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Triassic
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Triassic Period
251.902–201.3 million years ago
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Mean atmospheric O
2 content over period duration c. 16 vol %[1][2]
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Mean atmospheric CO
2 content over period duration c. 1750 ppm[3]
(6 times pre-industrial level)
Mean surface temperature over period duration c. 17 °C[4]
(3 °C above modern level)
Key events in the Triassic
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Ladinian
Carnian
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Mass extinction
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Full recovery of woody trees[5]
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Coals return[6]
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Scleractinian
corals & calcified sponges[7]
An approximate timescale of key Triassic events.
Axis scale: millions of years ago.
The Triassic ( /traɪˈæsɪk/) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya.[8] The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events.[9]
The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it would take well into the middle of this period for life to recover its former diversity. Therapsids and archosaurs were the chief terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized subgroup of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period.[10]
The first true mammals, themselves a specialized subgroup of therapsids, also evolved during this period, as well as the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, who, like the dinosaurs, were a specialized subgroup of archosaurs. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic, after which it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south.
The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry,[11] with deserts spanning much of Pangaea's interior. However, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart. The end of the period was marked by yet another major mass extinction, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, that wiped out many groups and allowed dinosaurs to assume dominance in the Jurassic.
The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after the three distinct rock layers (tri meaning "three") that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europe—red beds, capped by marine limestone, followed by a series of terrestrial mud- and sandstones—called the "Trias".[12]
Contents
1 Dating and subdivisions
2 Paleogeography
2.1 Africa
2.2 Scandinavia
2.3 South America
3 Climate
4 Life
4.1 Flora
4.2 Marine fauna
4.3 Terrestrial and freshwater fauna
5 Coal
6 Lagerstätten
7 Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Dating and subdivisions[edit]
The Triassic is usually separated into Early, Middle, and Late Triassic Epochs, and the corresponding rocks are referred to as Lower, Middle, or Upper Triassic. The faunal stages from the youngest to oldest are:
Upper/Late Triassic (Tr3)
Rhaetian (208.5 – 201.3 Mya)
Norian (227 – 208.5 Mya)
Carnian (237– 227 Mya)
Middle Triassic (Tr2)
Ladinian (242 – 237 Mya)
Anisian (247.2 – 242 Mya)
Lower/Early Triassic (Scythian)
Olenekian (251.2 – 247.2 Mya)
Induan (251.902 – 251.2 Mya)
Paleogeography[edit]
230 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction
Sydney, Australia lies on Triassic shales and sandstones. Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney belong to the Triassic Sydney sandstone.[13]
During the Triassic, almost all the Earth's land mass was concentrated into a single supercontinent centered more or less on the equator and spanning from pole to pole, called Pangaea ("all the land"). From the east, along the equator, the Tethys sea penetrated Pangaea, causing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean to be closed.
Later in the mid-Triassic a similar sea penetrated along the equator from the west. The remaining shores were surrounded by the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean.
The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in that period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangaea, which separated New Jersey from Morocco, are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Group.[14]
Because a super-continental mass has less shoreline compared to one broken up, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare, despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms that lived in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans.
Africa[edit]
At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, Africa was joined with Earth's other continents in Pangaea.[15] Africa shared the supercontinent's relatively uniform fauna which was dominated by theropods, prosauropods and primitive ornithischians by the close of the Triassic period.[15] Late Triassic fossils are found throughout Africa, but are more common in the south than north.[15] The time boundary separating the Permian and Triassic marks the advent of an extinction event with global impact, although African strata from this time period have not been thoroughly studied.[15]
Scandinavia[edit]
During the Triassic peneplains are thought to have formed in what is now Norway and southern Sweden.[16][17][18] Remnants of this peneplain can be traced as a tilted summit accordance in the Swedish West Coast.[16] In northern Norway Triassic peneplains may have been buried in sediments to be then re-exposed as coastal plains called strandflats.[17] Dating of illite clay from a strandflat of Bømlo, southern Norway, have shown that landscape there became weathered in Late Triassic times (c. 210 million years ago) with the landscape likely also being shaped during that time.[19]
South America[edit]
At Paleorrota geopark, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the Santa Maria Formation and Caturrita Formations are exposed. In these formations, one of the earliest dinosaurs, Staurikosaurus, as well as the mammal ancestors Brasilitherium and Brasilodon have been discovered.
Climate[edit]
The Triassic continental interior climate was generally hot and dry, so that typical deposits are red bed sandstones and evaporites. There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles. Pangaea's large size limited the moderating effect of the global ocean; its continental climate was highly seasonal, with very hot summers and cold winters.[20] The strong contrast between the Pangea supercontinent and the global ocean triggered intense cross-equatorial monsoons.[20]
The Triassic may have mostly been a dry period, but evidence exists that it was punctuated by several episodes of increased rainfall in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Tethys Sea and its surrounding land.[21] Sediments and fossils suggestive of a more humid climate are known from the Anisian to Ladinian of the Tethysian domain, and from the Carnian and Rhaetian of a larger area that includes also the Boreal domain (e.g., Svalbard Islands), the North American continent, the South China block and Argentina.
