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UEFA Europa League
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"Europa League" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Euro league or European league.
UEFA Europa League
Founded
1971; 46 years ago (1971)
(rebranded in 2009)
Region
Europe (UEFA)
Number of teams
48 (group stage)
8 clubs join after Champions League group stage[1]
160 (total)
Qualifier for
UEFA Super Cup & UEFA Champions League
Related competitions
UEFA Champions League
Current champions
Manchester United (1st title)
Most successful club(s)
Sevilla (5 titles)
Television broadcasters
List of broadcasters
Website
Official website
2017–18 UEFA Europa League
The UEFA Europa League is an annual football club competition organised by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions.
Previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season,[2][3] following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, with the change of name being simply a rebranding.[4]
In 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup.[5] For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase. The 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and changed qualifying criteria. The winner of the UEFA Europa League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup, and since the 2014–15 season the winner of the UEFA Europa League also qualifies for the next edition of the UEFA Champions League. The winner enters at the group stage.
The title has been won by 28 different clubs, 12 of which have won the title more than once. The most successful club in the competition are Sevilla with five titles and the current champions are Manchester United after defeating Ajax in the final to win the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Trophy
3 Anthem
4 Format
4.1 Qualification
4.2 Background
4.3 Historical formats
4.4 Current format
4.5 Distribution (from 2015–16)
4.5.1 Redistribution rules
4.6 Format changes (from 2018–19)
5 Referees
6 Prize money
7 Sponsorship
8 Records and statistics
8.1 Winners
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. The competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup (1955–58) to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA and relaunched the following season as the UEFA Cup.
The UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers against Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool, in 1973, who defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final. Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the second time in 1976 after defeating Club Brugge in the final.
During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg (1982 and 1987) and Real Madrid (1985 and 1986) won the competition twice each, with Anderlecht reaching two consecutive finals, winning in 1983 and losing to Tottenham Hotspur in 1984. The year 1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs' domination, when Diego Maradona's Napoli defeated Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two all-Italian finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a third time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. The year 1995 saw a third all-Italian final, with Parma proving their consistency, after two consecutive Cup Winners' Cup finals. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996. Internazionale reached the final the following two years, losing in 1997 to Schalke 04 on penalties, and winning yet another all-Italian final in 1998, taking home the cup for the third time in only eight years. Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era.
Match between Lech Poznan and Deportivo La Coruña in 2008–09 season.
Liverpool won the competition for the third time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments, with the latter against Portuguese team Braga. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, and then Sevilla succeeded on two consecutive occasions in 2006 and 2007, the latter in a final against fellow Spaniards Espanyol. Either side of Sevilla's success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraine's Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final. In 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year. In 2014, Sevilla won their third cup in eight years after defeating Benfica on penalties. Just one year later, in 2015, Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/Europa League, becoming the most successful club in the competition.
The competition was traditionally open to the runners-up of domestic leagues, but the competition was merged with UEFA's previous second-tier European competition, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, in 1999. Since then, the winners of domestic cup competitions have also entered the UEFA Cup. Further, clubs eliminated in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League and the third-placed teams at the end of the group phase could go on to compete in the UEFA Cup. Winners of some selected domestic League Cup competitions are also admitted.[citation needed]
Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[2][3] At the same time, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA's third-tier competition, was discontinued and merged into the new Europa League.
Trophy[edit]
The UEFA Cup
The UEFA Cup, also known as the Coupe UEFA, is the trophy awarded annually by UEFA to the football club that wins the UEFA Europa League. Before the 2009–10 season, both the competition and the trophy were known as 'the UEFA Cup'.
