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Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014
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Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014
Full title
To improve the access of veterans to medical services from the Department of Veterans Affairs, and for other purposes.
Introduced in
113th United States Congress
Introduced on
October 2, 2013
Sponsored by
Rep. Hal Rogers (R-KY)
Citations
Public Law
Pub.L. 113–146
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 3230 by Rep. Hal Rogers (R-KY) on October 2, 2013
Committee consideration by: United States House Committee on Appropriations
Passed the House on October 3, 2013 (Roll Call Vote 516: 265-160)
Passed the Senate on June 11, 2014 (Roll Call Vote 187: 93-3)
Signed into law by President Barack Obama on August 7, 2014
The Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014 (H.R. 3230; Pub.L. 113–146), also known as the Veterans Choice Act, is a United States public law that is intended to address the ongoing Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014. The law will expand the number of options veterans have for receiving care and grant the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs more power to fire senior executives.[1] The Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014 began with the discovery that there was on-going systematic lying by the Veterans Health Administration about the wait times veterans experienced waiting to be seen by doctors.[2][3] By June 5, 2014, Veterans Affairs internal investigations had identified a total of 35 veterans who had died while waiting for care in the Phoenix VHA system.[4] Another audit determined that "more than 57,000 veterans waited at least 90 days to see a doctor, while another 63,000 over the last decade never received an initial appointment."[5]
The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress under the name "Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act" as one of the October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions passed by the House during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.[6] It became law on August 7, 2014.
The law includes access to healthcare at non-VA hospitals for rural veterans, as well as vast increases in staffing and facilities at existing VA medical centers.
Contents
1 Background
2 Provisions of the bill
3 Congressional Budget Office report
4 Procedural history
5 Debate and discussion
6 Re-authorization
7 Outcomes
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014
CNN reported on April 27, 2014 that at least 40 United States Armed Forces veterans died while waiting for care at the Phoenix, Arizona, Veterans Health Administration facilities.[7] By June 5, 2014, Veterans Affairs internal investigations had identified a total of 35 veterans who had died while waiting for care in the Phoenix VHA system.[4] An investigation of delays in treatment throughout the Veterans Health Administration system is being conducted by the Veterans Affairs Office of the Inspector General,[2][3][8] and the House has passed legislation to fund a $1 million criminal investigation by the Justice Department.[9] On May 16, 2014, the Veterans Health Administration's top health official, Dr. Robert Petzel, retired early at the request of Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki.[10][11] On May 30, 2014, Secretary Shinseki, himself, resigned from office amid the fallout from the controversy.[12][13] As of early June 2014, several other VA medical centers around the nation have been identified with the same problems as the Phoenix facility, and the investigations by the VA Inspector General, the Congress and others are widening.[2][13][14][15][16][17][18]
Provisions of the bill[edit]
The bill costs nearly $2 billion.[1] Approximately $500 million would be used for hiring more doctors and nurses to work for the VA.
Veterans who live over 40 miles away from the nearest VA health clinic or who are unable to get an appointment in a reasonable time frame would be able to receive "choice cards" allowing them to seek treatment from a non-VA facility.[1] This would be a pilot program lasting for two years.[19] Veterans would be allowed to go to other providers that accept Medicare, the military's health program TRICARE, or at facilities run by the United States Department of Defense.[19]
The Secretary of Veterans Affairs would have increased power to fire senior executives.[19] The executives could be removed immediately from the payroll and would only have a week to appeal being fired.[19] Three weeks later, a merit board would make a final decision in that person's case.[19]
The bill would authorize the VA to build 26 new facilities.[19]
The bill would require public colleges and universities to grant veterans in-state tuition.[19]
The bill would improve the medical care that victims of military sexual assault receive.[19]
The Act shifts the cost of the medical treatment and care to the veteran's private insurance plan[20] and the Veterans Administration now requires joining the Choice program as a condition of receiving medical care[21], although this change has not been published, evidently prompted by the dismal failure of the Act. Congressman Jeff Miller's House Committee report[22] anticipated a $200,000,000 recovery from veterans' private health plans, but with only 84,386 appointments made through the first six months of 2015[23], shifting the cost to the private sector has not been successful.
