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On the Town (film)
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On the Town
theatrical release poster
Directed by
Gene Kelly
Stanley Donen
Produced by
Arthur Freed
Roger Edens
Screenplay by
Adolph Green
Betty Comden
Based on
On the Town
(1944 musical)
by Adolph Green, Betty Comden, and Leonard Bernstein
Starring
Gene Kelly
Frank Sinatra
Betty Garrett
Ann Miller
Music by
Leonard Bernstein
Roger Edens
Lennie Hayton
Adolph Green (lyrics)
Betty Comden (lyrics)
Conrad Salinger (uncredited)
Cinematography
Harold Rosson
Edited by
Ralph E. Winters
Production
company
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
December 8, 1949 (1949-12-08) (US)
Running time
98 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2,133,000[1]
Box office
$4,428,000[1]
On the Town is a 1949 Technicolor musical film with music by Leonard Bernstein and Roger Edens and book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green. It is an adaptation of the Broadway stage musical of the same name produced in 1944 (which itself is an adaptation of the Jerome Robbins ballet entitled Fancy Free which was also produced in 1944),[2] although many changes in script and score were made from the original stage version; for instance, most of Bernstein's music was dropped in favor of new songs by Edens, who disliked the majority of the Bernstein score for being too complex and too operatic. This caused Bernstein to boycott the film.
The film was directed by Gene Kelly, who also choreographed, and Stanley Donen, and stars Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett, and Ann Miller, and features Jules Munshin and Vera-Ellen. It was a product of the Arthur Freed unit at MGM, and is notable for its combination of studio and location filming, as a result of Gene Kelly's insistence that some scenes be shot in New York City, including at the American Museum of Natural History, the Brooklyn Bridge, and Rockefeller Center.
The film was an immediate success and won the Academy Award for Best Music—Scoring of a Musical Picture, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Cinematography (Color). Screenwriters Comden and Green won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical.
In 2006, the film ranked No. 19 on the American Film Institute's list of Best Musicals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Awards and honors
5 Production
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Three sailors – Gabey, Chip, and Ozzie – begin their shore leave, excited for their 24 hours in New York ("New York, New York"). Riding the subway, Gabey falls in love with the picture of "Miss Turnstiles", who is actually called Ivy Smith, and fantasizes about what she's like in real life ("Miss Turnstiles"). The sailors race around New York attempting to find her in the brief period they have.
They are assisted by, and become romantically involved with, two women, and pair up: Ozzie with Claire, an anthropologist; and Chip with Hildy Esterhazy, an aggressively amorous taxi driver. Claire claims that she's found her passionate "Prehistoric Man" in Ozzie at the Museum of Anthropological History. Hildy invites Chip to "Come Up to My Place". Finally finding Ivy, Gabey takes her on an imaginary date down his home town "Main Street" in a studio in Symphonic Hall - not realising that she is also from the same town. Later, Chip sincerely falls for Hildy telling her "You're Awful" – that is, awful nice to be with. That evening, all the couples meet at the top of the Empire State Building to celebrate a night "On the Town".
But when an ashamed Ivy walks out on Gabey to get to her late night work as a cooch dancer, the friends tell a despondent Gabey, "You Can Count on Me", joined by Hildy's annoying, but well-meaning roommate, Lucy Schmeeler. They have a number of adventures before reuniting with Ivy at Coney Island just as their 24-hour leave ends and they must return to their ship to head off to sea. Although their future is uncertain, the boys and girls share one last kiss on the pier as a new crew of sailors heads out into the city for their leave ("New York, New York" reprise).
Cast[edit]
Gene Kelly as Gabey
Frank Sinatra as Chip
Jules Munshin as Ozzie
Ann Miller as Claire Huddesen
Betty Garrett as Brunhilde "Hildy" Esterhazy
Vera-Ellen as Ivy Smith
Florence Bates as Madame Dilyovska
Alice Pearce as Lucy Schmeeler
George Meader as Professor
Hans Conried as François (head waiter) (uncredited)
Cast notes
Carol Haney, Gene Kelly's assistant, performed with Kelly in the Day in New York ballet sequence, but was not credited. This was Haney's screen debut[2]
Bea Benaderet has an uncredited cameo as a girl from Brooklyn on the subway, her film debut in a speaking role.
Bern Hoffman has an uncredited role as the shipyard worker who sings the opening song, and reprises it at the end.
Alice Pearce was the only original member of the Broadway cast to reprise her role.
