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List of first overall National Football League draft picks
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This is a list of first overall National Football League draft picks. The National Football League draft is an annual sports draft in which NFL teams select newly eligible players for their rosters. To be eligible, a player must be out of high school at least three years. Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL draft. The draft rules were last updated in 2009. The team with the worst record the previous year picks first, the next-worst team second, and so on. Teams also have the option to trade with another team to move up to a better draft position. Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular-season record, with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule. Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams, based on their round of elimination (wild card, division, conference, and Super Bowl).[1]
From 1947 through 1958 the first selection was awarded by a random draw. The team which received this "bonus" pick forfeited its selection in the final round of the draft. The winner of the "bonus pick" was eliminated from the draw in future years. By 1958 all twelve clubs in the league at the time had received a bonus choice and the system was abolished.[2][3]
Before the merger agreements in 1966, the American Football League (AFL) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft. This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues, along with the subsequent drafting of the same player in each draft. As part of the merger agreement on June 8, 1966, the two leagues held a multiple round "Common Draft". Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970, the "Common Draft" simply became the NFL Draft.[4][5][6]
Through the 2018 NFL draft, 83 players have been selected first overall, with the most recent being Baker Mayfield. The Indianapolis Colts – formerly the Baltimore Colts – have made the most first overall selections in history with seven. Of the first overall draft picks, 43 have been selected to a Pro Bowl and of those 43, twelve have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. While the Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in U.S. college football, only 21 of those Heisman winners have been selected first overall in the NFL draft. Only five first overall draft pick players have been selected the NFL Rookie of the Year: Earl Campbell (1978); Billy Sims (1980); George Rogers (1981); Sam Bradford (2010); and Cam Newton (2011).
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List of first overall picks
3 Statistics
4 First overall draft picks per team
5 First overall draft picks by school
6 First overall draft picks by position
7 Notes
8 References
9 See also
Key[edit]
B Back[A 1] K Kicker NT Nose tackle
C Center LB Linebacker FB Fullback
DB Defensive back P Punter HB Halfback
DE Defensive end QB Quarterback WR Wide receiver
DT Defensive tackle RB Running back G Guard
E End T Offensive tackle TE Tight end
* Selected to a Pro Bowl
‡ Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame
(all were also selected to a Pro Bowl)
List of first overall picks[edit]
Tom Harmon was selected with the first overall pick in 1941 by the Chicago Bears.
Billy Cannon was the first pick in the 1960 NFL draft.
O. J. Simpson was drafted first overall by Buffalo Bills in 1969.
John Elway was the first pick in the 1983 NFL draft.
Orlando Pace was drafted first overall by the St. Louis Rams in 1997.
Cam Newton was the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL draft.
The Indianapolis Colts chose Andrew Luck with the first overall pick in 2012.
First overall draft picks
Year
Name
Position
College
Team
Notes
1936 Jay Berwanger[A 2] HB Chicago Philadelphia Eagles Heisman Trophy (1935)
1937 Sam Francis FB Nebraska Philadelphia Eagles —
1938 Corbett Davis FB Indiana Cleveland Rams —
1939 Ki Aldrich* C TCU Chicago Cardinals NFL All-Star Game (1939, 1942)[7]
1940 George Cafego HB Tennessee Chicago Cardinals —
1941 Tom Harmon HB Michigan Chicago Bears Heisman Trophy (1940)
1942 Bill Dudley‡ HB Virginia Pittsburgh Steelers NFL All-Star Game (1950, 1951)[8]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1966)[8]
NFL MVP (1946)[8]
1943 Frank Sinkwich HB Georgia Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy (1942)
1944 Angelo Bertelli QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks Heisman Trophy (1943)
1945 Charley Trippi‡ HB Georgia Chicago Cardinals Pro Bowl (1952, 1953)[9]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1968)[9]
NFL Champion (1947)[10]
1946 Frank Dancewicz QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks —
1947 Bob Fenimore HB Oklahoma A&M Chicago Bears —
1948 Harry Gilmer* QB Alabama Washington Redskins Pro Bowl (1950, 1952)[11]
1949 Chuck Bednarik‡ C, LB Penn Philadelphia Eagles Pro Bowl (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1960)[12]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1967)[12]
NFL Champion (1949, 1960)[13][14]
1950 Leon Hart* E Notre Dame Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy (1949)
Pro Bowl (1951)[15]
1951 Kyle Rote* HB SMU New York Giants Pro Bowl (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956)[16]
1952 Bill Wade* QB Vanderbilt Los Angeles Rams Pro Bowl (1958, 1963)[17]
1953 Harry Babcock E Georgia San Francisco 49ers —
1954 Bobby Garrett QB Stanford Cleveland Browns —
1955 George Shaw QB Oregon Baltimore Colts NFL Champion (1958)[18]
1956 Gary Glick DB Colorado A&M Pittsburgh Steelers —
1957 Paul Hornung‡ HB Notre Dame Green Bay Packers Heisman Trophy (1956)
Pro Bowl (1959, 1960)[19]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1986)[19]
