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Water resource management
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Planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other resource management, this is rarely possible in practice.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Agriculture
3 Managing water in urban settings
3.1 Urban Decision Support System (UDSS)
4 Future of water resources
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes (2000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man-made object). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes.[1]
Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Of the water resources on Earth only three percent of it is fresh and two-thirds of the freshwater is locked up in ice caps and glaciers. Of the remaining one percent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used. As time advances, water is becoming scarcer and having access to clean, safe, drinking water is limited among countries. At present only about 0.08 percent of all the world’s fresh water[2] is exploited by mankind in ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agriculture. Due to the small percentage of water remaining, optimizing the fresh water we have left from natural resources has been a continuous difficulty in several locations worldwide.
Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the use of water and in minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. The observation of water as an integral part of the ecosystem is based on integrated water resource management, where the quantity and quality of the ecosystem help to determine the nature of the natural resources.
As a limited resource, water supply sometimes supposes a challenge. This fact is assumed by the project DESAFIO (the acronym for Democratisation of Water and Sanitation Governance by Means of Socio-Technical Innovations), which has been developed along 30 months and funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration. This project faced a difficult task for developing areas: eliminating structural social inequity in the access to indispensable water and public health services. The DESAFIO engineers worked on a water treatment system run with solar power and filters which provides safe water to a very poor community in the state of Minas Gerais.[3]
Successful management of any resources requires accurate knowledge of the resource available, the uses to which it may be put, the competing demands for the resource, measures to and processes to evaluate the significance and worth of competing demands and mechanisms to translate policy decisions into actions on the ground.
For water as a resource, this is particularly difficult since sources of water can cross many national boundaries and the uses of water include many that are difficult to assign financial value to and may also be difficult to manage in conventional terms. Examples include rare species or ecosystems or the very long term value of ancient groundwater reserves.
Agriculture[edit]
Agriculture is the largest user of the world's freshwater resources, consuming 70 percent.[4] As the world population rises it consumes more food (currently exceeding 6%, it is expected to reach 9% by 2050), the industries and urban developments expand, and the emerging biofuel crops trade also demands a share of freshwater resources, water scarcity is becoming an important issue. An assessment of water resource management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population or not .[5] It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all their demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water.
The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. Regarding food production, the World Bank targets agricultural food production and water resource management as an increasingly global issue that is fostering an important and growing debate.[6] The authors of the book Out of Water: From abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems, which laid down a six-point plan for solving the world's water problems. These are: 1) Improve data related to water; 2) Treasure the environment; 3) Reform water governance; 4) Revitalize agricultural water use; 5) Manage urban and industrial demand; and 6) Empower the poor and women in water resource management. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.[7]
Managing water in urban settings[edit]
As the carrying capacity of the Earth increases greatly due to technological advances, urbanization in modern times occurs because of economic opportunity. This rapid urbanization happens worldwide but mostly in new rising economies and developing countries. Cities in Africa and Asia are growing fastest with 28 out of 39 megacities (a city or urban area with more than 10 million inhabitants) worldwide in these developing nations.[8] The number of megacities will continue to rise reaching approximately 50 in 2025. With developing economies water scarcity is a very common and very prevalent issue.[9] Global freshwater resources dwindle in the eastern hemisphere either than at the poles, and with the majority of urban development millions live with insufficient fresh water.[10] This is caused by polluted freshwater resources, overexploited groundwater resources, insufficient harvesting capacities in the surrounding rural areas, poorly constructed and maintained water supply systems, high amount of informal water use and insufficient technical and water management capacities.[11]
In the areas surrounding urban centres, agriculture must compete with industry and municipal users for safe water supplies, while traditional water sources are becoming polluted with urban runoff. As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to irrigate their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s wastewater treatment is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with rainwater runoff. This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of pathogens. Heavy metals may also be present, along with traces of antibiotics and endocrine disruptors, such as oestrogens.
Developing world countries tend to have the lowest levels of wastewater treatment. Often, the water that farmers use for irrigating crops is contaminated with pathogens from sewage. The pathogens of most concern are bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms, which directly affect farmers’ health and indirectly affect consumers if they eat the contaminated crops. Common illnesses include diarrhoea, which kills 1.1 million people annually and is the second most common cause of infant deaths. Many cholera outbreaks are also related to the reuse of poorly treated wastewater. Actions that reduce or remove contamination, therefore, have the potential to save a large number of lives and improve livelihoods. Scientists have been working to find ways to reduce contamination of food using a method called the 'multiple-barrier approach'.