Congressional Budget Office report[edit]
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as introduced in the Senate on June 10, 2014. This is a public domain source. Title III of S. 2450 was incorporated completely into H.R. 3230. This relationship was identified by the Congressional Research Service.[24][25]
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has prepared a preliminary analysis of Title III of S. 2450, the Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014, as introduced in the Senate on June 10, 2014. That title would authorize and fund enhancements to several programs of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In particular, VA would receive expansive authority for the next few years to contract with health care providers who are not employed by the VA, and VA would be required to use that authority to ensure that all eligible veterans would receive requested health care in a timely fashion. The effects of providing such broad new authority to VA are highly uncertain, and CBO has been able to make only a preliminary and partial assessment of the legislation. Based on that preliminary assessment, CBO estimates that enacting Title III of S. 2450 would increase direct spending by roughly $35 billion over the 2014-2024 period. CBO has not yet estimated the budgetary effects of the other titles of S. 2450.[25]
VA currently has about 8.4 million veterans enrolled in its health care program. Of the remaining roughly 13 million living veterans, CBO estimates that about 8 million qualify to enroll in VA's health care program but have not enrolled. VA currently spends about $44 billion providing health care services to veterans, or about $5,200 per enrollee. (That amount does not include spending on programs that CBO expects would not be increased under this legislation, such as long-term care, caregivers, and ending veterans' homelessness.) Based on information from VA on veterans' reliance on VA, CBO estimates that this cost represents about 30 percent of the total amount of health care received by those veterans.[25]
CBO estimates that, under Title III, enrolled veterans would ultimately seek to increase the amount of care they receive from VA by about 60 percent. In addition, CBO expects that some of the people who are eligible to enroll but not yet enrolled would choose to enroll because of the improvement in access to health care through VA. Most of the costs incurred to provide that care would be for care financed by other payers, including Medicare; a portion of those costs would thus be offset by savings to the Medicare program. All told, CBO expects that veterans would ultimately seek additional care that would cost the federal government about $50 billion a year, on net.[25]
However, CBO expects that VA would have difficulty in quickly setting up a program to contract for health care nationwide and in establishing administrative processes to approve care by private health care providers. Moreover, the amount of care that veterans sought through VA might increase gradually over time. Thus, CBO expects that, of the amount of additional care sought by veterans, VA would provide only about 20 percent in 2015 and about 50 percent in 2016. VA would also spend a comparatively small amount in 2014 on administration and new hiring. Thus, CBO estimates that implementing title III would cost roughly $500 million in 2014, $10 billion in 2015, and $25 billion in 2016.[25]
The magnitude of those budgetary effects is highly uncertain. A significant number of veterans could receive new and expanded health care benefits under S. 2450. How many would ultimately receive those benefits and the resulting costs will depend on a number of factors that are very difficult to predict. Further, the specific parameters of the new program would depend on regulations that would need to be developed. Because the behavioral changes that would result from enacting those provisions are so uncertain, this estimate should be viewed as falling in the middle of a wide range of possible outcomes.[25]
Procedural history[edit]
The bill H.R. 3230 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on October 2, 2013 by Rep. Hal Rogers (R-KY) as the "Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act".[6] The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Appropriations. The bill was one of the October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions passed by the House during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013. On October 3, 2013 the House voted in Roll Call Vote 516 to pass the bill 265-160.[6] On June 11, 2014, the United States Senate changed the name of the bill to the "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014" and voted to pass the bill 93-3 in Roll Call Vote 187.[6]
