text:
The Family Jewels (Marina and the Diamonds album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Family Jewels
Studio album by Marina and the Diamonds
Released
15 February 2010
Recorded
2008–09
Genre
Indie pop
new wave
Length
45:35
Label
679
Atlantic
Producer
Marina Diamandis
Pascal Gabriel
Liam Howe
Ash Howes
Greg Kurstin
Richard "Biff" Stannard
Starsmith
Marina and the Diamonds chronology
The Family Jewels
(2010) Electra Heart
(2012)Electra Heart2012
Singles from The Family Jewels
"Obsessions"
Released: 14 February 2009
"Mowgli's Road"
Released: 13 November 2009
"Hollywood"
Released: 1 February 2010
"I Am Not a Robot"
Released: 26 April 2010
"Oh No!"
Released: 2 August 2010
"Shampain"
Released: 11 October 2010
The Family Jewels is the debut studio album by Welsh singer Marina Diamandis, known professionally as Marina and the Diamonds. It was released on 15 February 2010 by 679 Recordings and Atlantic Records. Diamandis collaborated with several producers including Pascal Gabriel, Liam Howe, Greg Kurstin, Richard "Biff" Stannard, and Starsmith during its recording. She identifies the lyrical themes as "the seduction of commercialism, modern social values, family and female sexuality."[1]
Contemporary music critics gave The Family Jewels fairly positive reviews, with the vocal delivery dividing opinions. The record debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 27,618 copies. The album was eventually certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry and has sold 195,358 units in the United Kingdom. The Family Jewels performed moderately on international record charts; it peaked at number 138 on the Billboard 200 in the United States selling 4,000 copies its first week.
The Family Jewels was supported by five singles, all of which were supplemented by accompanying music videos. "Mowgli's Road" was released on 13 November 2009, although "Hollywood" became its first charting track after reaching number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. Follow-up singles "I Am Not a Robot", "Oh No!", and "Shampain" respectively peaked at numbers 26, 38, and 141 in the United Kingdom. The record was additionally promoted by Diamandis' headlining The Family Jewels Tour, which visited Australia, Europe and North America from January 2010 through December 2011.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Release and promotion
3.1 Music videos
3.2 Singles
3.3 Tour
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
9 Certifications
10 Release history
11 References
Background[edit]
Diamandis on the NME Radar Tour, October 2009
Born and raised in South East Wales, Diamandis moved to London at the age of 18 to study music, despite not having a musical background. After dropping out of four institutions and failing in auditions, she began composing her own music.[2] After the success of her Myspace-released debut EP Mermaid vs. Sailor in 2007, she was signed by Neon Gold Records the following year and by 679 Artists in October 2008.[3] In 2009, after playing at a variety of festivals including Glastonbury in the summer,[4] she ranked in second place in the BBC's Sound of 2010[5] and was one of the three nominees for the Critics' Choice Award at the 2010 BRIT Awards.[6]
In a 2012 interview with Pridesource, Diamandis said that the album's title came from a slang term for testes, but she had been too coy to admit it before.[7]
Composition[edit]
Diamandis explained that the album is "a body of work largely inspired by the seduction of commercialism, modern social values, family and female sexuality", intended to be "enjoyed and consumed as a story and theory that encourages people to question themselves".[1]
"I think it’s a really diverse album stylistically speaking because I'm such a flexible writer. So there's a lot of pop on it, but there's kind of a lot of leftfield experimental stuff as well. It’s basically an album about what not to be."
“
”
— Diamandis explaining the album's musical style to Clash, January 2010[8]
In a review for Q, writer Hugh Montgomery noted genres such as disco ("Shampain"), bubblegum punk ("Girls") and cabaret ("Hermit The Frog").[9] The opening track, "Are You Satisfied?", ponders the meaning of a fulfilling life; a writer for The Line of Best Fit likened it to the thinking of Danish existentialist philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.[10] In a January 2010 interview with The Daily Telegraph, Diamandis admitted that she "cringes" at the lyrics of the song "Girls", which "could be seen as a bit misogynistic", including the lines "Girls they never befriend me/'Cause I fall asleep when they speak/Of all the calories they eat"; she clarified that the lyrics concerned her own psychological problems with weight.[2] A Neon Gold press release for a limited double A-side of "Obsessions" and "Mowgli's Road" described the former as a "bold and ambitious ... master work" and the latter as a "a high intensity, left field pop smash".[11]
Diamandis claimed that she made producer Liam Howe take 486 vocal takes for "The Outsider".[12][13] "Hollywood" takes inspiration from Diamandis' previous obsession with American celebrity culture,[5] while in "I Am Not a Robot", her favourite track from the album, she sings to tell herself to accept imperfection, with lines such as "you've been acting awful tough lately, smoking a lot of cigarettes lately ... don't be so pathetic"; she expected audiences to be able to relate to the song.[14] "Numb" reflects on the dedication and sacrifice needed during her early years in London;[2] "Oh No!" and "Are You Satisfied?" have similar lyrical themes.[15] "Oh No!" was a late addition to the track listing, causing some reviews of the album to not include it.[12] The album had initially been scheduled for release in October 2009, and was delayed by Diamandis' self-confessed perfectionism.[16]
Release and promotion[edit]
Music videos[edit]
In 2008, Diamandis filmed videos for the tracks "Seventeen" and "Obsessions".[17] The following year, photographer Rankin directed the accompaniment for "I Am Not a Robot", which used much body glitter.[18][19] The video for "Mowgli's Road" featured Diamandis and two dancers, with puppeteers standing in front of them to give them the impression of having concertina limbs; it was shot over 17 hours.[16]
Polish artist Kinga Burza shot the "classic pop video" for "Hollywood", with the aim to "make her audiences fall in love her even more, perhaps crave a little popcorn and feel inspired to dress up for fun".[20] Burza also filmed the video for "Oh No!", with an aesthetic based on "zany neon" MTV graphics and the fame-hungry lyrics.[21] The video to "Shampain" made an homage to Michael Jackson's Thriller.[18]
Dan Knight made a video for Chilly Gonzales' "stripped-down" remix of "Hollywood" that was intended to be the opposite of Burza's official video. In the video, Gonzales and Diamandis perform on a 1980s Estonian music show complete with subtitles.[22]
Singles[edit]
Diamandis performing "Obsessions" in May 2010 at Edinburgh's Assembly Rooms, during The Family Jewels Tour
"Obsessions" was Diamandis' first single, released on 14 February 2009,[11] and "Mowgli's Road" followed on 13 November 2009.[23] She chose the song as an "uncommercial" taster due to its oddness, but it received attention after being shared by bloggers including Perez Hilton and Kanye West.[24]
"Hollywood" was released as the album's second single and Diamandis' first major release on 1 February 2010.[1] It reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.[25] It was followed on 26 April by "I Am Not a Robot", which peaked at number 26 on the same listing.[25] "Oh No!" was released as the album's fourth single on 2 August only in the UK and Ireland; it charted at number 38.[25] "Shampain" was released as the album's fifth and final single on 11 October, again only in the same region,[26] and reached number 141 in the UK.[27]
"I Am Not a Robot" was nominated for the 2010 Popjustice £20 Music Prize for best British single, eventually losing to "Kickstarts" by Example.[28]
Tour[edit]
Main article: The Family Jewels Tour
Diamandis went on her first headlining tour to promote the album, performing in Europe, North America and Australia. Dates included the Glastonbury Festival 2010, South by Southwest and the Falls Festival. In parallel to headlining her own tour in the United States in mid-2011, she was an opening act for Katy Perry's California Dreams Tour,[29] and finished by opening for Coldplay's Mylo Xyloto Tour at the Manchester Arena that December.[30]
After a performance at Manchester's Deaf Institute on 21 February 2010, Contactmusic.com writer Katy Ratican awarded Diamandis a 9/10 rating, stating "Next time she plays Manchester, it will be to a sold out Academy 2 audience, with a top-selling album gracing the merchandising stand. Marina won't be playing to a few hundred people above a trendy bar in the foreseeable future".[31]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 68/100[32]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [33]
BBC Music Fairly positive[15]
Clash 6/10[34]
The Daily Telegraph [35]
The Guardian [36]
musicOMH [37]
NME 9/10[12]
Q [9]
Spin 7/10[38]
The Sunday Times [39]
The A.V. Club C[40]
No Ripcord [41]
The New York Times Fairly positive[42]
The Independent Negative[43]
The Family Jewels received mostly positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[32]
Hugh Montgomery of Q magazine noted that the singer's "imaginative reach" was "complemented by a winning pop savviness",[9] while Luke O'Neil from The Phoenix stated that "[t]he likes of Kate Nash and company have flitted through this piano siren/exuberant dance-diva territory, but never mind, because this gorgeous genre starts now."[44] Leonie Cooper from NME rated the album nine out of ten stars, finding flaw only in the titles of "Shampain" and "Hermit the Frog".[12]
More mixed reviews were critical of Diamandis' vocal delivery. Lou Thomas from BBC Music commented that "[t]he consistently diverting changes in style across the album are fine—the wonky 80s shoulder-pad pop of 'The Outsider' is nothing like anything else here, for example. But over 13 songs of Sparks-voice and many similar staccato piano riffs listeners may feel bludgeoned by Marina and her slightly overbearing presence", concluding that her eccentric vocals would polarise opinions.[15] Sean O'Neal wrote on The A.V. Club that after "dozens of squeaky Regina Spektor-ish enunciations" and "Kate Bush trills", the "overbearing need to prove herself just ends up being exhausting".[40] Joe Rivers of No Ripcord praised "Are You Satisfied?", "Hollywood" and "Oh No!" but was put off by sudden "howling" in "Hermit the Frog" and a "throaty growl" in "The Outsider".[41]
