text:
List of international goals scored by Wayne Rooney
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Rooney in 2012
Wayne Rooney, an English association footballer, made his debut for England in a 3–1 defeat to Australia on 13 February 2003.[1] He scored his first international goal later that year, in his sixth appearance for his country, against Macedonia. He retired from international football in August 2017, with a record of 53 goals in 119 international appearances, making him England's all-time top scorer,[2] surpassing Bobby Charlton's record with a penalty against Switzerland at Wembley Stadium during UEFA Euro 2016 qualification.[3]
Rooney's goal against Macedonia made him the youngest-ever male scorer for England, aged 17 years 317 days, surpassing the record set by Michael Owen who had scored against Morocco in 1998 during the King Hassan II International Cup Tournament.[4][5] It also made Rooney the youngest scorer in qualifying for the European Championships, a record he held until Israel's Ben Sahar scored against Estonia in March 2007.[6] In June 2004, Rooney scored the first of England's three goals in a victory over Switzerland during Euro 2004, and in doing so became the youngest player to score in a European Championship match.[7] It was a brief record: Switzerland's Johan Vonlanthen, three months younger than Rooney, scored four days later.[8]
Rooney never scored an international hat-trick, although he has scored twice in a match on ten occasions.[9] He scored more times against San Marino than any other team, with five goals against them.[9] More than half of Rooney's goals came away from home, having scored 18 at Wembley Stadium and 4 in Manchester, 2 each at Old Trafford and the City of Manchester Stadium.[9]
The majority of Rooney's goals came in qualifying matches. He scored 16 in World Cup qualifiers, including 9 during the 2010 World Cup qualification round where he finished as the second-equal top scorer, alongside Bosnia and Herzegovina's Edin Džeko and one behind Greece's Theofanis Gekas.[10] Rooney has also scored 14 times in European Championship qualifiers. He scored four times in Euro 2004, ending the tournament as the second-equal top scorer alongside the Netherlands' Ruud van Nistelrooy and one behind the Czech Republic's Milan Baroš.[11] He has only scored once in the World Cup finals, in a 2–1 loss to Uruguay in the 2014 tournament.[12] The remainder of Rooney's goals, 16, came in friendlies.[2][13]
International goals[edit]
England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Rooney goal.[9][14]
List of international goals scored by Wayne Rooney
No.
Date
Venue
Cap
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
Ref
1
6 September 2003 Gradski Stadium, Skopje, Macedonia 6 Macedonia 1–1 2–1 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification [4]
2
10 September 2003 Old Trafford, Manchester, England 7 Liechtenstein 2–0 2–0 [15]
3
16 November 2003 9 Denmark 1–0 2–3 Friendly [16]
4
5 June 2004 City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester, England 13 Iceland 2–0 6–1 [17]
5
3–0
6
17 June 2004 Estádio Cidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 15 Switzerland 1–0 3–0 UEFA Euro 2004 [7]
7
2–0
8
21 June 2004 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal 16 Croatia 2–1 4–2 [18]
9
3–1
10
17 August 2005 Parken Stadium, Copenhagen, Denmark 24 Denmark 1–3 1–4 Friendly [19]
11
12 November 2005 Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland 28 Argentina 1–1 3–2 [20]
12
15 November 2006 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam, Netherlands 36 Netherlands 1–0 1–1 [21]
13
13 October 2007 Wembley Stadium, London, England 39 Estonia 2–0 3–0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification [22]
14
17 October 2007 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, Russia 40 Russia 1–0 1–2 [23]
15
10 September 2008 Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia 46 Croatia 3–0 4–1 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification [24]
16
11 October 2008 Wembley Stadium, London, England 47 Kazakhstan 3–1 5–1 [25]
17
4–1
18
15 October 2008 Dinamo Stadium, Minsk, Belarus 48 Belarus 2–1 3–1 [26]
19
3–1
20
28 March 2009 Wembley Stadium, London, England 49 Slovakia 2–0 4–0 Friendly [27]
21
4–0
22
6 June 2009 Almaty Central Stadium, Almaty, Kazakhstan 51 Kazakhstan 3–0 4–0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification [28]
23
10 June 2009 Wembley Stadium, London, England 52 Andorra 1–0 6–0 [29]
24
3–0
25
9 September 2009 55 Croatia 5–1 5–1 [30]
26
7 September 2010 St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland 67 Switzerland 1–0 3–1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification [31]
27
2 September 2011 Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia, Bulgaria 71 Bulgaria 2–0 3–0 [32]
28
3–0
29
19 June 2012 Donbass Arena, Donetsk, Ukraine 75 Ukraine 1–0 1–0 UEFA Euro 2012 [33]
30
12 October 2012 Wembley Stadium, London, England 77 San Marino 1–0 5–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification [34]
31
3–0
32
17 October 2012 National Stadium, Warsaw, Poland 78 Poland 1–0 1–1 [35]
33
6 February 2013 Wembley Stadium, London, England 79 Brazil 1–0 2–1 Friendly [36]
34
22 March 2013 San Marino Stadium, Serravalle, San Marino 80 San Marino 6–0 8–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification [37]
35
26 March 2013 Podgorica City Stadium, Podgorica, Montenegro 81 Montenegro 1–0 1–1 [38]
36
2 June 2013 Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 83 Brazil 2–1 2–2 Friendly [39]
37
11 October 2013 Wembley Stadium, London, England 85 Montenegro 1–0 4–1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification [40]
38
15 October 2013 86 Poland 1–0 2–0 [41]
39
4 June 2014 Sun Life Stadium, Miami, United States 91 Ecuador 1–1 2–2 Friendly [42]
40
19 June 2014 Arena Corinthians, São Paulo, Brazil 94 Uruguay 1–1 1–2 2014 FIFA World Cup [12]
41
3 September 2014 Wembley Stadium, London, England 96 Norway 1–0 1–0 Friendly [43]
42
9 October 2014 98 San Marino 2–0 5–0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification [44]
43
12 October 2014 A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia 99 Estonia 1–0 1–0 [45]
44
15 November 2014 Wembley Stadium, London, England 100 Slovenia 1–1 3–1 [46]
45
18 November 2014 Celtic Park, Glasgow, Scotland 101 Scotland 2–0 3–1 Friendly [47]
46
3–1
47
27 March 2015 Wembley Stadium, London, England 102 Lithuania 1–0 4–0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification [48]
48
14 June 2015 Stožice Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia 105 Slovenia 3–2 3–2 [49]
