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The Count of Monte Cristo
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For other uses, see The Count of Monte Cristo (disambiguation).
The Count of Monte Cristo
Author
Alexandre Dumas
in collaboration with Auguste Maquet
Original title
Le Comte de Monte-Cristo
Country
France
Language
French
Genre
Historical novel
Adventure
Publication date
1844–1845 (serialised)
The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (père) completed in 1844. It is one of the author's most popular works, along with The Three Musketeers. Like many of his novels, it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet.[1] Another important work by Dumas, written prior to his work with Maquet, was the short novel "Georges"; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in The Count of Monte Cristo.[2]
The story takes place in France, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815–1839: the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis-Philippe of France. It begins just before the Hundred Days period (when Napoleon returned to power after his exile). The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book, an adventure story primarily concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy, and forgiveness. It centres on a man who is wrongfully imprisoned, escapes from jail, acquires a fortune, and sets about exacting revenge on those responsible for his imprisonment. His plans have devastating consequences for both the innocent and the guilty.
The book is considered a literary classic today. According to Luc Sante, "The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature, as inescapable and immediately identifiable as Mickey Mouse, Noah's flood, and the story of Little Red Riding Hood."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background to the plot
2 Plot
2.1 Summary
2.2 Edmond Dantès
2.3 The Count of Monte Cristo
3 Characters
3.1 Edmond Dantès and his aliases
3.2 Dantès' allies
3.3 Morcerf family
3.4 Danglars family
3.5 Villefort family
3.6 Morrel family
3.7 Other characters
4 Publication
4.1 English translations
4.2 In Japan
5 Reception and legacy
6 Historical background
6.1 A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism
7 Selected notable adaptations
7.1 Film and television
7.2 Literary adaptations
7.3 Sequels (books)
7.4 Plays and musicals scripts
7.5 Audio adaptations
7.6 Video games
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background to the plot[edit]
Dumas wrote[4] that the idea of revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo came from a story in a book compiled by Jacques Peuchet, a French police archivist, published in 1838 after the death of the author.[5] Dumas included this essay in one of the editions from 1846.[6] Peuchet told of a shoemaker, Pierre Picaud, living in Nîmes in 1807, who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being a spy for England. Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort, where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric. When the man died, he left his fortune to Picaud, whom he had begun to treat as a son. Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune. He stabbed the first with a dagger on which were printed the words "Number One", and then he poisoned the second. The third man's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution, finally stabbing the man himself. This third man, named Loupian, had married Picaud's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest.
In another of the "True Stories", Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family. This story, also quoted in the Pleiade edition, has obviously served as model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family. The introduction to the Pleiade edition mentions other sources from real life: Abbé Faria existed and died in 1819 after a life with much resemblance to that of the Faria in the novel. As for Dantès, his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet's book, since the latter is murdered by the "Caderousse" of the plot. But Dantès has "alter egos" in two other Dumas works; in "Pauline" from 1838, and more significantly in "Georges" from 1843, where a young man with black ancestry is preparing a revenge against white people who had humiliated him.
Plot[edit]
Summary[edit]
On the day of his wedding to Mercédès, Edmond Dantès, first mate of the Pharaon, is falsely accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If, a grim island fortress off Marseilles. A fellow prisoner, Abbé Faria, correctly deduces that his jealous rival Fernand Mondego, envious crewmate Danglars, and double-dealing Magistrate De Villefort framed him. Faria inspires his escape and guides him to a fortune in treasure. As the powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo, he arrives from the Orient to enter the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s and avenge himself on the men who conspired to destroy him.
Edmond Dantès[edit]
The main character Edmond Dantès was a merchant sailor prior to his imprisonment. (Illustration by Pierre-Gustave Staal)
In 1815, Edmond Dantès, a young merchant sailor who has recently been granted the succession of his captain Leclère, returns to Marseille to marry his Catalan fiancée Mercédès. Leclère, a supporter of the exiled Napoléon I, found himself dying at sea and charged Dantès to deliver two objects: a package to General Bertrand (exiled with Napoleon Bonaparte on Elba), and a letter from Elba to an unknown man in Paris. On the eve of Dantès' wedding to Mercédès, Fernand Mondego (Mercédès' cousin and a rival for her affections) is given advice by Dantès' colleague Danglars (who is jealous of Dantès' rapid rise to captain) to send an anonymous note accusing Dantès of being a Bonapartist traitor. Caderousse (Dantès' cowardly and selfish neighbor) is drunk while the two conspirators set the trap for Dantès and stays quiet as Dantès is arrested, then sentenced. Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, destroys the letter from Elba when he discovers that it is addressed to his own father, Noirtier (who is a Bonapartist), since if this letter came into official hands, it would destroy his ambitions and reputation as a staunch Royalist. To silence Dantès, he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment.
After six years of imprisonment in the Château d'If, Dantès is on the verge of suicide when he befriends the Abbé Faria ("The Mad Priest"), an Italian fellow prisoner who had dug an escape tunnel that ended up in Dantès' cell. Over the next eight years, Faria gives Dantès an extensive education in language, culture, and science. Knowing himself to be close to death, Faria tells Dantès the location of a treasure on the island of Monte Cristo. When Faria dies, Dantès takes his place in the burial sack. When the guards throw the sack into the sea, Dantès breaks through and swims to a nearby island. He is rescued by a smuggling ship that stops at Monte Cristo. After recovering the treasure, Dantès returns to Marseille. He later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of Count from the Tuscan government.
Actor James O'Neill as the Abbé Busoni
Traveling as the Abbé Busoni, Dantès meets Caderousse, now living in poverty, who regrets not intervening and possibly saving Dantès from prison. He gives Caderousse a diamond that can be either a chance to redeem himself or a trap that will lead to his ruin. Learning that his old employer Morrel is on the verge of bankruptcy, Dantès buys Morrel's debts and gives Morrel three months to fulfill his obligations. At the end of the three months and with no way to repay his debts, Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that his debts have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo, secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès.
The Count of Monte Cristo[edit]
The coat of arms of the count are described in the original novel as "une montagne d’or, posant sur une mer d’azur, avec une croix de gueules au chef". The motto: Attendre et espérer ("Wait and hope")
Reappearing as the rich Count of Monte Cristo, Dantès begins his revenge on the three men responsible for his unjust imprisonment: Fernand, now Count de Morcerf and Mercédès' husband; Danglars, now a baron and a wealthy banker; and Villefort, now procureur du roi. The Count appears first in Rome, where he becomes acquainted with the Baron Franz d'Épinay, and Viscount Albert de Morcerf, the son of Mercédès and Fernand. Dantès arranges for the young Morcerf to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa and then seemingly rescues him from Vampa's gang. The Count then moves to Paris and dazzles Danglars with his wealth, persuading him to extend him a credit of six million francs. The Count manipulates the bond market and quickly destroys a large portion of Danglars' fortune. The rest of it begins to rapidly disappear through mysterious bankruptcies, suspensions of payment, and more bad luck in the Stock Exchange.
Villefort had once conducted an affair with Madame Danglars. She became pregnant and delivered the child in the house that the Count has now purchased. To cover up the affair, Villefort told Madame Danglars that the infant was stillborn, smothered the child, and thinking him to be dead, buried him in the garden. While Villefort was burying the child, he was stabbed by the smuggler Bertuccio, who unearthed the child and resuscitated him. Bertuccio's sister-in-law brought the child up, giving him the name "Benedetto". Benedetto takes up a life of crime as he grows into adolescence. He robs his adoptive mother (Bertuccio's sister-in-law) and ends up killing her, then runs away. Bertuccio later becomes the Count's servant and informs him of this history.
