text:
United States Bullion Depository
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 37°53′00″N 85°57′55″W / 37.8832°N 85.96525°W / 37.8832; -85.96525
US Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
The United States Bullion Depository
Show map of Kentucky Show map of the US Show all
Location
Gold Vault Rd. and Bullion Blvd., Fort Knox, Kentucky
Area
42 acres (17 ha)
Built by
Great Lakes Construction Co.
Architect
Louis A. Simon
Architectural style
Classical Revival
NRHP reference #
88000056[1]
Added to NRHP
February 18, 1988
The United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located within the United States Army post of Fort Knox, Kentucky. The vault is used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government. It is estimated to hold roughly 2.3% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Construction and security
3 Gold
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Seal of the U.S. Mint
US Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky, Gold Vault Rd. and Bullion Boulevard Fort Knox
In 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve. As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937.[3] This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, on land transferred from the military. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, in recognition of its significance in the economic history of the United States and its status as a well-known landmark.[4] It is constructed of granite quarried at the North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex.[5]
The first gold shipments were made from January to July 1937. The majority of the United States' gold reserves were gradually shipped to the site, including old bullion and newly made bars made from melted gold coins. Some intact coins were stored. The transfer used 500 rail cars and was sent by registered mail, protected by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, and the U.S. Treasury Department agents.[citation needed] In 1974, a Washington attorney named Peter David Beter circulated a theory that the gold in the Depository had been secretly removed by elites, and that the vaults were empty. A group of reporters was allowed inside in order to refute the theory, which had gained traction thanks to coverage in tabloid newspapers and on the radio. Other than this 1974 event, no member of the public has been allowed inside.[6]
During World War II, the depository held the original U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history. For example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to American soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and when war broke out, was kept in the US for the duration.
During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of different types of synthetic painkillers, a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the US being isolated from the sources of raw opium.[7]
Construction and security[edit]
Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault lined with granite walls and protected by a blast-proof door weighing 20 tons. Members of the Depository staff must dial separate combinations known only to them.[8] Beyond the main vault door, smaller compartments provide further protection.[9] According to a Mosler Safe Company brochure:
The most famous, if not the largest, vault door order came from the Federal government in 1935 for the newly constructed gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Both the vault door and emergency door were 21-inches thick and made of the latest torch- and drill-resistant material. The main vault door weighed 20 tons and the vault casing was 25-inches thick.[10]
The facility is ringed with fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police. The Depository premises are within the site of Fort Knox, a US Army post, allowing the Army to provide additional protection. The Depository is protected by layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, microphones, mine fields, barbed razor wire, electric fences, heavily armed guards, and the Army units based at Fort Knox, including unmarked Apache helicopter gunships of 8/229 Aviation based at Godman Army Airfield, the 19th Engineer Battalion, formerly training battalions of the United States Army Armor School, and the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division, totaling 30,000 soldiers, with associated tanks, armored personnel carriers, attack helicopters, and artillery.
There is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone who has been accidentally locked in.[6]
For security reasons, no visitors are allowed inside the depository grounds. This policy has been enforced ever since the vault opened, with only two exceptions. The first was an inspection by members of the United States Congress and the news media on September 23, 1974 led by then Director of the United States Mint, Mary Brooks.[6] The second was a similar inspection made by the congress members on August 21, 2017, led by Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin.[11]
Gold[edit]
As of April 2016[update], Fort Knox holdings are 4,582 metric tons (147.3 million oz. troy).[12] At the rate of $1,226.60 an ounce[13] it is worth about $180 billion.
The depository also holds monetary gold coins.[citation needed] The 1933 Double Eagle was also a temporary resident after transfer from 7 World Trade Center in July 2001, until its sale in July 2002 for $7.59 million. Sometime in 2004, ten additional allegedly stolen 1933 Double Eagles were transported to Fort Knox for safekeeping.[citation needed]
Not all the gold bars held in the depository are of exactly the same composition. The mint gold bars are nearly pure gold. Bars made from melted gold coins, called "coin bars", are the same composition as the original coins, which is 90% gold. Unlike many .999 fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times for holding-purposes today, the coin alloy for pre-1933 US coins, which were intended for circulation, was a tougher and wear-resistant .900 fine alloy (balance copper) used for all US gold coins since 1837. (See crown gold for further gold coin alloy history.)
The US holds more gold than any other country, with about 8,133 metric tons in total (not just at Fort Knox), or about 2.4 times that of the next leading country, Germany (which in 2014 owned 3,387.1 metric tons).[14]
Popular culture[edit]
The Meade County Bank in Muldraugh resembles the bullion depository's exterior design.[citation needed]
Samsung Knox, an enterprise mobile security solution developed by Samsung Group is named after Fort Knox.[15]
The Depository figures prominently as the focus of the villain's plot in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger. Auric Goldfinger's goal is to break into the Depository and plant an atomic device. Upon exploding, the entire US gold supply will be irradiated for decades to come and the worth of Goldfinger's own personal gold supply will skyrocket, making Goldfinger richer.
See also[edit]
Vaulted gold
Nixon Shock – US President Richard Nixon took the United States off the gold standard, stopping the direct convertibility of United States dollars to gold
West Point Mint – secondary federal bullion depository for gold and silver
Black Friday (1869) – also referred to as the Gold Panic of 1869
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ 4,176 tones / 183,600 tones = 2.3%
Jump up ^ Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). Lords of Finance: The Bankers who Broke the World. London: Penguin Books. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form: U.S. Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky" (PDF). October 20, 1987. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
Jump up ^ David W. Parham and Jim Sumner (November 1979). "North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Gold all there when Ft. Knox opened doors". Numismatic News. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fort Knox: Secrets Revealed". H2 History Channel. 2007.
Jump up ^ Day, Teresa (January 30, 2005). Fun With the Family Kentucky: Hundreds of Ideas for Day Trips with the Kids. Globe Pequot. p. 30. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Treasury - Fact Sheet on the Fort Knox Bullion Depository". Archived from the original on 1 February 2008.
Jump up ^ A History of Mosler. Mosler, Inc., Form 9983-5M-1099. 1999.
Jump up ^ Beam, Adam (August 21, 2017). "After 40 years, Fort Knox opens famed vault to civilians". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Bureau of the Fiscal Service (October 31, 2014). "Status Report of U.S. Treasury-Owned Gold". US Department of the Treasury.
Jump up ^ "Historical Gold Charts and Data - New York Fix". Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 nations stockpiling gold". Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hubert Nguyen (February 25, 2013). "Samsung KNOX Provides Privacy To BYODUsers". UberGizmo. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Media related to United States Bullion Depository at Wikimedia Commons
The United States Bullion Depository Fort Knox, Kentucky, from the U.S. Mint
An article about the Bullion Depository
"Steel and Stone Fortress to Guard Our Gold" Popular Mechanics, December 1935
"How much is gold" Forbes, December 2012
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Bullion_Depository&oldid=803540784"
Categories:
Gold
United States Mint
Warehouses on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Neoclassical architecture in Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Hardin County, Kentucky
Strategic reserves of the United States
Fort Knox
National Register of Historic Places in Hardin County, Kentucky
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
עברית
Norsk
Polski
Português
Slovenčina
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 October 2017, at 03:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value: p

