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Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers
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"Raising Cane" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the idiom or the film.
Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers
Type
Private
Genre
Fast food restaurant
Founded
August 26, 1996; 21 years ago (1996-08-26)
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.
Founder
Todd Graves and Craig Silvey
Headquarters
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.
Number of locations
360+
Area served
U.S., Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon
Products
Chicken fingers • French fries • Coleslaw • Cane's Sauce • Texas toast • Soft drinks • Lemonade • Tea
Revenue
$97.3 million (2007)
Website
raisingcanes.com
Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers is a fast-food restaurant chain specializing in chicken fingers, that was founded in Baton Rouge, Louisiana by Todd Graves and Craig Silvey on August 26, 1996. While company headquarters remain in Louisiana, a second restaurant support office was opened in Plano, Texas in 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Name
2 Logo
3 Menu
3.1 Sauce
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Todd Graves first started dreaming of his very own restaurant in the early 1990s. Craig Silvey, an initial partner in Todd's plan, was enrolled in a business plan writing course at LSU at the time. They wrote the business plan and Silvey turned it in, for which Silvey received a "B-".[1] Although the business plan was rejected numerous times by potential investors, Graves set out to earn the money he needed to start the restaurant, first by working in refineries in California, then by fishing for sockeye salmon in Alaska. He and Silvey then obtained an SBA loan, which they used to open the first restaurant in Baton Rouge at the intersection of Highland Road and State Street near the LSU campus. They even drew on the help of friends and family for some of the work on Cane's 1, and many of these names are carved in the restaurant woodwork. Originally, the small restaurant competed against a similarly themed drive-in called Bailey's Chicken Fingers on the opposite end of the campus. By 1999, however, it was able to prove itself the more successful business: it forced Bailey's out of business, becoming the only chicken-finger focused restaurant in the area.
In mid-1999, Silvey sold his stake to Graves to focus on completing an MBA at Wake Forest University and work in Silicon Valley. Later, Graves asked Silvey to return as vice president of finance and information technology.
By 2008, the chain had grown to more than 50 locations. Most of the locations are in Louisiana, particularly in the Baton Rouge area. The first location outside of Baton Rouge was opened in 2001 in Lafayette—since then, new restaurants have been opened in 22 other states, in addition to all eight metropolitan areas of Louisiana. Graves plans to continue expansion of the chain throughout the United States and internationally, one each in Kuwait (opened September 2015) & Bahrain (opened September 2016), plus two in Saudi Arabia (first had opened February 2017), Lebanon (opened December 2017). Today there are over 360 locations in 23 states.[2] Tennessee opened one in Knoxville in September 2014. California has 6 West Coast locations, all but two in Orange County: the first opened in late October 2015 in Costa Mesa; the second in early December in Aliso Viejo; the third in early March 2016 in Orange; and the fourth had opened in mid-June in Laguna Hills. The very first in L.A. County and fifth overall had opened in Downey in late August; the first location in Riverside County and 6th overall had opened in Riverside in late October 2017. 6 more are planned for early 2018: La Habra, Menifee, Ontario, San Bernardino, Santee & Upland. Kansas opened its very first in Lawrence in early May 2016; the second opened in Overland Park in early October; and a 3rd had opened in Shawnee in late August 2017. Iowa opened its very first in Council Bluffs in mid-October 2016. Illinois has 5 Chicago area locations, all but one in Cook County: they opened its very first in North Riverside, a Chicago suburb in late January 2017, to make it the 23rd state overall; the second opened in mid-February in Oak Lawn and the third opened in Naperville in late April; the 4th had opened in Harwood Heights in late September; the 5th had opened in Evergreen Park in late October.
In January 2009, the company opened a second restaurant support office in Plano, Texas.[3] In June 2011 it opened its 100th restaurant in Laurel, Mississippi. In February 2013 it opened its 150th location in San Antonio, Texas. The milestone 250th location opened in December 2015 in Lake Jackson, Texas. By November 2016 Houston, Texas hosted the milestone 300th restaurant's opening, on Rice & Westpark Tollway; and in late October 2017 Stillwater, Oklahoma was the site of the milestone 350th store.
CEO Graves and the chain have given more than 25 percent of their profits back to the communities where restaurants operate with an emphasis on schools, food banks, active lifestyles, canine assistance and business and entrepreneur organizations.[4]
Name[edit]
Graves and Silvey, who both worked as salmon fishermen in Alaska to raise money to open the first Raising Cane's restaurant, were going to name the chain Sockeye's Chicken Fingers, after the Sockeye salmon they fished for. They were later convinced to name it after Graves's dog, a yellow Labrador, "Raising Cane," called "Cane" for short. The most recent mascot for the restaurant, Raising Cane II, died September 11, 2016 and there has yet to be confirmation if Graves will get a new dog. "Raising Cane I" died of old age.[5]
Logo[edit]
The sign at the original location at the intersection of Highland Rd and State St. in Baton Rouge
The original Raising Cane's was established in Baton Rouge, Louisiana at the North Gates of Louisiana State University, at the intersection of East State Street and Highland Road. When remodeling the building, Graves discovered a hand painted sign featuring the logo from a previous business, Wolf's Bakery, under the cracking plaster on the south interior wall. It is a takeoff on the one for the bakery. The remains are still visible and intact on the wall inside the restaurant.
Menu[edit]
Chicken fingers at Raising Cane's
Raising Cane's offers a limited menu consisting of four main combos: "The Box Combo," "The 3-Finger Combo," "The Caniac Combo" and "The Sandwich Combo." It also includes a Kid's Meal and several sizes of bulk chicken items called Tailgates. [6]
Most of its restaurants use Coca-Cola as their primary soft drink supplier, but some, like Richmond, Virginia, use Pepsi. All of the restaurants do serve lemonade as well as iced tea.