A negative review came from The Independent's Andy Gill who considered "Shampain" and "Hermit the Frog" as "every bit as annoying as their punning titles, with queasy, prancing piano and synth figures". He found certain vocal techniques in "Mowgli's Road" and "I Am Not a Robot" to be "infantile", and evaluated the lyrics of "Girls" and "Hollywood" as shallow. Gill added that the content of "Rootless", "Obsessions" and "The Outsider" did not match with what would be expected from the titles.[43]
The NME placed the album at number 33 on its list of the Top 75 Albums of 2010.[45]
Commercial performance[edit]
The Family Jewels debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 27,618 copies.[46] It remains Diamandis' best-selling debut week, after her second studio album Electra Heart entered the chart at number one with first-week sales of 21,358 units.[47] The Family Jewels was later certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry,[48] and had sold 195,358 copies in the United Kingdom as of April 2015.[49] The record debuted at number seven in Greece and number nine in Ireland;[50][51] it was eventually certified Gold by the Irish Recorded Music Association.[52]
The Family Jewels performed moderately on several international record charts. The record reached number 12 on the German Media Control Charts,[53] and entered the Ö3 Austria Top 40 at number 18.[54] It peaked at number 88 on the Dutch MegaCharts,[55] number 100 on the Swiss Hitparade,[56] and number 132 in France.[57] In Oceania, the album reached number 79 on the Australian ARIA Charts.[58] With first-week sales of 4,000 copies in the United States,[59] The Family Jewels entered the Billboard 200 at number 138;[60] furthermore, it respectively charted at numbers 2 and 49 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers and Top Rock Albums charts.[61][62]As of 2012 The Family Jewels has sold 300,000 copies worldwide.[63]
In an interview for Australian radio in January 2011, Diamandis said that her career that far had been "more like a failure than a success", particularly in the American market. She attributed this to the inaction of Chop Shop Records, her label in the United States, as well as a move in musical tastes to "pumping beats" by artists like Lady Gaga. She cancelled performances in the United States in order to begin work on a new album.[64]
Track listing[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Family Jewels.[65]
The Family Jewels – Standard version
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Are You Satisfied?" Marina Diamandis
Liam Howe
Richard "Biff" Stannard
Ash Howes
3:21
2. "Shampain"
Diamandis
Howe
Pascal Gabriel
Gabriel
Howe
Stannard[a]
3:11
3. "I Am Not a Robot" Diamandis Howe 3:35
4. "Girls"
Diamandis
Howe
Gabriel
Gabriel
Howe
3:28
5. "Mowgli's Road"
Diamandis
Howe
Howe 3:12
6. "Obsessions" Diamandis Howe 3:38
7. "Hollywood" Diamandis
Stannard
Howes
Starsmith[b]
3:50
8. "The Outsider" Diamandis
Howe
Diamandis
3:17
9. "Hermit the Frog" Diamandis
Howe
Diamandis[a]
3:35
10. "Oh No!"
Diamandis
Greg Kurstin
Kurstin 3:02
11. "Rootless"
Diamandis
Howe
Gabriel
Gabriel
Howe
3:28
12. "Numb" Diamandis Howe 4:16
13. "Guilty"
Diamandis
Stannard
Howes
Stannard
Howes
3:40
[show]The Family Jewels – iTunes Store bonus track[66]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
14. "The Family Jewels" Diamandis Diamandis 4:05
[show]The Family Jewels – Japanese version (bonus tracks)[67]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
14. "The Family Jewels" Diamandis Diamandis 4:05
15. "Seventeen" Diamandis Howe 3:05
16. "Mowgli's Road" (video) 3:02
17. "Hollywood" (video) 3:25
[show]The Family Jewels – US standard version[68]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Are You Satisfied?" Diamandis
Howe
Stannard
Howes
3:21
2. "Shampain"
Diamandis
Howe
Gabriel
Gabriel
Howe
Stannard[a]
3:11
3. "I Am Not a Robot" Diamandis Howe 3:35
4. "Girls"
Diamandis
Howe
Gabriel
Gabriel
Howe
3:28
5. "Mowgli's Road"
Diamandis
Howe
Howe 3:12
6. "Obsessions" Diamandis Howe 3:38
7. "Hollywood" (single version) Diamandis
Stannard
Howes
Starsmith[b]
3:24
8. "The Outsider" Diamandis
Howe
Diamandis
3:17
9. "Guilty"
Diamandis
Stannard
Howes
Stannard
Howes
3:40
10. "Hermit the Frog" Diamandis
Howe
Diamandis[a]
3:35
11. "Oh No!"
Diamandis
Kurstin
Kurstin 3:02
12. "Seventeen" Diamandis Howe 3:05
13. "Numb" Diamandis Howe 4:16
[show]The Family Jewels – iTunes Store US deluxe version (bonus tracks)[69]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
14. "Rootless"
Diamandis
Howe
Gabriel
Gabriel
Howe
3:28
15. "I Am Not a Robot" (Flex'd Rework) (Passion Pit Remix) Diamandis
Howe
Passion Pit[c]
4:47
16. "Obsessions" (Ocelot Remix) Diamandis
Howe
Ocelot[c]
6:26
17. "I Am Not a Robot" (Starsmith 24 Carat Remix) Diamandis
Howe
Starsmith[c]
5:18
18. "Hollywood" (video) 3:25
[show]The Crown Jewels – EP
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "I Am Not a Robot" Diamandis Howe 3:35
2. "Seventeen" Diamandis Howe 3:05
3. "Simplify" Diamandis Martin Craft 2:26
[show]The American Jewels – EP
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "I Am Not a Robot" Diamandis Howe 3:35
2. "Seventeen" Diamandis Howe 3:05
3. "Simplify" Diamandis Craft 2:26
4. "I Am Not a Robot" (Starsmith 24 Carat Remix) Diamandis
Howe
Starsmith
5:18
Notes
^a signifies an additional producer
^b signifies an original producer
^c signifies a remixer
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Family Jewels.[65]
Marina Diamandis – vocals (all tracks); piano (tracks 1–3, 6, 8, 12), glockenspiel (track 3); mixing (tracks 4, 11); casio VL-tone, production (track 8); additional production (track 9); organ (track 12)
Chris Allan – cello (tracks 1, 3)
Rebekah Allan – violin (tracks 9, 12)
Niel Catchpole – violin (tracks 7, 13)
Guy Davie – mastering (tracks 1–9, 11–13)
Alison Dods – violin (tracks 1, 3, 7, 13)
Steve Durham – drums (tracks 1–3)
Pascal Gabriel – production, programming (tracks 2, 4, 11); synths (track 2); all instruments, engineering, mixing (tracks 4, 11)
Liam Howe – production (tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12); programming (tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12); bass (tracks 1, 2, 5, 6); mellotron (tracks 1, 3, 6, 9, 12); synths (tracks 1–3, 6, 8); additional piano, electric guitar (track 2); mixing, Philicorda (track 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12); all instruments (tracks 4, 11); acoustic guitar, glockenspiel, spoons, whistle (track 5); engineering (tracks 5, 6, 8); Jew's harp, santoor (track 8); mandolin, recorder (tracks 9, 12)
Ash Howes – mixing, production (tracks 1, 7, 13); keyboards (track 1); programming (tracks 1, 2, 7, 13); additional keyboards (track 2); all instruments (tracks 7, 13)
Greg Kurstin – keyboards, engineering, guitar, mixing, production, programming (track 10)
Oli Langford – viola (tracks 7, 9, 12, 13); violin (tracks 7, 13)
Stephen Large – string arrangements (tracks 7, 13); piano (tracks 9, 12); Hammond organ (track 12)
Dougal Lott – assistant engineering (tracks 1–3, 9, 12); Pro Tools (track 5)
Alex Mackenzie – drums, harpsichord (tracks 5, 6); additional piano, mandolin (track 6)
Mat Maitland – sleeve art
Calina de la Mere – violin (tracks 1, 3)
Anna Mowat – cello (tracks 7, 13)
Anna Phoebe – violin (tracks 9, 12)
Luke Potashnick – guitar (track 1)
Rankin – portraits
Raymond67 (Freesound Project) – mechanical monkey (track 5)
Rachel Robson – viola (tracks 1, 3)
Sandyrb (Freesound Project) – human monkey (track 5)
Lucy Shaw – double bass, string arrangements (tracks 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13)
Richard "Biff" Stannard – production (tracks 1, 7, 13); keyboards (track 1); programming (tracks 1, 2, 7, 13); additional keyboards, additional production (track 2); mixing (tracks 2, 7, 13); drums (track 7); all instruments (tracks 7, 13)
Starsmith – original production (track 7)
Dave Turner – mastering (track 10)
David Westlake – drums (track 9)
Richard Wilkinson – engineering (tracks 1–3, 9, 12)
Chris Worsey – cello (tracks 9, 12)
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2010)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[58]
79
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[54]
18
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[55]
88
European Albums (Billboard)[70]
20
French Albums (SNEP)[57]
132
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[53]
12
Greek Albums (IFPI)[50]
7
Irish Albums (IRMA)[51]
9
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[56]
100
UK Albums (OCC)[71]
5
US Billboard 200[60]
138
US Top Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)[61]
2
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[62]
49
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2010)
Position
UK Albums (OCC)[72]
87
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Ireland (IRMA)[52]
Gold 7,500^
United Kingdom (BPI)[48]
Gold 195,358[49]
Summaries
Worldwide
300,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Ireland
15 February 2010
CD
Digital download
679
Atlantic
[74]
United Kingdom
22 February 2010 [75]
Scandinavia
24 February 2010 Warner [76]
Australia
26 February 2010 [77]
France
1 March 2010 [78]
Netherlands
19 March 2010 [79]
Japan
21 April 2010 [67]
Germany
14 May 2010 [80]
Canada
25 May 2010 [81]
United States
Chop Shop
Atlantic
[68]
15 June 2010 LP [82]
Brazil
14 October 2016 CD Warner [83]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Marina and the Diamonds announce debut album details and release date". NME. Time Inc. UK. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Diu, Nisha Lilia (20 January 2011). "'I'm Marina, You're the Diamonds'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Fulton, Rick (12 February 2010). "I once played to seven people in Aberdeen but things have got better, says music newcomer Marina Diamandis". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marina and the Diamonds: 'I almost strangled myself at Glastonbury'". NME. IPC Media. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Savage, Mark (7 January 2010). "BBC Sound of 2010: Marina and the Diamonds". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ellie Goulding wins Brit Awards 2010 Critics' Choice prize". Metro. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Azzopardi, Chris (19 July 2012). "Marina and the Diamonds On Nervous Breakdown, Gay Following & Being One of the 'Greats'". Pridesource. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Murray, Robin (26 January 2010). "Marina on Musical Background". Clash. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Montgomery, Hugh (March 2010). "Marina & the Diamonds – The Family Jewels". Q (284): 105.
