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Tandoori masala
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Commercial Tandoori Masala
Tandoori masala or Tandoori sauce is a mixture of spices specifically for use with a tandoor, or clay oven, in traditional cooking in the Indian subcontinent. The specific spices vary somewhat from one region to another, but typically include garam masala, garlic, ginger, onion, cayenne pepper, and may include other spices and additives. The spices are often ground together with a pestle and mortar.
Tandoori masala is used extensively with dishes such as tandoori chicken. In this dish, the chicken is covered with a mixture of plain yogurt and tandoori masala. The chicken is then roasted in the tandoor at the very high heat. The chicken prepared in this fashion has a pink-colored exterior and a savory flavor.
Other chicken dishes, in addition to tandoori chicken, use this masala, such as tikka or butter chicken, most of them Punjabi dishes. Meat other than chicken can be used, as can paneer (paneer tikka).
If freshly prepared, the masala can be stored in airtight jars for up to two months. The spice blend is also readily available at larger supermarkets and specialty Asian stores, with varying tastes depending on the brand.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Tandoori masala
Authentic Indian Tandoor Chicken
About.com - Indian Food: Tandoori Masala
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Medical license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In most countries, the medical profession requires occupational licenses and only persons with a medical license bestowed either by a specified government-approved professional association or a government agency are authorized to practice medicine. Licenses are not granted automatically to all people with medical degrees. A medical school graduate must receive a license to practice medicine before he or she can be called a physician in a legal sense, a process that usually entails testing or examinations by a medical board. The medical license is the documentation of authority to practice medicine within a certain locality.
Contents
[hide]
1 Canada
2 China
3 Colombia
4 Germany
5 India
6 UK
7 United States
8 Criticism
9 References
10 External links
Canada[edit]
Canada requires that the applicants' school is listed in the international medical schools be registered in the World Directory of Medical Schools, and then must apply to sit the "Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination" [1]
China[edit]
China issued the <<Law on Licensed Physician>> in 1995.[2] The law required all newly graduated medical students to sit the National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) regulated by the National Medical Examination Center (NMEC) in order to be able to register with the local regulatory body. The law also requires that to be eligible to sit the exam, one student should have completed one years internship after obtaining his/her primary medical qualification (i.e. Bachelor of Medicine). The exam is a two part exam which includes a Clinical Skill (CS) test and a General Written (GW) test. The CS test consists of many stations, candidates must pass the CS test in order to sit for the GW test. The GW test consists of 4 papers candidates have 2.5 hours for each paper, running for 2 days. The CS is held in July, followed by GW in September each year.[3]
Colombia[edit]
The Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES) and the Ministry of Education regulate the medical schools that are licensed to offer medical degrees. After completing all the schools' requirements to obtain a medical degree, physicians must serve the "obligatory social service" (in rural areas, research, public health or special populations e.g. orphan children) which usually lasts one year. After completing the social service, the "medical registration" may be obtained at the governor's office (Gobernación) of the Department (province/state) in which the obligatory term was served. This registration is homologous to a license in other countries and authorizes the physician to practice medicine in all the national territory. However, in order to practice in other departments, an inscription in that department must be performed. Unlike the US, there is no official licensing exam for medical graduates in Colombia, since this responsibility is delegated in medical schools upon receiving permission to confer medical degrees.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, licensing of doctors ("Approbation") is the responsibility of the state governments. Licensed doctors are compulsory members of "Ärztekammern" (literally: "Physician chambers"), which are medical associations organized on state level. Criteria for licensing of doctors are regulated in the "Approbationsordnung für Ärzte", which is a piece of federal law. [4]
India[edit]
In India one has to pass the final MBBS examination and has to undergo training for one year as an intern in a recognised hospital by the Medical Council of India in order to obtain a certification.Foreign medical graduates need to take the licensing examination known as Foreign Medical Graduates Examination (FMGE) conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) They can practise medicine throughout the country after certifying themselves as per Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, a Doctor registered with any one state medical council gets his name automatically included in the Indian Medical Register and he is thereby entitled to practise medicine anywhere in India. The MCI Ethics Committee observed in a meeting held on September 2, 2004 that " there is no necessity of registration in more than one state medical council because any doctor, who has registered with any state medical council is automatically registered in the Indian Medical Register and also by virtue of Section 27 of the IMC Act, 1956, a person, whose name is included in the IMR, can practise anywhere in india. The Registered Doctors with various State Medical Councils across India upto the year 2015 can be checked in the official website of INDIAN MEDICAL REGISTRY search www.mciindia.org by just typing the name of the doctor.
