text:
BB gun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For airguns firing round pellets, see Pellet gun. For airguns firing 6 mm plastic projectiles, see Airsoft gun.
"Bee-bee" redirects here. For other uses, see Beebee.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
BB pistol with CO2 cartridges and BBs
BB guns are a type of air guns designed to shoot metallic ball projectiles called BBs — metal balls approximately the same size as the 0.180 inches (4.6 mm) "BB" lead birdshots. Modern BB guns usually have a barrel with a bore caliber of 4.5 mm (0.177 in) and are available in many varieties. These guns usually use steel BB shots, either zinc- or copper-plated to resist corrosion, and measuring 4.3 to 4.4 mm (0.171 to 0.173 in) in diameter and 0.33 to 0.35 g (5.1 to 5.4 gr) in weight. Some manufacturers still make the traditional lead balls around 0.48 to 0.50 g (7.4 to 7.7 gr) in weight and slightly larger in diameter, which are generally intended for use in rifled barrels due to lead having better malleability.
The term "BB gun" is often incorrectly used to describe a pellet gun, which fires non-spherical projectiles. Although in many cases a steel BB can be fired in a pellet gun, pellets usually cannot be fired in a gun specifically designed for BBs. Similarly, the term is also often used incorrectly to address airsoft guns, which shoot plastic balls that are larger but much less dense and have significantly lower ballistic performance.
Contents
1 History
2 Operation
3 Competition use
4 Safety
5 Quick Kill/Quick Fire training
6 Legal status
7 BB guns in popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The term BB originated from the nomenclature of the size of steel shots used in a shotgun. Size "BB" shots were normally 0.180 in (4.6 mm), but tended to vary considerably in size due to the loose tolerances in shotgun shells. The highest size shotgun pellet commonly used was named OO or double ought and was used for hunting deer and thus called buckshot, while the smaller BB-sized shot was typically used to shoot small/medium-sized birds and therefore was a birdshot.
In 1886, the Markham Air Rifle Company in Plymouth, Michigan produced the first wooden-construct spring-piston air rifle design as a youth training gun, and used the BB-size birdshot as the chosen ammunition. Two years later, the neighbouring Plymouth Air Rifle Company (later renamed Daisy Manufacturing Company in 1895) introduced the first full-metal airgun that also shot BB shots — the Daisy BB Gun, which became very popular household name due to successful marketing. Around 1900, Daisy changed their BB-size bore diameter to 0.175 in (4.4 mm), and began to market precision-made lead shot specifically for their BB guns. They called these "round shots", but the BB name was already well established, and most users continued calling their guns BB guns, and the projectiles as BB shots or just BBs.
Subsequently, the term BB became generic, and is used loosely referring to any small spherical projectiles of various calibers and materials. This includes bearing balls often utilized by anti-personnel mines, .177 caliber lead/steel shots used by air guns, plastic round balls (such as the pellets used by airsoft guns), small marbles and many others. It has become ubiquitous to refer to any steel ball, such as a BB, as a "ball bearing". However, BBs should not be confused with a ball bearing, which is a mechanical component using bearing balls.
Operation[edit]
Steel BBs with copper or zinc jackets
BB guns can use any of the operating mechanisms used for air guns. However, due to the inherent limited accuracy and short range of the BB, only the simpler and less expensive mechanisms are generally used for guns designed to fire only BBs.
Because the strength of the steel BB does not allow it to be swaged with the low energies used to accelerate it through the barrel, BBs are slightly smaller (4.3 to 4.4 mm (0.171 to 0.173 in)) than the internal diameter of the barrel (4.5 mm (0.177 in)). This limits accuracy because little spin is imparted on the BB. It also limits range, because some of the compressed air used to accelerate it is lost around the BB. Since a BB will easily roll unhindered down the barrel, it is common to find guns that use a magnet in the loading mechanism to hold the BB at the rear of the barrel until it is fired.
The traditional, and still most common powerplant for BB guns is the spring piston, usually patterned after a lever-action rifle or a pump-action shotgun. The lever-action rifle was the first type of BB gun, and still dominates the inexpensive youth BB gun market. The Daisy Model 25, modeled after a pump-action shotgun with a trombone pump-action mechanism, dominated the low-price, higher-performance market for over 50 years. Lever-action models generally have very low velocities, around 84 m/s (275 ft/s), a result of the weak springs used to keep cocking efforts low for use by youths. The Daisy Model 25 typically achieved the highest velocities of its day, ranging from 114 to 145 m/s (375 to 475 ft/s).[1]
Multiple-pump pneumatic guns are also common. Many pneumatic pellet guns provide the ability to use BBs as a cheaper alternative to lead shot. Some of these guns have rifled barrels, but the slightly undersized BBs don't swage in the barrel, so the rifling does not impart a significant spin. These are the types of guns that will benefit most from using precision lead BB shot. The pneumatic BB gun can attain much higher velocities than the traditional spring piston types.
The last common type of power for BB guns is pre-compressed gas, most commonly the 12 gram CO2 powerlet. The powerlet is a disposable metal flask containing 12 grams of compressed carbon dioxide, which expands to propel the BB. These are primarily used in pistol BB guns, and unlike spring-piston or pneumatic types, these are capable of rapid fire. A typical CO2 BB pistol uses a spring-loaded magazine to feed BBs, and a double-action trigger mechanism to chamber a BB and cock the hammer. However some guns (either to stay true to the original gun or to make the trigger pull easier) do have a single-action trigger. Either type of gun may also have blowback action, where CO2 will push the slide back in addition to firing a BB. When firing, the hammer strikes a valve hooked to the CO2 source, which releases a measured amount of CO2 gas to fire the BB, this also gives it a realistic feature. Velocities of CO2 powered BB pistols are moderate, and drop off as the pressure in the CO2 source drops. Many CO2 BB guns are patterned after popular firearms such as the Colt M1911, and can be used for training as well as recreation.
