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Saint Barthélemy
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Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy
Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy
Unofficial flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: La Marseillaise
Location of Saint Barthélemy (circled in red)
in the Caribbean (light yellow)
Status
Overseas collectivity
Capital
and largest city
Gustavia
Official languages
French
Local languages
Saint-Barthélemy French
Antillean Creole
Ethnic groups ([1])
European
Creole (mulatto)
Africans
Mestizoa
Demonym
Saint-Barth
Sovereign state
France
Government
Dependent territory
• President of France
Emmanuel Macron
• Prefect
Anne Laubies
• President of the Territorial Council
Bruno Magras
• Deputy
Daniel Gibbs
• Senator
Michel Magras
Legislature
Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy
Overseas collectivity
• French colony
1648
• Exchanged with Sweden
1 July 1784
• Sold back to France
16 March 1878
• Overseas collectivity
22 February 2007
Area
• Total
25[2] km2 (9.7 sq mi) (not ranked)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• Jan 2013 estimate
9,279[3]
• Density
361/km2 (935.0/sq mi) (26th)
Currency
Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone
AST (UTC-4)
Calling code
+590c
ISO 3166 code
BL
Internet TLD
.bl b
.fr
French East Asians.
Assigned, but not in use.
Shared with Guadeloupe and Saint Martin.
The flag of France is the official flag of Saint Barthelemy. The local flag, consisting of the coat of arms on a white field, is shown above.
Saint Barthélemy (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), called Ouanalao by the indigenous people, is an overseas collectivity of France[4] in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to St-Barth in French, and St. Barths or St. Barts in English, [5] the island lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.[6]
Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. The collectivity is one of four territories among the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean that comprise the French West Indies, along with Saint Martin, Guadeloupe (200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast), and Martinique.
Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)[2] and a population of 9,278 (January 2013 census).[7] Its capital is Gustavia,[1] which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Discovery
1.2 17th century
1.3 18th century
1.4 19th century
1.5 20th century
1.6 21st century
2 Geography
2.1 Marine areas
2.2 Interior areas
2.3 Populated areas
2.4 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Politics and government
4.1 Heraldry
4.2 Legal profession
5 Economy
5.1 Handicrafts
5.2 Tourism
6 Wildlife
6.1 Flora
6.2 Fauna
6.2.1 Avifauna
6.2.2 Aquafauna
7 Marine Reserve
8 Landmarks and architecture
8.1 Gustavia
8.1.1 Église anglicane de Gustavia
8.1.2 Ancien presbytère de l'église catholique de Gustavia
8.1.3 Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
8.1.4 Gustavia Lighthouse
8.2 Forts
8.3 Savaku
9 Culture
9.1 Festivals and holidays
9.2 Music
9.3 Cuisine
9.4 Fashion
9.5 Legend
9.6 Sports
10 Transport
11 Media
12 Health facilities
13 Notable people
14 See also
15 Notes
16 External links
History[edit]
Coastline of St. Barts
Discovery[edit]
Before European contact the island was possibly frequented by Eastern Caribbean Taíno people.[8] Christopher Columbus was the first European to encounter the island in 1493. He named it after his brother Bartolomeo. Sporadic visits continued for the next hundred years until formal colonization began taking shape.[9]
17th century[edit]
By 1648, the island was settled from St. Christopher, but the settlement was attacked and destroyed by Caribs six years later.[10] These first French settlers had been encouraged by De Poincy, the lieutenant-governor of the French West India Company and comprised about 50 to 60 settlers. Led by Jacques Gentes, the new arrivals began cultivating cacao, until the Carib attack forced them to retreat.[11]
De Poincy was the dominant administrator in this period and a member of the Order of Saint John. He facilitated the transfer of ownership from the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique to the Order. He continued to rule the island until his death in 1660. Five years later, it was bought by the French West India Company along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean. By 1674, the company was dissolved and the islands became part of the French Kingdom.[11]
18th century[edit]
See also: Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy
Seal of the governor of the Swedish colony, 1784-1877.
Historical quartiers (1801)
There was a very brief takeover by the British in 1758. The island was given to Sweden in 1784 in exchange for trade rights in Gothenburg.[12] It was only after 1784, when King Louis XVI traded the island to Sweden, that the island's fortunes changed for the better. This change of control saw progress and prosperity as the Swedes declared Gustavia a free port, convenient for trading by the Europeans for goods, including contraband material.[13]