This involves analysing the food production process from growing crops to selling them in markets and eating them, then considering where it might be possible to create a barrier against contamination. Barriers include: introducing safer irrigation practices; promoting on-farm wastewater treatment; taking actions that cause pathogens to die off; and effectively washing crops after harvest in markets and restaurants.[12]
Urban Decision Support System (UDSS)[edit]
Urban Decision Support System (UDSS) – is a wireless device with a mobile app that uses sensors attached to water appliances in urban residences to collect data about water usage and is an example of data-driven urban water management.[13] The system was developed with a European Commission investment of 2.46 Million Euros[14] to improve the water consumption behaviour of households. Information about every mechanism – dishwashers, showers, washing machines, taps – is wirelessly recorded and sent to the UDSS App on the user’s mobile device. The UDSS is then able to analyse and show homeowners which of their appliances are using the most water, and which behaviour or habits of the households are not encouraged in order to reduce the water usage, rather than simply giving a total usage figure for the whole property, which will allow people to manage their consumption more economically. The UDSS is based on university research in the field of Management Science, at Loughborough University School of Business and Economics, particularly Decision Support System in household water benchmarking, led by Dr Lili Yang, (Reader)[15]
Future of water resources[edit]
One of the biggest concerns for our water-based resources in the future is the sustainability of the current and even future water resource allocation.[16] As water becomes more scarce, the importance of how it is managed grows vastly. Finding a balance between what is needed by humans and what is needed in the environment is an important step in the sustainability of water resources. Attempts to create sustainable freshwater systems have been seen on a national level in countries such as Australia, and such commitment to the environment could set a model for the rest of the world.
The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global climate change and the long term impacts of management actions,the decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies are sought for in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources.
See also[edit]
Water portal
American Water Resources Association
eWater Cooperative Research Centre in Australia
Integrated urban water management
Integrated water resources management
List of water supply and sanitation by country
Peak water
WASH (Water, sanitation and hygiene)
Water cycle management
Water law
Water management hierarchy
Water exploitation
Water footprint
Water politics
Water scarcity
Water Resources Research
References[edit]
Jump up ^ USGS - Earth's water distribution
Jump up ^ Fry, Carolyn The Impact of Climate Change: The World's Greatest Challenge in the Twenty-first Century 2008, New Holland Publishers Ltd
Jump up ^ "Extend access to water with the help of technology. [Social Impact]. DESAFIO. Democratization of Water and Sanitation Governance by Means of Socio-Technical Innovation (2013-2015). Framework Programme 7 (FP7)". SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository.
Jump up ^ Grafton, Q. R., & Hussey, K. (2011). Water Resources . New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Molden, D. (Ed). Water for food, Water for life is A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan/IWMI, 2007.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2006 "Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management: Challenges and Options". pp. 4–5. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
Jump up ^ Chartres, C. and Varma, S. Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World’s Water Problems FT Press (USA), 2010
Jump up ^ "GES knowledgebase". Global Economic Symposium. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
Jump up ^ Escolero, O., Kralisch, S., Martínez, S.E., Perevochtchikova, M., (2016). "Diagnóstico y análisis de los factores que influyen en la vulnerabilidad de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable a la Ciudad de México, México" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana (in Spanish). 68 (3): 409–427. doi:10.18268/bsgm2016v68n3a3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Howard, K.W.F (2003). Intensive Use of Groundwater:: Challenges and Opportunities. A.A. Balkema Publishers.
Jump up ^ Mund, Jan-Peter. "Capacities for Megacities coping with water scarcity" (PDF). UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Ilic, S., Drechsel, P., Amoah, P. and LeJeune, J. Chapter 12, Applying the Multiple-Barrier Approach for Microbial Risk Reduction in the Post-Harvest Sector of Wastewater-Irrigated Vegetables
Jump up ^ Eggimann, Sven; Mutzner, Lena; Wani, Omar; Mariane Yvonne, Schneider; Spuhler, Dorothee; Beutler, Philipp; Maurer, Max (2017). "The potential of knowing more – a review of data-driven urban water management". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (5): 2538–2553. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04267.
Jump up ^ "Integrated Support System for Efficient Water Usage and Resources Management". issewatus.eu. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
Jump up ^ Chen, Xiaomin; Yang, Shuang-Hua; Yang, Lili; Chen, Xi (2015-01-01). "A Benchmarking Model for Household Water Consumption Based on Adaptive Logic Networks". Procedia Engineering. Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI2015) Sharing the best practice in water management. 119: 1391–1398. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.998.