Some gas-powered BB guns use a larger source of gas, and provide machine gun-like fire. These types, most notably the Shooting Star Tommy Gun (originally known as the Feltman) are commonly found at carnivals. The MacGlashan BB Gun, was used to train antiaircraft gunners in the United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy during World War II. A popular commercial model was the Larc M-19, which used 1 pound (454 g) canisters of Freon-12 refrigerant. These types have very simple operating mechanisms, based on a venturi pump. The gas is released in a constant stream, and this is used to suck the BBs up into the barrel at rates as high as 3600 rounds per minute.[2]
Competition use[edit]
It is possible to shoot competitively with a BB gun. The National Rifle Association youth shooting program has classifications for smoothbore BB guns, open to ages 14 – 18, and these classes are popular with youth groups such as Boy Scouts of America and 4H.
Safety[edit]
Main article: Toy and sport gun safety
BB gun injury: pellet penetrates inside a hand
Most BB-firing airguns can shoot faster than 60 m/s (200 ft/s). Some airguns have the ability to fire considerably faster, even beyond 170 m/s (560 ft/s)[3][citation needed]. Although claims are often exaggerated, a few airguns can actually fire a standard 0.177 caliber lead pellet faster than 320 m/s (1,000 ft/s), but these are generally not BB-firing guns.
A BB with a velocity of 45 m/s (150 ft/s) has skin piercing capability, and a velocity reaching 60 m/s (200 ft/s) can fracture bone.[4] The potential exists for killing someone; this potential increases with velocity, but also rapidly decreases with distance. The effective penetrating range of a BB gun with a muzzle velocity of 120 to 180 m/s (390 to 590 ft/s) is approximately 18 m (60 ft). A person wearing jeans at this distance would not sustain serious injury. However, even at this distance a BB still might penetrate bare skin, and even if not, could leave a severe and painful bruise. The maximum range of a BB gun in the 120 to 180 m/s (390 to 590 ft/s) range is 220 to 330 m (240 to 360 yd), provided the muzzle is elevated to the optimum angle.
Steel BBs are also notably prone to ricochet off hard surfaces such as brick, concrete, metal, or wood end grain. Eye protection is essential when shooting BBs at these materials. More so than when shooting lead pellets, since a BB bouncing off a hard surface can retain a large portion of its initial energy (pellets usually flatten and absorb energy), and could easily cause serious eye damage.
Quick Kill/Quick Fire training[edit]
The U.S. Army trained recruits in Quick Kill techniques using Daisy Model 99 BB guns to improve soldiers using their weapons in the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1973.[5] The technique was developed for the Army by Bobby Lamar "Lucky" McDaniel and Mike Jennings. The sights were removed from the BB guns for this training. The name was later changed to "Quick Fire" training.
Legal status[edit]
BB guns are often regulated as a type of air gun. Air gun laws vary widely by jurisdiction.
BB guns in popular culture[edit]
One of the most famous BB guns is the Red Ryder BB Gun by Daisy Outdoor Products, modeled after the Winchester lever-action rifle. First introduced in 1940, it became an iconic American toy, and is still in production today. It was prominently featured in A Christmas Story, in which Ralphie Parker requests one for Christmas, but is repeatedly rebuffed with the warning "You'll shoot your eye out". The movie's fictional BB gun, described as the "Red Ryder carbine-action, two hundred shot Range Model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time", was not a real gun. The Red Ryder featured in the movie was specially made to match author Jean Shepherd's story (which may be artistic license, but was the configuration Shepherd claimed to remember).[6] The guns and a stand-up advertisement featuring the Red Ryder character appeared in a Higbee's store window in the film, along with dolls, a train, and Radio Flyer wagons.
An episode of My Name Is Earl called "BB" focused on the title character having accidentally shot a girl with a BB gun when he was younger, inadvertently causing a falling-out between her and her father.
See also[edit]
List of air guns
Pellet (air gun)
Airsoft gun
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Model 25 Pump Gun | Daisy Outdoor Products". www.daisy.com. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
Jump up ^ Peter Hathaway Capstick (1990). Death in a Lonely Land: More Hunting, Fishing, and Shooting on Five Continents. Macmillan. pp. 11–19. ISBN 978-0-312-03810-6.
Jump up ^ "Faster isn't always better". Air gun Depot.
Jump up ^ C. L. Tsui, K. L. Tsui, Y. H. Tang (2010). Ball bearing (BB) gun injuries
Jump up ^ "Armed Forces: Quick Skill". Time. July 14, 1967. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Daisy Red Ryder: A History (DVD extra). Warner Home Video. 2003.
External links[edit]
US Patent 4,083,349 Rapid-fire, fluid actuated B.B. gun, the patent for the Larc M-19 BB machine gun
How to Get Started, Airgun Competition page from NRA site, covering air gun and BB gun competitions
US Army Quick Kill training https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020849/http://www.i-kirk.info/misc/quickkill/qwikill.htm
How to Get Started, Airgun Competition page from NRA site, covering air gun and BB gun competitions
BB guns Reference to BB gun history, and BB gun types
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BB_gun&oldid=858450613"
Categories:
Ammunition
Pneumatic weapons
Air guns
Hunting equipment
Rifles
Recreational weapons
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from April 2012
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
فارسی
Nederlands
Norsk
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 September 2018, at 08:22 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Pellet_gun
mw-redirect
Pellet gun