Musical numbers[edit]
"I Feel Like I'm Not Out of Bed Yet" – Shipyard worker
"New York, New York" – Gabey, Chip, and Ozzie (from Leonard Bernstein's score)
"Miss Turnstiles Ballet" (instrumental) – Ivy and ensemble (from Bernstein's score)
"Prehistoric Man" – Claire, Ozzie, Gabey, Chip, and Hildy
"Come Up to My Place" – Hildy and Chip (from Bernstein's score)
"Main Street" – Gabey and Ivy
"You're Awful" – Chip and Hildy
"On the Town" – Gabey, Ivy, Chip, Hildy, Ozzie, and Claire
"Count on Me" – Gabey, Chip, Ozzie, Hildy, Claire, and Lucy
"A Day in New York" (instrumental) – Gabey, Ivy, and dream cast (from Bernstein's score)
"New York, New York" (reprise) – Shipyard workers, three sailors, and chorus
Source: [3]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
According to MGM records the film earned $2,934,000 in the US and Canada and $1,494,000 overseas, resulting in a profit to the studio of $474,000.[1]
The film was also a critical success, receiving good reviews in various publications, including Variety and The New York Times.[4][5]
Awards and honors[edit]
Academy Awards, Best Musical Score for Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton, 22nd Academy Awards (won)
BAFTA Awards, Best Film, 1951 (nominated)
Golden Globes, Best Cinematography – Color, 1950 (nominated)
Writers Guild of America, Best Written American Musical, 1950 (won)
American Film Institute
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"New York, New York" – #41[6]
2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – #19[7]
Production[edit]
The musical numbers staged on location in New York were the first time a major studio had accomplished this. The location shots in New York took nine days.[2] Shooting in New York City was Kelly and Donen's idea, which studio head Louis B. Mayer refused to allow, pointing out the studio's excellent New York sets in its backlot. Kelly and Donen held their ground, and finally Mayer relented and allowed a limited number of days shooting in New York. The primary problem experienced by the production was dealing with crowds of Frank Sinatra's fans, so some shots were made with the camera located in a station wagon to reduce the public visibility of the shooting.[8]
The Breen Office of the MPAA refused to allow the use of the word "helluva" in the song "New York, New York", and so it was changed to "wonderful".[2]
See also[edit]
Arthur Freed
USS Nicholson, DD-442, the three sailors' ship, which appears in the opening and closing scenes.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Turner Classic Movies".
Jump up ^ Green, Stanley; Schmidt, Elaine (rev. and updated) (1990) Hollywood Musicals Year By Year (2nd ed.) Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 0-634-00765-3
Jump up ^ Staff (December 31, 1948). "Review: ‘On the Town’". Variety.
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley (December 9, 1949). "'On the Town,' Yuletide Picture at Radio City, Is Musical to Please the Family". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mankiewicz, Ben (February 19, 2017) Intro to Turner Classic Movies showing
External links[edit]
On the Town at the American Film Institute Catalog
On the Town on IMDb
On the Town at the TCM Movie Database
On the Town at AllMovie
On the Town at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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[show]
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Arthur Freed musical productions
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Babes in Arms (1939)
Strike Up the Band (1940)
Little Nellie Kelly (1940)
Lady Be Good (1941)
Babes on Broadway (1941)
Panama Hattie (1942)
For Me and My Gal (1942)
Cabin in the Sky (1943)
DuBarry Was a Lady (1943)
Best Foot Forward (1943)
Girl Crazy (1943)
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
Yolanda and the Thief (1945)
The Harvey Girls (1946)
Ziegfeld Follies (1946)
Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
Good News (1947)
Summer Holiday (1948)
The Pirate (1948)
Easter Parade (1948)
Words and Music (1948)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949)
The Barkleys of Broadway (1949)
On the Town (1949)
Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
Pagan Love Song (1950)
Royal Wedding (1951)
Show Boat (1951)
An American in Paris (1951)
The Belle of New York (1952)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
The Band Wagon (1953)
Brigadoon (1954)
It's Always Fair Weather (1955)
Kismet (1955)
Invitation to the Dance (1956)
Silk Stockings (1957)
Gigi (1958)
Bells Are Ringing (1960)
Uncredited
as producer
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Meet the People (1944)
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The Clock (1945)
Any Number Can Play (1949)
Crisis (1950)
The Subterraneans (1960)
Light in the Piazza (1962)
[show]
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On the Town
Peter Pan
Trouble in Tahiti
Wonderful Town
Candide
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1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
A Quiet Place
The Race to Urga
[show]
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On the Town
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Two on the Aisle
Wonderful Town
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It's Always Fair Weather
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Say, Darling
A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green
Do Re Mi
Subways Are for Sleeping
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Lorelei
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[show]
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Films directed by Gene Kelly
On the Town (1949)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
It's Always Fair Weather (1955)
Invitation to the Dance (1956)
The Happy Road (1957)
The Tunnel of Love (1958)
Gigot (1962)
A Guide for the Married Man (1967)
Hello, Dolly! (1969)
The Cheyenne Social Club (1970)
That's Entertainment, Part II (1976)
[show]
v
t
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Films directed by Stanley Donen
On the Town (1949)
Royal Wedding (1951)
Love Is Better Than Ever (1952)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
Fearless Fagan (1952)
Give a Girl a Break (1953)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
Deep in My Heart (1954)
It's Always Fair Weather (1955)
Funny Face (1957)
The Pajama Game (1957)
Kiss Them for Me (1957)
Indiscreet (1958)
Damn Yankees (1958)
Once More, with Feeling! (1960)
Surprise Package (1960)
The Grass Is Greener (1960)
Charade (1963)
Arabesque (1966)
Two for the Road (1967)
Bedazzled (1967)
Staircase (1969)
The Little Prince (1974)
Lucky Lady (1975)
Movie Movie (1978)
Saturn 3 (1980)
Blame It on Rio (1984)
Love Letters (1999)
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King Ezekiel
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Ezekiel
The Walking Dead character
Ezekiel, as portrayed by Khary Payton in the television series, beside Shiva, his tiger companion.