49
5 September 2015 San Marino Stadium, Serravalle, San Marino 106 San Marino 1–0 6–0 [50]
50
8 September 2015 Wembley Stadium, London, England 107 Switzerland 2–0 2–0 [3]
51
17 November 2015 109 France 2–0 2–0 Friendly [51]
52
27 May 2016 Stadium of Light, Sunderland, England 110 Australia 2–0 2–1 Friendly [52]
53
27 June 2016 Stade de Nice, Nice, France 115 Iceland 1–0 1–2 UEFA Euro 2016 [53]
Statistics[edit]
Source:[9]
Goals by year
Year
Apps
Goals
2003 9 3
2004 11 6
2005 8 2
2006 8 1
2007 4 2
2008 8 5
2009 9 6
2010 11 1
2011 5 2
2012 5 4
2013 10 6
2014 13 8
2015 8 5
2016 10 2
Total
119
53
Goals by competition
Competition
Goals
UEFA European Championship qualification 14
Friendlies 16
UEFA European Championship tournaments 6
FIFA World Cup qualification 16
FIFA World Cup tournaments 1
Total
53
Rooney being tackled by Italian Daniele De Rossi in Euro 2012
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Aussies stun England". BBC Sport. 13 February 2003. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wayne Rooney’s England goals". BT Sport. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "England v Switzerland". BBC Sport. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rooney sparks England win". BBC Sport. 6 September 2003. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin (5 September 2003). "Owen glowing as leading light". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "EURO qualifying's youngest scorers". UEFA. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "England 3–0 Switzerland". BBC Sport. 17 June 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ May, John (22 June 2004). "How does Rooney match up?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mamrud, Roberto. "Wayne Mark Rooney – Century of International Appearances". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Theofanis Gekas". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Euro 2004 – statistics". UEFA. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b McNulty, Phil (19 June 2014). "Uruguay 2–1 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wayne Rooney breaks England goals record: Pictures of every one of striker's 50 strikes after eclipsing Sir Bobby Charlton's total". Daily Mail. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Player Info: Wayne Rooney". England Stats. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rooney takes England top". BBC Sport. 10 September 2003. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Denmark shock England". BBC Sport. 16 November 2003. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "England crush Iceland". BBC Sport. 5 June 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Croatia 2–4 England". BBC Sport. 21 June 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Denmark 4–1 England". BBC Sport. 17 August 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Argentina 2–3 England". BBC Sport. 12 November 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (15 November 2006). "Holland 1–1 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Ian (13 October 2007). "England 3–0 Estonia". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (17 October 2007). "Russia 2–1 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Jonathan (10 September 2008). "Croatia 1–4 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Jonathan (11 October 2008). "England 5–1 Kazakhstan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (15 October 2008). "Belarus 1–3 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (28 March 2009). "England 4–0 Slovakia". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Paul (6 June 2009). "England hit Kazakhstan for four to take big step towards World Cup 2010". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (10 June 2009). "England 6–0 Andorra". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (9 September 2009). "England 5–1 Croatia". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (7 September 2010). "Switzerland 1–3 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (2 September 2011). "Bulgaria 0–3 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (19 June 2012). "England 1–0 Ukraine". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (12 October 2012). "England 5–0 San Marino". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (17 October 2012). "Poland 1–1 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (6 February 2013). "England 2–1 Brazil". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (22 March 2013). "England 8–0 San Marino". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (26 March 2013). "Montenegro 1–1 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel (2 June 2013). "Wayne Rooney makes his point to earn England undeserved draw in Brazil". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (11 October 2013). "England 4–1 Montenegro". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam (15 October 2013). "England 2 Poland 0 match report: Steven Gerrard and Wayne Rooney ensure qualification for 2014 World Cup – and give Roy Hodgson his place in Brazil sun". The Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (4 June 2014). "Ecuador 2–2 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (3 September 2014). "England 1–0 Norway". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (9 October 2014). "England 5–0 San Marino". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (12 October 2014). "Estonia 0 England 1, Euro 2016 qualifier: Wayne Rooney saves the day against resilient 10-man hosts in Tallinn". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Hart, Simon (15 November 2014). "Rooney leads England comeback against Slovenia". UEFA. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (18 November 2014). "Scotland 1–3 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Burnton, Simon (27 March 2015). "Harry Kane scored within 80 seconds of coming off the bench as a fluent England outclassed Lithuania at Wembley". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (15 June 2015). "Slovenia 2–3 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Marino v England". BBC Sport. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "England vs France". BBC Sport. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "England 2–0 Australia". BBC Sport. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "England 2–0 Australia". BBC Sport. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
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Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence.
Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence
John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence, depicting the five-man drafting committee of the Declaration of Independence presenting their work to the Second Continental Congress
Date
August 2, 1776 (1776-08-02)
Venue
Independence Hall
Location
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Coordinates
39°56′56″N 75°09′00″W / 39.948889°N 75.15°W / 39.948889; -75.15Coordinates: 39°56′56″N 75°09′00″W / 39.948889°N 75.15°W / 39.948889; -75.15
Participants
Delegates to the Second Continental Congress
The signatures on the Declaration of Independence
The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the "United States of America," and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers’ names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south.
The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, although the date of its signing has long been disputed. Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2, 1776, nearly a month after its adoption, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.
Contents
1 Date of signing
2 List of signers
3 Signer details
4 Stories and legends
5 References
5.1 Citations
5.2 Sources
Date of signing[edit]
The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America by Armand-Dumaresq (c. 1873) has been hanging in the White House since the late 1980s
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining. The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that it was signed by Congress on the day when it was adopted on July 4, 1776.[1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress, the official public record of the Continental Congress. The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777, and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date (the official copy was handwritten).[2]
In 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.[3] "No person signed it on that day nor for many days after", he wrote.[4] His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821.[5] The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration.
On July 15, New York's delegates got permission from their convention to agree to the Declaration.[6] The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads:
Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America" & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress.[7]
The entry for August 2 states:
The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members.[8]
In 1884, historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution, and had not been signed by Congress until August 2.[9] Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4, and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2.[10] Neither Jefferson nor Adams ever wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4, yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams: "No such scene, with all the delegates present, ever occurred at Philadelphia."[11]
The Syng inkstand was used during the signing of the Declaration and the 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution
Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and that the others signed on or after August 2.[12] Ritz argues that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4, as Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin had stated, and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken.[13] He believes that McKean's testimony was questionable,[14] and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution. According to Ritz, this resolution did not call for a new document to be created, but rather for the existing one to be given a new title, which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence. He reasons that the phrase "signed by every member of Congress" in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so.[15]
List of signers[edit]
Fifty-six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence:
President of Congress
1. John Hancock (Massachusetts Bay)
New Hampshire
2. Josiah Bartlett
3. William Whipple
4. Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts Bay
5. Samuel Adams
6. John Adams
7. Robert Treat Paine
8. Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
9. Stephen Hopkins
10. William Ellery
Connecticut
11. Roger Sherman
12. Samuel Huntington
13. William Williams
14. Oliver Wolcott
New York
15. William Floyd
16. Philip Livingston
17. Francis Lewis
18. Lewis Morris
New Jersey
19. Richard Stockton
20. John Witherspoon
21. Francis Hopkinson
22. John Hart
23. Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
24. Robert Morris
25. Benjamin Rush
26. Benjamin Franklin
27. John Morton
28. George Clymer
29. James Smith
30. George Taylor
31. James Wilson
32. George Ross
Delaware
33. Caesar Rodney
34. George Read
35. Thomas McKean
Maryland
36. Samuel Chase
37. William Paca
38. Thomas Stone
39. Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
40. George Wythe
41. Richard Henry Lee
42. Thomas Jefferson
43. Benjamin Harrison
44. Thomas Nelson, Jr.
45. Francis Lightfoot Lee
46. Carter Braxton
North Carolina
47. William Hooper
48. Joseph Hewes
49. John Penn
South Carolina
50. Edward Rutledge
51. Thomas Heyward, Jr.
52. Thomas Lynch, Jr.
53. Arthur Middleton
Georgia
54. Button Gwinnett
55. Lyman Hall
56. George Walton
Signer details[edit]
Eight delegates never signed the Declaration, out of about 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776:[16] John Alsop, George Clinton, John Dickinson, Charles Humphreys, Robert R. Livingston, John Rogers, Thomas Willing, and Henry Wisner.[17] Clinton, Livingston, and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place. Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing. Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2. Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document.[18] Dickinson refused to sign, believing the Declaration premature, but he remained in Congress. George Read had voted against the resolution of independence, and Robert Morris had abstained—yet they both signed the Declaration.
The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock, who presumably signed first as President of Congress.[19] Hancock's large, flamboyant signature became iconic, and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for "signature".[20] Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories. Edward Rutledge (age 26) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin (age 70) the oldest.
John Hancock's now-iconic signature on the Declaration is nearly 5 inches (13 cm) long.[21]
Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated, including William Hooper[22] and Samuel Chase, but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2. Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2, including Lewis Morris, Oliver Wolcott, Thomas McKean, and possibly Elbridge Gerry. Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August, but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October, respectively.[23]
New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign. Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4: Matthew Thornton, William Williams, Benjamin Rush, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, George Ross, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton.[24] Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November.[25] By the time that he signed it, there wasn't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates, so he placed his signature at the end of the document.[26]
The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside. The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson, and those names were printed rather than signatures. The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18, 1777, when the Congress ordered that an "authenticated copy" be sent to each of the 13 states, including the names of the signers.[27] This copy is called the Goddard Broadside; it was the first to list all the signers[28] except for Thomas McKean, who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published. Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration, and his name doesn't appear on the Goddard Broadside, even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside.
Stories and legends[edit]
Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration, when the document had become an important national symbol. In one famous story, John Hancock supposedly said that Congress, having signed the Declaration, must now "all hang together", and Benjamin Franklin replied: "Yes, we must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately." The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin's death.[29]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 242–43
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", p. 246; Burnett, Continental Congress, p. 192
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 299–302; Burnett, Continental Congress, p. 192
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 302
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 243–45
Jump up ^ https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/signing
Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress, Secret Journals vol. 1, p. 46
Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress, Secret Journals vol. 1, p. 46
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 245–46
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 208–19; Wills, Inventing America, p. 341
Jump up ^ Strauss, Valerie (July 2, 2014). "What you know about July 4th is wrong". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", p. 194
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", p. 182
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", pp. 198–200
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", pp. 190–200
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation and Analysis, p. 143) says that 45 delegates can be confirmed as present on July 4, and that another four might have been.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation, p. 149) gives the number of non-signers as seven, not counting Dickinson, who absented himself for the final votes.