19th century[edit]
Slavery was practiced in St. Barthélemy under the "Ordinance concerning the Police of Slaves and free Coloured People"[14] of 1787. The last legally-owned slaves in the Swedish colony of St. Barthélemy were granted their freedom by the state on 9 October 1847.[15] Since the island was not a plantation area, the freed slaves suffered economic hardships due to lack of opportunities for employment.[16][verification needed]
In 1852, a devastating hurricane[verification needed] hit the island and this was followed by a fire. Following a referendum in 1877, Sweden gave the island back to France in 1878,[17] after which it was administered as part of Guadeloupe.[12]
20th century[edit]
On 19 March 1946, the people of the island became French citizens with full rights.[citation needed]
Many men from St. Barthélemy took jobs on Saint Thomas to support their families. The island received electricity circa 1961. Organised tourism and hotels began in earnest the 1960s and developed in the 1970s onwards particularly after the building of the island's landing strip which can accommodate mid-sized aircraft; capitalizing on its low population density, tropical peaks and sandy coastline with many coves. The coves and beach-side hotels attract catered and self-catered yachts and honeymooners. The capital has many businesses and attracts cruise liners.[17]
21st century[edit]
Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.[18][19] Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012.
Geography[edit]
Map showing location of St. Barts relative to Sint Maarten/Saint Martin and St Kitts
A map of Saint-Barthélemy
Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.[20]
Marine areas[edit]
St. Barthélemy forms, with St. Martin, Anguilla, and Dog Island, a distinct group that lies upon the western edge of a flat bank of soundings composed chiefly of shells, sand, and coral. From St. Barthélemy, the bank extends east-southeast, ending in a small tongue or spit. It is separated from the main bank by a narrow length of deep water. East of the island, the edge of the bank lies 22 kilometres (14 miles) away.[20]
Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef.[20] The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.[18]
The marine reserve, founded in 1999, covers more than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of protected and vulnerable habitats, bays and islands, and includes a zone that is restricted to scientific observations only.[21] As the sea surrounding the St. Barthélemy is rich in coral reefs and other precious marine life, the area has been declared a protected area since 1996. Environmental awareness is quite pronounced in St. Barthélemy and is promoted by the Environmental Commission.[22]
A view of Gustavia.
Shell Beach (Anse De Grand Galet).
There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St. Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.[23]
Grand-cul-de-sac is a long beach with facilities for water sports. Anse de Flamands is a very wide sandy beach and Le petit Anse (The little beach), just to the north of Anse de Flamands is very safe and popular with the locals for their children. Anse Toiny beach is in a remote location and is considered suitable for experienced surfers as the water current is very strong.[23]
On the leeward side, the notable beaches are: Anse du Gouverneur, Anse du Colombier which is only accessible by foot or by boat, Anse de Grand Galet (Shell Beach) and Anse de Grande Saline which is popular with nudists. The area around the salt ponds near the Anse de Grande Saline beach is marshy and is a habitat for tropical birds. Ile islet, an offshoot of the leeward side, has a white sandy beach.[23]
Shell Beach, also called Anse de Grand Galet (in French, 'Anse' means "cove" and Galet means "pebble"), is a beach in the southwestern part of Gustavia. A large number of sea shells are scattered on this beach. This beach was subject to the strong waves of hurricane Lenny in 1999, which resulted in erosion of the sand. This necessitated supplementing the beach with new sand in 2000.[24]
On the north coast, on the far eastern side of the island, there are two lagoons called the Anse de Marigot[verification needed] and Anse du Grand Cul-de-Sac.[24]
Turtle and whale[verification needed]
Interior areas[edit]
Morne du Vitet, 286 metres (938 feet) in height, is the highest peak on the island. There are few sheep pens built with stone walls on the slopes of the mountain. A hill road leads to the Grand Cul-de-Sac from where scenic views of the entire coast line can be witnessed.[24] Hills and valleys of varying topography cover the rest of the island.[18] Two other hills near the island's east end are of nearly the same elevation at 250 and 262 metres (820 and 860 feet) above sea level.[20]
Populated areas[edit]
The population is spread among 40 quartiers, roughly corresponding to settlements. They are grouped into two paroisses (parishes):
