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Triton (moon)
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Not to be confused with Titan (moon).
Triton
Voyager 2 photomosaic of Triton[caption 1]
Discovery
Discovered by
William Lassell
Discovery date
October 10, 1846
Designations
Pronunciation
/ˈtraɪtən/
Alternative names
Neptune I
Adjectives
Tritonian
Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis
7008354759000000000♠354759 km
Eccentricity
6995160000000000000♠0.000016[1]
Orbital period
2994492239814400000♠−5.876854 d
(retrograde)[1][2]
Average orbital speed
4.39 km/s[a]
Inclination
129.812° (to the ecliptic)
156.885° (to Neptune's equator)[3][4]
129.608° (to Neptune's orbit)
Satellite of
Neptune
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
7006135340000000000♠1353.4±0.9 km[5] (0.2122 Earths)
Surface area
7013230180000000000♠23018000 km2[b]
Volume
7019103840000000000♠10384000000 km3[c]
Mass
7022214000000000000♠2.14×1022 kg (6997359000000000000♠0.00359 Earths)[d]
Mean density
7003206100000000000♠2.061 g/cm3[5]
Surface gravity
6999779000000000000♠0.779 m/s2 (6998794000000000000♠0.0794 g) (0.48 Moons)[e]
Escape velocity
7003145500000000000♠1.455 km/s[f]
Rotation period
synchronous
Sidereal rotation period
5 d, 21 h, 2 min, 53 s[6]
Axial tilt
0
Albedo
0.76[5]
Temperature
38 K (−235.2 °C)[6]
Apparent magnitude
13.47[7]
Absolute magnitude (H)
−1.2[8]
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
1.4–1.9 Pa[6]
(1/7004700000000000000♠70000 the surface pressure on Earth)[10]
Composition by volume
nitrogen; methane traces.[9]
Triton is the largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune, and the first Neptunian moon to be discovered. It was discovered on October 10, 1846, by English astronomer William Lassell. It is the only large moon in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit, an orbit in the opposite direction to its planet's rotation.[2][11] At 2,710 kilometres (1,680 mi)[5] in diameter, it is the seventh-largest moon in the Solar System. Because of its retrograde orbit and composition similar to Pluto's, Triton is thought to have been a dwarf planet captured from the Kuiper belt.[12] Triton has a surface of mostly frozen nitrogen, a mostly water-ice crust,[13] an icy mantle and a substantial core of rock and metal. The core makes up two-thirds of its total mass. Triton has a mean density of 2.061 g/cm3[5] and is composed of approximately 15–35% water ice.[6]
Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active (the others being Jupiter's Io and Europa, and Saturn's Enceladus and Titan). As a consequence, its surface is relatively young with few obvious impact craters, and a complex geological history revealed in intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains. Part of its surface has geysers erupting sublimated nitrogen gas, contributing to a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere less than 1/70,000 the pressure of Earth's atmosphere at sea level.[6] Also, it has the second-biggest ratio of moon-to-planet to Neptune, being only lower than the ratio between Earth and its own Moon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery and naming
2 Orbit and rotation
3 Capture
4 Physical characteristics
5 Atmosphere
6 Surface features
6.1 Cryovolcanism
6.2 Polar cap, plains and ridges
6.3 Cantaloupe terrain
6.4 Impact craters
7 Observation and exploration
8 Maps
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Discovery and naming[edit]
William Lassell, the discoverer of Triton
Triton was discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on October 10, 1846,[14] just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune.
A brewer by trade, Lassell began making mirrors for his amateur telescope in 1820. When John Herschel received news of Neptune's discovery, he wrote to Lassell suggesting he search for possible moons. Lassell did so and discovered Triton eight days later.[15][14] Lassell also claimed to have discovered rings. Although Neptune was later confirmed to have rings, they are so faint and dark that it is doubtful that he actually saw them.[16]
Triton is named after the Greek sea god Triton (Τρίτων), the son of Poseidon (the Greek god comparable to the Roman Neptune). The name was first proposed by Camille Flammarion in his 1880 book Astronomie Populaire,[17] and was officially adopted many decades later.[18] Until the discovery of the second moon Nereid in 1949, Triton was commonly referred to as "the satellite of Neptune". Lassell did not name his own discovery; he later successfully suggested the name Hyperion, previously chosen by John Herschel, for the eighth moon of Saturn when he discovered it.[19]
Orbit and rotation[edit]
The orbit of Triton (red) is opposite in direction and tilted −23° compared to a typical moon's orbit (green) in the plane of Neptune's equator.
Triton is unique among all large moons in the Solar System for its retrograde orbit around its planet (i.e. it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Most of the outer irregular moons of Jupiter and Saturn also have retrograde orbits, as do some of Uranus's outer moons. However, these moons are all much more distant from their primaries, and are small in comparison; the largest of them (Phoebe)[g] has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton.
Triton's orbit is associated with two tilts, the inclination of Neptune's spin to Neptune's orbit, 30°, and the inclination of Triton's orbit to Neptune's spin, 157° (an inclination over 90° indicates retrograde motion). Triton's orbit precesses forward relative to Neptune's spin with a period of about 678 Earth years (4.1 Neptunian years),[3][4] making its Neptune-orbit-relative inclination vary between 127° and 180° and in the past, to 173°. That inclination is currently 130°; Triton's orbit is now near its maximum departure from coplanarity with Neptune's.
