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Headlight flashing
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Typical dashboard icon indicating that high beams are illuminated
Headlight flashing is the act of either briefly switching on the headlights of a car, or of momentarily switching between a headlight's high beams and low beams, in an effort to communicate with another driver or drivers. The signal is sometimes referred to in car manufacturers' manuals as an optical horn, since it draws the attention of other drivers.
The signal can be intended to convey a variety of messages, including a warning to other drivers of road hazards or of speed traps, and it can also be a form of aggressive driving. The legality of headlight flashing varies by jurisdiction.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses
3 Effectiveness and ambiguity
4 Legality and meaning
4.1 Australia
4.2 Bangladesh
4.3 Canada
4.4 India
4.5 Jamaica
4.6 United Kingdom
4.7 United States
5 Urban legend
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
Headlight flashing might have come into more common use as a means of attempting driver-to-driver communication by the mid-1970s,[1] when cars began to come with headlight beam selectors located on the steering column—typically activated by pulling the turn signal stalk—rather than the previous foot-operated pushbutton switches. The signal stalk configuration was later wired to permit the momentary activation of the high beams regardless of whether the headlamp switch was turned on or off.
Uses[edit]
In the most basic sense, headlight flashing is a way of attracting attention, for any of a number of purposes. In this way, it can be perceived as the visual equivalent of blowing the horn, again for any of a number of reasons. This equivalency is underscored by some car owner's manuals, which identify the steering column control lever which allows headlight flashing as the "optical horn". Headlight flashing can be used simply to let other drivers know of one's presence,[2] or as a response to acknowledge the presence or actions of other drivers. Some drivers flash their headlights as a signal that they are yielding the right of way to another driver, for example at an intersection controlled by stop signs.[3]
Headlight flashing is commonly used to warn other drivers of dangers on the road, such as crashed cars or police speed traps.[4] Headlight flashing can be used to give thanks to another driver. For example, in situations where a driver is warned of police activity in the area, it is sometimes considered courteous to flash one's own lights in response.[5]
It can also be used to inform drivers of problems with their car, such as headlamps left off after dark, burned out or misaligned lights, or misuse of high beam rather than low beam in traffic,[6] or to berate a driver who poses a risk to traffic.[4] Headlight flashing coupled with blowing the car's horn can help clear deer from a driver's path.[7]
Drivers often flash headlights to indicate the intention to overtake or pass another driver,[8][9] or to signal a driver who has just overtaken that he or she is far enough ahead to change back into the lane of the overtaken vehicle. Flashing is also commonly used to request or insist that a leading driver speed up or change lanes to get out of the way of a faster following driver.[10][11] Headlight flashing may also be a part of aggressive driving,[10] and can be used in an attempt to intimidate others into speeding or otherwise driving unsafely.[12]
Some drivers attempt to communicate "I will continue my current behavior!" when flashing their headlights. For example, if such a driver flashes his or her headlights while slowing down, they intend to communicate to another driver who is waiting to merge in traffic: "Go on, I will let you merge!" On the other hand, if such a driver keeps his or her current speed and flashes headlights, they intend to communicate "Stay back, I am not slowing down!"
Headlight flashing may also indicate protest or celebration of an event or political position.[13][14]
Motorcycle headlamp modulators automatically oscillate the intensity of the headlamp in an effort to make the motorcycle more conspicuous to other drivers.[15]
Effectiveness and ambiguity[edit]
Headlight flashing as an effective mode of driver communication has been questioned,[16] and researchers have found the ability of drivers to communicate with one another is about the same as the communication abilities among insects.[17] However, when used as a means of increasing conspicuousness to other drivers, as in the case of motorcycle high/low beam modulators, it is highly effective.
Flashed headlamps can have ambiguous or contradictory meanings, with no way for the observing driver to tell for sure what the flashing driver is trying to say. It may mean, for example, that the flashing driver intends to yield the right of way, or instead that he intends to take it.[17] Misinterpretation of the flashing driver's intent can cause crashes.[18]
Legality and meaning[edit]
Australia[edit]
Headlight flashing to warn drivers of traffic enforcement cameras is illegal in the state of Queensland, carrying a $30 fine and one demerit point, or a $1500 fine if the fine is unsuccessfully challenged in court.[19] Officers may either fine a driver for improper use of headlights, or may even arrest and prosecute for hindering police.[19]
In the state of New South Wales, headlight flashing by regular drivers (that is, not a police officer, etc.) for any means is illegal, except in emergency purposes, and except immediately before overtaking.[20]
In Victoria, Traffic Superintendent Dean McWhirter has said he is happy for motorists to flash their lights to warn other motorists they were approaching a speed camera in 2013.[21]
Bangladesh[edit]
Headlight flashing is common in Bangladesh, where roads are sometimes narrow and lane discipline is lax. It is done by large vehicles such as buses or trucks to alert smaller, more maneuverable vehicles to their presence and to encourage them to make way, for example by moving to the side of the road.[citation needed]
Canada[edit]
In Ontario, the Highway Traffic Act does not prohibit "flashing head beams".[22] Some have brought tickets to court, claiming the law only regulates the use of alternating lights in an attempt to impersonate emergency and law enforcement vehicles, and not a driver's manually flashing his car's headlamps to communicate with other drivers.[22] The section that deals with alternating headlights in Ontario is Section 169 of the Highway Traffic Act. It is an offence to improperly use high-beams at night, which is dealt with by way of section 168 of the Highway Traffic Act.[23]
India[edit]
Headlight flashing in India is often used as a signal that the driver flashing you is offering to let you go first. Such use is however strongly discouraged because it can lead to accidents where the driver flashing has not seen the approach of another road user. It is also used to indicate to an oncoming vehicle to either stop or give way in narrow lanes.