Sauce[edit]
Cane's Sauce is provided with all chicken finger meals and is the signature sauce of the restaurant; customers may opt for Louisiana hot sauce and/or honey mustard sauce for free. Only managers at Cane's have access to the recipe. They are held to a confidentiality agreement regarding any details about the recipe, which features a mix of spices that come packaged to each restaurant.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Todd Graves | Raising Cane's | Secret Millionaire | Chicken Fingers | Cane's Sauce". Raisingcanes.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Star Local News > Plano Star-courier > News > Raising Cane's moves to Plano". Lewisvilleleader.com. November 12, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Learn About Todd". raisingcanes.com. January 1, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Todd Graves | Raising Cane's | Secret Millionaire | Chicken Fingers | Cane's Sauce". Raisingcanes.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Our Menu". Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
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text:
Mann Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mann Act
Other short titles
White-Slave Traffic Act of 1910
Long title
An Act to further regulate interstate and foreign commerce by prohibiting the transportation therein for immoral purposes of women and girls, and for other purposes.
Nicknames
White-Slave Traffic Act
Enacted by
the 61st United States Congress
Effective
June 25, 1910
Citations
Public law
61-277
Statutes at Large
36 Stat. 825a
Codification
Titles amended
8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality
18 U.S.C.: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
U.S.C. sections created
8 U.S.C. ch. 13, subch. I § 1557
18 U.S.C. ch. 117 §§ 2421-2424
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 12315 by James Robert Mann (R–IL) on December 21, 1909
Signed into law by President William Howard Taft on June 25, 1910
Newspaper clip "Wanted 60,000 girls to take the place of 60,000 white slaves who will die this year"
The White-Slave Traffic Act, or the Mann Act, is a United States federal law, passed June 25, 1910 (ch. 395, 36 Stat. 825; codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. §§ 2421–2424).
It is named after Congressman James Robert Mann of Illinois, and in its original form made it a felony to engage in interstate or foreign commerce transport of "any woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose". Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking, particularly where trafficking was for the purposes of prostitution. This is one of several acts of protective legislation aimed at moral reform during the Progressive Era. In practice, its ambiguous language about "immorality" has resulted in its being used to criminalize even consensual sexual behavior between adults.[1] It was amended by Congress in 1978 and again in 1986 to apply to transport for the purpose of prostitution or illegal sexual acts.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Promotion
2 Legal application
2.1 Notable prosecutions under the Mann Act
2.2 Notable individuals investigated under the Act
2.3 Mann Act case decisions by the United States Supreme Court
3 Congressional amendments to the law
4 Effects and alterations of the Mann Act
5 See also
6 References
7 Suggested reading
8 External links
Promotion[edit]
In the 19th century, many of America's cities had a designated, legally protected area of prostitution, and increased urbanization as well as greater numbers of young women entering the workforce led to greater flexibility in courtship without supervision. It is in this changing social sphere that concern over "white slavery" began. This term referred to women being kidnapped for the purposes of prostitution.[citation needed]
Numerous communities appointed vice commissions to investigate the extent of local prostitution, whether prostitutes participated in it willingly or were forced into it, and the degree to which it was organized by any cartel-type organizations. The second significant action at the local level was to close the brothels and the red light districts. From 1910 to 1913, city after city changed previously tolerant approaches and forced the closing of their brothels. Opposition to openly practiced prostitution had been growing steadily throughout the last decades of the 19th century. The federal government's response was the Mann Act. The purpose of the act was to make it a crime to "transport or cause to be transported, or aid to assist in obtaining transportation for" or to "persuade, induce, entice or coerce" a woman to travel.[3] Many of the changes that occurred after 1900 were a result of tensions between social ideals and practical realities. Family form and functions changed in response to a complex set of circumstances that were the effects of economic class and ethnicity.[4]
According to historian Mark Thomas Connelly, "a group of books and pamphlets appeared announcing a startling claim: a pervasive and depraved conspiracy was at large in the land, brutally trapping and seducing American girls into lives of enforced prostitution, or 'white slavery.' These white slave narratives, or white-slave tracts, began to circulate around 1909."[2] Such narratives often portrayed innocent girls "victimized by a huge, secret and powerful conspiracy controlled by foreigners", as they were drugged or imprisoned and forced into prostitution.[citation needed][2]
"Ice cream parlors of the city and fruit stores combined, largely run by foreigners, are the places where scores of girls have taken their first step downward. Does her mother know the character of the place and the man she is with?"
This excerpt from The War on the White Slave Trade was written by the United States District Attorney in Chicago:
One thing should be made very clear to the girl who comes up to the city, and that is that the ordinary ice cream parlor is very likely to be a spider's web for her entanglement. This is perhaps especially true of those ice cream saloons and fruit stores kept by foreigners. Scores of cases are on record where young girls have taken their first step towards "white slavery" in places of this character.[2]
According to Connelly, such concerns represented a "hysterical" version of genuine and long-standing issues arising from the concentration of young women from rural backgrounds in the expanding cities of the era, many of whom were drawn into prostitution for "mundane" economic reasons. A number of Vice Commission reports had drawn attention to the issue.[2] Some contemporaries questioned the idea of abduction and foreign control of prostitution through cartels. For example, noted radical and feminist Emma Goldman asked "What is really the cause of the trade in women? Not merely white women, but yellow and black women as well. Exploitation, of course; the merciless Moloch of capitalism that fattens on underpaid labor, thus driving thousands of women and girls into prostitution. With Mrs. Warren these girls feel, 'Why waste your life working for a few shillings a week in a scullery, eighteen hours a day?'... Whether our reformers admit it or not, the economic and social inferiority of woman is responsible for prostitution."[5] While prostitution was widespread, contemporary studies by local vice commissions indicate that it was "overwhelmingly locally organized without any large business structure, and willingly engaged in by the prostitutes."[6]
Suffrage activists, especially Harriet Burton Laidlaw[7] and Rose Livingston, took up the concerns. They worked in New York City's Chinatown and in other cities to rescue young white and Chinese girls from forced prostitution, and helped pass the Mann Act to make interstate sex trafficking a federal crime.[3] Livingston publicly discussed her past as a prostitute and made the claim that she was abducted and developed a drug problem as a sex slave in a Chinese man's home, narrowly escaped, and experienced a Christian conversion. Although her claim was unsupported by evidence, her story exemplified the stereotypes used to pass the Mann Act—fear of foreigners, especially Chinese men; abduction and drugging in order to be raped and enslaved; a narrow escape; and salvation through Christian conversion.[8][9] Other groups like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and Hull House focused on children of prostitutes and poverty in community life while trying to pass protective legislation. The American Purity Alliance also supported the Mann Act.[10]
Legal application[edit]
Jack Johnson marries Lucille Cameron 1912
Although the law was created to stop forced sexual slavery of women, the most common use of the Mann Act was to prosecute men for having sex with underage females.[4] The phrase "immoral purpose" in the statute allowed an extremely broad application of the law following the United States Supreme Court ruling in Caminetti v. United States (1917), which held that "illicit fornication", even when consensual, constituted an "immoral purpose."