Benedetto is sentenced to the galleys with Caderousse, who had sold the diamond but killed both his wife and the buyer out of greed. After Benedetto and Caderousse are freed by Dantès, using the alias "Lord Wilmore," the Count induces Benedetto to take the identity of "Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti" and introduces him into Parisian society. Andrea ingratiates himself to Danglars, who betroths his daughter Eugénie to Andrea (not knowing they are half-siblings) after cancelling her engagement to Albert. Meanwhile, Caderousse blackmails Andrea, threatening to reveal his past if he doesn't share his new-found wealth. Cornered by "Abbé Busoni" while attempting to rob the Count's house, Caderousse begs to be given another chance. Dantès forces him to write a letter to Danglars exposing Cavalcanti as an impostor and allows Caderousse to leave the house. The moment Caderousse leaves the estate, he is stabbed by Andrea. Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement identifying his killer, and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse moments before he dies.
Years before, Ali Pasha of Janina had been betrayed to the Turks by Fernand. After Ali's death, Fernand sold Ali's wife Vasiliki and his daughter Haydée into slavery. While Vasiliki died shortly thereafter, Dantès purchased Haydée. The Count manipulates Danglars into researching the event, which is published in a newspaper. As a result, Fernand is investigated by his peers and disgraced. When Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel, Mercédès, having already recognized Monte Cristo as Dantès, goes to the Count and begs him to spare her son. During this interview, she learns the truth of his arrest and imprisonment but still convinces the Count not to kill her son. Realizing that Edmond now intends to let Albert kill him, she reveals the truth to Albert, which causes Albert to make a public apology to the Count. Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand, who is confronted with Dantès' true identity and commits suicide. Albert and Mercédès renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives.
Valentine, Villefort's daughter by his late first wife, stands to inherit the fortune of her grandfather (Noirtier) and of her mother's parents (the Saint-Mérans), while Villefort's second wife Héloïse seeks the fortune for her son Édouard. The Count is aware of Héloïse's intentions and introduces her to the technique of poison. Héloïse fatally poisons the Saint-Mérans, so that Valentine inherits their fortune. Valentine is disinherited by Noirtier in an attempt to prevent Valentine's impending marriage with Franz d'Épinay, whom she does not love. The marriage is cancelled when d'Épinay learns that his father (believed assassinated by Bonapartists) was actually killed by Noirtier in a fair duel. Afterwards, Valentine is reinstated in Noirtier's will. After a failed attempt on Noirtier's life, Héloïse targets Valentine so that Édouard will get the fortune. However, Valentine is the prime suspect in her father's eyes in the deaths of the Saint-Mérans and Noirtier's servant, Barrois. On learning that Morrel's son Maximilien is in love with Valentine, the Count saves her by making it appear as though Héloïse's plan to poison Valentine has succeeded and that Valentine is dead. Villefort learns from Noirtier that Héloïse is the real murderer and confronts her, giving her the choice of a public execution or committing suicide.
Fleeing after Caderousse's letter exposes him, Andrea is arrested and returned to Paris, where Villefort prosecutes him. While in prison awaiting trial, Andrea is visited by Bertuccio, who tells him the truth about his father. At his trial, Andrea reveals that he is Villefort's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive. Villefort admits his guilt and flees the court. He rushes home to stop his wife's suicide but is too late; she has poisoned her son as well. Dantès confronts Villefort, revealing his true identity, but this drives Villefort insane. Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard, causing him to question if he has gone too far.
After the Count's manipulation of the bond market, Danglars is left with a destroyed reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals. The Count demands this sum to fulfil their credit agreement, and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund. Abandoning his wife, Danglars flees to Italy with the Count's receipt and 50,000 francs. While leaving Rome, he is kidnapped by the Count's agent Luigi Vampa and is imprisoned. Forced to pay exorbitant prices for food and nearly starved to death, Danglars signs away his ill-gotten gains. Dantès anonymously returns the stolen money to the hospitals. Danglars finally repents his crimes, and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to leave with his freedom and 50,000 francs.
Maximilien Morrel, believing Valentine to be dead, contemplates suicide after her funeral. Dantès reveals his true identity and explains that he rescued Morrel's father from bankruptcy years earlier; he then tells Maximilien to reconsider his suicide. On the island of Monte Cristo, Dantès presents Valentine to Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events. Having found peace, Dantès leaves the newly reunited couple part of his fortune and departs for an unknown destination to find comfort and a new life with Haydée, who has declared her love for him. The reader is left with a final thought: "all human wisdom is contained in these two words, 'Wait and Hope'".
Character relationships in The Count of Monte Cristo (click to enlarge)
Characters[edit]
Edmond Dantès and his aliases[edit]
Edmond Dantès (born 1796): A sailor with good prospects, engaged to Mercédès. After his transformation into the Count of Monte Cristo, he reveals his true name to his enemies as each revenge is completed. During the course of the novel, he falls in love with Haydée.
The Count of Monte Cristo: The identity Dantès assumes when he emerges from prison and inherits his vast fortune. As a result, the Count of Monte Cristo is usually associated with a coldness and bitterness that comes from an existence based solely on revenge.
Chief Clerk of the banking firm Thomson & French, an Englishman
Lord Wilmore: An Englishman, and the persona in which Dantès performs random acts of generosity.
Sinbad the Sailor: The persona that Dantès assumes when he saves the Morrel family and assumes while mixing with smugglers and brigands.
Abbé Busoni: The persona of an Italian priest with religious authority.
Monsieur Zaccone: Dantès, in the guise of the Abbé Busoni, and again as Lord Wilmore, tells an investigator that this is the Count of Monte Cristo's true name.
Number 34: The name given to him by the new governor of Château d'If. Finding it too tedious to learn Dantès' real name, he was called by the number of his cell.
The Maltese Sailor: The name he was known by after his rescue by smugglers from the island of Tiboulen.
Dantès' allies[edit]
Abbé Faria: Italian priest and sage. Imprisoned in the Château d'If. Edmond's dearest friend while in prison.
Giovanni Bertuccio: The Count of Monte Cristo's steward and very loyal servant; foster father of Benedetto.
Luigi Vampa: celebrated Italian bandit and fugitive.
Peppino: Formerly a shepherd, he is later a bandit and full member of Vampa's gang.
Ali: Monte Cristo's mute Nubian slave.
Baptistin: Monte Cristo's valet-de-chambre.
Jacopo Manfredi: A poor smuggler who helps Dantès survive after he escapes prison. When Jacopo proves his selfless loyalty, Dantès rewards him with his own ship and crew.
Haydée (sometimes spelled as Haidee): Monte Cristo's young, beautiful slave. She is the daughter of Ali Tebelen. She is a major part of Dantès' plan to get revenge on Fernand. At the end, she and Monte Cristo become lovers.
Morcerf family[edit]
Mercédès Mondego (née Herrera): Edmond Dantès' lover and fiancée at the beginning of the story. She later marries Fernand and they have a son named Albert. Despite being Fernand's wife, she remains in love with Edmond.