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Beebee_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Beebee (disambiguation)

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Airsoft_pellet
mw-redirect
Airsoft pellet

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Anti-personnel_mines
mw-redirect
Anti-personnel mines

values:
/wiki/Venturi_pump
mw-redirect
Venturi pump

values:
/wiki/Toy_and_sport_gun_safety
mw-redirect
Toy and sport gun safety

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Quick Kill/Quick Fire training

values:
/wiki/Bobby_Lamar_%22Lucky%22_McDaniel
mw-redirect
Bobby Lamar "Lucky" McDaniel

values: Edit section: BB guns in popular culture

values:
/wiki/Red_Ryder_BB_Gun
mw-redirect
Red Ryder BB Gun

values:
/wiki/Radio_Flyer_(company)
mw-redirect
Radio Flyer (company)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.daisy.com/node/48

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nrahq.org/compete/airgun.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.pyramydair.com/bb-guns

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/BB_gun
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=BB_gun&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB-gun
BB-gun – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: Αεροβόλα με μπίλιες – Greek

values: تفنگ بی‌بی – Persian

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB-gun
BB-gun – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-BB_gun rootpage-BB_gun skin-vector action-view


text:
Evil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Evil (disambiguation).
One of the five paintings of Extermination of Evil portrays Sendan Kendatsuba, one of the eight guardians of Buddhist law, banishing evil.
Evil, in a general context, is the absence or opposite of that which is described as being good. Often, evil denotes profound immorality.[1] In certain religious contexts, evil has been described as a supernatural force.[1] Definitions of evil vary, as does the analysis of its motives.[2] However, elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving anger, revenge, fear, hatred, psychological trauma, expediency, selfishness, ignorance, or neglect.[3]
In cultures with an Abrahamic religious influence, evil is usually perceived as the dualistic antagonistic opposite of good, in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated.[4] In cultures with Buddhist spiritual influence, both good and evil are perceived as part of an antagonistic duality that itself must be overcome through achieving Śūnyatā meaning emptiness in the sense of recognition of good and evil being two opposing principles but not a reality, emptying the duality of them, and achieving a oneness.[4]
The philosophical question of whether morality is absolute, relative, or illusory leads to questions about the nature of evil, with views falling into one of four opposed camps: moral absolutism, amoralism, moral relativism, and moral universalism.
While the term is applied to events and conditions without agency, the forms of evil addressed in this article presume an evildoer or doers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Chinese moral philosophy
3 European philosophy
3.1 Spinoza
3.2 Nietzsche
4 Psychology
4.1 Carl Jung
4.2 Philip Zimbardo
5 Religion
5.1 Bahá'í Faith
5.2 Ancient Egyptian Religion
5.3 Buddhism
5.4 Hinduism
5.5 Sikhism
5.6 Islam
5.7 Judaism
5.8 Christianity
5.9 Zoroastrianism
6 Philosophical questions
6.1 Universality
6.2 Usefulness as a term
6.3 Necessary evil
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The modern English word evil (Old English yfel) and its cognates such as the German Übel and Dutch euvel are widely considered to come from a Proto-Germanic reconstructed form of *ubilaz, comparable to the Hittite huwapp- ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European form *wap- and suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo-. Other later Germanic forms include Middle English evel, ifel, ufel, Old Frisian evel (adjective and noun), Old Saxon ubil, Old High German ubil, and Gothic 'ubils'.
The root meaning of the word is of obscure origin though shown[5] to be akin to modern German Das Übel (although evil is normally translated as Das Böse) with the basic idea of transgressing.[6]
Chinese moral philosophy[edit]
Main: Confucian Ethics, Confucianism and Taoist Ethics
As with Buddhism, in Confucianism or Taoism there is no direct analogue to the way good and evil are opposed although reference to demonic influence is common in Chinese folk religion. Confucianism's primary concern is with correct social relationships and the behavior appropriate to the learned or superior man. Thus evil would correspond to wrong behavior. Still less does it map into Taoism, in spite of the centrality of dualism in that system, but the opposite of the cardinal virtues of Taoism, compassion, moderation, and humility can be inferred to be the analogue of evil in it.[7][8]
European philosophy[edit]
Spinoza[edit]
Benedict de Spinoza states
1. By good, I understand that which we certainly know is useful to us.
2. By evil, on the contrary I understand that which we certainly know hinders us from possessing anything that is good.[9]
Spinoza assumes a quasi-mathematical style and states these further propositions which he purports to prove or demonstrate from the above definitions in part IV of his Ethics :[9]
Proposition 8 "Knowledge of good or evil is nothing but affect of joy or sorrow in so far as we are conscious of it."
Proposition 30 "Nothing can be evil through that which it possesses in common with our nature, but in so far as a thing is evil to us it is contrary to us."
Proposition 64 "The knowledge of evil is inadequate knowledge."
Corollary "Hence it follows that if the human mind had none but adequate ideas, it would form no notion of evil."
Proposition 65 "According to the guidance of reason, of two things which are good, we shall follow the greater good, and of two evils, follow the less."
Proposition 68 "If men were born free, they would form no conception of good and evil so long as they were free."
Nietzsche[edit]
Friedrich Nietzsche, in a rejection of the Judeo-Christian morality, addresses this in two works Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morals where he essentially says that the natural, functional non-good has been socially transformed into the religious concept of evil by the slave mentality of the weak and oppressed masses who resent their masters (the strong).
Psychology[edit]
Carl Jung[edit]
Carl Jung, in his book Answer to Job and elsewhere, depicted evil as the dark side of God.[10] People tend to believe evil is something external to them, because they project their shadow onto others. Jung interpreted the story of Jesus as an account of God facing his own shadow.[11]
Even though the book may have had a sudden birth, its gestation period in Jung's unconscious was long. The subject of God, and what Jung saw as the dark side of God, was a lifelong preoccupation. An emotional and theoretical struggle with the core nature of deity is evident in Jung's earliest fantasies and dreams, as well as in his complex relationships with his father (a traditional minister), his mother (who had a strong spiritual-mystical dimension), and the Christian church itself. Jung's account of his childhood in his quasi-autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Vintage, 1963; henceforth MDR), provides deep, personal background about his early religious roots and conflicts.
Philip Zimbardo[edit]