The best studied of such episodes of humid climate, and probably the most intense and widespread, was the Carnian Pluvial Event.
Life[edit]
Triassic flora as depicted in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1885–90)
Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the Permian–Triassic extinction event, new groups which flourished briefly, and other new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic Era.
Flora[edit]
On land, the surviving vascular plants included the lycophytes, the dominant cycadophytes, ginkgophyta (represented in modern times by Ginkgo biloba), ferns, horsetails and glossopterids. The spermatophytes, or seed plants, came to dominate the terrestrial flora: in the northern hemisphere, conifers, ferns and bennettitales flourished. Glossopteris (a seed fern) was the dominant southern hemisphere tree during the Early Triassic period.
Marine fauna[edit]
Marine vertebrate apex predators of the Early Triassic
Middle Triassic marginal marine sequence, southwestern Utah
In marine environments, new modern types of corals appeared in the Early Triassic, forming small patches of reefs of modest extent compared to the great reef systems of Devonian or modern times. Serpulids appeared in the Middle Triassic.[22] Microconchids were abundant. The shelled cephalopods called ammonites recovered, diversifying from a single line that survived the Permian extinction.
The fish fauna was remarkably uniform, suggesting that very few families survived the Permian extinction. There were also many types of marine reptiles. These included the Sauropterygia, which featured pachypleurosaurus and nothosaurs (both common during the Middle Triassic, especially in the Tethys region), placodonts, and the first plesiosaurs. The first of the lizardlike Thalattosauria (askeptosaurs) and the highly successful ichthyosaurs, which appeared in Early Triassic seas soon diversified, and some eventually developed to huge size during the Late Triassic. Subequatorial saurichthyids have also been described in Early Triassic strata.[23]
Terrestrial and freshwater fauna[edit]
Groups of terrestrial fauna, which appeared in the Triassic period or achieved a new level of evolutionary success during it include:[24][25]
Lungfish: the lakes and rivers were populated by lungfish (Dipnoi), such as Ceratodus, which are mainly known from the dental plates, abundant in the fossils record[26].
Temnospondyls: one of the largest groups of early amphibians, temnospondyls originated during the Carboniferous and were still significant. Once abundant in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, the terrestrial species had mostly been replaced by reptiles. The Triassic survivors were aquatic or semi-aquatic, and were represented by Tupilakosaurus, Thabanchuia, Branchiosauridae and Micropholis, all of which died out in Early Triassic, and the successful Stereospondyli, with survivors into the Cretaceous era. The largest of these, such as the Mastodonsaurus were up to 13 feet in length.[27][28]
Rhynchosaurs, barrel-gutted herbivores which thrived for only a short period of time, becoming extinct about 220 million years ago. They were exceptionally abundant in Triassic, the primary large herbivores in many ecosystems. They sheared plants with their beaks and several rows of teeth on the roof of the mouth.
Phytosaurs: archosaurs that prospered during the Late Triassic. These long-snouted and semiaquatic predators resemble living crocodiles and probably had a similar lifestyle, hunting for fish and small reptiles around the water's edge. However this resemblance is only superficial and is a prime-case of convergent evolution.
Aetosaurs: heavily armored archosaurs that were common during the last 30 million years of the Late Triassic but died out at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Most aetosaurs were herbivorous, and fed on low-growing plants but some may have eaten meat.
Rauisuchians, another group of archosaurs, which were the keystone predators of most Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Over 25 species have been found, and include giant quadrupedal hunters, sleek bipedal omnivores, and lumbering beasts with deep sails on their backs. They probably occupied the large-predator niche later filled by theropods.
Theropods: dinosaurs that first evolved in the Triassic period but did not evolve into large sizes until the Jurassic. Most Triassic theropods, such as the Coelophysis, were only around 1–2 meters long and hunted small prey in the shadow of the giant Rauisuchians.
Cynodonts, a large group that includes true mammals. The first cynodonts evolved in the Permian, but many groups prospered during the Triassic. Their characteristic mammalian features included hair, a large brain, and upright posture. Many were small but several forms were enormous and filled a large herbivore niche before the evolution of sauropodomorph dinosaurs, as well as large-sized carnivorous niches.
