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Rosca de reyes
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Roscón de Reyes
Majorcan roscón
Alternative names
Rosca de reyes
Course
Dessert
Place of origin
Spain, France
Cookbook: Roscón de Reyes Media: Roscón de Reyes
Catalan tortell
King and bean from inside a Spanish Rosca de Reyes.
Roscón de reyes or rosca de reyes (kings' ring) is a Spanish and Spanish American king's cake pastry traditionally eaten to celebrate Epiphany. In Catalonia, it is known as tortell. In southern France where it is also eaten, it is known as Gâteau des Rois, Corona dels Reis or Reiaume.
Although the name indicates that it should be round, the roscón de reyes generally has an oval shape due to the need to make cakes larger than 30 cm (12 inches) across for larger parties. Recipes vary from country to country. For decoration, figs, quinces, cherries or dried and candied fruits are used.
It is traditionally eaten on January 6,[1] during the celebration of the Día de Reyes (literally "Kings' Day"), which commemorates the arrival of the three Magi or Wise Men. In most of Spain, Spanish America, and sometimes, Hispanic communities in the United States, this is the day when children traditionally get presents, which are attributed to the Three Wise Men (and not Santa Claus or Father Christmas). In Spain before children go to bed, they leave a dish filled with biscuits and a few glasses of water for the three wise men and the camels they ride on.[citation needed] The baby Jesus hidden in the bread represents the flight of the Holy Family, fleeing from King Herod's Massacre of the Innocents. Whoever finds the baby Jesus figurine is blessed and must take the figurine to the nearest church on February 2 (Candlemas Day, Día de la Candelaria). In the Mexican culture, this person has the responsibility of hosting a dinner and providing tamales and atole to the guests. In U.S. communities with large Mexican and Mexican-American populations, such as Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, Dallas and Chicago, the celebration includes the Mexican hominy stew pozole, which is made for all one's neighbors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Variations
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Variations[edit]
In Spain, roscones bought in pastry shops have a small figure hidden inside, either of a baby Jesus or little toys for children, as well as the more traditional dry fava bean. Whoever finds the figure is crowned "king" or "queen" of the celebration, whereas whoever finds the bean has to pay for the next year's roscón or Epiphany party.
In Galicia and Argentina, there is a similar tradition of eating the rosca on January 6, although no figurine is included. A similar version of the pastry with whole eggs baked on top is served on Easter as rosca de Pascua.
In some places, the roscón de reyes is replaced by panettone, also baked with trinkets inside.
In northern France, a similar pastry known as a galette des rois (made with puff pastry and almond cream) is eaten on Epiphany, and in the US, the formerly French and Spanish city of New Orleans continues this tradition later into the year with their King Cake, a rich yeasted bread decorated with colored sugar and eaten throughout Carnival season which begins on Epiphany and ends on Mardi Gras.
See also[edit]
King cake
Bolo Rei
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rosca de Reyes is a Mexican Tradition". blog.mexgrocer.com. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
References[edit]
1991. Tradiciones Mexicanas. Pg 22, 31. Mexico, D.F., Ed. Diana S.A. de C.V., ISBN 968-13-2203-7
1998. Fiestas de México. Pg. 76, Mexico, D.F., Panorama Editorial S.A. de C.V, ISBN 968-38-0048-3
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosca de Reyes.
A State Mandated Christmas Bonus, a blog post by the Law Library of Congress, makes reference to the Rosca de reyes.
Roscón de Reyes Recipe (ENG), a blog post by Leonie Discovers,tells us the recipe of the delicion Roscon
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Tayo the Little Bus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tayo the Little Bus
Genre
Children, comedy
Written by
Choi, Jong-Il
Directed by
Kim, Min-sung
Voices of
Robyn Slade - Tayo
Nolan Balzer - Rogi
Kami Desilets - Lani
Kerri Salki - Gani
Opening theme
Tayo the Little Bus
Ending theme
Vroom, Vroom, Vroom!