NFL Champion (1961, 1962, 1965)[20][21][22]
Super Bowl champion (I)[23]
NFL MVP (1961)[19]
1958 King Hill QB Rice Chicago Cardinals —
1959 Randy Duncan QB Iowa Green Bay Packers —
1960 Billy Cannon[A 3] RB LSU Los Angeles Rams Heisman Trophy (1959)
1961 Tommy Mason* RB Tulane Minnesota Vikings Pro Bowl (1962, 1963, 1964)[24]
1962 Ernie Davis[A 4] RB Syracuse Washington Redskins Heisman Trophy (1961)
1963 Terry Baker QB Oregon State Los Angeles Rams Heisman Trophy (1962)
1964 Dave Parks* WR Texas Tech San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl (1964, 1965, 1966)[25]
1965 Tucker Frederickson* RB Auburn New York Giants Pro Bowl (1965)[26]
1966 Tommy Nobis* LB Texas Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl (1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972)[27]
1967[A 5] Bubba Smith* DE Michigan State Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl (1970, 1971)[28]
Super Bowl champion (V)[29]
1968[A 5] Ron Yary‡ T USC Minnesota Vikings Pro Bowl (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977)[30]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (2001)[30]
1969[A 5] O. J. Simpson‡ RB USC Buffalo Bills[A 6] Heisman Trophy (1968)
Pro Bowl (1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976)[31]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1985)[31]
NFL MVP (1973)[31]
1970 Terry Bradshaw‡ QB Louisiana Tech Pittsburgh Steelers Pro Bowl (1975, 1978, 1979)[32]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1989)[32]
Super Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV)[33][34][35][36]
Super Bowl MVP (XIII, XIV)[32]
NFL MVP (1978)[32]
1971 Jim Plunkett QB Stanford New England Patriots Heisman Trophy (1970)
Super Bowl champion (XV, XVIII)[37][38]
Super Bowl MVP (XV)[39]
1972 Walt Patulski DE Notre Dame Buffalo Bills —
1973 John Matuszak DE Tampa Houston Oilers Super Bowl champion (XI, XV)[37][40]
1974 Ed Jones* DE Tennessee State Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl (1981, 1982, 1983)[41]
Super Bowl champion (XII)[42]
1975 Steve Bartkowski* QB California Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl (1980, 1981)[43]
1976 Lee Roy Selmon‡ DE Oklahoma Tampa Bay Buccaneers Pro Bowl (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)[44]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1995)[44]
1977 Ricky Bell RB USC Tampa Bay Buccaneers —
1978 Earl Campbell‡ RB Texas Houston Oilers Heisman Trophy (1977)
Pro Bowl (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983)[45]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (1991)[45]
NFL MVP (1979)[45]
Rookie of the Year (1978)
1979 Tom Cousineau[A 7] LB Ohio State Buffalo Bills —
1980 Billy Sims* RB Oklahoma Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy (1978)
Pro Bowl (1980, 1981, 1982)[46]
Rookie of the Year (1980)
1981 George Rogers* RB South Carolina New Orleans Saints Heisman Trophy (1980)
Pro Bowl (1981, 1982)[47]
Super Bowl champion (XXII)[48]
Rookie of the Year (1981)
1982 Kenneth Sims DE Texas New England Patriots —
1983 John Elway‡[A 8] QB Stanford Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl (1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998)[49]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (2004)[49]
Super Bowl champion (XXXII, XXXIII)[50][51]
Super Bowl MVP (XXXIII)[49]
NFL MVP (1987)[49]
1984[A 9] Irving Fryar* WR Nebraska New England Patriots Pro Bowl (1985, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997)[52]
1985 Bruce Smith‡ DE Virginia Tech Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)[53]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (2009)[53]
1986 Bo Jackson*[A 10] RB Auburn Tampa Bay Buccaneers[A 11] Heisman Trophy (1985)
Pro Bowl (1990)[54]
1987 Vinny Testaverde* QB Miami (FL) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy (1986)
Pro Bowl (1996, 1998)[55]
1988 Aundray Bruce LB Auburn Atlanta Falcons —
1989 Troy Aikman‡ QB UCLA Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996)[56]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (2006)[56]
Super Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]
Super Bowl MVP (XXVII)[56]
1990 Jeff George QB Illinois Indianapolis Colts[A 12] —
1991 Russell Maryland* DT Miami (FL) Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl (1993)[60]
Super Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]
1992 Steve Emtman DE Washington Indianapolis Colts —
1993 Drew Bledsoe* QB Washington State New England Patriots Pro Bowl (1994, 1996, 1997, 2002)[61]
Super Bowl champion (XXXVI)[62]
1994 Dan Wilkinson DT Ohio State Cincinnati Bengals —
1995 Ki-Jana Carter RB Penn State Cincinnati Bengals —
1996 Keyshawn Johnson* WR USC New York Jets Pro Bowl (1998, 1999, 2001)[63]
Super Bowl champion (XXXVII)[64]
1997 Orlando Pace‡ T Ohio State St. Louis Rams Pro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)[65]
Pro Football Hall of Fame (2016)[65]
Super Bowl champion (XXXIV)[66]
1998 Peyton Manning* QB Tennessee Indianapolis Colts Pro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014)[67]
Super Bowl champion (XLI, 50)[68]
Super Bowl MVP (XLI)[67]
NFL MVP (2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2013)[67]
1999 Tim Couch QB Kentucky Cleveland Browns —
2000 Courtney Brown DE Penn State Cleveland Browns —
2001 Michael Vick* QB Virginia Tech Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl (2002, 2004, 2005, 2010)[69]
2002 David Carr QB Fresno State Houston Texans Super Bowl champion (XLVI)
2003 Carson Palmer* QB USC Cincinnati Bengals Heisman Trophy (2002)
Pro Bowl (2005, 2006, 2015)[70]
2004 Eli Manning*[A 13] QB Ole Miss San Diego Chargers Pro Bowl (2008, 2011, 2012, 2015)[71]
Super Bowl champion (XLII, XLVI)[72][73]
Super Bowl MVP (XLII, XLVI)[71]