Before the competition was renamed the UEFA Europa League in the 2009–10 season, the UEFA regulations stated that a club could keep the original trophy for a year before returning it to UEFA. After its return, the club could keep a four-fifths scale replica of the original trophy. Upon their third consecutive win or fifth win overall, a club could retain the trophy permanently.[6] However, under the new regulations, the trophy remains in UEFA's keeping at all times. A full-size replica trophy is awarded to each winner of the competition. Also a club that wins three consecutive times or five times overall will receive a multiple-winner badge.[7] As of 2016–17, only Sevilla has earned the honour to wear the multiple-winner badge, having achieved both prerequired feats in 2016.[8]
The trophy was designed and crafted by Bertoni for the 1972 UEFA Cup Final. It weighs 15 kg and is silver on a yellow marble plinth.[9]
Anthem[edit]
The competition's first anthem was composed by Yohann Zveig and recorded by the Paris Opera in early 2009. The theme for the re-branded UEFA Cup competition was first officially unveiled at the Grimaldi Forum on 28 August 2009 before the 2009–10 season group stage draw. The anthem is to be played before every Europa League game at a stadium hosting such an event and also before every television broadcast of a Europa League game as a musical element of the competition's opening sequence.[10]
A new anthem was composed by Michael Kadelbach and recorded in Berlin and was launched as part of the competition's rebranding at the start of the 2015–16 season.[11]
Format[edit]
Qualification[edit]
See also: UEFA coefficient
Qualification for the competition is based on UEFA coefficients, with better entrance rounds being offered to the more successful nations. In practice, each association has a standard number of three berths, except:
Nations ranked 52 and 53 (Andorra and San Marino in the 2013–14 season), which have two berths
The nation ranked 54 (Gibraltar in the 2014–15 season) which has one berth.
Liechtenstein, which qualifies only the Cup winners
Usually, each country's places are awarded to teams who finish in various runners-up places in its top-flight league and the winner of the main cup competition. Typically the teams qualifying via the league are those in the highest places not eligible for the UEFA Champions League; however, the Belgian league awards one place via a playoff between First A and First B teams. A few countries have secondary cup competitions, but the only ones whose winners are currently granted a UEFA Europa League are England's and France's.
A team may qualify for European competitions through more than one route. In all cases, if a club is eligible to enter the UEFA Champions League then the Champions League place takes precedence and the club does not enter the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Europa League place is then granted to another club or vacated if the maximum limit of teams qualifying for European competitions is exceeded. If a team qualifies for European competition through both winning a cup and league placing, the "spare" UEFA Europa League place will go to the highest placed league team which has not already qualified for European competition, depending on the rules of the national association, or vacated, if the described limit is reached.
The top three ranked associations may qualify for the fourth berth if both the Champions League and Europa League champions are from that association and do not qualify for European competition through their domestic performance. In that case, the fourth-placed team in that association will join the Europa League instead of the Champions League, in addition to their other qualifying teams.
More recently, clubs that are knocked out of the qualifying round and the group stage of the Champions League can also join the UEFA Europa League, at different stages (see below). Formerly, the reigning champions qualified to defend their title, but since 2015 they qualify for the Champions League. From 1995 to 2015, three leagues gained one extra team via the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking.
Background[edit]
UEFA coefficients were introduced in 1980 and, until 1999, they gave a greater number of berths in UEFA Cup to the more successful nations. Three nations had four places, five nations had three places, thirteen nations had two places, and eleven nations only one place. Since 1999, a similar system has been used for the UEFA Champions League. Before 1980, the entrance criteria of the last Fairs Cup was used.
Historical formats[edit]
The competition was traditionally a pure knockout tournament. All ties were two-legged, including the final. Starting with the 1997–98 season, the final became a one-off match, but all other ties remained two-legged.
Before the 2004–05 season, the tournament consisted of one qualifying round, followed by a series of knockout rounds. The sixteen non-qualifiers from the final qualifying round of the Champions League entered at the first round proper; later in the tournament, the survivors were joined by third-place finishers from the (first) group phase of the Champions League.
From the 2004–05 season, the competition started with two knockout qualifying rounds held in July and August. Participants from associations ranked 18 and lower entered the first qualifying round with those from associations ranked 9–18 joining them in the second qualifying round. In addition, three places in the first qualifying round were reserved for the UEFA Fair Play ranking winners (until 2015–16), and eleven places in the second qualifying round for the UEFA Intertoto Cup winners.
Winners of the qualifying rounds then joined teams from the associations ranked 1–13 in the first round proper. In addition, non-qualifiers in the third qualifying round of the Champions League also joined the competition at this point along with the current title-holders (unless they had qualified for the Champions League via their national league), for a total of 80 teams in the first round.
