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Palo Duro Canyon
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Palo Duro Canyon
View from the Interpretive Center
Palo Duro
Floor elevation
2,828 ft (862 m)
Long-axis length
120 mi (190 km)
Width
20 mi (32 km)
Depth
880 ft (270 m)
Geography
Coordinates
34°57′N 101°40′W / 34.950°N 101.667°W / 34.950; -101.667Coordinates: 34°57′N 101°40′W / 34.950°N 101.667°W / 34.950; -101.667
Watercourses
Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River
U.S. National Natural Landmark
Designated
1976
Palo Duro Canyon is a canyon system of the Caprock Escarpment located in the Texas Panhandle near the cities of Amarillo and Canyon.[1] As the second-largest canyon in the United States, it is roughly 120 mi (190 km) long and has an average width of 6 mi (9.7 km), but reaches a width of 20 mi (32 km) at places. Its depth is around 820 ft (250 m), but in some locations, it can increase up to 1,000 ft (300 m). Palo Duro Canyon (from the Spanish meaning "hard wood")[2] has been named "The Grand Canyon of Texas" both for its size and for its dramatic geological features, including the multicolored layers of rock and steep mesa walls similar to those in the Grand Canyon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 History
3 In culture
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Geology[edit]
The Lighthouse
The canyon was formed by the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, which initially winds along the level surface of the Llano Estacado of West Texas, then suddenly and dramatically runs off the Caprock Escarpment. Water erosion over the millennia has shaped the canyon's geological formations.
Notable canyon formations include caves and hoodoos. One of the best-known and the major signature feature of the canyon is the Lighthouse Rock. A multiple-use, six-mile round trip loop trail is dedicated to the formation.[3]
Terrain of Palo Duro
Palo Duro Canyon was downcut by the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, during the Pleistocene, when the whole region was uplifted.[4] Most of the strata visible in the Canyon were deposited during the Permian and Triassic periods. From oldest to youngest, the formations are:
Quartermaster Formation: Permian in age, this comprises the red, lower slopes of the Canyon. This layer was deposited in a shallow marine environment that alternated with dry tidal flats, indicated by ripple marks and gypsum evaporite deposits, respectively.[5]
Tecovas Formation: Part of the Dockum Group with the Trujillo Formation, this multicolored Triassic unit consists of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Deposited in streams and swamps, its colors indicate varying oxidizing conditions, and the alternating dry/wet cycles typical of such environments. These rocks are fossiliferous, containing the remains of phytosaurs, amphibians, and fish.[6]
Trujillo Formation: This Triassic formation is harder than the underlying Tecovas, and forms many of the Canyon's ledges. Composed of coarse sandstone, river cross-bedding indicates deposition in a stream environment. Fossils are rare.[7]
Ogallala Formation: This late Miocene to early Pliocene unit forms the cliffs and ledges at the very top of the canyon. Composed of sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate eroded from a late Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains, it is separated from the lower Trujillo Formation by a disconformity, and a very long hiatus.The coarse, porous sedimentary units of the Ogallala Formation comprise the Ogallala Aquifer, which has historically functioned as a major source of drinking water for much of the High Plains[8][9]. Fossils of saber-toothed cats (Smilodon), bone-crushing dogs (Borophagines), mastodons, horses, long-necked camels (Aepycamelus), rhinoceroses, and tortoises are present in the Ogallala.[10]
Panoramic view of the Palo Duro Canyon showing the Quartermaster, Tecovas, Trujillo and Ogallala formations
History[edit]
Windmill at bottom of canyon on the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River
The first evidence of human habitation of the canyon dates back about 10,000–15,000 years, and it is believed to have been continuously inhabited to the present day. Native Americans were attracted to the water of the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, as well as the consequent ample game, edible plants, and protection from weather the canyon provided.
The first European explorers to discover the canyon were members of the Coronado expedition, who visited the canyon in 1541. Apache Indians lived in Palo Duro at the time, but they were later displaced by Comanche and Kiowa tribes, who had the advantage of owning horses brought over by the Spanish. They had contact with traders, called Comancheros, in nearby New Mexico.