2005 Alex Smith* QB Utah San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl (2013, 2016, 2017)
2006 Mario Williams* DE North Carolina State Houston Texans Pro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2013,2014)[74]
2007 JaMarcus Russell QB LSU Oakland Raiders —
2008 Jake Long* T Michigan Miami Dolphins Pro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)[75]
2009 Matthew Stafford* QB Georgia Detroit Lions Pro Bowl (2014)
2010 Sam Bradford QB Oklahoma St. Louis Rams Heisman Trophy (2008)
Rookie of the Year (2010)
2011 Cam Newton* QB Auburn Carolina Panthers Heisman Trophy (2010)
Pro Bowl (2011, 2013, 2015)[76]
Rookie of the Year (2011)
NFL MVP (2015)
2012 Andrew Luck* QB Stanford Indianapolis Colts Pro Bowl (2012, 2013, 2014)[77]
2013 Eric Fisher T Central Michigan Kansas City Chiefs —
2014 Jadeveon Clowney* DE South Carolina Houston Texans Pro Bowl (2016, 2017)
2015 Jameis Winston* QB Florida State Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy (2013)
Pro Bowl (2015)
2016 Jared Goff* QB California Los Angeles Rams Pro Bowl (2017)
2017 Myles Garrett DE Texas A&M Cleveland Browns —
2018 Baker Mayfield QB Oklahoma Cleveland Browns Heisman Trophy (2017)
Statistics[edit]
The following teams have never had the first overall pick
Denver Broncos
Jacksonville Jaguars
Baltimore Ravens
Seattle Seahawks
Eight teams have made the playoffs in the same season in which they made the first overall selection in the draft. They were the 1968 Minnesota Vikings, 1978 Houston Oilers, 1982 New England Patriots, 1991 Dallas Cowboys, 2004 San Diego Chargers, 2008 Miami Dolphins, 2012 Indianapolis Colts, and 2013 Kansas City Chiefs.
No team has ever gone from the first overall pick to a Super Bowl win in the same season. The Minnesota Vikings lost Super Bowl IV the year after they had the first overall pick.
First overall draft picks per team[edit]
The Indianapolis Colts and the Los Angeles Rams have each held the first overall pick a total of seven times, the most of any NFL team. This includes the Colts' time in Baltimore and the Rams' time in Cleveland and St. Louis. Only four teams in the league have never held the first overall pick in the NFL draft: the Denver Broncos, the Jacksonville Jaguars, the Seattle Seahawks and the Baltimore Ravens. The Boston Yanks are the only defunct franchise to have held a first overall pick.[78]
Team
Total
number
Year(s)
Notes
Ref
Indianapolis Colts 7 1955, 1967, 1983, 1990
1992, 1998, 2012
3 as the Baltimore Colts
4 as the Indianapolis Colts
[79]
Los Angeles Rams 7 1938, 1952, 1960
1963, 1997, 2010, 2016
1 as the Cleveland Rams
2 as the St. Louis Rams
4 as the Los Angeles Rams
[80]
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5 1976, 1977, 1986, 1987, 2015
Also had first selection in the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players.
[81]
Cleveland Browns 5 1954, 1999, 2000, 2017, 2018 [82]
Arizona Cardinals 4 1939, 1940, 1945, 1958
4 as the Chicago Cardinals
[83]
Detroit Lions 4 1943, 1950, 1980, 2009 [84]
Atlanta Falcons 4 1966, 1975, 1988, 2001 [85]
Buffalo Bills 4 1969, 1972, 1979, 1985
Also had first selection in the 1961 AFL Draft
[86]
New England Patriots 4 1971, 1982, 1984, 1993
Also had first selection in the 1964 AFL Draft
(as the Boston Patriots)
[87]
Philadelphia Eagles 3 1936, 1937, 1949 [88]
Pittsburgh Steelers 3 1942, 1956, 1970 [89]
San Francisco 49ers 3 1953, 1964, 2005 [90]
Dallas Cowboys 3 1974, 1989, 1991 [91]
Cincinnati Bengals 3 1994, 1995, 2003 [92]
Houston Texans 3 2002, 2006, 2014 [93]
Chicago Bears 2 1941, 1947 [94]
Boston Yanks 2 1944, 1946 [78]
Washington Redskins 2 1948, 1962 [95]
New York Giants 2 1951, 1965 [96]
Green Bay Packers 2 1957, 1959 [97]
Minnesota Vikings 2 1961, 1968 [98]
Tennessee Titans 2 1973, 1978
2 as the Houston Oilers
[99]
New Orleans Saints 1 1981 [100]
New York Jets 1 1996
Also had first selection in the 1965 AFL Draft
[101]
San Diego Chargers 1 2004 [102]
Oakland Raiders 1 2007
Also had first selection in the 1962 AFL Draft
[103]
Miami Dolphins 1 2008
Also had first selection in the 1966 AFL Draft
[104]
Carolina Panthers 1 2011 [105]
Kansas City Chiefs 1 2013
Also had first selection in the 1963 AFL Draft
[106]
First overall draft picks by school[edit]
School
Total
number
Year(s)
Notre Dame 5 1944, 1946, 1950, 1957, 1972
USC 5 1968, 1969, 1977, 1996, 2003
Oklahoma 4 1976, 1980, 2010, 2018
Georgia 4 1943, 1945, 1953, 2009
Auburn 4 1965, 1986, 1988, 2011
Stanford 4 1954, 1971, 1983, 2012
Texas 3 1966, 1978, 1982
Ohio State 3 1979, 1994, 1997
Nebraska 2 1937, 1984
Miami (FL) 2 1987, 1991
Tennessee 2 1940, 1998
Penn State 2 1995, 2000
Virginia Tech 2 1985, 2001
LSU 2 1960, 2007
Michigan 2 1941, 2008
South Carolina 2 1981, 2014
California 2 1975, 2016
Chicago 1 1936
Indiana 1 1938
TCU 1 1939
Virginia 1 1942
Oklahoma State 1 1947
Alabama 1 1948
Penn 1 1949
SMU 1 1951
Vanderbilt 1 1952
Oregon 1 1955
Colorado State 1 1956
Rice 1 1958
Iowa 1 1959
Tulane 1 1961
Syracuse 1 1962
Oregon State 1 1963
Texas Tech 1 1964
Michigan State 1 1967
Louisiana Tech 1 1970
Tampa 1 1973
Tennessee State 1 1974
UCLA 1 1989
Illinois 1 1990
Washington 1 1992
Washington State 1 1993
Kentucky 1 1999
Fresno State 1 2002
Ole Miss 1 2004
Utah 1 2005
North Carolina State 1 2006
Central Michigan 1 2013
Florida State 1 2015
Texas A&M 1 2017
First overall draft picks by position[edit]
First overall selections by position played[2]:525
Position
Number of selections
Last year selected
Quarterbacks 31 2018
Running backs 23 1995
Defensive linemen 15 2017
Offensive linemen 7 2013
Wide receivers 3 1996
Linebackers 3 1988
Defensive backs 1 1956
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In American and Canadian football, a back is a player who is lined up behind the linemen, the players who line up closest to the line of scrimmage.