After the first knockout round, the 40 survivors entered a group phase, with the clubs being drawn into eight groups of five each. Unlike the Champions League group phase, the UEFA Cup group phase was played in a single round-robin format, with each club playing two home and two away games. The top three teams in each of the eight groups qualified for the main knockout round along with the eight third-placed teams in the Champions League group phase. From then on a series of two-legged knockout ties were played before a single-legged final, traditionally held on a Wednesday in May, exactly one week before the Champions League final.
Current format[edit]
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Map of UEFA countries whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League
UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage
UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group stage
In 2009–10 season, the competition was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League in a bid to increase the competition's profile.[2] An extra 8 teams now qualify for the group stage consisting of 12 groups with four teams each (in a double round robin), with teams finished on the top two place in each group progressing. The competition then progresses in much the same way as the previous format, with four rounds of two-legged knockout rounds and a one-off final held at a neutral ground that meets UEFA's Category Four stadium criteria. The final is played in May, on the Wednesday ten days before the Champions League final.
Qualification has changed significantly. Associations ranked 7–9 in the UEFA coefficients sent the cup winners and three (two since 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification, all other nations sent a Cup winners and two other teams, except Andorra and San Marino, who sent only a Cup winner and a runner-up, and Liechtenstein, who sent only a Cup winner. Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the UEFA congress held in London on 24 May 2013, their Cup winner also qualified for Europa League. Usually, the other teams will be the next highest ranked clubs in each domestic league after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, however France and England will continue to use one spot for their League Cup winner. With the abolition of the Intertoto Cup, all participants of Europa League are qualified through domestic routes. Generally, the higher an association is ranked in the UEFA coefficients, the later its clubs start in the qualification. However, every team except for the title-holder (up to 2014–15 season) and the highest ranked teams (usually the cup winner and/or the best Europa League qualified team) from the top (six in 2012–15 seasons, 12 since 2015–16 season) associations had to play at least one qualification round.
Apart from the teams mentioned, an additional 15 teams eliminated in the Champions League third qualifying round are transferred to the Europa League play-off round, and the 10 losing teams in the Champions League play-off round are transferred to the Europa League group stage. The 12 winners and the 12 runners-up in the group stage advanced to the knock out round, together with eight third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage.
In 2014, the distribution was changed to broaden the appeal of the competition, namely through giving the Europa League champions a Champions League qualification berth, which is always used ever since. More teams automatically qualify for the group stage. If cup winners already qualified for European competition through league performance, their place through league is vacated and goes to the best ranked teams not qualified for European competition, This means that the cup runners-up is no longer qualified through the cup route.[12] These rules comes to effect from 2015–16 season.
Distribution (from 2015–16)[edit]
Teams entering in this round
Teams advancing from previous round
Teams transferred from Champions League
First qualifying round
(104 teams)
31 domestic cup winners from associations 24–54
35 domestic league runners-up from associations 18–53 (except Liechtenstein)
35 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 16–51 (except Liechtenstein)
3 teams which qualified via Fair Play ranking
(this is no longer applicable as of the beginning of the 2015–16 season, see also UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking).