Territorial subdivision into 2 paroisses (parishes) with 40 quartiers
Satellite picture of the island
Sous le Vent
(Leeward)
Au Vent
(Windward)
Nr
Quartier
Nr
Quartier
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 Colombier
Flamands
Terre Neuve
Grande Vigie
Corossol
Merlette
La Grande Montagne
Anse des Lézards
Anse des Cayes
Le Palidor
Public
Col de la Tourmente
Quartier du Roi
Le Château
Aéroport
Saint-Jean
Gustavia
La Pointe
Lurin
Carénage 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40 Morne Criquet
Morne de Dépoudré
Gouverneur
Anse du Gouverneur
Morne Rouge
Grande Saline
Petite Saline
Lorient
Barrière des Quatres Vents
Camaruche
Grand Fond
Toiny
Devet
Vitet
Grand Cul-de-Sac
Pointe Milou
Mont Jean
Marigot
Anse du Grand Cul-de-Sac
Petit Cul-de-Sac
Climate[edit]
The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) with day temperatures rising to 32 °C (90 °F). The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C (82 °F) and 22 °C (72 °F), respectively, while in July they are 30 °C (86 °F) and 24 °C (75 °F). The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C (55 °F). The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C (81 °F).[25]
Demographics[edit]
According to a 2013 census, St. Barthélemy had 9,279 inhabitants.[3]
Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French,[26][27][28] whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[29][page needed]
Historical population
1766
1785
1812
1885
1961
1967
1974
1982
1990
1999
2007
2011
327 950 5,482 2,600 2,176 2,351 2,491 3,059 5,038 6,852 8,450 9,035
Official figures from French and Swedish censuses; estimates shown in italics.
Politics and government[edit]
Saint Barthélemy
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Saint-Barthélemy
Territorial Council
Political parties
Elections: 2007, 2012
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Until 2007, administratively, the whole island of St. Barthélemy was a French commune (commune de Saint-Barthélemy) part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas région and overseas département of France, but, as one of the overseas countries and territories, not a part of the European Union : the inhabitants vote as European citizens but the local law derogate from Community law. In 2003, the population voted through referendum in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France.[30]
On 7 February 2007,[31] the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law.[32] The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the most recent election in March 2012.[33]
e • d Summary of the 1 July 2007 Saint Barthélemy Territorial Council election results
Parties
Votes
%
Seats
Saint Barth First!/UMP (Saint-Barth d’abord!, Bruno Magras) 2,399 72.23 16
All United for Saint Barthélemy (Tous unis pour St-Barthélemy, Karine Miot-Richard) 330 9.94 1
Action Balance and Transparence (Action Équilibre et Transparence, Maxime Desouches) 330 9.94 1
Together for Saint Barthélemy (Ensemble pour St-Barthélemy, Benoît Chauvin) 262 7.89 1
Total 3,321 100.0 19
Source: RFO
e • d Summary of the 18 March 2012 Saint Barthélemy Territorial Council election results
Parties
Votes
%
Seats
Saint Barth First!/UMP (Saint-Barth d’abord!, Bruno Magras) 2,626 73.78 16
All for Saint-Barth (Tous pour Saint-Barth, Benoît Chauvin) 567 15.93 2
Saint Barth in Motion (St Barth en Mouvement, Maxime Desouches) 366 10.28 1
Total (turnout 71.49%) 3,559 100.00 19
Source: MemoireStBarth.COM
One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014.[4] St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012,[34] but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).[18]
The French State is represented by a prefect appointed by the president on the advice of the Minister of the Interior. As a collectivity of France, the island's national anthem is La Marseillaise.[4]
Heraldry[edit]
The coat of arms of Saint Barthélemy is a shield divided into three horizontal stripes, three gold fleurs-de-lis on blue, above a white Maltese cross on red, over three gold crowns on blue, and reads "Ouanalao". On a white background, it serves as the unofficial Flag of Saint Barthélemy.
Legal profession[edit]
Although the Bar of Guadeloupe, St Martin and St Barthelemy (Barreau de la Guadeloupe, St Martin et St Barthélemy)[35] exists, there is no clear indication as to how demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field.
Economy[edit]
See also: Economy of France
Sailboats and yachts in St. Barts.
Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.[36]
The official currency of St. Barthélemy is the euro. INSEE estimated that the total GDP of St. Barthélemy amounted to 179 million euros in 1999 (US$191 million at 1999 exchange rate; US$255 million at Oct. 2007 exchange rate).[37] In that same year the GDP per capita of St. Barthélemy was 26,000 euros (US$27,700 at 1999 exchanges rates; US$37,000 at Oct. 2007 exchange rates), which was 10% higher than the average GDP per capita of metropolitan France in 1999.[37]
Handicrafts[edit]