Jamaica[edit]
On some occasions, motorists who flashed their headlights to warn of police activity have unwittingly helped fugitives evade police. In 2008, one of Jamaica's most wanted men went around police checkpoints which had been set up on his most likely routes after a driver had flashed his headlights to warn of police ahead.[24] Drivers were warned that flashing headlights may result in "unwittingly facilitating criminal activity".[24]
United Kingdom[edit]
Though not all of its rules represent law, the Highway Code states "Only flash your headlights to let other road users know that you are there. Do not flash your headlights in an attempt to intimidate other road users".[1] Drivers warning others about speed traps have been fined in the past for "misuse of headlights".[25]
Headlight flashing in the United Kingdom is often used as a signal that the driver flashing you is offering to let you go first. Such use is however strongly discouraged because it can lead to accidents where the driver flashing has not seen the approach of another road user.[26] Using it to indicate that you are coming through and the other driver must wait, could lead to an accident.[citation needed]
Drivers should also be aware of the so-called "Flash-for-Cash" scam, in which criminals flash their lights to let other drivers out of a junction, then crash into them on purpose in order to make fraudulent insurance claims for damage and whiplash injury.[27]
United States[edit]
In the United States, although the legality of headlight flashing varies from state to state, a federal court ruled that flashing headlights was a constitutionally protected form of speech, issuing an injunction prohibiting a police department from citing or prosecuting drivers who flash their lights to warn of radar and speed traps.[28][29][30]

Some states consider that drivers have a First Amendment right to flash their headlights. In other states, law enforcement officers give citations for headlight flashing under three types of laws: (1) laws prohibiting a person from obstructing a police investigation, (2) laws prohibiting a person from having flashing lights on their vehicle, and (3) laws prohibiting shining a vehicle’s high beams at oncoming traffic. The specific language of each law varies by state along with courts’ holdings on whether their respective laws prohibit headlight flashing. Additionally, although not legally binding, the state driver’s manual of some states suggests flashing high beams under specific scenarios (e.g. if an oncoming vehicle is using its high beams, driver’s manuals suggest a motorist flash his or her high beams momentarily).[31][32]
In Alaska, a State Trooper has probable cause to stop a driver who flashes a vehicle’s high beams based upon a violation of 13 AAC 04.020(e)(1).[33]
In Arizona, flashing high beams or headlights is a violation of A.R.S. Section 28-942.1 (Failure to Dim Headlights). However, A.R.S. Section 28-942.2. states: If the driver of a vehicle follows another vehicle within two hundred feet to the rear, except when engaged in the act of overtaking and passing, the driver shall use a distribution of light permissible under this article other than the uppermost distribution of light specified in section 28-941, paragraph 1.[34]
In California, headlight flashing is legal in some situations and illegal in others. It is legal for a driver to flash his headlights to indicate intention to pass on a road which does not allow passing on the right. However, headlight flashing on multiple-lane highways is illegal.[10]
In Florida, headlight flashing is protected free speech pursuant to the First Amendment.[35] Additionally, on 1 January 2013, §316.2397(7), Fla. Stat. was amended to legalize headlight flashing.[36][37] In 2005 and 2011, judges in County Court held that flashing a vehicle's headlights is not a violation of §316.239(7), Fla. Stat.[38][39]
In Illinois, a "flashing to warn" citation was successfully defended on May 7, 2015 in Boone County, via People vs. White, as the bench trial judge found the use of Illinois Vehicle Code 12-212(b) addresses lighting equipment, but not motorist behavior relative to usage of lighting systems.[citation needed]
In Louisiana, drivers who flash headlights are typically cited for a violation of Louisiana Revised Statute Title 32:327, Section C which states: Flashing lights are prohibited except on authorized emergency vehicles, school buses, or on any vehicle as a means of indicating a right or left turn, or the presence of a vehicular traffic hazard requiring unusual care in approaching, overtaking or passing.[40]
In Maryland, police officers sometimes ticket drivers for flashing car headlights under a law which prohibits driving in a vehicle with flashing lights and laws prohibiting "obstructing a police investigation".[5] The American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland challenges the current interpretation of the law, contending the law refers to an adjective and not a verb; that automatic flashing lights on non-emergency vehicles are illegal, but the act by a driver of manually flashing a vehicle's headlamps is not.[5] Though ticketing was common in the 1990s, Maryland and Washington DC police say that flashing one's headlights was not against the law in either place.[41]
In Massachusetts, the practice of headlight flashing is technically not forbidden. A suspicious police officer can ask a motorist if they were flashing their lights to warn oncoming motorists of police presence. If the motorist denies this, the officer can ask if the vehicle has defective lights, which is a violation of Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 90, Section 7.[42]
In Michigan, it is illegal to flash high beams within 500 feet of oncoming traffic.[43]
In Minnesota, drivers are not prohibited from briefly flashing their high beams in a manner that does not blind or impair approaching drivers.[44]
In Missouri, a trial judge in St. Louis held that drivers have a First Amendment right to flash their headlights.[45][46]
In New Jersey, drivers are allowed to flash their headlights to warn approaching drivers about a speed trap ahead.[47] In 1999, The Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division held that a statute limiting how far high beams may project is not violated when a motorist flashes his or her high beams to warn oncoming motorists of radar. The Court also concluded that a stop by a police officer based upon high beam flashing is also improper.[48]
In New York, headlight flashing is not illegal. New York Vehicle and Traffic Law Section 375 [3] requires that headlamps "shall be operated so that dazzling light does not interfere with the driver of the approaching vehicle".[49] In 1994, New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division held that flipping or flicking high beams at approaching vehicles is insufficient to cause the "dazzling lights" prohibited under New York Vehicle and Traffic Law Section 375 [3].[50] In 2009, the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division (Fourth Department) held that the flashing of lights alone is not a violation of New York Vehicle and Traffic Law Section 375 [3], that stopping a vehicle based upon that is illegal, and all evidence gathered as a result of the illegal stop should be suppressed.[51]
In North Dakota, when an oncoming vehicle is within 500 feet, high-beam flashing for any length of time (including momentary flashes) and for any purpose at night is illegal under N.D.C.C. Section 39-21-21.[52]
In Ohio, courts have held that the act of flashing one's headlights so as to alert oncoming drivers of a radar trap does not constitute the offense of obstructing a police officer in the performance of his duties, where there was no proof that the warned vehicles were speeding prior to the warning.[53][54] In another case, where a driver received a citation under an ordinance prohibiting flashing lights on a vehicle, a court held that the ordinance referred to the noun of flashing lights and did not prohibit the verb of flashing the headlights on a vehicle.[55] In a different case, a court held that a momentary flick of the high beams is not a violation of Ohio R.C. 4513.15[56] (which prohibits drivers from aiming glaring rays into the eyes of oncoming drivers).[57]
In Oregon, a court ruled that flashing a vehicle's headlights to warn others about the presence of law enforcement is protected free speech under Article I, section 8, of the Constitution of Oregon.[58]
In Pennsylvania, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has ruled that flashing one's highbeams during the day to warn of speed traps is legal.[59][60]