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 525–26
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 209
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster online; Dictionary.com.
Jump up ^ Malone, Story of the Declaration, p. 90
Jump up ^ Fradin, The Signers, 112.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p, 148
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation, p. 149) lists seven men; he does not include Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who had been working as an emissary for Congress. He did not become an official member of the Maryland delegation until July 4, and did not take his seat as a delegate until July 18. (Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 529, 587)
Jump up ^ The U.S. State Department (1911), The Declaration of Independence, 1776, pp. 10, 11.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 150
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", p. 247; Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 284; Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 137, where the date is misprinted as January 8, but correct on page 150.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 137
Jump up ^ Malone, Story of the Declaration, p. 91
Sources[edit]
Boyd, Julian P., ed. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1. Princeton University Press, 1950.
Boyd, Julian P. "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100, number 4 (October 1976), 438–67.
Burnett, Edward Cody. The Continental Congress. New York: Norton, 1941.
Friedenwald, Herbert. The Declaration of Independence: An Interpretation and an Analysis. New York: Macmillan, 1904. Accessed via the Internet Archive.
Hazelton, John H. The Declaration of Independence: Its History. Originally published 1906. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970. ISBN 0-306-71987-8. 1906 printing available on Google Book Search
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Malone, Dumas. The Story of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. A picture book with text by a leading Jefferson scholar.
Ritz, Wilfred J. "The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776". Law and History Review 4, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 179–204.
United States Continental Congress. Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation, vol. 1, p. 46. Boston: Thomas B. Wait, 1820.
Warren, Charles. "Fourth of July Myths." The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, vol. 2, no. 3 (July 1945): 238–72.
Wills, Garry. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1978. ISBN 0-385-08976-7.
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Spencer Hastings
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Spencer Hastings
Pretty Little Liars character
Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings for season 1.
First appearance
Novels:
Pretty Little Liars
Television:
"Pilot"
"The First Secret" (chronologically)
Last appearance
Novels:
Vicious
Television:
"Till Death Do Us Part"
Created by
Sara Shepard
Portrayed by
Troian Bellisario
Information
Full name
Spencer Jill Hastings[2]
Nickname(s)
Television:
Jane Bond
Harriet the Spy
Doctor Amateur
Veronica Mars
Lucy Liu
Nikita
Nancy Drew
Aliases
Television:
Jane Doe
Mary Smith
Occupation
Novels:
College student
Legal Aid
Television:
Law student
Paralegal at the Hastings & Hastings firm
Affiliation
The Liars
The A-Team (Formerly)
Significant other(s)
Novels:
Ian Thomas (flirt)
Wren Kim (boyfriend)
Colin DeSoto (crush)
Zach Pennythistle (flirt)
Andrew Campbell (ex-boyfriend)
Reefer Fredricks (ex-boyfriend)
Television:
Ian Thomas (kissed)
Alex Santiago (ex-boyfriend)
Wren Kingston (kissed)
Toby Cavanaugh (soon to be-husband)
Caleb Rivers (ex-boyfriend)
Marco Furey (dated)
Nationality
American
Born
(1994-04-24) April 24, 1994 (age 24)[1]
Hometown
Rosewood, Pennsylvania
Alma mater
Georgetown University (in television)
Family and relatives
Parents
Novels:
Veronica Hastings (mother)
Peter Hastings (father)
Television:
Mary Drake (biological mother)
Peter Hastings (father)
Veronica Hastings (mother)
Siblings
Novels:
Melissa Hastings
Alison and Courtney DiLaurentis (half-sisters)
Television:
Melissa Hastings (paternal half-sister)
Alex Drake (twin sister)
Charlotte Drake (maternal half-sister)
Jason DiLaurentis (half-brother)
Relatives in the novels
Daniel (maternal uncle)
Genevieve (maternal aunt)
Jonathan (cousin)
Smith (cousin)
Penelope (paternal aunt)
Duncan (great-great-great grandfather)
Relatives in television
Jessica DiLaurentis (maternal aunt)
Alison DiLaurentis (maternal cousin) sister
f
Other
Olivia Caldwell (surrogate mother; only in the novels)
Spencer Hastings is a fictional character, one TEZ(of the five main characters who appeared in the Pretty Little Liars novels and its television adaptation. Created by American author Sara Shepard, she is member of the group known as the Liars, and is best friend to the four other members, who are also protagonists. The character was developed for television by the series' showrunner I. Marlene King, and appeared in each of the show’s 160 episodes during its seven-years-long run, from its premiere on June 8, 2010 to its finale on June 27, 2017. Spencer is known in the fictional town of Rosewood for her sophisticated charm and dedication to life goals. She is part of the extremely rich, powerful, old family Hastings; Spencer's parents, Veronica and Peter, are both linked to politics and her sister, Melissa, is likewise intelligent and uses her sarcasm and success to affect Spencer psychologically whenever possible. Spencer's characteristics and story have the same methodology in both books and television; however, there are some perceptual differences between the versions, since the television series doesn't follows the books' scripts.