Jump up ^ Jay Berwanger did not sign with the Philadelphia Eagles. The Eagles traded his rights to the Chicago Bears; he did not sign with them either.
Jump up ^ Billy Cannon signed with the AFL team Houston Oilers rather than the Los Angeles Rams.
Jump up ^ Ernie Davis was subsequently traded to the Cleveland Browns after being drafted by the Washington Redskins.
^ Jump up to: a b c Because of the NFL–AFL merger agreement, the history of the AFL is officially recognized by the NFL and therefore this list includes the Common Draft for the years 1967, 1968, and 1969.
Jump up ^ The Buffalo Bills were a part of the AFL when they selected Simpson with the first overall pick in the 1969 draft. The Bills joined the NFL the next year, in 1970.
Jump up ^ Tom Cousineau chose to sign with the CFL team Montreal Alouettes over the Buffalo Bills.
Jump up ^ John Elway was subsequently traded to the Denver Broncos after being drafted by the Baltimore Colts.
Jump up ^ College seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL were not eligible for the regular draft. Instead the NFL held a three round special draft on June 5, 1984. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Steve Young first overall in that draft.
Jump up ^ Bo Jackson did not sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and chose to enter the 1987 NFL draft the following year.
Jump up ^ The Cleveland Browns – via the Buffalo Bills originally – possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Bernie Kosar in the 1985 Supplemental Draft, the pick was subsequently given to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Jump up ^ The Dallas Cowboys originally possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Steve Walsh in the 1989 Supplemental Draft, the pick was given to the Indianapolis Colts who originally held the second overall pick.
Jump up ^ Eli Manning was subsequently traded to the New York Giants after being drafted by the San Diego Chargers.
References[edit]
General
"Heisman Winners". Heisman Trophy. All Things Media LLC. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
"All Time Number 1 Draft Picks". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
"Players drafted between 1936 and 2013, in the 1st round, with the 1st pick". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
"Heisman Memorial Trophy Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
"NFL Hall of Fame Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
"Super Bowl History". National Football League. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
"Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year". CBSSports.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
Specific
Jump up ^ Clayton, John (2009-03-26). "Draft order to change for playoff teams". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmer, John; Marini, Matt, eds. (2013). Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book (PDF). New York: National Football League. p. 525. ISBN 978-1-603-20980-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Draft History: 1940's". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cross, B. Duane (2001-01-22). "The AFL: A Football Legacy". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
Jump up ^ "NFL History by Decade: 1961–1970". NFL. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Time Changes for 2008 NFL Draft". NFL. 2008-04-22. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Ki Aldrich NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill Dudley NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charlie Trippi NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1947 Chicago Cardinals". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Harry Gilmer NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chuck Bednarik NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1949 Philadelphia Eagles". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1960 Philadelphia Eagles". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Leon Hart NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Kyle Rote NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Billy Wade NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1958 Baltimore Colts". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Paul Hornung NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1961 Green Bay Packers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1962 Green Bay Packers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1965 Green Bay Packers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1966 Green Bay Packers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Tommy Mason NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Dave Parks NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Tucker Frederickson NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Tommy Nobis NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Bubba Smith NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1970 Baltimore Colts". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ron Yary NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "O.J. Simpson NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Terry Bradshaw NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1974 Pittsburgh Steelers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1975 Pittsburgh Steelers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1978 Pittsburgh Steelers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1979 Pittsburgh Steelers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "1980 Oakland Raiders". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1983 Los Angeles Raiders". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Jim Plunkett NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1986 Oakland Raiders". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Too Tall Jones NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1977 Dallas Cowboys". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Steve Bartkowski NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Roy Selmon NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Earl Campbell NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Billy Sims NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "George Rogers NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1987 Washington Redskins". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "John Elway NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1997 Denver Broncos". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1998 Denver Broncos". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Irving Fryar NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bruce Smith NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Bo Jackson NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Vinny Testaverde NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Troy Aikman NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "1992 Dallas Cowboys". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "1993 Dallas Cowboys". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "1995 Dallas Cowboys". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Russell Maryland NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Drew Bledsoe NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "2001 New England Patriots". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Keyshawn Johnson NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Orlando Pace NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "1999 St. Louis Rams". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Peyton Manning NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "2006 Indianapolis Colts". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Michael Vick NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Bo Jackson NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eli Manning NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "2011 New York Giants". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "2007 New York Giants". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Mario Williams NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Jake Long NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Cam Newton NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Luck NFL Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boston Yanks Draft History". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indianapolis Colts Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis Rams Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Arizona Cardinals Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Lions Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Atlanta Falcons Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New England Patriots Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia Eagles Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pittsburgh Steelers Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco 49ers Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dallas Cowboys Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Houston Texans Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Bears Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Carolina Panthers Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kansas City Chiefs Number One Draft Picks". Draft Finder. Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
See also[edit]
Mr. Irrelevant – the list of last overall National Football League draft picks
National Football League Draft
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See also
List of first overall National Football League draft picks
Mr. Irrelevant
List of NFL supplemental draft picks
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Staple (fastener)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Stapling" redirects here. For the cryptographic protocol, see OCSP Stapling.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A staple (from which the paper fastener was developed)
A staple is a type of two-pronged fastener, usually metal, used for joining or binding materials together. Large staples might be used with a hammer or staple gun for masonry, roofing, corrugated boxes and other heavy-duty uses. Smaller staples are used with a stapler to attach pieces of paper together; such staples are a more permanent and durable fastener for paper documents than the paper clip.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Advantages
3 Staples in construction
4 Paper staples
4.1 Staple specifications
4.1.1 Standards
4.2 Staples in the home
4.3 Staples in business
4.4 Staples in packaging
5 Staples in medicine
6 History
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
A 1775 definition of the English word staple
The word "staple" originated in the late thirteenth Century, from Old English stapol, meaning "post, pillar". The word's first usage in the paper-fastening sense is attested from 1895.[1]
Advantages[edit]
An insulated staple
Most kinds of staples are easier to produce than nails or screws.