In addition to its stated purpose of preventing human trafficking, the law was used to prosecute unlawful premarital, extramarital, and interracial relationships. The penalties would be applied to men whether or not the woman involved consented and, if she had consented, the woman could be considered an accessory to the offense. Some attribute enactment of the law to the case of world champion heavyweight boxer Jack Johnson.[11] Johnson was known to be intimate with white women, some of whom he met at the fighting venue after his fights. The year the Mann Act of 1912 was enacted[12] he was prosecuted, and later convicted, for "transporting women across state lines for immoral purposes" as a result of his relationship with a white prostitute named Belle Schreiber; the month prior to the prosecution, Johnson had been charged with violating the Mann Act due to traveling with his white girlfriend, Lucille Cameron, who refused to cooperate with the prosecution and whom he married soon thereafter.[13]
The 1948 prosecution of Frank LaSalle for abducting Florence Sally Horner is believed to have been an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov in writing his novel Lolita.[14] Humbert Humbert, the narrator, at one point explicitly refers to LaSalle. The Mann Act has also been used by the U.S. federal government to prosecute polygamists. name=Langum1994/>[15]) because the U.S. has no federal law against polygamy.[15] All U.S. states have anti-polygamy laws, but only in recent[when?] years have state authorities used them to prosecute bigamy. Colorado City, Arizona; Hildale, Utah; Bountiful, British Columbia; and sites in Mexico[8] are historic locations of several groups mistakenly called Mormons that practiced polygamy (Mormons or The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have not practiced pologamy since the late 1800s and excommuncate anyone member that does or teaches polygamy).[9] Sect leaders and individuals[15] have been charged under the Mann Act when "wives" are transported across the Utah–Arizona state line or the U.S.–Canadian and U.S.–Mexican borders.[10][15]
Notable prosecutions under the Mann Act[edit]
Person
Year
Decision
Notes
Jack Johnson 1913 Convicted (Pardoned in 2018) In October and November 1912, Johnson was arrested twice under the Mann Act. It was generally acknowledged that the arrests were racially motivated. A presidential pardon was granted on May 24, 2018, by the 45th U.S. President, Donald John Trump.[16][17]
Farley Drew Caminetti 1913 Convicted He and Maury I. Diggs took their mistresses from Sacramento, California to Reno, Nevada. Their wives informed the police, and both men were arrested in Reno. Caminetti v. United States expanded Mann Act prosecutions from prostitution to non-commercial extramarital sex.[18]
William I. Thomas 1918 Acquitted Pioneering sociologist William I. Thomas's academic career at the University of Chicago was irreversibly damaged after he was arrested under the act when caught in the company of one Mrs. Granger, the wife of an army officer with the American forces in France. Thomas was acquitted at trial.[19]
Frank Lloyd Wright 1926 Charges dropped In October 1926, Wright and Olga Lazovich Hinzenburg were accused of violating the Mann Act and he was arrested in Minnetonka, Minnesota.[16]
Finis Dake 1937 Convicted In 1937, he was convicted of violating the Mann Act by wilfully transporting 16-year-old Emma Barelli across the Wisconsin state line "for the purpose of debauchery and other immoral practices". The May 27, 1936, issue of the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that Dake registered at hotels in Waukegan, Bloomington, and East St. Louis with the girl under the name "Christian Anderson and wife". In order to avoid a jury trial and the possibility of being sentenced to a maximum of 10 years in prison and a fine of $10,000, Dake pleaded guilty. Subsequently, he served six months in the House of Corrections in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[20]
George Barker 1940 Charges dropped The British poet was arrested crossing a state border with his lover Canadian author Elizabeth Smart in 1940. She described the arrest in her book By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept.
Charlie Chaplin 1944 Acquitted Chaplin met Joan Barry, age 24, in 1941. He signed her to a $75-a-week contract for a film he was putting together, and she became his mistress. By the summer of 1942, Chaplin let her contract expire. To send her home, Chaplin paid her train fare to New York which led to his arrest.[16][21] Chaplin was acquitted of the charges.
Rex Ingram 1949 Convicted Pleading guilty to the charge of transporting a teenage girl to New York for immoral purposes, he was sentenced to eighteen months in jail. He served just ten months of his sentence, but the incident had a serious impact on his career for the next six years.[22]
Kid Cann 1959 Convicted/
Acquitted on appeal Cann, who was an organized crime figure from Minneapolis, Minnesota, was prosecuted and convicted for transporting a prostitute from Chicago to Minnesota. His conviction was later overturned on appeal. Cann was later prosecuted and convicted of offering a $25,000 bribe to a juror at his Mann Act trial.[citation needed]
Charles Manson 1960 Charges dropped Manson took two prostitutes from California to New Mexico to work.[23]
Chuck Berry 1962 Convicted In January 1962, Berry was sentenced to three years in prison for offenses under the Mann Act when he had transported a 14-year-old girl across state lines.[24][16][25]
Tony Alamo 2008 Convicted The former American religious leader was arrested under the Mann Act in September 2008.[26] He was subsequently convicted on 10 counts of interstate transportation of minors for illegal sexual purposes, rape, sexual assault, and contributing to the delinquency of minors.[27][28]
Brian David Mitchell 2010 Convicted Former street preacher and pedophile; convicted in 2010 of interstate kidnapping and unlawful transportation of a minor across state lines in connection with the 2002 abduction of Elizabeth Smart; currently serving a life sentence in federal prison.[29]
Jack Schaap 2012 Convicted Pastor at mega-church First Baptist Church (Hammond, Indiana) and Chancellor of Hyles–Anderson College, pleaded guilty to transportation of a minor across state lines to have sex with a 16-year-old he was counseling.[30][31][32] He was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[33]
Notable individuals investigated under the Act[edit]
Anwar al-Awlaki, an American Islamist cleric, was investigated for violations of Mann Act, authorities primarily wanting to arrest him for his ties to the 9/11 hijackers, but left the United States for Yemen before he could be detained.[34]
Dušan Popov, a World War II Allied double agent with a "James Bond" lifestyle, was threatened with arrest under the Mann Act.[35]
Individuals associated with an Emperors Club VIP prostitution ring that had former Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer as a client.[36]
Individuals associated with the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) church, such as Warren Jeffs and Merril Jessop have refused to answer questions during depositions and court hearings, citing the 5th amendment, over concerns of self-incrimination related to "potential state investigation still ongoing, as well as criminal investigations under the Mann Act out of the U.S. Attorney's Office."[37]
Mann Act case decisions by the United States Supreme Court[edit]
Hoke v. United States, 227 U.S. 308 (1913). The Court held that Congress could not regulate prostitution per se, as that was strictly the province of the states. Congress could, however, regulate interstate travel for purposes of prostitution or "immoral purposes".