For her role as Spencer, Bellisario was nominated thrice for Choice Summer TV Star: Female in the Teen Choice Awards, in which she won one.[3] She was also nominated twice for Choice TV Actress: Drama, in which she won one of the two nominations.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Character in print
1.1 Relationships
2 Character on screen
2.1 Casting
2.2 Characterization
2.3 Relationships
2.4 Season 1
2.5 Season 2
2.6 Season 3
2.7 Season 4
2.8 Season 5
2.9 Season 6
2.10 Season 7
3 References
4 External links
Character in print[edit]
Spencer is one of four primary protagonists in all sixteen of the Pretty Little Liars novels, starting with 2006's Pretty Little Liars. She is portrayed as a competitive girl who strives for perfection in everything she does. Spencer is willing to do whatever it takes to win, often to the detriment of herself and others. She is known to have a dark side. She appears to suffer from rage-induced black outs, which leads her to question whether she had anything to do with the death of her friend Alison, and also shows signs of OCD. Spencer also suffers from drug addiction, which she began taking to help her improve her grades at a University of Pennsylvania summer school. She is the half-sister of Alison and Courtney DiLaurentis, as her father had an affair with Jessica DiLaurentis around the time of Spencer's conception. Spencer has a permanent rivalry with her older sister, Melissa, who is also competitive. Throughout the series of books, the two discuss the implications of their individual successes of life, such as becoming the valedictorian of their classes and having winning essays. Throughout the story, the sisters make up, and in the later books they share a strong bond.
Relationships[edit]
Ian Thomas: Spencer and Ian kissed prior to the first chapter of the series, and their flirt was condemned by Alison, who threatened to expose it to Melissa, who was Ian's then girlfriend.
Wren Kim: Just like with Ian, Spencer kissed a boyfriend of Melissa. Wren moves in with Melissa to the Hastings' barn, and he and Spencer connect shortly after, culminating in them kissing and having sex — and being caught by Melissa, who ends her relationship with Wren and kicks him away. Spencer and Wren continue a secret date, but break up later. During the final book, Spencer meet with Wren again after months and they restart their relationship, with Melissa's blessing.
Zach Pennythistle: Zachary is Veronica's boyfriend's son, and Spencer kisses him even after she discovered he is gay. Zachary's father caught them kissing and send Zach to military academy.
Colin DeSoto: They meet when Spencer is visiting her grandmother's house in the companion novel Pretty Little Secrets, and Spencer competes with Melissa for him. However, they discover that Colin is actually a 33-years-old married man with a child, and team up to get back at him by spiking his soda water with viagra before a tennis match.
Chase and Curtis: After enlisting a blogger's help in finding "A", Spencer meet with blogger Chase and they share a mutual romantic attraction. However, she later discovers that the guy she thought was Chase was actually his brother, Curtis. She meets the real Chase at the end of the novel; though they do not begin an official relationship, it is implied that they will stay in touch. Throughout the final book, the two become closer during their mission to take down "A" and her accomplice.
Character on screen[edit]
Casting[edit]
Troian Bellisario was cast as Spencer Hastings for the Pretty Little Liars television series adaptation in November 2009.[5]
Characterization[edit]
Spencer is a focused and intelligent girl. Unlike in the books, Spencer is more emotional and sentimental, and has great affection for her family and friends, and is also known to be more humorous than her book counterpart. She's the most academically gifted of her friends, and in the running for valedictorian. Spencer is on the Rosewood Day field hockey team, and plays tennis at her family's country club. She lives with her father, mother, and "perfect" older sister, Melissa. She was the only one who could ever stand up to Alison, although they always made up.
Relationships[edit]
Before the series' chronology, Spencer had a brief affair with Ian Thomas, her sister's groom at the time. Ian and Spencer kissed and Alison saw them together, and later she threatened to tell Melissa.[6] It was later revealed that Alison asked Ian to kiss Spencer. Early in the series, Spencer's sister Melissa was dating Wren Kingston. She was happy and confident, but Spencer and Wren started flirting and secretly dating. However, Melissa saw them together and banned Wren of her home.[7] Their relationship continued till Spencer said goodbye to Wren and told him that she couldn't stay with him anymore.[8] Spencer and Wren seek each other again in the second season.[9][10][11] Spencer and Alex Santiago were dating during early the first season.[12] Alex confided the secret that he was accepted into a tennis clinic to Spencer. Later, they broke up when "A" sent fake messages to Alex, making him believe that Spencer told his secret.[13]
Spencer and Toby Cavanaugh had a friendly relationship in the second half of the first season, which was later evolved when they first kissed.[14] Their relationship remained stable, until "A" threatened Toby's life to Spencer and she decided to end up things.[15] They hook up again when Spencer discovers he was working to take "A" down and they reunite at the town's square.[16] However, it was later revealed that Toby was actually working with "A," making Spencer break up with him.[17] Then, Spencer started to believe that there were some reasons why Toby joined the A-Team, and she discovers that he's alive and joined the team in order to protect her and to act as a double-agent.[18] Their relationship stayed calm and on-going. In season 5, Toby becomes a cop, which makes his relationship with Spencer tough, since Spencer wants him to share all the information the police has, but Toby starts to prefer his duty. The love drought leads Spencer to other men — Jonny Raymond and Colin. Spencer and Jonny were friends while Jonny was living in the renovated barn of Spencer's family. He was discovered by the police and, before being arrested, kissed Spencer.[19] Spencer goes to London with Melissa and she meets Colin there. They have happy days together, until Spencer had to leave London, and they kissed.[20] When Spencer returned to Rosewood, she and Toby resumed their relationship. In the mid-season finale, Spencer moved to Georgetown to study and she had a pregnancy scare and she and Toby realized they wanted different things in their lives, leading to a break up.[21]
Following the series' five years jump on the mid-sixth season, Spencer and Caleb Rivers discovered their feelings for each other; they had sex and started dating later. They later broke up due to Caleb's feelings for Hanna. Spencer and Toby begin dating again in the series finale.[22][23]
Season 1[edit]
Spencer Hastings is the "preppy girl" of the group who strives to be perfect, because of her parent's high expectations. Her newly engaged and condescending sister, Melissa, moves into the family barn which Spencer had been turning into a loft for herself. Spencer finds herself attracted to her sister's fiancé, Wren, whom "A" warns Spencer not to kiss or "A" will tell. Wren does kiss Spencer and they are caught by Melissa, who insists that Wren move out.