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
English (Dubbed)
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
104
Production
Running time
11 minutes per episode
Production company(s)
Iconix Entertainment, Educational Broadcasting System, Seoul Metropolitan Government
Distributor
Educational Broadcasting System
Release
Original network
Educational Broadcasting System
Original release
2010 (2010) – 2017
External links
Official website
www.tayobus.com/eng
Production
website
www.iconix.co.kr/iconix/eng/index.php
Tayo the Little Bus (Hangul: 꼬마버스 타요; RR: Kkoma-beoseu Tayo) is a South Korean computer-animated television series created by Iconix Entertainment, Educational Broadcasting System and the Metropolitan Government of Seoul.[1] The show was produced with the help of Seoul mayor Oh Se-hoon's administration.[2] It began airing in South Korea on EBS in 2010, and an English-dubbed version of the series began airing on Disney Junior (Asia) in 2012, with Disney Junior (Australia and New Zealand) following in 2013. In the United States and Canada, Hulu is the exclusive distributor of the series,[3] though the second season is on Netflix.
The series is available in Korean, English, Spanish, Turkish and Russian on the production company's Tayo YouTube channel.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Season 1
2 Season 2
3 Season 3
4 Season 4
5 Characters
5.1 Main characters
5.2 Supporting characters
5.2.1 Frequent supporting characters
5.2.2 Recurring supporting characters
5.3 Guest characters
6 Reception
7 Cultural impact
8 References
9 External links
Season 1[edit]
A Day in the Life of Tayo
Tayo gets lost
Tayo's First Drive
Good Friends
Afraid of the Dark
Thanks, Cito!
Let's All Get Along
I Want New Tires
Our New Friend, Gani
Hana and Gani
I Want to Go on a Picnic!
Let's Be Friends
Nuri is a Superstar
Rogi's Hiccups
Hana's Day Out
The Best Heavy Equipment
Joey, the Magician
Frank and Alice Are Awesome!
Lani's Misunderstanding
Make Up, Frank and Alice
Tayo's Space Adventure
Speeding is Dangerous
Lani's Day Off
My Job's the Hardest
Gani is Sick
Tayo is the Best
Season 2[edit]
(27) Tayo and Bongbong
(28) The Perfect duo, Rookie and Pat
(29) Gani the Teacher!
(30) I'll help you, Big
(31) Please Pick Me
(32) A New Playground!
(33) Nana Visits the City
(34) Nuri's worst Day
(35) The Treasure is Mine!
(36) Rogi the Detective!
(37) Rogi's Special Guest
(38) The Leader of the Playground!
(39) Cito's Secret
(40) Lani the Princess Wannabe
(41) Tayo the Grown-up
(42) Tiny Tayo
(43) Tayo's Space Adventure Part 1
(44) Tayo's Space Adventure Part 2
(45) It's Hard to Behave
(46) Gani's Present
(47) Air, the Brave Helicopter
(48) Prank Call Madness
(49) A Frightful Night
(50) Nana's Invitation
(51) Tayo's First Snow Day
(52) Hana's Special Day
Season 3[edit]
(53) The New Friend, Heart
(54) We Are A Family
(55) Rogi the Sweeper
(56) I Know It All
(57) A School Day
(58) Cheer Up Frank
(59) A Weekend With Citu
(60) Tayo's Promise
(61) Gani The Super Star
(62) Toto and Bongbong
(63) Laugh, Pat
(64) We Are The Best With Each Other
(65) Cooku & Champ's Trip To The City
(66) I Can't Sleep
(67) I Want To Be Your Friend
(68) City Heroes, Tayo & Duri
(69) We Are The Heavy-Duty Circus
(70) The Best Mechanic
(71) I Want A Puppy
(72) Ask Met Anything
(73) Poco's Flower
(74) Tayo's Christmas
(75) Tayo's Earth Defense Plan 1
(76) Tayo's Earth Defense Plan 2
(77) Somebody Help Us
(78) The Little Buses Sports Day
Season 4[edit]
(79) Nice To Meet You, Peanut!
(80) You Are Special
(81) Please Believe Me
(82) The New Emergency Center
(83) Who Is The Real Tayo?
(84) Chris Wants Recognition
(85) Rogi's Junk Treasure
(86) Tayo Becomes A Police Officer
(87) Trammy's First Day At Work
(88) Who Is Cooler?