UK[edit]
The term "Medical License" is US-centric terminology. In the UK and in other commonwealth countries the analogous instrument is called registration; i.e. being on the register or being/getting struck off (the register). The General Medical Council is the regulatory body for doctor's licensing in the UK. Currently, there are two types of basic registration: "Provisional Registration" and "Full Registration", and two types of specialty registration: "Specialist Registration" and "GP registration".[5] In November 2009, the GMC introduced the "licence to practise", and it is required by law that to practise medicine in the UK, all doctors need to be registered and hold a licence to practise.[6] The registration information for all doctors holding or that have previously held a license in the UK is available online at the GMC website.[7]
United States[edit]
In the United States, medical licenses are usually granted by individual states. Only those with medical degrees from schools listed in the AVICENNA Directory for medicine or the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory are permitted to apply for medical licensure.[8]
The federal government does not grant licenses. A physician practicing in a federal facility, federal prison, US Military, and/or an Indian Reservation may have a license from any state, not just the one they are residing in. The practice of "tele-medicine" has made it common for physicians to consult or interpret images and information from a distant location. Some states have special licensure for this.
The licensure process for most physicians takes between 3 and 6 months due to the extensive background checks, educational, training, and historical primary source verifications which are required.
Criticism[edit]
An article from 2013 describes the road to licensing in Canada as "the path through immigration, residency training, licensure and employment promises to remain a difficult road to navigate", while emphasizing that there is currently and will be an increase in demand for healthcare.[9] This emphasizes that there are a number of barriers that doctors face when it comes to practicing, yet there is a very high demand for doctors.
Beyond the more general criticisms of occupational licensing that licensing increases costs and fails to improve quality, licensing in the medical profession specifically has been criticized as failing to enforce the standard practices they are charged with enforcing. In 1986, Inspector General at the US Health Department said that medical boards took "strikingly few disciplinary actions" for physician misconduct.[10] There have been a number of cases involving patient deaths where physicians only had their licenses removed years after multiple wrongful patient deaths had happened.[10] [11]
Also, it has been said that because hospitals have had more legal burden placed on them in recent decades, they have more of an incentive to require their physicians to be competent.[12] State medical boards have increased the number of disciplinary actions against physicians since the 1980s.[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://mcc.ca/examinations/mccee/application-information/ retrieved 15/03/2017
Jump up ^ http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_18970.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.nmec.org.cn/EnglishEdition.html
Jump up ^ "Approbationsordnung für Ärzte (Licensing regulation for physicians)". www.gesetze-im-internet.de (in German). Retrieved 19 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "General information about registration and licensing". General Medical Council. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/licensing.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/LRMP.asp
Jump up ^ "ECFMG 2009 Information Booklet - ECFMG Certification". Ecfmg.org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ Campbell–Page, R. M., Tepper, J., Klei, A. G., Hodges, B., Alsuwaidan, M., Bayoumy, D. H., … Cole, D. C. (2013). Foreign–trained medical professionals: Wanted or not?A case study of Canada. Journal of Global Health, 3(2), 020304. http://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.03.020304
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/20/doctors-licenses-medical-boards/2655513/
Jump up ^ http://www.10news.com/news/team-10/critics-complain-the-california-medical-board-takes-too-long-to-discipline-doctors
Jump up ^ http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=266
Jump up ^ Feinstein, Richard Jay (21 March 1985). "The ethics of professional regulation". New England Journal of Medicine. 312 (12): 801–804. doi:10.1056/NEJM198503213121231.
External links[edit]
Medical License Lookup
Authority control
GND: 4323097-0
NDL: 00564262
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A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the 1977 film adaptation, see A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (film).
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Front cover of the first edition, published by B. W. Huebsch in 1916
Author
James Joyce
Language
English
Genre
Novel
Published
29 December 1916
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is the first novel by Irish writer James Joyce. A Künstlerroman in a modernist style, it traces the religious and intellectual awakening of young Stephen Dedalus, a fictional alter ego of Joyce and an allusion to Daedalus, the consummate craftsman of Greek mythology. Stephen questions and rebels against the Catholic and Irish conventions under which he has grown, culminating in his self-exile from Ireland to Europe. The work uses techniques that Joyce developed more fully in Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).