Chairman of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs Jeff Miller said that "many of the provisions included in today's Senate-passed bill are based on ideas that have already cleared the House, so I'm hopeful both chambers of Congress can soon agree on a final package to send to the president's desk."[1] Miller was referring to the Veteran Access to Care Act of 2014 (H.R. 4810; 113th Congress) which contained similar provisions and passed the House on June 10, 2014.[26]
The House and Senate established a conference committee to agree on amendments to the bill. The committee met on June 24, 2014. The House voted to agree to the conference report on July 30, 2014 with a vote of 420-5 in Roll Call Vote 467.[6] The Senate voted to agree to the conference report on July 31, 2014 with a vote of 91-3 in Roll Call Vote 254.[6] President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 7, 2014.[6]
Debate and discussion[edit]
Senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT) were the two main senators who negotiated the bill.[1] McCain said "is this a final solution to these problems? No, but it is a beginning."[1] McCain also called the situation an "emergency" and said "if it's not an emergency that we've neglected these brave men and women who have protected our country, then I don't know what is."[19]
Only three senators voted against the bill, Jeff Sessions (R-AL), Bob Corker (R-TN), and Ron Johnson (R-WI).[19]
Re-authorization[edit]
On April 19, 2017, President Donald Trump signed a bill into law extending the act (Pub.L. 115–26, 131 Stat. 129).[27]
Outcomes[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
Failures with the VA Choice program emerged in a 2017 whistleblower case concerning the Manchester VA Medical Center, in which one of the administrators of the VA Choice program, Health Net Federal Services, failed to schedule appointments for New Hampshire veterans, leaving some veterans with life-threatening conditions waiting for over six months just to see a doctor.[28] On April 27, 2017, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13793 (Improving Accountability and Whistleblower Protection at the Department of Veterans Affairs) to help whistleblowers and increase accountability at the Department of Veterans Affairs.[29][30][31][32][33][34]
See also[edit]
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities
Acts of the 113th United States Congress
Veteran Access to Care Act of 2014
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Matishak, Martin; Wong, Kristina (11 June 2014). "Overnight Defense: Senate passes bipartisan VA fix". The Hill. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Griffin, Richard J., Acting Inspector General, Interim Report: Review of Patient Wait Times, Scheduling Practices, and Alleged Patient Deaths at the Phoenix Health Care System, VA Office of Inspector General, Veterans Health Administration, Dept. of Veterans Affairs, May 28, 2014, 14-02603-178, Washington, D.C., retrieved June 7, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Bronstein and Drew Griffin. "A fatal wait: Veterans languish and die on a VA hospital's secret list". CNN. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press. "VA chief: 18 vets left off waiting list have died". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Marcos, Cristina (10 June 2014). "House passes VA overhaul bill... twice". The Hill. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "H.R. 3230 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "A fatal wait: Veterans languish and die on a VA hospital's secret list - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Obama vows action on any VA 'misconduct'". BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Marcos, Cristina. "House passes third '15 appropriations bill". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Oppel, Richard A., Jr. "Veterans Secretary Ousts Health Care Official Amid Criticism". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Shane, Leo III. "VA's top health official resigns amid scandal over delays in vets' care". Military Times. Gannett. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Veterans Secretary Eric Shinseki resigns after report". BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Obama, Barack, President of the United States,"Statement by the President, May 30, 2014, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, retrieved June 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Giblin, Paul & Rebekah L. Sanders, "VA audit: Staff falsified records to collect bonuses," from The Arizona Republic as published in USA TODAY, May 31, 2014, as retrieved June 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Carter, Chelsea J., "Were bonuses tied to VA wait times? Here's what we know," Cable News Network (CNN), May 30, 2014, retrieved June 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Andrews, Wyatt, "VA bonuses were incentive to hide wait times, whistleblowers say," CBS News, May 13, 2014, retrieved June 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly & Richard Simon, "Veterans' wait times at El Paso VA are latest to come under scrutiny," Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2014, retrieved June 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Associated Press (AP) Indianapolis, IN, "Coats, Donnelly demand answers on VA wait times," WTHR News, June 4, 2014, retrieved June 7, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Matishak, Martin; Cox, Ramsey (11 June 2014). "Senate passes overhaul of VA in 93-3 vote". The Hill. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Public Law 113-146, Section 101(e)(3)(B)(i)