Second qualifying round
(66 teams)
6 domestic cup winners from associations 18–23
2 domestic league runners-up from associations 16–17
6 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 10–15
52 winners from first qualifying round
Third qualifying round
(58 teams)
5 domestic cup winners from associations 13–17
9 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 7–15
5 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 5–9
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 4–6 (League Cup winners for France)
3 domestic league sixth-placed teams from associations 1–3 (League Cup winners for England)
33 winners from second qualifying round
Play-off round
(44 teams)
29 winners from third qualifying round
15 losers from Champions League third qualifying round
Group stage
(48 teams)
12 domestic cup winners from associations 1–12
1 domestic league fourth-placed team from association 4
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 1–3
22 winners from play-off round
10 losers from Champions League play-off round
Knockout phase
(32 teams)
12 group winners from group stage
12 group runners-up from group stage
8 third-placed teams from Champions League group stage
The access list above is provisional, as changes will need to be made in the following cases:
If the Champions League title holders or the Europa League title holders have qualified for the Europa League through domestic performance, their berth in the Europa League is vacated (not replaced by another team from the same association), and cup winners of the highest-ranked associations are moved to a later round accordingly.[13]
In some cases where changes to the access list of the Champions League are made, the number of losers of the Champions League third qualifying round which are transferred to the Europa League is increased or decreased from the default number of 15, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League will also need to be made.[14]
Because a maximum of five teams from one association can enter the UEFA Champions League, if both the Champions League title holders and the Europa League title holders are from the same top three ranked association and finish outside the top four of their domestic league, the fourth-placed team of their association will be moved to the Europa League and enter the group stage, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League may also need to be made.[15]
Redistribution rules[edit]
A Europa League place is vacated when a team qualifies for both the Champions League and the Europa League, or qualifies for the Europa League by more than one method. When a place is vacated, it is redistributed within the national association by the following rules (regulations Articles 3.03 and 3.04):
When the domestic cup winners (considered as the "highest-placed" qualifier within the national association with the latest starting round) also qualify for the Champions League, their Europa League place is vacated. As a result, the highest-placed team in the league which have not yet qualified for European competitions qualify for the Europa League, with the Europa League qualifiers which finish above them in the league moved up one "place" (the 2015–16 season will be the first with this particular arrangement where the domestic cup runners-up are no longer guaranteed a place in the Europa League in this scenario).
When the domestic cup winners also qualify for the Europa League through league position, their place through the league position is vacated. As a result, the highest-placed team in the league which have not yet qualified for European competitions qualify for the Europa League, with the Europa League qualifiers which finish above them in the league moved up one "place" if possible.
For associations where a Europa League place is reserved for the League Cup winners, they always qualify for the Europa League as the "lowest-placed" qualifier. If the League Cup winners have already qualified for European competitions through other methods, this reserved Europa League place is taken by the highest-placed team in the league which have not yet qualified for European competitions.
Format changes (from 2018–19)[edit]
Beginning with the 2018–19 tournament, all domestic champions eliminated in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League will transfer to the Europa League, rather than just teams that are eliminated in the third-qualifying and play-off rounds. Europa League qualifying will also provide a separate champions route for these teams, allowing more opportunities for domestic league champions to compete against each other.[16]
Referees[edit]
The Europa League have implemented the extra officials rule since September 2009. Under the rule, there are a total of six officials: the main referee, two assistant referees, fourth official of the sideline, and two extra assistants (one alongside each goal).[citation needed]
Prize money[edit]
Similar to the UEFA Champions League, the prize money received by the clubs is divided into fixed payments based on participation and results, and variable amounts that depend of the value of their TV market.[17]
For the 2016/2017 season, group stage participation in the Europa League awarded a base fee of €2.6 million. A victory in the group pays €360,000 and a draw €120,000. Also, each group winner earns €600,000 and each runner-up €300,000. Reaching the knock-out stage triggers additional bonuses: €500,000 for the round of 32, €750,000 for the round of 16, €1 million for the quarter-finals and €1.6 million for the semi-finals. The losing finalists receive €3.5 million and the champions receive €6.5 million.[18]
First qualifying round: €215,000
Second qualifying round: €225,000
Third qualifying round: €235,000
Play-off round elimination: €245,000
Base fee for group stage: €2,600,000
Group match victory: €360,000
Group match draw: €120,000
Group winners: €600,000
Group runners-up: €300,000
Round of 32: €500,000
Round of 16: €750,000
Quarter-finals: €1,000,000
Semi-finals: €1,600,000
Losing finalist: €3,500,000
Winners: €6,500,000
Sponsorship[edit]
The UEFA Europa League is sponsored by five multinational corporations; the current tournament sponsors are:
Enterprise Rent-A-Car[19]
FedEx (the main sponsor)[20]
Hankook Tire.[21]
Heineken International (Amstel being the main brand, with local brands being also advertised)[22]
UniCredit[23]
Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, as it does for all other UEFA competitions. Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Europa League video game.
Since the inception of Europa League brand, the tournament has used its own hoardings (in that year it debuted in the round of 32) like UEFA Champions League. LED hoardings made their debut in the 2012–13 final and will appear in 2015–16 season from the round of 16; in the same season, from the group stage, teams are not allowed to show their sponsors.[24]
Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Europa League. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey unless it is a non profit sponsor (plus that of the manufacturer), and if clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as alcohol in the case of France), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys.