Spencer starts dating a boy named Alex who works at her country club. Her mother initially dislikes him, but later reveals that he knew that she had a breast cancer scare. Spencer's field hockey coach is her sister's ex-boyfriend, Ian, whom both Ali and Spencer had a crush on. Spencer and Ali are always competing and she was the only one of Ali's friends who would oppose her from time to time.
At the beginning of the series, Spencer was against Emily hanging out with Toby but eventually grew to like him and has been spending more and more time with him. In the episode "Person of Interest", they spend time together in a motel room, as Spencer's parents have a hard time understanding her connection with Ali's murder. Spencer and Toby play scrabble, sleep in the same bed, and eventually kiss near the end of the episode.
In the following episodes, Spencer is told to stay away from Toby for her own good by her mother. Her sister Melissa was at the doctor and is asked all about Spencer's case. She then makes an arrangement to see him in private at the town's festival, only to be sent a fake text (presumably from "A") telling her to meet Toby in the clown house. When she enters, she is locked into a small space. She is found by Ian, her mother, and her sister.
When leaving, she sees Toby and almost leaves without speaking to him, but then rushes to him, hugs him and kisses him in front of her shocked family. She anonymously tells Ian to meet them in the woods with money as they say that they know his secret. However, Spencer and Melissa get into a car accident and Melissa is stuck in the hospital. Spencer goes to the church to get Melissa's phone and Ian is in the church waiting. She starts running upstairs and Ian tries to attack her but a mysterious figure appears and pushes Ian off the side and he dies. The rest of the girls arrive having been to the forest. They see the dead body and call the police.
When the police arrive the body is not there, leaving the rest of the town to think that the girls are liars. Spencer has a huge fight with Alison ending their friendship by telling Alison "You are dead to me" the night she went missing. Melissa now thinks that Spencer has been texting her as Ian after finding his cell phone in her purse which was planted there by "A.".
Season 2[edit]
In season 2, Spencer and Toby are dating. Toby does some yard work for the Hastings and digs up Spencer's old field hockey stick which she gave to Ali before she died. Spencer's father sees this and suspiciously takes the stick, and later burns it. After doing some further investigating, she reads Alison's autopsy results and finds that she was struck in the head with an object similar to a field hockey stick. While Spencer and Toby are making out in Toby's truck Toby believes he spots something in Jason DiLaurentis's upstairs window but tells Spencer to ignore it. Spencer weary, looks for herself and spots two figures in the window presumably spying on Toby and her, Spencer wants to "show these bitches she isn't scared of them" Toby protests thinking that it won't end up going over well when Spencer's father comes out of the house. When Spencer asks questions her father refuses to answer. After fighting with both Spencer and Toby, Spencer's father tells her to go home, Spencer ignores his wishes and gets into Toby truck and they drive away, while Spencer's father yelling at her to get out of the car.
When Spencer later arrives home she wants answers, and gets some, finding out that her father did something illegal for the DiLaurentis's implying that they had something on Spencer's family but not giving away that information. Spencer later discovers that Wren came back to Rosewood for her. In order to keep Aria away from Jason, Spencer informed Ezra that they found pictures of his girlfriend Aria in Jason's shed. When Spencer's Chuckie doll orders her to "keep Toby safe", Spencer resolves that the only way to keep Toby safe is to break up with him. Later, Toby is seen in the police station, professing his love to Spencer, but she unwillingly ignores him. She does seek Toby's forgiveness on several occasions, but he seems to ignore her and stay brooding.
In episode 19 she finds out that Jason is her brother. This information causes a divide in her family. During episode 20 Spencer and Wren rekindle their relationship, however Spencer was drinking during the event. It is Spencer that keeps digging into the "A" information, and is the one who eventually finds "A's" lair in the season 2 finale along with discovering A's identity...who turns out to be Mona. She is essentially kidnapped by "A," and during a scuffle accidentally pushes "A" off of a cliff, almost killing them. The rest of the girl's arrive shaken by the ordeal and finding out their tormentor's real identity. As the police arrive, Spencer is reunited with Toby, who says pretending not to love her back was the most difficult thing he's ever done. The two then make up passionately kissing as Spencer smiles happily while kissing him.
Season 3[edit]
Summer has passed since the unveiling of "A", and the girls think they are safe - little do they know they need each other more than ever. The first half of the season focuses on Spencer finding out who the black swan was: her sister. Melissa tells her she received the dress at her door - with a note threatening her to wear it - and she assumed that it was Mona. Spencer decides to believe her, but is still a little suspicious. She grows closer to Toby, even having sex for the first time in the episode "The Lady Killer". In the same episode, however, it is revealed (not to the liars, but to the audience) that Toby is a member of The A-Team. Hanna finds the key to A's new lair and gives it to Spencer. Toby sneaks into her house to retrieve it, not realizing Spencer set it as a trap to confirm her suspicions. She slaps him, after seeing him in the signature 'A jacket'. She doesn't tell her friends, rather keeping it to herself.