Fernand Mondego: Count de Morcerf, Dantès's rival and cousin of Mercédès, whom he eventually marries. Fernand helped frame Edmond in order to get Mercédès and would later become a general in the army, which leads to his betrayal of Haydée's father and sells Haydée and her mother to gain the title "Count".
Albert de Morcerf: Son of Mercédès and the Viscount de Morcerf, later becomes fond of Monte Cristo and sees him as a friend.
Danglars family[edit]
Baron Danglars: Dantès' jealous junior officer and mastermind behind his imprisonment, later a wealthy banker.
Madame Hermine Danglars (formerly Baroness Hermine de Nargonne née de Servieux): She had an affair with Gérard de Villefort. They had an illegitimate son, Benedetto.
Eugénie Danglars: Daughter of Baron Danglars and Hermine Danglars. She is free-spirited and aspires to become an independent artist.
Villefort family[edit]
Gérard de Villefort: chief deputy prosecutor who imprisons Dantès, later becoming acquaintances as Dantès enacts his revenge.
Renée de Villefort, Renée de Saint-Méran: Gérard de Villefort's first wife, mother of Valentine.
The Marquis and Marquise de Saint-Méran: Renée's parents.
Valentine de Villefort: The daughter of Gérard de Villefort and his first wife, Renée. In love with Maximilien Morrel. Engaged to Baron Franz d'Épinay. She is 19 years old with chestnut hair, dark blue eyes, and "long white hands".
Monsieur Noirtier de Villefort: The father of Gérard de Villefort and grandfather of Valentine, Édouard (and, without knowing it, Benedetto). A committed anti-royalist. He is paralysed and only able to communicate with his eyes, but retains his mental faculties and acts as protector to Valentine.
Héloïse de Villefort: The murderous second wife of Gérard de Villefort, mother of Edouard.
Édouard de Villefort (Edward). The only legitimate son of Villefort.
Benedetto: The illegitimate son of de Villefort and Baroness Hermine Danglars (Hermine de Nargonne), raised by Bertuccio and his sister-in-law, Assunta, in Rogliano. Becomes "Andrea Cavalcanti" in Paris.
Morrel family[edit]
Pierre Morrel: Dantès's employer, owner of Morrel & Son.
Maximilien Morrel: Son of Pierre Morrel, an army captain who becomes a friend of Dantès. In love with Valentine de Villefort.
Julie Herbault: Daughter of Pierre Morrel, wife of Emmanuel Herbault.
Emmanuel Herbault: an employee of Morrel & Son, who marries Julie Morrel and succeeds to the business.
Other characters[edit]
Gaspard Caderousse: Originally a tailor and later the owner of an inn, he was a neighbour and friend of Dantès who fails to protect him at the beginning of the story and then turns to crime.
Louis Dantès: Edmond Dantès' father, who dies from starvation during his son's imprisonment.
Baron Franz d'Épinay: A friend of Albert de Morcerf, first fiancé of Valentine de Villefort.
Lucien Debray: Secretary to the Minister of the Interior, a friend of Albert de Morcerf, and a lover of Madame Danglars, whom he provides with inside investment information, which she then passes on to her husband.
Beauchamp: Journalist and friend of Albert de Morcerf.
Raoul, Baron de Château-Renaud: Member of a noble family and friend of Albert de Morcerf.
Louise d'Armilly: Eugénie Danglars' music instructor and her intimate friend.
Monsieur de Boville: Originally an inspector of prisons, later a detective in the Paris force.
Barrois: Old, trusted servant of Monsieur de Noirtier.
Monsieur d'Avrigny: Family doctor treating the Villefort family.
Major (also Marquis) Bartolomeo Cavalcanti: Old man who plays the role of Prince Andrea Cavalcanti's father.
Ali Tebelen (Ali Tepelini in some versions): An Albanian nationalist leader, Pasha of Yanina, whom Fernand Mondego betrays, leading to Ali Pasha’s murder at the hands of the Turks and the seizure of his kingdom. His wife and daughter Haydée are sold into slavery by Fernand.
Countess Teresa Guiccioli
Publication[edit]
The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts. Serialization ran from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845.[7] Most of the Belgian pirated editions, the first Paris edition and many others up to the Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with "Christo" used instead of "Cristo". The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition, Paris 1846. This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be "revised" and "corrected", although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two.[8]
English translations[edit]
The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Francis Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If. Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel, again in abridged form, and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively.[8] Another abridged serialisation appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847.
The first single volume translation in English was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo.[8]
In April 1846, volume three of the Parlour Novelist, Belfast, Ireland: Simms and M'Intyre, London: W S Orr and Company, featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy. The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of the Parlour Novelist respectively.[8]
The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin.[9] The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846, a month after the release of the first part of the above-mentioned translation by Emma Hardy.[8] The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846, with the correct spelling of "Cristo" and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan.
Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation. In 1889 two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y Crowell updated the translation, correcting mistakes and revising the text to reflect the original serialised version. This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan, with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure.[10][11]
In 1955 Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages including a whole chapter entitled The Past and renamed others.[12] This abridgement was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library, Vintage, the 1998 Oxford World's Classics edition (later editions restored the text) and the 2009 Everyman's Library edition.
In 1996 Penguin Classics published a new translation by Robin Buss. Buss's translation updated the language, making the text more accessible to modern readers, and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions (for example, references to Eugénie's lesbian traits and behaviour) to reflect Dumas' original version.
In addition to the above there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M Lupton, translated by Henry L. Williams (this translation was also released by M.J Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese).[8] A more recent abridgement is the translation by Lowell Blair for Bantam Classics in 1956.
In Japan[edit]
The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled "Shigai Shiden Gankutsu-ou" (史外史伝巌窟王, "a historical story from outside history, the King of the Cavern"), and serialized from 1901–1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper, and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905. Though later translations use the title "Monte Cristo-haku" (モンテ・クリスト伯, the Count of Monte Cristo), the "Gankutsu-ou" title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative. As of March 2016, all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title "Gankutsu-ou", with the exception of the 2002 film, which has it as a subtitle (with the title itself simply being "Monte Cristo").
The novel is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa. Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan, in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century, is known in Japanese as the "Yoshida Gankutsu-ou incident" (吉田岩窟王事件).
Reception and legacy[edit]
The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844. Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe:
The effect of the serials, which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves, maybe something like that of a particularly gripping television series. Day after day, at breakfast or at work or on the street, people talked of little else.[13]
George Saintsbury stated: "Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe. Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries."[14] This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles."[13] The title Monte Cristo lives on in a "famous gold mine, a line of luxury Cuban cigars, a sandwich, and any number of bars and casinos—it even lurks in the name of the street-corner hustle three-card monte."[15]
Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte-Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel.[16]
The novel has been the inspiration for many other works, from Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur (1880),[17] a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester's The Stars My Destination,[18] to Stephen Fry's contemporary The Stars' Tennis Balls.[19]
Historical background[edit]
The success of Monte Cristo coincides with France's Second Empire. In the book, Dumas tells of the 1815 return of Napoleon I, and alludes to contemporary events when the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham.[Notes 1] The attitude of Dumas towards "bonapartisme" was conflicted. His father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas,[Notes 2] a Haitian of mixed descent, became a successful general during the French Revolution. New racial-discrimination laws were applied in 1802, and the general was dismissed from the army and became profoundly bitter toward Napoleon. In 1840, the ashes of Napoleon I were brought to France and became an object of veneration in the church of Les Invalides, renewing popular patriotic support for the Bonaparte family.