Jump up ^ Walmsly, N., & Pearce, G. (2010). Towards Sustainable Water Resources Management: Bringing the Strategic Approach up-to-date. Irrigation & Drainage Systems, 24(3/4), 191-203.
External links[edit]
The World Bank's work and publications on water resources
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Junk food
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A poster at Camp Pendleton’s 21-Area Health Promotion Center describes the effects of junk food that many Marines and sailors consume.
Junk food is a pejorative term for cheap food containing high levels of calories from sugar or fat with little fiber, protein, vitamins or minerals.[1][2][3] Junk food can also refer to high protein food like meat prepared with saturated fat - which some believe may be unhealthy, although some studies have shown no correlation between saturated fat and cardiovascular diseases.[4] Many hamburger outlets and fried chicken outlets are considered as junk food.[5][better source needed]
Despite being labeled as "junk", such foods usually do not pose any immediate health concerns and are generally safe when integrated into a well balanced diet.[6] However, concerns about the negative health effects resulting from the consumption of a "junk food"-heavy diet, especially obesity, have resulted in public health awareness campaigns, and restrictions on advertising and sale in several countries.[7][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the term
2 Definitions
3 Popularity and appeal
4 Health effects
5 Anti-junk food measures
5.1 Taxation
5.2 Advertising restriction
6 Behavior problems
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Origin of the term[edit]
The term junk food dates back at least to the early 1950s,[10] although it has been reported that it was coined in 1972 by Michael F. Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest.[3] In 1952, it appeared in a headline in the Lima, Ohio, News, "fish, 'Junk Foods' Cause Serious Malnutrition", for a reprint of a 1948 article from the Ogden, Utah, Standard-Examiner, originally headlined, "Dr. Brady’s Health Column: More Junk Than Food". In it, Dr. Brady writes, "What Mrs. H calls 'junk' I call cheat food. That is anything made principally of (1) white flour and or (2) refined white sugar or syrup. For example, white bread, crackers, cake, candy, ice cream soda, chocolate malted, sundaes, sweetened carbonated beverages."[11] The term cheat food can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.[12]
Definitions[edit]
Andrew F. Smith, in his book, Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food defines junk food as "those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks, and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, most are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value."[13]
Junk foods have empty calories as the energetic content is not complemented with proteins and lipids required for nutritious alimentation. François Magendie showed by experiment in 1816 that dogs died when fed only sugar.[14] It has been noted that the metabolic cost of processing empty calories drains a body of resources and is debilitating.[citation needed]
Foods commonly considered junk foods include salted snack foods, gum, candy, sweet desserts, fried fast food, and sugary carbonated beverages.[15] Many foods such as hamburgers, pizza, and tacos can be considered either healthy or junk food depending on their ingredients and preparation methods.[16] The more highly processed items usually fall under the junk food category,[17] including breakfast cereals that are mostly sugar or high fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.[18]
Especially in the case of ethnic foods, a classification as "junk food" could be perceived as rather offensive, given that such foods may have been prepared and consumed for centuries and may contain healthy ingredients.[citation needed] In the book, Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health, a complementary point is argued: food is food, and if there is no nutritional value, then it isn't a food of any type, "junk" or otherwise.[19] Co-editor Vincent Marks explains, "To label a food as 'junk' is just another way of saying, 'I disapprove of it.' There are bad diets - that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food - but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration."[20]
Popularity and appeal[edit]
Junk food in its various forms is extremely popular, and an integral part of modern popular culture. In the US, annual fast food sales are in the area of $160 billion,[21] compared to supermarket sales of $620 billion[22] (a figure which also includes junk food in the form of convenience foods, snack foods, and candy). In 1976, "Junk Food Junkie", the tale of a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night he clandestinely gorges on Hostess Twinkies and Fritos corn chips, McDonald's and KFC, became a Top 10 pop hit in the US.[23] Thirty-six years later, Time placed the Twinkie at #1 in its "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods" special feature: "Not only...a mainstay on our supermarket shelves and in our bellies, they've been a staple in our popular culture and, above all, in our hearts. Often criticized for its lack of any nutritional value whatsoever, the Twinkie has managed to persevere as a cultural and gastronomical icon."[24]
America also celebrates an annual National Junk Food Day on July 21. Origins are unclear; it is one of around 175 US food and drink days, most created by "people who want to sell more food", at times aided by elected officials at the request of a trade association or commodity group.[25] "In honor of the day," Time in 2014 published, "5 Crazy Junk Food Combinations". Headlines from other national and local media coverage include: "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?" (MTV);[26] "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll" (Baltimore);[27] "Celebrities' favorite junk food" (Los Angeles);[28] "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day" with "Rules for Splurging" (Huffington Post);[29] and "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?" (Kansas City).[30]
It is well-established that the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent, but the reasons for this are not clear.[31] Few studies have focused on variations in food perception according to socio-economic status (SES); some studies that have differentiated based on SES suggest that the economically challenged don't perceive healthy food much differently than any other segment of the population.[32] Recent research into scarcity, combining behavioral science and economics, suggests that, faced with extreme economic uncertainty, where even the next meal may not be a sure thing, judgment is impaired and the drive is to the instant gratification of junk food, rather than to making the necessary investment in the longer-term benefits of a healthier diet.[33][34]