Jump up ^ Day, Laurence (2 January 2015). "Marina & The Diamonds shares new track "Immortal"". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Obsessions / Mowgli's Road 7". Neon Gold Records. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cooper, Leonie (22 February 2010). "Album review: Marina And The Diamonds – 'The Family Jewels' (679)". NME. IPC Media. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Savage, Mark (3 November 2009). "Shine on, Marina Diamond". BBC News. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marina and the Diamonds gives herself a telling-off in song". Wales Online. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas, Lou (12 February 2010). "Review of Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". BBC Music. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Mulligan, Jenny (5 November 2009). "Interview With Marina and The Diamonds". Entertainment.ie. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marina & The Diamonds". IMVDb. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rees, Alex (7 September 2010). "Here's "Shampain"—The New Video From Marina & The Diamonds". Teen Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Video: Marina and the Diamonds – I Am Not A Robot". Nialler9. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marina Goes to Hollywood". Dazed. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marina and The Diamonds". Vogue UK. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Brown, Dan (10 February 2010). "Marina & The Diamonds' Hollywood Viral (feat. Gonzales) by Dan Knight". Promo News. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mowgli's Road / Space and the Woods – Single by Marina & The Diamonds". iTunes Store (GB). Apple. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Salmon, Chris (12 November 2009). "Marina Diamandis: shine on you crazy diamond". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Marina and the Diamonds". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hey Diamonds, as ...". Facebook. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Zywietz, Tobias. "Chart Log UK: M – My Vitriol". Zobbel. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Popjustice Twenty Quid Music Prize". Popjustice. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Dinh, James (20 January 2011). "Katy Perry announces California Dreams Tour dates". MTV. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coldplay in Manchester". Big Live Acts. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Ratican, Katy (23 February 2010). "Marina and the Diamonds – The Deaf Institute, Manchester, Sunday 21/02/2010 Live Review". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Family Jewels – Marina and the Diamonds". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Chisling, Matthew. "The Family Jewels – Marina and the Diamonds". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
Jump up ^ James, Gareth (8 February 2010). "Marina and The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". Clash. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (18 February 2010). "Marina & the Diamonds: The Family Jewels, CD review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Petridis, Alexis (18 February 2010). "Marina and the Diamonds: The Family Jewels". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Murphy, John. "Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". musicOMH. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Walters, Barry (19 May 2010). "Marina & the Diamonds, 'The Family Jewels' (Chop Shop/Atlantic)". Spin. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Mark (14 February 2010). "Marina & The Diamonds: The Family Jewels". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Neal, Sean (25 May 2010). "Marina And The Diamonds: The Family Jewels". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Rivers, Joe (17 June 2010). "The Family Jewels". No Ripcord. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (30 May 2010). "New CDs". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gill, Andy (12 February 2010). "Album: Marina & The Diamonds, The Family Jewels (679)". The Independent. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ O'Neil, Luke (13 July 2010). "Marina and the Diamonds | The Family Jewels". The Phoenix. Phoenix Media/Communications Group. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "75 best albums of 2010". NME. IPC Media. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Derulo and GaGa take chart honours". Music Week. Intent Media. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Eames, Tom (16 July 2012). "Newton Faulkner sells just 16k to get number one album". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "British album certifications – Marina & the Diamonds – The Family Jewels". British Phonographic Industry. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2014. Enter The Family Jewels in the search field and then press Enter.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Alan (23 March 2015). "Official Charts Analysis: Kendrick Lamar first rapper since 2013 to top Albums Chart with sales of 29,695". Music Week. Intent Media. Retrieved 24 April 2015. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Greekcharts.com – Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 8, 2010". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Irish album certifications – Marina and the Diamonds – The Family Jewels". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Officialcharts.de – Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Austriancharts.at – Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dutchcharts.nl – Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swisscharts.com – Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lescharts.com – Marina & The Diamonds – The Family Jewels". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "ARIA Top 100 Albums – Week Commencing 8th March 2010" (PDF). ARIA Charts. Pandora Archive. p. 6. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Maximum Exposure 2010". Billboard, Vol. 122, Nº 39, p. 16 ISSN 0006-2510. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marina and the Diamonds – Chart history" Billboard 200 for Marina and the Diamonds. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marina and the Diamonds – Chart history" Billboard Top Heatseekers Albums for Marina and the Diamonds. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marina and the Diamonds – Chart history" Billboard Top Rock Albums for Marina and the Diamonds. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Records". 2012.
Jump up ^ "Marina And The Diamonds says career so far 'a failure'". BBC. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Family Jewels (Media notes). Marina and the Diamonds. 679 Recordings. Atlantic Records. 2010. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Family Jewels by Marina and The Diamonds". iTunes Store (GB). Apple. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Family Jewels / ザ・ファミリー・ジュエルズ（初回限定スペシャル・プライス盤）" (in Japanese). Warner Music Japan. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marina And The Diamonds: The Family Jewels (CD)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Family Jewels (Deluxe) by Marina and The Diamonds". iTunes Store (US). Apple. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "European Top 20 Charts – Week Commencing 8th March 2010" (PDF). Billboard. Pandora Archive. p. 26. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2010". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://atlanticrecords.co.uk/artists/marinaandthediamonds.htm/
Jump up ^ "iTunes – Music – The Family Jewels by Marina and The Diamonds". iTunes Store (IE). Apple. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marina & The Diamonds: Family Jewels". HMV. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Family Jewels – Marina & The Diamonds". CDON.eu. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Family Jewels, The". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Family jewels – Marina and the Diamonds" (in French). Fnac. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "19 maart 'The Family Jewels'" (in Dutch). Warner Music Netherlands. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Marina and the Diamonds – Veröffentlichungen" (in German). Warner Music Germany. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Family Jewels by Marina & The Diamonds". HMV Canada. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marina And The Diamonds: The Family Jewels (Vinyl)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE FAMILY JEWELS". Livraria Cultura. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
Marina and the Diamonds
Discography
Studio albums
The Family Jewels
Electra Heart
Froot
Songs
"Mowgli's Road"
"Hollywood"
"I Am Not a Robot"
"Oh No!"
"Shampain"
"Radioactive"
"Primadonna"
"Power & Control"
"How to Be a Heartbreaker"
"Froot"
"Happy"
"I'm a Ruin"
"Forget"
"Blue"
"Disconnect"
Concert tours
The Family Jewels Tour
The Lonely Hearts Club Tour
Neon Nature Tour
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Family_Jewels_(Marina_and_the_Diamonds_album)&oldid=802048512"
Categories:
2010 debut albums
679 Artists albums
Albums produced by Greg Kurstin
Albums produced by Pascal Gabriel
Atlantic Records albums
English-language albums
Marina and the Diamonds albums
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Good articles
EngvarB from August 2014
Use dmy dates from August 2014
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Track listings with deprecated parameters
Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Nederlands
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 17:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

