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Sedition Act of 1918
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Sedition Act of 1918
Enacted by
the 65th United States Congress
Effective
May 16, 1918
Codification
Acts repealed
December 13, 1920
Legislative history
Passed the House of Representatives on 1918 (293 to 1)
Passed the Senate on 1918 (48 to 26)
Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 16, 1918
United States Supreme Court cases
Abrams v. United States
Brandenburg v. Ohio
The Sedition Act of 1918 (Pub.L. 65–150, 40 Stat. 553, enacted May 16, 1918) was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.[1]
It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for five to 20 years.[2] The act also allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It applied only to times "when the United States is in war." The U.S. was in a declared state of war at the time of passage, the First World War.[3] The law was repealed on December 13, 1920.[4]
Though the legislation enacted in 1918 is commonly called the Sedition Act, it was actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act.[5] Therefore, many studies of the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act find it difficult to report on the two "acts" separately. For example, one historian reports that "some fifteen hundred prosecutions were carried out under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, resulting in more than a thousand convictions."[6] Court decisions do not use the shorthand term Sedition Act, but the correct legal term for the law, the Espionage Act, whether as originally enacted or as amended in 1918.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earlier legislation
2 Enactment
3 Enforcement
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links
Earlier legislation[edit]
The Espionage Act of 1917 made it a crime to interfere with the war effort, disrupt military recruitment, or to attempt to aid a nation at war with the U.S. Wartime violence on the part of local groups of citizens, sometimes mobs or vigilantes, persuaded some lawmakers that the law was inadequate. In their view the country was witnessing instances of public disorder that represented the public's own attempt to punish unpopular speech in light of the government's inability to do so. Amendments to enhance the government's authority under the Espionage Act would prevent mobs from doing what the government could not.[7]
Enactment[edit]
While much of the debate focused on the law's precise language, there was considerable opposition in the Senate, almost entirely from Republicans like Henry Cabot Lodge and Hiram Johnson, the former speaking in defense of free speech and the latter assailing the administration for failing to use the laws already in place.[8][9][10] Former President Theodore Roosevelt voiced opposition as well.[11] President Wilson and his Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory viewed the bill as a political compromise. They hoped to avoid hearings that would embarrass the administration for its failure to prosecute offensive speech. They also feared other proposals that would have withdrawn prosecutorial authority from the Justice Department and placed it in the War Department, creating a sort of civilian court-martial process of questionable constitutionality.[12][13] The final vote for passage was 48 to 26 in the Senate[8] and 293 to 1 in the House of Representatives,[14] with the sole dissenting vote in the House cast by Meyer London of New York.[15]
Officials in the Justice Department who had little enthusiasm for the law nevertheless hoped that even without generating many prosecutions it would help quiet public calls for more government action against those thought to be insufficiently patriotic.[16]
Enforcement[edit]
Most U.S. newspapers "showed no antipathy toward the act" and "far from opposing the measure, the leading papers seemed actually to lead the movement in behalf of its speedy enactment."[17]
The legislation came so late in the war, just a few months before Armistice Day, that prosecutions under the provisions of the Sedition Act were few.[16] One notable case was that of Mollie Steimer, convicted under the Espionage Act as amended by the Sedition Act.[18] U.S. Attorneys at first had considerable discretion in using these laws, until Gregory, a few weeks before the end of the war, instructed them not to act without his approval. Enforcement varied greatly from one jurisdiction to the next, with most activity in the Western states where the Industrial Workers of the World labor union was prevalent.[19] For example, Marie Equi was arrested for giving a speech at the IWW hall in Portland, Oregon, and was convicted after the war was over.[20]
In April 1918, the government arrested industrialist William Edenborn, a naturalized citizen from Germany, at his railroad business in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was accused of speaking "disloyally" when he allegedly belittled the threat of Germany to the security of the United States.[21]
In June 1918, the Socialist Party figure Eugene V. Debs of Indiana was arrested for violating the Sedition Act by undermining the government's conscription efforts. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. He served his sentence in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary from April 13, 1919, until December 1921, when President Harding commuted Debs' sentence to time served, effective on December 25, Christmas Day.[22] In March 1919, President Wilson, at the suggestion of Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory, released or reduced the sentences of some two hundred prisoners convicted under the Espionage Act or the Sedition Act.[23]
With the act rendered inoperative by the end of hostilities, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer waged a public campaign, not unrelated to his own campaign for the Democratic nomination for president, in favor of a peacetime version of the Sedition Act.[24] He sent a circular outlining his rationale to newspaper editors in January 1919, citing the dangerous foreign-language press and radical attempts to create unrest in African American communities.[25] He testified in favor of such a law in early June 1920. At one point Congress had more than 70 versions of proposed language and amendments for such a bill,[26] but it took no action on the controversial proposal during the campaign year of 1920.[27] After a court decision later in June cited Palmer's anti-radical campaign for its abuse of power, the conservative Christian Science Monitor found itself unable to support him any more, writing on June 25, 1920: "What appeared to be an excess of radicalism...was certainly met with...an excess of suppression."[28] The Alien Registration Act of 1940 was the first American peacetime sedition act.[29]
The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Sedition Act in Abrams v. United States (1919),[30] although Oliver Wendell Holmes used his dissenting opinion to make a commentary on what has come to be known as "the marketplace of ideas". Subsequent Supreme Court decisions, such as Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), make it unlikely that similar legislation would be considered constitutional today.
