 14–0 Bob Hardage NSNS
1979 Cincinnati, OH, Moeller 12–0 Gerry Faust NSNS
1980 Cincinnati, OH, Moeller 13–0 Gerry Faust NSNS
1981 Warner Robins, GA 15–0 Robert Davis NSNS
1982 Cincinnati, OH, Moeller 13–0 Steve Klonne[3] NSNS, USA
1983 Berwick Area, PA 13–0 George Curry NSNS, USA
1984 Valdosta, GA 15–0 Nick Hyder NSNS, USA
1985 East St. Louis, IL 14–0 Bob Shannon NSNS, USA
1986 Valdosta, GA 15–0 Nick Hyder NSNS, USA
1987 Fontana, CA 14–0 Dick Bruich NPP
Pittsburgh, PA, North Hills 13–0 Jack McCurry USA
Plano, TX 16–0 Gerald Brence NSNS
1988 Pensacola, FL, Pine Forest 14–0 Carl Madison NSNS, USA
Prichard, AL, Vigor 13–0 Harold Clark NPP
1989 Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius 13–0 Chuck Kyle USA
Odessa, TX, Permian 16–0 Gary Gaines NPP, NSNS
1990 Houston, Texas Aldine High School 15–0 Bill Smith NPP
Lawton, OK, Eisenhower 14–0 Tim Reynolds USA
Ruston, LA 14–0 Jimmy "Chick" Childress NSNS
1991 Indianapolis, IN, Ben Davis 14–0 Dick Dullaghan NPP, NSNS
LaGrange, GA 15–0 Gary Guthrie USA
1992 Berwick Area, PA 15–0 George Curry USA
Valdosta, GA 14–0 Nick Hyder NPP, NSNS
1993 Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius 14–0 Chuck Kyle NPP, NSNS, USA
1994 Concord, CA, De La Salle 13–0 Bob Ladouceur NPP, NSNS
Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei 14–0 Bruce Rollinson USA
1995 Berwick Area, PA 15–0 George Curry USA
Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius 14–0 Chuck Kyle NPP, NSNS
1996 Hampton, VA 14–0 Mike Smith NPP, NSNS
Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei 14–0 Bruce Rollinson USA
1997 Canton, OH, McKinley 14–0 Thom McDaniels USA
Hampton, VA 13–0 Mike Smith NPP, NSNS
1998 Concord, CA, De La Salle 12–0 Bob Ladouceur NPP, NSNS, USA
1999 Concord, CA, De La Salle 12–0 Bob Ladouceur NSNS
Midland, TX, Lee 15–0 John Parchman USA
Shreveport, LA, Evangel Christian 15–0 Dennis Dunn NPP
2000 Concord, CA, De La Salle 13–0 Bob Ladouceur NPP, USA
2001 Concord, CA, De La Salle 12–0 Bob Ladouceur NPP, USA
2002 Concord, CA, De La Salle 13–0 Bob Ladouceur NPP, USA
2003 Concord, CA, De La Salle 13–0 Bob Ladouceur NPP, USA
2004 Southlake, TX, Carroll 16–0 Todd Dodge NPP, USA
2005 Lakeland, FL 15–0 Bill Castle USA
Southlake, TX, Carroll 16–0 Todd Dodge NPP, Freeman
2006 Lakeland, FL 15–0 Bill Castle NPP
Southlake, TX, Carroll 16–0 Todd Dodge USA, Freeman
2007 Cincinnati, OH, St. Xavier 15–0 Steve Specht NPP, Freeman
Miami, FL, Northwestern 15–0 Billy Rolle USA
2008 Fort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas 15–0 George Smith NPP, USA, Freeman
2009 Ramsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep 12–0 Greg Toal NPP, USA, Freeman
2010 Fort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas 15–0 George Smith NPP
South Panola, MS 15–0 Lance Pogue USA, Freeman
2011 Ramsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep 11–0 Greg Toal NPP, USA, Freeman
2012 River Ridge, LA, John Curtis Christian 14–0 J.T. Curtis NPP, USA
2013 Miami, FL, Booker T. Washington 16-0 Jason Negro NPP, USA
2014 Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman 15–0 Tony Sanchez NPP, USA
2015 Katy, TX 16-0 Gary Joseph NPP
Moultrie, GA, Colquitt County 15–0 Rush Propst High School Football America, Prep Force
Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman 15–0 Kenny Sanchez USA
2016 Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman 15–0 Kenny Sanchez NPP, USA, Freeman, High School Football America
2017 Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei 15-0 Bruce Rollinson NPP, USA, High School Football America
National Championships by school (multiple winners only)[edit]
School
Championships
Years
Massillon, OH, Washington 9 1935, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1959, 1961
Concord, CA, De La Salle 7 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003
Valdosta, GA 6 1962, 1969, 1971, 1984, 1986, 1992
Miami, FL 5 1942, 1943, 1960, 1962,1965
Cincinnati, OH, Moeller 5 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982
Oak Park, IL 5 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1920
Coral Gables, FL 4 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969
Austin, TX, Reagan 3 1967, 1968, 1970
Berwick, PA 3 1983, 1992, 1995
Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius 3 1989, 1993, 1995
Southlake, TX, Carroll 3 2004, 2005, 2006
Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman 3 2014, 2015, 2016
Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei 3 1994, 1996, 2017
Canton, OH, McKinley 2 1934, 1997
Everett, MA 2 1914, 1915
Fort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas 2 2008, 2010
Lakeland, FL 2 2005, 2006
Little Rock, AR, Central 2 1946, 1957
Odessa, TX, Permian 2 1972, 1989
Pine Bluff, AR 2 1925, 1939
Ramsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep 2 2009, 2011
San Diego High School, San Diego, CA 2 1916, 1955
Toledo, OH, Scott 2 1922, 1923
Toledo, OH, Waite 2 1924, 1932
Tuscaloosa, AL 2 1926, 1929
Waco, TX, 2 1927, 1948
Warner Robins, GA 2 1976, 1981
See also[edit]
USA Today All-USA high school football team (including Super 25 teams in U.S. and Top 10 teams in East, South, Midwest, and West regions)
USA Today High School Football Coach of the Year
Sources[edit]
http://www.highschoolsports.net/super25/Football/Varsity/Boys
Huff, Doug & Tennis, Mark. (2001) National High School Football Record Book, Student Sports. ISBN 0-9708676-0-3
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See USA Today All-USA high school football team#2010 team, for "USA TODAY Super 25" teams and "USA TODAY Super 25 regional rankings" (top 10 in each region: East, South, Midwest, West).
^ Jump up to: a b c d George Abraham (December 31, 1939). "Hutson Twins Lead Zebras to 26–0 Win: Devastating Offensive Too Much for B.R.H.S." Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (p. 1).
Jump up ^ Groeschen, Tom (2001-08-24). "Moeller coach Bob Crable draws spotlight". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio: Gannett Company. Retrieved 2008-01-26. Klonne was asked to resign despite a 19-season record of 169–48, including two state titles (1982, '85) and a USA Today national championship in 1982.
[hide]
v
t
e
High school football awards
Team award
USA Today/National Prep Poll High School Football National Championship
Overall trophies
U.S. Army Player of the Year Award
Sam B. Nicola Trophy
Gatorade Player of the Year Award
Overall media awards
USA Today Offensive Player of the Year
USA Today Defensive Player of the Year
Mr. Football USA
Positional awards
Anthony Muñoz Award (Lineman)
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker)
Walter Payton Trophy (Best Athlete)
All-Americans
Parade High School All-Americans
USA Today All-USA Team
Head Coaching awards
USA Today Coach of the Year
Academic, inspirational, and versatility awards
Rudy Award (inspirational/motivational)
Regional awards
Glenn Davis Award (Los Angeles)
Kennedy Award (West Virginia)
Thomas A. Simone Award (Kansas City)
Mr. Football Award (Multiple States)
http://www.ohsaa.org/sports/ft/boys/PastResults/results98.PDF
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Football_National_Championship&oldid=828912316"
Categories:
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text:
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
Also known as
Girlfriends' Guide to Freedom (season 3-present)'
Based on
Girlfriends' Guides series
by Vicki Iovine
Developed by
Marti Noxon
Starring
Lisa Edelstein
Beau Garrett
Necar Zadegan
Paul Adelstein
Janeane Garofalo
Alanna Ubach
Retta
Composer(s)
Robert Duncan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
39
Production
Executive producer(s)
Marti Noxon
Vicki Iovine
Meryl Poster
Robert Duncan McNeill
Liz Kruger
Craig Shapiro
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Tiny Pyro Productions
Universal Cable Productions
Release
Original network
Bravo
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02) – present
External links
Official website
www.bravotv.com/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (also known as Girlfriends' Guide to Freedom starting with season 3) is an American comedy-drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo. Based on the Girlfriends' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine,[1] the series revolves around Abby McCarthy, a self-help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce. Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby. Beau Garrett, Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star. Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast. She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach. Retta recurred during the show's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3.