values: The face of a young brunette woman, lying sideways on a floral patterned background

attrs: href class title

value: span

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

values: Hollywood (Marina and the Diamonds song)

values: position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;

values: position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:33%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values: Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
/wiki/Weighted_mean
mw-redirect
Weighted mean

values:
/wiki/Media_Control_Charts
mw-redirect
Media Control Charts

values:
/wiki/Top_Rock_Albums
mw-redirect
Top Rock Albums

values:
tlheader mbox-text
5
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values: display: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values: display: none; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);

values:
/wiki/The_Freesound_Project
mw-redirect
The Freesound Project

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/dvhf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_M.HTM

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003HARV98

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003J27W8Y

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Marina_and_the_Diamonds
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: List of songs recorded by Marina and the Diamonds

values: Radioactive (Marina and the Diamonds song)

values: Primadonna (Marina and the Diamonds song)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Albums produced by Greg Kurstin

values: Category:Albums produced by Pascal Gabriel

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Track listings with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: جواهرات خانوادگی – Persian

values: The Family Jewels (album) – Simple English

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Family_Jewels_Marina_and_the_Diamonds_album rootpage-The_Family_Jewels_Marina_and_the_Diamonds_album vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
David Eigenberg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
David Eigenberg
Eigenberg (2005)
Born
(1964-05-17) May 17, 1964 (age 54)
Manhasset, New York, United States of America
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1989–present
Spouse(s)
Chrysti (Kotik) Eigenberg (m. 2002)
Children
2
David Eigenberg (born May 17, 1964)[1] is an American actor.
Eigenberg is best known for his long-running role as Steve Brady on the HBO sit-com, Sex and the City, and for his role as a firefighter, Christopher Herrmann, on NBC's Chicago Fire.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 References
5 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Eigenberg was born in Manhasset, New York, on Long Island, and grew up in Naperville, Illinois,[2] the only boy in a family of six children.[1] A younger sister is named Betsy, and an older sister is Helen.[3] Their mother, Beverly, owns pre-schools, and their father, Harry Eigenberg, is a retired Certified Public Accountant.[4]
Eigenberg was raised in his mother's Episcopalian religion (Eigenberg's father was Jewish).[5]
The family moved to Illinois when Eigenberg was four.[1] His first acting job was at age 12 in a community theater production of Kurt Vonnegut's Happy Birthday, Wanda June.[citation needed] While playing football at Naperville Central High School, the quarterback on his team was Sean Payton,[citation needed] who became the coach of the New Orleans Saints.
After graduating from high school in 1982, Eigenberg enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, serving for three years (1982–1986), and was Honorably Discharged at the rank of Lance Corporal.[6][7]
Career[edit]
Eigenberg's first recurring role was on Homicide: Life on the Street, where he portrayed a copycat sniper, before acting in The Practice. He voiced the role of Nermal in the movie, Garfield. He made an appearance on an episode of ER during the show's final season, and he made an appearance in the movie, Daybreak. He appeared in the American TV show, The King of Queens, the episode entitled Flash Photography, where he portrayed the groom of Carrie's annoying friend. He appeared in an episode of Ghost Whisperer alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt, and in CBS's NCIS as Ted Bankston, a former NSA Analyst who was suspected of mishandling classified information which was eventually proved to be true. His character, Bankston who had kidnapped Lee's daughter/sister, Amanda and had forced her to work for him was killed off during a stand-off between himself, Michelle Lee (Liza Lapira) and Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon) in the Season 6 episode, "Dagger."[8] Eigenberg had a recurring role in HBO series Sex and The City as Steve Brady, Miranda Hobbs's on and off again boyfriend and eventually husband.
Eigenberg appeared as a suspect in the 6th episode called Inner Child of the TV series Raines which first aired on April 20, 2007.
In 2010, he appeared as Agent Russell Goldman in the Season 5 episode "Parasite" of Criminal Minds.
In March 2011, he appeared in Season 3 of Castle as Peter Connelly in the episode One Life to Lose.
July 2004, DE appeared in The 4400, Pilot Part 2, sci-fi series, as Carl Morrissey, entitled The New and Improved Carl Morrissey.
He appeared in the May 16, 2012 episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit entitled Strange Beauty.
In 2002, Eigenberg starred as the short-lived Officer Ross in the Season 3 episode of "Third Watch" entitled "Superheroes: Part 1."
In the fall of 2012, Eigenberg joined the cast of NBC's Chicago Fire as firefighter Christopher Herrmann.
Personal life[edit]
Eigenberg and his wife Chrysti (née Kotik) have a son, Louie Steven (born January 19, 2009) and a daughter, Myrna Belle (born January 31, 2014).[2][9][10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Southern, Nathan. "David Eigenberg". All Movie Guide / Rovi. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Weigel, Jenniffer (November 26, 2014). "10 things I learned playing a reporter on 'Chicago Fire'". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ French, Franny and Rudy Joggerst. "Interview: David Eigenberg". Reel.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Star File: David Eigenberg". Broadway Buzz. Broadway.com. Archived from the original on 2006-03-21. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Powers, Annette (June 26, 2003). "5 Questions with David Eigenberg". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts". David Eigenberg Online. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Marines Who Have Made it in the Limelight". Marines Magazine. United States Marine Corps. 36 (1). January–March 2007. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive New Details: NCIS Gets Sexy". TV Guide. October 13, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ It's a Boy of Sex and the City's David Eigenberg Celebrity Baby Blog, January 30, 2009
Jump up ^ http://www.aada.org/pdf/alumni/americada_2003.pdf
External links[edit]
Biography portal
David Eigenberg on IMDb
Eigenberg, David (July 11, 2001). "David Eigenberg: 'Sex' and the single man". Showbiz Today Star of Tomorrow (Interview). Interviewed by Blackman, Lori. CNN.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 4839 0627
LCCN: no2004082586
VIAF: 21859596
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Eigenberg&oldid=802188985"
Categories:
1964 births
Living people
American Episcopalians
American people of Jewish descent
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Illinois
Male actors from New York (state)
People from Naperville, Illinois
People from Long Island
United States Marines
People from Manhasset, New York
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from April 2014
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
ქართული
Nederlands
日本語
中文
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 15:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Episcopal Church in the United States of America