Athanasaw v. United States, 227 U.S. 326 (1913). The Court decided that the law was not limited strictly to prostitution, but to "debauchery" as well.
Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470 (1917). The Court decided that the Mann Act applied not strictly to purposes of prostitution, but to other noncommercial consensual sexual liaisons. Thus consensual extramarital sex falls within the genre of "immoral sex".
Gebardi v. United States, 287 U.S. 112 (1932). The Court held that the statutory intent was not to punish a woman's acquiescence; therefore, consent by the woman does not expose her to liability.
Cleveland v. United States, 329 U.S. 14 (1946). The Court decided that a person can be prosecuted under the Mann Act even when married to the woman if the marriage is polygamous. Thus polygamous marriage was determined to be an "immoral purpose".
Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81 (1955). The Supreme Court decided that simultaneous transportation of two women across state lines constituted only one violation of the Mann Act, not two violations.
Congressional amendments to the law[edit]
In 1978, Congress updated the act's definition of "transportation" and added protections against commercial sexual exploitation for minors. It added a 1986 amendment which further protected minors and added protection for adult males. In particular, as part of a larger 1986 bill focused on criminalizing various aspects of child pornography that passed unanimously in both houses of Congress,[38] the Mann act was further amended to replace the ambiguous "debauchery" and "any other immoral purpose" with the more specific "any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense" as well as to make it gender-neutral.[38]
Date of Enactment
Public Law Number
U.S. Statute Citation
U.S. Legislative Bill
U.S. Presidential Administration
June 25, 1948 P.L. 80-772 62 Stat. 683 H.R. 3190 Harry S. Truman
February 6, 1978 P.L. 95–225 92 Stat. 7 S. 1585 Jimmy E. Carter
November 7, 1986 P.L. 99–628 100 Stat. 3510 H.R. 5560 Ronald W. Reagan
September 13, 1994 P.L. 103–322 108 Stat. 1796 H.R. 3355 William J. Clinton
February 8, 1996 P.L. 104–104 110 Stat. 56 S. 652 William J. Clinton
October 30, 1998 P.L. 105–314 112 Stat. 2974 H.R. 3494 William J. Clinton
April 30, 2003 P.L. 108–21 117 Stat. 650 S. 151 George W. Bush
July 27, 2006 P.L. 109–248 120 Stat. 587 H.R. 4472 George W. Bush
Effects and alterations of the Mann Act[edit]
While the Mann Act was meant to combat forced prostitution, it had repercussions that extended into consensual sexual activity. Because it lacked specificity, it criminalized many who were not participating in prostitution. It became a way to persecute large numbers of unmarried couples participating in premarital or extramarital activities, especially when it involved crossing state lines such as in the cases for Chuck Berry and Jack Johnson.[39] The Mann Act also became a form of blackmail, by wives who were suspicious of cheating husbands or other women. This was the case for both Drew Caminetti and Maury Diggs. Both men from Sacramento, California, were married, and took their mistresses Lola Norris and Marsha Warrington to Reno, Nevada. The men's wives contacted the police, and the men were arrested in Reno and found guilty under the Mann Act.[39] One author wrote:
In 1914 a woman by the name of Jessie A. Cope was arrested in Chicago for attempting to bribe an official to assist her in the blackmail of Colonel Charles Alexander of Providence Rhode Island, on a white slavery charge. The two had met two years previous in LA, Alexander had promised to divorce his wife, and marry her. When he attempted to leave her, Cope and her mother pursued him to Providence. Cope consulted lawyers in Providence and LA, then brought the charges in Chicago, where she was arrested.[40]
Upon continuous blackmail accounts, The New York Times became an advocate against the Mann Act:
In 1915 the paper published an editorial pointing out how the act led to extortion. In 1916 it labeled the Mann Act "The Blackmail Act", noting that its dangers had been clear from the start. The act made a harmless spree or simple elopement a crime, and the blackmail that resulted from the Mann Act was worse than the prostitution it sought to suppress.[40]
While the Mann Act has never been repealed, it has been amended and altered since its initial passing. The Mann Act continued essentially unchanged until 1978 amendments that expanded coverage to issues around child pornography and exploitation. Most recently, in 1986, the Mann Act was significantly altered to make the whole Act gender neutral and to redress the specific ambiguous phrasing that had enabled decades of unjust applications of the Act. With the 1986 amendments, the Mann Act outlaws interstate or foreign transport of "any person" for purposes of "any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense."[41][39] Prior to the Supreme Court ruling in Lawrence v. Texas (2003), sodomy was illegal in many states which left open the possibility of prosecution under the Mann Act of consenting adult couples, especially gay couples, though there is no record of such enforcement actions.[6] Since 1978 most prosecutions have been related to child abuse and child trafficking cases.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Chamberlain-Kahn Act
International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic
International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children
Sex trafficking in the United States
The Traffic in Women
Traffic in Souls (1913)
Travel Act
Travelers Aid International
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mann Act", Dictionary of American History, Encyclopedia, 21 October 2013 [2003] .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bell, Ernest Albert (1910), The War on the White Slave Trade (ebook), Chicago: GS Ball – via Archive .
^ Jump up to: a b Landsberg, Brian K (2004). Major Acts of Congress. Macmillan Reference USA. London, ENG: Macmillan. pp. 251–53.