Triton's rotation is tidally locked to be synchronous with its orbit around Neptune: it keeps one face oriented toward the planet at all times. Its equator is almost exactly aligned with its orbital plane.[20] At the present time, Triton's rotational axis is about 40° from Neptune's orbital plane, and hence at some point during Neptune's year each pole points fairly close to the Sun, almost like the poles of Uranus. As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight. Such changes were observed in 2010.[21]
Triton's revolution around Neptune has become a nearly perfect circle with an eccentricity of almost zero. Viscoelastic damping from tides alone is not thought to be capable of circularizing Triton's orbit in the time since the origin of the system, and gas drag from a prograde debris disc is likely to have played a substantial role.[3][4] Tidal interactions also cause Triton's orbit, which is already closer to Neptune than the Moon's is to Earth, to gradually decay further; predictions are that 3.6 billion years from now, Triton will pass within Neptune's Roche limit.[22] This will result in either a collision with Neptune's atmosphere or the breakup of Triton, forming a new ring system similar to that found around Saturn.[22]
Capture[edit]
The Kuiper belt (green), in the Solar System's outskirts, is where Triton is thought to have originated.
Moons in retrograde orbits cannot form in the same region of the solar nebula as the planets they orbit, so Triton must have been captured from elsewhere. It might therefore have originated in the Kuiper belt,[12] a ring of small icy objects extending outwards from just inside the orbit of Neptune to about 50 AU from the Sun. Thought to be the point of origin for the majority of short-period comets observed from Earth, the belt is also home to several large, planet-like bodies including Pluto, which is now recognized as the largest in a population of Kuiper belt objects (the plutinos) locked in orbital step with Neptune. Triton is only slightly larger than Pluto and nearly identical in composition, which has led to the hypothesis that the two share a common origin.[23]
The proposed capture of Triton may explain several features of the Neptunian system, including the extremely eccentric orbit of Neptune's moon Nereid and the scarcity of moons as compared to the other giant planets. Triton's initially eccentric orbit would have intersected orbits of irregular moons and disrupted those of smaller regular moons, dispersing them through gravitational interactions.[3][4]
Triton's eccentric post-capture orbit would have also resulted in tidal heating of its interior, which could have kept Triton fluid for a billion years; this inference is supported by evidence of differentiation in Triton's interior. This source of internal heat disappeared following tidal locking and circularization of the orbit.[24]
Two types of mechanisms have been proposed for Triton's capture. To be gravitationally captured by a planet, a passing body must lose sufficient energy to be slowed down to a speed less than that required to escape. An early theory of how Triton may have been slowed was by collision with another object, either one that happened to be passing by Neptune (which is unlikely), or a moon or proto-moon in orbit around Neptune (which is more likely).[6] A more recent hypothesis suggests that, before its capture, Triton was part of a binary system. When this binary encountered Neptune, it interacted in such a way that the binary dissociated, with one portion of the binary expelled, and the other, Triton, becoming bound to Neptune. This event is more likely for more massive companions.[12] Similar mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of Mars's moons.[25] This hypothesis is supported by several lines of evidence, including binaries being very common among the large Kuiper belt objects.[26][27] The event was brief but gentle, saving Triton from collisional disruption. Events like this may have been common during the formation of Neptune, or later when it migrated outward.[12]
However, simulations in 2017 showed that after Triton's capture and before its orbital eccentricity decreased it probably did collide with at least one other moon, and caused collisions between other moons.[28][29]
Physical characteristics[edit]
Triton dominates the Neptunian moon system, with over 99.5% of its total mass. This imbalance may reflect the elimination of many of Neptune's original satellites following Triton's capture.[3][4]
Triton (lower left) compared to the Moon (upper left) and Earth (right), to scale
Triton is the seventh-largest moon and sixteenth-largest object in the Solar System, and is modestly larger than the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. It comprises more than 99.5% of all the mass known to orbit Neptune, including the planet's rings and thirteen other known moons,[h] and is also more massive than all known moons in the Solar System smaller than itself combined.[i] Also, with a diameter 5.5% that of Neptune, it is the largest moon of a gas giant relative to its planet in terms of diameter, although Titan is bigger relative to Saturn in terms of mass. It has a radius, density (2.061 g/cm3), temperature and chemical composition similar to those of Pluto.[30]
Triton's surface is covered with a transparent layer of annealed frozen nitrogen. Only 40% of Triton's surface has been observed and studied, but it is possible that it is entirely covered in such a thin sheet of nitrogen ice. Like Pluto's, Triton's crust consists of 55% nitrogen ice with other ices mixed in. Water ice comprises 15–35% and frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) the remaining 10–20%. Trace ices include 0.1% methane and 0.05% carbon monoxide.[6] There could also be ammonia ice on the surface, as there are indications of ammonia dihydrate in the lithosphere.[31] Triton's mean density implies that it probably consists of about 30–45% water ice (including relatively small amounts of volatile ices), with the remainder being rocky material.[6] Triton's surface area is 23 million km2, which is 4.5% of Earth, or 15.5% of Earth's land area. Triton has a considerably and unusually high albedo, reflecting 60–95% of the sunlight that reaches it, and it has changed slightly since the first observations. By comparison, the Moon reflects only 11%.[32] Triton's reddish colour is thought to be the result of methane ice, which is converted to tholins under exposure to ultraviolet radiation.[6][33]
Because Triton's surface indicates a long history of melting, models of its interior posit that Triton is differentiated, like Earth, into a solid core, a mantle and a crust. Water, the most abundant volatile in the Solar System, comprises Triton's mantle, enveloping a core of rock and metal. There is enough rock in Triton's interior for radioactive decay to power convection in the mantle to this day. The heat may even be sufficient to maintain a global subsurface ocean similar to what is hypothesized to exist beneath the surface of Europa.[6][34][35] The black material ejected is suspected to contain organic compounds,[35] and if liquid water is present in Triton, it has been speculated that this could make it habitable for some form of life.[36][37][35]
Atmosphere[edit]
Main article: Atmosphere of Triton
Artist's impression of Triton, showing its tenuous atmosphere just over the limb.