attrs: colspan style

values: width:100%; font-size:105%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;

values: United States Bullion Depository is located in Kentucky

values: United States Bullion Depository is located in the US

values: display: none; width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto width:250px;padding:0

values:
/wiki/Gold_bullion
mw-redirect
Gold bullion

values:
/wiki/Federal_Reserve
mw-redirect
Federal Reserve

values: United States Department of the Treasury

values:
/wiki/Official_gold_reserves
mw-redirect
Official gold reserves

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: List of European countries and territories

values:
/wiki/Crown_of_St._Stephen
mw-redirect
Crown of St. Stephen

values:
/wiki/AH-64_Apache
mw-redirect
AH-64 Apache

values: 19th Engineer Battalion (page does not exist)

values: 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States)

values:
/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier
mw-redirect
Armored personnel carrier

values:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

values: The 'also holds' language implies that these gold coins aren't included in the gold holdings discussed above, but I suspect they are. (May 2016)

values:
/wiki/1933_Double_Eagle
mw-redirect
1933 Double Eagle

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values:
/wiki/Samsung_Group
mw-redirect
Samsung Group

values:
/wiki/Nixon_Shock
mw-redirect
Nixon Shock

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hpo.ncdcr.gov/nr/SR0003.pdf

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://howmuchisgold.net

values: Category:Warehouses on the National Register of Historic Places

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky

values: Category:Neoclassical architecture in Kentucky

values: Category:Buildings and structures in Hardin County, Kentucky

values: Category:Strategic reserves of the United States

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hardin County, Kentucky

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: פורט נוקס – Hebrew

values: United States Bullion Depository – Norwegian

values: United States Bullion Depository – Polish

values: United States Bullion Depository – Portuguese

values: United States Bullion Depository – Slovak

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_Bullion_Depository rootpage-United_States_Bullion_Depository vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
3 Doors Down
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the band. For the band's eponymous album, see 3 Doors Down (album).
3 Doors Down
3 Doors Down live in Laredo, Texas
Background information
Origin
Escatawpa, Mississippi, U.S.
Genres
Post-grunge[1][2]
hard rock[1]
alternative rock[3]
alternative metal[4]
Years active
1996–present
Labels
Republic
Universal Republic
Associated acts
Puddle of Mudd
Nickelback
Shinedown
Website
3doorsdown.com
Members
Brad Arnold
Chris Henderson
Greg Upchurch
Chet Roberts
Justin Biltonen
Past members
Matt Roberts (Deceased)
Todd Harrell
Richard Liles
Daniel Adair
3 Doors Down is an American rock band from Escatawpa, Mississippi, that formed in 1996. The band originally consisted of Brad Arnold (lead vocals/drums), Todd Harrell (bass), and Matt Roberts (lead guitar, backing vocals). They were soon joined by rhythm guitarist Chris Henderson. The band rose to international fame with their first single, "Kryptonite", which charted in the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The band then signed with Republic Records and released their debut album, The Better Life, in 2000. The album was the 11th-best-selling album of the year and was certified 6x platinum in the United States. They were later joined by drummer Richard Liles, who played during the tour for their first album.
The band's second album, Away from the Sun, (2002) continued the band's success; it debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 chart, went multi-platinum in the U.S. like its predecessor, and spawned the hits "When I'm Gone" and "Here Without You". The band toured extensively for two years. Daniel Adair played drums on tour from 2002 to 2005. This configuration played nearly 1,000 shows across the world following the release of Away from the Sun. In 2005, Greg Upchurch (Puddle of Mudd) joined to play drums to replace Adair. 3 Doors Down released their third album, Seventeen Days in 2005. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified platinum within one month of release. Their fourth, self-titled album, 3 Doors Down (2008), also debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart. The band's fifth studio album, Time of My Life (2011) debuted at No. 3 on the charts.
Original guitarist Matt Roberts departed in 2012, owing to health issues. He was replaced by Chet Roberts, who was formerly Henderson's guitar tech. Harrell was fired from the band in 2013 after being charged with vehicular homicide, and was replaced by bassist Justin Biltonen.[5] Worldwide, 3 Doors Down has sold more than 20 million albums. The band has shared the stage with artists such as Daughtry, Pop Evil, Red Sun Rising, Black Stone Cherry,[6] Megadeth, Staind, Nickelback, Three Days Grace, Oleander, Alter Bridge, Breaking Benjamin, Seether, Shinedown, Hinder, Mentors, ZZ Top, Bob Seger, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Toby Keith.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formative years: 1996–1998
1.2 Mainstream success: 1999–2004
1.3 Continued success: 2005–2010
1.4 Line-up changes: 2011–2013
1.5 Us and the Night and death of Matt Roberts: 2014–present
2 Other appearances
3 The Better Life Foundation
4 Band members
4.1 Current members
4.2 Former members
4.3 Timeline
5 Discography
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Formative years: 1996–1998[edit]
The band originally consisted of Brad Arnold (vocals/drums), Todd Harrell (bass), and Matt Roberts (guitar). The band began to tour outside Escatawpa, and it was during a trip to Foley, Alabama that they came up with their official name. When the three men were walking through the town, they saw a building where some letters had fallen off its sign, and it read "Doors Down". Since at the time they consisted of three people, they added the "3" to create "3 Doors Down". The cover of their 2011 album Time of My Life hints at the original number of band members (3) and current band members (5); the clock on the album cover reads 3:05.
A couple of years after performing together, Todd Harrell asked rhythm guitarist Chris Henderson to join the band. They recorded a demo CD of their original songs at Lincoln Recording in Pascagoula, Mississippi. When the band gave the CD to local radio station WCPR-FM they started playing the EP version of "Kryptonite", and it became the No. 1 requested song on the station for over 15 weeks.[7] The station's program director sent the song to manager Phin Daly who in turn showed it to Bill McGathy, his employer at In De Goot Entertainment. They decided to fly the band into New York to perform a showcase at the CBGB music club. Daly told HitQuarters: "Once they got on stage and started playing it was apparent the magic was in the music. So we moved to sign them."[7] 3 Doors Down's success on the radio also led to Republic Records signing the band.
Mainstream success: 1999–2004[edit]
3 Doors Down's first studio album, The Better Life, was released on February 8, 2000 and went on to become the 11th best-selling album of the year, selling over three million copies. It has since been certified 6x platinum, thanks in large part to the international hit singles, "Kryptonite", "Loser", and "Duck and Run". A fourth single, "Be Like That" was re-recorded for the 2001 film American Pie 2, with alternate lyrics for the first 3 lines. This version is known as "The American Pie 2 Edit". Whilst recording the album, Brad Arnold recorded both the vocal and drum parts. However, the band hired drummer Richard Liles for the tour in support of The Better Life so that Arnold could perform at the front of the stage. Liles left in late 2001.
The band's second studio album, Away from the Sun, was released on November 12, 2002 and went platinum within two months of release.[8] The album also produced two hit singles, "When I'm Gone" and "Here Without You". The album has sold four million copies worldwide, including well over three million in the U.S.[9][10] Session drummer Josh Freese was hired to record drums for the album. Rush guitarist Alex Lifeson produced and performed on three tracks for the record, "Dangerous Game", "Dead Love", and "Wasted Me", but only "Dangerous Game" would appear on the finished product. The band hired Canadian Daniel Adair to play drums for the Away From the Sun tour. He would go on to record the drums for the band's next studio release, and was with the band aboard the USS George Washington (CVN-73) to film the music video "When I'm Gone".
In 2003, 3 Doors Down released a live EP entitled Another 700 Miles consisting of recordings from a live performance by the band in Chicago, Illinois. Another 700 Miles has since been certified Gold in the United States. In addition to featuring some of 3 Doors Down's hit singles from their previous two albums, the EP also contains a version of the popular 1977 Lynyrd Skynyrd song "That Smell". The group toured with Nickelback in 2004.[11]