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve
mw-redirect
Marine Forces Reserve

values:
/wiki/Honorable_discharge
mw-redirect
Honorable discharge

values:
/wiki/Lance_Corporal#United_States
mw-redirect
Lance Corporal

values:
/wiki/All_Movie_Guide
mw-redirect
All Movie Guide

values:
nofollow
external text
http://david-eigenberg.com/DavidDE.htm

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0251678/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000048390627

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/21859596

values: Category:American people of Jewish descent

values: Category:American male television actors

values: Category:Male actors from New York (state)

values: Category:People from Naperville, Illinois

values: Category:People from Manhasset, New York

values: Category:20th-century American male actors

values: Category:21st-century American male actors

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/David_Eigenberg
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ديفيد إيجنبرغ – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: دیوید آیگنبرگ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 데이비드 아이겐버그 – Korean

values: დეივიდ აიგენბერგი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: デビッド・エイゲンバーグ – Japanese

values: 大衛·艾根柏 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-David_Eigenberg rootpage-David_Eigenberg skin-vector action-view


text:
Reformation in Switzerland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on the
History of Switzerland
Early history
Prehistory
Roman era (200 BC – AD 400)
Alemannia · Burgundy (400–900)
Swabia · Burgundy (900–1300)
Old Swiss Confederacy
Growth (1291–1516)
Reformation (1516–1648)
Ancien Régime (1648–1798)
Transitional period
Napoleonic era (1798–1814)
Restoration (1814–1830)
Regeneration (1830–1847)
Modern history
Federal state (1848)
World Wars (1914–1945)
Timeline
Topical
Military history
Territorial development
Historiography
Switzerland portal
v
t
e
Map of the thirteen cantons of the Swiss confederacy in 1530 (green) with their separate subject territories (light green), condominiums (grey) and associates (brown)
Map of the Swiss Confederacy by Sebastian Münster (c. 1550)
The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate (Mark Reust) and population of Zürich in the 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich and spread to several other cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy. Seven cantons remained Roman Catholic, though, which led to inter-cantonal wars known as the Wars of Kappel. After the victory of the Catholic cantons in 1531, they proceeded to institute counter-reformatory policies in some regions. The schism and distrust between Catholic and Protestant cantons would define their interior politics and paralyse any common foreign policy until well into the 18th century.
Despite their religious differences, and despite an exclusively Catholic defence alliance of the seven Catholic cantons (Goldener Bund), further major armed conflicts directly between the cantons did not occur. Soldiers from both sides fought in the French Wars of Religion.
In the Thirty Years' War, the thirteen cantons managed to maintain their neutrality, partly because all major powers in Europe depended on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall into the hands of one of their rivals. The Three Leagues (Drei Bünde) of the Grisons, at that time not yet a member of the confederacy, were involved in the war from 1620 on, which led to their loss of the Valtellina from 1623 to 1639.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development of Protestantism
1.1 In search of a common theology
2 Religious civil war
3 Counter-Reformation
4 Developments in the west
5 Thirty Years' War
6 Social developments
6.1 Absolutism on the rise
6.2 Persecution of heretics
6.3 Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
10 External links
Development of Protestantism[edit]
After the violent conflicts of the late 15th century the Swiss cantons had had a generation of relative political stability.[1] As part of their struggle for independence, they had already in the 15th century sought to limit the influence of the Church on their political sovereignty. Many monasteries had already come under secular supervision, and the administration of schools was in the hands of the cantons, although the teachers generally still were priests.
Nevertheless, many of the problems of the Church also existed in the Swiss Confederacy. Many a cleric as well as the Church as a whole enjoyed a luxury lifestyle in stark contrast to the conditions the large majority of the population lived in; this luxury was financed by high church taxes and abundant sale of indulgences. Many priests were badly educated, and spiritual Church doctrines were often disregarded. Many priests did not live in celibacy but in concubinage. The new reformatory ideas thus fell on fertile ground.
Huldrych Zwingli (woodcut by Hans Asper, 1531).
The main proponent of the Reformation in Switzerland was Ulrich Zwingli, whose actions during the Affair of the Sausages are now considered to be the start of the Reformation in Switzerland.[2] His own studies, in the renaissance humanist tradition, had led him to preach against injustices and hierarchies in the Church already in 1516 while he was still a priest in Einsiedeln. When he was called to Zürich, he expanded his criticism also onto political topics and in particular condemned the mercenary business. His ideas were received favourably, especially by entrepreneurs, businessmen, and the guilds. The first disputation of Zürich of 1523 was the breakthrough: the city council decided to implement his reformatory plans and to convert to Protestantism.
Iconoclasm in Zurich, 1524.
In the following two years, profound changes took place in Zürich. The Church was thoroughly secularised. Priests were relieved from celibacy, the opulent decorations in the churches were thrown out. The state assumed the administration of Church properties, financing the social works (which up to then were managed entirely by the Church), and also paid the priests. The last abbess of the Fraumünster, Katharina von Zimmern, turned over the convent including all of its rights and possessions to the city authorities on 30 November 1524. She even married the next year.
John Calvin
Over the next few years, the cities of St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Basel, Bienne, Mulhouse, and finally Bern (in 1528) all followed the example set by Zürich. Their subject territories were converted to Protestantism by decree. In Basel, reformer Johannes Oecolampadius was active, in St. Gallen, the Reformation was adopted by mayor Joachim Vadian. In Glarus, Appenzell, and in the Grisons, which all three had a more republican structure, individual communes decided for or against the Reformation. In the French-speaking parts, reformers like William Farel had been preaching the new faith under Bernese protection since the 1520s, but only in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there, did the city of Geneva convert to Protestantism. The same year, Bern conquered the hitherto Savoyard Vaud and also instituted Protestantism there.
Despite their conversion to Protestantism, the citizens of Geneva were not ready to adopt Calvin's new strict Church order, and banned him and Farel from the city in 1538. Three years later—there had been elections in the meantime, and there was a new city council—Calvin was called back. Step by step he implemented his strict programme. A counter-revolt in 1555 failed, and many established families left the city.
In search of a common theology[edit]
Further information: Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
Zwingli, who had studied in Basel at the same time as Erasmus, had arrived at a more radical renewal than Luther and his ideas differed from the latter in several points. A reconciliation attempt at the Marburg Colloquy in 1529 failed. Although the two charismatic leaders found a consensus on fourteen points, they kept differing on the last one on the Eucharist: Luther maintained that through sacramental union the bread and wine in the Lord's Supper became truly the flesh and blood of Christ, whereas Zwingli considered bread and wine only symbols. This schism and the defeat of Zürich in the Second War of Kappel in 1531, where Zwingli was killed on the battlefield, were a serious setback, ultimately limiting Zwinglianism to parts of the Swiss confederacy and preventing its adoption in areas north of the Rhine.
Heinrich Bullinger
After Zwingli's death, Heinrich Bullinger took over his post in Zürich. Reformers in Switzerland continued for the next decades to reform the Church and to improve its acceptance by the common people. Bullinger in particular also tried bridging the differences between Zwinglianism and Calvinism. He was instrumental in establishing the Consensus Tigurinus of 1549 with John Calvin and the Confessio Helvetica posterior of 1566, which finally included all Protestant cantons and associates of the confederacy. The Confessio was also accepted in other European Protestant regions in Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands, and Scotland, and together with the Heidelberg Catechism of 1563, where Bullinger also played an important role, and the Canons of Dordrecht of 1619 it would become the theological foundation of Protestantism of the Calvinist strain.
Religious civil war[edit]
Main article: Reformation in Zürich
Map of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1536 showing the religious division
The success of the Reformation in Zürich and its rapid territorial expansion definitely made this religious renewal a political issue and a major source of conflict between the thirteen cantons. The alpine cantons of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, and Zug remained staunchly Catholic. Their opposition was not uniquely a question of faith; economic reasons also played a role. Besides on agriculture, their economy depended to a large degree on the mercenary services and the financial recompensations for the same. They could not afford to lose this source of income, which was a major target of reformatory criticism. In contrast, the cities' economies were more diversified, including strong crafts and guilds as well as a budding industrial sector. Fribourg and Solothurn also remained Catholic.
The five alpine cantons perceived the Reformation as a threat early on; already in 1524 they formed the "League of the Five Cantons" (Bund der fünf Orte) to combat the spreading of the new faith. Both sides tried to strengthen their positions by concluding defensive alliances with third parties: the Protestant cantons formed a city alliance, including the Protestant cities of Konstanz and Strasbourg (Christliches Burgrecht), translated variously as Cristian Civic Union, Christian Co-burghery, Christian Confederation and Christian Federation (in Latin Zwingli called it Civitas Christiana or Christian State); the Catholic ones entered a pact with Ferdinand of Austria.