In "Causeries" (1860), Dumas published a short paper, "État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo", on the genesis of the Count of Monte-Cristo.[Notes 3] It appears that Dumas had close contacts with members of the Bonaparte family while living in Florence in 1841. In a small boat he sailed around the island of Monte-Cristo accompanied by a young prince, a cousin to Louis Bonaparte, who was to become Emperor of the French ten years later. During this trip he promised the prince that he would write a novel with the island's name in the title. At that time the future emperor was imprisoned at the citadel of Ham – a name that is mentioned in the novel. Dumas did visit him there,[20] although he does not mention it in "Etat civil".
A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism[edit]
During the life of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas:
1793: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic.
1794: He disapproves of the revolutionary terror in Western France.
1795–97: He becomes famous and fights under Napoleon.
1802: Black officers are dismissed from the army. The Empire re-establishes slavery.
1802: Birth of his son, Alexandre Dumas père.
1806: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas dies, still bitter about the injustice of the Empire.
During the life of Alexandre Dumas:
1832: The only son of Napoleon I dies.
1836: Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time (age 34).
1836: First putsch by Louis Napoleon, aged 28, fails.
1840: A law is passed to bring the ashes of Napoleon I to France.
1840: Second putsch of Louis Napoleon. He is imprisoned for life and becomes known as the candidate for the imperial succession.
1841: Dumas lives in Florence and becomes acquainted with King Jérôme and his son, Napoléon.
1841–44: The story is conceived and written.
1844–46: The story is published in parts in a Parisian magazine.
1846: The novel is published in full and becomes a European bestseller.
1846: Louis Napoleon escapes from his prison.
1848: French Second Republic. Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him.
1857: Dumas publishes État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo
Selected notable adaptations[edit]
Further information: The Count of Monte Cristo (disambiguation)
Classic Comics, The Count of Monte Cristo,
Issue #3, published 1942.
Film and television[edit]
Hobart Bosworth (right) in The Count of Monte Cristo (1908)
Edmond Dantès (James O'Neill) loosens a stone before making his escape from the Château d'If in The Count of Monte Cristo (1913)
1908: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent film starring Hobart Bosworth
1913: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent film starring James O'Neill
1918: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent-film serial starring Léon Mathot
1922: Monte Cristo, directed by Emmett J. Flynn
1929: Monte Cristo, restored silent epic directed by Henri Fescourt
1934: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee
1940: The Son of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee
1942 The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo), a Mexican version directed by Chano Urueta and starred by Arturo de Córdova
1946: The Return of Monte Cristo, directed by Henry Levin
1950: The Prince of Revenge, Egyptian movie, directed by Henry Barkat
1953:The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo), directed by León Klimovsky and starred by Jorge Mistral
1954: The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Jean Marais
1956: The Count of Monte Cristo, TV series based on further adventures of Edmond Dantès after the end of the novel
1958: Vanjikottai Valiban (வஞ்சிக்கோட்டை வாலிபன்), Tamil film adaptation and its Hindi remake Raaj Tilak.
1961: Le comte de Monte Cristo, starring Louis Jourdan, directed by Claude Autant-Lara
1964: The Count of Monte Cristo, BBC television serial starring Alan Badel and Natasha Parry
1964: The Prince of Astuteness (ar) (أمير الدهاء), Egyptian Movie directed by Henry Barkat, Starring Farid Shawky
1966: Il conte di Montecristo, RAI Italian television serial directed by Edmo Fenoglio. starring Andrea Giordana
1968: Sous le signe de Monte Cristo, French movie starring Paul Barge, Claude Jade and Anny Duperey, directed by André Hunebelle, and set in 1947
1973: The Count of Monte Cristo, animated short produced by Hanna-Barbera
1975: The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Richard Chamberlain, directed by David Greene
1977: The Great Vendetta (zh) (大報復), Hong Kong television serial starring Adam Cheng, in which the background of the story is changed to Southern China during the Republican Era.
1979: Nihon Gankutsuou (ja) (日本巌窟王), Japanese television serial set in Edo period, starring Masao Kusakari.
1979: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (1979 miniseries), French TV series starring Jacques Weber.
1982: Padayottam, a Malayalam Film adaption set in Kerala context, directed by Jijo Punnoose starring Prem Nazir, Mammootty and Mohanlal
1984: La Dueña a 1984 Venezuelan telenovela with a female version of Edmond Dantès.
1986: Veta, Telugu film adaptation.
1988: Uznik Zamka If (ru) (litt. The Prisoner of Castle If ), Soviet miniseries starring Viktor Avilov (Count of Monte Cristo) and Aleksei Petrenko (Abbé Faria), with music and songs of Alexander Gradsky
Garfield and Friends episode "The Discount of Monte Cristo", a retelling of the story using the characters from U.S. Acres as the cast. Aloysius Pig, voiced by comedian Kevin Meaney, tries to cut the cost of the story, even though the characters are using their imaginations.
1998: The Count of Monte Cristo, television miniseries starring Gérard Depardieu
1999: Forever Mine, film starring Joseph Fiennes, Ray Liotta and Gretchen Mol, loosely but clearly based upon The Count of Monte Cristo, directed/written by Paul Schrader
2002: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds and starring Jim Caviezel, Dagmara Domińczyk, Richard Harris and Guy Pearce
2004: Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo (巌窟王　Gankutsuoo, literally The King of the Cave), Japanese animation adaptation. Produced by Gonzo, directed by Mahiro Maeda
2006: Vingança, telenovela directed by Rodrigo Riccó and Paulo Rosa, SIC Portugal
2006: Montecristo, Argentine telenovela starring Pablo Echarri and Paola Krum
2010: Ezel, a Turkish television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.
2011 : Un amore e una vendetta (English: Love and Vendetta) an Italian television series loosely based on the book.
2011: Revenge, a television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.
2016: Goodbye Mr. Black, a TV series loosely based on The Count of Monte Cristo"
2016: Once Upon a Time's sixth season features the Count as a character, portrayed by Craig Horner. Several characters and plot elements from the story are also alluded to.[21]
2018: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (2018 TV series), Japanese TV series starring Dean Fujioka.
TBA: David S. Goyer will direct a film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.[22]
Literary adaptations[edit]
1956: The Stars My Destination, Alfred Bester
2000: The Stars' Tennis Balls, Stephen Fry
2008: A Prisoner of Birth, Jeffrey Archer
2008: Master, an erotic version, Colette Gale
2008: Airman, Eoin Colfer
2010: Getting Revenge on Lauren Wood, A YA novel by Eileen Cook, which deals with popularity and bullying.
Sequels (books)[edit]
1853: A Mão do finado, Alfredo Hogan
1881: The Son of Monte Cristo, Jules Lermina (1839–1915). This novel was divided in the English translation into two books: The Wife of Monte Cristo and The Son of Monte Cristo). Both were published in English in New York, 1884, translated by Jacob Arbabanell (1852–1922). Lermina also penned Le Trésor de Monte-Cristo [The Treasure of Monte-Cristo] (1885)
1884: Edmond Dantès: The Sequel to Alexander Dumas' Celebrated Novel The Count of Monte Cristo, Edmund Flagg (1815–1890). Published in English by T.B.Peterson and Bros. in 1886 (no translator credited).