Corossol is noted for its handicrafts; weaving hats and bags from palm fronds is a low income economic activity of the indigenous people.[38]
Tourism[edit]
International investment and the wealth generated by tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. Most of the food is imported from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island.[citation needed]
St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island.[18] The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by boat. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal.[39]
The height of tourism is New Year's Eve, with celebrities and the wealthy converging on the island in yachts up to 550 feet (170 metres) in length for the occasion.[40]
Wildlife[edit]
Main article: Réserve naturelle nationale de Saint-Barthélemy
Flora[edit]
Vegetation at Baie de Saint-Jean.
As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:[41]
There are Flamboyant trees, frangipanis, sabal palms, wild trumpet and Manchineel trees on the island.[41]
Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 metres (16 to 23 feet) trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean),[42] the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.[18][43][44]
Fauna[edit]
Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 metres (9.8 feet) (average is about 1.5 m or 4.9 ft) and weighing about 450 (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter and weigh about 60 and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.[18][45]
Avifauna[edit]
Frigatebird
Avifauna in the wild, both native and migrating include brown pelican along the shore line, magnificent frigatebirds with long wingspans of up to 1.8 metres (5 feet 11 inches), green herons, snowy egrets, belted kingfishers; bananaquits; broad-winged hawks; two species of hummingbirds, the green-throated carib and Antillean crested hummingbird; and zenaida doves.[18][46]
Aquafauna[edit]
Ghost crab
The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes.[47] The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.[48]
Marine Reserve[edit]
Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle[49] that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier.
Landmarks and architecture[edit]
Apart from Gustavia, the capital of St. Barthélemy, there are many notable places and monuments in the island which testify to the colonial regime of the Spanish, Swedes, the British and the French, and now a French territory.[24]
Gustavia[edit]
Gustavia Harbour
Gustavia is in a U-shaped cove facing the harbour on the west. The water side arm of this cove is in a peninsula while the dockyard is on the east side.
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.[19]
These buildings also underwent further destruction during the hurricanes and also by gutting in 1852. However, some monuments are still intact such as the residence of the then Swedish governor, now the town hall[verification needed]. The oldest colonial structure in the town is stated to be the bell tower (now without a bell) built in 1799, as part of a church (destroyed in the past), in the southeast end of the town on Rue Du Presbytere. Now, a large clock is installed in place of the bell.[24]
The road that runs parallel to the harbour face of the sea called the Rue de la Republique and two other roads connect to the two arms of the U-shaped bay. The city has a network of roads, inherited from the Swedish period, that are laid in a grid pattern, which are either parallel or perpendicular to the three main roads that encompass the bay.[50]
Église anglicane de Gustavia[edit]
Église anglicane de Gustavia, the Saint-Bartholomew Anglican Church, is an important religious building in the town built in 1855 with stones brought from St Eustatius. It is on one of the most elegant roads of the town called the Rue du Centenaire. It has a bell tower. A rock wall encircles the church.[24]
Ancien presbytère de l'église catholique de Gustavia[edit]
Ancien presbytère de l'église catholique de Gustavia is the Catholic Church built in 1822 is a replacement of the oldest church of the same name in Lorient.[verification needed] This church also has a bell tower which is separated from the main church and which rings loud and clear.[24]
Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy[edit]
Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.[24][36]
Gustavia Lighthouse[edit]
Gustavia Lighthouse
The 9 metres (30 ft) white tower of the Gustavia Lighthouse was built in 1961. Situated on the crest of a hill north of the town, its focal plane is 64 metres (210 ft) above the level of the sea. It flashes every 12 seconds, white, green or red depending on direction. The round conical tower has a single red band at the top.[51]
Forts[edit]
Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.[24][36]
Savaku[edit]
A statue, "Savaku", representing the Arawak Indians is present at Saint-Jean.[52]
Culture[edit]
Festivals and holidays[edit]
Some of the festivals held each year in St. Barthélemy are:
The St. Barts Music Festival held every January, usually during the 2nd and 3rd weeks.