A United States military team under Captain Randolph B. Marcy mapped the canyon in 1852 during their search for the headwaters of the Red River. The land remained under American Indian control until a military expedition led by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie was sent in 1874 to remove the Indians to reservations in Oklahoma. The Mackenzie expedition captured about 1,200 of the Indians' horses and slaughtered them in nearby Tule Canyon during the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. The Comanche and Kiowa conceded and left the area.
Hiking trail to the west of the rancher's dugout in Palo Duro Canyon
Soon after, in 1876, Charles Goodnight and a wealthy Ulster Scot named John Adair established the JA Ranch in Palo Duro Canyon. Col. Goodnight helped manage the ranch until 1890. Over the next half century, the canyon remained in private hands, but was an increasingly popular tourist spot for local residents.
In 1931, a major landowner signed a two-year contract with the local chamber of commerce to allow public access to the canyon.[11] The upper section of the canyon was purchased by the State of Texas in 1934 and turned into the 20,000-acre (8,100 ha) Palo Duro Canyon State Park. Amarillo is the largest city near Palo Duro Canyon State Park, but the smaller city of Canyon is nearer.
Landslide at Palo Duro, 2002
Through 2014, the Texas Department of Transportation is constructing bridges at Palo Duro over Water Crossings 1, 2, and 6 to allow motorists easier access during and after heavy rains. Paving work has been completed at the Juniper Multi-use Area, with the addition of utilities pending. By the spring of 2014, day-use campsites and a group pavilion will be added. Meanwhile, plans have begun to turn the Canoncita Ranch house located on the canyon edge into a research center.[12] The old Comanche Trail used by the Civilian Conservation Corps will be restored to extend from the Mack Dick Group Pavilion to Water Crossing 6, following the base of Fortress Cliffs. Palo Duro also now offers driving tours in a 12-passenger van.[12]
In culture[edit]
Georgia O'Keeffe, Red Landscape, oil on board, 1916-1917, Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum, West Texas A&M University
The painter Georgia O'Keeffe, who lived in nearby Amarillo and Canyon in the early 20th century, wrote of the Palo Duro: "It is a burning, seething cauldron, filled with dramatic light and color."[13] She made paintings of Palo Duro Canyon between 1916 and 1918, when she was an instructor and head of the art department at West Texas State Normal College.[14][15]
Palo Duro Canyon is the site of an outdoor historical and musical drama, titled Texas, presented annually each summer by actors, singers, dancers, and artists of the Texas Panhandle region. The spectacle, created by playwright Paul Eliot Green, premiered on July 1, 1966 at the newly constructed Pioneer Amphitheatre in Palo Duro Canyon State Park. It has continued each summer through the present, making Texas "the best-attended outdoor history drama in the nation."[16]
American composer Samuel Jones's Symphony No. 3 is titled "Palo Duro Canyon." It premiered May 1, 1992 in an outdoor performance at the Palo Duro Canyon State Park's Pioneer Amphitheatre, with James Setapen conducting the Amarillo Symphony (which had commissioned the work). The composer writes: "I wanted the piece ... to conjure up an intuitive awareness of the long movements of time required for the creation of a canyon. I also wanted in some way to pay homage to native Americans, to whom this canyon was a sacred place. And I wanted to capture in music that magical moment which everyone experiences when they first see the flat, treeless High Plains fall dizzyingly away into the colorful vastness of the Palo Duro Canyon itself."[17] A KACV-TV documentary on canyon, composer, and symphony, titled And There Will Be Sounds, was broadcast on PBS stations nationally later that year; and a commercial recording was subsequently released by the Seattle Symphony under the baton of Gerard Schwarz.[18]
Gallery[edit]
Palo Duro Canyon Interpretive Center built by the Civilian Conservation Corps
Looking north into the canyon, from the south rim, on Highway 207
Capitol Peak
See also[edit]
Texas portal
Blanco Canyon
Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway
Double Mountain Fork Brazos River
Duffy's Peak
High Plains
Ogallala Aquifer
Mushaway Peak
Salt Fork Brazos River
Texas State Highway 207
Yellow House Canyon
Yellow House Draw
References[edit]
Jump up ^ TPWD: Palo Duro Canyon
Jump up ^ Palo Duro Canyon State Park web site
Jump up ^ "Logan G. Carver, "Palo Duro Canyon quick getaway from Lubbock"". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Spearing, Darwin. Roadside Geology of Texas. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 1991. ISBN 0-87842-265-X p. 381
Jump up ^ Spearing, pp. 377, 383
Jump up ^ Spearing, 384-5
Jump up ^ Spearing, pp. 384-5
Jump up ^ Darton, N.H. 1898. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian. In: Walcott, C.D. (ed), Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1897-1898, Part IV, pp. 719-785.
Jump up ^ Rex C. Buchanan, B. Brownie Wilson, Robert R. Buddemeier, and James J. Butler, Jr. "The High Plains Aquifer". Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular (PIC) 18.
Jump up ^ Spearing, pp. 355-6, 385