First appearance
Comic:
"Issue #108" (2013)
Television:
"The Well" (2016)
Last appearance
Comic:
"Issue #145"
(2015)
Created by
Robert Kirkman
Charlie Adlard
Portrayed by
Khary Payton
Information
Occupation
Zookeeper
Leader of The Kingdom
Family
Shiva (pet tiger)
Significant other(s)
Comic:
Michonne
King Ezekiel is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and the television series of the same name, where he is portrayed by Khary Payton.
Ezekiel is the leader of The Kingdom, a community of survivors terrorized by a vicious group called the Saviors. Other communities including The Hilltop and the Alexandria Safe-Zone suffer the same subjugation. The communities, led by Ezekiel, Maggie at The Hilltop, and Rick at Alexandria, team up in an all-out war against the Saviors and their leader, Negan. Ezekiel has a loyal pet tiger, Shiva, that he saved from the zoo in the early days of the apocalypse when he was a zookeeper. Although Shiva can be deadly to Ezekiel’s enemies, she is not a threat to The Kingdom’s peaceful residents and guests. Instead, Ezekiel rules by the consent of his community, who believe in his charismatic leadership skills and ability to keep them safe. In the comics, Ezekiel enters into a romantic relationship with Michonne.
Contents
[hide]
1 Comic book series
2 Television series
2.1 Backstory
2.2 Season 7
2.3 Season 8
3 Development and reception
4 References
Comic book series[edit]
Ezekiel, referred to as "King Ezekiel" by his fellow citizens, is the leader of a community known as The Kingdom. Ezekiel was formerly a zookeeper and has known his pet tiger, Shiva, since she was born.
At some point, Ezekiel meets and forms a friendship with Paul "Jesus" Monroe, who invites his community to join a trading network that includes The Hilltop community that Jesus belongs to. Ezekiel later discovers the Saviors are threatening and harassing the other communities in the trade network in exchange for supplies and possibly sees how vicious their leader, Negan really is (despite the truce offered by the Saviors).
Ezekiel bides his time and waits for the opportune moment to strike back against the tyrant. The opportunity Ezekiel is waiting for finally comes when Jesus brings Rick Grimes to meet him and passes on the information they have regarding the Saviors' strength and the location of their main base of operations.[volume & issue needed]
During the war Ezekiel starts a relationship with Michonne.[volume & issue needed] Two years after the war against the Saviors ends, Ezekiel and Michonne break up, but Ezekiel is confident about starting their relationship again.[volume & issue needed] However, he and 11 other people are decapitated by Alpha during the conflict with the Whisperers.[volume & issue needed]
Television series[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Prior to the outbreak, Ezekiel was a zookeeper in D.C. as well as a stage actor. At some point he met Shiva, a tiger cub who was injured in her exhibit. Ezekiel cared for and befriended Shiva and formed a strong bond with her. When the walker outbreak began, Ezekiel returned to the zoo and freed Shiva with the two being together ever since. Ezekiel subsequently founded a community known as The Kingdom which grew to be a thriving community, lush with food and comfort. To better inspire his people, Ezekiel began referring to himself as King Ezekiel and took on the mannerisms of a benevolent and generous feudal king (going so far as to speak in Shakespearean tone and form). He also formed a court of advisers to help him manage The Kingdom which include seasoned survivor Richard, his personal attendant and bodyguard Jerry, and Benjamin, a young survivor who was the son of a good friend of Ezekiel's.