In Tennessee, flashing headlights to warn oncoming traffic of a police car ahead is protected free speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[61][62]
In Virginia, headlight flashing to warn of police activity is not against the law; however radar detectors remain outlawed.[63] Virginia motor vehicle code specifies an "audible or light signal" to indicate overtaken vehicles should yield in certain situations [64]
In Washington, flashing high beams is not technically illegal, while driving with high beams on within 500 feet (150 m) of oncoming traffic, or 300 feet (91 m) of traffic in front of a driver is illegal. Drivers are advised not to flash their high beams, as overzealous law enforcement officers commonly misconstrue the law.[1] Under section 46.37.230 of the Revised Code of Washington, flashing one's headlights is not expressly forbidden but may result in a $124 traffic infraction.[2][65]
In Wisconsin, the law allows a vehicle operator to intermittently flash a vehicle’s highbeam headlamps at an oncoming vehicle whose highbeam headlamps are lit.[66][67]
Urban legend[edit]
Beginning in the early 1980s, a widespread rumor regarding flashing headlights was spread mainly through fax, and later on the internet. The rumor stated that various gangs across the United States carry out an initiation wherein the initiate drives around at night with his headlights off. Whichever driver flashes his headlamps in response to the unlit car becomes the target; to complete the initiation, the prospective gang member must hunt down and shoot, kill, assault, or rape the target.[68] The story was widely spread by many government organizations, including the New Mexico State Police.[6] This rumor has been proven an urban legend.[69]
The story originated in Montana in the early 1980s, where it was rumored that the Hells Angels bike gang was initiating recruits in this way. By 1984, the story had spread to Eugene, Oregon, where it had morphed into a story of Latino and black gangs targeting whites.[68] In August 1993, the story once again appeared, this time spread through fax and email forwarding. Warning of a "blood initiation weekend" on 25 and 26 September, the rumor this time led some police departments to issue warnings after having received the fake ones.[68] In February 1994, a resident of Massillon, Ohio revived the rumor by issuing flyers which claimed that killings would take place at Westfield Belden Village. After a night of sending faxes to local businesses, the person was arrested for inducing panic.[68]
The rumor once again spread in October 1998, when a new fax, this time claiming to originate with a Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) officer in Texas. The rumor spread further when officials in the San Diego government circulated the fax among city agencies; this version of the fax, though quickly dismissed within city government when it was found that the Sheriff's office had no real connection to it, now appeared to be a legitimate government-issued document.[68] Also in the fall of 1998, the Sheriff's office of Nassau County, Florida sent a warning about such gang initiation to the county fire department, who subsequently spread the fax to all county agencies. Police dispatcher Ann Johnson had thought the message urgent enough to send, but had not bothered to check its legitimacy.[68]
The rumor provided inspiration for the 1998 film Urban Legend,[68] and served as a plot device in Mark Billingham's 2008 novel In The Dark.[70] An incident inspired by this legend is the catalyst for the 2007 film Death Sentence, starring Kevin Bacon.
See also[edit]
Wig-wag, automatic headlight flashing device
References[edit]
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Safety data sheet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"MSDS" redirects here. For the video game, see MapleStory DS.
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An example SDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties.
A safety data sheet (SDS),[1] material safety data sheet (MSDS), or product safety data sheet (PSDS) is an important component of product stewardship, occupational safety and health, and spill-handling procedures. SDS formats can vary from source to source within a country depending on national requirements.
SDSs are a widely used system for cataloging information on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures. SDS information may include instructions for the safe use and potential hazards associated with a particular material or product. The SDS should be available for reference in the area where the chemicals are being stored or in use.
There is also a duty to properly label substances on the basis of physico-chemical, health or environmental risk. Labels can include hazard symbols such as the European Union standard symbols.
A SDS for a substance is not primarily intended for use by the general consumer, focusing instead on the hazards of working with the material in an occupational setting.
It is important to use an SDS specific to both country and supplier, as the same product (e.g. paints sold under identical brand names by the same company) can have different formulations in different countries. The formulation and hazard of a product using a generic name may vary between manufacturers in the same country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Globally Harmonized System
2 National and international requirements
2.1 Canada
2.2 European Union
2.3 Germany
2.4 South Africa
2.5 The Netherlands
2.6 United Kingdom
2.7 United Nations
2.8 United States
3 SDS authoring
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Globally Harmonized System[edit]
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals contains a standard specification for safety data sheets.[2] The SDS follows a 16 section format which is internationally agreed and for substances especially, the SDS should be followed with an Annex which contains the exposure scenarios of this particular substance.[3] The 16 sections are:[4]
SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking
1.1. Product identifier
1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
1.4. Emergency telephone number
SECTION 2: Hazards identification
2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture
2.2. Label elements
2.3. Other hazards
SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients
3.1. Substances
3.2. Mixtures
SECTION 4: First aid measures
4.1. Description of first aid measures
4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
SECTION 5: Firefighting measures
5.1. Extinguishing media
5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
5.3. Advice for firefighters
SECTION 6: Accidental release measure
6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
6.2. Environmental precautions
6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
6.4. Reference to other sections
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1. Precautions for safe handling
7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
7.3. Specific end use(s)
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1. Control parameters
8.2. Exposure controls
SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties
9.2. Other information
SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity
10.1. Reactivity
10.2. Chemical stability
10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions
10.4. Conditions to avoid
10.5. Incompatible materials
10.6. Hazardous decomposition products
SECTION 11: Toxicological information
11.1. Information on toxicological effects
SECTION 12: Ecological information
12.1. Toxicity
12.2. Persistence and degradability
12.3. Bioaccumulative potential
12.4. Mobility in soil
12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
12.6. Other adverse effects
SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
13.1. Waste treatment methods
SECTION 14: Transport information
14.1. UN number
14.2. UN proper shipping name
14.3. Transport hazard class(es)
14.4. Packing group
14.5. Environmental hazards
14.6. Special precautions for user
14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code
SECTION 15: Regulatory information
15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture
15.2. Chemical safety assessment
SECTION 16: Other information
National and international requirements[edit]
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the program known as the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) establishes the requirements for SDSs in workplaces and is administered federally by Health Canada under the Hazardous Products Act, Part II, and the Controlled Products Regulations.