In 2003, the band began hosting the annual "3 Doors Down and Friends" benefit concert, through the band's own charity The Better Life Foundation. In 2006, this event was held at the Mobile Convention Center, with proceeds benefiting Hurricane Katrina survivors. As residents of Escatawpa, the members of the band saw the effects of Katrina's devastation.[12]
Continued success: 2005–2010[edit]
3 Doors Down performing in 2008.
By 2005, the band had sold 12 million albums.[13] The band's third studio album, 2005's Seventeen Days, has been certified platinum. Of the singles from it, "Let Me Go" and "Behind Those Eyes" charted with the most success. "Live for Today", "Landing in London" (on which Bob Seger sang the second verse and provided back-up vocals), and "Here by Me" were also released as singles. During the Seventeen Days tour, the band appeared alongside southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, as well as headlining many shows of their own.
Later in 2005, the band released a live DVD entitled Away from the Sun: Live from Houston, Texas. The DVD was produced and directed by Academy Award nominated Alex Gibney and Doug Biro. It features songs from both The Better Life and Away from the Sun, and even some early sketches of "It's Not Me" and "Father's Son", which were both eventually released on Seventeen Days.
Greg Upchurch, formerly of Puddle of Mudd, replaced Daniel Adair in 2005, when Adair left to become drummer and contributing member of Nickelback.[14]
3 Doors Down released their self-titled fourth album on May 20, 2008. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 154,000 copies in its first week. It is the band's second consecutive No. 1 album on the chart after Seventeen Days, as well their fourth album to reach the Top Ten.[15] The album contains the hit singles "It's Not My Time", "Train", "Let Me Be Myself" and "Citizen/Soldier", a song written as a tribute to the National Guard. In 2009, 3 Doors Down, along with The Soul Children of Chicago, released the song "In the Presence of the Lord" on the compilation album Oh Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration.[16]
The band recorded in 2009 a Christmas song called "Where My Christmas Lives", which was the first Christmas song Brad Arnold had ever written.[17] It was digitally released along with seven acoustic songs on December 8. Six of these acoustic tracks were from the previous self-titled album, and one was an acoustic version of "Where my Christmas Lives".
Line-up changes: 2011–2013[edit]
Todd Harrell, Brad Arnold and Matt Roberts performing in 2011.
3 Doors Down released their fifth studio album, Time of My Life, on July 19, 2011. The band had earlier released "When You're Young" as the first single from the album on January 10, 2011. The single reached a position of 81 on the US Billboard Hot 100. A second single from the album, "Every Time You Go" was released to digital outlets on May 23, 2011.[18][19] The band embarked on a tour in July 2011 across the USA, Europe, and the United Kingdom in support of the album.[20] The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200, with 59,800 copies sold in its first week. Beginning in May 2012, the band embarked on a six-week-long 'Gang of Outlaws Tour' with headliners ZZ Top and opener Gretchen Wilson.[21] On May 23, 2012, Matt Roberts announced he was leaving the band to focus on his health.[22] The "Gang of Outlaws" tour continued. On May 23, guitarist Chris Henderson announced on Twitter that his old guitar tech Chet Roberts would be taking over from Matt Roberts on lead guitar.
After the "Gang of Outlaws" tour finished, the band said in an interview that they were entering the studio to record three or four new songs to put on their very first Greatest Hits album, which was released on November 19, 2012.[23] During the tail end of the Gang of Outlaws tour, they debuted a new song "One Light" which was included on the band's The Greatest Hits. Guitarist Chris Henderson announced on Twitter they would be back in the studio a few weeks after the tour had ended. In late 2012, the band appeared at several smaller shows including one in Huntington, NY.[24] The band performed at Download Festival 2013 at the Zippo Encore Stage on the Friday of the three-day festival. From the tailend of 2012 through to March 2013, 3 Doors Down went on a joint headlining tour with US rock band Daughtry to promote Daughtry's 3rd studio album release. The cover of "In the Air Tonight" was captured and uploaded to Daughtry's official YouTube channel. The band also played the Dubai Jazz Festival in February 2013.
On April 20, 2013, bassist Todd Harrell was charged with vehicular homicide for his actions the night before in Nashville, Tennessee. He was reportedly driving on I-40 at a high speed while under the influence of prescription medication when he caused an accident that killed 47-year-old Paul Howard Shoulders, Jr. The judge in the trial granted the request by Harrell's lawyers to have Harrell placed on house arrest while awaiting trial. The judge granted the defense request, but harshly criticized the musician's doctor in the courtroom, accusing the physician of prescribing Harrell far too many pain pills. The judge stated that Harrell "got 360 Oxycodone and 60 Oxycontin pills from his doctor in less than 30 days, which is well outside the amount that is usually prescribed in the due course of medical treatment." Harrell was also charged with bringing a controlled substance into a correctional detention facility, after it was discovered during the booking process at Nashville's Metro Jail that Harrell had a plastic bag hidden in his sock that contained eight Xanax pills, twenty four Oxycodone pills, and four Oxymorphone pills. Harrell's court and trial dates have been repeatedly postponed by Harrell's attorneys for various reasons. Harrell's original court dates of May 28 and 29, 2014 for the vehicular homicide charge were postponed and the court date for his previous DUI from 2012 was postponed since Harrell had voluntarily gone into rehab at an undisclosed location and remained there on the date set for the charge to go to court. In May 2014 the trial was moved to July 23, 2014. The trial was again postponed by the judge at the request of Harrell's attorneys, pending a status hearing in September 2014. A status hearing took place on September 19, 2014 for Harrell's vehicular homicide charge, in which the judge agreed to postpone the trial again and allow Harrell to remain on house arrest pending his trial. As of January 2015, no trial date for the vehicular homicide charge had been set due to the multiple postponement requests by Harrell's attorneys, reportedly due to the fact that Harrell has been in rehab for treatment for addictions to alcohol and prescription pain medication. In December 2015, Harrell was sentenced to two years imprisonment[25] followed by six years of probation. 3 Doors Down later announced that the four scheduled shows in the U.S. for April and May had been cancelled out of respect for Shoulders and his family. The European tour with Prime Circle and the summer tour dates with Daughtry, which had been announced the day after the incident in Nashville, remained intact. On May 24, a week before the start on the European tour, Justin Biltonen was announced as the band's new bassist. The tour, starting in Moscow, Russia began on May 31, 2013. On July 20, 2013, they played live at the 2013 National Scout Jamboree at the Summit Bechtel Reserve.
Us and the Night and death of Matt Roberts: 2014–present[edit]
In January, Chris Henderson reported to the Phoenix New Times that their new album would be released sometime in 2014.[5] From the tail end of 2013 into 2014, the band embarked on an acoustic tour entitled "Songs from the Basement" and toured around the United States. In February 2014, Todd Harrell was arrested in Mississippi once again for a DUI. Afterward, the band released a statement that Harrell was permanently out of the band, and that they would continue with Justin Biltonen as his replacement. In June, Chris Henderson announced that the new album would be titled Us and the Night. It was originally set to be released between September and November 2015.[26] In January 2016, the album's release date was finally revealed to be March 11, 2016.[27]
Former guitarist Matt Roberts died on August 20, 2016 at the age of 38 from a prescription drug overdose.[28]
Other appearances[edit]
On February 9, 2010, the band released a song called "Shine", through digital media such as iTunes, which was used as a promotion for the 2010 Winter Olympics and is available through digital outlets.[29] Billboard listed 3 Doors Down as the No. 30 band in the decade from 2000-2010.[30]
On January 30, 2011, 3 Doors Down played during the 1st period intermission of the 2011 NHL All-Star Game in Raleigh, North Carolina. They played two songs: "When You're Young" followed by "Kryptonite". The band also held a free concert as part of the weekend festivities on January 28, 2011 in downtown Raleigh.
On June 28–29, 2014, 3 Doors Down played both days at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan. They played all of their greatest hits, and only two new songs. This was at the Americafest celebration.[31]
3 Doors Down performed at the presidential inauguration concert of U.S. President-elect Donald Trump on January 19, 2017.[32] The band received criticism and ridicule for playing at the event.[33][34][35][36][37] In the week following the performance the band's The Greatest Hits album reentered the Billboard 200 at a new peak of No. 94; the album had debuted and peaked at No. 100 in 2012 and had been off the chart since April 2016.[38]