Season 7[edit]
Ezekiel is first introduced to the series in the episode "The Well", when Morgan Jones and Carol are brought to the Kingdom by his people to give medical attention to Carol. When Carol awakens, Morgan introduces her to Ezekiel and his pet Bengal tiger Shiva. Ezekiel's quasi-Shakespearean manner of ruling leaves Carol quietly incredulous. When Ezekiel asks what she thinks of his sanctuary and him, she feigns enthusiasm (telling him, "It's amazing!"), and refuses his offer of fruit, stating that pomegranates aren't worth the trouble. Morgan, having swiftly gained Ezekiel's confidence, is taken out with Ezekiel's inner circle to perform a seemingly pointless task: herd a group of wild pigs into a barn far outside the Kingdom, where they feed on walkers. Ezekiel asks Morgan about his combat skills, as he sees Morgan is capable of using a staff, and asks him to train one of his men, Benjamin. After hesitating, Morgan agrees. Ezekiel brings Morgan and Benjamin to a secret meeting with the Saviors, who are given the walker-fed pigs, now slaughtered, as part of their tribute from the Kingdom. One of the Saviors, Jared, tells Richard the Saviors are letting the Kingdom off easy by taking only eight pigs, to which Richard replies: the Saviors are the ones being let off easy. Jared attacks Richard, and Ezekiel makes them break up the fight. The leader of the Saviors group tells Jared to stop only after Jared has hit Richard a few times. The Saviors leave and say they will want produce next time, or Richard will be the first to die. During the night, Carol is picking fruit as she prepares to leave town quietly, and Ezekiel catches her. He explains that he realized Carol's innocence was just an act but wonders how Carol could survive, and wants to know where she originally came from. After a few moments, Ezekiel slowly drops his guard and reveals that he was a zookeeper and amateur actor. He tells her that he developed the "King Ezekiel" persona so that the people would have someone to follow and to emphasize that there is still good in the world. Carol still wishes to leave, so Ezekiel suggests that she live in the abandoned house she passed on the way to the Kingdom, so that she could "go and not go". She agrees to this arrangement. Morgan takes Carol out to the house, tells her to take care of herself, and returns to the Kingdom. Later, she gets a visit from Ezekiel and Shiva. Ezekiel once again offers her a pomegranate causing Carol to smile.
In the mid-season premiere "Rock in the Road", Ezekiel is shown to be friends with Hilltop scout Paul Rovia, aka "Jesus". Jesus introduces Ezekiel to Rick Grimes, the leader of Alexandria, another community forced to serve the Saviors. Rick implores Ezekiel to join their fight against the Saviors as only together can they succeed. Ezekiel takes the night to ponder his decision, but ultimately decides against open conflict with the Saviors as he refuses to endanger his people's lives. He does, however, allow Rick's friend Daryl Dixon to stay in the Kingdom to hide from the Saviors. Ezekiel appears in episode "New Best Friends" when the Saviors arrive for their offering. When Jared continues to insult Richard, the two draw guns on each other and Morgan and Ben are forced to stop further violence. Ezekiel later chastises Benjamin for acting hasty as violence must be reserved as a last resort. In the episode "Bury Me Here", Ezekiel, Morgan, Ben, Richard and several others find a roadblock en route to their meeting with the Saviors. They then find a grave reading bury me here with Ezekiel claiming that it is only luck that the world has not driven them all insane, though Ben credits Ezekiel with keeping them together. They arrive to find that their load of fruit is short of the required amount, causing Jared to shoot Ben. They bring him to Carol's, but despite their best efforts, Ben dies. When they meet the Saviors to settle their debt Morgan attacks and kills Richard, strangling him to death. He reveals that Richard discarded a fruit on purpose in an effort to start a war with the Saviors. Ezekiel shown to be enraged at Richard's betrayal while shocked at Morgan's brutality (though he still attempts to bring him back). Carol later goes to the Kingdom and offers Ezekiel her condolences before stating that it is time to fight; Morgan, wishing to be alone, temporarily stays at Carol's house. Ezekiel agrees. In the season finale "First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Ezekiel leads Carol and a group of Kingdom fighters to Alexandria to accept Rick's alliance. They encounter Morgan along the way, and Ezekiel convinces him to march with them. Ezekiel's arrival proves timely; their group arrives at Alexandria just as Negan is about to execute Carl. Ezekiel and Shiva charge into battle, killing numerous Saviors and helping drive off the Saviors. The episode ends with Ezekiel standing beside Rick and Maggie Greene as the Kingdom, Hilltop and Alexandria pledge their aid to each other.