European Union[edit]
Safety data sheets have been made an integral part of the system of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH).[5] The original requirements of REACH for SDSs have been further adapted to take into account the rules for safety data sheets of the Global Harmonised System (GHS)[6] and the implementation of other elements of the GHS into EU legislation that were introduced by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP)[7] via an update to Annex II of REACH.[8]
The SDS must be supplied in an official language of the Member State(s) where the substance or mixture is placed on the market, unless the Member State(s) concerned provide(s) otherwise (Article 31(5) of REACH).
The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has published a guidance document on the compilation of safety data sheets.
Germany[edit]
The German Federal Water Management Act requires that substances be evaluated for negative influence on the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. These are classified into numeric water hazard classes (WGK or WHC, depending on whether you use the German or English abbreviation).
WGK nwg: Non-water polluting substance
WGK 1: Slightly water polluting substance
WGK 2: Water polluting substance
WGK 3: Highly water polluting substance
South Africa[edit]
This section contributes to a better understanding of the regulations governing SDS within the South African framework. As regulations may change, it is the responsibility of the reader to verify the validity of the regulations mentioned in text.
Regulatory Framework
As globalisation increased and countries engaged in cross-border trade, the quantity of hazardous material crossing international borders amplified.[9] Realising the detrimental effects of hazardous trade, the United Nations established a committee of experts specialising in the transportation of hazardous goods.[10] The committee provides best practises governing the conveyance of hazardous materials and goods for land including road and railway; air as well as sea transportation. These best practises are constantly updated to remain current and relevant.
There are various other international bodies who provide greater detail and guidance for specific modes of transportation such as the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) by means of the International Maritime Code[11] and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) via the Technical Instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air[12] as well as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) who provides regulations for the transport of dangerous goods.
These guidelines prescribed by the international authorities are applicable to the South African land, sea and air transportation of hazardous materials and goods. In addition to these rules and regulations to International best practice, South Africa has also implemented common laws which are laws based on custom and practise. Common laws are a vital part of maintaining public order and forms the basis of case laws. Case laws, using the principles of common law are interpretations and decisions of statutes made by courts. Acts of parliament are determinations and regulations by parliament which form the foundation of statutory law. Statutory laws are published in the government gazette or on the official website. Lastly, subordinate legislation are the bylaws issued by local authorities and authorised by parliament.
Statutory law gives effect to the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993 and the National Road Traffic Act of 1996. The Occupational Health and Safety Act details the necessary provisions for the safe handling and storage of hazardous materials and goods whilst the transport act details with the necessary provisions for the transportation of the hazardous goods.
Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993[13] regulates the following:
Provisions for safety equipment and facilities
General safety regulations detailing protective clothing and first aid requirements
National standards regulating pressure vessels such as gas
Major hazard installations Act of 2001
Regulations for hazardous chemical substances
National standards on packaging, transportation and storing
Transportation of explosives
Safety signs
National Road Traffic Act of 1996[14] regulates the following:
Transportation of goods in transit-containers
Road transport quality system
Transportation of explosives and radioactive substances –also governed by 2 other acts
National standards for list of dangerous goods
Training requirements
Emergency documentation
Standards Act of 2008[15] gives effect to the South African National Standards and regulates the following:
The development, promotion and conformity of the South African National Standards (SANS)
Promotion of quality commodities, products and services
Renders conformity assessment centres[16]
There has been selective incorporation of aspects of the Globally Harmonised System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals into South African legislation. At each point of the chemical value chain, there is a responsibility to manage chemicals in a safe and responsible manner. SDS is therefore required by law.[17] A SDS is included in the requirements of Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No.85 of 1993) Regulation 1179 dated 25 August 1995.
The categories of information supplied in the SDS are listed in SANS 11014:2010; dangerous goods standards – Classification and information. SANS 11014:2010 supersedes the first edition SANS 11014-1:1994 and is an identical implementation of ISO 11014:2009. According to SANS 11014:2010:
With the exception of heading 16, all document headings must be populated. If information is not available, then the reason for non-availability shall be stated.
The 16 headings of a SDS may include subheadings. However, the subheadings shall not be numbered.
The text of the headings, numbering and sequence must not be altered.
Every page of an SDS shall include the name of the chemical product as used on the label, and shall be dated and numbered.
Where a specific serial number and revision date (version number) are written on the first page of an SDS, only the serial number and page may be entered on every page.
Texts in an SDS should be written in a clear and concise manner. Commonly used phrases are recommended.
A SDS should be in a language acceptable to the recipient.
Of significance is the "Transport information" under which, if the substance is listed in the Dangerous Goods List, the UN number will be found along with other information such as the classification, emergency response guide number, packing group and subsidiary risk, if any.
The 16 headings required under SANS 11014:2010 are listed below.
Section 1 - Chemical product and company identification
This section specifies the following:
The identification of the product (chemical name, supplier code, description, class, synonym and / or formulation) as used on the label. The name of the chemical product shall be the systematic chemical name or trivial; common or generic chemical name, as used on the label. If the systematic chemical name is long, it may be abbreviated, with an explanation of the abbreviation used.
The name, address, telephone number, emergency telephone number, and optional fax number or e-mail address.
The recommended uses and restrictions on uses of the chemical product.
The date the SDS was prepared or date of last revision or review.
Section 2 - Hazards identification This section summarises important hazards and adverse effects of the chemical product on human health and the environment, as well as physical and chemical hazards such as chemical product-specific hazards, where appropriate.
Emergency response data and emergency symptoms should be highlighted. Detailed symptoms should be stated for Inhalation, skin, eye and ingestion.
The following should be addressed if the chemical is classified by the GHS classification system:
Classification of the substance or mixture as per the GHS classification
Label elements such as pictograms, symbols or signal words
Other hazards which is not classified under GHS such as dust explosion.
Any adaptation of the GHS classification for a specific country or reason should be clearly stated.
Section 3 - Composition/information on ingredients
This section states whether a chemical product is a substance or a mixture.
If it is a substance, the following details should be specified: the systematic chemical name, common name, synonym(s), Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number, other unique identifiers, impurities and stabilizing additives etc.
For mixtures, it is not necessary to give the full composition. However, If the level of a hazardous ingredient (as classified by GHS) is above the cut off limits, these limits, as well as concentration and concentration limits should be stated.
Section 4 - First aid measures
This section describes first-aid measures to be taken in the event of accidental exposure to the chemical or mixture. It should state which actions have to be avoided at all costs as well as step by step first aid measures for inhalation, skin contact, eye contact and ingestion.