Jump up ^ Steely, James Wright. Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal. Austin: U of Texas, 1999. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Kevin Welch, "Palo Duro Canyon plans improvements", July 23, 2013, lubbockonline.com, retrieved July 24, 2013
Jump up ^ Georgia O'Keeffe exhibit, Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas
Jump up ^ Michael Abatemarco (April 29, 2016). "Birth of the abstract: Georgia O'Keeffe in Amarillo". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kathryn Jones (November 2013). "Georgia O'Keeffe: Canyon and Sky". Texas Highways magazine. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Texas Observer; Austin, Texas; July 13, 2015. Reinventing Texas, by Robyn Ross. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones, Samuel. Notes to Symphony No. 3 ("Palo Duro Canyon"). Retrieved September 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schwarz, Gerard (conductor); Seattle Symphony. Jones: Symphony No. 3 "Palo Duro Canyon," Concerto for Tuba and Orchestra. Naxos 8.559378, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palo Duro Canyon State Park.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Palo Duro Canyon.
Palo Duro Canyon State Park official website
Texas Parks and Wildlife: Palo Duro Canyon
Read Exploration of the Red River, by Randolph Marcy, 1852, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Handbook of Texas Online: Palo Duro Canyon
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Palo Duro State Park
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High-definition television (HDTV) in the United States was introduced in 1998 and has since become increasingly popular and dominant in the television market. Hundreds of HD channels are available in millions of homes and businesses both terrestrially and via subscription services such as satellite, cable and IPTV. HDTV has quickly become the standard, with about 85% of all TVs used being HD as of 2017.[1] In the US, the 720p and 1080i formats are used for linear channels, while 1080p is available on a limited basis, mainly for pay-per-view and video on demand content.
Contents
[hide]
1 From proposals to introduction
2 Satellite and cable
3 List of current American high-definition channels
4 See also
5 References
From proposals to introduction[edit]
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began soliciting proposals for a new television standard for the U.S. in the late 1980s and later decided to ask companies competing to create the standard to pool their resources and work together, forming what was known as the Grand Alliance in 1993.
On July 23, 1996, WRAL-TV (then the CBS affiliate in Raleigh, North Carolina; now affiliated with NBC) became the first television station in the United States to broadcast a digital television signal.[2]
HDTV sets became available in the U.S. in 1998 and broadcasts began around November 1998. The first public HDTV broadcast was of the launch of the space shuttle Discovery and John Glenn's return to space; that broadcast was made possible in part by the Harris Corporation.[3] The first commercial broadcast of a local sporting event in HD was during Major League Baseball's Opening Day on March 31, 1998, the Texas Rangers against the Chicago White Sox from The Ballpark in Arlington in Arlington, TX. The telecast was produced by LIN Productions, and overseen by LIN Productions president and Texas Rangers television executive producer Lee Spieckerman. The game was also the inaugural telecast on the digital channel of Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas NBC affiliate KXAS channel 5. The historic event was simultaneously shown via satellite at a reception attended by members of congress, the FCC and other luminaries in Washington, DC. This telecast was also the first commercial HD broadcast in the state of Texas.[4] The first major sporting event broadcast nationwide in HD was Super Bowl XXXIV on January 30, 2000.
Satellite and cable[edit]
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Satellite television companies in the United States, such as Dish Network and DirecTV, started to carry HD programming in 2002. Satellite transmissions in the U.S. use various forms of PSK modulation. A separate tuner is required to receive HD satellite broadcasts.
Cable television companies in the U.S. generally prefer to use 256-QAM to transmit HDTV. Many of the newer HDTVs with integrated digital tuners include support for decoding 256-QAM in addition to 8VSB for OTA digital. Cable television companies started carrying HDTV in 2003.
Currently, HD programming is carried by all major television networks in nearly all DMAs, including ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, PBS, The CW, MyNetworkTV and Telemundo; and on many independent stations. All but a select few of cable networks offer an HD broadcast to cable and satellite companies.
List of current American high-definition channels[edit]
Name
HD Format
Category
Type
A&E 1080i Entertainment Cable
ABC 720p Broadcast Broadcast
AccuWeather Network 1080i News Cable
Adult Swim 1080i Entertainment Cable