Season 8[edit]
In in the season premiere "Mercy", as Rick prepares for war against Negan, Ezekiel commits his own soldiers from the Kingdom, and provides rousing speeches to his men at Kingdom and later to the combined group prior to their first attack. After their initial assault on Sanctuary, resulting in a large walker horde that prevents the Saviors from leaving or entering, Rick's army breaks into several groups to attack other Savior strongholds. In the following episode "The Damned", Ezekiel, alongside Carol, leads forces most of Kingdom soldiers, clearing out all but one Savior at a stronghold. The solitary Savior escapes, but Ezekiel orders his group to give chase, fearing he will warn a nearby stronghold. With Shiva's help, the solitary Savior is stopped in time.
In the episode "Monsters", since they are close to another stronghold but still undetected, Ezekiel decides to launch an attack, despite not being in Rick's plan and against Carol's caution. The attack goes better than expected, with no losses to the Kingdom forces. As they are celebrating, Savior forces hidden in a nearby building fire on the group with a heavy machine gun, killing most of the Kingdom forces instantly; the few not yet hit rush to protect Ezekiel. In the episode "Some Guy", Ezekiel crawls out from the pile of corpses with a limp foot, aghast at the bodies around him that are starting to reanimate. Ultimately he is saved by Jerry, who remains a loyal follower, and Carol, who dealt with the Savior attackers. They struggle towards the Kingdom, but Ezekiel is broken both physically and emotionally, and tells them to leave him behind, no longer worthy of being their king. Shiva arrives to fend off walkers that are about to attack Ezekiel, but the walkers eventually overwhelm the tiger, and Ezekiel can only look on in anguish as his companion is fed upon. The three eventually make it to Kingdom, and Ezekiel cannot come to say anything to the families of his soldiers, and walks off in silence. In the episode "The King, the Widow, and Rick", Ezekiel has secluded himself in his home, refusing to allow others to see him. Carol is able to approach Ezekiel and tries to encourage him to take up leadership again, even if it just maintaining his act, but Ezekiel remains reluctant to participate and urges her to lead the Kingdom. In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be", when his community is invaded by the Saviors and they demand to know where Ezekiel is hiding, he allows himself to be caught soon afterwards, so his people may escape.[1]
Development and reception[edit]
Ezekiel is portrayed by Khary Payton on The Walking Dead television series, beginning with the seventh season.[2][3][4] Ezekiel and his pet tiger Shiva were introduced in the season seven trailer at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2016.[5][6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/walking-dead-recap-season-8-midseason-finale-1202635498/
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (July 22, 2016). "Comic-Con: 'Walking Dead' Casts Kingdom Leader Ezekiel". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Walking Dead': Ezekiel speaks! Khary Payton gives first interview about landing coveted role". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/thewalkingdead/2016/07/22/the-walking-dead---cast-as-ezekiel-in-season-7/
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (July 22, 2016). "Comic-Con 2016: The Walking Dead Reveals Season 7 Trailer, Premiere Date and Ezekiel". IGN. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (July 22, 2016). "Comic-Con: Walking Dead season 7 trailer introduces Ezekiel and Shiva". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
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Halo (optical phenomenon)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Halo (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A 22° halo around the sun as viewed in the sky over Annapurna Base Camp, Annapurna, Nepal
From top to bottom:
A circumzenithal arc, supralateral arc, Parry arc, upper tangent arc, and 22° halo
Halo (from Greek ἅλως, halōs[1]) is the name for a family of optical phenomena produced by light interacting with ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. Many of these are near the Sun or Moon, but others occur elsewhere or even in the opposite part of the sky. Among the best known halo types are the circular halo (properly called the 22° halo), light pillars and sun dogs, but there are many more; some of them fairly common, others (extremely) rare.
The ice crystals responsible for halos are typically suspended in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds high (5–10 km, or 3–6 miles) in the upper troposphere, but in cold weather they can also float near the ground, in which case they are referred to as diamond dust. The particular shape and orientation of the crystals are responsible for the type of halo observed. Light is reflected and refracted by the ice crystals and may split up into colors because of dispersion. The crystals behave like prisms and mirrors, refracting and reflecting light between their faces, sending shafts of light in particular directions.
Atmospheric phenomena such as halos were used as part of weather lore as an empirical means of weather forecasting before meteorology was developed. They often do mean that rain is going to fall within the next 24 hours as the cirrostratus clouds that cause them can signify an approaching frontal system.