The Better Life Foundation[edit]
The Better Life Foundation logo
3 Doors Down started The Better Life Foundation (TBLF) in 2003, with a goal in mind to give as many children as possible a better life. Since its inception TBLF has supported numerous charities across the USA, including the Center for the Prevention of Child Abuse, and the Habitat for Humanity,[39] as well as providing aid and assistance to the Gulf Coast region of Mississippi during Hurricane Katrina. In 2006, Brad Arnold stated that approximately $900,000 had been raised.[40]
When the Mississippi town of Waveland took an especially hard hit from Hurricane Katrina, the charity was able to purchase three police cars and a fire truck to help with rescue efforts. Also, in connection with Wal-Mart, they were able to supply the town with three semi-trucks full of rescue supplies. There was also extensive support from TBLF in providing funding for rebuilding efforts in the town.
3 Doors Down and The Better Life Foundation host a yearly show to raise money for the charity. Beginning in 2010, the show is performed at Horseshoe Hotel and Casino, in Tunica, Mississippi. Prior to 2010, the show was performed at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Biloxi, Mississippi. In addition to a concert from 3 Doors Down and friends, there is also an auction, which includes numerous items from musical friends, sports icons, and other various supporters of the band and the charity. There is an average of sixty items auctioned off yearly, and proceeds are given to TBLF.
Past performers at the show include Lynyrd Skynyrd, Shinedown, Alter Bridge, Staind, Hinder, Switchfoot, Tracy Lawrence, Sara Evans, and others. Past auction items include a Paul Stanley guitar played on the KISS Farewell Tour, a total of four Roger Bourget motorcycles, access to the Dale Jr. racing suite, NASCAR artwork by Brad Daley, numerous signed guitars and sports memorabilia.[41]
Band members[edit]
Current members[edit]
Brad Arnold – lead vocals (1996–present), drums (1996–2000)
Chet Roberts – lead guitar, backing vocals (2012–present)
Chris Henderson – rhythm guitar (1998–present)
Justin Biltonen – bass (2013–present)
Greg Upchurch – drums (2005–present)
Former members[edit]
Matt Roberts – lead guitar, backing vocals (1996–2012; died 2016)
Todd Harrell – bass (1996–2013)
Richard Liles – drums (2000–2002)
Daniel Adair – drums (2002–2005)
Timeline[edit]
Discography[edit]
Main article: 3 Doors Down discography
Studio albums
The Better Life (2000)
Away from the Sun (2002)
Seventeen Days (2005)
3 Doors Down (2008)
Time of My Life (2011)
Us and the Night (2016)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Proefrock, Stacia. "3 Doors Down". AllMusic. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Steininger, Adam (August 23, 2013). "The 10 Worst Post-Grunge Bands". LA Weekly. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Patrick (July 19, 2013). "3 Doors Down to play U.S. Scouts Jamboree". USA Today. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Huey, Steve. "The Better Life". AllMusic.
^ Jump up to: a b "New 3 Doors Down Material Coming in 2014, Guitarist Chris Henderson Confirms". Ultimate Guitar. January 23, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-28. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Phin Daly". HitQuarters. November 1, 2001. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Larkin, C. (July 4, 2006) "3 Doors Down". Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 4th ed. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "3 Doors Down Biography". 3doorsdown.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts". Billboard. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Waddel, R. (May 29th, 2004). Hopes high for 3 Doors Down/Nickelback. Billboard – The International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment, Volume 116, Issue 22.
Jump up ^ Waddell, Ray (October 16, 2006). "3 Doors Down Plots Benefit, New Album". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Losey, S. (June 2005). Daniel Adair: revolving door: making the exodus from 3 Doors Down to Nickelback. Modern Drummer, Volume 29, Issue 6.
Jump up ^ "3 Doors Down Grab Muddy Drummer". TotalRock. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Katie Hasty (May 28, 2008). "3 Doors Down Cruises To No.1 On Album Chart". Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Deborah Evans Price (March 27, 2009). "Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for "Day"". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Where My Christmas Lives By 3 Doors Down Songfacts". SongFacts. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""Every Time You Go" Available May 23!". 3 Doors Down Official Website. January 10, 2011. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Every Time You Go by 3 Doors Down Chart Summary". music-chart.info. March 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "3 Doors Down Tour Dates 2011". SongKick. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gang of Outlaws Tour Announced Starring ZZ Top...". ZZ Top Official Website. March 26, 2012. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Matt Roberts Leaves 3 Doors Down". May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chad Childers (October 5, 2012). "3 Doors Down to Unleash 'Greatest Hits' Collection with Three New Songs". Loudwire. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 Republican National Convention, Order of Business" (PDF). August 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Forrest (December 18, 2015). "Former 3 Doors Down bassist sentenced in vehicular homicide case". WSMV-TV.
Jump up ^ "3 Doors Down Reveal 'Us and the Night' Album Title". Loudwire.com. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
Jump up ^ Chad Childers (January 7, 2016). "3 Doors Down Reveal 'Us and the Night' Album Release Date + Artwork". Loudwire. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'3 Doors Down' Ex-Guitarist Dead at 38". TMZ. August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "3 Doors Down To Release New Single". TuneLab. January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Artists of the Decade Music Chart". Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hecker, James. "AmericaFest". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Melas, Chloe (January 13, 2017). "Toby Keith, 3 Doors Down among acts announced for Trump inauguration concert". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schonfield, Zach (January 14, 2017). "3 Doors Down Fans on How They Feel About the Band Playing Trump's Inauguration". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
Jump up ^ WKRG Staff (January 19, 2017). "3 Doors Down Ignores Criticism For Playing Trump Inauguration". WKRG-TV. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chalmers, Max (January 24, 2017). "A Very Sad And Confused Review Of 3 Doors Down At Trump's Inauguration". Junkee. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Threadgill, Jacob (January 18, 2007). "3 Doors Down not shying from Trump inauguration". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Guan, Frank (January 19, 2017). "3 Doors Down Is the Perfect Band to Play Trump's Inauguration". Vulture. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (January 26, 2017). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 3 Doors Down & Toby Keith Return After Trump Inauguration Concert". Billboard. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "10 Great Rock-Related Charities To Support". Loudwire.com. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
Jump up ^ Waddel, R. (November 11th, 2006). UpFront on the road: after the storm – 3 Doors Down members help revive the gulf concert scene. Billboard – The International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment, Volume 118, Issue 47.
Jump up ^ "The Better Life Foundation". August 23, 2010. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 3 Doors Down.
Official website
The Better Life Foundation
[hide]
v
t
e
3 Doors Down
Brad Arnold
Chet Roberts
Chris Henderson
Justin Biltonen
Greg Upchurch
Daniel Adair
Studio albums
The Better Life
Away from the Sun
Seventeen Days
3 Doors Down
Time of My Life
Us and the Night
Compilations
The Greatest Hits
Extended plays
Another 700 Miles
Acoustic EP
Where My Christmas Lives
Singles
"Kryptonite"
"Loser"
"Duck and Run"
"Be Like That"
"When I'm Gone"
"The Road I'm On"
"Here Without You"
"Let Me Go"
"Behind Those Eyes"
"Landing in London"
"Citizen/Soldier"
"It's Not My Time"
"Train"
"The Champion in Me"
"Let Me Be Myself"
"When You're Young"
Discography
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 142131746
ISNI: 0000 0001 0943 8357
GND: 3059004-8
SUDOC: 086230239
BNF: cb14037570k (data)
MusicBrainz: 2386cd66-e923-4e8e-bf14-2eebe2e9b973
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3_Doors_Down&oldid=803984699"
Categories:
Alternative rock groups from Mississippi
American hard rock musical groups
American post-grunge musical groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical quintets
Republic Records artists
3 Doors Down
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 22:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: 3 Doors Down live @ Laredo Energy Arena in Laredo, Texas.JPG