In 2007, Philip Zimbardo suggested that people may act in evil ways as a result of a collective identity. This hypothesis, based on his previous experience from the Stanford prison experiment, was published in the book The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil.[12]
Religion[edit]
Main article: Problem of evil
Bahá'í Faith[edit]
The Bahá'í Faith asserts that evil is non-existent and that it is a concept for lack of good, just as cold is the state of no heat, darkness is the state of no light, forgetfulness the lacking of memory, ignorance the lacking of knowledge. All of these are states of lacking and have no real existence.[13]
Thus, evil does not exist, and is relative to man. `Abdu'l-Bahá, son of the founder of the religion, in Some Answered Questions states:
"Nevertheless a doubt occurs to the mind—that is, scorpions and serpents are poisonous. Are they good or evil, for they are existing beings? Yes, a scorpion is evil in relation to man; a serpent is evil in relation to man; but in relation to themselves they are not evil, for their poison is their weapon, and by their sting they defend themselves."[13]
Thus, evil is more of an intellectual concept than a true reality. Since God is good, and upon creating creation he confirmed it by saying it is Good (Genesis 1:31) evil cannot have a true reality.[13]
Ancient Egyptian Religion[edit]
Evil in the religion of Ancient Egypt is known as Isfet, "disorder/violence". It is the opposite of Maat, "order", and embodied by the serpent god Apep, who routinely attempts to kill the sun god Ra and is stopped by nearly every other deity. Isfet is not a primordial force, but the consequence of free will and an individual's struggle against the non-existence embodied by Apep, as evidenced by the fact that it was born from Ra's umbilical cord instead of being recorded in the religion's creation myths.[14]
Buddhism[edit]
Extermination of Evil, The God of Heavenly Punishment, from the Chinese tradition of yin and yang. Late Heian period (12th Century Japan)
Main: Buddhist Ethics
The primal duality in Buddhism is between suffering and enlightenment, so the good vs. evil splitting has no direct analogue in it. One may infer however from the general teachings of the Buddha that the catalogued causes of suffering are what correspond in this belief system to 'evil.[15][16]
Practically this can refer to 1) the three selfish emotions—desire, hate and delusion; and 2) to their expression in physical and verbal actions. See ten unvirtuous actions in Buddhism. Specifically, evil means whatever harms or obstructs the causes for happiness in this life, a better rebirth, liberation from samsara, and the true and complete enlightenment of a buddha (samyaksambodhi).
"What is evil? Killing is evil, lying is evil, slandering is evil, abuse is evil, gossip is evil: envy is evil, hatred is evil, to cling to false doctrine is evil; all these things are evil. And what is the root of evil? Desire is the root of evil, illusion is the root of evil." Gautama Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, 563–483 BC.
Hinduism[edit]
In Hinduism the concept of Dharma or righteousness clearly divides the world into good and evil, and clearly explains that wars have to be waged sometimes to establish and protect Dharma, this war is called Dharmayuddha. This division of good and evil is of major importance in both the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. However, the main emphasis in Hinduism is on bad action, rather than bad people. The Hindu holy text, the Bhagavad Gita, speaks of the balance of good and evil. When this balance goes off, divine incarnations come to help to restore this balance.[citation needed]
Sikhism[edit]
In adherence to the core principle of spiritual evolution, the Sikh idea of evil changes depending on one's position on the path to liberation. At the beginning stages of spiritual growth, good and evil may seem neatly separated. However, once one's spirit evolves to the point where it sees most clearly, the idea of evil vanishes and the truth is revealed. In his writings Guru Arjan explains that, because God is the source of all things, what we believe to be evil must too come from God. And because God is ultimately a source of absolute good, nothing truly evil can originate from God.[17]
Nevertheless, Sikhism, like many other religions, does incorporate a list of "vices" from which suffering, corruption, and abject negativity arise. These are known as the Five Thieves, called such due to their propensity to cloud the mind and lead one astray from the prosecution of righteous action.[18] These are:[19]
Moh, or Attachment
Lobh, or Greed
Karodh, or Wrath
Kaam, or Lust
Ahankar, or Egotism
One who gives in to the temptations of the Five Thieves is known as "Manmukh", or someone who lives selfishly and without virtue. Inversely, the "Gurmukh, who thrive in their reverence toward divine knowledge, rise above vice via the practice of the high virtues of Sikhism. These are:[20]
Sewa, or selfless service to others.
Nam Simran, or meditation upon the divine name.
Islam[edit]
See also: Devil (Islam)
There is no concept of absolute evil in Islam, as a fundamental universal principle that is independent from and equal with good in a dualistic sense. Within Islam, it is considered essential to believe that all comes from Allah, whether it is perceived as good or bad by individuals; and things that are perceived as evil or bad are either natural events (natural disasters or illnesses) or caused by humanity's free will. Much more the behavior of beings with free will, then they disobey Allah's orders, harming others or putting themselves over Allah or others, is considered to be evil.[21]
According to the Ahmadiyya understanding of Islam, evil does not have a positive existence in itself and is merely the lack of good, just as darkness is the result of lack of light.[22]
Judaism[edit]
See also: Satan in Judaism
In Judaism, evil is not real, it is per se not part of God's creation, but comes into existence through man's bad actions. Human beings are responsible for their choices. However Jews and non-Jews have the free will to choose good (life in olam haba) or bad (death in heaven). (Deuteronomy 28:20) Judaism stresses obedience to God's 613 commandments of the Written Torah (see also Tanakh) and the collective body of Jewish religious laws expounded in the Oral Torah and Shulchan Aruch (see also Mishnah and the Talmud). In Judaism, there is no prejudice in one's becoming good or evil at time of birth, since full responsibility comes with Bar and Bat Mitzvah, when Jewish boys become 13, and girls become 12 years old.
Christianity[edit]
See also: Devil in Christianity
Evil according to a Christian worldview is any action, thought or attitude that is contrary to the character or will of God. This is shown through the law given in both the Old and New Testament. There is no moral action given in the Bible that is contrary to God's character or God's will. Therefore, evil in a Christian world view is contrasted by and in conflict with God's character or God's will. This evil shows itself through deviation from the character or will of God.
The devil, in opposition to the will of God, represents evil and tempts Christ, the personification of the character and will of God. Ary Scheffer, 1854.
Christian theology draws its concept of evil from the Old and New Testaments. The Christian Bible exercises "the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world."[23] In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the fallen angels Satan [24] In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability, while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm.[25] Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good.[26] French-American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil, when viewed as a theological concept, as an "unjustifiable reality. In common parlance, evil is 'something' that occurs in experience that ought not to be."[27]