Details should include the followiing:
Description of first aid measures such as “remove from further exposure”, to “seek emergency medical advice.
Most important symptoms / effects, both acute and delayed such as nausea. A detailed description of symptoms and effects should be given under section 11.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment.
Additionally, advice for the protection of first aiders or special notes to attending physicians may be included here.
Section 5 - Firefighting measures
This section details which extinguishing medium (water, powder or foam) should be used in the case of a fire as well as how a particular medium is either unsuitable or when it should be avoided. Depending on the chemical content of the hazardous substances, it is critical that the correct substance is used to avoid undesired behaviors and risks related to extinguishing fires. Various fire extinguishing equipment exists to handle various fire classes.
As prescribed in the SABS regulation of SANS 11014, the nature of the hazardous products should also be indicated in this section as well as the specific hazards that can potentially arise from the chemical product should also be indicated.
Specific extinguishing methods and protective equipment that the firefighters should use should be listed in this section as well.
Section 6 - Accidental release measures
Procedures and measures that should be implemented in the event of a leakage or unexpected release of the chemical substance while being transported are detailed in this section. The information is useful for emergency responders or environmental professionals.[18] Specific details include:
Personal precautions, protective equipment, and emergency procedures
Environmental precautions
Methods and materials for containment and procedures for cleaning up and recovering from the spillage (only if it is different to section 11).
Disposal of the retrieved substances should be documented as well.
Prevention measures for secondary disasters should also be detailed in this section.
Section 7 - Handling and storage
The handling and storage section details how the items in the package should be handled and stored, including any equipment that may be required. There are two sub-sections that deal with each element separately.
Handling
This section will detail all the required precautions that should be implemented to safely handle the chemical product e.g. “do not load with forklift”. Technical measures that indicate how to prevent exposure for the handler and the prevention of fires and explosions will also be detailed in this section to enable the parties responsible for handling to have a good understanding of how and what to do in the daily operation of the packages, in order to conduct business in a safe and responsible manner.
Details of how the product should be packed and arranged to avoid contact with other items that are incompatible and could lead to a disaster if combined are also listed. Items that should be kept apart from each other could result in substantially greater risks as chemical compounds change properties once combined. It is necessary to consider all possible hazards (e.g. fire, reactivity, health) when developing safe handling procedures.[18]
Storage
This subsection will detail the recommended and preferred storage conditions for the items contained in the package (e.g. ventilation requirements). To ensure that the product is safely stored, certain criteria (temperature, humidity, in or out of direct sunlight) should be adhered to and should be explicitly mentioned. Items might require certain proximity requirements from incompatible compounds and these will be listed as well.
Section 8 - Exposure controls and personal protection
This section indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective measures that can be used to minimize worker exposure. The following must be clearly stated:
Recommendations on appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g. respiratory protection, hand protection, eye protection, skin and body protection).
The limit of human contact or environment interaction.
Where applicable, control for risk limits must be provided in alignment with section 7.
The origin and allowable limits of exposure.
PPE for inhaling and all body parts for prevention.
The type of protective equipment and specifically designated material (e.g., type of glove material, such as PVC or nitrile rubber gloves; and breakthrough time of the glove material) shall be stated.
Special precautions for specific chemicals.
Section 9 - Physical and chemical properties
The section identifies physical and chemical properties associated with the chemical or mixture. As per SANS 11014:2010 this should address: appearance of the chemical (e.g. physical state, form, and colour), odour, pH(with indication of concentration), melting / freezing point, boiling point, initial boiling point and boiling range, flash point, upper/lower flammability or explosive limits, vapour pressure, vapour density, density / relative density, solubility(ies), evaporation rate, flammability (solid, gas), n-octanol/water partition coefficient, auto-ignition temperature, decomposition temperature, and / or viscosity. An indication of values must use SI system, as per ISO 1000 and ISO 80000-9.
The information in this section is used to help determine the conditions under which the material may be hazardous.[18]
Section 10 - Stability and reactivity
This section indicates chemical or mixture stability and state the conditions under which it is unstable or can react dangerously.[18] As per SANS 11014:2010 this should address:
Conditions to avoid (e.g. static discharge, shock, vibrations, or environmental conditions that may lead to hazardous conditions);
Incompatible materials (e.g., classes of chemicals or specific substances) with which the chemical could react to produce a hazardous situation;
Hazardous decomposition products that could be produced during usage, storage, or heating other than those usually produced, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. Hazardous combustion products should also be included in Section 5 of the SDS.
Section 11 - Toxicological information
This section of the document must reflect accurate and comprehensive descriptions of various toxicological (health) effects the product may have. The information required and available for identifying these effects should include:
The measure of toxicity expressed in a numerical format. For instance as estimates of acute toxicity.
Reflecting the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics of the substance and their symptoms.
Explanation of the various forms of exposure (e.g. single exposure, repeated exposure and continuous exposure) and different exposure routes (e.g. inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion).
The effects caused by both long and short term exposure whether it be delayed or immediate in nature.
Section 12 - Ecological information
This section describe the substances effects and reaction to ecological factors; i.e. impact of the chemical(s) if it were released to the environment. This includes:
Anticipated behaviour of a chemical product in environment / ecotoxicity (e.g., acute or chronic aquatic toxicity data for fish, algae, and other plants; toxicity data on birds, bees, plants).
Degradability and persistence; i.e. how the chemical degrade over time (e.g. biodegradation, or though other processes such as oxidation or hydrolysis).
Bioaccumulative potential, making reference to the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF), where available.
The extent of mobility in soil; i.e. sate any test results of soil absorption or leaching for the chemical.
Any adverse effects to the environmental, ozone layer, photochemical ozone, or global warming.
Section 13 - Disposal considerations
This section gives guidance on proper disposal practices, recycling or reclamation of the chemical(s) or its container, and safe handling practices.[19] Detailed information should be presented in terms of any packaging which may be contaminated. Specify safe handling procedure, methods of disposal, disposal of contaminated packaging, and / or special precautions for landfills or incineration activities.
To minimize exposure, this section should also refer the reader to Section 8 of the SDS.
Section 14 - Transport information
This section describe to the user with mode of transport, how to identify and describe the goods. The modes that requires to be declare for land, sea and air. The declaration inform the user of any special requirement that they may need to be aware of.