The Permian–Triassic extinction devastated terrestrial life. Biodiversity rebounded as the surviving species repopulated empty terrain, but these were short-lived. Diverse communities with complex food-web structures took 30 million years to reestablish.[9]
Temnospondyl amphibians were among those groups that survived the Permian–Triassic extinction; some lineages (e.g. trematosaurs) flourished briefly in the Early Triassic, while others (e.g. capitosaurs) remained successful throughout the whole period, or only came to prominence in the Late Triassic (e.g. plagiosaurs, metoposaurs). As for other amphibians, the first Lissamphibia, progenitors of first frogs, are known from the Early Triassic, but the group as a whole did not become common until the Jurassic, when the temnospondyls had become very rare. Other survivors the Chroniosuchia and Embolomeri were more closely related to amniotes than temnospondyls. Those became extinct after some million years.
Most of the Reptiliomorpha, stem-amniotes that gave rise to the amniotes, disappeared in Triassic, but two water-dwelling groups survived; Embolomeri that only survived into the early part of the period, and the Chroniosuchia, which survived until the end of Triassic.
Archosauromorph reptiles, especially archosaurs, progressively replaced the synapsids that had dominated the previous Permian period. The Cynognathus was the characteristic top predator in earlier Triassic (Olenekian and Anisian) on Gondwana. Both kannemeyeriid dicynodonts and gomphodont cynodonts remained important herbivores during much of the period, and ecteniniids played a role as large-sized, cursorial predators in the Late Triassic. During the Carnian (early part of the Late Triassic), some advanced cynodonts gave rise to the first mammals. At the same time the Ornithodira, which until then had been small and insignificant, evolved into pterosaurs and a variety of dinosaurs. The Crurotarsi were the other important archosaur clade, and during the Late Triassic these also reached the height of their diversity, with various groups including the phytosaurs, aetosaurs, several distinct lineages of Rauisuchia, and the first crocodylians (the Sphenosuchia). Meanwhile, the stocky herbivorous rhynchosaurs and the small to medium-sized insectivorous or piscivorous Prolacertiformes were important basal archosauromorph groups throughout most of the Triassic.
Among other reptiles, the earliest turtles, like Proganochelys and Proterochersis, appeared during the Norian Age (Stage) of the Late Triassic Period. The Lepidosauromorpha, specifically the Sphenodontia, are first found in the fossil record of the earlier Carnian Age. The Procolophonidae were an important group of small lizard-like herbivores.
During the Triassic, archosaurs displaced therapsids as the dominant amniotes. This "Triassic Takeover" may have contributed to the evolution of mammals by forcing the surviving therapsids and their mammaliaform successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores. Nocturnal life may have forced the mammaliaforms to develop fur and a higher metabolic rate.[29]
Postosuchus An apex predator of its time which preyed on anything smaller than itself
Staurikosaurus feeding on a dicynodont, in geopark Paleorrota
Lystrosaurus was the most common land vertebrate during the Early Triassic, when animal life had been greatly diminished
Reconstruction of Proterosuchus, a genus of crocodile-like carnivorous reptile that existed in the Early Triassic
Cynognathus was a mammal-like cynodont from the Early Triassic. The first true mammals evolved during this period
Plateosaurus was an early sauropodomorph, or "prosauropod", of the Late Triassic
Coelophysis, one of the first dinosaurs, appeared in the Late Triassic
Life reconstruction of Tanystropheus longobardicus
Coal[edit]
Immediately above the Permian–Triassic boundary the glossopteris flora was suddenly[30] largely displaced by an Australia-wide coniferous flora.
No known coal deposits date from the start of the Triassic period. This is known as the "coal gap" and can be seen as part of the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[31] Sharp drops in sea level at the time of the Permo-Triassic boundary may be the best explanation for the coal gap. However, there is still speculation as to why it is missing.[32] During the preceding Permian period the arid desert conditions contributed to the evaporation of many inland seas and the subsequent inundation of those area, perhaps by a number of tsunami events that may have been responsible for the drop in sea level.[33] Large salt basins in the southwest United States and a very large basin in central Canada are evidence of this.[34] Coal of Triassic age is made of the fossilized remains of Triassic plants and trees.
Conifers became common in Eurasia and Australia which contained a few species with a lycopod herbaceous under story. These groups of conifers arose from endemic species because of the ocean barriers that prevented seed from crossing for over one hundred million years. For instance, Podocarpis was located south and pines, junipers, and sequoias were located north. The dividing line ran through the Amazon Valley, across the Sahara, and north of Arabia, India, Thailand, and Australia.[35][36] It has been suggested that there was a climate barrier for the conifers.[37] although water barriers are more plausible. If so, something that could cross at least minor water barriers must have been involved in producing the coal hiatus. Hot climate could have been an important auxiliary factor across Antarctica or the Bering Strait, however. There was a spike of fern and lycopod spores immediately after the close of the Permian.[38] There was also a spike of fungal spores immediately after the Permian–Triassic boundary.[39] This spike may have lasted 50,000 years in Italy and 200,000 years in China and must have contributed to the climate warmth.