As part of a sweeping repeal of wartime laws, Congress repealed the Sedition Act on December 13, 1920.[4][31][32]
See also[edit]
Sedition Act of 1798, outlawing false statements criticizing the American government, which expired in 1801.
Smith Act of 1940, passed in anticipation of World War II and later used against alleged Communist agents.
Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007, a failed bill which would have taken measures against domestic terrorism.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stone, 541; Kennedy, 80
Jump up ^ Stone, 12
Jump up ^ Stone, 186; Chafee, 44-5
^ Jump up to: a b Stone, 230
Jump up ^ Chafee, 44
Jump up ^ Avrich, 94
Jump up ^ Stone, 187-8; Chafee, 46.
^ Jump up to: a b "Senate Accepts Sedition Bill". The New York Times. May 5, 1918. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Senators Assail the Sedition Bill". The New York Times. May 4, 1918. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Fears Speech Curb in Sedition Bill". The New York Times. April 25, 1918. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stone, 189-90.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 80.
Jump up ^ "Spies and their Congeners". The New York Times. April 22, 1918. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ("Congeners" means "others of the same sort.")
Jump up ^ Stone, 190
Jump up ^ "Sedition Bill Sent to Wilson by House" (PDF). The New York Times. May 8, 1918. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Stone, 191n.
Jump up ^ Mock,
Jump up ^ Stone, 139.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 83
Jump up ^ Hodges, Michael (Fall 2007), "At War Over the Espionage Act in Portland", Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108 (3), archived from the original on October 15, 2008
Jump up ^ "Railway President Held as Seditionist; William Edenborn, Naturalized German, Accused of Disloyal Speech in Louisiana, April 28, 1918". The New York Times, April 28, 1918. April 29, 1918. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Harding Frees Debs and 23 Others Held for War Violations," December 24, 1921, accessed January 4, 2011
Jump up ^ Stone, 231-2
Jump up ^ Stone, 225. President Wilson endorsed a peacetime Sedition Act in December 1919. Kennedy, 87
Jump up ^ Chafee, 195-6
Jump up ^ Chafee, 197
Jump up ^ Nelles, 2
Jump up ^ Stone, 226; Chafee, 198
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 87
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 86
Jump up ^ According to Kennedy, 87n, the Sedition Act amendments were set to expire in 1921.
Jump up ^ According to Hagedorn, 433, the Sedition Act amendments were repealed in March 1921.
Sources[edit]
Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991)
Hagedorn, Ann, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007)
Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society (NY: Oxford University Press, 2004)
Mock, James R., Censorship 1917 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941)
Nelles, Walter, Seeing Red: Civil Liberty and the Law in the Period Following the War (American Civil Liberties Union, 1920)
Stone, Geoffrey R., Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004)
Further reading[edit]
Kohn, Stephen M., American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994)
Murphy, Paul L., World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States (NY: W. W. Norton, 1979)
Peterson, H.C., and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 1917–1918 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957)
Preston, William, Jr. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994)
Rabban, David M., Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
Scheiber, Harry N., The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties 1917–1921 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960)
Thomas, William H., Jr. Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Sedition Act of 1918
Strauss, Lon: Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Brown, Charlene Fletcher: Palmer Raids , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Thomas, William H.: Bureau of Investigation , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
The Montana Sedition Project
A prosecution, Nashville, August 1918
Text of the Sedition Act of 1918
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Republic Day (India)
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Republic Day
The original text of the Preamble to the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 (1950-01-26).
Observed by
India
Type
National
Significance
Inception of Constitution of India
Celebrations
Parades, distribution of sweets in schools, speeches and cultural dances
Date
26 January
Next time
26 January 2019 (2019-01-26)
Frequency
Annual
Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.[1]
The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of Republic Day
2 Celebrations
2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade
2.2 Beating Retreat
3 Gallery
4 Republic Day parade chief guest
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
History of Republic Day[edit]
India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.