In Mormonism, mortal life is viewed as a test of faith, where one's choices are central to the Plan of Salvation. See Agency (LDS Church). Evil is that which keeps one from discovering the nature of God. It is believed that one must choose not to be evil to return to God.
Christian Science believes that evil arises from a misunderstanding of the goodness of nature, which is understood as being inherently perfect if viewed from the correct (spiritual) perspective. Misunderstanding God's reality leads to incorrect choices, which are termed evil. This has led to the rejection of any separate power being the source of evil, or of God as being the source of evil; instead, the appearance of evil is the result of a mistaken concept of good. Christian Scientists argue that even the most evil person does not pursue evil for its own sake, but from the mistaken viewpoint that he or she will achieve some kind of good thereby.
Zoroastrianism[edit]
In the originally Persian religion of Zoroastrianism, the world is a battle ground between the god Ahura Mazda (also called Ormazd) and the malignant spirit Angra Mainyu (also called Ahriman). The final resolution of the struggle between good and evil was supposed to occur on a day of Judgement, in which all beings that have lived will be led across a bridge of fire, and those who are evil will be cast down forever. In afghan belief, angels and saints are beings sent to help us achieve the path towards goodness.
Philosophical questions[edit]
Universality[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A fundamental question is whether there is a universal, transcendent definition of evil, or whether evil is determined by one's social or cultural background. C. S. Lewis, in The Abolition of Man, maintained that there are certain acts that are universally considered evil, such as rape and murder. However the numerous instances in which rape or murder is morally affected by social context call this into question. Up until the mid-19th century, the United States—along with many other countries—practiced forms of slavery. As is often the case, those transgressing moral boundaries stood to profit from that exercise. Arguably, slavery has always been the same and objectively evil, but men with a motivation to transgress will justify that action.
The Nazis, during World War II, considered genocide to be acceptable,[28] as did the Hutu Interahamwe in the Rwandan genocide.[29][30] One might point out, though, that the actual perpetrators of those atrocities probably avoided calling their actions genocide, since the objective meaning of any act accurately described by that word is to wrongfully kill a selected group of people, which is an action that at least their victims will understand to be evil. Universalists consider evil independent of culture, and wholly related to acts or intents. Thus, while the ideological leaders of Nazism and the Hutu Interhamwe accepted (and considered it moral) to commit genocide, the belief in genocide as fundamentally or universally evil holds that those who instigated this genocide are actually evil.[improper synthesis?] Other universalists might argue that although the commission of an evil act is always evil, those who perpetrate may not be wholly evil or wholly good entities. To say that someone who has stolen a candy bar, for instance, becomes wholly evil is a rather untenable position. However, universalists might also argue that a person can choose a decidedly evil or a decidedly good life career, and genocidal dictatorship plainly falls on the side of the former.
Views on the nature of evil tend to fall into one of four opposed camps:
Moral absolutism holds that good and evil are fixed concepts established by a deity or deities, nature, morality, common sense, or some other source.
Amoralism claims that good and evil are meaningless, that there is no moral ingredient in nature.
Moral relativism holds that standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.
Moral universalism is the attempt to find a compromise between the absolutist sense of morality, and the relativist view; universalism claims that morality is only flexible to a degree, and that what is truly good or evil can be determined by examining what is commonly considered to be evil amongst all humans.
Plato wrote that there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.[31]
Usefulness as a term[edit]
One school of thought that holds that no person is evil, and that only acts may be properly considered evil. Psychologist and mediator Marshall Rosenberg claims that the root of violence is the very concept of evil or badness. When we label someone as bad or evil, Rosenberg claims, it invokes the desire to punish or inflict pain. It also makes it easy for us to turn off our feelings towards the person we are harming. He cites the use of language in Nazi Germany as being a key to how the German people were able to do things to other human beings that they normally would not do. He links the concept of evil to our judicial system, which seeks to create justice via punishment—punitive justice—punishing acts that are seen as bad or wrong.[citation needed]He contrasts this approach with what he found in cultures[which?] where the idea of evil was non-existent. In such cultures[citation needed] when someone harms another person, they are believed to be out of harmony with themselves and their community, are seen as sick or ill and measures are taken to restore them to a sense of harmonious relations with themselves and others.
Psychologist Albert Ellis agrees, in his school of psychology called Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, or REBT. He says the root of anger, and the desire to harm someone, is almost always related to variations of implicit or explicit philosophical beliefs about other human beings. He further claims that without holding variants of those covert or overt belief and assumptions, the tendency to resort to violence in most cases is less likely.
American psychiatrist M. Scott Peck on the other hand, describes evil as militant ignorance.[32] The original Judeo-Christian concept of sin is as a process that leads one to miss the mark and not achieve perfection. Peck argues that while most people are conscious of this at least on some level, those that are evil actively and militantly refuse this consciousness. Peck describes evil as a malignant type of self-righteousness which results in a projection of evil onto selected specific innocent victims (often children or other people in relatively powerless positions). Peck considers those he calls evil to be attempting to escape and hide from their own conscience (through self-deception) and views this as being quite distinct from the apparent absence of conscience evident in sociopaths.
According to Peck, an evil person:[32][33]
Is consistently self-deceiving, with the intent of avoiding guilt and maintaining a self-image of perfection
Deceives others as a consequence of their own self-deception
Psychologically projects his or her evils and sins onto very specific targets, scapegoating those targets while treating everyone else normally ("their insensitivity toward him was selective") [34]
Commonly hates with the pretense of love, for the purposes of self-deception as much as the deception of others