She gives the key to a private investigator and gives him a picture of Toby and her, before ripping it in half. She tells him in order to find where the key leads to, follow him. He leaves and Spencer disturbingly begins to rip her own half of the picture of herself. She begins to withdraw herself from her friends, and becomes emotionally unstable. She is angry, and starts to unravel and do things she knows she shouldn't (attacking Mona physically, and telling Jason that Alison was pregnant before she died with Darren Wilden, but had no physical proof). In the episode "Hot Water" she tells the girls the truth about Toby. Also in the same episode, she catches a glimpse of the girl in the red coat who is the leader of The 'A' Team, but fails to catch up with her. In the episode "Out of Sight, Out of Mind" she finds Toby's dead body and tells him, "I love you". After failing to track Mona down in the woods she is found by a hiker in the morning with small injuries to her face and arms and is admitted to the Radley hospital in a catatonic state. She is unknown by doctors at the time and is simply known as, 'Jane Doe'. When her identity is revealed to the Radley staff, Mona visits her. They have a long discussion and it is revealed in "I'm Your Puppet" that Mona somehow convinces her to join the A team. Spencer is the third known member of the A team.
In the Season 3 finale "A Dangerous GAme", it is revealed that Toby is alive. She meets him at a diner, and he reveals he only joined The 'A' Team in order to protect her. They get back together and have sex for the second time in a motel. Spencer hosts a fake party at a lodge where the girls are supposed to meet "Red Coat", when an unknown figure starts a fire, trapping Aria, Hanna, Emily, and Mona in the burning house. Toby leads Spencer in the woods to see who "Red Coat" is. Red Coat lands in a helicopter, and Spencer catches a glimpse of her face and says "Ali?". The girl in the red coat drags everyone out of the house, and Hanna wakes up, face-to-face with Alison. Although 3 of the girls (Spencer, Hanna, Mona) claim to have seen Ali, it is still not 100% sure that it was her, because it is possible it could have been a hallucination due to the effects of the fire. They drive and see Wilden's car dug up from the lake. They (including Mona) get a text: You're Mine Now. Kisses! -A, which is written in red font. They open the trunk, gasping and horrified at what they see.
Season 4[edit]
Spencer and her friends continue to be tormented by A. After Ashley Marin is suspected to have killed Wilden and is taken into custody, Spencer supports Hanna while her mom defends Ashley's case. She also supports Toby in finding out the truth about his mother even though she does not approve his trusting A for clues.
In the midseason finale, Spencer and her friends go to Ravenswood after receiving a puzzling clue from 'A.' There she and her friends discover that there are two red coats, one being CeCe Drake. Spencer chase the other red coat who leads her to A's Lair. Spencer presumes that the 2nd Redcoat is Alison. The second Redcoat leads Spencer and the other girls to an apartment, which when they enter and investigate, realize that it is A's Lair and after finding a wardrobe with blazers and shoes that 'A' is male, we later come to discover that it is Ezra's apartment and he is 'A'. While in the lair they discover that A has not only been following them but also Alison, and 'A' thinks that Alison will be in rosewood that night at a graveyard party. the girls discover what 'A' costume is and decide to also go to the graveyard party and try to find Alison before 'A' does. While looking for Alison, the girls find themselves separated in an old house, Spencer comes across 'A' while looking for Hanna and knocks 'A' out, however as she tries to unmask Ezra, she herself gets knocks out by Ezra. Once the girls are out of the house, they discover that Spencer's tires are slashed and then Ezra turns up out of nowhere and drives them back home. The girls see Redcoat and follow her to Spencer's garden and she turns around and we discover that it's Alison and that she is not dead.
Following this, Spencer begins to try even harder to work out who A is, in order to make it safe for Alison to come home. Overwhelmed by both her investigation and school work, she begins abusing amphetamines. It is later revealed that she had abused them before and was addicted to them the summer prior to Ali's disappearance. This leads her to begin to question her own role in the death of the girl in Ali's grave that night. She eventually ends up being sent to rehab by her parents, and upon getting out, and meeting Ali in New York, is reassured that although her and Alison did fight whilst she was on the drugs, she did go back to sleep in the end.
Season 5[edit]
With Alison's return, Spencer has a hard time getting used with her domination. Spencer struggles with the idea of her father being the killer of Jessica DiLaurentis. Spencer's rivalry with her sister Melissa is put to and end when Melissa reveals that she's the one who buried Bethany Young, in order to protect Spencer. Later, Spencer is arrested for Bethany's murder; however, she was released shortly after when the P.D. gets convinced that Alison is the one who is really responsible. Toby becomes a cop, which makes his relationship with Spencer tough, since Spencer wants him to share all the information the police has, but Toby starts to prefers to keep quiet. The love drought leads Spencer to other men — Jonny and Colin. Spencer and Melissa's relationship gets awkward again when Melissa lies to Spencer. In the season finale, Spencer and the others are arrested as accomplices to Mona's murder; however, on the way to prison, their van is hijacked by "A." and they get taken to A's 'DollHouse'
Season 6[edit]
In the aftermath of the Liars' abduction orchestrated by "A," Spencer's old addiction surfaces again in order to relieve stress. A sleep disorder also recur due to the torture she had faced while being trapped in A'S Dollhouse, and it heavily intensifies the addiction, making Spencer ask for help from Dean, and old counselor, and Sabrina, the new-in-charge at the Brew who gives Spencer brownies with marijuana. Spencer starts to investigate who's behind the Carissimi Group and who Charles is. Meanwhile, her relationship with Toby remains untouchable. In the mid-season finale, it is revealed that CeCe Drake is "A," and the Liars finally gets peace.