An event excluding a catastrophe must have been involved to cause the coal hiatus because fungi would have removed all dead vegetation and coal-forming detritus in a few decades in most tropical places. In addition, fungal spores rose gradually and declined similarly along with a prevalence of woody debris. Each phenomenon would hint at widespread vegetative death. Whatever the cause of the coal hiatus, it must have started in North America approximately 25 million years sooner.[40]
Lagerstätten[edit]
Triassic sandstone near Stadtroda, Germany
The Monte San Giorgio lagerstätte, now in the Lake Lugano region of northern Italy and Switzerland, was in Triassic times a lagoon behind reefs with an anoxic bottom layer, so there were no scavengers and little turbulence to disturb fossilization, a situation that can be compared to the better-known Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone lagerstätte.
The remains of fish and various marine reptiles (including the common pachypleurosaur Neusticosaurus, and the bizarre long-necked archosauromorph Tanystropheus), along with some terrestrial forms like Ticinosuchus and Macrocnemus, have been recovered from this locality. All these fossils date from the Anisian/Ladinian transition (about 237 million years ago).
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event[edit]
Main article: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
The mass extinction event is marked by 'End Tr'
The Triassic period ended with a mass extinction, which was particularly severe in the oceans; the conodonts disappeared, as did all the marine reptiles except ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Invertebrates like brachiopods, gastropods, and molluscs were severely affected. In the oceans, 22% of marine families and possibly about half of marine genera went missing.
Though the end-Triassic extinction event was not equally devastating in all terrestrial ecosystems, several important clades of crurotarsans (large archosaurian reptiles previously grouped together as the thecodonts) disappeared, as did most of the large labyrinthodont amphibians, groups of small reptiles, and some synapsids (except for the proto-mammals). Some of the early, primitive dinosaurs also became extinct, but more adaptive ones survived to evolve into the Jurassic. Surviving plants that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world included modern conifers and cycadeoids.
The cause of the Late Triassic extinction is uncertain. It was accompanied by huge volcanic eruptions that occurred as the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart about 202 to 191 million years ago (40Ar/39Ar dates),[41] forming the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP),[42] one of the largest known inland volcanic events since the planet had first cooled and stabilized. Other possible but less likely causes for the extinction events include global cooling or even a bolide impact, for which an impact crater containing Manicouagan Reservoir in Quebec, Canada, has been singled out. However, the Manicouagan impact melt has been dated to 214±1 Mya. The date of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary has also been more accurately fixed recently, at 201.3 Mya. Both dates are gaining accuracy by using more accurate forms of radiometric dating, in particular the decay of uranium to lead in zircons formed at time of the impact. So, the evidence suggests the Manicouagan impact preceded the end of the Triassic by approximately 10±2 Ma. It could, therefore, not be the immediate cause of the observed mass extinction.[43]
The number of Late Triassic extinctions is disputed. Some studies suggest that there are at least two periods of extinction towards the end of the Triassic, separated by 12 to 17 million years. But arguing against this is a recent study of North American faunas. In the Petrified Forest of northeast Arizona there is a unique sequence of late Carnian-early Norian terrestrial sediments. An analysis in 2002 found no significant change in the paleoenvironment.[44] Phytosaurs, the most common fossils there, experienced a change-over only at the genus level, and the number of species remained the same. Some aetosaurs, the next most common tetrapods, and early dinosaurs, passed through unchanged. However, both phytosaurs and aetosaurs were among the groups of archosaur reptiles completely wiped out by the end-Triassic extinction event.
It seems likely then that there was some sort of end-Carnian extinction, when several herbivorous archosauromorph groups died out, while the large herbivorous therapsids—the kannemeyeriid dicynodonts and the traversodont cynodonts—were much reduced in the northern half of Pangaea (Laurasia).
These extinctions within the Triassic and at its end allowed the dinosaurs to expand into many niches that had become unoccupied. Dinosaurs became increasingly dominant, abundant and diverse, and remained that way for the next 150 million years. The true "Age of Dinosaurs" is during the following Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, rather than the Triassic.
See also[edit]
Triassic portal
Mesozoic portal
Geology portal
Paleontology portal
Time portal
Geologic time scale
List of fossil sites (with link directory)
Phylloceratina
Dinosaurs
Notes[edit]
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Jump up ^ Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391.
Jump up ^ User, Super. "ICS - Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
Jump up ^ Brusatte, S. L.; Benton, M. J.; Ruta, M.; Lloyd, G. T. (2008-09-12). "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs" (PDF). Science. 321 (5895): 1485–1488. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1485B. doi:10.1126/science.1161833. PMID 18787166. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
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"… bunter Sandstein, Muschelkalk und Keuper das Resultat einer Periode, ihre Versteinerungen, um mich der Worte E. de Beaumont’s zu bedeinen, die Thermometer einer geologischen Epoche seyen, … also die bis jezt beobachtete Trennung dieser Gebilde in 3 Formationen nicht angemessen, und es mehr dem Begriffe Formation entsprechend sey, sie zu einer Formation, welche ich vorläufig Trias nennen will, zu verbinden."