Triton has a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere, with trace amounts of carbon monoxide and small amounts of methane near its surface.[9][38][39] Like Pluto's atmosphere, the atmosphere of Triton is thought to have resulted from evaporation of nitrogen from its surface.[23] Its surface temperature is at least 7001356000000000000♠35.6 K (7001355499999999999♠−237.6 °C) because Triton's nitrogen ice is in the warmer, hexagonal crystalline state, and the phase transition between hexagonal and cubic nitrogen ice occurs at that temperature.[40] An upper limit in the low 40s (K) can be set from vapor pressure equilibrium with nitrogen gas in Triton's atmosphere.[41] This is colder than Pluto's average equilibrium temperature of 7001440000000000000♠44 K (7001441499999999999♠−229 °C). Triton's surface atmospheric pressure is only about 1.4–7000190000000000000♠1.9 Pa (0.014–7000190000000000000♠0.019 mbar).[6]
Clouds observed above Triton's limb by Voyager 2.
Turbulence at Triton's surface creates a troposphere (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of 8 km. Streaks on Triton's surface left by geyser plumes suggest that the troposphere is driven by seasonal winds capable of moving material of over a micrometre in size.[42] Unlike other atmospheres, Triton's lacks a stratosphere, and instead has a thermosphere from altitudes of 8 to 950 km, and an exosphere above that.[6] The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere, at 7001950000000000000♠95±5 K, is higher than that at its surface, due to heat absorbed from solar radiation and Neptune's magnetosphere.[9][43] A haze permeates most of Triton's troposphere, thought to be composed largely of hydrocarbons and nitriles created by the action of sunlight on methane. Triton's atmosphere also has clouds of condensed nitrogen that lie between 1 and 3 km from its surface.[6]
In 1997, observations from Earth were made of Triton's limb as it passed in front of stars. These observations indicated the presence of a denser atmosphere than was deduced from Voyager 2 data.[44] Other observations have shown an increase in temperature by 5% from 1989 to 1998.[45] These observations indicate Triton is approaching an unusually warm summer season that happens only once every few hundred years. Theories for this warming include a change of frost patterns on Triton's surface and a change in ice albedo, which would allow more heat to be absorbed.[46] Another theory argues the changes in temperature are a result of deposition of dark, red material from geological processes. Because Triton's Bond albedo is among the highest within the Solar System, it is sensitive to small variations in spectral albedo.[47]
Surface features[edit]
Interpretative geomorphological map of Triton
All detailed knowledge of the surface of Triton was acquired from a distance of 40,000 km by the Voyager 2 spacecraft during a single encounter in 1989.[48] The 40% of Triton's surface imaged by Voyager 2 revealed blocky outcrops, ridges, troughs, furrows, hollows, plateaus, icy plains and few craters. Triton is relatively flat; its observed topography never varies beyond a kilometer.[6] There are relatively few impact craters on Triton. Recent analysis of crater density and distribution has suggested that in geological terms, Triton's surface is extremely young, with regions varying from an estimated 50 million years old to just an estimated 6 million years old.[49] 55% of Triton's surface is covered with frozen nitrogen, with water ice comprising 15–35% and dry ice (aka. frozen carbon dioxide) forming the remaining 10–20%.[50] The surface shows deposits of tholins, organic compounds that may be precursor chemicals to the origin of life.[51]
Cryovolcanism[edit]
Further information: Cryovolcano
Dark streaks across Triton's south polar cap surface, thought to be dust deposits left by eruptions of nitrogen geysers
Triton is geologically active; its surface is young and has relatively few impact craters. Although Triton's crust is made of various ices, its subsurface processes are similar to those that produce volcanoes and rift valleys on Earth, but with water and ammonia as opposed to liquid rock.[6] Triton's entire surface is cut by complex valleys and ridges, probably the result of tectonics and icy volcanism. The vast majority of surface features on Triton are endogenic—the result of internal geological processes rather than external processes such as impacts. Most are volcanic and extrusive in nature, rather than tectonic.[6]
The Voyager 2 probe observed in 1989 a handful of geyser-like eruptions of nitrogen gas and entrained dust from beneath the surface of Triton in plumes up to 8 km high.[30][52] Triton is thus, along with Earth, Io, and Enceladus, one of the few bodies in the Solar System on which active eruptions of some sort have been observed.[53] The best-observed examples are named Hili and Mahilani (after a Zulu water sprite and a Tongan sea spirit, respectively).[54]
All the geysers observed were located between 50° and 57°S, the part of Triton's surface close to the subsolar point. This indicates that solar heating, although very weak at Triton's great distance from the Sun, plays a crucial role. It is thought that the surface of Triton probably consists of a translucent layer of frozen nitrogen overlying a darker substrate, which creates a kind of "solid greenhouse effect". Solar radiation passes through the thin surface ice sheet, slowly heating and vaporizing subsurface nitrogen until enough gas pressure accumulates for it to erupt through the crust.[6][42] A temperature increase of just 4 K above the ambient surface temperature of 37 K could drive eruptions to the heights observed.[52] Although commonly termed "cryovolcanic", this nitrogen plume activity is distinct from Triton's larger scale cryovolcanic eruptions, as well as volcanic processes on other worlds, which are powered by the internal heat of the body in question. Analogous CO2 geysers on Mars are thought to erupt from its south polar cap each spring.[55]