Celebrations[edit]
President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950.
The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.
Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]
Main article: Delhi Republic Day parade
Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]
Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]
Beating Retreat[edit]
Main article: Beating Retreat
The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]
The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]
Gallery[edit]
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.
Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.
Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.
Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]
Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. Erstwhile Yugoslavia (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map.
5 times (France, UK)
4 times (Bhutan, Russia/USSR)
Thrice (Indonesia, Mauritius)
Twice (Brazil, Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore,Phillipines Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)
Once
Uninvited
Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Year
Guest name
Country
Note
1950 President Sukarno[11] Indonesia
1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[12] Nepal
1952
1953
1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[13] Bhutan
1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[14] Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath [15]
1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler United Kingdom Note[1] Two guests[16]
Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan
1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [17] Soviet Union
1958 Marshall Ye Jianying[18] China
1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [19][20][21] United Kingdom 2nd invitation
1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[22] Soviet Union 2nd invitation
1961 Queen Elizabeth II[23] United Kingdom 3rd invitation, Note[2]
1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[24] Denmark Note[3]
1963 King Norodom Sihanouk[25] Cambodia
1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [26] United Kingdom 4th invitation, Note[4]
1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation
1966 No invitation No invitation Note[5]
1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah [27] Afghanistan Note[6]
1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests[28]
President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia
1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[29] Bulgaria
1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin[30][31] Belgium Note[7]
1971 President Julius Nyerere[32] Tanzania
1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [33] Mauritius
1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko[34] Zaire
1974 President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests [35]
Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka
1975 President Kenneth Kaunda[36] Zambia
1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[37] France
1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek[38] Poland
1978 President Patrick Hillery[39] Ireland
1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[40] Australia
1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation
1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo[41] Mexico
1982 King Juan Carlos I[42] Spain
1983 President Shehu Shagari[43] Nigeria
1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[44] Bhutan 2nd invitation
1985 President Raúl Alfonsín[45] Argentina
1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[46] Greece
1987 President Alan Garcia[47] Peru
1988 President J. R. Jayewardene[48] Sri Lanka 2nd invitation
1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[49] Vietnam
1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[50] Mauritius 2nd invitation
1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[51] Maldives
1992 President Mário Soares[51] Portugal
1993 Prime Minister John Major[51] United Kingdom 5th invitation
1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[51] Singapore
1995 President Nelson Mandela[52] South Africa
1996 President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[51] Brazil
1997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[51] Trinidad and Tobago
1998 President Jacques Chirac[51] France 3rd invitation
1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[51] Nepal 2nd invitation
2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo[51] Nigeria 2nd invitation
2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[51] Algeria
2002 President Cassam Uteem[51] Mauritius 3rd invitation
2003 President Mohammed Khatami[51] Iran
2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [51] Brazil 2nd invitation
2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[51] Bhutan 3rd invitation
2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[51] Saudi Arabia
2007 President Vladimir Putin[51] Russia 4th invitation
2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy[51] France 4th invitation
2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev[51] Kazakhstan
2010 President Lee Myung Bak[53] South Korea
2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[54][55] Indonesia 2nd invitation
2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[56] Thailand
2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[57] Bhutan 4th invitation
2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[58] Japan 2nd invitation
2015 President Barack Obama[59] United States
2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation[60]
2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[61] United Arab Emirates
2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[62]
Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation
President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos
Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia
State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha Thailand 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation
Notes[edit]
1.^ On each of these occasions, Lady Edwina Mountbatten from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade.[63][64]
2.^ Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade.[65]
3.^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras (Chennai).[66]
4.^ No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent. The new government headed by Indira Gandhi was sworn on 24 January 1966 (only two days before the Republic Day).[67]
5.^ For the first time, the President of India (S. Radhakrishnan) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.[68] Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.[69]
6.^ Attended only the Beating Retreat[70][71]

See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day (India).
History of India
Independence Day (India)
Constitution Day (India)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Indian Independence Act 1947". The National Archives, Her Majesty's Government. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Constituent Assembly DEBATES (PROCEEDINGS)".
Jump up ^ "India Celebrates 63rd Republic Day". Efi-news.com. Eastern Fare. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chap". Mod.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Republic Day Beating Retreat Ceremony 2017 at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi". DNA India. 29 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Curtain Raiser – Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011". Ministry of Defence. 28 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Beating Retreat weaves soul-stirring musical evening". The Times of India. 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Martial music rings down the curtain". The Times of India. 30 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yog Sandesh Jan-10 English". Scribd.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Republic Day celebrations: President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards". 25 July 2017 – via The Economic Times.