Records and statistics[edit]
Main article: UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics
See also: List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers
The UEFA Cup finals were played over two legs until 1997. The first final was played on 3 May 1972 in Wolverhampton and 17 May 1972 in London. The first leg between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur was won 2–1 by the away side. The second leg finished as a 1–1 draw, meaning that Tottenham Hotspur became the first UEFA Cup winners.
The one-match finals in pre-selected venues were introduced in 1998. A venue must meet or exceed UEFA Category three standards to host UEFA Cup finals. On two occasions, the final was played at a finalist's home ground: Feyenoord defeated Borussia Dortmund at De Kuip, Rotterdam, in 2002, and Sporting CP lost to CSKA Moscow at their own Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, in 2005.
The winner of the last UEFA Cup final (prior to the competition being rebranded as the UEFA Europa League) was Shakhtar Donetsk on 20 May 2009. The Ukrainian team beat Werder Bremen of Germany 2–1 at Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Istanbul.
The first ever winner of the rebranded Europa League was Atlético Madrid, beating Premier League side Fulham 2–1 after extra time.
Winners[edit]
Main article: List of UEFA Cup and Europa League finals
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up
Sevilla 5 0 2006, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016
Internazionale 3 1 1991, 1994, 1998 1997
Juventus* 3 1 1977, 1990, 1993 1995
Liverpool 3 1 1973, 1976, 2001 2016
Borussia Mönchengladbach 2 2 1975, 1979 1973, 1980
Tottenham Hotspur 2 1 1972, 1984 1974
Real Madrid* 2 0 1985, 1986
IFK Göteborg 2 0 1982, 1987
Parma 2 0 1995, 1999
Feyenoord 2 0 1974, 2002
Porto 2 0 2003, 2011
Atlético Madrid 2 0 2010, 2012
Anderlecht 1 1 1983 1984
Ajax* 1 1 1992 2017
PSV Eindhoven 1 0 1978
Eintracht Frankfurt 1 0 1980
Ipswich Town 1 0 1981
Bayer Leverkusen 1 0 1988
Napoli 1 0 1989
Bayern Munich* 1 0 1996
Schalke 04 1 0 1997
Galatasaray 1 0 2000
Valencia 1 0 2004
CSKA Moscow 1 0 2005
Zenit St. Petersburg 1 0 2008
Shakhtar Donetsk 1 0 2009
Chelsea* 1 0 2013
Manchester United* 1 0 2017
* Club has won all three major UEFA competitions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The top two teams in each group advance to the round of 32, where they are joined by the eight third-place teams in the Champions League group phase.
^ Jump up to: a b c "UEFA Cup gets new name in revamp". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 26 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Cup to become UEFA Europa League". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "New format provides fresh impetus". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League History". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Cup 2007/08, page 6, II Cup and Medals, Article 4, Cup" (PDF). Union of European Football Associations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2009/10, page 7, III Trophies and medals, Article 5, Trophy" (PDF). Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sevilla make it three in row at Liverpool's expense". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League History". Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League anthem makes debut". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League anthem". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "New approach broadens Europa League appeal". UEFA. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Distribution details". UEFA.org. 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Access List 2015/18 with explanations" (PDF). Bert Kassies.
Jump up ^ "How the Europa League winners will enter the Champions League". UEFA.com. 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA club competitions rights sales process for 2018-21 cycle kicks off". UEFA.com. 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ uefadirect 7/09 p.7
Jump up ^ "2016/17 Europa League revenue distribution". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Enterprise Rent-A-Car becomes an official partner of the UEFA Europa League". UEFA.org. UEFA. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "FedEx to become Main Sponsor of the UEFA Europa League". UEFA. UEFA.com. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hankook renews official sponsor status for the UEFA Europa League". UEFA.org. UEFA. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amstel Brand". The Heineken Company. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "UniCredit renews and expands with Uefa". SportsProMedia.com. SportsPro. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://it.uefa.org/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/23/69/59/2236959_DOWNLOAD.pdf (Page 53)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League.