Each eruption of a Triton geyser may last up to a year, driven by the sublimation of about 100 million cubic metres (3.5×10^9 cu ft) of nitrogen ice over this interval; dust entrained may be deposited up to 150 km downwind in visible streaks, and perhaps much farther in more diffuse deposits.[52] Voyager 2's images of Triton's southern hemisphere show many such streaks of dark material.[56] Between 1977 and the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, Triton shifted from a reddish colour, similar to Pluto, to a far paler hue, suggesting that lighter nitrogen frosts had covered older reddish material.[6] The eruption of volatiles from Triton's equator and their deposition at the poles may redistribute enough mass over the course of 10,000 years to cause polar wander.[57]
Polar cap, plains and ridges[edit]
Triton's bright south polar cap above a region of cantaloupe terrain
Triton's south polar region is covered by a highly reflective cap of frozen nitrogen and methane sprinkled by impact craters and openings of geysers. Little is known about the north pole because it was on the night side during the Voyager 2 encounter, but it is thought that Triton must also have a north polar ice cap.[40]
The high plains found on Triton's eastern hemisphere, such as Cipango Planum, cover over and blot out older features, and are therefore almost certainly the result of icy lava washing over the previous landscape. The plains are dotted with pits, such as Leviathan Patera, which are probably the vents from which this lava emerged. The composition of the lava is unknown, although a mixture of ammonia and water is suspected.[6]
Four roughly circular "walled plains" have been identified on Triton. They are the flattest regions so far discovered, with a variance in altitude of less than 200 m. They are thought to have formed from eruption of icy lava.[6] The plains near Triton's eastern limb are dotted with black spots, the maculae. Some maculae are simple dark spots with diffuse boundaries, and others comprise a dark central patch surrounded by a white halo with sharp boundaries. The maculae typically have diameters of about 100 km and widths of the halos of between 20 and 30 km.[6]
There are extensive ridges and valleys in complex patterns across Triton's surface, probably the result of freeze–thaw cycles.[58] Many also appear to be tectonic in nature and may result from extension or strike-slip faulting.[59] There are long double ridges of ice with central troughs bearing a strong resemblance to Europan lineae (although they have a larger scale[13]), and which may have a similar origin,[6] possibly shear heating from strike-slip motion along faults caused by diurnal tidal stresses experienced before Triton's orbit was fully circularized.[13] These faults with parallel ridges expelled from the interior cross complex terrain with valleys in the equatorial region. The ridges and furrows, or sulci, such as Yasu Sulci, Ho Sulci, and Lo Sulci,[60] are thought to be of intermediate age in Triton's geological history, and in many cases to have formed concurrently. They tend to be clustered in groups or "packets".[59]
Cantaloupe terrain[edit]
Cantaloupe terrain viewed from 130,000 km by Voyager 2, with crosscutting Europa-like double ridges. Slidr Sulci (vertical) and Tano Sulci form the prominent "X".
Triton's western hemisphere consists of a strange series of fissures and depressions known as "cantaloupe terrain" because of its resemblance to the skin of a cantaloupe melon. Although it has few craters, it is thought that this is the oldest terrain on Triton.[61] It probably covers much of Triton's western half.[6]
Cantaloupe terrain, which is mostly dirty water ice, is only known to exist on Triton. It contains depressions 30–40 km in diameter.[61] The depressions (cavi) are probably not impact craters because they are all of similar size and have smooth curves. The leading hypothesis for their formation is diapirism, the rising of "lumps" of less dense material through a stratum of denser material.[6][62] Alternative hypotheses include formation by collapses, or by flooding caused by cryovolcanism.[61]
Impact craters[edit]
Tuonela Planitia (left) and Ruach Planitia (center) are two of Triton's cryovolcanic "walled plains". The paucity of craters is evidence of extensive, relatively recent, geologic activity.
Due to constant erasure and modification by ongoing geological activity, impact craters on Triton's surface are relatively rare. A census of Triton's craters imaged by Voyager 2 found only 179 that were incontestably of impact origin, compared with 835 observed for Uranus's moon Miranda, which has only three percent of Triton's surface area.[63] The largest crater observed on Triton thought to have been created by an impact is a 27 km-diameter feature called Mazomba.[63][64] Although larger craters have been observed, they are generally thought to be volcanic in nature.[63]
The few impact craters on Triton are almost all concentrated in the leading hemisphere—that facing the direction of the orbital motion—with the majority concentrated around the equator between 30° and 70° longitude,[63] resulting from material swept up from orbit around Neptune.[49] Because it orbits with one side permanently facing the planet, astronomers expect that Triton should have fewer impacts on its trailing hemisphere, due to impacts on the leading hemisphere being more frequent and more violent.[63] Voyager 2 imaged only 40% of Triton's surface, so this remains uncertain.