The crown of the staple can be used to bridge materials butted together.
The crown can bridge a piece and fasten it without puncturing with a leg on either side, e.g. fastening electrical cables to wood framing.
The crown provides greater surface area than other comparable fasteners. This is generally more helpful with thinner materials.
Staples in construction[edit]
Construction staples are commonly larger,[2] have a more varied use, and are delivered by a staple gun or hammer tacker. Staple guns do not have backing anvils and are exclusively used for tacking (with the exception of outward-clinch staplers used for fastening duct insulation). They typically have staples made from thicker metal. Some staple guns use arched staples for fastening small cables, e.g. phone or cable TV, without damaging the cable. Devices known as hammer tackers or staple hammers operate without complex mechanics as a simple head loaded with a strip of staples drives them directly; this method requires a measure of skill. Powered electric staplers or pneumatic staplers drive staples easily and accurately; they are the simplest manner of applying staples, but are hindered by a cord or hose.
Paper staples[edit]
Staple strips used in modern staplers, with a coin for size comparison.
Staples in use, showing the front side (center), and two examples of the back side: the legs bent outward on the left, and inward on the right
Paper staples in a utility pole in Little Italy, Toronto.
The term "stapling" is used for both fastening with straight or bent legs; however, when differentiating between the two, the term "tacking" is used for straight-leg stapling, while the term "stapling" is used for bent-leg stapling when being contrasted with "tacking".[citation needed]
The legs of a staple can be allowed to protrude out the back side and folded over to provide greater binding than the friction of straight legs.
Staple specifications[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Modern staples for paper staplers are made from zinc-plated steel wires glued together and bent to form a long strip of staples. Staple strips are commonly available as "full strips" with 210 staples per strip.[citation needed] Both copper plated and more expensive stainless steel staples which do not rust are also available.[vague]
Some staple sizes are used more commonly than others, depending on the application required. Some companies have unique staples just for their products. Staples from one manufacturer may or may not fit another manufacturers unit even if they look similar and serve the same purpose.
Staples are often described as X/Y (e.g. 24/6 or 26/6), where the first number X is the gauge of the wire, and the second number Y is the length of the shank (leg) in millimeters. Some exceptions to this rule include staple sizes like No. 10.
Common sizes for the home and office include: 26/6, 24/6, 24/8, 13/6, 13/8 and No. 10 for mini staplers. Common sizes for heavy duty staplers include: 23/8, 23/12, 23/15, 23/20, 23/24, 13/10, and 13/14.
Stapleless staplers cut and bend paper without using metal fasteners.
Standards[edit]
Diagram of staple
There are few standards for staple size, length and thickness. This has led to many different incompatible staples and staplers systems, all serving the same purpose or applications.
24/6 staples are described by the German DIN 7405 standard.
In the United States, the specifications for non-medical industrial staples are described in ASTM F1667-15, Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples. A heavy duty office staple might be designated as F1667 STFCC-04: ST indicates staple, FC indicates flat top crown, C indicates cohered (joined into a strip), and 04 is the dash number for a staple with a length of 0.250 inch (6 mm), a leg thickness of 0.020 inch (500 μm), a leg width of 0.030 inch (800 μm), and a crown width of 0.500 inch (13 mm).
Staples in the home[edit]
A common stapler with a dual-function anvil that can bend legs inward or outward
The most common staples are used with paper. They are almost exclusively applied with a mechanical stapler which clinches the legs after they pass through the paper. Staples of this type are used with a desktop stapling machine.
When stapling with a stapler the papers to be fastened are placed between the main body and the anvil. The papers are pinched between the body and the anvil, then a drive blade pushes on the crown of the staple on the end of the staple strip. The staple breaks from the end of the strip and the legs of the staple are forced through the paper. As the legs hit the grooves in the anvil they are bent to hold the pages together. Many staplers have an anvil in the form of a "pinning" or "stapling" switch. This allows a choice between bending in or out. The outward bent staples are easier to remove and are for temporary fastening or "pinning".
Most staplers are capable of stapling without the anvil to drive straight leg staples for tacking.