1884: Monte-Cristo's Daughter sequel to Alexander Dumas' great novel, the "Count of Monte-Cristo," and Conclusion of "Edmond Dantès", Edmund Flagg. Published in English by T.B.Peterson and Bros. in 1886 (no translator credited).
1869: The Countess of Monte Cristo, Jean Charles Du Boys (1836-1873). Published in English by T.B.Peterson and Bros. in 1871 (no translator credited).
1887: Monte Cristo and his wife, presumably by Jacob Ralph Abarbanell
1902: Countess of Monte Cristo, by Abarbanell
Plays and musicals scripts[edit]
Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet wrote a set of four plays that collectively told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo Part I (1848); Monte Cristo Part II (1848); Le Comte de Morcerf (1851) and Villefort (1851). The first two plays were first performed at Dumas' own Théâtre Historique in February 1848, with the performance spread over two nights, each with a long duration (the first evening ran from 18:00 until 00:00). The play was also unsuccessfully performed at Drury Lane in London later that year where rioting erupted in protest at French companies performing in England.
The adaptation differs from the novel in many respects: several characters, such as Luigi Vampa, are excluded; Whereas the novel includes many different plot threads that are brought together at the conclusion, the third and fourth plays deal only with the fate of Mondego and Villefort respectively (Danglars fate is not featured at all); the play is the first to feature Dantès shouting "the world is mine!", an iconic line that would be used in many future adaptations.
Two English adaptations of the novel were published in 1868. The first, by Hailes Lacy, differs only slightly from Dumas' version with the main change being that Fernand Mondego is killed in a duel with the Count rather than committing suicide. Much more radical was the version by Charles Fechter, a notable French-Anglo actor. The play faithfully follows the first part of the novel, omits the Rome section and makes several sweeping changes to the third part, among the most significant being that Albert is actually the son of Dantès. The fates of the three main antagonists are also altered: Villefort, whose fate is dealt with quite early on in the play, kills himself after being foiled by The Count trying to kill Noirtier (Villefort's half brother in this version); Mondego kills himself after being confronted by Mercedes; Danglars is killed by The Count in a duel. The ending sees Dantès and Mercedes reunited and the character of Haydee is not featured at all. The play was first performed at the Adelphi in London in October 1868. The original duration was five hours, resulting in Fechter abridging the play, which, despite negative reviews, had a respectable sixteen-week run. Fechter moved to the United States in 1869 and Monte Cristo was chosen for the inaugural play at the opening of the Globe Theatre, Boston in 1870. Fechter last performed the role in 1878. In 1883 John Stetson, manager of the Booth Theatre and The Globe Theatre, wanted to revive the play and asked James O'Neill to perform the lead role. O'Neill, who had never seen Fechter perform, made the role his own and the play became a commercial, if not an artistic success. O'Neill made several abridgements to the play and eventually bought it from Stetson. A motion picture based on Fechter's play, with O'Neill in the title role, was released in 1913 but was not a huge success. O'Neill died in 1920, two years before a more successful motion picture, produced by Fox and partially based on Fechter's version, was released.
The Count of Monte Cristo is a musical based on the novel, with influences from the 2002 film adaptation of the book. The music is written by Frank Wildhorn and the lyrics and book are by Jack Murphy. It debuted in Switzerland in 2009.[23]
Audio adaptations[edit]
Newspaper advertisement for The Campbell Playhouse presentation of "The Count of Monte Cristo" (October 1, 1939)
1938: The Mercury Theatre on the Air with Orson Welles (Dantés), Ray Collins (Abbé Faria), George Coulouris (Monsieur Morrel), Edgar Barrier (de Villefort), Eustace Wyatt (Caderousse), Paul Stewart (Paul Dantés) Sidney Smith (Mondego), Richard Wilson (the Officer), Virginia Welles (Mercédès); radio broadcast August 29, 1938.[24]:345
1939: The Campbell Playhouse with Orson Welles (Dantés), Ray Collins (Caderousse), Everett Sloane (Abbé Faria), Frank Readick (Villefort), George Coulouris (Danglars), Edgar Barrier (Mondego), Richard Wilson (a Jailer), Agnes Moorehead (Mercédès); radio broadcast October 1, 1939.[24]:354
1939: Robert Montgomery on the Lux Radio Theater (radio)
1947–52: The Count of Monte Cristo radio program starring Carleton Young
1960s: Paul Daneman for Tale Spinners For Children series (LP) UAC 11044
1961: Louis Jourdan for Caedmon Records (LP)
1964: Per Edström director (radio series in Sweden)[25]
1987: Andrew Sachs on BBC Radio 4 (later BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra)
1989: Richard Matthews for Penguin Random House (ISBN 978-141-591-221-8)
2005: John Lee for Blackstone Audio
2010: Bill Homewood for Naxos Audiobooks (ISBN 978-962-634-134-6)
2012: Iain Glen on BBC Radio 4 written by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and directed by Jeremy Mortimer and Sasha Yevtushenko, with Richard Johnson as Faria, Jane Lapotaire as the aged Haydee, Toby Jones as Danglars, Zubin Varla as Fernand, Paul Rhys as Villefort and Josette Simon as Mercedes.[26]
2017:The Count of Monte Cristo musical adaption by Berry & Butler[27]
Video games[edit]
1996: Jīdū Shān En Chóu Jì – Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (基督山恩仇記), a Chinese-language Nintendo Famicom game produced by Waixing Computer Science & Technology
2014: Count of Monte-Cristo phone app (in English and Romanian). A puzzle game that comes with a level editor.
2016: In Fate/Grand Order, Edmond Dantès was available for summoning as an Avenger-class servant. Type-Moon also produced an accompanying drama CD about Monte Cristo and various people from his past including Haydée and Abbe Faria.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ On p. 140 of the Pléiade edition the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham, which is the castle where Louis Napoleon was imprisoned 1840–46.
Jump up ^ Thomas Alexandre Dumas was also known as Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie.
Jump up ^ "État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo" is included in the Pléiade edition (Paris, 1981) as an "annexe".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schopp, Claude, Genius of Life, p. 325
Jump up ^ "The Alexandre Dumas père Web Site". Georges.Retrieved 2006-04-06
Jump up ^ Alexandre Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo 2004, Barnes & Noble Books, New York. ISBN 978-1-59308-333-5. p. xxv (TCMC)
Jump up ^ Etat civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo in Causeries, chapter IX (1857). See also the introduction of the Pléiade edition of Le comte de Monte-Cristo (1981)
Jump up ^ Le Diamant et la Vengeance in Mémoires tirés des Archives de la Police de Paris, vol. 5, chapter LXXIV, p. 197
Jump up ^ True Stories of Immortal Crimes, H. Ashton-Wolfe, 1931, E. P. Dutton & Co., pp. 16–17
Jump up ^ David Coward (ed), Oxford's World Classics, Dumas, Alexandre, The Count of Monte Cristo, p. xxv
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Munro, Douglas (1978). Alexandre Dumas Père: a bibliography of works translated into English to 1910. Garland Pub. pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ "The Morning Post Front Page". The Morning Post. February 26, 1846. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Dumas, Alexandre (1889). The Count of Monte Cristo. Little Brown and Company.