Jump up ^ India, President of (18 January 2015). "King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 #26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr".
Jump up ^ "Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru" (PDF). claudearpi.net.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm
Jump up ^ Rajan, Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga (1964). "India in world affairs, 1954–56".
Jump up ^ The Times of India,News Service. (1956, Jan 22). REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI. The Times of India (1861-Current) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043
Jump up ^ British Pathé (13 April 2014). "Zhukov At India's National Day Aka Zhukov – India (1957)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Deepak, B. R (2005-01-01). India & China, 1904–2004: A century of peace and conflict. ISBN 9788178271125.
Jump up ^ "In India, they have been celebrating Republic Day. After the parade..."
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Jump up ^ British Pathé (13 April 2014). "Duke Popular Everywhere (1959)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Prasad, Rajendra (1984). Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents. ISBN 9788170230021.
Jump up ^ "Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, News Photo, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be". Timescontent.com. 1961-01-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
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Jump up ^ "Patrick J. Hillery". Clarelibrary.ie. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
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Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "India Argentina Relations" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2000–2001" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "meacommunity.org". meacommunity.org. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "meacommunity.org". meacommunity.org. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "meacommunity.org". meacommunity.org. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy". Indian Express. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "General South African History timeline" sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy". Indian Express. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian President next R-Day parade chief guest – Rediff.com India News". News.rediff.com. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian President next R-Day parade chief guest – Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ New Delhi, 2 Dec (IANS) (20 January 2012). "Thai PM to be chief guest on India's Republic Day". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations". Ibnlive.in.com. 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India, News – India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade". 26 January 2015 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ "French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest". 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day".
Jump up ^ "India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations – Times of India".
Jump up ^ The Times of India,News Service. (1956, Jan 22). REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI. The Times of India (1861-Current) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043
Jump up ^ British Pathé (13 April 2014). "Republic Celebration (1964)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, News Photo, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be". Timescontent.com. 1961-01-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. (1962, Jan 04). The Times of India (1861-Current) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=indira+gandhi+1966+republic+day&source=bl&ots=bSUOrdVuLx&sig=ici8mLsxXq72A3hZaS2AcajlYfs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMj9Tn1u_XAhWLlxoKHZzkALA4ChDoAQhfMAg#v=onepage&q=indira%20gandhi%201966%20republic%20day&f=false
Jump up ^ "Asian Recorder". 25 July 1967 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Asian Almanac". V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000
Jump up ^ Link: Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970.
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List of Disney's Hollywood Studios attractions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Sorcerer's Hat, the former icon of Disney's Hollywood Studios, at the end of Hollywood Boulevard
Disney's Hollywood Studios consists of six themed areas. Major attractions are listed below.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current attractions
1.1 Hollywood Boulevard
1.2 Echo Lake
1.3 Grand Avenue
1.4 Pixar Place
1.5 Animation Courtyard
1.5.1 Mickey Avenue
1.6 Sunset Boulevard
2 Entertainment
2.1 Theater of the Stars
2.2 Hyperion Theater
2.3 ABC Sound Studio
2.4 Hollywood Boulevard
2.5 New York Street
2.6 Premiere Theater
2.7 Walt Disney Theatre
2.8 Animation Courtyard Theater
2.9 Soundstage Theater
2.10 Hollywood Hills Amphitheater
2.11 Nighttime entertainment
2.12 Parades
3 Former attractions
4 See also
5 References
Current attractions[edit]
Hollywood Boulevard[edit]
Hollywood Boulevard is lined with shops selling Disney merchandise and food. While parades are a major attraction today, the area was not originally built to handle parades, and an appropriate sound system and other facilities had to be retrofitted after initial construction. Michael Eisner, who had a major part in the park's creation ever since the earliest development, demanded the opening land operate on the same principle as Main Street, U.S.A. — a street lined with shops and food, but in a style more fitting to Hollywood.
Echo Lake[edit]
Action on the set of Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue, a 3D motion simulator ride, set in the Star Wars universe.[1] It is the refurbished successor to the park's original attraction.[2]
Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!, a live-action movie stunt performance re-enacting various scenes from the film, Raiders of the Lost Ark.[3][4]
For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration, a musical stage show retelling the story of the film.[5][6]
Star Wars: Path of the Jedi, a film retelling of Star Wars,[7] located at ABC Sound Studio, the former location of Sounds Dangerous!
Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple, a live show based on the teachings and practices of the fictional Jedi Knights from the Star Wars films,[8] depends heavily on audience participation, focusing on children. Each participant is given a lightsaber and Jedi robes and is taught a routine set of sword fighting moves.[9][10]
Grand Avenue[edit]
The entrance and exterior of Muppet*Vision 3D
Muppet*Vision 3D, a 4D film experience starring The Muppets.[11][12]
Pixar Place[edit]
Toy Story Midway Mania!, an interactive 3D shooting gallery featuring characters from the Toy Story films.[13][14]
Animation Courtyard[edit]
Star Wars Launch Bay, an interactive walkthrough attraction featuring Star Wars character meet-and-greets, memorabilia, games, and a gift shop.[15]
Voyage of the Little Mermaid, a live performance using puppets, lasers, movies, human actors, and water (mist). The show recreates the animated musical film of the same name, in an abbreviated form.[16][12]
Disney Junior – Live on Stage!, a live performance featuring characters from Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Sofia the First, Doc McStuffins, and Jake and the Never Land Pirates.[17]
Mickey Avenue[edit]
Walt Disney Presents, a museum-like walk-through attraction that explores Walt Disney's life and legacy through photos, models, rare artifacts, and a short biographical film narrated by Julie Andrews.[18][19]
Sunset Boulevard[edit]
The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror attraction.
The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, a thrill ride which drops guests in an elevator in a randomized set of four sequences each involving multiple high speed drops and ascents.[20][21]
Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith, an indoor roller coaster in the dark with three inversions and a high-speed launch.[22][19]
Beauty and the Beast – Live on Stage, a simplified version of the film. Appeared on Hollywood Boulevard until the Theater of the Stars moved to Sunset Boulevard in 1994.[23][12]
Sunset Showcase, a theater that houses different residency events that will not be included in admission. Currently, the theater hosts Club Villain on select nights, a $129 hard ticket dinner show with Disney villains.
Fantasmic! — held in the Hollywood Hills Amphitheater, this live show serves as the parks nighttime spectacular; however, due to inclement weather and other scheduling situations, it is not held every night.[24][25]
The Music of Pixar Live!, performed on the same stage as Beauty and the Beast — Live on Stage. A full symphony orchestra performs selections from the scores of Pixar films, including all three Toy Story films, the Cars films, The Incredibles, Up, Monsters, Inc., and Finding Nemo. Features appearances by costumed Pixar characters and pre-recorded appearances by John Lasseter, Cruz Ramirez, and Dory.[26]
Entertainment[edit]
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The park's former logo and name.
Theater of the Stars[edit]
Hollywood! Hollywood! A Star-Studded Spectacular (May 1 – August 31, 1989)[27][28]
Dick Tracy starring in Diamond Double-Cross (May 21, 1990 – February 16, 1991)
Hollywood's Pretty Woman (September 24 – November 3, 1991)
Beauty and the Beast – Live on Stage (November 22, 1991 – present)
Used for seasonal special events: Star Wars Weekends, etc. (2015)
The Music of Pixar Live! (May 26 – August 27, 2017)
The theater is also used for occasional corporate, seasonal, promotional and internal events, and presentations.
Hyperion Theater[edit]
Formerly known as Superstar Television Theater (1989–2014)
Superstar Television (May 1, 1989 – September 26, 1998)
Doug Live! (March 15, 1999 – May 12, 2001)
Get Happy...With ABC! (July 1 – October 5, 2002)
The American Idol Experience (February 14, 2009 – August 30, 2014)
For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration (June 17, 2015 – present)
ABC Sound Studio[edit]
The Monster Sound Show (May 1, 1989 – June 30, 1997)
One Saturday Morning Sound Show (July 1, 1997 – February 20, 1999)
Sounds Dangerous! (April 22, 1999 – January 4, 2009, seasonally until May 18, 2012)
Jedi Training Academy Sign-Up/Carbon Freeze Me (2012–15)
Star Wars: Path of the Jedi (December 18, 2015 – present)
Hollywood Boulevard[edit]
High School Musical Pep Rally (January 22, 2007 – September 14, 2007)
High School Musical 2: School's Out (September 23, 2007 – September 13, 2008)
High School Musical 3: Right Here! Right Now! (October 24, 2008 – October 2, 2010)
Disney Channel Rocks! (October 22, 2010 – April 6, 2013)
New York Street[edit]
This entertainment venue is no longer operating as it has been demolished for Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (July 1, 1990 – May 31, 1995)
Muppets on Location: The Days of Swine & Roses (September 16, 1991 – January 23, 1994)
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective – Live in Action (November 10, 1995 – ? 1996)
Goosebumps HorrorLand Fright Show and Funhouse (October 8, 1997 – November 1, 1998)
Mulch! Sweet and Shears! (2011–15)
Premiere Theater[edit]
This entertainment venue is no longer operating as it has been demolished for Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Beauty and the Beast – Live on Stage (1993–94; built on a temporary basis while Theater of the Stars was being constructed)
The Spirit of Pocahontas (June 23, 1995 – February 24, 1996)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame – A Musical Adventure (June 21, 1996 – September 28, 2002)
Used for seasonal special events: Star Wars Weekends, etc. (January 2008 – July 5, 2014)
For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration (July 5, 2014 – June 16, 2015)
Walt Disney Theatre[edit]
This entertainment venue is no longer operating as it closed to make room for Toy Story Midway Mania!