Observation and exploration[edit]
Neptune (top) and Triton (bottom) three days after Voyager 2's flyby
The orbital properties of Triton were already determined with high accuracy in the 19th century. It was found to have a retrograde orbit, at a very high angle of inclination to the plane of Neptune's orbit. The first detailed observations of Triton were not made until 1930. Little was known about the satellite until Voyager 2 flew by in 1989.[6]
Before the flyby of Voyager 2, astronomers suspected that Triton might have liquid nitrogen seas and a nitrogen/methane atmosphere with a density as much as 30% that of Earth. Like the famous overestimates of the atmospheric density of Mars, this proved incorrect. As with Mars, a denser atmosphere is postulated for its early history.[65]
The first attempt to measure the diameter of Triton was made by Gerard Kuiper in 1954. He obtained a value of 3,800 km. Subsequent measurement attempts arrived at values ranging from 2,500 to 6,000 km, or from slightly smaller than the Moon (3474.2 km) to nearly half the diameter of Earth.[66] Data from the approach of Voyager 2 to Neptune on August 25, 1989, led to a more accurate estimate of Triton's diameter (2,706 km).[67]
In the 1990s, various observations from Earth were made of the limb of Triton using the occultation of nearby stars, which indicated the presence of an atmosphere and an exotic surface. Observations in late 1997 suggests that Triton is heating up and the atmosphere has become significantly denser than when Voyager 2 flew past in 1989.[44]
New concepts for missions to the Neptune system to be conducted in the 2010s have been brought forward by NASA scientists on numerous occasions over the last decades. All of them identified Triton as being a prime target and a separate Triton lander comparable to the Huygens probe for Titan was frequently included in those plans. No efforts aimed at Neptune and Triton went beyond the proposal phase and NASA's funding on missions to the outer Solar System is currently focused on the Jupiter and Saturn systems.[68]
A proposed lander mission to Triton, called Triton Hopper, would mine nitrogen ice from the surface of Triton and process it to be used as small rocket propellant and fly or 'hop' across the surface.[69][70]
On 5 October 2017 Triton occulted the star UCAC4 410-143659.[71]
Maps[edit]
Enhanced-color map; leading hemisphere is on right
Enhanced-color polar maps; south is right
See also[edit]
Solar System portal
Astronomy portal
List of natural satellites
List of geological features on Triton
Neptune in fiction
Triton Hopper, a proposed lander to Triton
Triton's sky
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Photomosaic of Triton's sub-Neptunian hemisphere. The bright, slightly pinkish, south polar cap at bottom is composed of nitrogen and methane ice and is streaked by dust deposits left by nitrogen gas geysers. The mostly darker region above it includes Triton's "cantaloupe terrain" and cryovolcanic and tectonic features. Near the lower right limb are several dark maculae ("strange spots").
Jump up ^ Calculated on the basis of other parameters.
Jump up ^ Surface area derived from the radius r: 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}} .
Jump up ^ Volume v derived from the radius r: 4 3 π r 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}} .
Jump up ^ Mass m derived from the density d and the volume v: m = d × v {\displaystyle m=d\times v} .
Jump up ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant g and the radius r: g m r 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {gm}{r^{2}}}} .
Jump up ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant g and the radius r: 2 g m / r {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2gm/r}}} .
Jump up ^ Largest irregular moons: Saturn's Phoebe (210 km), Uranus's Sycorax (150 km), and Jupiter's Himalia (85 km)
Jump up ^ Mass of Triton: 2.14×1022 kg. Combined mass of 12 other known moons of Neptune: 7.53×1019 kg, or 0.35%. The mass of the rings is negligible.
Jump up ^ The masses of other spherical moons are: Titania—3.5×1021, Oberon—3.0×1021, Rhea—2.3×1021, Iapetus—1.8×1021, Charon—1.5×1021, Ariel—1.3×1021, Umbriel—1.2×1021, Dione—1.0×1021, Tethys—0.6×1021, Enceladus—0.12×1021, Miranda—0.06×1021, Proteus—0.05×1021, Mimas—0.04×1021. The total mass of remaining moons is about 0.09×1021. So, the total mass of all moons smaller than Triton is about 1.65×1022. (See List of moons by diameter)
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Lassell, William (November 12, 1847). "Lassell's Satellite of Neptune". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 10 (1): 8. Bibcode:1847MNRAS...8....9B. doi:10.1093/mnras/10.1.8.
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Lassell, William (December 11, 1846). "Physical observations on Neptune". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 7 (10): 167–168. Bibcode:1847MNRAS...7..297L. doi:10.1093/mnras/7.10.165a.
Lassell, W. (1847). "Observations of Neptune and his satellite". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 7 (17): 307–308. Bibcode:1847MNRAS...7..307L. doi:10.1002/asna.18530360703.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Triton (Voyager)". NASA. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Overlooked Ocean Worlds Fill the Outer Solar System. John Wenz, Scientific American. 4 October 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Duxbury, N S; Brown, R H (August 1993). "The Phase Composition of Triton's Polar Caps". Science. 261 (5122): 748–751. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..748D. doi:10.1126/science.261.5122.748. PMID 17757213.
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^ Jump up to: a b Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Banfield, D.; Barnet, C.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Beebe, R. F.; Bollinger, K.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A. (1989). "Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results". Science. 246 (4936): 1422–1449. Bibcode:1989Sci...246.1422S. doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422. PMID 17755997.
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^ Jump up to: a b Savage, D.; Weaver, D.; Halber, D. (June 24, 1998). "Hubble Space Telescope Helps Find Evidence that Neptune's Largest Moon Is Warming Up". Hubblesite. STScI-1998-23. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
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^ Jump up to: a b Schenk, Paul M.; Zahnle, Kevin (December 2007). "On the negligible surface age of Triton". Icarus. 192 (1): 135–49. Bibcode:2007Icar..192..135S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.004.
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Jump up ^ Oleson, Steven R.; Landis, Geoffrey. Triton Hopper: Exploring Neptune’s Captured Kuiper Belt Object (PDF). Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Soderblom, L. A.; Kieffer, S. W.; Becker, T. L.; Brown, R. H.; Cook, A. F. II; Hansen, C. J.; Johnson, T. V.; Kirk, R. L.; Shoemaker, E. M. (October 19, 1990). "Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes: Discovery and Basic Characterization" (PDF). Science. 250 (4979): 410–415. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..410S. doi:10.1126/science.250.4979.410. PMID 17793016.
Jump up ^ Kargel, JS (1994). "Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites". Earth, Moon, and Planets (published 1995). 67 (1–3): 101–113. Bibcode:1995EM&P...67..101K. doi:10.1007/BF00613296.