( … colored sandstone, shell limestone, and mudstone are the result of a period ; their fossils are, to avail myself of the words of E. de Beaumont, the thermometer of a geologic epoch ; … thus the separation of these structures into 3 formations, which has been maintained until now, isn't appropriate, and it is more consistent with the concept of "formation" to join them into one formation, which for now I will name "trias".)
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Jump up ^ Hosher, WT Magaritz M Clark D (1987). "Events near the time of the Permian-Triassic boundary". Mod. Geol. 11: 155–180 [173–174].
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Jump up ^ Knauth, L. Paul (1998). "Salinity history of the Earth's early ocean". Nature. 395 (6702): 554–5. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..554K. doi:10.1038/26879. PMID 11542867.
Jump up ^ Dott, R.H. and Batten, R.L. (1971) Evolution of the Earth, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, NY.
Jump up ^ Florin, R (1963). "The distribution of Conifer and Taxad genera in time and space". Acta Horti Bergiani. 20: 121–312.
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Jump up ^ Darlington PJ, (1965) Biogeography of the southern end of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., on p 168.
Jump up ^ Retallack, GJ (1995). "Permian -Triassic life crises on land". Science. 267 (5194): 77–79. Bibcode:1995Sci...267...77R. doi:10.1126/science.267.5194.77. PMID 17840061.
Jump up ^ Eshet, Y; Rampino, Michael R.; Visscher, Henk (1995). "Fungal event and palynological record of ecological crises and recovery across Permian-Triassic boundary". Geology. 23 (11): 967–970 [969]. Bibcode:1995Geo....23..967E. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0967:FEAPRO>2.3.CO;2.
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References[edit]
Emiliani, Cesare. (1992). Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, & the Evolution of Life & the Environment. Cambridge University Press. (Paperback Edition ISBN 0-521-40949-7)
Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's) Stratigraphy.org, Accessed April 30, 2006
Stanley, Steven M. Earth System History. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. ISBN 0-7167-2882-6
Sues, Hans-Dieter & Fraser, Nicholas C. Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Series: Critical Moments and Perspectives in Earth History and Paleobiology. ISBN 978-0-231-13522-1
van Andel, Tjeerd, (1985) 1994, New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change, Cambridge University Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triassic.
Look up triassic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A Visit To Ammonite Canyon, Nevada Virtual field trip to one of the most famous places on Earth to study the Late Triassic extinction in a marine geologic section.
Middle Triassic Ammonoids From Nevada
Ammonoids At Union Wash, California Virtual field trip to a classic Early Triassic ammonoid locality in Inyo County, California.
Late Triassic Ichthyosaur And Invertebrate Fossils In Nevada
Early Triassic Ammonoid Fossils In Nevada
Overall introduction
'The Triassic world'
Douglas Henderson's illustrations of Triassic animals[permanent dead link]
Paleofiles page on the Triassic extinctions
Examples of Triassic Fossils
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(66.0–251.902 Mya)
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Triassic (201.3–251.902 Mya)
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Paleozoic era
(251.902–541.0 Mya)
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Eras
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)
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Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)
Hadean eon (4–4.6 Gya)
kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.
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text:
Mexico–United States soccer rivalry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mexico–United States soccer rivalry
Locale
North America (CONCACAF)
Teams
Mexico
United States
First meeting
May 24, 1934
Stadio Nazionale
Rome, Italy
(MEX 2–4 USA)
Latest meeting
June 11, 2017
Estadio Azteca
Mexico City, Mexico
(MEX 1–1 USA)
Statistics
Meetings total
68
Most wins
Mexico (35)
All-time series
35-19–14 (W–L–D) (Mexico)
Largest victory
September 4, 1949
(MEX 6–0 USA)
A sports rivalry exists between the national soccer teams of Mexico and the United States, widely considered the two major powers of CONCACAF. The first match was played in 1934, and the teams have met 68 times, with Mexico leading the overall series 35–19–14 (W–L–D), outscoring the U.S. 139–79.
Matches between the two nations often attract much media attention, public interest and comment in both countries. The U.S.-Mexico matches are widely attended; several matches at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico have drawn over 100,000 fans, and several matches at the Rose Bowl in the United States have drawn over 90,000 fans.