Making of:
The Lion King (1994–95)
Pocahontas: A Legend Comes to Life (July 1995)
Toy Story (? 1995 – June 22, 1996)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (premiered 1996)
Evita (January 10 – July 13, 1997)
George of the Jungle (July 14 – November 20, 1997)
Flubber (November 21, 1997 – January 1998)
Armageddon (July 1, 1998 – June 1999)
The Haunted Mansion (October 8, 2003 – May 1, 2004)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! (April 7, 2001 – August 19, 2006)
Animation Courtyard Theater[edit]
Coming Attractions (May 1, 1989 – ? 1990)
Here Come the Muppets (May 25, 1990 – September 2, 1991)
Voyage of the Little Mermaid (January 7, 1992 – present)
Soundstage Theater[edit]
Soundstage Restaurant (May 1, 1989 – November 14, 1998; featuring sets over the years from Big Business, Beauty and the Beast, and Aladdin)
Bear in the Big Blue House – Live on Stage (June 7, 1999 – August 4, 2001)
Playhouse Disney – Live on Stage!
(October 1, 2001 – April 3, 2005; featuring Bear in the Big Blue House, Rolie Polie Olie, Stanley, and The Book of Pooh)
(April 11, 2005 – January 1, 2008; featuring Bear in the Big Blue House, JoJo's Circus, Stanley, and The Book of Pooh)
(February 1, 2008 – January 29, 2011; featuring Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Handy Manny, Little Einsteins, and My Friends Tigger & Pooh)
Disney Junior – Live on Stage!
(March 4, 2011 – January 13, 2013; featuring Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Handy Manny, Little Einsteins, and Jake and the Never Land Pirates)
(February 15, 2013 – present; featuring Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Sofia the First, Doc McStuffins, and Jake and the Never Land Pirates)
Hollywood Hills Amphitheater[edit]
Fantasmic! (October 15, 1998 – present)
Nighttime entertainment[edit]
Sorcery in the Sky (May 29, 1990 – October 1998) — This fireworks show debuted in 1990 when the film Fantasia was celebrating its 50th anniversary, and featured music score from such films as Puttin' on the Ritz, The Wizard of Oz, Singin' in the Rain, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Mary Poppins, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Star Wars, Chariots of Fire, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and of course Fantasia. The show was cancelled in 1998, and its park replacement was Fantasmic!, debuting later that same year. The show was brought back from 2001 to 2003 for performances on July 4 and New Year's Eve before being replaced with new shows in 2004. While Sorcery in the Sky is no longer performed, a Hollywood-themed fireworks show is still occasionally presented during corporate functions and on special evenings such as New Year's Eve and Independence Day.
Fantasmic! (October 15, 1998 – present) — This nighttime spectacle with mist projection screens, fireworks, water fountains, pyrotechnics, and Disney characters has drawn record numbers of guests to the park.
Lights, Camera, Happy New Year! (2004–07) — This show debuted in 2004 as the New Year's Eve fireworks display for Disney's Hollywood Studios. A visually similar display was shown on Independence Day until 2011 when it was replaced by a new show.
Rock the Night Fireworks (2008–15) — This is the current New Year's Eve fireworks display. The show stars the park's in-house band Mulch, Sweat and Shears, and the fireworks are set to the band's live music performance. Occasionally, the show is performed outside of the New Year's holiday.
Rockin' 4 July Celebration (2011–present) — This is the current Independence Day fireworks display. It stars Mulch, Sweat and Shears, and is a similar set up to the New Year's show.
Frozen Fireworks Spectacular (2014–15; seasonal)
Symphony in the Stars: A Galactic Spectacular (2014–15; seasonal, 2015–16) — A Star Wars-themed fireworks show featuring John Williams' music. This fireworks show was first presented at a private showing on December 17, 2015[29] during an opening night event for The Force Awakens, and had been a nightly fireworks show until 2016.
Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular (June 17, 2016 – present) — A "second-generation" version of Symphony in the Stars and the largest fireworks display in the park's history. The show features fireworks, projection mapping, fire effects, lasers, fog effects, and searchlights.