Produced by Universal Cable Productions, it is the first original scripted series for Bravo.[2] A 13-episode first season was ordered by the network, which premiered on December 2, 2014.[3] The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers. Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive, with particular praise towards Edelstein's performance and the series' quality over the reality series on Bravo. The show was eventually renewed for a second season, which premiered on December 1, 2015.[4] On April 13, 2016, it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third, fourth and fifth season.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Ratings
4 Broadcast
4.1 Home media and streaming
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy, a self-help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles. Her marriage has recently ended, throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray.[1]
Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte, a recent divorcée and former model. Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life.[1]
Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai, a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce. She struggles with career and personal life balance.[6]
Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak, Abby's husband from whom she is recently separated. He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby's shadow.[1] (season 1-2; recurring season 3)
Janeane Garofalo as Lyla, Abby's friend, a divorcée and entertainment lawyer. A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1.[1] (episodes 1–7)
Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez-Frumpkis, Abby's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA. She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family.[7] (episode 8–present)
Retta as Barbara Sawyer, Abby's co-worker at SheShe, who later becomes her business partner. (season 3–present; recurring season 2)[8]
Recurring[edit]
Julianna Guill as Becca Riley, Jake's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show
Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy, Abby's brother
J. August Richards as Ford, husband to Abby's brother
Warren Christie as Will, Abby's new boyfriend
Brian Markinson as Albert, Delia's boss and long-time fling. Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon
Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech, Delia's client with whom she starts an affair
Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco, Phoebe's love interest
Aaron Staton as JD, Phoebe's love interest
Jean Smart as Katherine Miller, Abby's editor
Mark Valley as Dr. Harris, Abby's love interest
Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis, Jo's ex-husband
Will Kemp as Scott, the vegan confectioner at Jo's bakery
Megan Hilty as Charlene, Frumpkis' new girlfriend
Charles Mesure as Ralf, Phoebe's ex-husband
James Lesure as Mike Brady, Charlie's baseball coach
Daisy Betts as Gemma
Guest[edit]
Carrie Fisher as Cat
Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo, Phoebe's former boss
Bernadette Peters as Annie
Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop
Victor Webster as Carl, a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to
Barry Bostwick as George, Abby's dad
Lesley Ann Warren as Dina, Abby's mom
Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell
Kathie Lee Gifford as herself
Hoda Kotb as herself
Kyle Richards as herself
Jessica Clark as Merete
Denise Richards as Temple Hampton, Will's new girlfriend
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02) February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
2 13 December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01) February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
3 7 January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11) February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
4 6 August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)[9] September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Edelstein and Garofalo's performances were praised by the critics.
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the series received an average score of 69, based on 21 reviews. Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun-Times gave the episode a 4 star rating (out of 4 stars), calling it "a sometimes hilarious, sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A.-based self-help author" and added that the first two episodes "reveal a much more nuanced, poignant tale, punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes."[10] LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of "A-", calling it "a very solid drama" that should be on HBO or Showtime. Ferguson also praised the characters and the series's messiness, writing "Visually, it's almost flawless (there's one obvious green-screen moment in the pilot, but it's not Ringer level), but every character here is deeply flawed."[11] Los Angeles Times's Mary McNamara lauded the series' cast's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series "smartly acted, crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues — marriage, betrayal, family economics, friendship, even the pitfalls of public domesticity — in gratifyingly complex ways."[12] Brian Lowry, writing for Variety, applauded the series' cast and material, noting how it sticks to the network's demographic while maintaining a level of quality.[13]
Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series "a smart, solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work."[14] Slate's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein's portrayal of the lead character, describing her as "very well cast, both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice-giver" and noted that the series has "a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance."[15] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as "one reason" the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series "a lot more fun."[16] Time's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein's "sympathetic" performance, noting that the latter "grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young-adult fiction for actual adults." However, Poniewozik opined that "there's one lesson Girlfriends’ Guide to Divorce has (over)learned from its Bravo peers: that there's no reality so compelling that it can’t be sweetened with a little Photoshop."[17] David Hinckley, writing for the New York Daily News, highlighted the series' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein's performance as "memorably moving."[18] Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series, including the characters Abby and Lyla's attitude on giving their spouses child support, but found the series to be its best "at its nastiest."[19]
Ratings[edit]
No. in
Episode title
Air date
Time slot (EST)
18–49 demo
rating
Viewership
(millions)
Ref
series
season
1 1 Rule No. 23: Never Lie to the Kids December 2, 2014 Tuesdays
10:00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 [20]
2 2 Rule No. 174: Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9, 2014 0.4 0.85 [21]
3 3 Rule No. 47: Always Take Advantage of "Me" Time December 16, 2014 0.3 0.70 [22]
4 4 Rule No. 426: Fantasyland: A Great Place to Visit December 23, 2014 0.3 0.77 [23]
5 5 Rule No. 21: Leave Childishness to Children December 30, 2014 0.4 0.87 [24]
6 6 Rule No 33: When in Doubt, Run Away January 6, 2015 0.4 0.87 [25]
7 7 Rule No. 67: Don't Kill the Princess January 13, 2015 0.4 0.77 [26]
8 8 Rule No. 17: Ask the Answer Lady January 20, 2015 0.3 0.69 [27]
9 9 Rule No. 32: F-You, Rob Frumpkis January 27, 2015 0.4 0.91 [28]
10 10 Rule No. 3: Don't Stand in the Doorway February 3, 2015 0.3 0.74 [29]