The most important matchups take place in quadrennial FIFA World Cup qualification matches and major tournaments such as the CONCACAF Gold Cup. The rivalry plays out often in annual friendlies scheduled during the early months in U.S. cities with large Mexican American populations such as Los Angeles, Houston, and Phoenix.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Recent years
2 Results
2.1 Summary
2.2 Gold Cup finals
2.3 List of matches
3 Player eligibility
4 Incidents
5 Women's soccer
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
The first match between the two sides was a qualifying match in Italy for the final ticket to the 1934 World Cup. Where soccer was seen as a foreign sport in the United States, in Mexico, like many Latin American nations, it was embraced from the start as part of their culture. The U.S. had established a professional league in 1921, but it had folded in 1933. The final score was United States 4–2 Mexico. Three years later, Mexico began a winning streak over the U.S. in friendlies 7–2, 7–3, and 5–1 in Mexico City.
Recent years[edit]
Prior to 2012, Mexico had never lost to the United States at home and now owns a 23–1–2 (W–L–T) record on their native soil. Mexico has won in the United States seven times, compiling a record of 7–13–9 (W–L–T). The overall Mexican record in the U.S., however, does not reflect the current competitive nature of the series. Since their 1999 win in the U.S. Cup, Mexico has been 4–8–4 on U.S. soil.
In the 21st century, the rivalry added a new chapter with the nickname Dos a Cero (2–0) to U.S. fans. Starting in 2001 during the qualifying cycle for the 2002 World Cup, the U.S. hosted Mexico in Columbus, Ohio at Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Mapfre Stadium. The first meeting between Mexico and the United States ended in a 2–0 win for the U.S. Following the victory, the U.S. hosted Mexico at Crew Stadium again in 2005, 2009, and 2013 for World Cup Qualifiers (2006, 2010, and 2014 qualifying cycles). Each time these teams met in Columbus, the U.S. has come out with a 2–0 win. Following the September 10, 2013 game the U.S. clinched a World Cup berth following a Panama-Honduras 2–2 draw. Their meeting in the round of 16 of the 2002 World Cup also ended in a U.S. win by the same score.[1] In addition, the U.S. has won three friendlies against Mexico by that score since 2000—in Los Angeles in 2000, the Phoenix area in 2007, and San Antonio in 2015.[2]
On November 11th, 2016, Mexico was finally able to win a hexagonal world cup qualifier in Columbus after beating the U.S. 1-2 with a late Rafael Marquez header.
Results[edit]
Summary[edit]
On a macro level, Mexico leads the series 35–19, with almost the double of goals to the U.S. (139–79).
On neutral territory, the United States leads the series 3–2. In addition, the lone World Cup match between the two countries, a Round of 16 meeting at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea, resulted in a 2–0 victory for the United States.
Years
Matches
For Mexico
Draw
For USA
Goals
All Time 68 35 14 19 Mexico 139–79 United States
1930s–1940s 7 6 0 1 Mexico 38–12 United States
1950s–1960s 8 6 2 0 Mexico 30–8 United States
1970s–1980s 12 10 1 1 Mexico 27–7 United States
1990s 15 6 5 4 Mexico 15–18 United States
2000s 16 4 2 10 Mexico 13–23 United States
2010s 10 3 4 3 Mexico 13–14 United States
Main Championship Titles
Mexico
United States
FIFA Confederations Cup 1 0
CONCACAF Gold Cup 7 6
CONCACAF Cup 1 0
CONCACAF Championship* 3 0
*no longer played
Gold Cup finals[edit]
The United States and Mexico have met in five Gold Cup finals to date, with Mexico holding a four games to one lead over the United States.
CONCACAF Gold Cup finals
Tournament
Host
Winner
Final Score
Runner-up
1993 Mexico
Mexico 4–0
United States
1998 United States
Mexico 1–0
United States
2007 United States
United States 2–1
Mexico
2009 United States
Mexico 5–0
United States
2011 United States
Mexico 4–2
United States
List of matches[edit]
Date
Location
Competition
Result
Attendance
000000001934-05-24-0000May 24, 1934 Stadio Nazionale, Rome, Italy 1934 FIFA World Cup Qualifier 4–2 10,000
000000001937-09-12-0000September 12, 1937 Parque Asturias, Mexico City, D.F. Friendly 7–2 21,000
000000001937-09-19-0000September 19, 1937 Parque Necaxa, Mexico City, D.F. Friendly 7–3 22,000
000000001937-09-26-0000September 26, 1937 Parque España, Mexico City, D.F. Friendly 5–1
000000001947-07-13-0000July 13, 1947 Estadio Tropical, Havana, Cuba 1947 NAFC Championship 5–0
000000001949-09-04-0000September 4, 1949 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F. 1949 NAFC Championship[n 1] 6–0 60,000
000000001949-09-18-0000September 18, 1949 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F. 1949 NAFC Championship[n 1] 6–2 54,500
000000001954-01-10-0000January 10, 1954 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F. 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier 4–0 60,000
000000001954-01-14-0000January 14, 1954 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F. 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier 3–1 40,000
000000001957-04-07-0000April 7, 1957 Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Mexico City, D.F. 1958 FIFA World Cup qualifier 6–0 75,000
000000001957-04-28-0000April 28, 1957 Veterans Memorial Stadium, Long Beach, California 1958 FIFA World Cup qualifier 7–2 12,500
000000001960-11-06-0000November 6, 1960 Wrigley Field, Los Angeles, California 1962 FIFA World Cup qualifier 3–3 8,000
000000001960-11-13-0000November 13, 1960 Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Mexico City, D.F. 1962 FIFA World Cup qualifier 3–0 80,000
000000001965-03-07-0000March 7, 1965 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California 1966 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–2 19,337
000000001965-03-12-0000March 12, 1965 Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Mexico City, D.F. 1966 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–0 64,285
000000001972-09-03-0000September 3, 1972 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 1974 FIFA World Cup qualifier 3–1 29,891
000000001972-09-10-0000September 10, 1972 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California 1974 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–1 9,620
000000001973-10-16-0000October 16, 1973 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. Friendly 2–0 14,000