Official website
UEFA website (archive)
[show]
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UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League
UEFA Cup (1971–2009)
Seasons
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Finals
Two-legged
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Finals
Winning managers
Records and statistics
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Performance comparison
Broadcasters
[show]
v
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UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League winners
UEFA Cup
1971–72: Tottenham Hotspur
1972–73: Liverpool
1973–74: Feyenoord
1974–75: Borussia Mönchengladbach
1975–76: Liverpool
1976–77: Juventus
1977–78: PSV
1978–79: Borussia Mönchengladbach
1979–80: Eintracht Frankfurt
1980–81: Ipswich Town
1981–82: IFK Göteborg
1982–83: Anderlecht
1983–84: Tottenham Hotspur
1984–85: Real Madrid
1985–86: Real Madrid
1986–87: IFK Göteborg
1987–88: Bayer Leverkusen
1988–89: Napoli
1989–90: Juventus
1990–91: Inter Milan
1991–92: Ajax
1992–93: Juventus
1993–94: Inter Milan
1994–95: Parma
1995–96: Bayern Munich
1996–97: Schalke 04
1997–98: Inter Milan
1998–99: Parma
1999–2000: Galatasaray
2000–01: Liverpool
2001–02: Feyenoord
2002–03: Porto
2003–04: Valencia
2004–05: CSKA Moscow
2005–06: Sevilla
2006–07: Sevilla
2007–08: Zenit St. Petersburg
2008–09: Shakhtar Donetsk
UEFA Europa League
2009–10: Atlético Madrid
2010–11: Porto
2011–12: Atlético Madrid
2012–13: Chelsea
2013–14: Sevilla
2014–15: Sevilla
2015–16: Sevilla
2016–17: Manchester United
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A League of Their Own
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1992 film. For other uses, see A League of Their Own (disambiguation).
A League of Their Own
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Penny Marshall
Produced by
Elliot Abbott
Robert Greenhut
Screenplay by
Lowell Ganz
Babaloo Mandel
Story by
Kelly Candaele
Kim Wilson
Starring
Tom Hanks
Geena Davis
Madonna
Rosie O'Donnell
Lori Petty
Jon Lovitz
David Strathairn
Garry Marshall
Bill Pullman
Music by
Hans Zimmer
Cinematography
Miroslav Ondricek
Edited by
George Bowers
Production
company
Parkway Productions
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
July 1, 1992 (1992-07-01)
Running time
128 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million
Box office
$132.4 million[1]
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). Directed by Penny Marshall, the film stars Geena Davis, Tom Hanks, Madonna, Rosie O'Donnell, and Lori Petty. The screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson.
In 2012, A League of Their Own was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[2]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Rockford Peaches
2.2 Others
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Soundtrack
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 AFI lists
4.4 20th anniversary
5 Spin-offs
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.
When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.
Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell); along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram); illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack); pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson); gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner); homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado; first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay); and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.
The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.
The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.
The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob.
Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.
Cast[edit]
Rockford Peaches[edit]
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)
Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie
Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)
Eunice Anderson as Older Mae
Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)
Kathleen Butler as Older Kit
Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)
Vera Johnson as Older Doris
Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)
Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen
Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)
Patricia Wilson as Older Marla
Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)
Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue
Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)
Betty Miller as Older Betty
Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)
Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice
Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)
Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley
Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)
On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]
Others[edit]
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager
Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira
Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son
Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.
Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL titled "A League of their Own" on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.
Filming[edit]
Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]
Soundtrack[edit]
A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million.
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[17]
AFI lists[edit]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[18]
20th anniversary[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.
Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[19]
Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[20] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.