A Portrait began life in 1904 as Stephen Hero—a projected 63-chapter autobiographical novel in a realistic style. After 25 chapters, Joyce abandoned Stephen Hero in 1907 and set to reworking its themes and protagonist into a condensed five-chapter novel, dispensing with strict realism and making extensive use of free indirect speech that allows the reader to peer into Stephen's developing consciousness. American modernist poet Ezra Pound had the novel serialised in the English literary magazine The Egoist in 1914 and 1915, and published as a book in 1916 by B. W. Huebsch of New York. The publication of A Portrait and the short story collection Dubliners (1914) earned Joyce a place at the forefront of literary modernism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Publication history
4 Major characters
5 Synopsis
6 Style
7 Themes
7.1 Identity
7.2 Religion
7.3 Myth of Daedalus
7.4 Irish Freedom
8 Critical Reception
9 Adaptations
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Works cited
12 Further reading
13 External links
Background[edit]
James Joyce in 1915
Born into a middle-class family in Dublin, Ireland, James Joyce (1882–1941) excelled as a student, graduating from University College, Dublin, in 1902. He moved to Paris to study medicine, but soon gave it up. He returned to Ireland at his family's request as his mother was dying of cancer. Despite her pleas, the impious Joyce and his brother Stanislaus refused to make confession or take communion, and when she passed into a coma they refused to kneel and pray for her.[1] After a stretch of failed attempts to get published and launch his own newspaper, Joyce then took jobs teaching, singing and reviewing books, .[1]
Joyce made his first attempt at a novel, Stephen Hero, in early 1904.[1] That June he saw Nora Barnacle for the first time walking along Nassau Street.[1] Their first date was on June 16, the same date that his novel Ulysses takes place.[1] Almost immediately, Joyce and Nora were infatuated with each other and they bonded over their shared disapproval of Ireland and the Church.[1] Nora and Joyce eloped to continental Europe, first staying in Zürich before settling for ten years in Trieste (then in Austria-Hungary), where he taught English. In March 1905, Joyce was transferred to the Berlitz School In Trieste, presumably because of threats of spies in Austria.[1] There Nora gave birth to their children, George in 1905 and Lucia in 1907, and Joyce wrote fiction, signing some of his early essays and stories "Stephen Daedalus". The short stories he wrote made up the collection Dubliners (1914), which took about eight years to be published due to its controversial nature.[1] While waiting on Dubliners to be published, Joyce reworked the core themes of the novel Stephen Hero he had begun in Ireland in 1904 and abandoned in 1907 into A Portrait, published in 1916, a year after he had moved back to Zürich in the midst of the First World War.[1]
Composition[edit]
Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes.
("And he turned his mind to unknown arts.")
—  Ovid, Epigraph to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man[2]
James Joyce in 1915
At the request of its editors, Joyce submitted a work of philosophical fiction entitled "A Portrait of the Artist" to the Irish literary magazine Dana on 7 January 1904.[3] Dana's editor, W. K. Magee, rejected it, telling Joyce, "I can't print what I can't understand."[4] On his 22nd birthday, 2 February 1904, Joyce began a realist autobiographical novel, Stephen Hero, which incorporated aspects of the aesthetic philosophy expounded in A Portrait.[5] He worked on the book until mid-1905 and brought the manuscript with him when he moved to Trieste that year. Though his main attention turned to the stories that made up Dubliners, Joyce continued work on Stephen Hero. At 914 manuscript pages, Joyce considered the book about half-finished, having completed 25 of its 63 intended chapters.[6] In September 1907, however, he abandoned this work, and began a complete revision of the text and its structure, producing what became A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.[7] By 1909 the work had taken shape and Joyce showed some of the draft chapters to Ettore Schmitz, one of his language students, as an exercise. Schmitz, himself a respected writer, was impressed and with his encouragement Joyce continued work on the book.
In 1911 Joyce flew into a fit of rage over the continued refusals by publishers to print Dubliners and threw the manuscript of Portrait into the fire. It was saved by a "family fire brigade" including his sister Eileen.[6][7][a] Chamber Music, a book of Joyce's poems, was published in 1907.[8]
Joyce showed, in his own words, "a scrupulous meanness" in his use of materials for the novel.[9] He recycled the two earlier attempts at explaining his aesthetics and youth, A Portrait of the Artist and Stephen Hero, as well as his notebooks from Trieste concerning the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas; they all came together in five carefully paced chapters.[10]
Stephen Hero is written from the point of view of an omniscient third-person narrator, but in Portrait Joyce adopts the free indirect style, a change that reflects the moving of the narrative centre of consciousness firmly and uniquely onto Stephen. Persons and events take their significance from Stephen, and are perceived from his point of view.[11] Characters and places are no longer mentioned simply because the young Joyce had known them. Salient details are carefully chosen and fitted into the aesthetic pattern of the novel.[11]
Publication history[edit]
Ezra Pound had A Portrait brought into print.
In 1913 the Irish poet W. B. Yeats recommended Joyce's work to the avant-garde American poet Ezra Pound, who was assembling an anthology of verse. Pound wrote to Joyce,[12] and in 1914 Joyce submitted the first chapter of the unfinished Portrait to Pound, who was so taken with it that he pressed to have the work serialised in the London literary magazine The Egoist. Joyce hurried to complete the novel,[3] and it appeared in The Egoist in twenty-five installments from 2 February 1914 to 1 September 1915.[13]
There was difficulty finding a British publisher for the finished novel, so Pound arranged for its publication by an American publishing house, B. W. Huebsch, which issued it on 29 December 1916.[3] The Egoist Press republished it in the United Kingdom on 12 February 1917 and Jonathan Cape took over its publication in 1924. In 1964 Viking Press issued a corrected version overseen by Chester Anderson. Garland released a "copy text" edition by Hans Walter Gabler in 1993.[13]
Major characters[edit]
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Stephen Dedalus – The main character of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Growing up, Stephen goes through long phases of hedonism and deep religiosity. He eventually adopts a philosophy of aestheticism, greatly valuing beauty and art. Stephen is essentially Joyce's alter ego, and many of the events of Stephen's life mirror events from Joyce's own youth.[14] His surname is taken from the ancient Greek mythical figure Daedalus, who also engaged in a struggle for autonomy.