Altitude 1080i Sports - Regional Cable
AMC 1080i Entertainment Cable
American Heroes Channel 1080i Entertainment Cable
Animal Planet 1080i Lifestyle Cable
AT&T SportsNet 720p Sports – Regional Cable
ASPiRE 1080i Entertainment Cable
Audience 720p Entertainment Cable
AWE 1080i Lifestyle Cable
AXS TV 1080i Entertainment Cable
Azteca 1080i Broadcast – Spanish Broadcast
BBC America 1080i Entertainment Cable
BBC World News 1080i News Cable
beIN Sports 720p Sports Cable
beIN Sports en Español 720p Sports – Spanish Cable
BET 1080i Entertainment Cable
BET Her 1080i Entertainment Cable
Big Ten Network 720p Sports - College Cable
Bloomberg TV 1080i News Cable
Bravo 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Cars.TV 1080i Sports Cable
Cartoon Network 1080i Family Cable
CBS 1080i Broadcast Broadcast
CBS Sports Network 1080i Sports Cable
Cinemax (MoreMax, ActionMax, ThrillerMax, 5starMax, MovieMax, OuterMax, MaxLatino) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
CMT 1080i Entertainment Cable
CNBC 1080i News Cable
CNN 1080i News Cable
Comedy Central 1080i Entertainment Cable
Comedy.TV 1080i Entertainment Cable
Cooking Channel 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Crime & Investigation Network 720p Entertainment Cable
The CW 1080i Broadcast Broadcast
Daystar 720p Religion Cable
Destination America 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Discovery Channel 1080i Entertainment Cable
Discovery Family 1080i Family Cable
Disney XD 720p Family Cable
Disney Junior 720p Family Cable
Disney Channel 720p Family Cable
DIY 1080i Lifestyle Cable
E! 1080i Lifestyle Cable
El Rey Network 1080i Spanish Cable
Epix (Epix 2, Epix Hits) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
ES.TV 1080i Entertainment Cable
ESPN 720p Sports Cable
ESPN2 720p Sports Cable
ESPNews 720p Sports Cable
ESPNU 720p Sports Cable
ESPN Deportes 720p Sports – Spanish Cable
ESPN Goal Line/Buzz Beater/Bases Loaded 720p Sports Cable
EVINE Live 1080i Shopping Cable
Flix 1080i Premium Movies Premium
FM 1080i Music Cable
Food Network 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Fox 720p Broadcast Broadcast
Fox Business Network 720p News Cable
Fox Deportes 720p Sports – Spanish Cable
Fox News Channel 720p News Cable
FS1 720p Sports Cable
FS2 720p Sports Cable
Fox Soccer Plus 720p Sports Cable
Fox Sports Networks (All Networks) 720p Sports – Regional Cable
Freeform 720p Family Cable
Fuse 1080i Music Cable
Fusion 1080i News Cable
FX 720p Entertainment Cable
FXM 720p Movies Cable
FXX 720p Entertainment Cable
FYI 720p Lifestyle Cable
Galavisión 1080i Spanish Cable
Gol TV 1080i Sports – Spanish Cable
Golf Channel 1080i Sports Cable
Great American Country 1080i Music Cable
GSN 1080i Entertainment Cable
Hallmark Channel 1080i Family Cable
Hallmark Movies & Mysteries 1080i Movies Cable
HBO (HBO2, HBO Comedy, HBO Family, HBO Latino, HBO Signature, HBO Zone) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
HDNet Movies 1080i Movies Cable
HGTV 1080i Lifestyle Cable
History 1080i Entertainment Cable
HLN 1080i News Cable
HSN 1080i Shopping Cable
HSN 2 1080i Shopping Cable
IFC 1080i Movies Cable
Investigation Discovery 1080i Entertainment Cable
Ion 720p Entertainment Broadcast
Justice Central 1080i News Cable
Lifetime 1080i Lifestyle Cable
LMN 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Logo TV 1080i Lifestyle Cable
MASN (MASN2) 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
MAVTV 1080i Sports Cable
Mega TV 1080i Broadcast – Spanish Cable
MGM HD 1080i Movies Premium
Midco SN 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
Minnesota Channel 1080i Entertainment Broadcast
MLB Network 720p Sports Cable
MLB StrikeZone 720p Sports Cable
The Movie Channel (The Movie Channel Xtra) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
MoviePlex (IndiePlex, RetroPlex) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
MSG (MSG Plus, MSG Western New York) 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
MSNBC 1080i News Cable
MTV 1080i Entertainment Cable
MTV2 1080i Entertainment Cable
MTV Live 1080i Music Cable
MyDestination.TV 1080i Lifestyle Cable
MyNetworkTV 720p Broadcast Broadcast
Nat Geo Wild 720p Lifestyle Cable
National Geographic 720p Entertainment Cable
NBA TV 1080i Sports Cable
NBC 1080i Broadcast Broadcast
NBC Sports Regional Networks 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
NBC Universo 1080i Spanish Cable
NBCSN 1080i Sports Cable
NESN 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
Newsmax TV 720i News Cable
NFL Network 1080i Sports Cable
NFL RedZone 1080i Sports Cable
NHL Network 1080i Sports Cable
Nick at Nite 1080i Family Cable
Nickelodeon 1080i Family Cable
Nicktoons 1080i Family Cable
Nick Jr. 1080i Family Cable
One America News Network 1080i News Cable
Outdoor Channel 1080i Sports Cable
Ovation 1080i Lifestyle Cable
OWN 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Olympic Channel 1080i Sports Cable
Oxygen 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Pac-12 Network 1080i Sports – College Cable
Paramount Network 1080i Entertainment Cable
PBS 1080i Broadcast Broadcast