attrs: href class

value: td

values:
/wiki/RIAA_certification
mw-redirect
RIAA certification

values:
/wiki/Hinder_(band)
mw-redirect
Hinder (band)

values: Edit section: Formative years: 1996–1998

values: Edit section: Mainstream success: 1999–2004

values: Edit section: Continued success: 2005–2010

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Greg_Upchurch
mw-redirect
Greg Upchurch

values:
/wiki/Where_My_Christmas_Lives_EP
mw-redirect
Where My Christmas Lives EP

values: Edit section: Line-up changes: 2011–2013

values:
/wiki/Summit_Bechtel_Reserve
mw-redirect
Summit Bechtel Reserve

values: Edit section: Us and the Night and death of Matt Roberts: 2014–present

values:
/wiki/Shine_(3_Doors_Down_song)
mw-redirect
Shine (3 Doors Down song)

values:
/wiki/NHL_All-Star_Game
mw-redirect
NHL All-Star Game

values:
/wiki/Donald_Trump_inauguration
mw-redirect
Donald Trump inauguration

values: Edit section: The Better Life Foundation

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://3doorsdown.com/#/events

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.3doorsdown.com/bio.aspx

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zztop.com/news/67891

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thebetterlifefoundation.org

values:
3_Doors_Down
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Where_My_Christmas_Lives_(EP)
mw-redirect
Where My Christmas Lives (EP)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/142131746

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000109438357

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/3059004-8

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/086230239

values: Category:Alternative rock groups from Mississippi

values: Category:American hard rock musical groups

values: Category:American post-grunge musical groups

values: Category:Musical groups established in 1996

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/3_Doors_Down
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: 3 دورز داون – Arabic