Jump up ^ Dumas, Alexandre (1889). The Count of Monte Cristo : or, The Adventures of Edmond Dantès. T.Y Crowell.
Jump up ^ Dumas, Alexandre (1955). The Count of Monte Cristo with an introduction by Richard Church. Collins.
^ Jump up to: a b TCMC p. xxiv
Jump up ^ TCMC p. 601
Jump up ^ TCMC pp. xxiv–xxv
Jump up ^ (in Russian)Shakespeare and Le Comte de Monte-Cristo | The electronic encyclopedia World of Shakespeare
Jump up ^ Lew Wallace (1906), Lew Wallace; an Autobiography p. 936 ISBN 1-142-04820-9
Jump up ^ (in French)The Stars My Destination, Pastiche Dumas site
Jump up ^ Fry says The Stars' Tennis Balls (2000) (entitled Revenge in the US, is "a straight steal, virtually identical in all but period and style to Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo"; most character names are anagrams or cryptic references from Dumas' work. See Fry, Stephen (2003) Revenge (Introduction) Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-6819-0
Jump up ^ Pierre Milza (2004) Napoléon III. Perrin.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time books Legend of the Seeker star — exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Goyer to Direct 'Count of Monte Cristo' Remake (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew.Borchert to Star in World Premiere of Wildhorn's Count of Monte Cristo", playbill.com, February 18, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Welles, Orson; Bogdanovich, Peter; Rosenbaum, Jonathan (1992). This is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-016616-9.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 4 – Classic Serial, The Count of Monte Cristo, Episode 1". BBC. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Home". The Count Of Monte Cristo.
Further reading[edit]
Maurois, André (1957). The Titans, a three-generation biography of the Dumas. trans. by Gerard Hopkins. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. OCLC 260126.
Schopp, Claude (1988). Alexandre Dumas, Genius of Life. trans. by A. J. Koch. New York, Toronto: Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-15093-3.
Salien, Jean-Marie. La subversion de l’orientalisme dans Le comte de Monte-Cristo d’Alexandre Dumas, Études françaises, vol. 36, n° 1, 2000, pp. 179–190
Toesca, Catherine (2002). Les sept Monte-Cristo d'Alexandre Dumas. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. ISBN 2-7068-1613-9.
Lenotre, G. La conquête et le règne in Revue des Deux Mondes, Jan/Feb 1919
Blaze de Bury, H. (1885). Alexandre Dumas : sa vie, son temps, son oeuvre
Maccinelli, Clara; Animato, Carlo (1991). "Il Conte di Montecristo" : Favola alchemica e massonica vendetta, Edizioni Mediterranee. ISBN 88-272-0791-0
Cécile Raynal, Promenade médico-pharmaceutique à travers l'œuvre d'Alexandre Dumas, in Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 2002, Volume 90, N. 333, pp. 111–146
Reiss, Tom,(2013), The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo, ISBN 0307382478
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Count of Monte Cristo
Reis, Tom, The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Le Comte de Monte-Cristo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Count of Monte Cristo.
Critical approach on The Count of Monte Cristo by Enrique Javier González Camacho in Gibralfaro, the journal of creative writing and humanities at the University of Malaga (in Spanish)
The Count of Monte Cristo public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Tale Spinners for Children: The Count of Monte Cristo MP3 download
Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count
"Count of Monte Cristo Paris Walking Tour" identifies locations from the novel in Paris mapped on Google Maps
The Count of Monte Cristo on Open Library at the Internet Archive
The Count of Monte Cristo on BBC Radio 7
The Count of Monte Cristo on Shmoop.com
The Count of Monte Cristo on Project Gutenberg
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The Count of Monte Cristo (1954)
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Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"RDY" redirects here. For the radar system, see Radar Doppler Multitarget.
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd.
Type
Public
Traded as
NSE: DRREDDY
BSE: 500124
NYSE: RDY
Industry
Pharmaceuticals
Founded
1984
Founders
Anji Reddy
Headquarters
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
G. V. Prasad (Co-Chairman & CEO)
Satish Reddy (Chairman)
Erez Israeli (Chief Operating Officer)
Saumen Chakraborty (Chief Financial
Officer)
Revenue
₹14,203 crore (US$2.0 billion) (FY 2017-2018)
Net income
₹981 crore (US$140 million) (FY 2017-2018)[1]
Total assets
₹22,560.4 crore (US$3.1 billion) (March 2018)
Total equity
₹12,646.0 crore (US$1.8 billion) (March 2018)
Number of employees
23,524 (March 2018)
Website
www.drreddys.com
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company based in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The company was founded by Anji Reddy, who previously worked in the mentor institute Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited, of Hyderabad, India.[2] Dr. Reddy's manufactures and markets a wide range of pharmaceuticals in India and overseas. The company has over 190 medications, 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for drug manufacture, diagnostic kits, critical care, and biotechnology products.
Dr. Reddy's began as a supplier to Indian drug manufacturers, but it soon started exporting to other less-regulated markets that had the advantage of not having to spend time and money on a manufacturing plant that would gain approval from a drug licensing body such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). By the early 1990s, the expanded scale and profitability from these unregulated markets enabled the company to begin focusing on getting approval from drug regulators for their formulations and bulk drug manufacturing plants in more-developed economies. This allowed their movement into regulated markets such as the US and Europe. In 2014, Dr. Reddy Laboratories was listed among 1200 of India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company.[3]
By 2007, Dr. Reddy's had seven FDA plants producing active pharmaceutical ingredients in India and seven FDA-inspected and ISO 9001 (quality) and ISO 14001 (environmental management) certified plants making patient-ready medications – five of them in India and two in the UK.[4]
In 2010, the family-controlled Dr Reddy's denied[5] that it was in talks to sell its generics business in India to US pharmaceutical giant Pfizer,[6] which had been suing the company for alleged patent infringement after Dr Reddy's announced that it intended to produce a generic version of atorvastatin, marketed by Pfizer as Lipitor, an anti-cholesterol medication.[7][8] Reddy's was already linked to UK pharmaceuticals multinational Glaxo Smithkline.[9]
Contents
1 Company history
1.1 International expansion
1.2 New drug discovery
1.3 Expansion and acquisition
1.4 American IPO and expansion into Europe
1.5 Global expansion
2 Patient-Centric initiatives
3 Issues and recalls
3.1 Drug discovery problems
3.2 2011 recall
3.3 2014 FDA Form 483
4 Key products
4.1 Top active pharmaceutical ingredients
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Company history[edit]
Dr. Reddy's originally launched in 1984 producing active pharmaceutical ingredients. In 1986, Reddy's started operations on branded formulations. Within a year Reddy's had launched Norilet, the company's first recognized brand in India. Soon, Dr. Reddy's obtained another success with Omez, its branded omeprazole – ulcer and reflux oesophagitis medication – launched at half the price of other brands on the Indian market at that time. This is now branched in hyderabad
Within a year, Reddy's became the first Indian company to export the active ingredients for pharmaceuticals to Europe. In 1987, Reddy's started to transform itself from a supplier of pharmaceutical ingredients to other manufacturers into a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products.