Abuses political or emotional power ("the imposition of one's will upon others by overt or covert coercion") [35]
Maintains a high level of respectability and lies incessantly in order to do so
Is consistent in his or her sins. Evil people are defined not so much by the magnitude of their sins, but by their consistency (of destructiveness)
Is unable to think from the viewpoint of their victim
Has a covert intolerance to criticism and other forms of narcissistic injury
He also considers certain institutions may be evil, as his discussion of the My Lai Massacre and its attempted coverup illustrate. By this definition, acts of criminal and state terrorism would also be considered evil.
Necessary evil[edit]
Martin Luther believed that occasional minor evil could have a positive effect
Martin Luther argued that there are cases where a little evil is a positive good. He wrote, "Seek out the society of your boon companions, drink, play, talk bawdy, and amuse yourself. One must sometimes commit a sin out of hate and contempt for the Devil, so as not to give him the chance to make one scrupulous over mere nothings ... "[36]
According to certain[which?] schools of political philosophy, leaders should be indifferent to good or evil, taking actions based only upon practicality; this approach to politics was put forth by Niccolò Machiavelli, a 16th-century Florentine writer who advised politicians "... it is far safer to be feared than loved."[37]
The international relations theories of realism and neorealism, sometimes called realpolitik advise politicians to explicitly ban absolute moral and ethical considerations from international politics, and to focus on self-interest, political survival, and power politics, which they hold to be more accurate in explaining a world they view as explicitly amoral and dangerous. Political realists usually justify their perspectives by laying claim to a higher moral duty specific to political leaders, under which the greatest evil is seen to be the failure of the state to protect itself and its citizens. Machiavelli wrote: "... there will be traits considered good that, if followed, will lead to ruin, while other traits, considered vices which if practiced achieve security and well being for the Prince."[37]
Anton LaVey, founder of the Church of Satan, was a materialist and claimed that evil is actually good. He was responding to the common practice of describing sexuality or disbelief as evil, and his claim was that when the word evil is used to describe the natural pleasures and instincts of men and women, or the skepticism of an inquiring mind, the things called evil are really good.[38]
See also[edit]
Philosophy portal
Ethics portal
Akrasia
Antagonist
Archenemy
Banality of evil
Evil empire
Graded absolutism
Moral evil
Natural evil
Ponerology
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Theodicy
Theodicy and the Bible
Value theory
Villain
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b "Evil". Oxford University Press. 2012.
Jump up ^ Ervin Staub. Overcoming evil: genocide, violent conflict, and terrorism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Caitlin Matthews, John Matthews. Walkers Between the Worlds: The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, Jan 14, 2004. p. 173.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul O. Ingram, Frederick John Streng. Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation. University of Hawaii Press, 1986. pp. 148–49.
Jump up ^ See 'Evil' entry in OED
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas (2001). "Etymology for evil".
Jump up ^ Good and Evil in Chinese Philosophy Archived 2006-05-29 at the Wayback Machine. C.W. Chan
Jump up ^ History of Chinese Philosophy Feng Youlan, Volume II The Period of Classical Learning (from the Second Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D). Trans. Derk Bodde. Ch. XIV Liu Chiu-Yuan, Wang Shou-jen, and Ming Idealism. part 6 § 6 Origin of Evil. Uses strikingly similar language to that in the etymology section of this article, in the context of Chinese Idealism.
^ Jump up to: a b Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, Part IV Of Human Bondage or of the Strength of the Affects Definitions translated by W. H. White, Revised by A. H. Stirling, Great Books vol 31, Encyclopædia Britannica 1952 p. 424
Jump up ^ http://www.cgjungpage.org/learn/articles/book-reviews/727-answer-to-job-revisited-jung-on-the-problem-of-evil
Jump up ^ Stephen Palmquist, Dreams of Wholeness: A course of introductory lectures on religion, psychology and personal growth (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1997/2008), see especially Chapter XI.
Jump up ^ Book website
^ Jump up to: a b c Coll, 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1982). Some answered questions. Translated by Barney, Laura Clifford (Repr. ed.). Wilmette, Illinois: Bahá'í Publ. Trust. ISBN 0-87743-162-0.
Jump up ^ Kemboly, Mpay. 2010. The Question of Evil in Ancient Egypt. London: Golden House Publications.
Jump up ^ Philosophy of Religion Charles Taliaferro, Paul J. Griffiths, eds. Ch. 35, Buddhism and Evil Martin Southwold p. 424
'Jump up to: ^ Lay Outreach and the Meaning of 'Evil Person Taitetsu Unno Archived 2012-10-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Singh, Gopal (1967). Sri guru-granth sahib [english version]. New York: Taplinger Publishing Co.
Jump up ^ Singh, Charan. "Ethics and Business: Evidence from Sikh Religion". Social Science Research Network. Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore. SSRN 2366249  . Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Sandhu, Jaswinder (February 2004). "The Sikh Model of the Person, Suffering, and Healing: Implications for Counselors". International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 26 (1): 33–46.
Jump up ^ Singh, Arjan (January 2000). "The universal ideal of sikhism". Global Dialogue. 2 (1).
Jump up ^ B. Silverstein Islam and Modernity in Turkey Springer 2011 ISBN 978-0-230-11703-7 p. 124
Jump up ^ Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth (PDF). p. 193. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ David Ray Griffin, God, Power, and Evil: a Process Theodicy (Westminster, 1976/2004), 31.
Jump up ^ Hans Schwarz, Evil: A Historical and Theological Perspective (Lima, Ohio: Academic Renewal Press, 2001): 42–43.
Jump up ^ Schwarz, Evil, 75.
Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947) Volume 3, q. 72, a. 1, p. 902.
Jump up ^ Henri Blocher, Evil and the Cross (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1994): 10.
Jump up ^ Gaymon Bennett, Ted Peters, Martinez J. Hewlett, Robert John Russell (2008). The evolution of evil. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 318. ISBN 3-525-56979-3
Jump up ^ Gourevitch, Philip (1999). We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With our Families. Picador. ISBN 0-312-24335-9.
Jump up ^ "Frontline: the triumph of evil". Retrieved 2007-04-09.
Jump up ^ Cherniss, Harold (1954). The Sources of Evil According to Plato. American Philosophical Society. pp. 23–30. ISBN 90-04-05235-6. JSTOR 3143666.
^ Jump up to: a b Peck, M. Scott. (1983, 1988). People of the Lie: The hope for healing human evil. Century Hutchinson.
Jump up ^ Peck, M. Scott. (1978, 1992), The Road Less Travelled. Arrow.
Jump up ^ Peck, 1983/1988, p. 105
Jump up ^ Peck, 1978/1992, p. 298
Jump up ^ Martin Luther, Werke, XX, p. 58
^ Jump up to: a b Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, Dante University of America Press, 2003, ISBN 0-937832-38-3 ISBN 978-0-937832-38-7
Jump up ^ Anton LaVey, The Satanic Bible, Avon, 1969, ISBN 0-380-01539-0