Jump up ^ http://www.va.gov/opa/choiceact/documents/FactSheets/VCP-Leg-Changes-Fact-Sheet.pdf
Jump up ^ House Committee Veterans Affairs Fact Sheet contained in the Conference Report on HR 3230
Jump up ^ Senator Patty Murray, (D.Wash) http://www.militarytimes.com/story/veterans/2015/10/23/murray-calls-overhaul-va-choice-program/74390536/
Jump up ^ "H.R. 3230 - Related Bills". United States Congress. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "CBO - Title III of S. 2450". Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 4810 - Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Dave (April 19, 2017). "Trump Turns Focus to Veterans, Signs Extension for Choice in Health Care". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C.: The Washington Times, LLC. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Saltzman and Andrea Estes (15 July 2017). "At a four-star veterans' hospital: Care gets 'worse and worse'". Boston Globe. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary (April 27, 2017). "Presidential Executive Order on Improving Accountability and Whistleblower Protection at the Department of Veterans Affairs". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Superville, Darlene (April 27, 2017). "President Trump Creates Accountability and Whistleblower Protection Office at the VA". Time. New York City: Time Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 27, 2017). "Trump signs order creating accountability office at VA". Fox News. New York City: Fox Entertainment Group. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Slack, Donovan (April 27, 2017). "VA whistle-blowers leery of Trump order creating office to protect them". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Trump signs order creating accountability office at VA". PBS NewsHour. United States: PBS. April 27, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Improving Accountability and Whistleblower Protection at the Department of Veterans Affairs" (PDF). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. April 27, 2017. Archived from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress
Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 3230
beta.congress.gov H.R. 3230
GovTrack.us H.R. 3230
OpenCongress.org H.R. 3230
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 3230
Senator Dick Durbin's Press Conference on the Veterans Access, Choice and Accountability Act
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South African Reserve Bank
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South African Reserve Bank
10 other official names:[show]
Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (Afrikaans)
lBulungelo-mali eliKhulu leSewula Afrika (Southern Ndebele)
iBhanki enguVimba yoMzantsi Afrika (Xhosa)
iBhange-ngodla laseNingizimu Afrika (Zulu)
liBhangi lesiLulu leNingizimu Afrika (Swati)
Panka ya Resefe ya Afrika Borwa (Northern Sotho)
Banka ya Sesiu ya Afrika Borwa (Sotho)
Banka-kgolo ya Aforika Borwa (Tswana)
Banginkulu ya Afrika-Dzonga (Tsonga)
Bannga ya Vhukati ya Afurika Tshipembe (Venda)
Logo
Headquarters
Pretoria, South Africa
Governor
Lesetja Kganyago
Central bank of
South Africa
Currency
R
ZAR (ISO 4217)
Website
www.resbank.co.za
Public finance
Policies[show]
Agricultural
Economic
Energy
Industrial
Investment
Social
Trade
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Fiscal policy[show]
Budget
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Finance ministry
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The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank) is the central bank of South Africa. It was established in 1921 after Parliament passed an act, the "Currency and Bank Act of 10 August 1920", as a direct result of the abnormal monetary and financial conditions which World War I had brought. The SARB was only the fourth central bank established outside the United Kingdom and Europe, the others being the United States, Japan and Java. The earliest suggestions for the establishment of the Central Bank in South Africa date back to 1879. A select committee, consisting of ten members of Parliament was established on 31 March 1920 to examine the benefits to the national interest of the establishing of the central bank.[1]
Following on the recommendations of the committee, the South African Reserve Bank opened for business on 30 June 1921, making it the oldest central bank in Africa. The first banknotes were issued to the public by the Bank on 19 April 1922.