The UN Model regulations was structure taken into account the containment, chemical character, physical character and response to the goods. The criteria that requires to be met:
UN number- the number allocated by UN Model regulations
UN proper shipping name - to correctly identify the character of product (aerosols or pyrethroid pesticide, liquid, toxic )
Transport hazard class(es) – to which of the nine classes does product belong to.
Packing group – the packing group describing the danger level / risk factor.( Packing Group I = High Danger; II Medium Danger; III Low Danger)
Environmental hazards – The users need to be made aware of the risk that the product may have on the environment such as being marine pollutant and may kill fish when comes in contact. Reference can also be made to what can happen to trees.
Special precautions for user- Instruction can give to special handling during transport can be stipulated within the section.
Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code
Section 15 - Regulatory information
This section provides the safety, health, and environmental laws applicable to the chemical or mixture. In can be international, national or regional laws where the SDS is applied. It must focus on the local regulation aspects that may be applicable that the users need to study.
Section 16 - Other information
Any other important safety elements that may be declared to the users if not clearly addressed in any of the above section headings will be included under section 16. Information such as training or specific restrictions that may apply to the mixture/product will be included. Any special or additional information to assist the users to control and handling the product may be stated within this section.
The Netherlands[edit]
Dutch Safety Data Sheets are well known as veiligheidsinformatieblad nl:Veiligheidsinformatieblad or Chemiekaarten. This is a collection of Safety Data Sheets of the most widely used chemicals. The Chemiekaarten boek is commercially available, but also made available through educational institutes, such as the web site offered by the university of Groningen[20]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the U.K., the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 - known as CHIP Regulations - impose duties upon suppliers, and importers into the EU, of hazardous materials.[21]
NOTE: Safety data sheets (SDS) are no longer covered by the CHIP regulations. The laws that require a SDS to be provided have been transferred to the European REACH Regulations. http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations govern the use of hazardous substances in the workplace in the UK and specifically require an assessment of the use of a substance.[22] Regulation 12 requires that an employer provides employees with information, instruction and training for people exposed to hazardous substances. This duty would be very nearly impossible without the data sheet as a starting point. It is important for employers therefore to insist on receiving a data sheet from a supplier of a substance.
The duty to supply information is not confined to informing only business users of products. SDSs for retail products sold by large DIY shops are usually obtainable on those companies' web sites.
Web sites of manufacturers and large suppliers do not always include them even if the information is obtainable from retailers but written or telephone requests for paper copies will usually be responded to favourably.
United Nations[edit]
The United Nations (UN) defines certain details used in SDSs such as the UN numbers used to identify some hazardous materials in a standard form while in international transit....
United States[edit]
In the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires that SDSs be readily available to all employees for potentially harmful substances handled in the workplace under the Hazard Communication regulation. The SDS is also required to be made available to local fire departments and local and state emergency planning officials under Section 311 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. The American Chemical Society defines Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS numbers) which provide a unique number for each chemical and are also used internationally in SDSs.
Reviews of material safety data sheets by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board have detected dangerous deficiencies.
The board’s Combustible Dust Hazard Study analyzed 140 data sheets of substances capable of producing combustible dusts.[23] None of the SDSs contained all the information the board said was needed to work with the material safely, and 41 percent failed to even mention that the substance was combustible.
As part of its study of an explosion and fire that destroyed the Barton Solvents facility in Valley Center, Kansas, in 2007, the safety board reviewed 62 material safety data sheets for commonly used nonconductive flammable liquids. As in the combustible dust study, the board found all the data sheets inadequate.[24]
In 2012, the US adopted the 16 section Safety Data Sheet to replace Material Safety Data Sheets. This became effective on December 1, 2013. These new Safety Data Sheets comply with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). By June 1, 2015, employers were required to have their workplace labeling and hazard communication programs updated as necessary – including all MSDSs replaced with SDS-formatted documents.[25]
SDS authoring[edit]
Many companies offer the service of collecting, or writing and revising, data sheets to ensure they are up to date and available for their subscribers or users. Some jurisdictions impose an explicit duty of care that each SDS be regularly updated, usually every three to five years.[citation needed] However, when new information becomes available, the SDS must be revised without delay.[26]
See also[edit]
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
Dangerous goods
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
Fact sheet
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
International Chemical Safety Card
Materials database
Data collection system
MSDSonline (requires subscription)
Risk and Safety Statements
Health and Safety Executive (UK)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Transport - Transport - UNECE".
Jump up ^ "Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets". U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Guidance - ECHA".
Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?val=516832:cs&lang=pl&list=643062:cs,522140:cs,521353:cs,516832:cs,&pos=4&page=1&nbl=4&pgs=10&hwords=&checktexte=checkbox&visu=#texte Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, corrected version in OJ L136, 29.5.2007, p.3).
Jump up ^ "GHS (Rev.3) (2009) - Transport - UNECE".
Jump up ^ Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p.1)
Jump up ^ Commission Regulation (EU) No 453/2010 of 20 May 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (O.J. L133 31.05.2010, p1-43)
Jump up ^ Janelle, Donald G; Beuthe, Michel (1997). "Globalization and research issues in transportation" (PDF). Journal of Transport Geography. Elsevier Science Ltd. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Dangerous Goods Digest - The Orange Book of Southern Africa. Foresight Publications. 2015.
Jump up ^ "About IMO". www.imo.org. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Annex 18". www.icao.int. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993)". www.acts.co.za. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996)". www.acts.co.za. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008)". www.acts.co.za. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "SABS - ABOUT SABS OVERVIEW". www.sabs.co.za. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Health and safety laws update July 2015". Sheqafrica.com. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The MSDS A Basic Guide For Users - International Version". ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Occupational Safety & Health Administration". Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets. 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "ICSDS, Source of all your needs on GHS SDS for an affordable fee". www.icsds.com.
Jump up ^ "The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002". www.opsi.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) - COSHH".
Jump up ^ U.S Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Investigation Report, Combustible Dust Hazard Study, Report No. 2006-H-1, November 2006, pp. 38, 88-95
Jump up ^ http://www.chemsafety.gov/assets/document/CSB_Study_Barton_Final.pdf
Jump up ^ "GHS Overview - SafeTec". www.safetec.net. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ European Chemicals Agency (2013). Guidance in a Nutshell - Compilation of safety data sheets (REACH Regulation). Version 1.0. p. 7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dangerous goods documentation.