^ Jump up to: a b Faue, Elizabeth (2003). The Emergence of Modern America (1890 to 1923). Encyclopedia of American History. New York City: Infobase. pp. 169–70.
Jump up ^ Emma Goldman, The Traffic In Women Red Emma Speaks: Selected Writings and Speeches. New York: Random House, 1972. ISBN 0-394-47095-8
^ Jump up to: a b Langum, David J. (1994). Crossing Over the Line: Legislating Morality and the Mann Act. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46880-1
Jump up ^ Laidlaw, H. B. (Harriet Burton), b. 1874, "A Finding Aid", Papers, 1851–1958, Harvard .
^ Jump up to: a b Lui Yi, Mary Ting (September 1, 2009). "Saving young girls from Chinatown: white slavery and woman suffrage, 1910–1920". Journal of the History of Sexuality. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. JSTOR 20542730.
^ Jump up to: a b Massotta, Jodie (July 15, 2014). Decades of Reform: Prostitutes, Feminists, and the War on White Slavery (PDF). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
^ Jump up to: a b Bell, pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ The Mann Act from Ken Burn's series "Unforgivable Blackness."
Jump up ^ "October 18, 1912 – Boxing Champion Jack Johnson Arrested For Violating the Mann Act". legallegacy.com. October 28, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Year in Cell for Johnson; $1,000 Fine, Too, for Pugilist's White Slavery Offense". New York Times. June 4, 1913. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dolinin, Alexander. "What Happened to Sally Horner?: A Real-Life Source of Nabokov's Lolita". zembla. State College, Pennsylvania: Art & Humanities Library of Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldman, Emma (1972). Kates Shulman, Alix, ed. Red Emma Speaks: Selected Writings and Speeches. New York City: Random House. ISBN 0-394-47095-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Weiner, Eric (March 11, 2008). "All Things Considered: The Long, Colorful History of the Mann Act". NPR. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Eligon, John; Michael D., Shear (24 May 2018). "Trump Pardons Jack Johnson, Heavyweight Boxing Champion". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Caminetti Guilty On Only One Count. Two Jurors Hold Out for Acquittal for Three Hours, but Finally Compromise". The New York Times. September 6, 1913. Retrieved August 20, 2010. Farley Drew Caminetti, son of the Commissioner General of Immigration, was found guilty late to-day on one count of the indictment charging him with violation of the Mann White Slave act.
Jump up ^ "Thomas and Woman Freed. Evidence Sought for Prosecution under the Mann Act". The New York Times. April 20, 1918. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Pastor Joseph (September 19, 1999). "An Open Letter to Pastor Joseph Chambers, Author of an Article Entitled 'Confused Charismatic Theology & the Dake's Bible'". Charlotte, NC: Paw Creek Ministries. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Mann & Woman". Time. April 3, 1944. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Auburn-haired Joan Berry, 24, who wandered from her native Detroit to New York to Hollywood in pursuit of a theatrical career, became a Chaplin protégée in the summer of 1941. ... Chaplin signed her to a $75-a-week contract, began training her for a part in a projected picture. Two weeks after the contract was signed, she became his mistress. ... By late summer of 1942, Chaplin had decided that she was unsuited for his film. Her contract ended. ... Chaplin paid her train fare both ways but did not travel with her, did not pay her hotel bills. Asserted by the defence: she went at her own request; Chaplin had no "intent" to transport her for immoral purposes and did not consummate any such purpose in New York.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Rex Ingram Biography". All Movie Guide. AMC. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt (1994). Helter Skelter — The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. pp. 137–146.
Jump up ^ "Chuck Berry". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum.
Jump up ^ "295 F.2d 192". ftp.resource.org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1]. CNN. September 26, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived March 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. July 24, 2009. CNN. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Evangelist Arrested In Child Sex Probe". CBS News. September 25, 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Enos, Robin (May 25, 2011), "Kidnapper Brian David Mitchell Sentenced to Life. findlaw.com
Jump up ^ "Jack Schaap Confesses To Sexual Relationship With Teen After Firing From Megachurch". The Huffington Post. August 2, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jack Schaap Pleads Guilty in Teen Sex Case, Denies Knowing Act Was Crime". Christian Post. 2012-08-27. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Oh, Mann! Pastor says he was unaware of curious law". Chicago Tribune. August 27, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Judge Rejects Reduced Sentence In Former Pastor's Sex Case". CBS Chicago. January 5, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rhee, Joseph; Mark Schone (November 30, 2009). "How Anwar Awlaki Got Away". The Blotter from Brian Ross; Fort Hood Investigation. ABC News. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gentry, Curt (2001). J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 272. ISBN 0-393-32128-2.
Jump up ^ Hakim, Danny; Rashbaum, William K. (March 10, 2008). "Spitzer Is Linked to Prostitution Ring". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2010. Federal prosecutors rarely charge clients in prostitution cases, which are generally seen as state crimes. But the Mann Act, passed by Congress in 1910 to address prostitution, human trafficking and what was viewed at the time as immorality in general, makes it a crime to transport someone between states for the purpose of prostitution. The four defendants charged in the case unsealed last week were all charged with that crime, along with several others.
Jump up ^ Anthony, Paul (January 28, 2009). "FLDS leader invokes 5th in deposition: He pleads it more than 250 times, court transcript says". San Angelo Standard-Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reagan Signs Tough Bill In Crackdown on Child Porn". United Press International (via the San Francisco Chronicle) November 8, 1986. "President Reagan signed a bill yesterday strengthening provisions of existing child pornography laws. The new measure, passed unanimously by both houses of Congress, would make it a crime to advertise to buy or sell child pornography, to seek children for the production of pornography or to participate with children in the production of it. [...] On another subject, the bill rewrites the Mann Act, a relic of the early part of the century, which makes it a crime to transport a woman across state lines for 'immoral' purposes. The new provision makes the statute gender-neutral and eliminates archaic language."
^ Jump up to: a b c "Unforgivable Blackness, Knockout." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b McLaren, Angus. "Entrapping the Jazz-Age American Male." Sexual Blackmail: A Modern History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. 87. Print.
Jump up ^ Langum, David J. "Mann Act (1910)." Major Acts of Congress. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 14 Nov. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>
Suggested reading[edit]
Langum, David J. (1994). Crossing Over the Line: Legislating Morality and the Mann Act. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–311. ISBN 0-226-46880-1. OCLC 30075897.