Health effects[edit]
When junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many other chronic health conditions.[35] A case study on consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation between consumption of junk food and obesity rates. The report asserts that obesity resulted to related complex health concerns such upsurge of heart attack rates.[36] Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could begin clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks.[37] Consumers also tend to eat too much in one sitting, and those who have satisfied their appetite with junk food are less likely to eat healthy foods like fruit, vegetables or dairy products.[38]
Testing on rats has indicated negative effects of junk food that may manifest likewise in people. A Scripps Research Institute study in 2008 suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like cocaine and heroin. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare.[39][40] A 2007 study in the British Journal of Nutrition found that female rats who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.[41]
Other research has been done on the impact of sugary foods on emotional health in humans, and has suggested that consumption of junk food can negatively impact energy levels and emotional well-being.[42]
Anti-junk food measures[edit]
A number of countries have adopted, or are considering, various forms of legislated action to curb junk food consumption. In 2014, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Anand Grover, released his report, "Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health", and called for governments to "take measures, such as developing food and nutrition guidelines for healthy diets, regulating marketing and advertising of junk food, adopting consumer-friendly labelling of food products, and establishing accountability mechanisms for violations of the right to health."[43]
An early, high-profile and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the American diet was launched by the so-called McGovern Committee, formally, the United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, between 1968 and 1977, chaired by Senator George McGovern. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, like urban decay,[44] then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. It criticized the use of salt, sugar and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the American Medical Association, and within the committee itself. In 1977, the committee issued public guidelines under the title, Dietary Goals for the United States, which became the predecessor to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published every five years beginning in 1980 by the US Department of Health and Human Services.[45][46]
Taxation[edit]
See also: Fat tax and Soda tax
In an attempt to reduce junk food consumption through price control, forms of Pigovian taxation have been implemented. Targeting saturated fat consumption, Denmark introduced the world's first fat-food tax in October, 2011, by imposing a surcharge on all foods, including those made from natural ingredients, that contain more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, an unpopular measure that lasted a little over a year.[47][48][49] Hungary has also imposed a tax on packaged foods that contain unhealthy concentrations, such as beverages containing more than 20 mg of caffeine per 100 ml.[50] Norway taxes refined sugar, and Mexico has various excises on unhealthy food.[51] On April 1, 2015, the first fat tax in the US, the Navajo Nation's Healthy Diné Nation Act of 2014, mandating a 2% junk food tax, came into effect, covering the 27,000 sq. mi. of Navajo reservation; the Act targeted problems with obesity and diabetes among the Navajo population.[52]
Advertising restriction[edit]
Junk food that is targeted at children is a contentious issue. In "The Impact of Advertising on Childhood obesity", the American Psychological Association reports: "Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity."[53] In the UK, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt or fat at any time when children may be viewing are ongoing.[54] The UK government has been criticized for failing to do enough to stop advertising and promotion of junk food aimed at children.[55]
Controversy over junk food promotions during Australian cricket matches was reported in the news media in early 2015. A Wollongong University study showed that junk food sponsors were mentioned over 1,000 times in a single match broadcast, which included ads and branding worn on players' uniforms and on the scoreboard and pitch. A coalition of Australian obesity, cancer and diabetes organizations called on Cricket Australia, the sport's governing body, to "phase out sponsorships with unhealthy brands", emphasizing that cricket is a "healthy, family-oriented sport" with children in the audience. Many countries have restricted advertising of junk food.[56]
Behavior problems[edit]
In a study by the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drinks of 4000 children at the age of four and a half were collected by maternal report. At age seven the 4000 children were given the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The test was divided into 5 sections: Hyperactivity, peer problems, emotional symptoms and pro-social behavior. A one standard deviation increase in junk food was then linked to excessive hyperactivity in 33% of the 4000 children. In conclusion, children with excess junk food at four and a half are more likely to be in the top third of the hyperactivity sub-scale; however, there is not enough correlation between junk food and the other sub-scales such as emotional symptoms and peer problems.[57]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Obesity
Comfort food
Glutamic acid (flavor), common flavoring compounds and their synthetic versions, which may be added to some processed foods, to boost their savoriness
Health food, foods that tend to be nutrient rich, and may be eaten for their potential benefits to health
List of food additives
Nutrient profiling
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "junk food". Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Neill, Brendon (November 30, 2006). "Is this what you call junk food?". BBC News. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease". Patty W Siri-Tarino, Qi Sun, Frank B Hu, and Ronald M Krauss. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Fast Food Facts
Jump up ^ "Bye Bye Junk Food" (PDF). International Journal of food, nutrition and dietetics. 1. August 2013.