Further reading
Baumeister, Roy F. (1999) Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: A. W. H. Freeman / Owl Book
Bennett, Gaymon, Hewlett, Martinez J, Peters, Ted, Russell, Robert John (2008). The Evolution of Evil. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-56979-5
Katz, Fred Emil (1993) Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil, [SUNY Press], ISBN 0-7914-1442-6;
Katz, Fred Emil (2004) Confronting Evil, [SUNY Press], ISBN 0-7914-6030-4.
Neiman, Susan. Evil in Modern Thought - An Alternative History of Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Oppenheimer, Paul (1996). Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-6193-3.
Shermer, M. (2004). The Science of Good & Evil. New York: Time Books. ISBN 0-8050-7520-8
Steven Mintz, John Stauffer, eds. (2007). The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-570-8. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Stapley, A. B. & Elder Delbert L., Using Our Free Agency. Ensign May 1975: 21
Stark, Ryan. Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 115–45.
Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005) Evil and Human Agency – Understanding Collective Evildoing New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85694-2
Wilson, William McF., and Julian N. Hartt. Farrer's Theodicy. In David Hein and Edward Hugh Henderson (eds), Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer. New York and London: T & T Clark / Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-567-02510-1
External links[edit]
Look up evil in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Evil
Evil on In Our Time at the BBC.
Good and Evil in (Ultra Orthodox) Judaism
ABC News: Looking for Evil in Everyday Life
Psychology Today: Indexing Evil
Booknotes interview with Lance Morrow on Evil: An Investigation, October 19, 2003.
[show]
v
t
e
Hamartiology
Adam
Good and evil
The Fall
Original sin
Christian views on sin
Imputation of sin
Other views on sin
Logical order of God's decrees
Theodicy
Total depravity
See also Apologetics
Soteriology
Demonology
[show]
v
t
e
Philosophy
[show]
Branches
Traditional
Metaphysics
Ontology
Epistemology
Logic
Ethics
Aesthetics
Philosophy of
Action
Art
Culture
Design
Music
Film
Business
Color
Cosmos
Dialogue
Education
Environment
Futility
Happiness
Healthcare
History
Human nature
Humor
Feminism
Language
Life
Literature
Mathematics
Mind
Pain
Psychology
Philosophy of psychiatry
Philosophy of perception
Philosophy
Religion
Science
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Geography
Sexuality
Social science
Culture
Economics
Justice
Law
Politics
Society
Space and time
Sport
Technology
Artificial intelligence
Computer science
Engineering
Information
War
[show]
Schools of thought
By era
Ancient
Western
Medieval
Renaissance
Early modern
Modern
Contemporary
Ancient
Chinese
Agriculturalism
Confucianism
Legalism
Logicians
Mohism
Chinese naturalism
Neotaoism
Taoism
Yangism
Zen
Greco-Roman
Aristotelianism
Atomism
Cynicism
Cyrenaics
Eleatics
Eretrian school
Epicureanism
Hermeneutics
Ionian
Ephesian
Milesian
Megarian school
Neoplatonism
Peripatetic
Platonism
Pluralism
Presocratic
Pyrrhonism
Pythagoreanism
Neopythagoreanism
Sophistic
Stoicism
Indian
Samkhya
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Yoga
Mīmāṃsā
Ājīvika
Ajñana
Cārvāka
Jain
Anekantavada
Syādvāda
Buddhist
Śūnyatā
Madhyamaka
Yogacara
Sautrāntika
Svatantrika
Persian
Mazdakism
Zoroastrianism
Zurvanism
Medieval
European
Christian philosophy
Scholasticism
Thomism
Renaissance humanism
East Asian
Korean Confucianism
Edo Neo-Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism
Indian
Vedanta
Acintya bheda abheda
Advaita
Bhedabheda
Dvaita
Dvaitadvaita
Shuddhadvaita
Vishishtadvaita
Navya-Nyāya
Islamic
Averroism
Avicennism
Illuminationism
ʿIlm al-Kalām
Sufi
Jewish
Judeo-Islamic
Modern
People
Cartesianism
Kantianism
Neo-Kantianism
Hegelianism
Marxism
Spinozism
0
Anarchism
Classical Realism
Liberalism
Collectivism
Conservatism
Determinism
Dualism
Empiricism
Existentialism
Foundationalism
Historicism
Holism
Humanism
Idealism
Absolute
British
German
Objective
Subjective
Transcendental
Individualism
Kokugaku
Materialism
Modernism
Monism
Naturalism
Natural law
Nihilism
New Confucianism
Neo-Scholasticism
Pragmatism
Phenomenology
Positivism
Reductionism
Rationalism
Social contract
Socialism
Transcendentalism
Utilitarianism
Contemporary
Analytic
Applied ethics
Analytic feminism
Analytical Marxism
Communitarianism
Consequentialism
Critical rationalism
Experimental philosophy
Falsificationism
Foundationalism / Coherentism
Generative linguistics
Internalism and Externalism
Logical positivism
Legal positivism
Normative ethics
Meta-ethics
Moral realism
Neo-Aristotelian
Quinean naturalism
Ordinary language philosophy
Postanalytic philosophy
Quietism
Rawlsian
Reformed epistemology
Systemics
Scientism
Scientific realism
Scientific skepticism
Contemporary utilitarianism
Vienna Circle
Wittgensteinian
Continental
Critical theory
Deconstruction
Existentialism
Feminist
Frankfurt School
New Historicism
Hermeneutics
Neo-Marxism
Phenomenology
Postmodernism
Post-structuralism
Social constructionism
Structuralism
Western Marxism
Other
Kyoto School
Objectivism
Russian cosmism
more...
[show]
Positions
Aesthetics
Formalism
Institutionalism
Aesthetic response
Ethics
Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue
Free will
Compatibilism
Determinism
Libertarianism
Metaphysics
Atomism
Dualism
Monism
Naturalism
Epistemology
Constructivism
Empiricism
Idealism
Particularism
Fideism
Rationalism / Reasonism
Skepticism
Solipsism
Mind
Behaviorism
Emergentism
Eliminativism
Epiphenomenalism
Functionalism
Objectivism
Subjectivism
Normativity
Absolutism
Particularism
Relativism
Nihilism
Skepticism
Universalism
Ontology
Action
Event
Process
Reality
Anti-realism
Conceptualism
Idealism
Materialism
Naturalism
Nominalism
Physicalism
Realism
[show]
Philosophy by region
Philosophy-related lists
Miscellaneous
By region
African
Ethiopian
Aztec
Native America
Eastern
Chinese
Egyptian
Czech
Indian
Indonesian
Iranian
Japanese
Korean
Vietnam
Pakistani
Western
American
Australian
British
Danish
French
German
Greek
Italian
Polish
Romanian
Russian
Slovene
Spanish
Turkish
Lists
Outline
Index
Years
Problems
Schools
Glossary
Philosophers
Movements
Publications
Miscellaneous
Women in philosophy
Sage (philosophy)
Portal
Category
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evil&oldid=815940910"
Categories:
Social philosophy
Religious philosophical concepts
Ethical issues in religion
Sin
Crime
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using web citations with no URL
Articles containing Old English-language text
Articles containing German-language text
Articles containing Dutch-language text
Articles containing Middle English-language text
Articles containing Old Frisian-language text
Articles containing Old Saxon-language text
Articles containing Old High German-language text
Articles containing Gothic-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015
Articles that may contain original research from November 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from November 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2013
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Avañe'ẽ
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Lietuvių
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
ייִדיש
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 05:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Evil_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Evil (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: i