Jingle Bell, Jingle BAM! (November 14, 2016 – present) — A seasonal holiday-themed fireworks and projection mapping display featuring fireworks, projection mapping, lasers, artificial snow, and searchlights.[30]
Disney Movie Magic (May 26, 2017 – present) — A projection mapping show themed to Disney live-action films, including Beauty and the Beast, Mary Poppins, The Jungle Book, Pirates of the Caribbean, Indiana Jones, Tron: Legacy, Doctor Strange, and Guardians of the Galaxy.
Parades[edit]
Dinosaurs Live (September 26, 1991 – August 29, 1992)
Aladdin's Royal Caravan (December 21, 1992 – August 27, 1995)
Toy Story – The Parade (November 22, 1995 – June 8, 1997)
Hercules "Zero to Hero" Victory Parade (June 27, 1997 – April 18, 1998)
Mulan – The Parade (June 19, 1998 – March 11, 2001)
Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade (October 1, 2001 – March 8, 2008)
Block Party Bash (March 14, 2008 – January 1, 2011)
Pixar Pals Countdown To Fun! (January 16, 2011 – April 6, 2013)
Frozen Royal Welcome Ceremony (Summer 2014–present; seasonal)[31]
Former attractions[edit]
Name
Attraction Type
Description
Superstar Television Interactive stage show Here, guests could re-enact famous scenes from television history. Using chroma-key technology, the on-stage guests would be shown on TV monitors in the theatre appearing opposite famous celebrities. For example, a female guest would play Ethel Mertz alongside Lucille Ball's Lucy Ricardo in the famous candy factory scene from I Love Lucy. In another example, a guest would appear on the set of The Tonight Show being interviewed by Johnny Carson. It originally opened on May 1, 1989.[32] It closed on September 26, 1998 and was replaced by Doug Live! The theatre was renovated to host a new live-action show, The American Idol Experience, inspired by the hit television series of the same name, which opened on February 14, 2009.
The Monster Sound Show Guests could become volunteer Foley artists and add various sound effects to a short comedy film starring Chevy Chase and Martin Short. Sounds Dangerous! used this theatre. It originally opened on May 1, 1989,[32] and was closed on February 20, 1999.
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! One of the first attractions to make use of the former production soundstages. During Star Wars Weekends, a Star Wars Edition of the game would be played. The game began with Greedo answering questions and a Gamorrean guard in the audience cheering him on, followed by a typically played game featuring all Star Wars questions.[33] The attraction was closed in 2006, and its soundstages were renovated for Toy Story Midway Mania!, which opened in May 2008.
Soundstage Restaurant Quick service restaurant Formerly located in the theatre which currently houses Disney Junior – Live on Stage! Designed to look like a "live set" for the animated feature films Aladdin and Beauty and the Beast, and before that the live-action film Big Business.
Catwalk Bar Bar Cocktail bar located on catwalks above the seating and service areas for the Soundstage Restaurant. It was reached by a stairway and elevator between the Soundstage Restaurant and the Brown Derby.
Aladdin's Royal Caravan Parade Promoted with the release of film of the same name. It featured spitting camels that are now outside The Magic Carpets of Aladdin at the Magic Kingdom.[12]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame – A Musical Adventure Musical stage show Based upon the 1996 animated musical film of the same name, was performed in the Backlot Theatre, which was renovated into the Premiere Theater, currently used for special events.[34]
The Spirit of Pocahontas Based upon the 1995 animated film of the same name, was another performance located in the Backlot Theatre.[21]
Here Come the Muppets Stage show The Muppet characters were portrayed in life-size costumes and performed songs in a concert form.[35] Voyage of the Little Mermaid now performs in its place.
Doug Live! Here, Doug and his friends performed daily. Guests were selected to play some of the other roles in the show.[33]
Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade Featured cars decorated to resemble various park characters, including those from Disney films.[14]
Star Tours Motion Simulator Based upon the Star Wars film series. This ride was replaced with the prequel ride Star Tours – The Adventures Continue on May 20, 2011.[2]
Journey into Narnia: Prince Caspian Walk-through attraction Guests could view props and set pieces on display from The Chronicles of Narnia film series (originally distributed by Disney; now handled by 20th Century Fox), as well as meet the namesake of the second film in the series, Prince Caspian. This attraction was located in Animation Courtyard, and was closed on September 10, 2011. It was replaced by The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow, which opened on December 6, 2012.[2]
Sounds Dangerous! Audio show A show following Drew Carey through a day as an undercover detective when his video camera fails and the audience is left in the dark wearing earphones, following his adventure through sound cues.[33]
The American Idol Experience Live stage show A live show where guests audition in front of live audiences to vote for their favorite singers. Inspired by the television series of the same name.[2]
Studio Backlot Tour Tram tour A walking-tram tour showing how film special effects are produced. Guests saw a scene from Pearl Harbor recreated on the Special Effects Water Tank with volunteers from the audience. After that, guests boarded studio trams and were taken through Catastrophe Canyon, to see fire and water effects, are driven past large-scale movie props, the Earffel Tower and are shown Creative Costuming department along with lighting and grip and the carpentry shop.[36] The Earfful Tower was removed in April 2016.