A French Carnival in February / March held for two weeks before Ash Wednesday and concluding with Ash Wednesday; on Ash Wednesday a black and white parade held at Shell Beach is the occasion to a notional burning of the image of Vaval, the Carnival King.
St. Barth Film Festival, held annually at the end of April, was established in 1996, and hosts Caribbean films for five days.[53]
Armistice Day on May 8.
Abolition of Slavery Day on May 27 and October 9.
Bastille Day on July 14.
Victor Schoelcher Day on July 21 honouring Schoelcher, a French parliamentarian for his noble humanitarian act of abolishing slavery in French territory on April 27, 1848.
Assumption Day on August 15.
Fête de Saint Barthélemy feast day of Saint Barthélemy on August 24, in honour of the patron saint of the island. Church bells are rung, boats are blessed and a regatta is held, followed by fireworks and a public ball.
Festival of Gustavia held in August, an occasion of dragnet fishing and partying.
All Saints Day on November 1
Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).
Christmas Day on December 25; and New Year’s Eve on December 31.[54]
Some other festivals held are the Festival Gastronomique (April) and Yacht Festival (May).[55] The national holidays observed are the Bastille Day and St. Barthélemy Day (day of adoption of French Constitution).[4] Feast of St Louis[verification needed] is held on November 1 when thousands of candles are lit in the evening hours, which is a public holiday. All Souls Day is observed on November 2, and it is public holiday.[56]
Music[edit]
The Caribbean, the birthplace of the calypso, méringue, soca, zouk and reggae music influence the culture tremendously.[57] The St. Barthélemy Music Festival[58] is a major international performing arts event held every year.
Cuisine[edit]
French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels.[59] There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads.[60] West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier.[60] The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.[61]
In the early 1990s, the island had two cooking schools: the Saint Barts Cooking School which emphasizes classical French cuisine, and Cooking in Paradise which emphasizes creole cuisine.[62]
Fashion[edit]
The traditional costume which is seen only among older women consists of starched white bonnets called kichnottes.[38]
Legend[edit]
A popular legend related to St. Barthélemy is of a seafarer hooligan looking to loot Spanish ships. French pirate Daniel Montbars, who was given the epithet "Montbars the Exterminator", took shelter in St. Barthélemy during his pirate operations and hid the loot in the sandy coves at Anse du Gouverneur.[63]
Sports[edit]
Further information: Rugby union in Saint Barthélemy
Kitesurfing at Baie de Saint-Jean
Rugby is a popular sport in the island. One of the major teams on the island is "Les Barracudas," named after the ferocious fish of the Caribbean. They often play teams from Anguilla and other surrounding islands.[64]
Gustavia is also known as a haven for yachting, with many events being held there each year. These include the St Barths Bucket Regatta, the Saint Barth’s Cup and Les Voiles de St. Barth[65] in April, and the International Regatta in May.[66] Deep sea fishing is also undertaken from the waterfront of Lorient, Flamands and Corossol to fish for tuna, marlin, bonito, barracuda and wahoo.[67] St Barth Open Fishing tournament is held in July.[56]
The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10-metre (33-foot) length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.[68]
The Swedish Marathon Race, also called the Gustavialoppet, is held in December. Races of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) are conducted when children, women and men participate in the races.[56]
Transport[edit]
Private boat docked in St. Barts
St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.[69][70]
Many Inter Inland ferry services operate regularly between St. Martin and St. Barts.[69]
The narrow and congested roads, and difficulty in parking, have been an impetus for driving Smart cars.[71][verification needed]
Media[edit]
A weekly journal entitled Journal de St. Barth is published in the French language. Its English language abridged version is published as St. Barth Weekly only during the winter months (for Anglophone tourists). Reflecting the island's popularity with the rich and famous, the high fashion magazine L'Officiel publishes a seasonal local edition. Other tourist related information is available at the airport and in the offices of the Tourist Authority.[18]
There is no local TV broadcasting station. However, the island has three FM radio channels, out of which two operate via repeaters. The island has a fully integrated access telephone system and with capability for direct dial on fixed and wireless systems.[72]
Health facilities[edit]