11 11 Rule No. 46: Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10, 2015 0.4 0.83 [30]
12 12 Rule No. 92: Don't Do the Crime If You Can't Do the Time February 17, 2015 0.4 0.74 [31]
13 13 Rule No. 101: Know When It's Time to Move On February 24, 2015 0.3 0.79 [32]
Broadcast[edit]
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2, 2014, in Canada on Slice on January 9, 2015,[33] and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15, 2015.[34]
Home media and streaming[edit]
The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13, 2015.[35] On November 1, 2015 [36] season 1 of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers.[37] The show is also available from electronic sell-through platforms such as iTunes,[38] Amazon Instant Video,[39] and Vudu.[40]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2014). "Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' Starring Lisa Edelstein". Zap2it. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 19, 2014). "Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon's 'Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce' As First Scripted Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 14, 2014). "'Million Dollar Listing New York' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series". TV by the Numbers (Press release). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Dani (September 30, 2015). "Season 2 of Bravo's Scripted Series 'Girlfriend's Guide To Divorce' To Premiere December 1". TV by the Numbers (Press release). Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' gets 3-season renewal at Bravo". TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 14, 2014). "Bravo's 'Girlfriend's Guide To Divorce' Adds 'Rake's Necar Zadegan As New Regular". Deadline. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo's 'Girlfriends Guide To Divorce', Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur". Deadline. August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3". TV Line. TVLine Media, LLC. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/07/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce-season4-treailer-premiere-date-bravo-video-1202127711/
Jump up ^ Rackl, Lori (November 30, 2014). "Bravo found a keeper with great new series 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce'". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago: Tim Knight. Sun-Times Media Group. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, LaToya (December 2, 2014). "Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce is Bravo's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama". The A.V. Club. Chicago: The Onion, Inc. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary (December 2, 2014). "Review 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' marries Bravo to good TV". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles: Austin Beutner. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (November 30, 2014). "TV Review: Bravo's 'Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce'". Variety. Los Angeles. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Pennington, Gail (December 2, 2014). "TV review: Bravo's 'Girlfriends' Guide' is surprisingly good". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis: Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa (December 2, 2014). "Lowbrow and Delectable". Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra (December 1, 2014). "Divvying Up Perks, Pity, Scorn and Snark". The New York Times. New York City: Dean Baquet. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (December 1, 2014). "Review: The Image-Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce". Time. New York City: Time Inc. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Roush, Matt (December 2, 2014). "Tuesday TV: One for the Family (Toy Story) and One for Adults (Girlfriends' Guide)". TV Guide. Radnor: CBS Interactive. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (December 2, 2014). "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce, Bravo's First Scripted Series, Is At Its Best When It's At Its Nastiest". New York. New York City: New York Media, LLC. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 3, 2014). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 12.2.2014". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 10, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'Anarchy Afterword', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Benched', 'Ground Floor' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Ink Master' Tops Night + 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills', 'The Curse of Oak Island', NBA Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 24, 2014). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 12.23.2014". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 2, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: College Football Tops Night + 'Moonshiners' The Little Couple', 'Ground Floor' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 8, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots' Wins Night' 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Switched at Birth', 'Dance Moms', 'The Real World' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff (July 13, 2011). "Monday's Cable Ratings: "Pawn Stars" Tops Heated Race". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff (July 20, 2011). "Monday's Cable Ratings: History's "Pawn Stars" Holds Onto Crown". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Tops Night + 'Pretty Little Liars', 'The Haves and the Have Nots', 'Sons of Liberty' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Being Mary Jane' Wins Night, 'Moonshiners', 'The Haves and the Have Nots', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Justified' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 11, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots' Tops Night + 'Being Mary Jane', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: '19 Kids and Counting' Wins Night, 'Being Mary Jane', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Rizzoli & Isles', 'Cougar Town' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 25, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 2.24.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada". The TV Watercooler. http://google.com/+JeevanBrar. Retrieved 2015-11-10. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Lifetime UK Acquires 'Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce', Sets September Premiere - TVWise". TVWise. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce: Season 1, 2015-10-13, retrieved 2015-11-10
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Olivia (2015-10-30). "What's New On Netflix This Weekend: 'Manson Family Vacation', November Titles, And More". Decider | Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Instant, HBO Go. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce | Netflix". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce, Season 1 on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Watch Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "VUDU - Watch Movies". www.vudu.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
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Troxler's fading
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In this example, the spots in the "lilac chaser" illusion fade away after several seconds when the black cross is stared at long enough. This leaves a grey background and the cross. Some viewers may notice that the moving space has faded into a moving blue-green spot, possibly with a short trail following it. Furthermore, moving one's eyes away from the image after a period of time may result in a brief, strong afterimage of a circle of green spots.