Haines, Gerald K.; Langbart, David A. (1993). Unlocking the Files of the FBI: A Guide to Its Records and Classification System. Wilmington, Delaware: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 29. ISBN 978-0842023382. OCLC 25873598.
External links[edit]
"International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic" (PDF). Paris, France: The United States Library of Congress. May 18, 1904.
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Sweat gland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Sweat gland
A cross-section of the human skin, with the sweat gland labeled at the bottom
Details
Precursor
Ectoderm[3]
System
Integumentary[3]
Nerve
Eccrine: cholinergic sympathetic nerves[4]
Apocrine: adrenergic nerves[5]
Identifiers
Latin
Glandula sudorifera[1][2]
MeSH
D013545
TA
A16.0.00.029
FMA
59152
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, from Latin sudor, meaning 'sweat',[6][7] are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. There are two main types of sweat glands that differ in their structure, function, secretory product, mechanism of excretion, anatomic distribution, and distribution across species:
Eccrine sweat glands are distributed almost all over the human body, in varying densities, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. Its water-based secretion represents a primary form of cooling in humans.[8]
Apocrine sweat glands are mostly limited to the axilla (armpits) and perianal areas in humans.[8] They are not significant for cooling in humans, but are the sole effective sweat glands in hoofed animals, such as the camels, donkeys, horses, and cattle.[9][10][11]
Ceruminous glands (which produce ear wax), mammary glands (which produce milk), and ciliary glands in the eyelids are modified apocrine sweat glands.[2][12]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Distribution
2.1 Animals
3 Types
3.1 Eccrine
3.2 Apocrine
3.3 Apoeccrine
3.4 Others
4 Sweat
4.1 Mechanism
4.2 Stimuli
4.2.1 Thermal
4.2.2 Emotional
4.2.3 Gustatory
4.3 Antiperspirant
5 Pathology
5.1 Tumors
5.2 As signs in other illnesses
6 See also
7 Gallery
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Structure[edit]
Body of a sweat gland cut in various directions
Generally, sweat glands consist of a secretory unit consisting of a base rolled into a glomerulum, and a duct that carries the sweat away.[13] The secretory coil or base, is set deep in the lower dermis and hypodermis, and the entire gland is surrounded by adipose tissue.[2][14][8] In both sweat gland types, the secretory coils are surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells that function to facilitate excretion of secretory product.[15][16] The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. The distal or apical part of the duct that opens to the skin's surface is known as the acrosyringium.[17]
Each sweat gland receives several nerve fibers that branch out into bands of one or more axons and encircle the individual tubules of the secretory coil. Capillaries are also interwoven among sweat tubules.[18]
Differences Between Eccrine & Apocrine Sweat Glands
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Overall diameter of secretory coil 500-700 µm 800 µm
Diameter of individual secretory tubule 30-40 µm 80-100 µm[19]
Composition of secretory unit single layer, mixed clear cells & dark cells single layer columnar cells[17]
Composition of ductal epithelium two or more layers of cuboidal cells double layer of cuboidal cells [20]
Duct opens to skin surface hair follicle, sometimes nearby skin surface
Distribution[edit]
The number of active sweat glands varies greatly among different people, though comparisons between different areas (ex. axillae vs. groin) show the same directional changes (certain areas always have more active sweat glands while others always have fewer).[21] According to Henry Gray's estimates, the palm has around 370 sweat glands per cm2; the back of the hand has 200 per cm2; the forehead has 175 per cm2; the breast, abdomen, and forearm have 155 per cm2; and the back and legs have 60–80 per cm2.[2]
In the finger pads, sweat glands are somewhat irregularly spaced on the epidermal ridges. There are no pores between the ridges, though sweat tends to spill into them.[21] The thick epidermis of the palms and soles causes the sweat glands to become spirally coiled.[2]
Animals[edit]
Non-primate mammals have eccrine sweat glands only on the palms and soles. Apocrine glands cover the rest of the body, though they are not as effective as humans' in temperature regulation (with the exception of horses').[8] Prosimians have a 1:20 ratio of follicles with apocrine glands versus follicles without.[22] They have eccrine glands between hairs over most of their body (while humans have them between the hairs on their scalp).[9]
The overall distribution of sweat glands varies among primates: the rhesus and patas monkeys have them on the chest; the squirrel monkey has them only on the palms and soles; and the stump-tailed macaque, Japanese monkey, and baboon have them over the entire body.[23]
Domestic animals[which?] have apocrine glands at the base of each hair follicle, but eccrine glands only in foot pads and snout. Their apocrine glands, like those in humans, produce an odorless oily milky secretion evolved not to evaporate and cool but rather coat and stick to hair so odor-causing bacteria can grow on it.[24] Eccrine glands on their foot pads, like those on palms and soles of humans, did not evolve to cool either but rather increase friction and enhance grip.
Dogs and cats have apocrine glands that are specialized in both structure and function located at the eyelids (Moll's glands), ears (ceruminous glands), anal sac, prepuce vulva, and circumanal area.[25]
Types[edit]
Eccrine[edit]
Main article: Eccrine sweat gland
Eccrine sweat glands are everywhere except the lips, ear canal, prepuce, glans penis, labia minora, and clitoris. They are ten times smaller than apocrine sweat glands, do not extend as deeply into the dermis, and excrete directly onto the surface of the skin.[8][5][26][4] The proportion of eccrine glands decreases with age.[27]
The clear secretion produced by eccrine sweat glands is termed sweat or sensible perspiration. Sweat is mostly water, but it does contain some electrolytes, since it is derived from blood plasma. The presence of sodium chloride gives sweat a salty taste.
The total volume of sweat produced depends on the number of functional glands and the size of the surface opening. The degree of secretory activity is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms (men sweat more than women). When all of the eccrine sweat glands are working at maximum capacity, the rate of perspiration for a human being may exceed three liters per hour,[28] and dangerous losses of fluids and electrolytes can occur.