The island has a small hospital, the "Hopital de Bruyn", in Gustavia with an adjacent diagnostic laboratory. There is also at least one private diagnostic facility.[73] Specialists in cardiology, general medicine, dentists, ENT, OB/GYN, paediatrics and rheumatology are also available. There are many pharmacies dispensing medicines. For more sophisticated facilities, patients go to Guadeloupe, San Juan, Atlanta or France.[18]
Notable people[edit]
Eugénie Blanchard was the world's oldest living person (114 years, 261 days) at the time of her death on 4 November 2010. She was born on St. Barthélemy and spent most of her life on Curaçao and St. Barthélemy as a Catholic nun.[74]
See also[edit]
Guadeloupe portal
Caribbean portal
North America portal
France portal
Geography portal
Outline of Saint Barthélemy
Index of Saint Barthélemy-related articles
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Saint Barthelemy: People and Society". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b INSEE. "Actualités : 2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy" (in French). Retrieved 2014-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b INSEE. "Recensement de la population en Guadeloupe - 402 119 habitants au 1er janvier 2013" (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The World Fact Book". Government. CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ R. P. Raymond BRETON. Dictionnaire caraïbe-françois, Auxerre, Chez Gilles Bouquet, 1665.
Jump up ^ "The World Fact Book". Geography. CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ INSEE, Government of France. "Populations légales 2011 pour les départements et les collectivités d'outre-mer" (in French). Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ There currently is not enough archeological evidence to give a more detailed description about the pre-Columbian presence; see Sebastiaan Knippenberg, 'Much To Choose From: The Use and Distribution of Siliceous Stone in the Lesser Antilles' in Corinne L. Hofman, Anne van Duijvenbode (eds.), Communities in Contact: Essays in Archaeology, Ethnohistory & Ethnography of the Amerindian Circum-Caribbean (Sidestone Press, Leiden, 2011) p. 175.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov.
Jump up ^ Julianne Maher, 'Fishermen, Farmers, Traders: Language and Economic History on St. Barthélemy, French West Indies' in Language in Society, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep., 1996), pp. 374-406.
^ Jump up to: a b Reinhard H. Luthin, 'St. Bartholomew: Sweden's Colonial and Diplomatic Adventure in the Caribbean' in The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Aug., 1934), pp. 307-324.
^ Jump up to: a b Saint Barthélemy (France), October 1877: Integration into France Direct Democracy (in German)
Jump up ^ Sullivan, pp. 22–23
Jump up ^ Ordinance concerning the Police of Slaves and free Coloured People. Source: 'Mémoire St Barth', Saint-Barthélemy. Memoirestbarth.com; Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century." Scandinavian Journal of History 1993 18 (4): 251–273.
Jump up ^ « 9 octobre » (1847) Source: 'Mémoire St Barth', Saint-Barthélemy. Memoirestbarth.com (in French).
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 24
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, pp. 157–159
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Nash, KC (2008). St Barts Travel Adventures. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-58843-704-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "The World Fact Book". Introduction. CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barnett, Edward; Great Britain. Hydrographic Office (1876). The West India pilot: The Caribbean Sea, from Barbados to Cuba; with the Bahama and Bermuda islands, and Florida Strait. Published by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty for the Hydrographic Office and sold by J. D. Potter. pp. 109–112.
Jump up ^ Speight, Martin R.; Henderson, P. A. (2010). Marine Ecology: Concepts and Applications. John Wiley and Sons. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4443-3545-3.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 3
^ Jump up to: a b c Sullivan, pp. 177–178
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Sullivan, pp. 170–173
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 4
Jump up ^ Calvet, Louis Jean; Brown, Andrew (2006). Towards an ecology of world languages. Polity. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-7456-2956-8.
Jump up ^ Albert Valdman (1997). French and Creole in Louisiana. Springer. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-0-306-45464-6.
Jump up ^ Wittmann, Henri. Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois. Le français des Amériques, ed. Robert Fournier & Henri Wittmann, 281–334. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, 1995;
Jump up ^ CALVET, Louis-Jean et Robert Chaudenson. Saint-Barthélemy: une énigme linguistique, Paris, CIRELFA, Agence de la Francophonie, 1998, 165 p.
Jump up ^ Staff reporter (9 December 2003). "French Caribbean voters reject change". Caribbean Net News. Retrieved 9 February 2007. However voters on the two tiny French dependencies of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of "overseas collectivity".