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Interactive special effects show An immersive walk-through special effects attraction based on the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[2]
The Magic of Disney Animation Tour and show A short presentation showing how animated films are made. At Animation Academy, guests could take drawing classes from one of the Disney artists and learn to draw a classic Disney characters such as Mickey, Donald, Goofy, Pluto, Winnie the Pooh, Stitch, and Jiminy Cricket.[32]
Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show Show A car/motorcycle stunt show that debuted at the Walt Disney Studios Paris. It was added to Hollywood Studios in 2005[19] and closed in April 2016.[37]
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: Movie Set Adventure Playground A playground area where kids can have fun in based on the film Honey, I Shrunk the Kids.[35]
The Great Movie Ride Dark ride A dark ride paying homage to several classic films within the park's Chinese Theater.[38] This attraction closed on August 13, 2017, and will be replaced by Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway.[39]
See also[edit]
List of Disney theme park attractions
List of lands at Disney theme parks
List of Magic Kingdom attractions
List of Epcot attractions
List of Disney's Animal Kingdom attractions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Star Tours – The Adventures Continue". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Veness 2015, p. 197.
Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones™ Epic Stunt Spectacular!". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Veness 2015, p. 185, 189.
Jump up ^ "For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brigante, Ricky (July 5, 2014). "Frozen Summer Fun event debuts at Walt Disney World as Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, and Olaf appear in delightful new shows". Inside the Magic. Distant Creations Group, LLC. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Path of the Jedi". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple | Disney's Hollywood Studios". touringplans.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jedi Training Trials of the Temple – Disney's Hollywood Studios". allears.net. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Muppet*Vision 3D". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Veness 2015, p. 191.
Jump up ^ "Toy Story Mania!". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Veness 2015, p. 196.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Launch Bay". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Voyage of The Little Mermaid". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disney Junior - Live on Stage!". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney: One Man's Dream". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Veness 2015, p. 195.
Jump up ^ "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror™". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Veness 2015, p. 192.
Jump up ^ "Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Beauty and the Beast-Live on Stage". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fantasmic!". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Veness 2015, p. 188-189, 193.
Jump up ^ "The Music of Pixar Live! and Fantasmic! Dining Package". Walt Disney World. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ "June 1989 Entertainment Schedule". Archived from the original on October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mid 1989 Guide Map". Archived from the original on March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TFA Opening event". Archived from the original on January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nolfi, Joey (October 14, 2016). "Disney's Hollywood Studios announces new nighttime holiday spectacular — exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Frozen Summer Fun". disneyworld.com. Disney Parks. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Veness 2015, p. 189.
^ Jump up to: a b c Veness 2015, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Veness 2015, p. 193.
^ Jump up to: a b Veness 2015, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (September 25, 2014). "Disney's Studio Backlot Tour turning out the lights". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Thomas. "Experience Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show One More Time at Disney's Hollywood Studios". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Great Movie Ride". Walt Disney World. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kubersky, Seth (July 15, 2017). "Mickey and Minnie's Runaway Railway is replacing Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios". Attractions Magazine. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Veness, Susan (2015). The Hidden Magic of Walt Disney World: Over 600 Secrets of the Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Disney's Animal Kingdom. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781440587818.
[hide]
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Disney's Hollywood Studios
Attractions
Echo Lake
50's Prime Time Café
For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration
Hollywood & Vine
Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!
Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue
Grand Avenue
Mama Melrose's Ristorante Italiano
Muppet*Vision 3D
Pixar Place
Toy Story Midway Mania!
Animation Courtyard
Disney Junior – Live on Stage!
Star Wars Launch Bay
Voyage of the Little Mermaid
Walt Disney Presents
Sunset Boulevard
Beauty and the Beast – Live on Stage
Fantasmic!
Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith
The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror
Commissary Lane
ABC Commissary
Sci-Fi Dine-In Theater Restaurant
Entertainment
Fantasmic!
Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular
Future areas and attractions
Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Toy Story Land
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disney%27s_Hollywood_Studios_attractions&oldid=808801202"
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