Eccrine glands have three primary functions:
Thermoregulation: sweat cools the surface of the skin and reduces body temperature.[29]
Excretion: eccrine sweat gland secretion can also provide a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes.[30]
Protection: eccrine sweat gland secretion aids in preserving the skin's acid mantle, which helps protect the skin from colonization from bacteria and other pathogenic organisms.[31]
Apocrine[edit]
Main article: Apocrine sweat gland
Apocrine sweat glands are found in the armpit, areola (around the nipples), perineum (between the anus and genitals), in the ear, and in the eyelids. The secretory portion is larger than that of eccrine glands (making them larger overall). Rather than opening directly onto the surface of the skin, apocrine glands secrete sweat into the pilary canal of the hair follicle.[8]
Before puberty, the apocrine sweat glands are inactive;[32] hormonal changes in puberty cause the glands to increase in size and begin functioning.[33] The substance secreted is thicker than eccrine sweat and provides nutrients for bacteria on the skin: the bacteria's decomposition of sweat is what creates the acrid odor.[34] Apocrine sweat glands are most active in times of stress and sexual excitement.[35]
In mammals (including humans), apocrine sweat contains pheromone-like compounds to attract other organisms within their species. Study of human sweat has revealed differences between men and women in apocrine secretions and bacteria.[36]
Apoeccrine[edit]
Some human sweat glands cannot be classified as either apocrine or eccrine, having characteristics of both; such glands are termed apoeccrine.[37] They are larger than eccrine glands, but smaller than apocrine glands.[38] Their secretory portion has a narrow portion similar to secretory coils in eccrine glands as well as a wide section reminiscent of apocrine glands.[39]
Apoeccrine, found in the armpits and perianal region, have ducts opening onto the skin surface.[40] They are presumed to have developed in puberty from the eccrine glands,[41] and can comprise up to 50% of all axillary glands. Apoeccrine glands secrete more sweat than both eccrine and apocrine glands, thus playing a large role in axillary sweating.[42] Apoeccrine glands are sensitive to cholinergic activity, though they can also be activated via adrenergic stimulation.[37] Like eccrine glands, they continuously secrete a thin, watery sweat.[42]
Others[edit]
Specialized sweat glands, including the ceruminous glands, mammary glands, ciliary glands of the eyelids, and sweat glands of the nasal vestibulum, are modified apocrine glands.[43][5] Ceruminous glands are near the ear canals, and produce cerumen (earwax) that mixes with the oil secreted from sebaceous glands.[44][43] Mammary glands use apocrine secretion to produce milk.[45]
Sweat[edit]
Sweat glands are used to regulate temperature and remove waste by secreting water, sodium salts, and nitrogenous waste (such as urea) onto the skin surface.[30][46] The main electrolytes of sweat are sodium and chloride,[47] though the amount is small enough to make sweat hypotonic at the skin surface.[48] Eccrine sweat is clear, odorless, and is composed of 98–99% water; it also contains NaCl, fatty acids, lactic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, urea, and uric acid. Its pH ranges from 4 to 6.8.[49] On the other hand, the apocrine sweat has a pH of 6 to 7.5; it contains water, proteins, carbohydrate waste material, lipids, and steroids. The sweat is oily, cloudy, viscous, and originally odorless;[49] it gains odor upon decomposition by bacteria. Because both apocrine glands and sebaceous glands open into the hair follicle, apocrine sweat is mixed with sebum.[41]
Mechanism[edit]
In apocrine secretion (pictured), portions of the cell are pinched off and later disintegrate.
It was originally thought that both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands used merocrine secretion, where vesicles in the gland released sweat via exocytosis, leaving the entire cell intact.[37][7] More recent studies have revealed that apocrine glands release sweat in the hair follicle via apocrine secretion, where portions of the cell are actually pinched off, and disintegrate later to excrete sweat.[50][7]
In both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, the sweat is originally produced in the gland's coil, where it is isotonic with the blood plasma there.[51] When the rate of sweating is low, salt is conserved and reabsorbed by the gland's duct; high sweat rates, on the other hand, lead to less salt reabsorption and allow more water to evaporate on the skin (via osmosis) to increase evaporative cooling.[52]
Secretion of sweat occurs when the myoepithelial cell cells surrounding the secretory glands contract.[20] Eccrine sweat increases the rate of bacterial growth and volatilizes the odor compounds of apocrine sweat, strengthening the latter's acrid smell.[53]
Normally, only a certain number of sweat glands are actively producing sweat. When stimuli call for more sweating, more sweat glands are activated, with each then producing more sweat.[54][13]
Stimuli[edit]
Thermal[edit]
Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands participate in thermal (thermoregulatory) sweating,[55] which is directly controlled by the hypothalamus. Thermal sweating is stimulated by a combination of internal body temperature and mean skin temperature.[29] In eccrine sweat glands, stimulation occurs via activation by acetylcholine, which binds to the gland's muscarinic receptors.[56]
Emotional[edit]
Emotional sweating is stimulated by stress, anxiety, fear, and pain; it is independent of ambient temperature. Acetylcholine acts on the eccrine glands and adrenaline acts on both eccrine and apocrine glands to produce sweat.[37] Emotional sweating can occur anywhere, though it is most evident on the palms, soles of the feet, and axillary regions.[29] Sweating on the palms and soles is thought to have evolved as a fleeing reaction in mammals: it increases friction and prevents slipping when running or climbing in stressful situations.[55]
Gustatory[edit]
Gustatory sweating refers to thermal sweating induced by the ingestion of food. The increase in metabolism caused by ingestion raises body temperature, leading to thermal sweating. Hot and spicy foods also leads to mild gustatory sweating in the face, scalp and neck: capsaicin (the compound that makes spicy food taste "hot"), binds to receptors in the mouth that detect warmth. The increased stimulation of such receptors induces a thermoregulatory response.[37]
Antiperspirant[edit]
Unlike deodorant, which simply reduces axillary odor without affecting body functions, antiperspirant reduces both eccrine and apocrine sweating.[57][49] Antiperspirants, which are classified as drugs, cause proteins to precipitate and mechanically block eccrine (and sometimes apocrine) sweat ducts.[58] The metal salts found in antiperspirants alters the keratin fibrils in the ducts; the ducts then close and form a "horny plug". The main active ingredients in modern antiperspirants are aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium chlorohydrate, and buffered aluminum sulfate.[49]