Jump up ^ Magras, Bruno (16 February 2007). "Letter of Information from the Mayor to the residents and non-residents, to the French and to the foreigners, of Saint Barthélemy" (PDF). St. Barth Weekly. p. 2. Retrieved 18 February 2007. On 7 February of this year, the French Parliament adopted the law granting Saint Barthélemy the Statute of an Overseas Collectivity.
Jump up ^ (in French) Legifrance.gouv.fr, détail d'un texte.
Jump up ^ "Treaty of Lisbon, Article 2, points 287 and 293". Retrieved 31 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Accueil - Barreau de la Guadeloupe, St Martin et St Barthelemy" (in French). barreau-guadeloupe.avocat.fr. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "St Barts Island". St. Barths Online St-barths.com. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b INSEE, CEROM. "Estimation du PIB de Saint-Barthélemy et de Saint-Martin" (PDF) (in French).
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron, Sarah (2007). Footprint Caribbean Islands. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 590. ISBN 978-1-904777-97-7.
Jump up ^ "The World Fact Book". Economy. CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ jkw (2011-01-12). "New Years St. Barths Mogul Superyacht Fest | Models & Moguls". Modelsandmoguls.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, p. 7
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 8
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 9
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 10
Jump up ^ Sullivan, pp. 11–12
Jump up ^ Sullivan, pp. 12–13
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p.181
Jump up ^ Sullivan, pp. 13–14
Jump up ^ "Homepage | St-Barts Marine Park". reservenaturellestbarth.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 170
Jump up ^ "Lighthouses of St.-Barthélemy". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Cécile Lucot (20 September 2007). "Inauguration de la statue en bronze placée au centre du rond-point du col de la Tourmente". St Barths Online. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Flippin, Alexis Lipsitz (23 October 2012). Frommer's Portable St. Maarten / St. Martin, Anguilla and St. Barts. John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-118-51813-7.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 173.
Jump up ^ Henderson, James (2005). Caribbean & the Bahamas. New Holland Publishers. pp. 323–324. ISBN 978-1-86011-212-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cameron, pp. 588.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p.18
Jump up ^ "St Barts Music Festival". St Barts Music Festival. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
Jump up ^ Cameron, pp. 586–587
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, p. 206
Jump up ^ "Restaurants". St. Barths Online. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Harris, Jessica B. (1991). Sky juice and flying fish: traditional Caribbean cooking. Simon and Schuster. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-671-68165-4.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p. 22
Jump up ^ "Anguillan times". anguillaguide.com. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Sailing news, Luxury Lifestyle Magazin -'en Vogue'- NAANII GLOBAL, 6th edition 'Les Voiles de St. Barth 2015', 21. April 2015
Jump up ^ Fabrice Thomazeau, Les Voiles de St. Barth - Preparing to rock Saint Barthélemy waters, 11 April 2014, Sail World.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p.180
Jump up ^ Sullivan, p.183
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, p. 160
Jump up ^ "The World Fact Book". Transport. CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Michael; Landon, Robert; Kohnstamm, Thomas (2006). Colombia. Lonely Planet. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-74104-284-9.
Jump up ^ "The World Fact Book". Communications. CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Laboratoire Saint-Barthelemy
Jump up ^ "Eugenie Blanchard dies at 114; nun was considered the world's oldest person". Los Angeles Times. 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Barthélemy.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Barthélemy.
Mémoire St Barth : Comprehensive bibliography about the island
Government
(in French) Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (official government website)
Comité Territorial du Tourisme (tourism board website) (in French)
Historical and botanical information
Mémoire St Barth : Saint-Barthelemy's history (slave trade, slavery, abolitions)
(in French) Histoire et aménagement linguistique à Saint-Barthélemy
Saint Barth Fauna & Flora
General information
"Saint Barthelemy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Saint Barthélemy travel guide from Wikivoyage
Discover the island of St Barthelemy in a full 3D Tour
A comprehension visitor's guide
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Coordinates: 17°54′N 62°50′W / 17.900°N 62.833°W / 17.900; -62.833
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values: سان بارتيلمي – Arabic