Pets.TV 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Playboy TV 1080i Adult Cable
Pop 1080i Lifestyle Cable
QVC 1080i Shopping Cable
Recipe.TV 1080i Lifestyle Cable
Reelz 720p Entertainment Cable
Revolt 1080i Music Cable
Science 1080i Lifestyle Cable
SEC Network 720p Sports - College Cable
ShortsTV 1080i Movies Cable
Showtime (Showtime 2, Showcase, Showtime Extreme, Showtime Beyond, Showtime Next, Showtime Women) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
Smithsonian Channel 1080i Lifestyle Cable
SNY 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
Sony Movie Channel 1080i Movies Cable
Spectrum SportsNet LA 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
Spectrum SportsNet 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
Spectrum Deportes 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
Sportsman Channel 1080i Sports Cable
Starz (Starz Comedy, Starz Edge, Starz Kids and Family, Starz InBlack, Starz Cinema) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
Starz Encore (Starz Encore, Starz Encore Action, Starz Encore Black, Starz Encore Classic, Starz Encore Suspense) 1080i Premium Movies Premium
SundanceTV 1080i Movies Cable
Syfy 1080i Entertainment Cable
TBS 1080i Entertainment Cable
TCM 1080i Movies Cable
Telemundo 1080i Broadcast – Spanish Broadcast
TeenNick 1080i Family Cable
Tennis Channel 1080i Sports Cable
TLC 1080i Lifestyle Cable
TNT 1080i Entertainment Cable
Travel Channel 1080i Lifestyle Cable
truTV 1080i Entertainment Cable
TV Land 1080i Family Cable
TV One 1080i Entertainment Cable
UniMás 1080i Broadcast – Spanish Broadcast
Universal Kids 1080i Family Cable
Univision 1080i Broadcast – Spanish Broadcast
Univision Deportes 1080i Sports – Spanish Cable
Up 1080i Family Cable
USA Network 1080i Entertainment Cable
Velocity 1080i Sports Cable
Viceland 1080i Lifestyle Cable
VH1 1080i Entertainment Cable
WE tv 1080i Lifestyle Cable
The Weather Channel 1080i News Cable
WeatherNation TV 1080i News Cable
WGN America 1080i Entertainment Cable
World Fishing Network 1080i Sports Cable
YES 1080i Sports – Regional Cable
See also[edit]
Television in the United States portal
Television portal
Big Three television networks
Cable television in the United States
Communications in the United States
Fourth television network
List of television stations in the United States
List of United States cable and satellite television networks
List of United States over-the-air television networks
List of United States television markets
Satellite television in the United States
Television in the United States
Television news in the United States
United States cable news
References[edit]
Jump up ^ HDTV SETS NOW IN OVER 80% OF U.S. HOUSEHOLDS Leichtman Research Group March 16, 2015
Jump up ^ History of WRAL Digital
Jump up ^ "HDTV: Launched and Counting". Broadcasting and Cable. BNET. 1998-11-02. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
Jump up ^ KXAS Texas Rangers vs Chicago White Sox introduction – March 31, 1998
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text:
Because I could not stop for Death
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Emily Dickinson in a daguerreotype, circa December 1846 or early 1847
"Because I could not stop for Death" is a lyrical poem by Emily Dickinson first published posthumously in Poems: Series 1 in 1890. The persona of Dickinson's poem meets personified Death. Death is a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the speaker to her grave. According to Thomas H. Johnson's variorum edition of 1955 the number of this poem is 712.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Text
3 Critique
4 Musical settings
5 References
6 External links
Summary[edit]
The poem was published posthumously in 1890 in Poems: Series 1, a collection of Dickinson's poems assembled and edited by her friends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The poem was published under the title "The Chariot". It is composed in six quatrains with the meter alternating between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Stanzas 1, 2, 4, and 6 employ end rhyme in their second and fourth lines, but some of these are only close rhyme or eye rhyme. In the third stanza, there is no end rhyme, but "ring" in line 2 rhymes with "gazing" and "setting" in lines 3 and 4 respectively. Internal rhyme is scattered throughout. Figures of speech include alliteration, anaphora, paradox, and personification. The poem personifies Death as a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the poet to her grave. She also personifies immortality.[1] The volta (turn) happens in the fourth quatrain. Structurally, the syllables shift from its constant 8-6-8-6 scheme to 6-8-8-6. This parallels with the undertones of the sixth quatrain. The personification of death changes from one of pleasantry to one of ambiguity and morbidity: "Or rather--He passed Us-- / The Dews drew quivering and chill--" (13-14). The imagery changes from its original nostalgic form of children playing and setting suns to Death's real concern of taking the speaker to afterlife.
Text[edit]
Close transcription[2]
First published version[3]