(89) Mountain Ghost Incident
(90) Trammy's Secret
(91) Peanut's Misunderstanding
(92) We Love Fairy Tales
(93) Asura The Little Wizard
(94) The Best Detective
(95) Give Me Courage
(96) Tayo Goes To The Countryside
(97) We Are All Friends
(98) Kinder's Field Trip
(99) Citu's Secret Playground
(100) Thank you Ms Teach
(101) A day with Booba
(102) A present for Hana
(103) Duri's homework
(104) The little buses' play
Characters[edit]
Main characters[edit]
The series features four main characters.
Tayo (Bus 120, blue) is playful and sometimes mischievous. He is the third oldest of the four buses.
Rogi (Bus 1000, green) is his best friend, although the two often get into fights with each other. Funny and mischievous himself, Rogi also has an interest in detective work, as can be seen in "Rogi the Detective!" and "Prank Call Madness". Both friends resemble a Hyundai Super Aero City. He is the second oldest of the four buses. he is the older brother of Lani.
Lani (Bus 02, yellow) She is cheerful kind,and sensitive. Possessing little tolerance for arguments, she often acts as a mediator between Tayo and Rogi. She is the youngest of the four buses. she is the younger sister of Rogi.
Gani (Bus 1339, red), who is hardworking, warm-hearted, and shy. He is the oldest of the four buses.
Supporting characters[edit]
Hana is a kind mechanic, who takes care of the little buses and works in the bus depot repair shop.
Citu (whose original name was Cito), a red double-decker tour bus, serves as a father-figure for Tayo, Rogi, Lani, and Gani. He often reprimands Tayo and Rogi for getting too rough. However, in "Cito's Secret" it is revealed that he had a boisterous past himself. An old mentor of his, Booba, appeared in this episode.
Frequent supporting characters[edit]
Nuri is a calm and professional female taxi who first met Tayo in the episode "A Day in the Life of Tayo". She is very nice to Tayo and his friends, often visiting them at the bus depot.
Rookie is a police officer who sometimes goofs up with his job because he is new to it.
Pat is an experienced police car who is always serious when working. Rookie is Pat's police officer.
Speedy (later Speed) is a red car who likes to go really fast, and is modelled on a Porsche Targa 4S.
Shine is an overproud yellow car who likes to show off, repeatedly leading to his own embarrassment. Shine is modelled after the Mercedes SLK R171 coupe.[citation needed]
Heart is Hana's pink helper car but in the past brown is her color in the episode "The New Friend, Heart" in Season 3.
Peanut (Bus 03), is another tour bus who is younger than the main four.
Recurring supporting characters[edit]
Toto is a yellow tow truck who is really responsible with his job.
Air is a red helicopter who is part of the rescue team.
Bongbong is a very chipper light blue baby minibus, modelled on the classic VW minibus. First appearance in "Tayo and Bongbong".
Oli is a very chipper light green car. First appearance in "Tayo and Bongbong", and named for the first time in "Who is cooler?".
Carry is a vehicle transporter akin to a mother or baby-sitter for Bongbong and three other cars.
Champ is a turquoise countryside land rover.
Cooku is a white and blue countryside bus.
Toni is a little truck who obeys traffic laws and likes to teach other cars about traffic laws. In the episode "I Want New Tires", he was so busy teaching other cars about traffic laws that he got late delivering Tayo's new tires to the garage.
Alice is an ambulance who works in a hospital who likes to work with Frank when there is a fire.
Frank is a fire truck who works with Alice when there is a fire. He is serious about his job.
Big is a big container truck who delivers goods to the airport to be sent overseas.
Billy is a bulldozer who works at the construction site with Poco, Chris, and Max.
Poco is an excavator who works at the construction site with Billy, Chris, and Max.
Chris is a cement truck who works at the construction site with Billy, Poco, and Max.
Max is a dump truck who works at the construction site with Billy, Poco, and Chris.
Met is a subway train who knows about everything - in "Rogi's Hiccups" he showed this by helping Rogi to stop hiccupping.
Nana is a bus living on the countryside with Cooku, and Champ. She first appeared in the episode "Nana Visits the City".