values: Сен-Бартэльмі – Belarusian

values: Сэн-Бартэльмі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Сен Бартелми – Bulgarian

values: Άγιος Βαρθολομαίος – Greek

values: Сен-Бартелеми – Erzya

values: سن بارتلمی – Persian

values: Saint-Barthélemy (Antilles françaises) – French

values: 생바르텔레미 – Korean

values: Սուրբ Բարդուղիմեոսի կղզի – Armenian

values: Сен-Бартельми – Ossetic

values: Saint-Barthélemy (Antille francesi) – Italian

values: סן ברתלמי – Hebrew

values: სენ-ბართელმი – Georgian

values: Сен-Бартелеми – Kazakh

values: Saint-Barthélemy (Insel) – Luxembourgish

values: Свети Вартоломеј (Франција) – Macedonian

values: सेंट बार्थेलेमी – Marathi

values: サン・バルテルミー島 – Japanese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: São Bartolomeu (coletividade) – Portuguese

values: Сен-Бартелеми – Russian

values: Сент Бартелеми – Serbian

values: செயிண்ட்-பார்த்தலெமி – Tamil

values: แซ็ง-บาร์เตเลมี – Thai

values: Сен-Бартельмі – Ukrainian

values: سینٹ بارتھیملے – Urdu

values: سېنت بارتھېلەمي ئاراللىرى – Uyghur

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