On apocrine glands, antiperspirants also contain antibacterial agents such as trichlorocarbanilide, hexamethylene tetramine, and zinc ricinoleate.[59][60] The salts are dissolved in ethanol and mixed with essential oils high in eugenol and thymol (such as thyme and clove oils). Antiperspirants may also contain levomethamphetamine[60]
Pathology[edit]
Diseases of the sweat glands include:
Fox-Fordyce disease
The apocrine sweat glands become inflamed, causing a persistent, itchy rash, usually in the axillae and pubic areas.[61]
Frey's Syndrome
If the auriculotemporal nerve is damaged (most often as a result of a Parotidectomy), excess sweat can be produced in the rear of the cheek area (just below the ear) in response to stimuli that cause salivation.[62]
Heatstroke
When the eccrine glands become exhausted and unable to secrete sweat. Heatstroke can lead to fatal hyperpyrexia (extreme rise in body temperature).[59]
Hyperhidrosis
(also known as polyhidrosis or sudorrhea) is a pathological, excessive sweating that can be either generalized or localized (focal hyperhidrosis); focal hyperhidrosis occurs most often on the palms, soles, face, scalp and axillae. Hyperhidrosis is usually brought on by emotional or thermal stress,[63] but it can also occur or with little to no stimulus.[59] Local (or asymmetrical) hyperhidrosis is said to be caused by problems in the sympathetic nervous system: either lesions[63] or nerve inflammation.[64] Hyperhidrosis can also be caused by trench foot or encephalitis.[64]
Milaria rubra
Also called prickly heat. Milaria rubra is the rupture of sweat glands and migration of sweat to other tissues. In hot environments, the skin's horny layer can expand due to sweat retention, blocking the ducts of eccrine sweat glands. The glands, still stimulated by high temperatures, continues to secrete. Sweat builds up in the duct, causing enough pressure to rupture the duct where it meets the epidermis. Sweat also escapes the duct to adjacent tissues (a process called milaria).[59][65] Hypohydrosis then follows milaria (postmiliarial hypohydrosis).[66]
Osmidrosis
Often called bromhidrosis, especially in combination with hyperhidrosis. Osmohidrosis is excessive odor from apocrine sweat glands (which are overactive in the axillae).[63] Osmidrosis is thought to be caused by changes in the apocrine gland structure rather than changes in the bacteria that acts on sweat.[53]
Tumors[edit]
Sweat gland tumors include:[67]
Acrospiroma
Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma
Apocrine gland carcinoma
Ceruminoma
Cutaneous myoepithelioma
Cylindroma
Eccrine carcinoma
Hidradenoma papilliferum
Hidrocystoma
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma
Papillary eccrine adenoma
Syringadenoma papilliferum
Syringofibroadenoma
Syringoma
Adenolipomas are lipomas associated with eccrine sweat glands.[68]
As signs in other illnesses[edit]
Many diseases cause sweat gland dysfunction:
Acromegaly, a result of excess growth hormone, causes the size of sweat glands increase, which leads to thicker skin.[69]
Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, in which white papules develop on the palms after exposure to water, can sometimes come with abnormal aquaporin 5 in the sweat glands.[70]
Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed by a sweat test, as the disease causes the sweat glands ducts to reabsorb less chloride, leading to higher concentrations of chloride in the secreted sweat.[71]
Ectodermal dysplasia can present a lack of sweat glands.[72]
Fabry disease, characterized by excess globotriaosylceramide (GL3), causes a decrease in sweat gland function due to GL3 deposits in the eccrine glands.[73]
GM1 gangliosidoses, characterized by abnormal lipid storage, leads to vacuolization in eccrine sweat gland cells.[74]
Hunter syndrome can include metachromin granules and mucin in the cytoplasm of the eccrine sweat gland cells.[75]
Hypothyroidism's low levels of thyroid hormone lead to decreased secretions from sweat glands; the result is dry, coarse skin.[76]
Kearns–Sayre syndrome, a disease of the mitochondria, involves abnormal mitochondria in eccrine sweat glands.[77]
Lafora disease is a rare genetic disorder marked by the presence of abnormal polyglucosan deposits. These "Lafora bodies" appear in the ducts of sweat glands, as well as the myoepithelial cells of apocrine glands.[78]
Lichen striatus, a self-limited eruption of small, slightly scaly papules, includes a lymphoid infiltrate around eccrine sweat glands.[79]
Metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disease, leads to the accumulation of lipopigments and lysosomal residual bodies in the epithelial cells of sweat glands.[80]
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis causes abnormal deposits of lipopigment in sweat gland epithelial cells (among other places).[81]
Neutral lipid storage disease includes abnormal lipid deposits in cells, including those of the sweat gland.[82]
Niemann-Pick disease type C, another lipid storage disease, includes abnormal lipid storage in sweat glands.[83]
Schindler disease causes cytoplasmic vacuoles that appear to be empty or contain filamentous material to manifest in eccrine sweat gland cells.[84]
Small fiber peripheral neuropathy can damage the nerves that control the sweat glands. The sweat gland nerve fiber density test can diagnose this condition.[85]
See also[edit]
Sudomotor
Gallery[edit]
Transverse view of the skin with sweat glands highlighted
Transverse view of the eyelid with sweat glands highlighted
A human mammary gland
Notes[edit]
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Sørensen, Vibeke W.; Prasad, Gaya (1973). "On the fine structure of horse sweat glands". Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. 139 (2): 173–183. doi:10.1007/BF00523636. PMID 4352229.
Slegers, J. F. G. (1964). "The mechanism of sweat-secretion" (pdf). Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. Springer-Verlag. 279 (3): 265–273. doi:10.1007/BF00362480. ISSN 1432-2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
Tsai, Ren-Yu (1 January 2006). "Treatment of Excessive Axillary Sweat Syndrome (Hyperhidrosis, Osmidrosis, Bromhidrosis) with Liposuction". In Shiffman, Melvin A.; Di Giuseppe, Alberto. Liposuction: Non-Cosmetic Applications. Germany: Springer. pp. 496–497. ISBN 9783540280439.
Wilke, K.; Martin, A.; Terstegen, L.; Biel, S. S. (June 2007). "A short history of sweat gland biology" (pdf). International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 29 (3): 169–179. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x. ISSN 1468-2494. PMID 18489347.
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Histology of sweat glands
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