Spin-offs[edit]
Main article: A League of Their Own (TV series)
A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A League of Their Own (1992)". Box Office Mojo. September 29, 1992. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, Susan. "National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation " Los Angeles Times (December 19, 2012)
Jump up ^ "Penny Marshall". Costas at the Movies. MLB Network. January 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff (June 29, 2017). "An Oral History of 'A League of their Own' on its 25th Anniversary". espn.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff (June 29, 2017). "An Oral History of 'A League of their Own' on its 25th Anniversary". espn.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Demi Moore in 'A League of Their Own?' Almost happened". Newsday. March 7, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ A League of Their Own soundtrack - The Billboard 200, retrieved June 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilker, Deborah (1992-07-24). "Madonna Hit Single Not On Soundtrack". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
Jump up ^ "A League of Their Own (1992)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A League of Their Own reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A League of Their Own – CinemaScore". CinemaScore. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kronke, David (July 2, 1992). "Penny Marshall pitches 'League of Their Own' agenda". The Dispatch. Lexington, NC. Los Angeles Daily News. p. 4C. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ White, Sue (October 26, 2011). "'A League of Their Own' brings former ballplayer to the Riverside Saginaw Film Festival". MLive. MLive Media Group. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sidewater, Nancy (April 23, 2004). "DVD Q&A – Penny Marshall". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. (761). Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A League of Their Own". Fort-Worth Star-Telegram. June 30, 1992. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Rachlin, Jill (February 12, 1993). "A League of Their Own Review | Reviews and News". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly, Inc. (157). Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast at Tiffany's added to film archive". BBC News. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kekis, John (September 23, 2013). "Women Remain in League of Their Own". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Prell, Jon (June 12, 2012). "A League Of Their Own Comes Home To Bosse Field On June 22". Evansville Courier & Press. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
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text:
Indian general election, 1951–52
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian general election, 1951
← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 →
All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha
245 seats were needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Leader
Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange
Party
INC CPI
Leader's seat
Phulpur Bombay City North
Seats won
364 16
Popular vote
47,665,875 3,484,401
Percentage
44.99% 3.29%
Prime Minister before election
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
Subsequent Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
The Indian general election of 1951–52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947.[1][2][3] Until this point, the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature. See the 'Durations' section below to find the time-range associated with these elections.
The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million.[4] Voter turnout was 45.7%.[5] In the 1952 Indian general election, Ravi Narayana Reddy from Telangana stood for the People's Democratic Front, (a pseudonym for the banned Communist Party of India), and polled more votes than Jawaharlal Nehru and also the first one entering in the parliament in independent India.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Parties
2 Constituencies
3 Results
4 Notable losses
5 Government formation
6 Duration
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Parties[edit]
Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, Dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party, which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan's leadership to boast of; and the Communist Party of India. However, these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress.
Constituencies[edit]
The first general elections, which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies, represented 25 Indian states. At that time, there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats.[6] The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s. There were also 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members.
Results[edit]
Party
Abbr.
Votes
%
Seats
Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 4
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 3
Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 3
Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0
Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16
Forward Bloc (Marxist) FB(M) 0.91 1
Forward Bloc (Ruiker) FB(R) 0.13 0
Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364
Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 1
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore) RCPI 0.06 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 3
Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 2
Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12
All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0
All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0
All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0
All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0
All People's Party APP 0.03 0
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 1
Cochin Party CP 0.01 0
Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 3
Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6
Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0
Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0
Historical Research HR 0.00 0
Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0
Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 3
Justice Party JP 0.06 0
Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0
Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0
Khasi-Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0
Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0
Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0
Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0
Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 2
Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 1
National Party of India NPI 0.00 0
Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 2
Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7
Praja Party PP 0.02 0
Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0
Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Uttar Pradesh) RSP(UP) 0.02 0
Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 4
S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0
Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0
Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 4
Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0
Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 1
Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0
Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0
Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37
Nominated Anglo-Indians – – 2
Total 105,944,495 100 489
Notable losses[edit]
Scheduled Caste leader B. R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) (reserved seat) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes.[7]:156 Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress.
Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi.[8]
Government formation[edit]
The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sittings. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957.
Duration[edit]
While Indian Government's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls, it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February–March 1952; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967, and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March, heavy snow impending free movement.[9] The rest of the India voted only in February–March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections. Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952. The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.[7]
See also[edit]
Election Commission of India
Indian presidential election, 1952
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Results 1951-52". Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters: Brahma
Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 572 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
Jump up ^ "General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramachandra Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
Jump up ^ David Gilmartin (2014). "Chapter 5: The paradox of patronage and the people's sovereignty". In Anastasia Pivliavsky. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-107-05608-4.
Jump up ^ India's first voter in Himachal Pradesh, by Gautam Dhmeer, in the Deccan Herald; published 30 October 2012; retrieved 7 April 2014
Further reading[edit]
Guha, Ramachandra. "Democracy's Biggest Gamble," World Policy Journal, (Spring 2002) 19#1 pp. 95–103
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