Other common optical phenomena involving water droplets rather than ice crystals include the glory and the rainbow.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Light pillar
3 Circular halo
4 Bottlinger's ring
5 Other names
6 Artificial halos
6.1 Analogous refraction approach
6.2 Chemical approaches
6.3 Mechanical approaches
6.3.1 Single axis
6.3.2 Two axes
6.3.3 Three axes
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
While Aristotle had mentioned halos and parhelia, in antiquity, the first European descriptions of complex displays were those of Christoph Scheiner in Rome (circa 1630), Hevelius in Danzig (1661), and Tobias Lowitz in St Petersburg (c. 1794). Chinese observers had recorded these for centuries, the first reference being a section of the "Official History of the Chin Dynasty" (Chin Shu) in 637, on the "Ten Haloes", giving technical terms for 26 solar halo phenomena.[2]
Light pillar[edit]
Main article: Light pillar
A light pillar, or sun pillar, appears as a vertical pillar or column of light rising from the sun near sunset or sunrise, though it can appear below the sun, particularly if the observer is at a high elevation or altitude. Hexagonal plate- and column-shaped ice crystals cause the phenomenon. Plate crystals generally cause pillars only when the sun is within 6 degrees of the horizon, or below it; column crystals can cause a pillar when the sun is as high as 20 degrees above the horizon. The crystals tend to orient themselves near-horizontally as they fall or float through the air, and the width and visibility of a sun pillar depend on crystal alignment.
Light pillars can also form around the moon, and around street lights or other bright lights. Pillars forming from ground-based light sources may appear much taller than those associated with the sun or moon. Since the observer is closer to the light source, crystal orientation matters less in the formation of these pillars.
Circular halo[edit]
Further information: 22° halo and 46° halo
Among the best-known halos is the 22° halo, often just called "halo", which appears as a large ring around the Sun or Moon with a radius of about 22° (roughly the width of an outstretched hand at arm's length). The ice crystals that cause the 22° halo are oriented semi-randomly in the atmosphere, in contrast to the horizontal orientation required for some other halos such as sun dogs and light pillars. As a result of the optical properties of the ice crystals involved, no light is reflected towards the inside of the ring, leaving the sky noticeably darker than the sky around it, and giving it the impression of a "hole in the sky".[3] The 22° halo is not to be confused with the corona, which is a different optical phenomenon caused by water droplets rather than ice crystals, and which has the appearance of a multicolored disk rather than a ring.
Other haloes can form at 46° to the sun, or at the horizon, or around the zenith, and can appear as full haloes or incomplete arcs.
Bottlinger's ring[edit]
A Bottlinger's ring is a rare type of halo that is elliptical instead of circular. It has a small diameter, which makes it very difficult to see in the Sun's glare and more likely to be spotted around the dimmer Subsun, often seen from mountain tops or airplanes. Bottlinger's rings are not well understood yet. It is suggested that they are formed by very flat pyramidal ice crystals with faces at uncommonly low angles, suspended horizontally in the atmosphere. These precise and physically problematic requirements would explain why the halo is very rare.[4]
Other names[edit]
In the Anglo-Cornish dialect of English, a halo round the sun or the moon is called a cock's eye and is a token of bad weather. The term is related to the Breton word kog-heol (sun cock) which has the same meaning.[5] In Nepal, the halo round the sun is called Indrasabha with a connotation of the assembly court of Lord Indra – the Hindu god of lightning, thunder and rain.[6]
Artificial halos[edit]
The natural phenomena may be reproduced artificially by several means. Firstly, by computer simulations,[7][8] or secondly by experimental means. Regarding the latter, one may either take a single crystal and rotate it around the appropriate axis/axes, or take a chemical approach. A still further and more indirect experimental approach is to find analogous refraction geometries.
Analogous refraction approach[edit]
Analogous refraction demonstration experiment for the Circumzenithal Arc.[9] Here, it is mistakenly labelled as an artificial rainbow in Gilberts book[10]
This approach employs the fact that in some cases the average geometry of refraction through an ice crystal may be imitated / mimicked via the refraction through another geometrical object. In this way, the Circumzenithal arc, the Circumhorizontal arc and the suncave Parry arcs may be recreated by refraction through rotationally symmetric (i.e. non-prismatic) static bodies.[9] A particularly simple table-top experiment reproduces artificially the colorful circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs using a water glass only. The refraction through the cylinder of water turns out to be (almost) identical to the rotationally averaged refraction through an upright hexagonal ice crystal / plate-oriented crystals, thereby creating vividly colored circumzenithal and the circumhorizontal arcs. In fact, the water glass experiment is often confused as representing a rainbow and has been around at least since 1920.[10]
Chemical approaches[edit]
The earliest chemical recipes to generate artificial halos has been put forward by Brewster and studied further by A. Cornu in 1889. [11] The idea was to generate crystals by precipitation of a salt solution. The innumerable small crystals hereby generated will then, upon illumination with light, cause halos corresponding to the particular crystal geometry and the orientation / alignment. Several recipes exist and continue to be discovered.[12] Rings are a common outcome of such experiments.[13] But also Parry arcs have been artificially produced in this way.[14]
Mechanical approaches[edit]
Single axis[edit]
The earliest experimental studies on halo phenomena have been attributed[15] to Auguste Bravais in 1847.[16] Bravais used an equilateral glass prism which he spun around its vertical axis. When illuminated by parallel white light, this produced an artificial Parhelic circle and many of the embedded parhelia. Similarly, A. Wegener used hexagonal rotating crystals to produce artificial subparhelia.[17] In a more recent version of this experiment, many more embedded parhelia have been found using commercially available[18] hexagonal BK7 glass crystals.[19] Simple experiments like these can be used for educational purposes and demonstration experiments.[12][20] Unfortunately, using glass crystals one cannot reproduce the circumzenithal arc or the circumhorizontal arc due to total internal reflections preventing the required ray-paths when n < 2 {\displaystyle n<{\sqrt {2}}} .