Wondie is an old blue bus who was scrapped a year before the first season.
Ractor is a red tractor who lives in the countryside with Cooku, Champ and Nana.
Rubby is a cleaning car. She first appears in "A New Playground".
Iracha is a pick-up truck. He's been making mistakes, now he knows that he is more careful, and runs on time, like Toni show him how.
Tramy is a tram.
Kinder is another school bus.
Sky is a tower.
Guest characters[edit]
Joey is a magician who appears in the episode "Joey the Magician".
Fire Ball is a superhero who appears in the episode "Nuri Is a Superstar". He is also disguised as the Car Thief.
Princess Ray is the princess of Planet Clover and is always being chased by Bully. She appeared in the episodes "Tayo's Space Adventure", "Tayo's Space Adventure Part 1, "Tayo's Space Adventure Part 2", "Tayo's Earth Defense Plan 1" and "Tayo's Earth Defense Plan 2".
Bully is a space pirate and a main antagonist who appeared in the episodes "Tayo's Space Adventure", "Tayo's Space Adventure Part 1, "Tayo's Space Adventure Part 2", "Tayo's Earth Defense Plan 1" and "Tayo's Earth Defense Plan 2". He also has a son called "Woolly" and some henchmen.
Reo is a superstar car who has many fans. He first appeared in "Gani the Superstar."
Andy is a painter that paints flowers on the bus route list. He is the main scribbler painter, but in the end he painted on the buildings. He appeared in the episode "The Perfect Duo, Rookie and Pat".
Reception[edit]
At a Vietnamese seminar for addressing the struggles of the Vietnamese animation industry, Korean animators named Tayo the Little Bus as a series that has been "dominating" the Korean market. These animators also noted that the series is popular in China, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.[5]
Cultural impact[edit]
Route 9401 bus that received Gani wrap
In 2014, the Seoul Metropolitan Government commissioned buses designed as the characters Tayo, Gani, Rogi, and Lani, to run around the Gwanghwamun Square area of the city. This was done as part of an initiative to teach children how to use the bus. The initiative was a massive success, drawing crowds of over 40,000 in a single day. People from all across the country came to see the buses. Although the buses were originally set to run from March 26 until Public Transport Day at the end of April, their popularity led to an extension until Children's Day on May 5. The number of buses was also expanded from the original four to 100. In wake of this success, the local governments of other cities in South Korea have considered adopting the campaign.[6] Although officials for the city of Seoul initially opposed this, on copyright grounds,[7] they consented in April to letting other cities use the characters for non-commercial purposes.[2]
Jaeyeon Woo of The Wall Street Journal's blog Korea Real Time, speculated in an April 2014 article that the success of this initiative led both of Gyeonggi Province's gubernatorial candidates, Kim Sang-gon and Nam Kyung-pil, to adopt public transportation issues as a key part of their campaign platforms. Seoul-mayor Park Won-soon, who began the initiative, has been criticized by some of his political rivals, who feel that he took credit for the series, even though the series was begun by his predecessor's administration.[2]
On October 16, 2014, a South Korean group called the Teen Astronauts, launched a space balloon designed as the character Tayo from the Space Science Park in Korea's National Science Museum.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tayo the Little Bus: About"
^ Jump up to: a b c Jaeyon Woo (April 11, 2004). "All Aboard the Election Express". Korea Real Time. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 3, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Tayo the Little Bus on Hulu"
Jump up ^ "Tayo YouTube channel"
Jump up ^ "Vietnam cartoons of good quality, yet still unappealing to viewers". tuoitrenews.vn. October 13, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Yoon Sojung (April 8, 2014). "Have fun riding the bus with Tayo & friends". Korea.net. Government of South Korea. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bae Myeong-jae (April 7, 2014). ""Tayo Bus" Craze in Seoul, "Can't People in Other Areas Ride Tayo?"". The Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ M.H. Lee (October 18, 2014). "Space Balloon and Tayo Mini Bus Travel to Space — for Short Time". The Korea Bizwire. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tayo the Little Bus.