values: تری دورز داون – Persian

values: 3 דורז דאון – Hebrew

values: 3ドアーズ・ダウン – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-3_Doors_Down rootpage-3_Doors_Down vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Powers of the United States Congress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a subarticle of United States Congress
Congress meets in the United States Capitol.
Powers of the United States Congress are implemented by the United States Constitution, defined by rulings of the Supreme Court, and by its own efforts and by other factors such as history and custom. It is the chief legislative body of the United States. Some powers are explicitly defined by the Constitution and are called enumerated powers; others have been assumed to exist and are called implied powers.
Contents
[hide]
1 General powers
2 Enumerated powers
3 Implied powers and the commerce clause
4 References
5 External links
General powers[edit]
Former US general George Washington presided over the signing of the United States Constitution which included Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison.
Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress, which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution.
Congress has the power of the purse and it can tax citizens, spend money, and authorize the printing of currency such as this bill for $100,000.
Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters, through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended power of taxation to include income taxes.[1] The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds. This power of the purse is one of Congress' primary checks on the executive branch.[1] Other powers granted to Congress include the authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money.[2] Generally both Senate and House have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue bills and, by tradition, appropriation bills.[3]
Congress authorizes defense spending to buy and maintain aircraft carriers such as the USS Bon Homme Richard. The name Richard is from a rough French language reference to Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac meaning Good man Richard.
The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense, including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces, and to make rules for the military.[4] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's Constitutionally-defined task of declaring war.[5] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II,[6] although President Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get Congressional assent.[6] Presidents have initiated war without Congressional war declarations; Truman called the Korean War a "police action"[7] and the Vietnam War lasted over a decade without a declaration of war.[6] In 1970, Time magazine noted: "All told, it has been calculated, U.S. presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times" before 1970.[6] In 1993, one writer noted "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion (of Congressional authority to declare war) began after World War II."[8] President George H. W. Bush claimed he could begin Operation Desert Storm and launch a "deliberate, unhurried, post–Cold War decision to start a war" without Congressional approval.[8] Critics charge that President George W. Bush largely initiated the Iraq War with little debate in Congress or consultation with Congress, despite a Congressional vote on military force authorization.[9][10] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history.[11]
An enumerated congressional power is to establish post offices including this one in Athens, Georgia, pictured in 1942.
Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.
One congressional power is oversight of other branches of the government. In the early 1970s, the Senate investigated the activities of President Richard Nixon regarding Watergate which led to the president's resignation.
One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch.[12] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress' subpoena power.[13] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Valerie Plame Wilson episode sometimes known as the Plame affair, some critics, including Representative Henry A. Waxman, charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case.[14] Other critics charge Congress was lax in its oversight duties regarding presidential actions such as warrantless wiretapping, although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of decisions by President George W. Bush involving such matters.[15]
Congress has the power to impeach officials including the president. In 1868, this committee helped impeach president Andrew Johnson who was almost convicted; Johnson stayed in office.
Congress also has the exclusive impeachment power, allowing impeachment, trial, and removal of the President, federal judges and other federal officers.[16]
Enumerated powers[edit]
Main article: Enumerated powers
Among the powers specifically given to Congress in Article I Section 8, are the following:

1.To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Native American tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post offices and post roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles (16 km) square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.
One of many congressional powers is to "define and punish piracies on the high seas".
Other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of all citizens regardless of race, including voting rights, due process, and equal protection under the law.[17] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress.[18]
Implied powers and the commerce clause[edit]
Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio was a principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Congress also has implied powers, which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."[19] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland, have effectively widened the scope of Congress' legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8.[20][21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson (2006), p. 18
Jump up ^ editorial staff (May 30, 2008). "Congress and the Dollar". New York Sun. Retrieved 2010-09-11. ...Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution. ... the founders of America delegated to the Congress the power to, among other things, "coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures."
Jump up ^ John V. Sullivan (July 24, 2007). "How Our Laws Are Made". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Unlike some other parliamentary bodies, both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative functions and powers with certain exceptions. For example, the Constitution provides that only the House of Representatives may originate revenue bills. By tradition, the House also originates appropriation bills. As both bodies have equal legislative powers, the designation of one as the upper House and the other as the lower House is not applicable.
Jump up ^ KATE ZERNIKE (September 28, 2006). "Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-11. The Senate approved legislation this evening governing the interrogation and trials of terror suspects, establishing far-reaching new rules in the definition of who may be held and how they should be treated. ... The legislation sets up rules for the military commissions ...
Jump up ^ "References about Congressional war declaring power".
Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). "The 'unitary executive' question". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Steve Holland (May 1, 2009). "Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades". Reuters UK. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
"The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Kinsley (March 15, 1993). "The Case for a Big Power Swap". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Time Essay: Where's Congress?". Time Magazine. May 22, 1972. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Did Richard Nixon "usurp" the constitutional powers of Congress when he unilaterally ordered troops into Cambodia? Swarms of lawyers went to Washington last week to join an increasingly intense debate on the issue (see THE NATION). Their most persuasive arguments raised fundamental questions that go far beyond Cambodia and the Indochina war. Many of the antiwar lawyers conceded that proving the Cambodian "attacks" unconstitutional may be difficult.
Jump up ^ "THE PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.; SENATE". The New York Times. June 28, 1862. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Mr. SUMNER spoke in favor of the House bills, contending that they were entirely free from all constitutional objections. They were just as constitutional as the Constitution itself. They only form a part of the means for the suppression of the rebellion. The war powers of Congress are clearly derived from the Constitution, and Congress has a perfect right to exercise war powers. He protested earnestly against the absurd and tyrannical doctrine that all war powers were centred in the President, and against any attempt to foist such an unconstitutional doctrine into the Constitution, as showing the effrontery with which ignorance and conceit excused unconstitutional doctrines. He contended, at length, that confiscation and liberation were among the war powers of Congress, and he had more hope from liberation than from confiscation.
Jump up ^ David S. Broder (March 18, 2007). "Congress's Oversight Offensive". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-09-11. A Congress under firm Republican control was somnolent when it came to oversight of the executive branch. No Republican committee chairman wanted to turn over rocks in a Republican administration.
Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro (April 25, 2007). "House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Democratic lawmakers on Wednesday subpoenaed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to testify about a central and later refuted administration justification for the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. But the administration said it might fight the subpoena, citing a legal doctrine that can shield a president and his aides from having to answer questions from Congress. "Those matters are covered by executive privilege," said State Department spokesman Sean McCormack, moving toward a possible legal showdown with the Democratic-led Congress.
Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang (July 16, 2008). "Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea, legislative attorneys (January 5, 2006). "Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell and Glen Elsasser (October 20, 1991). "Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-09-11. The Constitution says judges have lifetime appointments ``during good behavior`` but, like other federal officers, they can be removed from office for ``treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors.... It's entirely in Congress` determination what the limitations of the impeachment clause may be,`` said John Killian, senior specialist in American constitutional law for the Congressional Research Service.
Jump up ^ Davidson (2006), p. 19
Jump up ^ J. LESLIE KINCAID (January 17, 1916). "TO MAKE THE MILITIA A NATIONAL FORCE.; The Power of Congress Under the Constitution "for Organizing, Arming, and Disciplining" the State Troops". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-11. From the many articles which have appeared in the public press the general idea seems to prevail that the militia is essentially a State force. To whatever extent this may be true, at the present time, it has resulted from the failure of Congress adequately to provide for the militia as a national force.
Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington (February 25, 2010). "Red State Anxiety and The Constitution". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-09-11. The Tenth states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." It does not say that laws derived under and consistent with the Articles of the Constitution cannot be enacted over and above the original writing or that State's retain a power to overrule federal law. The authority for doing so is based in implied powers and is among the earliest arguments in Constitutional law. Implied powers are derived from the general welfare and necessary and proper clauses.
Jump up ^ "Timeline". CBS News. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11. McCulloch v. Maryland states that the Constitution grants implied powers to Congress, enabling it to carry out explicitly defined powers. The decision vastly augments Congress' power to make laws.
Jump up ^ RANDY E. BARNETT (April 23, 2009). "The Case for a Federalism Amendment". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Finally, Section 5 authorizes judges to keep Congress within its limits by examining laws restricting the rightful exercise of liberty to ensure that they are a necessary and proper means to implement an enumerated power. This section also requires that the Constitution be interpreted according to its original meaning at the time of its enactment. But by expanding the powers of Congress to include regulating all interstate activity, the Amendment greatly relieves the political pressure on courts to adopt a strained reading of Congress's enumerated powers. Monkeys
External links[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=834105034"
Categories:
Legislative branch of the United States government
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
සිංහල
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 23:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

value: i

values: Painting of men in a formal political meeting.