In the tense atmosphere, small incidents could easily escalate. Conflicts arose especially over the situation in the common territories, where the administration changed bi-annually among cantons and thus switched between Catholic and Protestant rules. Several mediation attempts failed such as the disputation of Baden in 1526.
After numerous minor incidents and provocations from both sides, a Protestant pastor was burned on the stake in Schwyz in 1529, and in retaliation Zürich declared war. By mediation of the other cantons, open war (known as the First War of Kappel) was barely avoided, but the peace agreement (Erster Landfriede) was not exactly favourable for the Catholic party, who had to dissolve its alliance with the Austrian Habsburgs. The tensions remained essentially unresolved.
The forces of Zürich are defeated in the battle of Kappel.
Two years later, the second war of Kappel broke out. Zürich was taking the refusal of the Catholic cantons to help the Grisons in the Musso war as a pretext, but on 11 October 1531, the Catholic cantons decisively defeated the forces of Zürich in the battle of Kappel am Albis. Zwingli was killed on the battlefield. The Protestant cantons had to agree to a peace treaty, the so-called Zweiter Kappeler Landfriede, which forced the dissolution of the Protestant alliance (Christliches Burgrecht). It gave Catholicism the priority in the common territories, but allowed communes that had already converted to remain Protestant. Only strategically important places such as the Freiamt or those along the route from Schwyz to the Rhine valley at Sargans (and thus to the Alpine passes in the Grisons) were forcibly re-Catholicised. In their own territories, the cantons remained free to implement one or the other religion. The peace thus prescribed the Cuius regio, eius religio-principle that would also be adopted in the peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire in 1555. Politically, this gave the Catholic cantons a majority in the Tagsatzung, the federal diet of the confederacy.
When their Protestant city alliance was dissolved, Zürich and the southern German cities joined the Schmalkaldic League, but in the German religious wars of 1546/47, Zürich and the other Swiss Protestant cantons remained strictly neutral. With the victory of Charles V the previously close relations to the Swabian Protestant cities in the Holy Roman Empire were severed: many cities, like Konstanz, were re-Catholicised and many were placed under a strictly aristocratic rule.
Counter-Reformation[edit]
Religious division of the Old Confederacy during the 17th and 18th century
While the official Church remained passive during the beginnings of the Reformation, the Swiss Catholic cantons took measures early on to keep the new movement at bay. They assumed judicial and financial powers over the clergy, laid down firm rules of conduct for the priests, outlawed concubinage, and reserved the right to nominate priests in the first place, who previously had been assigned by the bishoprics. They also banned printing, distributing, and possessing Reformist tracts; and banned the study of Hebrew and Greek (to put an end to the independent study of biblical sources). Overall, these measures were successful: not only did they prevent the spreading of the Reformation into the Catholic cantons but also they made the Church dependent on the state and generally strengthened the power of the civil authorities.
Carlo Borromeo
The Catholic cantons also maintained their domination of the Catholic Church after the Council of Trent (1545 to 1563), although they had accepted its positions. They opposed Cardinal Borromeo's plans for the creation of a new bishopric in central Switzerland. However, they did participate in the education program of Trent. In 1574, the first Jesuit school was founded in Lucerne. Others soon followed, and in 1579, a Catholic university for Swiss priests, the Collegio helvetico, was founded in Milan. In 1586, a nunciature was opened in Lucerne. The Capuchins were also called to help; a Capuchin cloister was founded in 1581 in Altdorf.
Parallel to these efforts to reform the Catholic Church, the Catholic cantons also proceeded to re-Catholicize regions that had converted to Protestantism. Besides reconversions in the common territories, the Catholic cantons in 1560 first tried to undo the Reformation in Glarus, where the Catholics were a minority.
The five Catholic cantons formed a military alliance with the Pope and the Catholic Duchy of Savoy, and had the support of Aegidius Tschudi, the Landammann (chief magistrate) of Glarus. But due to lack of money, they could not intervene in Glarus by force. In 1564, they settled for a treaty which prescribed the separation of religions in Glarus. There were henceforth two legislative assemblies (Landsgemeinde) in the canton, a Catholic and a Protestant one, and Glarus would send one Catholic and one Protestant representative each to the Tagsatzung.
The Bishop of Basel, Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, moved his seat to Porrentruy in the Jura mountains in 1529, when Basel became Protestant. In 1581, the bishopric regained the Birs valley lying southwest of Basel. In Appenzell, where both confessions coexisted more or less peacefully, the counter-reformatory activities beginning with the arrival of the Capuchin friars resulted in a split of the canton in 1597 into the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden and the Protestant Ausserrhoden, which both had one vote in the Tagsatzung.
Developments in the west[edit]
The Dukes of Savoy had tried already for centuries to gain sovereignty over the city of Geneva, surrounded by Savoyard territory, for the Vaud in the north of Lake Geneva belonged to the duchy. The Reformation prompted the conflicts to escalate once more. Geneva exiled its bishop, who was backed by Savoy, in 1533 to Annecy. Bern and the Valais took advantage of the duke's involvement in northern Italy and his opposition to France. When Francesco II Sforza died in Milan in 1534, the duke's troops were bound by the French engagement there, and Bern promptly conquered the Vaud and, together with the Valais, also territories south of Lake Geneva in 1536.
The alliance of 1560 of the Catholic cantons with Savoy encouraged duke Emmanuel Philibert to raise claims on the territories his father Charles III had lost in 1536. After the treaty of Lausanne of 1564, Bern had to return the Chablais south of Lake Geneva and the Pays de Gex (between Geneva and Nyon) to Savoy in 1567, and the Valais returned the territories west of Saint Gingolph two years later in the treaty of Thonon. Geneva was thus a Protestant enclave within the Catholic territories of Savoy again and as a result intensified its relations with the Swiss confederacy and Bern and Zürich in particular. Its plea for full acceptance into the confederation—the city was an associate state only—was rejected by the Catholic majority of cantons.
Goldener Bund of 1586
Mercenaries of the Swiss cantons participated in the French wars of religion on all sides. Those from Protestant cantons fought on the sides of the Huguenots, supporting Henry of Navarre, while the Catholic troops fought for king Henry III of France. In 1586, the seven Catholic cantons (the five alpine cantons, plus Fribourg and Solothurn) formed an exclusively Catholic alliance called the "Golden League" (Goldener Bund, named after the golden initials on the document) and sided with the Guises, who were also supported by Spain. In 1589, Henry III was assassinated and Henry of Navarre succeeded him as Henry IV of France, and thus the Protestant mercenaries now fought for the king.
Since 1586, the duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, had placed Geneva under an embargo. With the new situation of 1589, the city now got support not only from Bern but also from the French king, and it went to war. The war between Geneva and Savoy continued even after the Peace of Vervins and the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which ended the wars in France proper. In the night from 11 to 12 December 1602, the duke's troops unsuccessfully tried to storm the city, which definitely maintained its independence from Savoy in the peace of Saint Julien, concluded in the following summer. The rebuttal of this attack, L'Escalade, is still commemorated in Geneva today.
Also in 1586, a Catholic coup d'état in Mulhouse, an associate of the confederacy, prompted the military intervention of the Protestant cantons, which quickly restored the old Protestant order. Strasbourg, another Protestant city, wanted to join the confederacy in 1588, but like Geneva some twenty years earlier, it was rejected by the Catholic cantons. In the Valais, the Reformation had had some success especially in the lower part of the Rhône valley. However, in 1603 the Catholic cantons intervened, and with their support re-Catholicisation succeeded and the Protestant families had to emigrate.
Thirty Years' War[edit]
Siege of the Hohentwiel fort in 1641.
During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe. The cantons had concluded numerous mercenary contracts and defence alliances with partners on all sides. Some of these contracts neutralized each other, which allowed the confederation to remain neutral. Politically, the neighbouring powers all tried to take influence, by way of mercenary commanders such as Jörg Jenatsch or Johann Rudolf Wettstein.
Despite the cantons' religious differences, the Tagsatzung developed a strong consensus against any direct military involvement. The confederacy did not allow any foreign army to cross its territory: the alpine passes remained closed for Spain, just as an alliance offer of the Swedish King Gustav Adolph was rejected. The sole exception was the permission for the French army of Henri de Rohan to march through the Protestant cantons to the Grisons. A common defence was mounted only in 1647 when the Swedish armies reached Lake Constance again.
The Grisons had no such luck. The Three Leagues were a loose federation of 48 individual communes that were largely independent; their common assembly held no real powers. While this had helped avoid major religious wars during and following the Reformation, feuds between leading clans (e.g. between the von Planta and the von Salis) were common. When such a feud spilled over into the Valtellina in 1619, a subject territory of the Three Leagues, the population there responded in kind, killing the Protestant rulers in 1620 and calling Habsburg Spain for help. For the next twenty years, the Grisons was ravaged by war. For the Habsburgs, the Grisons was a strategically important connection between Milan and Austria. The Valtellina became Spanish, and other parts in the north-east of the Grisons were occupied and re-Catholicised by Austria.