Simon Dedalus – Stephen's father, an impoverished former medical student with a strong sense of Irish nationalism. Sentimental about his past, Simon Dedalus frequently reminisces about his youth.[14] Loosely based on Joyce's own father and their relationship.
Mary Dedalus – Stephen's mother who is very religious and often argues with Stephen about attending services.[14]
Emma Clery – Stephen's beloved, the young girl to whom he is fiercely attracted over the course of many years. Stephen constructs Emma as an ideal of femininity, even though (or because) he does not know her well.[14]
Charles Stewart Parnell – An Irish political leader who is not an actual character in the novel, but whose death influences many of its characters. Parnell had powerfully led the Irish Parliamentary Party until he was driven out of public life after his affair with a married woman was exposed.
Cranly – Stephen's best friend at university, in whom he confides some of his thoughts and feelings. In this sense Cranly represents a secular confessor for Stephen. Eventually Cranly begins to encourage Stephen to conform to the wishes of his family and to try harder to fit in with his peers, advice that Stephen fiercely resents. Towards the conclusion of the novel he bears witness to Stephen's exposition of his aesthetic philosophy. It is partly due to Cranly that Stephen decides to leave, after witnessing Cranly's budding (and reciprocated) romantic interest in Emma.[14]
Dante (Mrs. Riordan) – The governess of the Dedalus children. She is very intense and a dedicated Catholic.[14]
Lynch – Stephen's friend from university who has a rather dry personality.[14]
Synopsis[edit]
Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo ...
His father told him that story: his father looked at him through a glass: he had a hairy face.
He was baby tuckoo. The moocow came down the road where Betty Byrne lived: she sold lemon platt.
—  James Joyce, Opening to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
The childhood of Stephen Dedalus is recounted using vocabulary that changes as he grows, in a voice not his own but sensitive to his feelings. The reader experiences Stephen's fears and bewilderment as he comes to terms with the world[15] in a series of disjointed episodes.[16] Stephen attends the Jesuit-run Clongowes Wood College, where the apprehensive, intellectually gifted boy suffers the ridicule of his classmates while he learns the schoolboy codes of behaviour. While he cannot grasp their significance, at a Christmas dinner he is witness to the social, political and religious tensions in Ireland involving Charles Stewart Parnell, which drive wedges between members of his family, leaving Stephen with doubts over which social institutions he can place his faith in.[17] Back at Clongowes, word spreads that a number of older boys have been caught "smugging"; discipline is tightened, and the Jesuits increase use of corporal punishment. Stephen is strapped when one of his instructors believes he has broken his glasses to avoid studying, but, prodded by his classmates, Stephen works up the courage to complain to the rector, Father Conmee, who assures him there will be no such recurrence, leaving Stephen with a sense of triumph.[18]
Stephen's father gets into debt and the family leaves its pleasant suburban home to live in Dublin. Stephen realises that he will not return to Clongowes. However, thanks to a scholarship obtained for him by Father Conmee, Stephen is able to attend Belvedere College, where he excels academically and becomes a class leader.[19] Stephen squanders a large cash prize from school, and begins to see prostitutes, as distance grows between him and his drunken father.[20]
Stephen Dedalus has an aesthetic epiphany along Dollymount Strand.
As Stephen abandons himself to sensual pleasures, his class is taken on a religious retreat, where the boys sit through sermons.[21] Stephen pays special attention to those on pride, guilt, punishment and the Four Last Things (death, judgement, Hell, and Heaven). He feels that the words of the sermon, describing horrific eternal punishment in hell, are directed at himself and, overwhelmed, comes to desire forgiveness. Overjoyed at his return to the Church, he devotes himself to acts of ascetic repentance, though they soon devolve to mere acts of routine, as his thoughts turn elsewhere. His devotion comes to the attention of the Jesuits, and they encourage him to consider entering the priesthood.[22] Stephen takes time to consider, but has a crisis of faith because of the conflict between his spiritual beliefs and his aesthetic ambitions. Along Dollymount Strand he spots a girl wading, and has an epiphany in which he is overcome with the desire to find a way to express her beauty in his writing.[23]
As a student at University College, Dublin, Stephen grows increasingly wary of the institutions around him: Church, school, politics and family. In the midst of the disintegration of his family's fortunes his father berates him and his mother urges him to return to the Church.[24] An increasingly dry, humourless Stephen explains his alienation from the Church and the aesthetic theory he has developed to his friends, who find that they cannot accept either of them.[25] Stephen concludes that Ireland is too restricted to allow him to express himself fully as an artist, so he decides that he will have to leave. He sets his mind on self-imposed exile, but not without declaring in his diary his ties to his homeland:[26]
... I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.