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Jump up ^ Popik, Barry (26 December 2008). "Junk Food". Barry Popik. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) () Barry Popik is a contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary, Dictionary of American Regional English, Historical Dictionary of American Slang, Yale Book of Quotations and Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. Since 1990 he has also been a regular contributor to Gerald Cohen's Comments on Etymology. He is recognized as an expert on the origins of the terms Big Apple, Windy City, hot dog, hamburger and many other food terms, and he is an editor of the Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink.
Jump up ^ O’Conner, Patricia T. and Stewart Kellerman (15 February 2011). "Don’t touch my junk food". Grammarphobia. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) ()
Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F. (5 September 2000). Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food. Greenwood Press. p. x. ISBN 978-0313335273.
Jump up ^ François Magendie (1816) Précis Élementaire de Physiologie
Jump up ^ Larsen, Joeanne; MS, RD, LD http://www.dietitian.com/junkfood.html
Jump up ^ University of Glasgow (31 October 2013). "Pizza perfect! A nutritional overhaul of 'junk food,' ready-meals is possible". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "What Makes a Food Junk?". Huffington Post. 4 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Magee, Elaine. "Junk-Food Facts". WebMD.
Jump up ^ Feldman, Stanely; Vincent Marks (2005). Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 9781844541225.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Brendan (3 October 2005). "Is junk food a myth?". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved 10 February 2015. Vincent Marks is an Emeritus Professor of Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Surrey.
Jump up ^ Sena, Matt. "Fast Food Industry Analysis 2015 - Cost & Trends". FranchiseHelp. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Supermarket Facts". Food Marketing Institute. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Larry Groce "Junk Food Junkie"". K-tel International. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Samantha (16 Nov 2012). "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods". Time. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Severson, Kim (30 May 2007). "Having a Snack? Make It a Holiday". New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Valia, Anu (21 July 2014). "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?". MTV (Viacom). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Pfahler, Eric (21 July 2014). "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll". WMAR-TV ABC 2 News (Scripps TV Station Group). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Celebrities' favorite junk food". ABC Inc., KABC-TV. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Reinagel, Monica (21 July 2014). "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Jadiann (21 July 2014). "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?". KSHB (Scripps TV Station Group). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Darmon, Nicole; Adam Drewnowski (May 2008). "Does social class predict diet quality?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 87 (5): 1107–1117. "A large body of epidemiologic data show that diet quality follows a socioeconomic gradient. Whereas higher-quality diets are associated with greater affluence, energy-dense diets that are nutrient-poor are preferentially consumed by persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and of more limited economic means. ... However, a convincing causal relation between SES indicators and diet quality still remains to be established."
Jump up ^ Paquette, Marie-Claude (July–August 2005). "Perceptions of healthy eating: state of knowledge and research gaps". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 96 (Supplement 3). "This article’s aim is to review and summarize the literature on the perceptions of healthy eating ... Databases, the worldwide web, selected journals and reference lists were searched for relevant papers from the last 20 years. Reviewed articles suggest relative homogeneity in the perceptions of healthy eating despite the studies being conducted in different countries and involving different age groups, sexes and socio-economic status." Also, "...the small number of studies that focused on variations in perceptions according to socio-economic status..."