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac
mw-redirect
Poor Richard's Almanac

values:
/wiki/Defense_(military)
mw-redirect
Defense (military)

values:
/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Military of the United States

values:
/wiki/Executive_branch
mw-redirect
Executive branch

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Valerie_Plame_Wilson
mw-redirect
Valerie Plame Wilson

values:
/wiki/Henry_A._Waxman
mw-redirect
Henry A. Waxman

values:
/wiki/Warrantless_wiretapping
mw-redirect
Warrantless wiretapping

values: Seven men wearing suits posing for a group picture.

values:
/wiki/United_States_President
mw-redirect
United States President

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_powers
mw-redirect
Enumerated powers

values:
/wiki/United_States_public_debt
mw-redirect
United States public debt

values:
/wiki/United_States_federal_courts
mw-redirect
United States federal courts

values:
/wiki/Public_international_law
mw-redirect
Public international law

values: Drawing of a pirate on a beach with a chest.

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Voting_rights
mw-redirect
Voting rights

values:
/wiki/Equal_protection
mw-redirect
Equal protection

values: Edit section: Implied powers and the commerce clause

values:
/wiki/McCulloch_v_Maryland
mw-redirect
McCulloch v Maryland

values: Category:Legislative branch of the United States government

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: එක්සත් ජනපද කොංග්‍රස් මණ්ඩලයෙහි බලතල – Sinhala

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress rootpage-Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress skin-vector action-view


text:
Character (computing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
In computer and machine-based telecommunications terminology, a character is a unit of information that roughly corresponds to a grapheme, grapheme-like unit, or symbol, such as in an alphabet or syllabary in the written form of a natural language.[1]
Examples of characters include letters, numerical digits, common punctuation marks (such as "." or "-"), and whitespace. The concept also includes control characters, which do not correspond to symbols in a particular natural language, but rather to other bits of information used to process text in one or more languages. Examples of control characters include carriage return or tab, as well as instructions to printers or other devices that display or otherwise process text.
Characters are typically combined into strings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character encoding
2 Terminology
2.1 Combining character
3 char
4 Word character
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Character encoding[edit]
Main article: Character encoding
Computers and communication equipment represent characters using a character encoding that assigns each character to something — an integer quantity represented by a sequence of digits, typically — that can be stored or transmitted through a network. Two examples of usual encodings are ASCII and the UTF-8 encoding for Unicode. While most character encodings map characters to numbers and/or bit sequences, Morse code instead represents characters using a series of electrical impulses of varying length.
Terminology[edit]
Historically, the term character has been widely used by industry professionals to refer to an encoded character, often as defined by the programming language or API. Likewise, character set has been widely used to refer to a specific repertoire of characters that have been mapped to specific bit sequences or numerical codes. The term glyph is used to describe a particular visual appearance of a character. Many computer fonts consist of glyphs that are indexed by the numerical code of the corresponding character.
With the advent and widespread acceptance of Unicode[2] and bit-agnostic coded character sets,[clarification needed] a character is increasingly being seen as a unit of information, independent of any particular visual manifestation. The ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode) International Standard defines character, or abstract character as "a member of a set of elements used for the organisation, control, or representation of data". Unicode's definition supplements this with explanatory notes that encourage the reader to differentiate between characters, graphemes, and glyphs, among other things. Such differentiation is an instance of the wider theme of the separation of presentation and content.
For example, the Hebrew letter aleph ("א") is often used by mathematicians to denote certain kinds of infinity, but it is also used in ordinary Hebrew text. In Unicode, these two uses are considered different characters, and have two different Unicode numerical identifiers ("code points"), though they may be rendered identically. Conversely, the Chinese logogram for water ("水") may have a slightly different appearance in Japanese texts than it does in Chinese texts, and local typefaces may reflect this. But nonetheless in Unicode they are considered the same character, and share the same code point.
The Unicode standard also differentiates between these abstract characters and coded characters or encoded characters that have been paired with numeric codes that facilitate their representation in computers.
Combining character[edit]
The combining character is also addressed by Unicode. For instance, Unicode allocates a code point to each of i, ["](combining trema) and ï (U+00ef). This makes it possible to code the middle character of the word naïve both as a single code point 'ï' or as a combination of the character i with diacritic (") (U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I + U+0308 COMBINING DIAERESIS).
Both are considered canonically equivalent by the Unicode standard.
char[edit]
See also: C data types
A char in the C programming language is a data type with the size of exactly one byte,[3] which in turn is defined to be large enough to contain any member of the “basic execution character set” and (in newer C standards) UTF-8 code units[4] which implies a minimum size of 8 bits. The exact number of bits can be checked via CHAR_BIT macro. By far the most common size is 8 bits, and the POSIX standard requires it to be 8 bits.[5]
Since Unicode requires at least 21 bits to store a single code point, it is usually impossible to store one inside a single char; instead a variable-length encoding such as UTF-8 must be used. Unfortunately, the fact that a character was historically stored in a single byte led to the two terms being used interchangeably in most documentation. This often makes the documentation confusing or misleading when multibyte encodings such as UTF-8 are used, and has led to inefficient and incorrect implementations of string manipulation functions. Modern POSIX documentation attempts to fix this, defining “character” as a sequence of one or more bytes representing a single graphic symbol or control code, and attempts to use “byte” when referring to char data.[6] However it defines Character Array as an array of elements of type char.[7]
Unicode can also be stored in strings made up of code units that are larger than char. These are called “wide characters”. The original C type was called wchar_t. Due to some platforms defining wchar_t as 16 bits and others defining it as 32 bits, recent versions have added char16_t, char32_t. Even then the objects being stored might not be characters, for instance the variable-length UTF-16 is often stored in arrays of char16_t.
Other languages also have a char type. Some such as C++ use 8 bits like C. Others such as Java use 16 bits for char, in order to represent UTF-16 values.
Word character[edit]
A "word" character has special meaning in some aspects of computing. A "word character" within ASCII typically means a letter of the alphabet A-Z (upper or lower case), the digits 0 to 9, and the underscore.[8][9]
It might be dependent on localization and encoding in use. For example $ and | are not word characters, while 'é' (in French) or 'æ' or 'я' (in Russian) or 'ά' (in Greek) are, as used in words such as fédération, Αγορά, or Примечания.
See also[edit]
Character literal
Fill character
Combining character
Universal Character Set characters
Homoglyph
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of CHARACTER". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Davis, Mark (2008-05-05). "Moving to Unicode 5.1". Google Blog. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ ISO/IEC 14882:2011. § 5.3.3 Sizeof.
Jump up ^ ISO/IEC 14882:2011. § 1.7 The C++ memory model.
Jump up ^ "<limits.h>". pubs.opengroup.org. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
Jump up ^ http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_87
Jump up ^ http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_88
Jump up ^ Goyvaerts, Jan. "Regexp Tutorial - Character Classes or Character Sets". www.regular-expressions.info. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
Jump up ^ See also the [:word:] regular expression character class
External links[edit]
Characters: A Brief Introduction by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)
ISO/IEC TR 15285:1998 summarizes the ISO/IEC's character model, focusing on terminology definitions and differentiating between characters and glyphs
[hide]
v
t
e
Data types
Uninterpreted
Bit
Byte
Trit
Tryte
Word
Bit array
Numeric
Arbitrary-precision or bignum
Complex
Decimal
Fixed point
Floating point
Double precision
Extended precision
Half precision
Long double
Minifloat
Octuple precision
Quadruple precision
Single precision
Integer
signedness
Interval
Rational
Pointer
Address
physical
virtual
Reference
Text
Character
String
null-terminated
Composite
Algebraic data type
generalized
Array
Associative array
Class
Dependent
Equality
Inductive
List
Object
metaobject
Option type
Product
Record
Set
Union
tagged
Other
Boolean
Bottom type
Collection
Enumerated type
Exception
Function type
Opaque data type
Recursive data type
Semaphore
Stream
Top type
Type class
Unit type
Void
Related
topics
Abstract data type
Data structure
Generic
Kind
metaclass
Parametric polymorphism
Primitive data type
Protocol
interface
Subtyping
Type constructor
Type conversion
Type system
Type theory
See also platform-dependent and independent units of information
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character_(computing)&oldid=833611011"
Categories:
Character encoding
Data types
Digital typography
Primitive types
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Lingála
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
کوردی
Türkçe
Українська
中文
22 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 16:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
mbox-text plainlist
vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: role class style