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Jump up ^ Kirk, R. L. (1990). "Thermal Models of Insolation-Driven Nitrogen Geysers on Triton". LPSC XXI. Lunar and Planetary Institute. pp. 633–634. Bibcode:1990LPI....21..633K.
Jump up ^ Rubincam, David Parry (2002). "Polar wander on Triton and Pluto due to volatile migration". Icarus. 163 (2): 63–71. Bibcode:2003Icar..163..469R. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00080-0.
Jump up ^ Elliot, J. L.; Hammel, H. B.; Wasserman, L. H.; Franz, O. G.; McDonald, S. W.; Person, M. J.; Olkin, C. B.; Dunham, E. W.; Spencer, J. R.; Stansberry, J. A.; Buie, M. W.; Pasachoff, J. M.; Babcock, B. A.; McConnochie, T. H. (1998). "Global warming on Triton". Nature. 393 (6687): 765–767. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..765E. doi:10.1038/31651.
^ Jump up to: a b Collins, Geoffrey; Schenk, Paul (March 14–18, 1994). "Triton's Lineaments: Complex Morphology and Stress Patterns". Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, TX. 25: 277. Bibcode:1994LPI....25..277C.
Jump up ^ Aksnes, K; Brahic, A; Fulchignoni, M; Marov, M Ya (1990). "Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature" (PDF). Reports on Astronomy. State University of New York (published 1991). 21A: 613–19. 1991IAUTA..21..613A. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyce, Joseph M. (March 1993). "A structural origin for the cantaloupe terrain of Triton". In Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F (SEE N94-12015 01-91). 24: 165–66. Bibcode:1993LPI....24..165B.
Jump up ^ Schenk, P.; Jackson, M. P. A. (April 1993). "Diapirism on Triton: A record of crustal layering and instability". Geology. 21 (4): 299–302. Bibcode:1993Geo....21..299S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0299:DOTARO>2.3.CO;2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Strom, Robert G.; Croft, Steven K.; Boyce, Joseph M. (1990). "The Impact Cratering Record on Triton". Science. 250 (4979): 437–39. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..437S. doi:10.1126/science.250.4979.437. PMID 17793023.
Jump up ^ Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Tryka, Kimberly A. (1990). "Triton's Plumes: The Dust Devil Hypothesis". Science. 250 (4979): 435–437. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..435I. doi:10.1126/science.250.4979.435. PMID 17793022.
Jump up ^ Lunine, Jonathan I.; Nolan, Michael C. (November 1992). "A massive early atmosphere on Triton". Icarus. 100 (1): 221–34. Bibcode:1992Icar..100..221L. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90031-2.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank, D. P.; Stockton, A.; Dyck, H. M.; Becklin, E. E.; Macy, W. (1979). "The diameter and reflectance of Triton". Icarus. 40: 104–114. Bibcode:1979Icar...40..104C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90057-5.
Jump up ^ Stone, EC; Miner, ED (December 15, 1989). "The Voyager 2 Encounter with the Neptunian System". Science. 246 (4936): 1417–21. Bibcode:1989Sci...246.1417S. doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1417. PMID 17755996. And the following 12 articles pp. 1422–1501.
Jump up ^ "USA.gov: The U.S. Government's Official Web Portal" (PDF). Nasa.gov. September 27, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
Jump up ^ Becky Ferreira, Why We Should Use This Jumping Robot to Explore Neptune, Motherboard, August 28, 2015 // 08:00 AM EST (Retrieved September 14, 2014)
Jump up ^ Steven Oleson (7 May 2015). "Triton Hopper: Exploring Neptune's Captured Kuiper Belt Object". NASA Glenn Research Center. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Occultation of UCAC4 410-143659".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triton (moon).
Triton profile at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
Voyager 2 Encounters Neptune and Triton (1989) on YouTube
Triton page at The Nine Planets
Triton page (including labelled Triton map) at Views of the Solar System
Triton map from Paul Schenk, Lunar and Planetary Institute
Triton images from the NASA/JPL Photojournal
Triton nomenclature from the USGS Planetary Nomenclature website
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S/2004 N 1
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2001 QR322
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largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths
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[Dysnomia]
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smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths
abc's
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[Dysnomia]
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IAU: Ceres
No longer rounded and therefore not dwarf planets (Former candidates: Pallas
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Centaurs
Possibly: Chariklo
Chiron
Centaurs (extended)
Possibly: 1995 SN55 (lost)
Ceto
2010 TY53
Plutinos
IAU: Pluto
Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi: Orcus
Ixion
2003 AZ84
2004 UX10
Huya
Possibly: 2003 UZ413
2003 VS2
2002 VR128
2004 PF115
2002 XV93
2007 JH43
2001 QF298
Twotinos
Possibly: 2002 WC19
Other resonances/
unknown resonances:
IAU: Haumea
Possibly: 2002 XW93
1999 DE9
1999 KR16
2001 YH140
2011 GM27
2010 VK201
2013 FZ27
2014 UM33
1999 CD158
Cubewanos:
IAU: Makemake
Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi: 2002 MS4
Salacia
Quaoar
Varuna
Varda
2004 GV9
2002 AW197
2002 TX300
2005 RR43
2003 OP32
2005 RN43
Possibly: Chaos
Altjira
Sila-Nunam
2002 UX25
2007 JJ43
2005 UQ513
2004 TY364
2003 QW90
1998 SN165
2002 KX14
Praamzius
2004 NT33
2010 FX86
2002 CY248
2010 VR11
Rhadamanthus
Scattered disc
IAU: Eris
Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi: 2007 OR10
1996 TL66
2001 UR163
2005 RM43
Possibly: 2002 TC302
2004 XA192
2005 QU182
2006 QH181
2007 UK126
2010 EK139
2010 KZ39
2010 RE64
2010 RF43
2010 TJ
2013 FY27
2008 OG19
1996 GQ21
2012 HH2
1999 CC158
2010 VZ98
Area uncertain
Captured satellites that were once dwarf planets: Triton (captured by Neptune)
Phoebe (captured by Saturn, and no longer rounded)
Possibly: 2011 FW62 (lost)
2000 YW134
V774104
Detached objects
Possibly: 2004 XR190
2010 GB174
2008 ST291
1995 TL8
2005 TB190
2003 QX113
2003 FY128
2004 VN112
2000 CR105
Sednoids
Objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi: Sedna
Possibly: 2012 VP113
See also: Charon
Vanth
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Planemo
List of trans-Neptunian objects
List of possible dwarf planets
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 241849529
LCCN: sh95005759
GND: 4427459-2
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Enceladus (moon)

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Planetary ring

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Solar nebula

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Core (geology)

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Subsurface ocean

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text:
The Originals (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Originals (season 5)
Promotional poster
Starring
Joseph Morgan
Daniel Gillies
Phoebe Tonkin
Charles Michael Davis
Yusuf Gatewood
Riley Voelkel
Danielle Rose Russell
Steven Krueger
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
April 18 (2018-04-18) – August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of The Originals episodes
The Originals, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fifth season by The CW on May 10, 2017.[1] The 2016–17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason, as with the fourth season premiere. On July 20, 2017, Julie Plec announced via Twitter that the upcoming season would be the series' last. The fifth season consists of 13 episodes and debuted on April 18, 2018.[2][3][4] The series finale aired on August 1, 2018.