Even earlier than Bravais, the Italian scientist F. Venturi experimented with pointed water-filled prisms to demonstrate the circumzenithal arc.[21][22] However, this explanation was replaced later by the CZA's correct explanation by Bravais.[16]
Artificial Halo projected on a spherical screen.[23][24] Visible are: Tangential arcs, Parry arcs, (sub)parhelia, parhelic circle, heliac arcs
Artificial ice crystals have been employed to create halos which are otherwise unattainable in the mechanical approach via the use of glass crystals, e.g. circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs.[25] The use of ice crystals ensures that the generated halos have the same angular coordinates as the natural phenomena. Other crystals such as NaF also have a refractive index close to ice and have been used in the past.[26]
Two axes[edit]
In order to produce artificial halos such as the tangent arcs or the circumscribed halo one should rotate a single columnar hexagonal crystal about 2 axes. Similarly, the Lowitz arcs can be created by rotating a single plate crystal about two axes. This can be done by engineered halo machines. The first such machine was constructed in 2003;[27] several more followed.[24][28] Putting such machines inside spherical projection screens, and by the principle of the so-called sky transform,[29] the analogy is nearly perfect. A realization using micro-versions of the aforementioned machines produces authentic distortion-free projections of such complex artificial halos.[9][23][24] Finally, superposition of several images and projections produced by such halo machines may be combined to create a single image. The resulting superposition image is then a representation of complex natural halo displays containing many different orientation sets of ice prisms.[23][24]
Three axes[edit]
The experimental reproduction of circular halos is the most difficult using a single crystal only, while it is the simplest and typically achieved one using chemical recipes. Using a single crystal, one needs to realize all possible 3D orientations of the crystal. This has recently been achieved by two approaches. The first one using pneumatics and a sophisticated rigging,[28] and a second one using an Arduino-based random walk machine which stochastically reorients a crystal embedded in a transparent thin-walled sphere.[20]
Gallery[edit]
360 deg Solar Halo, Madrid 25-3-2017
Solar Halo, Madrid 25-3-2017, detail
Circumscribed halo around the sun, taken on Punta Alta, Argentina, captured on January 28, 2013 at 11:58 am
A circumscribed halo (outer ring, partially visible on the bottom left and top left/right) together with a 22° halo (inner ring)
Sun pillar in San Francisco
22° halo around the Sun, above PT Semen Padang building at Padang, Indonesia, October 2, 2009, at 11:09 am
Sun dogs and possible Sun pillar in Hesse, August 12, 2012.
Atmospheric temperatures responsible for ice crystals around 22° halo, as viewed through a thermal camera (°C). The halo itself is not present in the thermal spectrum. The sun is partially visible at the top of the image.
Complex halo display (22° halo, sun dogs, upper tangent arc, upper and lower Sun pillar, parhelic circle, supralateral arc) observed in Les Ménuires (elevation ~2200 metres), Rhone-Alpes, France on January 23, 2015, during sunset at 16:30
Lunar halo viewed from London, UK on Christmas Eve (24 December) 2015. Shot with a Nikon D3S and a Nikkor 20 mm f/1.8G lens.
22° halo around the sun as viewed from Kolkata, West Bengal, India on April 30, 2016, at about 12:00 pm
Sun with Sun dogs at Hoherodskopf / Germany - July 15, 2017.