Style[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013)
The novel mixes third-person narrative with free indirect speech, which allows both identification with and distance from Stephen. The narrator refrains from judgement. The omniscient narrator of the earlier Stephen Hero informs the reader as Stephen sets out to write "some pages of sorry verse," while Portrait gives only Stephen's attempts, leaving the evaluation to the reader.[27]
The novel is written primarily as a third-person narrative with minimal dialogue until the final chapter. This chapter includes dialogue-intensive scenes alternately involving Stephen, Davin and Cranly. An example of such a scene is the one in which Stephen posits his complex Thomist aesthetic theory in an extended dialogue. Joyce employs first-person narration for Stephen's diary entries in the concluding pages of the novel, perhaps to suggest that Stephen has finally found his own voice and no longer needs to absorb the stories of others.[28] Joyce fully employs the free indirect style to demonstrate Stephen's intellectual development from his childhood, through his education, to his increasing independence and ultimate exile from Ireland as a young man. The style of the work progresses through each of its five chapters, as the complexity of language and Stephen's ability to comprehend the world around him both gradually increase.[29] The book's opening pages communicate Stephen's first stirrings of consciousness when he is a child. Throughout the work language is used to describe indirectly the state of mind of the protagonist and the subjective effect of the events of his life.[30]
The writing style is notable also for Joyce's omission of quotation marks: he indicates dialogue by beginning a paragraph with a dash, as is commonly used in French, Spanish or Russian publications.
Themes[edit]
Identity[edit]
As a narrative which depicts a character throughout his formative years, M. Angeles Conde-Parrilla posits that identity is possibly the most prevalent theme in the novel.[31] Towards the beginning of the novel, Joyce depicts the young Stephen's growing consciousness, which is said to be a condensed version of the arc of Dedalus' entire life, as he continues to grow and form his identity.[32] Stephen's growth as an individual character is important because through him Joyce laments Irish society's tendency to force individuals to conform to types, which some say marks Stephen as a modernist character.[33] Themes that run through Joyce's later novels find expression there.[34]
Religion[edit]
As Stephen transitions into adulthood, he leaves behind his Catholic religious identity, which is closely tied to the national identity of Ireland.[35] His rejection of this dual identity is also a rejection of constraint and an embrace of freedom in identity.[36] Furthermore, the references to Dr Faustus throughout the novel conjure up something demonic in Stephen renouncing his Catholic faith. When Stephen stoutly refuses to serve his Easter duty later in the novel, his tone mirrors characters like Faust and Lucifer in its rebelliousness.[37]
Myth of Daedalus[edit]
The myth of Daedalus and Icarus has parallels in the structure of the novel, and gives Stephen his surname, as well as the epigraph containing a quote from Ovid's Metamorphoses. According to Ivan Canadas, the epigraph may parallel the heights and depths that end and begin each chapter, and can be seen to proclaim the interpretive freedom of the text.[38] Stephen's surname being connected to Daedalus may also call to mind the theme of going against the status quo, as Daedalus defies the King of Crete.[1]
Irish Freedom[edit]
Stephen’s struggle to find identity in the novel parallels the Irish struggle for independence during the early twentieth century. He rejects any outright nationalism, and is often prejudiced toward those that use Hiberno-English, which was the marked speech patterns of the Irish rural and lower-class.[39] However, he is also heavily concerned with his country’s future and understands himself as an Irishman, which then leads him to question how much of his identity is tied up in said nationalism. [35]
Critical Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013)
While some critics take the prose to be too ornate, critics on the whole praise the novel and its complexity, heralding Joyce’s talent and the beauty of the novel's originality. These critics view potentially apparent lack of focus as intentional formlessness which imitates moral chaos in the developing mind. The lens of vulgarity is also commented on, as the novel is unafraid to delve the disgusting topics of adolescence. In many instances, critics that comment on the novel as a work of genius may concede that the work does not always exhibit this genius throughout.