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Special guest
1.4 Guest
1.5 Notes
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
Cast[edit]
See also: List of The Originals characters
Main[edit]
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall[a]
Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus "Marcel" Gerard
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson
Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson[5]
Steven Krueger as Joshua "Josh" Rosza[6][b]
Recurring[edit]
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson[7]
Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell
Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna
Christina Moses as Keelin
Alexis Louder as Lisina
Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna
Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit
Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy
Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna
Robert Baker as Emmett
Special guest[edit]
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Candice King as Caroline Forbes[8]
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire[7]
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman[9]
Leah Pipes as Camille "Cami" O'Connell[10]
Guest[edit]
Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams
Katie Jane Cook as Poppy
Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson
Rick Espaillat as Pierre
Malone Thomas as Colette
Jason Burkey as David
Jamie Thomas King as August Muller
Colin Woodell as Aiden
Ian Pala as Max
Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill
Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Saltzman
Bella Samman as Josette "Josie" Saltzman
Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby[11]
Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner
Sam Ashby as Connor
Sebastian Roché as Mikael
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13. In all other episodes, she is not credited and does not appear.
Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10. From episode 11 to 13, he is not credited and does not appear.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Originals episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
80
1 "Where You Left Your Heart" Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18) T46.10001 0.97[12]
Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.
81
2 "One Wrong Turn on Bourbon" Carol Banker Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) T46.10002 1.03[13]
When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.
82
3 "Ne Me Quitte Pas" Joseph Morgan K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02) T46.10003 0.90[14]
With no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.
83
4 "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" Michael Grossman Beau DeMayo & Kyle Arrington May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09) T46.10004 0.76[15]
Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.
84
5 "Don't It Just Break Your Heart" Jeffrey W. Byrd Story by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber
Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16) T46.10005 0.80[16]
Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.
85
6 "What, Will, I, Have, Left" Charles Michael Davis Marguerite MacIntyre May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30) T46.10006 0.82[17]
With the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.
86
7 "God's Gonna Trouble the Water" Carl Seaton Bianca Sams & Julie Plec June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06) T46.10007 0.77[18]
Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.
87
8 "The Kindness of Strangers" Kellie Cyrus Beau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzie June 13, 2018 (2018-06-13) T46.10008 0.86[19]
All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.
88
9 "We Have Not Long to Love" Bethany Rooney K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) T46.10009 0.77[20]
Hope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.
89
10 "There in the Disappearing Light" Daniel Gillies Eva McKenna & Jeffrey Lieber July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11) T46.10010 0.77[21]
After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.
90
11 "'Til the Day I Die" Geoff Shotz Kyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyre July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18) T46.10011 0.68[22]
After Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.
91
12 "The Tale of Two Wolves" Rudy Persico Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25) T46.10012 0.85[23]
To save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.
92
13 "When the Saints Go Marching In" Lance Anderson Story by : Julie Plec
Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01) T46.10013 0.86[24]
Klaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his life's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled, and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Where You Left Your Heart" April 18, 2018 0.4/2 0.97[12] 0.3 0.67 0.7 1.64[25]
2 "One Wrong Turn on Bourbon" April 25, 2018 0.4/2 1.03[13] 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.82[26]
3 "Ne Me Quitte Pas" May 2, 2018 0.4/2 0.90[14] 0.4 0.91 0.8 1.80[27]
4 "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" May 9, 2018 0.3/1 0.76[15] 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.61[28]
5 "Don't It Just Break Your Heart" May 16, 2018 0.3/1 0.80[16] 0.4 0.81 0.7 1.61[29]
6 "What, Will, I, Have, Left" May 30, 2018 0.3/1 0.82[17] 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.62[30]
7 "God's Gonna Trouble the Water" June 6, 2018 0.2/1 0.77[18] 0.4 0.79 0.6 1.56[31]
8 "The Kindness of Strangers" June 13, 2018 0.3/1 0.86[19] 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.79[32]
9 "We Have Not Long to Love" June 20, 2018 0.3/1 0.77[20] 0.4 0.84 0.7 1.61[33]
10 "There in the Disappearing Light" July 11, 2018 0.3/1 0.77[21] 0.3 0.81 0.6 1.57[34]
11 "'Til the Day I Die" July 18, 2018 0.2/1 0.68[22] 0.3 0.72 0.5 1.40[35]
12 "The Tale of Two Wolves" July 25, 2018 0.3/1 0.85[23] TBD TBD TBD TBD
13 "When the Saints Go Marching In" August 1, 2018 0.3/1 0.86[24] TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The CW Renews 11 Shows". spoilertv.com. May 20, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andy Swift. "The Originals to End After Season 5". TVLine.