values: background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;

values:
/wiki/Computer_printer
mw-redirect
Computer printer

values:
/wiki/Computer_storage
mw-redirect
Computer storage

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Universal_Character_Set
mw-redirect
Universal Character Set

values:
/wiki/Aleph_(letter)
mw-redirect
Aleph (letter)

values:
/wiki/Chinese_script
mw-redirect
Chinese script

values:
/wiki/Japanese_script
mw-redirect
Japanese script

values:
/wiki/Wide_characters
mw-redirect
Wide characters

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.linfo.org/character.html

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.charter724.info

values:
/wiki/Floating_point
mw-redirect
Floating point

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Character_(computing)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: رمز (حوسبة) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Символен тип – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Χαρακτήρας (υπολογιστές) – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: نویسه (رایانه) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakter
Karakter – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Тэмдэгт (компьютерын шинжлэх ухаан) – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: စာလုံး – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: キャラクタ (コンピュータ) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caractere
Caractere – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Символьный тип – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Символьний тип даних – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Character_computing rootpage-Character_computing skin-vector action-view


text:
Insurance Repository in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Insurance Repository in India is a database of insurance policies. It allows policy holders to make revisions to a policy. It launched on 16 September 2013. It is the world's first of its kind.[1][2]
India's Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority originally issued licenses to five entities to act as Insurance Repositories;[3] however, SHCIL Projects Limited surrendered its Insurance Repository license in September 2015. The remaining four are:
CDSL Insurance Repository Limited (CDSL IR)[4]
Karvy Insurance Repository Limited[5]
National Insurance-policy Repository[6] by NSDL Database Management Limited
CAMS Insurance Repository Services Limited[7]
All such entities must contain the words "Insurance Repository" in their names.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ PTI (September 16, 2013). "Chidambaram launches insurance repository system". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
Jump up ^ IANS (16 September 2013). "Digitise insurance policies, says Chidambaram". IBM LIVE. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
Jump up ^ List of Insurance Repositories - IRDA
Jump up ^ CDSL Insurance Repository Limited (CDSL IR)
Jump up ^ Karvy Insurance Repository Limited
Jump up ^ National Insurance-policy Repository
Jump up ^ CAMS Insurance Repository Services Limited
External links[edit]
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
Handbook of Insurance Repository
Benefits of eIA
show
v
t
e
Insurance in India
Companies
Agriculture
Agriculture Insurance Company of India
General
Bajaj Allianz
Cholamandalam MS
General Insurance Corporation of India
HDFC ERGO
ICICI Lombard
National Insurance
New India Assurance
Oriental Insurance
Reliance
TATA AIG
United India
Shriram General Insurance Co. LTd.
Health
Apollo Munich
Employees' State Insurance (ESI)
Max Bupa
Star Health
Life
Aviva India
AEGON Religare
Bajaj Allianz
Birla Sun Life
Exide Life Insurance (Previously ING Vyas Life India)
HDFC Life
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance
IDBI Federal Life Insurance
IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company
LIC
Max Life
Peerless Group
PNB Met Life
Reliance
SBI Life
Sun Life Financial
Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
Reinsurance
GIC-Re
Insurance Repository
CDSL
NSDL
Other
Insurance Repository in India
CISR
Insurance Institute of India
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Repository_in_India&oldid=827108452"
Categories:
Insurance in India
2013 in India
Hidden categories:
Articles with too few wikilinks from February 2014
All articles with too few wikilinks
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2014
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 22 February 2018, at 20:35 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Wikipedia:Only make links that are relevant to the context

value: small

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cirl.co.in

values:
nofollow
http://www.kinrep.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://nir.ndml.in/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.camsrepository.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.irda.gov.in/
external text

values: Shriram General Insurance Co. LTd. (page does not exist)

values: AEGON Religare Life Insurance (page does not exist)

values: Birla Sun Life Insurance Company Limited (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/ING_Life_India
mw-redirect
ING Life India

values: PNB MetLife India Insurance Company Limited

values: Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd. (page does not exist)

values: Center for Insurance Studies and Research

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles with too few wikilinks from February 2014

values: Category:All articles with too few wikilinks

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2014

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Insurance_Repository_in_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Insurance_Repository_in_India rootpage-Insurance_Repository_in_India skin-vector action-view