There are various types of staples for paper, including heavy-duty staples, designed for use on documents 20, 50, or over 100 pages thick. There are also speedpoint staples, which have slightly sharper teeth so they can go through paper more easily.
Staples in business[edit]
A stapler with a body that can be rotated for booklets
Staples are commonly considered to be a neat and efficient method of binding paperwork such as letters and documents in all areas of office business. This is predominantly because of the low cost and high availability of the staple, and because its small size does not detract from the content of the document.
The large staples found on corrugated cardboard boxes have folded legs, but they are applied from the outside and do not use an anvil; jaw-like appendages push through the cardboard alongside the legs and bend them from the outside.
Saddle stitch staplers, also known as "booklet staplers," feature a longer reach from the pivot point than general-purpose staplers and are used to bind pages into a booklet or "signature". Some, such as the Ring King, can also use "loop-staples" that enable the user to integrate folded matter into ring books and binders.
Outward clinch staples are blind staples, i.e. there is no anvil, and they are applied with a staple gun.[3] When applied, each staple leg forms a curve bending outwards. This is in part caused by the shape of the crown, which is like an inverted "V", and not flat as in ordinary staples. Also, the legs are sharpened with an inside bevel point, causing them to tend to go outwards when forced into the base material. These staples are used for upholstery work, especially in vehicles, where they are used for fastening fabric or leather to a foam base. These staples are also used when installing fiberglass insulation batts around air ducts- the FSK paper sheathing is overlapped, and the two layers are stapled together before sealing with tape.
Staples in packaging[edit]
Staples are used in various types of packaging.
Staples can attach items to paperboard for carded packaging
Staples of stitches can be used to attach the manufacturer's joint of corrugated boxes
Staples are used to close corrugated boxes.[4] Small (nominally ½ inch crown) staples can be applied to a box with a post stapler. Wider crown (nominally 1¼ inch) staples can be applied with a blind clincher
Staples can help fabricate and attach paperwork to wooden boxes and crates.
Staples in medicine[edit]
Main article: Surgical staples
Surgical staples used on a hip
Surgical staples are used for the closing of incisions and wounds, a function also performed by sutures.
History[edit]
In ancient times, the staple had different functions.
Large metal staples dating from the 6th century BC have been found in the masonry works of the Persian empire (ancient Iran). For the construction of the Pasargadae and later Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, these staples, which are known as "dovetail" or "swallowtail" staples, were used for tightening stones together.
The home stapling machine was developed by Henry Heyl in 1877 and registered under US Patent No. 195,603. Heyl's companies, American Paper-Box Machine Company, Novelty Paper Box Company, and Standard Box Company, all of Philadelphia, manufactured machinery using staples in paper packaging and for saddle stitching.[5]
Dovetail Staples from Pasargadae
Staples used to repair a Meissen plate.
See also[edit]
Stapler
Staple gun
Staple remover
Hammer tacker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "staple". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Jan Seaman; Lindblom, Brian S. (2006-04-27). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420003765.
Jump up ^ Standard Terminology of Collated and Cohered Fasteners and Their Application Tools, ASTM International .
Jump up ^ D1974, Standard Practice for Closure of Corrugated Boxes, ASTM .
Jump up ^ Frank E. Comparato, Books for the Millions: A History of the Men Whose Methods and Machines Packaged the Printed Word, Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, PA, 1971, p. 137ff.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to staples.
"History of the Stapler", Office Museum
"Abstract", ASTM F1667-15: Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples, ASTM International, doi:10.1520/F1667-15 .
"Staple", Britannica (article), 1911 discusses many uses of the word
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Subnautica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Subnautica
Developer(s)
Unknown Worlds Entertainment
Publisher(s)
Unknown Worlds Entertainment
Designer(s)
Charlie Cleveland
Programmer(s)
Charlie Cleveland
Steve An
Max McGuire[1]
Artist(s)
Cory Strader
Brian Cummings
Scott MacDonald [1]
Writer(s)
Tom Jubert
Composer(s)
Simon Chylinski[2]
Engine
Unity
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
MacOS
Xbox One
PlayStation 4
Release
Microsoft Windows, MacOS
January 23, 2018
Xbox One, PlayStation 4
2018
Genre(s)
Adventure, survival
Mode(s)
Single-player
Subnautica is an open world survival adventure game developed and published by Unknown Worlds Entertainment. It allows the player to freely explore the ocean on an alien planet, known as planet 4546B, collecting unique resources to survive.[3][4] Subnautica was first released in early access for Microsoft Windows in December 2014, Mac OS X in June 2015, and for Xbox One in May 2016.[5][6][7][8] The full release out of early access was in January 2018, exclusively for PC on Steam, with versions for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 also planned for a Fall 2018 release date.[9][10] Subnautica has a confirmed, yet unnamed standalone expansion, the planned early access and 1.0 release date most likely in 2019.[11][better source needed]
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Subnautica is a survival, adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a first-person perspective. The player controls the lone survivor of a crashed space ship, called the Aurora, on the fictional ocean planet 4546B. The ship's wreckage explodes shortly after starting the game, from which point onward it can be explored. The main objective of the player is to explore the game's world and survive the dangers of the planet while at the same time following the story of the game. Subnautica allows the player to collect resources, construct tools, bases, and submersibles, and interact with the planet's wildlife.[12] In the basic difficulty "Survival", the player will have to maintain nutrition, hydration, and oxygen. The game includes a day and night cycle which affects the gameplay and surroundings. The game includes three other modes: "Freedom mode", in which hunger and thirst are disabled; "Hardcore mode", which is the same as Survival, except that if the player dies, the player will no longer be able to respawn; and "Creative Mode", in which the hunger, thirst, health, and oxygen features are all disabled, all the crafting blueprints are acquired, where no resources are needed to craft and the submersibles do not need energy and cannot be damaged. The game is mainly set underwater, with two explorable islands.