Unlike the Bank of England, which provided the model for establishing the SARB, the SARB is privately owned.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions of the South African Reserve Bank
2 Organizational Structure
2.1 Board of Directors
2.2 Ownership
3 List of Governors of the South African Reserve Bank
4 See also
5 External links
6 Notes
Functions of the South African Reserve Bank[edit]
Formulating and implementing monetary policy;
Issuing banknotes and coin;
Supervising the banking system;
Ensuring the effective functioning of the national payment system (NPS);
Managing official gold and foreign-exchange reserves;
Acting as banker to the government;
Administering the country's remaining exchange controls; and
Acting as lender of last resort in exceptional circumstances.
Organizational Structure[edit]
Board of Directors[edit]
SARB has a board of directors consisting of a Governor, three Deputy Governors, and eleven Directors. The Governor, and Deputy governors are appointed for five-year terms by the President of the Republic of South Africa in consultation with the Minister of Finance. Four of the directors are also appointed by the President for terms of three years. The remaining seven directors are appointed by the Shareholders of the Bank, also for a three-year term.[3]
Ownership[edit]
The Reserve Bank is privately owned, with 2 million issued shares. The only limitation on shareholding is that no single shareholder may own more than 10,000 shares individually. Currently there are more than 660 shareholders owning shares in the South African Reserve Bank.
Shareholders are entitled a dividend of not more than 10 South African cents per share per annum (the total maximum dividend is therefore 200,000 South African Rand or a maximum of 1,000 South African Rand for any individual shareholder), with the remaining profits being paid to the South African government.[1]
List of Governors of the South African Reserve Bank[edit]
William Henry Clegg – December 1920 – December 1931
Johannes Postmus – January 1932 – June 1945
Michiel Hendrik de Kock – July 1945 – June 1962
Gerhard Rissik – July 1962 – June 1967
Theunis Willem de Jongh – July 1967 – December 1980
Gerhard de Kock – January 1981 – August 1989
Chris Stals – August 1989 – August 1999
Tito Mboweni – August 1999 – November 2009
Gill Marcus – November 2009 – November 2014
Lesetja Kganyago – November 2014 – present
See also[edit]
South African pound
South African rand
BankservAfrica
External links[edit]
Official site: South African Reserve Bank
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "South Africa Reserve Bank - Reserve Bank Shares".
Jump up ^ "South African Reserve Bank - Ownership".
Jump up ^ "South Africa Reserve Bank - Board of Directors".
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Eight Below
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with 6 Below: Miracle on the Mountain.
Eight Below
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Frank Marshall
Produced by
Patrick Crowley
David Hoberman
Screenplay by
David DiGillio
Based on
Antarctica
by Toshirô Ishidô
Koreyoshi Kurahara
Tatsuo Nogami
Susumu Saji
Starring
Paul Walker
Bruce Greenwood
Moon Bloodgood
Jason Biggs
Music by
Mark Isham
Cinematography
Don Burgess
Edited by
Christopher Rouse
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Spyglass Entertainment
Mandeville Films
The Kennedy/Marshall Company
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
February 17, 2006 (2006-02-17)
Running time
120 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million
Box office
$120.5 million
Eight Below is a 2006 American survival drama film based on Antarctica by Toshirô Ishidô, Koreyoshi Kurahara, Tatsuo Nogami and Susumu Saji. It was produced by Patrick Crowley and David Hoberman, directed by Frank Marshall with music by Mark Isham and written by David DiGilio. It stars Paul Walker, Bruce Greenwood, Moon Bloodgood, and Jason Biggs. It was released theatrically on February 17, 2006, by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States. The film is set in Antarctica, but was filmed in Svalbard, Norway, Greenland, and British Columbia, Canada. The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $120.4 million on a $40 million budget.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Background
3.1 Sled dogs
4 Release
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office
5 Awards
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1993, Jerry Shepard is a guide at an Antarctica research base under contract with the National Science Foundation. UCLA professor, Dr. Davis McClaren, arrives at the base. He presses Shepard to take him to Mount Melbourne to find a rare meteorite from Mercury. Shepard decides that the only way to get to Mount Melbourne is by dog sled.