000000001974-09-05-0000September 5, 1974 Estadio Universitario, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León Friendly 3–1 25,000
000000001974-09-08-0000September 8, 1974 Cotton Bowl, Dallas Friendly 1–0 22,164
000000001975-08-24-0000August 24, 1975 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. Friendly 2–0
000000001976-10-03-0000October 3, 1976 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifier 0–0 31,171
000000001976-10-15-0000October 15, 1976 Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla, Puebla 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifier 3–0 35,000
000000001977-09-27-0000September 27, 1977 Estadio Universitario, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León Friendly 3–0 20,000
000000001980-11-09-0000November 9, 1980 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifier 5–1 90,000
000000001980-11-23-0000November 23, 1980 Lockhart Stadium, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–1 2,126
000000001984-10-17-0000October 17, 1984 Estadio Neza 86, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México Friendly 2–1
000000001990-05-10-0000May 10, 1990 Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada 1990 North American Nations Cup 1–0
000000001991-03-12-0000March 12, 1991 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California 1991 North American Nations Cup 2–2
000000001991-07-05-0000July 5, 1991 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California 1991 Gold Cup semifinal 2–0 41,103
000000001993-07-25-0000July 25, 1993 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup final 4–0 120,000
000000001993-10-13-0000October 13, 1993 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. Friendly 1–1 23,927
000000001994-06-04-0000June 4, 1994 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California Friendly 1–0 91,123
000000001995-06-18-0000June 18, 1995 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. 1995 U.S. Cup 4–0 38,615
000000001995-07-17-0000July 17, 1995 Estadio Parque Artigas, Paysandú, Uruguay 1995 Copa América Quarterfinal 0–0 (4–1) PK 15,000
000000001996-06-16-0000June 16, 1996 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California 1996 U.S. Cup 2–2 92,216
000000001997-01-19-0000January 19, 1997 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California 1997 U.S. Cup 2–0 31,725
000000001997-04-20-0000April 20, 1997 Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–2 57,877
000000001997-11-02-0000November 2, 1997 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier 0–0 115,000
000000001998-02-15-0000February 15, 1998 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup final 1–0 91,255
000000001999-03-13-0000March 13, 1999 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, California 1999 U.S. Cup 2–1 50,234
000000001999-08-01-0000August 1, 1999 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 1999 Confederations Cup semifinal 1–0 aet (0–0) 65,000
000000002000-06-11-0000June 11, 2000 Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey 2000 U.S. Cup 3–0 45,008
000000002000-10-25-0000October 25, 2000 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California Friendly 2–0 61,072
000000002001-02-28-0000February 28, 2001 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–0 24,329
000000002001-07-01-0000July 1, 2001 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier 1–0 110,000
000000002002-04-03-0000April 3, 2002 Invesco Field at Mile High, Denver Friendly 1–0 48,476
000000002002-06-17-0000June 17, 2002 Jeonju World Cup Stadium, Jeonju, South Korea 2002 FIFA World Cup Round Of 16 2–0 36,380
000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003 Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas Friendly 0–0 69,582
000000002004-04-28-0000April 28, 2004 Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas Friendly 1–0 45,048
000000002005-03-27-0000March 27, 2005 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–1 110,000
000000002005-09-03-0000September 3, 2005 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–0 24,685
000000002007-02-07-0000February 7, 2007 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Friendly 2–0 62,462
000000002007-06-24-0000June 24, 2007 Soldier Field, Chicago, Illinois 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup final 2–1 60,000
000000002008-02-06-0000February 6, 2008 Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas Friendly 2–2 70,103
000000002009-02-11-0000February 11, 2009 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–0 23,776
000000002009-07-26-0000July 26, 2009 Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup final 5–0 79,156
000000002009-08-12-0000August 12, 2009 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–1 110,000
000000002011-06-25-0000June 25, 2011 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup final 4–2 93,420
000000002011-08-10-0000August 10, 2011 Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia Friendly 1–1 30,138
000000002012-08-15-0000August 15, 2012 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. Friendly 1–0 56,000
000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier 0–0 85,500
000000002013-09-10-0000September 10, 2013 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–0 24,584
000000002014-04-02-0000April 2, 2014 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Friendly 2–2 59,066
000000002015-04-15-0000April 15, 2015 Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas Friendly 2–0 64,369
000000002015-10-10-0000October 10, 2015 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California 2015 CONCACAF Cup 3–2 93,420
000000002016-11-11-0000November 11, 2016 MAPFRE Stadium, Columbus, Ohio 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–1 24,650
000000002017-06-11-0000June 11, 2017 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier 1–1 71,537
Player eligibility[edit]
The United States and Mexico also compete to convince players who are eligible to play for both the United States and Mexico (e.g., a player who was born in the United States to Mexican parents) to play for their particular national team. To date, only two players, Martín Vásquez and Edgar Castillo have played for both nations. Castillo, who was born in Las Cruces, New Mexico, debuted with the Mexican side in August 2007 for a match that was part of the 2008 CONCACAF Men Pre-Olympic Tournament. Castillo played his first game for the United States, a friendly against Denmark in 2009.