HTC Vive Support is not yet fully built into the game. As a result, using SteamVR will not work with the Vive Controllers.[citation needed]
Plot[edit]
Subnautica takes place in the late 22nd century, when humanity begins to colonize planets in space. A vessel constructed by the trans-gov Alterra known as the "Aurora" has been sent to the outer reaches of controlled space on its maiden voyage with the main goal of constructing a form of high speed space travel structure known as a Phasegate. The Aurora also had a secondary mission which was to scan the Planet 4546B, which they would pass by on their journey, for signs of a ship that had gone missing around a decade prior, known as the "Degasi". The Aurora was chosen for this mission due to its new, advanced scanners. Upon coming close to the planet a strange signature is picked up by the scanner and the Aurora is struck by an energy pulse of unknown origin, and shortly after, crash lands onto the planet. While the player crashing is still part of the plot, the Aurora's nature has changed several times throughout the game's development. For a period of time, it was instead a terraforming ship sent to harvest resources from the planet when it got shot down, while in the launch version of the game, the Aurora has been built for the sole purpose of constructing a Phasegate in 4546B's system.
As time passes, a series of radio messages from other survivors begins to stream in, sending the player to other crashed escape pods containing information about some of the Aurora's passengers, but no people. A few signals appear to be sent by unknown creatures, which are planning on hunting down the survivors of the crash. Eventually, a passing trade ship called the "Sunbeam" picks up the Aurora's distress signal and comes to help. However, upon attempting landing to pick up the player, the Sunbeam is destroyed, along with its entire crew, by the Quarantine Enforcement Platform, a huge weapon system built into the side of a mountain island by an unknown alien race around one thousand years ago. Soon afterwards the Alterra Corporation - the Aurora's owner - manages to send through schematics of a rocket ship called the "Neptune Escape Rocket" that will allow the player to escape the planet. However, it will not be possible for the rocket to take off while the Quarantine Enforcement Platform is still active.
As the player discovers later in the game, 4546B was host to an ancient alien race around one thousand years ago. They are referred to only as the "Precursor Race". The Precursors were not natives of the planet, they were there searching for a cure to a highly infectious bacterium known as "Kharaa" that they had become infected with on an unknown planet, and in their time had killed over 143 billion of their kind. After many experiments were conducted on the native fauna species, the Precursors discovered one species known as the Sea Emperor Leviathan - the game's largest creature and the being that has been telepathically communicating with the player throughout the game, whose stomach enzyme known as "Enzyme 42" is capable of causing remission of Kharaa's symptoms.
A purpose built facility known as the "Primary Containment Facility" was constructed in a remote location at a depth of 1400 meters where the Sea Emperor, along with the eggs it was found with, were contained. Due to the Sea Emperor’s old age, around 1600 years, the potency of its Enzyme 42 had declined, meaning it was not capable of killing the Kharaa bacteria, only causing temporary remission. After discovering this the Precursors shifted their attention from the adult, to the eggs. Despite their best efforts the Precursors were unable to trigger the eggs to hatch and they were left in a state of indefinite stasis.
Unbeknownst to the Precursors. who for reasons unknown were unable to hear the Sea Emperor's telepathic voice, the Sea Emperor Leviathan was trying to tell them that the only way to hatch the eggs was to place them in their natural conditions, where enzymes produced by local flora would trigger full maturity and the hatching process to begin. After several attempts they took two of the seven Emperor eggs that had been collected and placed one in a laboratory dedicated to the research of eggs, and dissected the other. The egg dissection was a failure as the embryo was incapable of producing potent Enzmye 42. Desperate, the Precursors stole an egg from another native species, the "Sea Dragon Leviathan", a species related to the Sea Emperor Leviathan species that shares many features with it, albeit smaller and far less intelligent. These eggs were taken to research the hatching conditions of the Sea Emperor, as the Emperor's eggs were too precious to lose more of. The Precursors underestimated the Sea Dragon Leviathan, and it pursued them to another of their bases, the "Disease Research Facility". One of the two Dragon eggs had been contained here and the Sea Dragon Leviathan launched an assault on the base, ending with it ramming headfirst into one of the support cables keeping the facility suspended above the ground, a feat that - according to the player's PDA - would have required a ramming force of three hundred tons, and resulted in the death of the creature due to massive head trauma. The cable was ripped from the cave wall and the facility dropped, causing other cables to detach also and the facility to fall to the cave floor. This facility was the site in which Kharaa's effects were tested on the local fauna, and its destruction caused Kharaa to break out into the ecosystem. Upon outbreak, several automated quarantine procedures were put into place:
The Quarantine Enforcement Platform, a huge atmospheric weapon system was activated. The system prevents any unauthorised spacecraft from entering or leaving the planet. Clearance to leave can only be acquired by entering and having a blood sample taken by an automated device. If Kharaa, active or not, was present in the bloodstream, leaving would be made impossible as the spacecraft would be destroyed upon reaching a sufficient height. Despite only one such platform existing on the planet, it seems to have a scanning range covering the entire planet and the energy pulse fired by it can bend around the planet's gravitational field, allowing coverage over the entire planet.
The remaining Precursors were automatically evacuated to small, hidden bases known as sanctuaries. Here, their corporeal bodies were destroyed and their minds digitally stored, awaiting retrieval.