Shepard and McClaren make it to Mount Melbourne, but are called back to base camp due to an approaching heavy storm. McClaren begs for more time, and Shepard gives him half a day, which is enough time to find a fragment of the meteorite. En route back to base, McClaren slips down an embankment, breaking his leg and falling into freezing water. Shepard uses the lead dog Maya to carry a rope to McClaren and pulls him out. The two battle hypothermia, frostbite and near whiteout conditions as the dogs lead them home. Once there, the entire human crew is immediately evacuated, while the dogs are left behind. Certain that their pilot will return within days for the dogs, Shepard tightens their collars to ensure they cannot get loose and run away. But because of the harsh weather conditions, no rescue can be attempted until the next spring - and by then the dogs will be dead.
Back at home, Shepard tries to secure a plane to return and save the dogs, but no one is willing to finance the risky expedition. Five months later, Shepard makes one last attempt to get back. McClaren realizes the magnitude of his ingratitude and uses the remaining balance of his grant money to finance a rescue mission. Shepard acknowledges that there is almost no chance that any of the dogs have survived this long, but he owes it to his team to go back for them.
After being left behind, the eight sled dogs – lead dog Maya, Old Jack, Shorty, Dewey, Truman, Shadow, Buck, and the young Max, wait in the freezing conditions for Shepard to return. After two weeks without eating, they free themselves to forage for food, except Old Jack who remains attached to the chain. Some time later, Dewey slips and falls down an incline, where he is fatally injured. The team stays with his body until morning, but have to leave. In the blizzard, Max becomes separated from the group. Maya manages to lead the team to the Russian base, which is unsecured and full of food, while Max finds his way back to the American base, which is still locked and abandoned. Setting back out into the wilderness, Max finds the carcass of a dead Orca, but is driven off by a leopard seal. Maya and the team are nearby, and Max lures the seal away so the team can eat. It doubles back and attacks Maya, who is badly injured when it claps its reptile-like maw onto her paw. The team, now reunited, continue traveling. They are starving, freezing and exhausted, and eventually the injured Maya collapses into the snow. The dogs lie down beside their leader as the snow piles up around them. They have been on their own for nearly six months.
Shepard makes it back to base and is dismayed to find the body of Old Jack, still attached to the chain, and no sign of the other dogs. He hears the sound of barking and sees Max, Shorty, Truman, Shadow and Buck come over the horizon. After a joyous reunion, Shepard attempts to load the dogs into the snowmobile, but Max runs off, with Shepard in hot pursuit. Max leads him to Maya, lying in the snow – weak, but alive. With six of his eight sled dogs in tow, Shepard heads back to civilization.
Cast[edit]
Paul Walker as Jerry Shepard
Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Davis McClaren
Moon Bloodgood as Katie
Jason Biggs as Charlie Cooper
Gerard Plunkett as Dr. Andy Harrison
August Schellenberg as Mindo
Wendy Crewson as Eve McClaren
Belinda Metz as Rosemary Paris
Connor Christopher Levins as Eric McClaren
Duncan Fraser as Captain Lovett
Dan Ziskie as Navy Commander
Michael David Simms as Armin Butler
Daniel Bacon as Bureaucrat #2
Laara Sadiq as Bureaucrat #3
Malcolm Stewart as Charles Buffett
Background[edit]
The 1958 ill-fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film Antarctica, of which Eight Below is a remake.[1][2] Eight Below adapts the events of the 1958 incident, moved forward to 1993.[3] In the 1958 event, fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base. When the team returned a year later, two dogs were still alive. Another seven were still chained up and dead, five were unaccounted for, and one died just outside Showa Station.