Incidents[edit]
Prior to an Olympic qualifying game in Guadalajara, Mexico, on February 10, 2004, Mexican media reported that U.S. player Landon Donovan urinated on the field during practice, which angered Mexican fans and media outlets.[3] Subsequent video showed Donovan actually urinated near some bushes outside the practice areas. Two days later, on February 12, 2004, Mexico defeated the U.S. 4–0, and the crowd was heard chanting "Osama, Osama, Osama", in reference to Osama bin Laden and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.[4]
In a friendly held in Glendale, Arizona on February 7, 2007, Landon Donovan scored in injury time to give the U.S. a 2–0 lead and win over Mexico. After the goal, Mexico goalkeeper Oswaldo Sánchez tried to trip U.S. player Eddie Johnson as Johnson was running to celebrate the goal. No contact was made, and no reprimand resulted.[5]
On February 11, 2009, the first qualifier for the 2010 World Cup was held in Columbus Crew Stadium, and resulted in a 2–0 victory for the U.S. against Mexico. After the game, as both teams headed through the tunnels to the locker room, Mexican assistant coach Francisco "Paco" Javier Ramírez slapped Frankie Hejduk in the face.[6] Hejduk did not retaliate, and Ramirez was not reprimanded.
Women's soccer[edit]
The rivalry is less hostile in women's soccer but still important. Most games have been played on U.S. soil. However, games have been played between both teams in Mexico as well; including one at Estadio Azteca in 1999 which ended 0–0. Another was played during the 2008 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship at Puebla, Mexico, where the U.S. U-20 defeated the Mexico U-20 3–0. The Mexican women's team has only defeated the U.S. once, at the 2010 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup semifinal, where they won 2–1. This win got the Mexican women to their second Women's World Cup. Mexico also defeated the U.S. at the 2007 Pan American Games in Brazil, where Mexico won 3–2 after being down 2 goals, though this match is not considered official by both associations and FIFA due to the U.S. fielding their U20 team in that tournament as opposed to their senior team.
In popular culture[edit]
A 2012 documentary, Gringos at the Gate / Ahi Vienen Los Gringos, written and directed by Pablo Miralles, Roberto Donati, and Michael Whalen,[7] focuses on the cultural differences between the United States and Mexico when it comes to soccer. This includes the conflict of Mexican-American players in the U.S. while their family might support Mexico.[8]
See also[edit]
Hexagonal (CONCACAF)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Matches were also qualifiers for the 1950 World Cup.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Manfred, Tony (September 10, 2013). "DOS A CERO: USA Beats Mexico 2–0 Again, Qualifies For The 2014 World Cup". Business Insider. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Legend of "Dos A Cero" lives on: Here's the full list of 2-0 wins by the US national team over Mexico". Major League Soccer. April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU – México | Donovan orinó la cancha del Jalisco". Es.rec.deportes.futbol.narkive.com. February 11, 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Whiteside, Kelly (February 12, 2004). "USATODAY.com – Notebook: Mexicans' behavior part of the game". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "USA v Mexico 2/7/07". YouTube. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Frankie Hejduk Gets Slapped By a Mexican Coach". Bleacher Report. February 13, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gringos at the Gate (2012)". IMDb.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived November 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Archive of U.S. national team results 1885-1979
Archive of U.S. national team results 1980-
Gringos at the Gate Documentary film about the U.S. and Mexico soccer rivalry
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico–United_States_soccer_rivalry&oldid=804749087"
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