Troxler's fading, or Troxler fading, or the Troxler effect, is an optical illusion affecting visual perception. When one fixates on a particular point for even a short period of time, an unchanging stimulus away from the fixation point will fade away and disappear. Recent research suggests that at least some portion of the perceptual phenomena associated with Troxler's fading occurs in the brain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Process
2.1 Neural adaptation
2.2 Visual parallels
3 Explanation of effect
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Discovery[edit]
Troxler's fading was first identified by Swiss physician Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler in 1804, who was practicing in Vienna at the time.[1]
Process[edit]
Neural adaptation[edit]
Troxler's fading has been attributed to the adaptation of neurons vital for perceiving stimuli in the visual system.[2] It is part of the general principle in sensory systems that unvarying stimuli soon disappear from our awareness. For example, if a small piece of paper is dropped on the inside of one's forearm, it is felt for a short period of time. Soon, however, the sensation fades away. This is because the tactile neurons have adapted and start to ignore the unimportant stimulus. But if one jiggles one's arm up and down, giving varying stimulation, one will continue to feel the paper.
Visual parallels[edit]
A similar 'sensory fading,' or filling-in, can be seen of a fixated stimulus when its retinal image is made stationary on the retina (a stabilized retinal image). Stabilization can be done in at least three ways.
First, one can mount a tiny projector on a contact lens. The projector shines an image into the eye. As the eye moves, the contact lens moves with it, so the image is always projected onto the same part of the retina;
Second, one can monitor eye movements and move the stimulus to cancel the eye movements;
Third, and this is the technique most people will know, one can induce an afterimage, usually by an intense, brief flash, such as when one is photographed using a photographic flash. This causes an image to be bleached onto the retina by the strong response of the rods and cones. In all these cases, the stimulus fades away after a short time and disappears.
The Troxler effect is enhanced if the stimulus is small, is of low contrast (or "equiluminant"), or is blurred. The effect is enhanced the further the stimulus is away from the fixation point.
Explanation of effect[edit]
Troxler's fading can occur without any extraordinary stabilization of the retinal image in peripheral vision because the neurons in the visual system beyond the rods and cones have large receptive fields. This means that the small, involuntary eye movements made when fixating on something fail to move the stimulus onto a new cell's receptive field, in effect giving unvarying stimulation.[2] Further experimentation this century by Hsieh and Tse showed that at least some portion of the perceptual fading occurred in the brain, not in the eyes.[3]
See also[edit]
Cognitive science
Lilac chaser An illusion that involves Troxler fading
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Troxler, D. (I. P. V.) (1804). Himly, K.; Schmidt, J.A., eds. "Über das Verschwinden gegebener Gegenstände innerhalb unseres Gesichtskreises" [On the disappearance of given objects from our visual field]. Ophthalmologische Bibliothek (in German). 2 (2): 1–53. OCLC 491712012.
^ Jump up to: a b Martinez-Conde, Susana; MacKnik, Stephen L.; Hubel, David H. (2004). "The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (3): 229–40. doi:10.1038/nrn1348. PMID 14976522.
Jump up ^ Hsieh, P.-J.; Tse, P.U. (2006). "Illusory color mixing upon perceptual fading and filling-in does not result in 'forbidden colors'". Vision Research. 46 (14): 2251–8. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.11.030. PMID 16469353.
External links[edit]
Troxler project: a research project on Troxler's fading
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troxler%27s_fading&oldid=810547729"
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