The film was dedicated to the memory of Koreyoshi Kurahara, the director of Antarctica, who died four years before it was released.
Sled dogs[edit]
In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard "No animals were harmed..." disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]
Release[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 72%, based on 146 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring a stellar cast of marooned mutts, who deftly display emotion, tenderness, loyalty and resolve, Eight Below is a heartwarming and exhilarating adventure film."[6] Roger Ebert from Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and said "Eight Below succeeds as an effective story."[7] BBC liked the movie as well, but did not like its long length (2 hours).[8] Reel.com liked it, saying "the movie succeeds at drawing you into their incredible adventure".[9] However, the San Francisco Chronicle disliked the film, saying: "The movie is overly long and much too intense for small children, yet it's filled with dialogue and plot turns that are too juvenile to thrill adult audiences."[10] William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reacted favorably ("the dog actors will melt your heart"), but pointed out, as did other reviewers, that "Antarctica buffs" will be critical of errors, such as portraying midwinter events occurring in "balmy, blazing daylight at a time Antarctica is locked in round-the-clock darkness and temperatures of 140 degrees below."[11]
Box office[edit]
According to Box Office Mojo, the film opened at #1 on February 17, 2006, with a total weekend gross of $20,188,176 in 3,066 theaters, averaging to about $6,584 per theater. The film closed on June 1, 2006 with a total worldwide gross of $120,453,565 ($81,612,565 domestic and $38,841,000 overseas).[12]
Awards[edit]
Wins
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards: ASCAP Award, Top Box Office Films (Mark Isham) 2007.
Nominations
Satellite Awards: Satellite Award, Best Youth DVD, 2006.
Home media[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The film was released on separate format widescreen and full screen editions on DVD on June 20, 2006. It was also released on PlayStation Portable (an original widescreen format) on June 26, 2006. The film was released on high definition Blu-ray for an original widescreen presentation on September 19, 2006.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ French, Philip (April 23, 2006). "Eight Below". The Guardian. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Arnold, William (February 16, 2006). "'Eight Below' warms the heart despite faux paws". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen, Michael (2006-02-15). "Eight Below". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
Jump up ^ "A True 'Survivor' Story, Dog Version". The Washington Post. 2006-02-16. pp. C12. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Animals were Harmed". The Hollywood Reporter. 2013-11-25. pp. C12. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
Jump up ^ Eight Below at Rotten Tomatoes. Last accessed: February 04, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (2006-02-17). "Eight Below". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ Smith, Neil (2006-04-16). "Eight Below". BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ Knight, Tim. "Eight Below". Reel.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-16. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ Hartlaub, Peter (2006-02-17). "Man's 8 best friends get the cold shoulder". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ Arnold, William (2006-02-17). "'Eight Below' warms the heart despite faux paws". seattlepi.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
Jump up ^ Eight Below at Box Office Mojo.
External links[edit]
Official website
Eight Below on IMDb
Eight Below at AllMovie
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Frank Marshall
Arachnophobia (1990)
Alive (1993)
Congo (1995)
Eight Below (2006)
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Category:Songs written by John Denver
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This category is for songs written or co-written by John Denver.
Pages in category "Songs written by John Denver"
The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Annie's Song
B
Back Home Again (song)
C
Calypso (song)
D
Dreamland Express (song)
E
The Eagle and the Hawk (John Denver song)
F
Fly Away (John Denver song)
Forever Country
I
I Want to Live (John Denver song)
I'm Sorry (John Denver song)
L
Leaving on a Jet Plane
Like a Sad Song
Looking for Space
P
Perhaps Love (song)
R
Rocky Mountain High
Run 2
S
Shanghai Breezes
Stonehaven Sunset
Sunshine on My Shoulders
Sweet Surrender (John Denver song)
T
Take Me Home, Country Roads
Thought of You
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Songs_written_by_John_Denver&oldid=827985251"
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Songs by songwriter
John Denver
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