Jump up ^ Adams, Tim (7 September 2013). "Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Jump up ^ McWilliams, James (4 Aug 2014). "Why Are So Many Low-Income People So Overweight?". Pacific Standard (Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy). Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Roizman, Tracey. "Reasons Eating Junk Food Is Not Good". SFGate (Demand Media). Retrieved 29 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Searcey, Dionne; Richtel, Matt (2017-10-02). "Obesity Was Rising as Ghana Embraced Fast Food. Then Came KFC.". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ "effects of junk food & Beverages on Adolescent's health-A review article". researchgate.net.
Jump up ^ Junk-Food Facts
Jump up ^ Johnson, Paul M.; Kenny, Paul J. (2010). "Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (5): 635–41. PMC 2947358  . PMID 20348917. doi:10.1038/nn.2519.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, Jennifer (March 29, 2010). "Junk Food 'Addiction' May Be Real". Bloomberg Business Week. BLOOMBERG L.P. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Craving for junk food 'inherited' Mothers who eat junk food during pregnancy may be condemning their children to crave the same diet, according to animal tests. BBC News. 14 August 2007. Study title: "A maternal ‘junk food’ diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for ‘junk food’ and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring."
Jump up ^ Bullen, James (2017-06-10). "The foods making you feel sad, mad or 'high on life'". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014). "UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As ‘Culprit’ In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Anson, Robert Sam (1972). McGovern: A Biography. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 218–242. ISBN 0-03-091345-4.
Jump up ^ Warren Belasco (1989) Appetite for Change: how the counterculture took on the food industry 1966 — 1988, page 148-153, Pantheon Books ISBN 0394543998
Jump up ^ "History of Dietary Guidelines for Americans". US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Denmark scraps its infamous fat tax after only one year". EurActiv. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kliff, Sarah (13 November 2012). "Denmark scraps world’s first fat tax". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Bomsdorf, Clemens. "Denmark Scraps Much-Maligned 'Fat Tax' After a Year". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Welcoming the age of disease prevention". December 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Figueroa-Alcantara, Héctor (28 October 2013). "Mexican Senate approves tax scheme for 2014, (in Spanish).". Excelsior. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Toppa, Sabrina (30 March 2015). "This Place Just Became the First Part of the U.S. to Impose a Tax on Junk Food". TIME. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Impact of Advertising on Childhood Obesity". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Denis (21 March 2014). "Children are being 'bombarded' by junk food ads, research has found". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Supermarkets must stop discounting unhealthy foods to tackle child obesity, say MPs The Guardian
Jump up ^ Hagan, Kate (27 January 2015). "Junk food ads saturate cricket". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Wiles, N. J.; Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.; Lewis, G. (2007-12-05). "‘Junk food’ diet and childhood behavioural problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 (4): 491–498. ISSN 0954-3007. PMC 2664919  . PMID 18059416. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602967.
Further reading[edit]
Ansel, Karen. "30 Surprisingly Healthy Fast Foods". Fitness Magazine (Meredith Corporation). Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Anthony, Mark (1 Apr 2014). "Understanding Satiation and Satiety". Food Processing. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
"Junk food is more expensive than healthy food: study, says Dept. of Agriculture study". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 16, 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Center for Public Health Nutrition (University of Washington). "Nutrient Profiling". Center for Public Health Nutrition (University of Washington). Retrieved 24 March 2015.
Fernandez, Manny (7 August 2010). "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Freedman, David H. (19 Jun 2013). "How Junk Food Can End Obesity". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Lehman, Shereen (1 November 2014). "Why Is Junk Food So Popular? Here Are Three Reasons". About.com. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Moss, Michael (20 Feb 2013). "The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Parker-Pope, Tara (5 Dec 2007). "A High Price for Healthy Food". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Poti, Jennifer M; Kiyah J Duffey,; Barry M Popkin (23 Oct 2013). "The association of fast food consumption with poor dietary outcomes and obesity among children: is it the fast food or the remainder of the diet?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014). "UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As ‘Culprit’ In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
ScienceDaily (15 January 2014). "Fast food not the major cause of rising childhood obesity rates, study finds". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
"Empty Calories: What are empty calories?". EnergyFirst. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
External links[edit]
International Junk and Snack Food Review
Junk Food, Marketing, and Behavior
The 10 Worst Foods of 2010
Junk food facts and its effects
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