Bio-mechanical constructs referred to as "Self-Warping Quarantine Enforcer Units", or "Warpers" were activated. Their sole purpose is to track and destroy any infected organism, a purpose for which they are aptly equipped. Warpers were constructed from the body parts and DNA of dozens of different organisms, the vast majority of which are completely alien; taken from other planets. In place of a digestive system they have an internal battery that is wirelessly charged by means unknown. They have no pulmonary system and a digitally augmented brain and nervous system; a radio device was implanted into the brain, allowing contact with other units, and miniaturised "phase technology" was implanted beneath the skin which allows them to teleport themselves and others when triggered by the central nervous system.
In the story, the player must locate and explore four bases constructed on the planet by the Precursors. These are the Quarantine Enforcement Platform, the Disease Research Facility, the Alien Thermal Plant (a huge thermal power generator that supplies energy to all of the Precursor technology on the planet), and the Primary Containment Facility, where the now 2600 year old Sea Emperor Leviathan still resides with its eggs. The Sea Emperor Leviathan explains to the player that forcing the babies out of their eggs as the Precursors tried to will kill them, that they need a hatching enzyme to wake them from the eggs.
The player then gathers local flora to make the Hatching Enzyme and hatches the eggs. After brief contact with its children, the ancient Sea Emperor's strength finally fails, one of its arm on which it was supported giving out, leaving it crumpled and breathing heavily. After hatching the Sea Emperor's eggs the player can leave the Primary Containment Facility's aquarium through a "Warp Gate" through which the Sea Emperor's babies also traveled into the shallow waters.
The player can now disable the Quarantine Enforcement Platform. Once this is accomplished, they can launch the Neptune Escape Rocket to leave the planet. After leaving the atmosphere the rocket enters warp speed, made possible by the addition of Precursor technology to the engine. During this sequence the Sea Emperor Leviathan, a deeply philosophical being, makes telepathic contact one last time, saying "What is a wave without the ocean? A beginning without an end? They are different, but they go together. Now you go among the stars, and I fall among the sand. We are different, but we go together". After which the credits will play.
In a scene after the credits the computer confirms you have arrived back in Alterra space, but permission to land will only be granted after you pay your outstanding balance of one trillion credits, for the value of the planet's natural resources used by the player during the game. It reads: Welcome home to Alterra. Permission to land will be granted once you have settled your outstanding balance of one trillion credits.
Development[edit]
Subnautica was announced by Unknown Worlds Entertainment on December 17, 2013,[3] with Charlie Cleveland as the game director and lead gameplay programmer, and Hugh Jeremy as the producer.[1]
The development team opted to use the Unity engine rather than Spark, the engine used for the company's previous game, Natural Selection 2. Subnautica producer Hugh Jeremy justified this decision because of the different demands that the game places on the engine, and "because [the team] does not include people working on Spark, it's not appropriate for Subnautica to use Spark. By using Unity for Subnautica, Spark can continue to develop in certain directions, while Subnautica develops in others. To use Spark for Subnautica would be like trying to fit a square peg in a round hole."[13]
The development team opted against the inclusion of lethal weapons in the game. Charlie Cleveland, the game's director, described Subnautica as "one vote towards a world with less guns," and had felt inspired by real life gun violence, including the Sandy Hook shooting, to encourage players to think about "non-violent and more creative solutions to solve our problems."[14]
Subnautica was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014,[6] and was in early access development until January 23, 2018. It was released on Xbox One Preview on May 17, 2016.[7]
The complete version of Subnautica was released on January 23, 2018 for Steam.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 87/100[15]
The game received a positive pre-release reception. Ian Birnbaum of PC Gamer described Subnautica as an "underwater Minecraft", remarking that "with an experienced developer at the helm and a limitless variety of the oceans to play with, it's going to take a lot for Subnautica to go badly wrong. As the toolbox gets deeper and the shape of the end-game gets set, Subnautica will be a unique example of the ways survival can be tense, rewarding, and fun."[4] Marsh Davies of Rock, Paper, Shotgun praised the rewarding nature of exploring the world of Subnautica, but criticized the "arbitrariness" and lack of intuition in some of the in-game recipes.[16]
At launch, the game received generally positive reviews. Metacritic calculated an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 27 reviews for the Windows version.[15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jeremy, Hugh (December 17, 2013). "The Crew of Subnautica". Unknown Worlds Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About Unknown Worlds". Unknown Worlds Entertainment. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlson, Patrick (December 17, 2013). "Natural Selection isaac Edwards announces ocean-based Subnautica". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Birnbaum, Ian (January 9, 2015). "Subnautica: Early impressions of Minecraft under the sea". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Subnautica Xbox Preview Releases on 17 May - Subnautica". Subnautica. May 16, 2016. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Matulef, Jeffrey (December 17, 2014). "Natural Selection 2 dev's Subnautica is out now on Steam Early Access". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Santangelo, Nick (December 23, 2015). "Subnautica is now in development for Xbox One". XBLA Fans. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Subnautica (Xbox Game Preview) Is Now Available For Xbox One". Xbox Live's Major Nelson. May 16, 2016. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy. "Subnautica will finally leave Early Access later this month". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wales, Matt. "Wonderful underwater survival adventure Subnautica is coming to PS4". Eurogamer. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Expansion". Subnautica Wiki. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
Jump up ^ Jeremy, Hugh (December 2013). "Subnautica: Descend into the Depths". Unknown Worlds Entertainment. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jeremy, Hugh (December 18, 2013). "Why is Subnautica using Unity, and not the Spark Engine?". Unknown Worlds Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ MacLeod, Riley (April 4, 2016). "Subnautica Developer Explains Why He Won't Add Guns To The Game". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Subnautica for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Davies, Marsh (January 5, 2015). "Premature Evaluation: Subnautica". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
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