Official website
Tayo the Little Bus at EBS
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Marriage license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Marriage License from the State of Georgia
A marriage license is a document issued, either by a church or state authority, authorizing a couple to marry. The procedure for obtaining a license varies between countries and has changed over time. Marriage licenses began to be issued in the Middle Ages, to permit a marriage which would otherwise be illegal (for instance, if the necessary period of notice for the marriage had not been given).
Today, they are a legal requirement in some jurisdictions and may also serve as the record of the marriage itself, if signed by the couple and witnessed.
In other jurisdictions, a license is not required. In some jurisdictions, a "pardon" can be obtained for marrying without a license, and in some jurisdictions, common-law marriages and marriage by cohabitation and representation are also recognized. These do not require a marriage license. There are also some jurisdictions where marriage licenses do not exist at all and a marriage certificate is given to the couple after the marriage ceremony had taken place.
Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that "Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 United Kingdom
2.1 England & Wales
2.2 Scotland
3 United States
3.1 Controversy in the U.S.
4 The Netherlands and Belgium
5 Mexico
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
For most of Western history, marriage was a private contract between two families. Until the 16th century, Christian churches accepted the validity of a marriage on the basis of a couple’s declarations. If two people claimed that they had exchanged marital vows—even without witnesses—the Catholic Church accepted that they were validly married[citation needed].
Some states in the US hold that public cohabitation can be sufficient evidence of a valid marriage. Marriage license application records from government authorities are widely available starting from the mid-19th century. Some are available dating from the 17th century in colonial America.[2] Marriage licenses have been required since 1639 in Massachusetts, with their use gradually expanding to other jurisdictions.[3]
United Kingdom[edit]
England & Wales[edit]
A requirement for banns of marriage was introduced to England and Wales by the Church in 1215. This required a public announcement of a forthcoming marriage, in the couple's parish church, for three Sundays prior to the wedding and gave an opportunity for any objections to the marriage to be voiced (for example, that one of the parties was already married or that the couple was related within a prohibited degree), but a failure to call banns did not affect the validity of the marriage.
Marriage licences were introduced in the 14th century, to allow the usual notice period under banns to be waived, on payment of a fee and accompanied by a sworn declaration, that there was no canonical impediment to the marriage. Licences were usually granted by an archbishop, bishop or archdeacon. There could be a number of reasons for a couple to obtain a licence: they might wish to marry quickly (and avoid the three weeks' delay by the calling of banns); they might wish to marry in a parish away from their home parish; or, because a licence required a higher payment than banns, they might choose to obtain one as a status symbol.
There were two kinds of marriage licences that could be issued: the usual was known as a common licence and named one or two parishes where the wedding could take place, within the jurisdiction of the person who issued the licence. The other was the special licence, which could only be granted by the Archbishop of Canterbury or his officials and allowed the marriage to take place in any church.
To obtain a marriage licence, the couple, or more usually the bridegroom, had to swear that there was no just cause or impediment why they should not marry. This was the marriage allegation. A bond was also lodged with the church authorities for a sum of money to be paid if it turned out that the marriage was contrary to Canon Law. The bishop kept the allegation and bond and issued the licence to the groom, who then gave it to the vicar of the church where they were to get married. There was no obligation for the vicar to keep the licence and many were simply destroyed. Hence, few historical examples of marriage licences, in England and Wales, survive. However, the allegations and bonds were usually retained and are an important source for English genealogy.
Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 affirmed this existing ecclesiastical law and built it into statutory law. From this date, a marriage was only legally valid, if it followed the calling of banns in church or the obtaining of a licence —the only exceptions being Jewish and Quaker marriages, whose legality was also recognised. From the date of Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act up to 1837, the ceremony was required to be performed in a consecrated building.
Since 1 July 1837, civil marriages have been a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act 1836, which provided the statutory basis for regulating and recording marriages. So, today, a couple has a choice between being married in the Anglican Church, after the calling of banns or obtaining a licence or else, they can give "Notice of Marriage" to a civil registrar. In this latter case, the notice is publicly posted for 15 days, after which a civil marriage can take place. Marriages may take place in churches other than Anglican churches, but these are governed by civil marriage law and notice must be given to the civil registrar in the same way. The marriage may then take place without a registrar being present if the church itself is registered for marriages and the minister or priest is an Authorised Person for marriages.