France intervened a first time in 1624, but succeeded to drive the Spanish out of the Grisons only in 1636. However, Henri de Rohan's French army had to withdraw following the political intrigues of Jürg Jenatsch, who managed to play the French off against the Spaniards. Until 1639, the Three Leagues had re-acquired their whole territory, buying back the parts occupied by Austria. They even were restituted their subject territories in the south (Valtellina, Bormio, and Chiavenna), yet these had to remain Catholic under the protection of Milan.
The mayor of Basel, Johann Rudolf Wettstein, lobbied for a formal recognition of the Swiss confederacy as an independent state in the peace of Westphalia. Although de facto independent since the end of the Swabian War in 1499, the confederacy was still officially a part of the Holy Roman Empire. With the support of Henri II d'Orléans, who was also prince of Neuchâtel and the head of the French delegation, he succeeded to get the formal exemption from the empire for all cantons and associates of the confederacy.
Social developments[edit]
A sheet of Hans Holbein's Totentanz, 1538.
Historians count 13 (Geneva) or 14 (St Gallen) plague surges in Switzerland between 1500 and 1640, accounting for 31 plague years, and since 1580, smallpox outbreaks with an especially high mortality rate (80–90%) amongst children under the age of five occurred every four to five years. Nevertheless, the population in Switzerland grew in the 16th century from about 800,000 to roughly 1.1 million, i.e. by more than 35%.
Absolutism on the rise[edit]
This population growth caused significant changes in a pre-industrial society that could no longer significantly expand its territory. The dependence of the confederation on imports increased, and prices soared. In the countryside, settlements of estates increasingly lead to small and smallest properties insufficient to sustain a family, and a new class of daytallers (Tauner) grew disproportionally. In the cities, too, the number of poor rose. At the same time, rural subject territories became more and more (financially) dependent on the cities. The political power was concentrated in a few rich families, that over time came to consider their offices as hereditary and tried to limit them to their own exclusive circle. This solicited the response of both peasants and free citizens, who resented such curtailing of their democratic rights, and around 1523/25, also fuelled by the reformatory spirit, revolts broke out in many cantons, both rural and urban. The main objective of the insurgents was the restitution of common rights of old, not the institution of a new order. Although commonly called the Peasants' War, the movement also included the free citizens, who saw their rights restricted in the cities, too. Contrary to the development in the Holy Roman Empire, where the hostilities escalated and the rebellion was put down by force, there were only isolated armed conflicts in the confederation. The authorities, already involved in reformatory or counter-reformatory activities, managed to subdue these uprisings only by granting concessions. Yet the absolutist tendencies kept slowly transforming the democrat cantons into oligarchies. By 1650, the absolutist order was firmly established and would prevail for another 150 years as the Ancien Régime.
Persecution of heretics[edit]
The generally widespread intolerance of the time, as witnessed by the Inquisition, amplified by the conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, left no place for dissenters. Anabaptists, who took the idea of deriving new societal rules from the direct study of biblical sources even further than the Protestant reformers only into conflict not only with the established Churches over the question of baptism but also with the civil authorities because, not having found any biblical justification, they refused to pay taxes or to accept any authority. Both Catholic and Protestant cantons persecuted them with all their might. Following the forced drowning of Felix Manz in the Limmat in Zürich in 1527, many anabaptists emigrated to Moravia. Antitrinitarians fared no better; Miguel Servet was burned at the stake in Geneva on 27 October 1553.
There was no individual freedom of religion in Switzerland—or indeed all of Europe—at that time anyway. The maxim of cuius regio, eius religio ("whose region, his religion") meant that subjects had to adopt the faith of their rulers. Dissenters who didn't want to convert typically had to (but also were allowed to) emigrate elsewhere, into a region where their faith was the state religion. The Bullinger family, for instance, had to move from Bremgarten in the Freiamt, which was re-Catholicised after the second war of Kappel, to the Protestant city of Zürich.
The 16th century also saw the height of witch-hunts in Europe, and Switzerland was no exception. Beginning about 1530, culminating around 1600, and then slowly diminishing, numerous witch trials were held in both Protestant and Catholic cantons. These often ended with death sentences (usually burning) for the accused, who typically were elderly women, crippled persons, or other social outcasts.
Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland[edit]
The Old Swiss Confederacy on a map included in the "Topographia Helvetiae" by Matthäus Merian 1652
Humanism and Renaissance led to new advances in science and the arts. Paracelsus taught at the University of Basel. Hans Holbein the Younger worked until 1526 in Basel; his high renaissance style had a profound influence on Swiss painters. Conrad Gessner in Zürich did studies in systematic botany, and the geographic maps and city views produced e.g. by Matthäus Merian show the beginning of a scientific cartography. In 1601, an early version of the theodolite was invented in Zürich and promptly used to triangulate the city. Basel and Geneva became important printing centres, with an output equal to that of e.g. Strasbourg or Lyon. Their printing reformatory tracts greatly furthered the dissemination of these ideas. First newspapers appeared towards the end of the 16th century, but disappeared soon again due to the censorship of the absolutist authorities. In architecture, there was a strong Italian and especially florentine influence, visible in many a rich magistrate's town house. Famed baroque architect Francesco Borromini was born 1599 in the Ticino.
Many Huguenots and other Protestant refugees from all over Europe fled to Basel, Geneva, and Neuchâtel. Geneva under Calvin and his successor Theodore Beza demanded their naturalisation and strict adherence to the Calvinist doctrine, whereas Basel, where the university had re-opened in 1532, became a center of intellectual freedom. Many of these immigrants were skilled craftsmen or businessmen and contributed greatly to the development of banking and the watch industry.
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
History portal
Switzerland portal
First War of Villmergen
History of the Grisons
Swiss Reformed Church
Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen)
Otto Zeinenger
Notes and references[edit]
The main sources used are
Im Hof, U.: Geschichte der Schweiz, 7th ed. Kohlhammer, 1974/2001. ISBN 3-17-017051-1.
Schwabe & Co.: Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer, Schwabe & Co 1986/2004. ISBN 3-7965-2067-7.
Other sources:
Jump up ^ Norman Birnbaum. The Zwinglian Reformation in Zurich // Past and Present, №15 (Apr., 1959), p. 28.
Jump up ^ Denis Janz (2008). A Reformation reader: primary texts with introductions. Fortress Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-8006-6310-0. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Gordon, Bruce. The Swiss Reformation. University of Manchester Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7190-5118-0.
Miller, Andrew. Miller's Church History. 1880. Chapter 41.
Gilbert, W.: Renaissance and Reformation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas: Carrie, 1998.
Luck, James M.: A History of Switzerland / The First 100,000 Years: Before the Beginnings to the Days of the Present, Society for the Promotion of Science & Scholarship, Palo Alto 1986. ISBN 0-930664-06-X.
Ranan, David. Double Cross – The Code of the Catholic Church. Theo Press Ltd, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9554133-0-8
Burnett, Amy Nelson and Campi, Emidio (eds.). A Companion to the Swiss Reformation, Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-90-04-30102-3
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about The Period of Religious Divisions and French Influence – up to 1814.
Reformation in Switzerland by Markus Jud. In English, also available in French and German.
Reformation in Switzerland by "Presence Switzerland", an official body of the Swiss Confederation. (In English, available also in many other languages.)
Bauernkrieg (1525) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
The Escalade in Geneva in 1602.
The Confessio Helvetica posterior (English transcription).
Zweiter Kappeler Landfriede, in German.
[show]
v
t
e
Switzerland articles
History
Timeline
Enlargement
Early history
Roman era
Old Confederacy (Growth)
Reformation
Early Modern era
Napoleonic era
Restoration
World wars
Modern history
Geography
Cantons
Cities
Glaciers
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Areas
Jura Mountains
Swiss Alps
Swiss plateau
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Federal budget
Foreign relations
Neutrality
Government
Human rights
LGBT
Law
enforcement
Military
Parliament
Political parties
Right of foreigners to vote
Voting
Economy
Banking
Central bank
Energy
Franc (currency)
Pharmaceutical industry
Science and technology
Stock exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Healthcare
Immigration
Languages
German-speaking Switzerland
French-speaking Switzerland
Italian-speaking Switzerland
Romansh
Poverty
Swiss people
Culture
Anthem
Cinema
Coat of arms
Cuisine
Flag
Folklore
William Tell
Helvetia
Literature
Media
television
Music
Public holidays
Religion
Sport
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Religion in Switzerland
Major
Christianity
Swiss Reformed Church
Roman Catholicism
Old Catholic
Minor
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Ahmadiyya
Judaism
Sikhism
Related
Irreligion in Switzerland
Landeskirche
Reformation in Switzerland
Swiss Brethren
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&oldid=792177531"
Categories:
Reformation in Switzerland
Christianity in Switzerland
Early Modern history of Switzerland
16th century in Switzerland
Protestant Reformation
16th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy
1516 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
History of Switzerland by period
History of Zürich
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from November 2011
HDS not on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Français
Lietuvių
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 July 2017, at 23:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