International expansion[edit]
The company's first international move took it to Russia in 1992. There, Dr. Reddy's formed a joint venture with the country's biggest pharmaceuticals producer, Biomed. They pulled out in 1995 amid accusations of scandal, involving "a significant material loss due to the activities of Moscow's branch of Reddy's Labs with the help of Biomed's chief executive".[10] Reddy's sold the joint venture to the Kremlin-friendly Sistema group. In 1993, Reddy's entered into a joint venture in the Middle East and created two formulation units there and in Russia. Reddy's exported bulk drugs to these formulation units, which then converted them into finished products. In 1994, Reddy's started targeting the US generic market by building state of art manufacturing facility.[citation needed]
New drug discovery[edit]
Biopharma Finished Dosage Unit III in Hyderabad
Biopharma Finished Dosage Unit I in Hyderabad
Reddy's path into new drug discovery involved targeting speciality generics products in western markets to create a foundation for drug discovery. Development of speciality generics was an important step for the company's growing interest in the development of new chemical entities. The elements involved in creating a speciality generic, such as innovation in the laboratory, developing the compound, and sending the sales team to the market, are also stages in the development of a new specialty drug. Starting with speciality generics allowed the company to gain experience with those steps before moving on to creating brand-new drugs.
Reddy's invested heavily in establishing R&D labs and is the only Indian company to have significant R&D being undertaken overseas. Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation was established in 1992 and in order to do research in the area of new drug discovery. At first, the foundation's drug research strategy revolved around searching for analogues. Focus has since changed to innovative R&D, hiring new scientists, especially Indian students studying abroad on doctoral and post-doctoral courses. In 2000, the Foundation set up an American laboratory in Atlanta, dedicated to discovery and design of novel therapeutics. The laboratory is called Reddy US Therapeutics Inc (RUSTI) and its main aim is the discovery of next-generation drugs using genomics and proteomics. Reddy's research thrust focused on large niche areas in western markets – anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, cardiovascular and anti-infection drugs.[citation needed]
Reddy's international marketing successes were built on a strong manufacturing base which itself was a result of inorganic growth through acquisition of international and national facilities. Reddy's merged Cheminor Drug Limited (CDL) with the primary aim of supplying active pharmaceutical ingredients to the technically demanding markets of North America and Europe. This merger also gave Reddy's an entry into the value-added generics business in the regulated markets of APIs. <APIs in medicine/>
Expansion and acquisition[edit]
By 1997, Reddy's made the transition from being an API and bulk drug supplier to regulated markets like the USA and the UK, and a branded formulations supplier in unregulated markets like India and Russia, into producing generics, by filing an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) in the USA. The same year, Reddy's out-licensed a molecule for clinical trials to Novo Nordisk, a Danish pharmaceutical company.
It strengthened its Indian manufacturing operations by acquiring American Remedies Ltd. in 1999. This acquisition made Reddy’s the third largest pharmaceutical company in India, after Ranbaxy and Glaxo (I) Ltd., with a full spectrum of pharmaceutical products, which included bulk drugs, intermediates, finished dosages, chemical synthesis, diagnostics and biotechnology.[citation needed]
Reddy’s also started exploiting Para 4 filing as a strategy in bringing new drugs to the market at a faster pace. In 1999 it submitted a Para 4 application for omeprazole, the drug that had been the cornerstone of its success in India. In December 2000, Reddy’s had undertaken its first commercial launch of a generic product in the USA., and its first product with market exclusivity was launched there in August 2001. The same year, it also became the first non-Japanese pharmaceutical company from the Asia-Pacific region to obtain a New York Stock Exchange listing, ground-breaking achievements for the Indian pharmaceutical industry.[citation needed]
In 2001 Reddy’s became the first Indian company to launch the generic drug, fluoxetine (a generic version of Eli Lilly and Company’s Prozac) with 180-day market exclusivity in the USA. Prozac had sales in excess of $1 billion per year in the late 1990s. Barr Laboratories of the U.S. obtained exclusivity for all of the approved dosage forms (10 mg, 20 mg) except one (40 mg), which was obtained by Reddy’s. Lilly had numerous other patents surrounding the drug compound and had already enjoyed a long period of patent protection. The case to allow generic sales was heard twice by the Federal Circuit Court, and Reddy’s won both hearings. Reddy’s generated nearly $70 million in revenue during the initial six-month exclusivity period. With such high returns at stake, Reddy’s was gambling on the success of the litigation; failure to win the case could have cost them millions of dollars, depending on the length of the trial.
The fluoxetine marketing success was followed by the American launch of Reddy's house-branded ibuprofen tablets in 400, 600 and 800 mg strengths, in January 2003. Direct marketing under the Reddy’s brand name represented a significant step in the company’s efforts to build a strong and sustainable US generic business. It was the first step in building Reddy’s fully-fledged distribution network in the US market.[citation needed]
In 2015, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories bought the established brands of Belgian drugmaker UCB SA in South Asia for 8 billion rupees ($128.38 million).[11] Dr. Reddy's Laboratories also signed a licensing pact with XenoPort for their experimental treatment to treat plaque psoriasis. As per the agreement, Dr. Reddy’s will be granted exclusive US rights to develop and commercialize XP23829 for all indications for an upfront payment of $47.5 million.[12]
American IPO and expansion into Europe[edit]
In 2001 Reddy’s completed its US initial public offering of $132.8 million, secured by American Depositary Receipts. At that time the company also became listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Funds raised from the initial public offering helped Reddy’s move into international production and take over technology-based companies.
In 2002, Reddy’s started its European operations by acquiring two pharmaceutical firms in the United Kingdom. The acquisition of BMS Laboratories and its wholly owned subsidiary, Meridian UK, allowed Reddy’s to expand geographically into the European market. In 2003 Reddy’s also invested $5.25 million (USD) in equity capital into Bio Sciences Ltd.
Auriegene Discovery Technologies, a contract research company, was established as a fully owned subsidiary of Reddy’s in 2002. Auriegene's objective was to gain experience in drug discovery through contract research for other pharmaceutical companies. Reddy’s entered into a venture investment agreement with ICICI Bank, an established Indian banking company. Under the terms of the agreement, ICICI Venture agreed to fund the development, registration and legal costs related to the commercialization of ANDAs on a pre-determined basis. Upon commercialization of these products, Dr. Reddy's pays ICICI Venture royalty on net sales for a period of 5 years.
Global expansion[edit]
The company elected to expand globally, and acquired other entities. In March 2002, Dr. Reddy’s acquired BMS Laboratories, Beverley, and its wholly owned subsidiary Meridian Healthcare, for 14.81 million Euros. These companies deal in oral solids, liquids and packaging, with manufacturing facilities in London and Beverley in the UK. Recently, Dr. Reddy’s entered into an R&D and commercialization agreement with Argenta Discovery Ltd., a private drug development company based in the UK, for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Dr. Reddy’s entered into a 10-year agreement with Rheoscience A/S of Denmark for the joint development and commercialization of Balaglitazone (DRF-2593), a molecule for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Rheoscience holds this product’s marketing rights for the European Union and China, while the rights for the US and the rest of the world will be held by Dr. Reddy’s. Dr. Reddy’s conducted clinical trials of its cardiovascular drug RUS 3108 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 2005. The trials were conducted to study the safety and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug, which is intended for the treatment of atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular disorders.
Dr. Reddy’s entered into a marketing agreement with Eurodrug Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company based in Netherlands, for improving its product portfolio for respiratory diseases. It introduced a second-generation xanthine bronchodilator, Doxofylline, which is used for the treatment of asthma and COPD patients.