The licence does not record the marriage itself, only the permission for a marriage to take place. Since 1837, the proof of a marriage has been by a marriage certificate, issued at the ceremony; before then, it was by the recording of the marriage in a parish register.
The provisions on civil marriage in the 1836 Act were repealed by the Marriage Act 1949. The Marriage Act 1949 re-enacted and re-stated the law on marriage in England and Wales.
Scotland[edit]
Marriage law and practice in Scotland differs from that in England and Wales. Historically, it was always considered legal and binding for a couple to marry by making public promises, without a formal ceremony but this form has not been available since 1940. More recently "marriage by cohabitation with repute" has also been abolished for any relationship commenced since 2006. Church marriages "without proclamation" are somewhat analogous to the English "marriages by licence", although the permission to perform them is not a church matter. Religious marriages in Scotland have never had a restriction on the place in which they are performed. Marriages in Scotland normally require between 2 and 6 weeks’ notice to the district registrar depending on the previous marital status and other procedural matters usually involving the country of residence and the nationality of the parties. Marriages with less than the normal amount of notice require the permission of the Registrar General.
United States[edit]
In the United States, until the mid-19th century, common-law marriages were recognized as valid, but thereafter some states began to invalidate common-law marriages. Common-law marriages, if recognized, are valid, notwithstanding the absence of a marriage license. North Carolina and Tennessee (which originally was western North Carolina) never recognized marriage at the common law as valid without a license unless entered into in other states. They have always recognized otherwise valid marriages (except bigamous, polygamous, interracial, or same-sex) entered into in conformity with the law of other states, territories and nations.[citation needed]
The specifications for obtaining a marriage license vary between states. In general, however, both parties must appear in person at the time the license is obtained; be of marriageable age (i.e., over 18 years; lower in some states with the consent of a parent); present proper identification (typically a driver's license, state ID card, birth certificate or passport; more documentation may be required for those born outside of the United States); and neither must be married to anyone else (proof of spouse's death or divorce may be required for someone who had been previously married in some states).
The US states of Florida, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Indiana, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, Mississippi, California, New York,[4][5] and the District of Columbia once required blood tests before issuing a marriage license, but such requirements have since been abolished. The tests were mainly used to check for previous or current bouts of syphilis and rubella (German measles); other diseases that have been screened for before marriage in some cases have included tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and HIV, the last of which is the only one of those three that is detectable using a blood test.[4]
Many states require 1 to 6 days to pass between the granting of the license and the marriage ceremony. After the marriage ceremony, both spouses and the officiant sign the marriage license (some states also require a witness). The officiant or couple then files for a certified copy of the marriage license and a marriage certificate with the appropriate authority. Some states also have a requirement that a license be filed within a certain time after its issuance, typically 30 or 60 days, following which a new license must be obtained.
Marriage licenses in the United States fall under the jurisdiction of the state in which the ceremony is performed; however, the marriage is generally recognized across the country. The state in which they are married holds the record of that marriage. Traditionally, working with law enforcement was the only means of searching and accessing marriage license information across state lines.[6]
Controversy in the U.S.[edit]
Some groups and individuals believe that the requirement to obtain a marriage license is unnecessary or immoral. The Libertarian Party, for instance, believes that marriage should be a matter of personal liberty, not requiring permission from the state.[7][8] Individuals who align with this libertarian stance argue that marriage is a right, and that by allowing the state to exercise control over marriage, it falsely presupposes that we merely have the privilege, not the right, to marry. As an example of a right (as opposed to a privilege), those that are born in the US receive a birth certificate (certifying that they have been born), not a birth license (which would give them license so they could be born). Some Christian groups also argue that a marriage is a contract between a man and a woman presided over by God, so no authorization from the state is required. Some US states have started citing the state specifically as a party in the marriage contract[9] which is seen by some as an infringement.[10]
Marriage licenses have also been the subject of controversy for affected minority groups. California's Proposition 8 has been the subject of heavy criticism by advocates of same-sex marriage,[11] including the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community whose ability to marry is often limited by the aforementioned state intervention. This changed on June 26, 2015, with the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges. However, the state and federal intervention still continues to limit the ability of members of other minority religious groups from marrying according to the dictates of their religious tenets, as is the case with Islamic polygamy, for example. Polyamorous and polyandrous marriages are, likewise, still prohibited.[12]
In October 2009, Keith Bardwell, a Louisiana justice of the peace, refused to issue a marriage license to an interracial couple, prompting civil liberties groups, such as the NAACP and ACLU, to call for his resignation or firing.[13][14] Bardwell resigned his office on November 3.[15]
In the state of Pennsylvania, self-uniting marriage licenses are available which require only the signatures of the bride and groom and witnesses. Although this is an accommodation for a Quaker wedding, any couple is able to apply for it.