values: margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;

attrs: class style

values: background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;

values: padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;

values:
/wiki/Burgundian_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Burgundian Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Restored_Swiss_Confederacy
mw-redirect
Restored Swiss Confederacy

values:
/wiki/Regeneration_(Switzerland)
mw-redirect
Regeneration (Switzerland)

values:
/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Enlargement of Switzerland

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Edit section: Development of Protestantism

values:
/wiki/Einsiedeln,_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Einsiedeln, Switzerland

values:
/wiki/Calvinist_rule_of_Geneva
mw-redirect
Calvinist rule of Geneva

values: Edit section: In search of a common theology

values:
/wiki/Schism_(religion)
mw-redirect
Schism (religion)

values:
/wiki/Confessio_Helvetica_posterior
mw-redirect
Confessio Helvetica posterior

values:
/wiki/Canons_of_Dordrecht
mw-redirect
Canons of Dordrecht

values:
/wiki/Second_war_of_Kappel
mw-redirect
Second war of Kappel

values:
/wiki/Bishops_of_Basel
mw-redirect
Bishops of Basel

values:
/wiki/Jura_mountains
mw-redirect
Jura mountains

values:
/wiki/Capuchin_friars
mw-redirect
Capuchin friars

values:
/wiki/Dukes_of_Savoy
mw-redirect
Dukes of Savoy

values:
/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert
mw-redirect
Emmanuel Philibert

values:
/wiki/Charles_III_of_Savoy
mw-redirect
Charles III of Savoy

values:
/wiki/Pays_de_Gex
mw-redirect
Pays de Gex

values:
/wiki/Saint_Gingolph
mw-redirect
Saint Gingolph

values:
/wiki/French_wars_of_religion
mw-redirect
French wars of religion

values:
/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre
mw-redirect
Henry of Navarre

values:
/wiki/Duc_de_Guise
mw-redirect
Duc de Guise

values:
/wiki/Swiss_mercenary
mw-redirect
Swiss mercenary

values:
/wiki/Henri_de_Rohan
mw-redirect
Henri de Rohan

values:
/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Jenatsch
mw-redirect
Jürg Jenatsch

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Political_absolutism
mw-redirect
Political absolutism

values:
/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_of_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Ancien Régime of Switzerland

values:
/wiki/Execution_by_burning
mw-redirect
Execution by burning

values:
/wiki/Bremgarten,_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Bremgarten, Switzerland

values:
/wiki/Witch_trial
mw-redirect
Witch trial

values: Edit section: Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_Grisons
mw-redirect
History of the Grisons

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious divisions

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ccel.org/creeds/helvetic.htm

values: Restoration and Regeneration (Switzerland)

values:
/wiki/Swiss_plateau
mw-redirect
Swiss plateau

values: List of political parties in Switzerland

values: Right of foreigners to vote in Switzerland

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism in Switzerland

values: Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Judaism_in_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Judaism in Switzerland

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Early Modern history of Switzerland

values: Category:16th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy

values: Category:1516 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire

values: Category:History of Switzerland by period

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Reformation und Gegenreformation in der Schweiz – German

values: スイスの宗教改革 – Japanese

values: Реформация в Швейцарии – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Reformation_in_Switzerland rootpage-Reformation_in_Switzerland skin-vector action-view