A Portrait won Joyce a reputation for his literary skills, as well as a patron, Harriet Shaw Weaver, the business manager of The Egoist.[3]
In 1917 H. G. Wells wrote that "one believes in Stephen Dedalus as one believes in few characters in fiction," while warning readers of Joyce's "cloacal obsession," his insistence on the portrayal of bodily functions that Victorian morality had banished from print.[40]
Adaptations[edit]
A film version adapted for the screen by Judith Rascoe and directed by Joseph Strick was released in 1977. It features Bosco Hogan as Stephen Dedalus and T. P. McKenna as Simon Dedalus. John Gielgud plays Father Arnall, the priest whose lengthy sermon on Hell terrifies the teenage Stephen.[41]
The first stage version was produced by Léonie Scott-Matthews at Pentameters Theatre in 2012 using an adaptation by Tom Neill.[42]
Hugh Leonard's stage work Stephen D is an adaptation of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Stephen Hero. It was first produced at the Gate Theatre during the Dublin Theatre Festival of 1962.[43]
As of 2017 computer scientists and literature scholars at University College Dublin, Ireland are in a collaboration to create the multimedia version of this work, by charting the social networks of characters in the novel. Animations in the multimedia editions express the relation of every character in the chapter to the others.[44]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The story is sometimes erroneously repeated as involving Stephen Hero and Joyce's common-law wife, Nora Barnacle. The error was first publicised by Joyce's patron Sylvia Beach in 1935, and was included in Herbert Gorman's biography James Joyce (1939).[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Bowker, Gordan (2011). James Joyce: A New Biography. 18 West 18th Street, New York, NY 10011: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-374-17872-7.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, pp. 136–137.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 134.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, pp. 134–135.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b Bulson (2006:47)
^ Jump up to: a b c Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Read 1967, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Johnson (2000:222)
Jump up ^ Johnson (2000:xviii)
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson (2000:xvii)
Jump up ^ Read 1967, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Herbert 2009, p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Joyce, James (1916). A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York, NY: B. W. Huebsch.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 136.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, pp. 138–139.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 139.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, pp. 139–140.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, pp. 142—143.
Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Belanger 2001, p. xviii.
Jump up ^ Bulson (2006:51)
Jump up ^ Bulson (2006:50)
Jump up ^ Pericles Lewis. "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" (PDF). Cambridge Introduction to Modernism. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Conde-Parrilla, M Angeles. “Hiberno-English and Identity in Joyce’s A Portrait.” Language & Literature. 22.1 (2013): 102. Print.
Jump up ^ Kenner 1948, p. 362.
Jump up ^ Güneş, Ali. "Crisis of Identity in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man". Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 2002/6, 37-49.
Jump up ^ Kenner 1948, pp. 363–363.
^ Jump up to: a b “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: James Joyce, the Myth of Icarus, and the Influence of Christopher Marlowe."
Jump up ^ Akca, Catherine. “Religion and Identity in Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.” Online Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. 1.1 (2008): 52. Researchgate.net. Web. 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Canadas, Ivan. ""A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: James Joyce, the Myth of Icarus, and the Influence of Christopher Marlowe."". Journal of Irish Studies. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Conde-Parrilla, M Angeles. “Hiberno-English and Identity in Joyce’s A Portrait.” Language & Literature. 22.1 (2013): 102. Print. pp. 2
Jump up ^ Conde-Parrilla, M Ángeles (February 2013). "Hiberno-English and identity in Joyce's A Portrait". Language and Literature. pp. 32–44. doi:10.1177/0963947012469750. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Wollaeger 2003, p. 4.
Jump up ^ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man on IMDb
Jump up ^ "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man - Pentameters". London Theatre Guide. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
Jump up ^ Irish Playography, Stephen D by Hugh Leonard [1] retrieved 7 July 2013
Jump up ^ "A Digital Portrayal of James Joyce's 'Portrait'". Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Works cited[edit]
Belanger, Jacqueline (2001). "Introduction". A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Wordsworth Editions. pp. i–xxxii. ISBN 978-1-85326-006-3.
Bulson, Eric (2006). "3". The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–62. ISBN 0-521-84037-6.
Fargnoli, A. Nicholas; Gillespie, Michael Patrick (2006). Critical Companion to James Joyce: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0848-3.
Herbert, Stacey (2009). "Composition and publishing history of the major works: an overview". In McCourt, John. James Joyce in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-0-521-88662-8.
Johnson, Jeri (2000). "Introduction". A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Oxford world's classics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283998-5.
Kenner, Hugh (Summer 1948). "The 'Portrait' in Perspective". 10 (3). Kenyon College. pp. 361–381. JSTOR 4332957.
Read, Forrest, ed. (1967). Pound/Joyce; the Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce: With Pound's Essays on Joyce. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8112-0159-9.
Wollaeger, Mark A. (2003). James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A Casebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515076-6.
Further reading[edit]
Attridge, Derek, ed. The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce, 2nd edition, Cambridge UP, 2004. ISBN 0-521-54553-6.
Bloom, Harold. James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-020-8.
Brady, Philip and James F. Carens, eds. Critical Essays on James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: G. K. Hall, 1998. ISBN 978-0-7838-0035-6.
Doherty, Gerald. Pathologies of Desire: The Vicissitudes of the Self in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8204-9735-8.