The Netherlands and Belgium[edit]
In the Netherlands and Belgium, couples intending to marry are required to register their intention beforehand, a process called "ondertrouw".
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, only civil marriage is recognized as legal. Persons wishing to do so may also have a religious ceremony, but it has no legal effect and does not replace in any way the legal binding civil marriage. A civil wedding in Mexico is fully valid for legal purpose in the U.S. The Mexican civil registry does not issue marriage licences, it issues marriage certificates, because under Latin law, marriage is a legal right, not requiring a permit, marriages are performed without charge at the premises of the "Registro Civil" at the municipality hall of most counties and state houses in Mexico.[16]
See also[edit]
Banns of marriage
Birth certificate
Death certificate
Marriage certificate
World Service Authority - issues World Marriage Certificates in the Quaker tradition, allowing every couple (both heterosexual and homosexual) over 18 to marry themselves
People
Robert Stewart Sparks, in charge of Los Angeles, California, marriage-license division, 20th century
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking. The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy. Provo, UT: Ancestry, 2006. Pages 87 to 103.
Jump up ^ (PDF) Legislative Guide to Marriage Law, Iowa Legislative Services, Legal Services Division.
^ Jump up to: a b (PDF) Mississippi Legislature Regular Session 2012
Jump up ^ Shmerling, Robert H. (March 11, 2003). "The truth about premarital blood testing". InteliHealth. Archived from the original on October 20, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Marriage Records Records Retrieval". Retrieved 2011-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Platform". Libertarian Party.
Jump up ^ Michael Badnarik. Michael Badnarik's Constitution Class. Event occurs at 00:06:43. Retrieved 2010-07-26. If you go to a wedding, how many people are in that contract? Well you've got the man, you've got the woman, but that's not all you've also got the state! The state is there, giving you permission. Why? Because you asked.
Jump up ^ "Marriage — public". ohiolegalservices.org.
Jump up ^ Arguments against marriage licenses, from Mercy Seat church, Wisconsin
Jump up ^ The Christian Science Monitor. "Same-sex marriage activists seek repeal of California's Prop. 8". The Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ "Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy". NPR.org. 27 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Justice stands by refusal to give interracial couple license to wed". cnn.com.
Jump up ^ "Heat Builds in Interracial Marriage Denial". cbsnews.com. 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Justice of peace in marriage flap resigns". United Press International. November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ . http://www.mexicolaw.com/Marriage%20in%20Mexico.htm
References[edit]
Mark D. Herber, Ancestral Trails: The complete guide to British genealogy and family history, Sutton Publishing, 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1418-1
C. R. Chapman & P. M. Litton, Marriage laws, rites, records and customs, Lochin Publishing, 1996
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, American Uniform Marriage and Marriage License Act, Railway Printing Company, 1911 (Note, this is a "model act", not an actual law passed by Congress or individual states.)
http://www.mexicolaw.com/Marriage%20in%20Mexico.htm
External links[edit]
"Complete guide to getting copies of marriage licenses by US State". vitalrecordsguide.com.
"Information on blood tests, waiting periods, and length of time for which the license is valid in the United States". FindLaw.
"Marriage license information by city and county in the US". marriagelicensenow.org.
[hide]
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e
Weddings
Pre-wedding
Engagement
Wedding planner
Bridal registry
Bridal shower
Engagement party
Wedding invitation
Chinese pre-wedding customs
Bachelor party
Bachelorette party
Stag and doe party
Marriage licence
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