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Davos Seaworth
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Davos Seaworth
A Song of Ice and Fire character
Game of Thrones character
Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth
First appearance
Novel:
A Clash of Kings (1998)
Television:
"The North Remembers" (2012)
Created by
George R. R. Martin
Portrayed by
Liam Cunningham
(Game of Thrones)
Information
Aliases
The Onion Knight
Davos Shorthand
Davos the Smuggler
Davos of Flea Bottom
Knight of the Onion Ship
Ser Onions
Onion Lord
Gender
Male
Occupation
Smuggler (previously)
Title
Ser
Lord of the Rainwood
Admiral of the Narrow Sea
Hand of the King
Family
House Seaworth
Spouse(s)
Marya Seaworth[1]
Children
Dale Seaworth[1]
Allard Seaworth[1]
Matthos Seaworth[1]
Maric Seaworth[1]
Devan Seaworth[1]
Stannis Seaworth[1]
Steffon Seaworth[1]
Kingdom
The Stormlands
Davos Seaworth, nicknamed the Onion Knight, is a fictional character from American novelist George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire epic fantasy series. He is a point-of-view character in A Clash of Kings, A Storm of Swords and A Dance with Dragons with a total of 13 chapters. He is portrayed by Irish actor Liam Cunningham in the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character
1.1 Background
1.2 Character
2 Storylines
2.1 In the books
2.1.1 A Clash of Kings
2.1.2 A Storm of Swords
2.1.3 A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons
2.2 In the TV series
2.2.1 Second season
2.2.2 Third season
2.2.3 Fourth season
2.2.4 Fifth season
2.2.5 Sixth season
2.2.6 Seventh season
3 Reception
4 References
Character[edit]
Background[edit]
Davos is a man of low birth, born in Flea Bottom of King's Landing to the life of a poor commoner. In his youth, he became one of the most infamous smugglers of the Seven Kingdoms, often piloted his black-sailed ship into harbors in the dead of night, and navigated treacherous shallows. He married a woman named Marya, with whom he had seven sons: Dale, Allard, Matthos, Maric, Devan, Stannis, and Steffon.
At the time of Robert Baratheon's rebellion, Davos evaded the blockade of Shipbreaker Bay and smuggled a shipment of onions and salted fish into Storm's End to Stannis Baratheon and his men, who was starving under siege by Mace Tyrell and the Redwynes. The food allowed Stannis's men to hold on until Eddard Stark arrived to break the siege. As a reward for this service, Stannis knighted Davos, giving him choice lands on Cape Wrath and allowing him to choose Seaworth as the name of his new house. However, also as a punishment for his years of criminal activity as a smuggler, Stannis personally "shortened" Davos's left hand, cutting off the first joint from each finger of his left hand. Despite this, Davos found Stannis's ruling fair and just, and kept the bones of his severed fingertips in a pouch around his neck as a lucky charm.
Character[edit]
Davos is loyal to Stannis, due to the life and opportunities that Stannis knighting him has presented to Davos and his family. However, he sometimes disagrees with Stannis's methods. Davos is a devout believer in the Faith of the Seven, which puts him at odds with the red priestess Melisandre and the Queen's Men, who worship R'hllor. Davos tries to always be honest to Stannis, speaking his mind instead of saying what Stannis wants to hear.
Storylines[edit]
Coat of arms of Davos Seaworth
In the books[edit]
A Clash of Kings[edit]
Due to Joffrey Baratheon's illegitimacy, Stannis names himself heir to his brother King Robert Baratheon. Davos supports him, though he dislikes Stannis converting to R'hllor under the red priestess Melisandre.[2] Davos is sent to deliver letters declaring Queen Cersei's children were born of incest, so they cannot claim the Iron Throne. However Stannis receives little assistance.
Davos sails with Stannis to besiege Storm's End. Stannis's younger brother Renly has also declared himself king and tries to defeat Stannis, but is killed by a shadow birthed by Melisandre. The castellan of Storm's End, Ser Cortnay Penrose, refuses to surrender Storm's End. Davos advises attacking King's Landing before taking Storm's End, but Stannis fears that the stormlords will not follow him if he appears defeated. Davos brings Melisandre, about whom he already has misgivings, to the caverns underneath Storm's End, where she births a "shadow" that kills Penrose and allows Stannis to claim Edric Storm, his illegitimate nephew via Robert.
Davos is given command of a ship at the Battle of the Blackwater, though he disagrees with their commander, Stannis's brother-in-law Ser Imry Florent. Tyrion Lannister uses wildfire to destroy most of the Baratheon fleet and a chain to trap most of the fleet. Davos's four oldest sons are killed by the wildfire.[3] Davos is washed ashore on the Spears of the Merling King, losing his "luck", but is recovered by Stannis's men.
A Storm of Swords[edit]
Blaming Melisandre for the loss (due to the strategic import of Tyrion's wildfire and Melisandre's religious associations with fire), Davos plots to murder the priestess.[4][5] However, her magic warns her and he is imprisoned by Ser Axell Florent, who also threatens to kill Davos if he does not help Axell become Stannis's Hand of the King.[6] Stannis releases Davos to hear his counsel on attacking Claw Isle. Davos claims that it would be unjust to attack Claw Isle despite Lord Celtigar bending the knee to Joffrey, as its people are innocent and only following their Lord. Pleased by his honesty, Stannis names Davos Hand of the King. Davos then watches a ritual where Stannis uses blood leeched from Edric to curse the three rival kings. After two of these kings, Balon Greyjoy and Robb Stark, die, Stannis and Melisandre consider sacrificing Edric to raise a dragon sleeping under Dragonstone, despite Davos's counsel. On hearing of Joffrey's death, Davos sends Edric Storm east to the Free Cities.