In 2004, Reddy’s acquired Trigenesis Therapeutics Inc; a US-based private dermatology company. This acquisition gave Reddy’s access to proprietary products and technologies in the dermatology sector.
Dr. Reddy’s Para 4 application strategy for generic business received a severe setback when Reddy’s lost the patent challenge in the case of Pfizer’s drug Norvasc (amlodipine maleate), a drug indicated for the treatment of hypertension and angina. The cost involved in patent litigation as well as the unexpected loss of the patent challenge affected Reddy’s plans to start speciality business in the US generic markets.
In March 2006, Dr. Reddy’s acquired Betapharm Arzneimittel GmbH from 3i for 480 million Euros. This is one of the largest-ever foreign acquisitions by an Indian pharmaceutical company. Betapharm is Germany’s fourth-largest generics pharmaceutical company, with a 3.5% market share, including 150 active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Reddy’s has promoted India’s first integrated drug development company Perlecan Pharma Pvt Ltd together with ICICI ventures capital fund management company Ltd and Citigroup Venture Capital International growth partnership Mauritius Ltd. The combined entity will undertake clinical development and out-licensing of new chemical entity assets.
Dr. Reddy's is presently licensed by Merck & Co. to sell an authorized generic version of the popular drug simvastatin (Zocor) in the USA. Since Dr. Reddy's has a license from Merck, it was not subject to the exclusivity period on generic simvastatin.[13]
As of 2006, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories exceeded $500 million USD in revenues, flowing from their APIs, branded formulations and generics segments; the former two segments account for almost 75% of revenues. Dr. Reddy's deals in and manages all the processes, from the development of the API to the submission of finished dosage dossiers to the regulatory agencies.
Patient-Centric initiatives[edit]
In September 2016, Dr. Reddy’s launched “Purple Health” in India, a patient centric platform to deliver solutions that address unmet needs of patients.[14] Purple Health will address unmet needs of patients involving four segments: awareness, access (access to medication), adherence (adherence to therapy) and experience (simplified medication experience).[15] The first step in this program will be the launch of new patient friendly packaging for its top 25 best-selling brands, which will be rolled-out in a phased manner over the next six months. The packaging has been designed such that blister packs would have extra space for brand name which ensures easy identification at the pharmacy, a tab at the bottom with expiry date clearly mentioned, and a pictorial representation of the time the medicine needs to be taken. In case of bottles, the measuring cup is now easy to read, and neck of the bottle has been modified to ensure minimal spillage.[15][16] Purple Health also includes patient support services. For example, someone taking medicines for an advanced kidney condition would be supported by messages and counselling on diet, medicine and so on.[16]
Issues and recalls[edit]
Drug discovery problems[edit]
In September 2005, Dr. Reddy's spun off its drug discovery and research wing into a separate company called Perlecan Pharma Private Limited. At the time, this was hailed as an innovative move, but in 2008, the company had to be wound down due to funding constraints.[17] Dr. Reddy's was the first Indian pharma company to attempt such an effort to de-couple risk of drug discovery from the parent company by creating a separate company with external source of funding. Perlecan Pharma was partially funded by ICICI Venture Capital and Citigroup Venture International, both of which held a 43% stake in Perlecan for an estimated $22.5 million. However, the company was forced to buy back the Perlecan shares from ICICI and Citigroup due to doubts regarding the commercial viability of the drug candidates that were in Perlecan's pipeline. At that point, Perlecan became a wholly owned subsidiary. In the board meeting of 23 October 2008, the company chose to amalgamate/absorb Perlecan, thereby making it an in-house research facility, as it was before 2005.[17]
In 2009, the company did a U-turn and has handed over discovery research and related intellectual property to its Bangalore-based subsidiary, with the possibility of spinning it off as a different entity altogether. "The company may be hoping to find a strategic partner in the future to share the risks and research funding."[18]
2011 recall[edit]
In June 2011, certain lots of Dr. Reddy's generic simvastatin tablets were recalled due to tablets having a "musty" or "moldy" smell.[19]
On June 24, 2014, the New York Times published an article "Warning Unheeded, Heart Drugs Are Recalled" in which it said another large Indian manufacturer and "Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, have announced recalls over the past two months totalling more than 100,000 bottles" of "a widely used heart drug, Toprol XL" "because their products were not dissolving properly".
2014 FDA Form 483[edit]
In December 2014 the FDA issues a Form 483 letter over concerns discovered during an inspection of its Srikakulam facility. No specific violations were mentioned in the letter.[20][21]
Key products[edit]
Top active pharmaceutical ingredients[edit]
Canagliflozin
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride
Ramipril
Terbinafine HCI
Ibuprofen
Sertaline Hydrochloride
Ranitidine HCI Form 2
Naproxen Sodium
Naproxen
Atorvastatin
Montelukast
Nelfinavir Mesylate
Losartan Potassium
Sparfloxacin
Nizatidine
Fexofenadine
Ranitidine Hydrochloride Form 1
Clopidogrel (Not in US due to 2007 patent case)
Omeprazole
Finasteride
Sumatriptan
See also[edit]
Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dr.Reddy's Laboratories Ltd Results".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-24. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "India's Most Trusted Brands 2014". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Dr Reddy's Laboratories 2007-2012 – MarketReports.com 2007 life sciences research report, Technology Networks, Sudbury, Essex, UK Archived 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine..Accessed: 2007-08-22.
Jump up ^ Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited Says Not To Sell Any Business-DJ, Reuters news agency, 23 March 2010.Accessed 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Pfizer in talks to buy DRL’s formulations business in India, NDTV, New Delhi, 23 February 2010.Accessed 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Dr Reddy's develops generic version of Pfizer's Lipitor, Business Standard, New Delhi and Mumbai, 7 November 2009.Accessed 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Pfizer Sues Dr Reddy’s Over Cholesterol Drug ‘Lipitor’ , Stock Watch, Mumbai, 12 November 2009.Accessed 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ AstraZeneca Partners with India's Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutical Technology, Iselin, NJ and Chester UK Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine..Accessed 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Dr. Reddy's Laboratories will no longer produce its medicines in Russia – Pravda.ru 8 February 2005.Accessed: 2011-11-28.
Jump up ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Dr Reddy's to buy some UCB brands for $128 million". reuters.com.
Jump up ^ Pilla, Viswanath (28 March 2016). "Dr Reddy's enters into licensing pact with US-based XenoPort". livemint.com.
Jump up ^ Dr. Reddy’s receives exclusive rights for Zocor Archived 22 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ www.ETHealthworld.com. "Dr. Reddy's launches patient-centric Purple Health initiative - ET HealthWorld". ETHealthworld.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dr Reddy's launches 'patient-friendly' packaging on certain medicines - Times of India". indiatimes.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beyond the pill: Dr Reddy's rolls out patient-centric Purple Health initiative". thehindubusinessline.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Perlecan highlights R&D travails of Indian pharma , 17 October 2008.Accessed: 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ DRL moving research arm to Bangalore unit 22 May 2009. Accessed: 2009-08-20.
Jump up ^ [Recall Notice, listserv, California Board of Pharmacy, 10 June 2011]
Jump up ^ "FDA slaps Dr. Reddy's with a Form 483 - FiercePharma". www.fiercepharmamanufacturing.com.
Jump up ^ "Dr Reddy's API plant receives USFDA 483 with nine observations". in-pharmatechnologist.com.
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