Empric, Julienne H. The Woman in the Portrait: The Transforming Female in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-89370-193-2.
Epstein, Edmund L. The Ordeal of Stephen Dedalus: The Conflict of Generations in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1971. ISBN 978-0-8093-0485-1 .
Harkness, Marguerite. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Voices of the Text. Boston: Twayne, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8057-8125-0.
Jaillant, Lise. "Blurring the Boundaries: Fourteen Great Detective Stories and Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the Modern Library Series." James Joyce Quarterly 50.3 (2013): 767-95.
Morris, William E. and Clifford A. Nault, eds. Portraits of an Artist: A Casebook on James Joyce's Portrait. New York: Odyssey, 1962.
Rickard, John S. "A Portrait of the Animal as a Young Artist: Animality, Instinct, and Cognition in Joyce’s Early Prose." Humanities 6.3 (2017): 56.
Seed, David. James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-312-08426-4.
Staley, Thomas F. and Bernard Benstock, ed. Approaches to Joyce's Portrait: Ten Essays. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-82-293331-1.
Thornton, Weldon. The Antimodernism of Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UP, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8156-2587-2.
Tindall, William York (1995). A Reader's Guide to James Joyce. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0320-7.
Wollaeger, Mark A., ed. James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A Casebook. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-515075-9.
Yoshida, Hiromi. Joyce & Jung: The "Four Stages of Eroticism" in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Peter Lang, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8204-6913-3.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the novel:
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man at Project Gutenberg
Hypertextual, self-referential version based on the Project Gutenberg edition, from an Imperial College London website
Digitized copy of the first edition from Internet Archive
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Study guide from SparkNotes
Map of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man at the British Library
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Payroll
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For financial firms, see Payroll service bureau. For the 1961 film, see Payroll (film).
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Handling payroll typically involves sending out payslips to employees.
A payroll is a company's list of its employees, but the term is commonly used to refer to:
the total amount of money that a company pays to its employees
a company's records of its employees' salaries and wages, bonuses, and withheld taxes
the company's department that calculates and pays these.[1]
Payroll in the sense of "money paid to employees" plays a major role in a company for several reasons.
From an accounting perspective, payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and because they are subject to laws and regulations (e.g. in the US, payroll is subject to federal, state, and local regulations).
From a human resources viewpoint, the payroll department is critical because employees are sensitive to payroll errors and irregularities: Good employee morale requires payroll to be paid timely and accurately. The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions, and that the withholdings and deductions are remitted in a timely manner. This includes salary payments, tax withholdings, and deductions from paychecks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Payroll taxes
1.1 Payroll taxes in United States
2 Frequency
3 Outsourcing
4 References
5 External links
Payroll taxes[edit]
Government agencies at various levels require employers to withhold income taxes from employees' wages.
In the United States, "payroll taxes" are separate from income taxes, although they are levied on employers in proportion to salary; the programs they fund include Social Security, and Medicare.[2] U.S. income and payroll taxes collected through deductions are considered to be trust fund taxes, because the employer holds the deducted money in trust for later remittance.[3]
Payroll taxes in United States[edit]
Before considering the payroll taxes, it is necessary to talk about the basic formula for the Net Pay. From gross pay (the salary paid to the employee) one or more deductions are subtracted, to arrive at Net Pay. Thus the employee's gross pay (pay rate times number of hours worked, including any overtime) minus payroll tax deductions, minus voluntary payroll deductions, is equal to Net Pay. Payroll tax deductions play a critical role and because they are provided by law they are known as Statutory payroll tax deductions.
The employer must withhold payroll taxes from an employee's check and hand them over to several tax agencies by law. Payroll taxes include the following:
Federal income tax withholding, based on withholding tables in "Publication 15, Employer's Tax Guide"[4] by the Internal Revenue Service – IRS;
Social Security tax withholding.[5] The employee pays 6.2 percent of the salary or wage, up to $118,500 (as of 2015–2016).
). The employer also pays 6.2 percent in Social Security taxes. If you are self-employed, you pay the combined employee and employer amount of 12.4 percent in Social Security taxes on your net earnings;
Medicare tax.[5] The employee pays 1.45 percent in Medicare taxes on the entire salary or wage. 0.9% is added for the salary portion bigger than $200,000 (only for the employee portion). The employer also pays 1.45 percent in Medicare taxes (regardless if the amount is bigger than $200,000). If you are self-employed, you pay the combined employee and employer amount of 2.9 percent (3.8% for the portion bigger than $200,000) in Medicare taxes on your net earnings;
State income tax withholding;
various local tax withholding, such as city taxes, county taxes, school taxes, state disability, and unemployment insurance.