Afterwards, Spencer moves to Georgetown in order to get involved with a future political career in Washington, D.C., and ends up in a lobbyist career. She returns to Rosewood five years later at Alison's request, and also to depose on Charlotte's release from psychological hospital. It is revealed that during the five last years she and Toby broke up because of the distance and the different future plans, and, following, she started a thrilling flirt with Caleb Rivers. Having to stay in Rosewood after Charlotte was murdered, she starts working on her mother's election campaign for Senate, while the daughter of the other candidate is Yvonne Phillips, Toby's current girlfriend. Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college, leading her to start thinking that the police could blame her for Charlotte's death.[24]
A new stalker, now entitled as "A.D.", surfaces, resulting in tension. When a document about Yvonne's mother leaks and Caleb takes the blame, Spencer goes crazy, and Toby fights with him. Spencer, along with the other Liars, Caleb, Mona and Toby, elaborate a plan to take "A.D." down, but everything goes down when the stalker kidnaps Hanna.
Season 7[edit]
In "The Darkest Knight", Spencer is shot by Uber A during the attack by Jenna and Noel. As Jenna is preparing to shoot her again, out of revenge for her and Charlotte, Mary Drake comes in and knocks Jenna out. Mary then cradles Spencer's body and reveals that she is indeed Spencer's mother, making Spencer the biological sister of CeCe Drake. In season 7b, Spencer and the other liars receive a big board game called "Liar's Lament", and in the episode "These Boots Are Made For Stalking", it is revealed that Spencer is Mary Drake's second child. In the last half of the last episode, we find out that Spencer was locked up inside a "cell". While the "Spencer", who we saw kissing Toby and then having sex with, was actually Alex Drake, her twin sister, also known as A.D. Alex, jealous of Spencer, wanted to have everything she never had, a family, friends, and even Toby, who she had "fallen in love with", so she kidnapped the real Spencer, pretending to be her all the time. And through the flashbacks, we are shown when Alex Drake impersonates her sister. It was Alex, not Spencer, who was with Hanna when Hanna was kidnapped. In the flashbacks, we are shown some examples of when Alex has "played" Spencer. Alex was the one who asked Toby for "one last kiss, just to say goodbye" in "The Darkest Knight". Spencer and Ezra, who had been kidnapped as well, escaped the cell, but soon were trapped with Alex. Spencer and Alex fought until the Liars plus Toby and Caleb found them. Both pleading to be the "real" Spencer, Toby figures out who the real Spencer is by asking what is her favorite poem in the book she gave him in "The Darkest Knight". The real Spencer responds with the correct response and Alex is arrested along with Mary Drake. Spencer and Toby resume their relationship and start dating again at the end of the series.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Buckley, Norman; Goldstick, Oliver (August 23, 2011). "I Must Confess". Pretty Little Liars. Season 2. Episode 11. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Sara (October 3, 2006). Pretty Little Liars. HarperTeen. ISBN 978-0-06-088730-8.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (18 May 2012). "Teen Choice Nominations: Vampire Diaries and Idol Lead Pack, Linda Hunt Eyes Repeat Win". TVLine. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards: 'Twilight: Breaking Dawn - Part 2' Leads First Wave of Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2009). "ABC Family fills comedy, Liars roles". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt (9 June 2010). "Pretty Little Liars Review: This Summer's Guilty Pleasure". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt. "Pretty Little Liars Review: Dead, Cute Girls Walking". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt (30 June 2010). "Pretty Little Liars Review: Can You Hear A Now?!?". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt. "Pretty Little Liars Review: The Ultimate Frenemy". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Teresa. "Pretty Little Liars Review: Code of Continued Silence". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Teresa. "Pretty Little Liars Review: A View from Above". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt (14 July 2010). "Pretty Little Liars Review: Lions and Tigers and Bitches, Oh My!". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ O. Estes, Mark (11 January 2011). "Pretty Little Liars 1.12 "Salt Meets Wound" Review". TV Overmind. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene; Lennon, Jonell; Lagomarsino, Ron (February 28, 2011). "A Person of Interest". Pretty Little Liars. Season 1. Episode 19. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene; Lagomarsino, Ron (August 30, 2011). "Over My Dead Body". Pretty Little Liars. Season 2. Episode 12. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene; Glatter, Lesli Linka (March 19, 2012). "unmAsked". Pretty Little Liars. Season 2. Episode 25. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene; Lennon, Jonell (January 22, 2013). "Misery Loves Company". Pretty Little Liars. Season 3. Episode 16. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene; Norris, Patrick (March 19, 2013). "A dAngerous gAme". Pretty Little Liars. Season 3. Episode 24. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Nick (18 February 2015). "Pretty Little Liars "Pretty Isn't the Point" Review: Dance Like Only A Is Watching". TV.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Lennon, Jonell; Anderson, Arthur (March 3, 2015). "To Plea or Not to Plea". Pretty Little Liars. Season 5. Episode 22. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene (August 11, 2015). "Game Over, Charles". Pretty Little Liars. Season 6. Episode 10. Freeform.
Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella. "Pretty Little Liars recap: 'The Gloves Are On'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Preece, Caroline. "Pretty Little Liars season 6 episode 13 review: The Gloves Are On". Den of Geek. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Lennon, Jonell; Barasz, Lijah J.; Kerns, Joanna (January 19, 2016). "Charlotte's Web". Pretty Little Liars. Season 6. Episode 12. Freeform.
External links[edit]
Spencer Hastings on IMDb
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