Jump up ^ @julieplec (July 20, 2017). "An announcement..... #TheOriginals" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "The CW Midseason Schedule Update". The Futon Critic. March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (July 17, 2017). "The Originals casts Danielle Rose Russell as teenage Hope for season 5". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anop, Nirat (July 19, 2017). "The Originals – Season 5 – Steven Krueger Promoted to Series Regular". SpoilerTV.com. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Plec, Julie [@julieplec] (November 20, 2017). "We will see them together. Episode 511" (Tweet). Retrieved December 23, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "The Originals: Candice King to Appear as TVD's Caroline in Season Premiere". TVLine. February 7, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 6, 2018). "Ask Ausiello: Spoilers on Psych, Lucifer, Originals, Bold Type, Suits, Handmaid's, Younger, Casual, Killjoys and More!". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Pipes, Leah [@leahmariepipes] (December 7, 2017). "Jig is up... 😊 "Leah Pipes Will Return For 'The Originals' Series Finale www.justjaredjr.com/2017/12/06/leah-pipes-will-return-for-the-originals-series-finale/ ... via @JustJaredJr"" (Tweet). Retrieved January 7, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (November 17, 2017). "The Originals Final Season Scoop: Meet the Human Who Catches Hope's Eye". TVLine.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'The Voice' and 'Empire' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'Empire' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 3, 2018). "'Modern Family' adjusts down to series low: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'The Blacklist' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 17, 2018). "'Survivor' and 'The Blacklist' finale adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (June 1, 2018). "'Masterchef' premiere adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 7, 2018). "NBA Finals and 'American Ninja Warrior' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 14, 2018). "'Shark Tank' rerun adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 21, 2018). "'Masterchef' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (July 12, 2018). "'The Originals' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (July 19, 2018). "'The ESPY Awards' stay low, all shows hold: Wednesday final ratings". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (July 26, 2018). "'American Housewife' encore adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). "'The Goldbergs' reruns adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). "'Scandal' and 'Criminal Minds' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (May 15, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'The Originals' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing". Programming Insider. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 24, 2018). "'Chicago PD' wins the Windy City battle in week 33's broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (May 29, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: ABC Finale of 'Designated Survivor' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts' Viewers Percentage Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (June 18, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'America's Got Talent' Season Premiere on NBC Leads in Raw Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 21, 2018). "'The Originals' triples in broadcast Live +7 ratings for June 4–10". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (June 27, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Tops Scripted Telecasts in Gains Among Total Viewers and Adults 18-49". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 3, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 24, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 31, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Concludes its CBS Series Run as Broadcast Network Scripted Leader in Gains for Four Consecutive Weeks". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
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The Vampire Diaries
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Night of the Comet"
"Friday Night Bites"
"Family Ties"
"You're Undead to Me"
"Lost Girls"
"Haunted"
"162 Candles"
"History Repeating"
"The Turning Point"
"Bloodlines"
"Unpleasantville"
"Children of the Damned"
"Fool Me Once"
"A Few Good Men"
"There Goes the Neighborhood"
"Let the Right One In"
"Under Control"
"Miss Mystic Falls"
"Blood Brothers"
"Isobel"
"Founder's Day"
Season 2
"The Return"
"Brave New World"
"Bad Moon Rising"
"Memory Lane"
"Kill or Be Killed"
"Plan B"
"Masquerade"
"Rose"
"Katerina"
"The Sacrifice"
"By the Light of the Moon"
"The Descent"
"Daddy Issues"
"Crying Wolf"
"The Dinner Party"
"The House Guest"
"Know Thy Enemy"
"The Last Dance"
"Klaus"
"The Last Day"
"The Sun Also Rises"
"As I Lay Dying"
Season 3
"The Birthday"
"The Hybrid"
"The End of the Affair"
"Disturbing Behavior"
"The Reckoning"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
"Ghost World"
"Ordinary People"
"Homecoming"
"The New Deal"
"Our Town"
"The Ties That Bind"
"Bringing Out the Dead"
"Dangerous Liaisons"
"All My Children"
"The Departed"
Season 4
"Growing Pains"
"Memorial"
"The Rager"
"The Five"
"The Killer"
"We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes"
"My Brother's Keeper"
"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
"After School Special"
"Catch Me If You Can"
"A View to a Kill"
Season 5
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"True Lies"
"Original Sin"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
"Monster's Ball"
"Handle with Care"
"Death and the Maiden"
"Dead Man on Campus"
"The Cell"
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
"500 Years of Solitude"
"The Devil Inside"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"No Exit"
"Gone Girl"
"While You Were Sleeping"
"Rescue Me"
"Resident Evil"
"Man on Fire"
"What Lies Beneath"
"Promised Land"
"Home"
Season 6
"I'll Remember"
"Yellow Ledbetter"
"Welcome to Paradise"
"Black Hole Sun"
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
"Fade Into You"
"I Alone"
Season 7
"Gods and Monsters"
Season 8
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Characters
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Katherine Pierce
Stefan Salvatore
Damon Salvatore
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The Originals
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