Learning to read, Davos comes across a plea for help from the Wall, and convinces Stannis to sail north and aid the Night's Watch against an invasion of wildlings fleeing the Others. After the victory, Davos is sent to White Harbor to persuade Wyman Manderly, one of the most powerful Northern lords, to support Stannis's cause.[6][7]
A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons[edit]
Davos arrives at White Harbor and discovers that Manderly is hosting three members of House Frey, who betrayed the Starks at the Red Wedding and killed Robb Stark and many other northmen, including Wylis Manderly. Nonetheless, Davos claims the North should support Stannis as he will give them vengeance, but Manderly imprisons Davos. He sends word to King's Landing that he has executed him, but in reality the man executed was another criminal vaguely resembling Davos. Davos is imprisoned in the Wolf's Den, but released and taken to Manderly, who explains that he could not publicly defy the Lannisters while his only surviving son was a captive of the Freys, but he has been returned. Manderly implies he will murder the three Freys and reveals that many of the other northern lords wish to overthrow House Bolton, who has assumed control of the North following their betrayal of House Stark, but dare not openly defy the Boltons unless a Stark heir can be found. He reveals that he has been harboring Wex Pyke, the former squire to Theon Greyjoy who was witness to Ramsay Bolton's sack of Winterfell and followed Rickon Stark after the sack. Manderly tells Davos that if he retrieves Rickon from the cannibal island of Skagos, the northmen will support Stannis's campaign.[8][9]
In the TV series[edit]
Liam Cunningham plays the role of Davos Seaworth in the television series
In the HBO series, Davos has the fingers taken from his right hand (as actor Liam Cunningham is left-handed). He references having multiple sons, but only one is seen or included in the story (Matthos).
Second season[edit]
When Renly refuses to surrender to Stannis, Davos is ordered to sail with Melisandre beneath Storm's End. When they reach shore, Davos is horrified when Melisandre gives birth to a shadowy demon, who kills Renly. The stormlords bend the knee to Stannis, who plans to launch a naval attack on King's Landing and gives Davos command of the fleet. As the Baratheon fleet arrives in Blackwater Bay, a ship filled with wildfire is detonated in the middle of the fleet; Davos's ship is one of the closest, and he is thrown into the sea when his ship is destroyed.
Third season[edit]
Davos is revealed to have survived by swimming to a rock, and is rescued by his friend, the pirate Salladhor Saan, who reveals that Matthos died during the Battle of the Blackwater. Grief-stricken by the death of his son, Davos blames Melisandre for Stannis's defeat and unsuccessfully tries to assassinate her before being thrown into the dungeons. During his captivity, Stannis's daughter Shireen discovers that Davos is illiterate and teaches him to read. Stannis eventually releases Davos, naming him as his hand. Soon after, Stannis and Melisandre plot to sacrifice Robert's bastard Gendry, until Davos frees him and helps him escape Dragonstone. An enraged Stannis resolves to execute Davos, until Davos presents a letter from Castle Black warning of the White Walkers' return. Melisandre corroborates this and counsels Stannis that he will need Davos when the Long Night comes, thus prompting Stannis to pardon Davos.
Fourth season[edit]
After Joffrey Baratheon's death, Stannis reprimands Davos for not being able to secure more men. Davos arranges a meeting with Tycho Nestoris, a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos, and persuades him to give their financial backing to Stannis instead. Davos uses the money to hire ship and sellswords and the Baratheon army travels to the Wall, defeating the wildling army besieging it.
Fifth season[edit]
Davos accompanies the Baratheon forces on their march to Winterfell. During their march, Ramsay Bolton and his men infiltrate the camp and destroy their supplies. Davos is sent back to the Wall to ask for more supplies, unaware that Stannis plans to sacrifice Shireen to assure his victory. Lord Commander Jon Snow, though sympathetic, is unable to offer help. Soon after, Melisandre arrives at Castle Black, having fled in the aftermath of Shireen's sacrifice. Davos realises that Stannis has been defeated and Shireen is dead, though Melisandre does not reveal her role.
Sixth season[edit]
Davos is the first to discover Jon Snow's body after his assassination, and barricades his body in a storeroom with the help of Jon's loyalists. After the wildlings imprison the mutineers who killed Jon, Davos persuades Melisandre to attempt a resurrection of Jon, which is ultimately successful.[10] Jon's death releases him from his Night's Watch vows and he decides to gather allies to march with him on Winterfell. Davos accompanies him, and is able to convince the young Lady Lyanna Mormont to offer House Mormont's support, though few other houses offer their support. During the army's march to Winterfell, Davos finds the remnants of a sacrificial pyre and the burnt remains of the wooden stag he had carved for Shireen as a gift, and realises that she had been sacrificed by Melisandre. Davos initially keeps this revelation to himself, instead participating in the Stark loyalists' victory over the Bolton forces. After the battle has been won and Winterfell retaken, Davos confronts Melisandre. When Melisandre confesses to killing Shireen, Jon exiles her from the North, and Davos threatens to execute her personally if she ever returns. Davos is later among the Northern and Vale lords who crown Jon as the King in the North.
Seventh season[edit]
Jon receives an invitation from Daenerys Targaryen to come to Dragonstone to bend the knee. Though apprehensive, Jon decides to go to obtain access to Dragonstone's dragonglass mines, taking Davos with him to Dragonstone. At Dragonstone Davos supports Jon's claim that the White Walkers have returned, nearly accidentally revealing Jon's resurrection in the process. Daenerys is unconvinced, but permits them to mine the dragonglass as a gesture of goodwill.
Daenerys's advisor Tyrion Lannister suggests that Jon go beyond the Wall to capture a wight, to present to Queen Cersei Lannister as evidence of the White Walkers. Davos smuggles Tyrion into King's Landing to arrange a meeting between Cersei, Daenerys and Jon after their return, while Davos seeks out Gendry, who is hiding as a blacksmith in King's Landing. Despite encouraging to conceal his identity, Gendry reveals his parentage to Jon, and is allowed to join Jon in the journey beyond the Wall. Davos travels with Jon and his party to Eastwatch-by-the-Sea, staying at the castle while the others seek out a wight. Gendry returns in the evening, telling Davos that Jon and his allies are surrounded by the White Walkers and ordering a raven be sent to Dragonstone to request Daenerys's assistance. Daenerys arrives with her dragons to rescue Jon's allies, while Jon flees to Eastwatch on horseback. Davos joins Jon, Daenerys, and Sandor Clegane as they journey to King's Landing.
Reception[edit]
Davos Seaworth disrupts the social structure of the Seven Kingdoms, by becoming a knight despite his humble origins.[11]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: The King in the Narrow Sea". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
Jump up ^ A Clash of Kings, Prologue.
Jump up ^ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 5: Davos I.
Jump up ^ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 10: Davos II.
Jump up ^ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 25: Davos III.
^ Jump up to: a b A Storm of Swords, Chapter 36: Davos IV.
Jump up ^ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 63: Davos VI.
Jump up ^ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 9: Davos I.
Jump up ^ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 19: Davos III.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (May 1, 2016). "Game of Thrones: "Home" Review - IGN". IGN. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Davos Seaworth". Shmoop.
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