See also[edit]
22° halo
46° halo
120° parhelion
Anthelion
Atmospheric optics
Circumhorizontal arc
Circumscribed halo
Circumzenithal arc
Corona
Diamond dust
False sunrise
Glory
Green flash
Heiligenschein
Infralateral arc
Kern arc
Light pillar
Liljequist parhelion
Lower tangent arc
Parhelic circle
Parry arc
Rainbow
Subhelic arc
Subparhelic circle
Subsun
Sun dog
Supralateral arc
Upper tangent arc
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "halo". Online Etymology Dictionary. ἅλως. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ Ho Ping-Yu, Joseph Needham Ancient Chinese Observations of Solar Haloes and Parhelia Weather April 1959 (vol14, issue 4) p124-134
Jump up ^ ""Disk with a hole" in the sky". Atmospheric Optics. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Les Cowley. "Bottlinger's Ring". Atmospheric Optics. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
Jump up ^ Nance, Robert Morton; Pool, P. A. S. (1963). A Glossary of Cornish Sea-Words. Cornwall: Federation of Old Cornwall Societies. p. 61.
Jump up ^ "Nepal skies graced with extraordinary ‘circular rainbow’ halo around sun". The Himalayan Times. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ HaloSim3 by Les Cowley and Michael Schroeder link
Jump up ^ HaloPoint 2.0 link
^ Jump up to: a b c "Artificial circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs", M. Selmke and S. Selmke, American Journal of Physics (Am. J. Phys.) Vol 85(8), p.575-581 link
^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert light experiments for boys – (1920), p. 98, Experiment No. 94 link
Jump up ^ “Sur la reproduction artificielle des halos et des cercles parh eliques”, Comtes Rendus Ac. Paris 108, 429–433, A. Cornu, 1889.
^ Jump up to: a b “Laboratory experiments in atmospheric optics”, Opt. Express 37(9), 1557–1568, M. Vollmer and R. Tammer, 1998. link
Jump up ^ “Tabletop divergent-light halos”, Physics Education 42(6), L. Gisle and J. O Mattsson, 2007. link
Jump up ^ Z. Ulanowski, “Ice analog halos,” Appl. Optics 44(27), 5754–5758, 2005. link
Jump up ^ M. Élie de Beaumont, Memoir of Auguste Bravais (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1869)
^ Jump up to: a b "Mémoire sur les halos et les phénomènes optiques qui les accompagnent", 1847, J. de l'École Royale Polytechnique 31(18), p.1-270, §XXIV – Reproduction artificielle des phénomènes optiques dus à des prismes à axe vertical, Figures: PL I: Fig. 48, PL II: Fig: 49-54.
Jump up ^ “Die Nebensonnen unter dem Horizont,” Meteorol. Z. 34–52(8/ 9), 295–298, A. Wegner, 1917.
Jump up ^ Homogenizing Light rods / Light pipes link
Jump up ^ "Intensity distribution of the parhelic circle and embedded parhelia at zero solar elevation: theory and experiments", Applied Optics (Appl. Opt.), Vol. 54, Issue 22, 6608-6615, S. Borchardt and M. Selmke, 2015. link
^ Jump up to: a b "Artificial Halos", American Journal of Physics (Am. J. Phys.), Vol. 83(9), 751-760, M. Selmke, 2015. link
Jump up ^ F. Venturi, "Commentarii sopra ottica", p. 219, Tav VIII, Fig 17, arc: PGQ, Fig 27, p. 213.
Jump up ^ "Physikalisches Wörterbuch", neu bearbeitet von Brandes. Gmelin. Horner. Muncke. Pfaff, p. 494, [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Article with images on BoredPanda: Spherical projection screen for artificial halos
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Complex artificial halos for the classroom", American Journal of Physics (Am. J. Phys.), Vol. 84(7), 561-564, M. Selmke and S. Selmke, 2016. link
Jump up ^ Homepage: Arbeitskreis Meteore e.V. link
Jump up ^ "An Analog Light Scattering Experiment of Hexagonal Icelike Particles. Part II: Experimental and Theoretical Results", JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, Vol. 56, B. Barkey, K.N. Liou, Y. Takano, W. Gellerman, P. Sokolkly, 1999.
Jump up ^ “Halo and mirage demonstrations in atmospheric optics,” Appl. Opt. 42(3), 394-398, M. Vollmer and R. Greenler, 2003. link
^ Jump up to: a b “Artificially generated halos: rotating sample crystals around various axes”, Applied Optics Vol. 54, Issue 4, pp. B97-B106, Michael Großmann, Klaus-Peter Möllmann, and Michael Vollmer, 2015. link
Jump up ^ "Sky Transform" on atoptics.co.uk: link
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halo.
Halo explanations and image galleries at Atmospheric Optics
Meteoros AKM – Halo explanations and image galleries
Halo reports of interesting halo observations around the World
Southern Hemisphere Halo and other atmospheric phenomena
Halo in Chisinau Moldova (photo and video)
Walter Tape & Jarmo Moilanen, Atmospheric Halos and the Search for Angle x (free e-book)
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