attrs: class style

value: sup

values:
Proto-Indo-European language
Unicode
ine
white-space: nowrap

values:
/wiki/Transgression_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Transgression (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Benedict_de_Spinoza
mw-redirect
Benedict de Spinoza

values:
/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morals
mw-redirect
On the Genealogy of Morals

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Selfless_Service
mw-redirect
Selfless Service

values:
/wiki/Per_se_(terminology)
mw-redirect
Per se (terminology)

values:
/wiki/Written_Torah
mw-redirect
Written Torah

values:
/wiki/Christian_Bible
mw-redirect
Christian Bible

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (November 2010)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2013)

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

values:
/wiki/Albert_Ellis_(psychologist)
mw-redirect
Albert Ellis (psychologist)

values:
/wiki/Narcissistic_injury
mw-redirect
Narcissistic injury

values:
/wiki/Florence,_Italy
mw-redirect
Florence, Italy

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Banality_of_evil
mw-redirect
Banality of evil

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/dow/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.lucifereffect.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=2366249

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3143666

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
background:#ddd;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Hamartiology padding:3px

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
row
navbox-group
width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;

values: List of important publications in philosophy

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Philosophy padding:3px

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Articles containing Old English-language text

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Middle English-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Old Frisian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Old Saxon-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Old High German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Gothic-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from November 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from November 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Evil
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Evil&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo
Zlo – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldat
Maldat – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo
Zlo – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evils
Evils – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondskab
Ondskab – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuri
Kuri – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Κακό – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal
Mal – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaizki
Gaizki – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal
Mal – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85
악 – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo
Zlo – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male
Male – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogis
Blogis – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA
悪 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondskap
Ondskap – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondskap
Vondskap – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau
Mau – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82o
Zło – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal
Mal – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83u
Rău – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_keqja
E keqja – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil
Evil – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo
Zlo – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo
Zlo – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo
Zlo – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahuus
Pahuus – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondska
Ondska – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ความชั่วร้าย – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer
Şer – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: שלעכטס – Yiddish

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A1
惡 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Evil rootpage-Evil skin-vector action-view