References include the following publications:
Publication 15, (Circular E), Employer's Tax Guide. This publication explains employer's tax responsibilities. It explains the requirements for withholding, depositing, reporting, paying, and correcting employment taxes. It explains the forms any employer must give to its employees, those employees must give to the employer, and those employers must send to the IRS and SSA (Social Security Administration). This guide also has tax tables needed to figure the taxes to withhold from each employee;
Publication 15 – A, Employer's Supplemental Tax Guide. This publication supplements Publication 15 (Circular E), Employer's Tax Guide. It contains specialized and detailed employment tax information supplementing the basic information provided in Publication 15 (Circular E);
Publication 15-B. Employer's Tax Guide to Fringe Benefits. This publication supplements Publication 15 (Circular E), Employer's Tax Guide, and Publication 15 – A, Employer's Supplemental Tax Guide. This publication contains information about the employment tax treatment of various types of noncash compensation.
In the earlier part we have considered payroll taxes related to employee's side. Now it's the moment to talk about the Employer Payroll Taxes Employers are responsible for paying their portion of payroll taxes. These payroll taxes are an expense over and above the expense of an employee's gross pay. The employer-portion of payroll taxes include the following:
Social Security taxes (6.2% up to the annual maximum);
Medicare taxes (1.45% of wages);
Federal unemployment taxes (FUTA);
State unemployment taxes (SUTA).
Very often you can hear people using FICA in their terminology. FICA stands for the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the FICA tax consists of both Social Security and Medicare taxes. As we explained earlier both parties pay half of these taxes. Employees pay half, and employers pay the other half. Social Security and Medicare taxes are paid both by the employees and the employers. In summary together both halves of the FICA taxes add up to 15.3 percent.
Any employer is responsible for paying the employer's share of payroll taxes, for depositing tax withheld from the employees' paychecks, preparing various reconciliation reports, accounting for the payroll expense through their financial reporting, and filing payroll tax returns. As you see this suite of employer payroll tax responsibilities is far above issuing paychecks to employees.–
Frequency[edit]
Companies typically generate their payrolls at regular intervals, for the benefit of regular income to their employees. The regularity of the intervals varies from company to company, and sometimes between job grades within a given company. Common payroll frequencies include: daily, weekly, bi-weekly/fortnightly (once every two weeks), semi-monthly (twice per month), and monthly.[6] Less common payroll frequencies include: 4-weekly (13 times per year), bi-monthly (once every two months), quarterly (once every 13 weeks), semi-annually (twice per year), and annually (yearly).
Outsourcing[edit]
Businesses may decide to outsource their payroll functions to an outsourcing service like a Payroll service bureau or a fully managed payroll service. These can normally reduce the costs involved in having payroll trained employees in-house as well as the costs of systems and software needed to process a payroll. Where this may reduce the cost for some companies many will foot a bigger bill to outsource their payroll if they have a special designed payroll program or payouts for their employees.[7] In many countries, business payrolls are complicated in that taxes must be filed consistently and accurately to applicable regulatory agencies. Restaurant payrolls which typically include tip calculations, deductions, garnishments and other variables, can be difficult to manage especially for new or small business owners.
In the UK, payroll bureaus will deal with all HM Revenue & Customs inquiries and deal with employee's queries. Payroll bureaus also produce reports for the businesses' account department and payslips for the employees and can also make the payments to the employees if required. As of 6 April 2016, umbrella companies are no longer able to offset travel and subsistence expenses and if they do, they will be deemed liable to reimburse to HMRC any tax relief obtained. Furthermore, recruitment companies and clients may be potentially liable for the unpaid tax.[8]
Another reason many businesses outsource is because of the ever-increasing complexity of payroll legislation. Annual changes in tax codes, Pay as you earn (PAYE) and National Insurance bands as well as statutory payments and deductions having to go through the payroll often mean there is a lot to keep abreast of in order to maintain compliance with the current legislation.
On the other hand, businesses may also decide to utilize payroll software to supplement the efforts of a payroll accountant or office instead of hiring more payroll specialists and outsourcing a payroll company. Payroll software base its calculation on entered rate, approved data obtained from other integrated tools like the electronic Bundy clock, and other essential digital HR tools.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bragg, Steven M. (2003). Essentials of Payroll: Management and Accounting. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471456144. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Pomerleau, Kyle (19 June 2014). "A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Employment Taxes and the Trust Fund Recovery Penalty (TFRP)". IRS. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "IRS Publication 15, (Circular E), Employer's Tax Guide" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "SSA Publication No. 05-10003, Update 2017" (PDF). SocialSecurity.gov. Social Security Administration. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "How frequently do private businesses pay workers?". Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Payne, Charlie (September 5, 2014). "Payroll Matters". StaffOne.com. Staff One. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "All change for Umbrella Companies from April 2016". FCSA. The Freelancer & Contractor Services Association. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Payroll.
Look up payroll in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
NACHA – The Electronic Payments Association
IRS Publication 15 (2010)(Circular E) Employer's Tax Guide
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