Because I could not stop for Death —
He kindly stopped for me —
The Carriage held but just Ourselves —
And Immortality.

We slowly drove — He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility —

We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess — in the Ring —
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —
We passed the Setting Sun —

Or rather — He passed Us —
The Dews drew quivering and Chill —
For only Gossamer, my Gown —
My Tippet — only Tulle —

We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground —
The Roof was scarcely visible —
The Cornice — in the Ground —

Since then — 'tis Centuries — and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses' Heads
Were toward Eternity —
THE CHARIOT

Because I could not stop for Death,
He kindly stopped for me;
The carriage held but just ourselves
And Immortality.

We slowly drove, he knew no haste,
And I had put away
My labor, and my leisure too,
For his civility.

We passed the school where children played,
Their lessons scarcely done;
We passed the fields of gazing grain,
We passed the setting sun.

We paused before a house that seemed
A swelling of the ground;
The roof was scarcely visible,
The cornice but a mound.

Since then 'tis centuries; but each
Feels shorter than the day
I first surmised the horses' heads
Were toward eternity.
Critique[edit]
In 1936 Allen Tate wrote, "[The poem] exemplifies better than anything else [Dickinson] wrote the special quality of her mind ... If the word great means anything in poetry, this poem is one of the greatest in the English language; it is flawless to the last detail. The rhythm charges with movement the pattern of suspended action back of the poem. Every image is precise and, moreover, not merely beautiful, but inextricably fused with the central idea. Every image extends and intensifies every other ... No poet could have invented the elements of [this poem]; only a great poet could have used them so perfectly. Miss Dickinson was a deep mind writing from a deep culture, and when she came to poetry, she came infallibly.”[4]
Musical settings[edit]
The poem has been set to music by Aaron Copland as the twelfth song of his song cycle Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson. And again, by John Adams as the second movement of his choral symphony Harmonium, and also set to music by Nicholas J. White as a single movement piece for chorus and chamber orchestra. Natalie Merchant and Susan McKeown have created a song of the same name while preserving Dickinson's exact poem in its lyrics.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Because I could not stop for Death": Study Guide". Retrieved July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fr#479 in: Franklin, R. W., ed. The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 1999.
Jump up ^ Poem IV.XXVII (page 138) in: Higginson, T. W. & Todd, Mabel Loomis, ed. Poems by Emily Dickinson. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1890.
Jump up ^ Tate 1936, pp. 14-5
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Because I could not stop for Death —
www.nicholasjwhite.com
Critical essays on "Because I could not stop for Death"
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Emily Dickinson
Poetry
"Success is Counted Sweetest" (1864)
"Because I could not stop for Death" (1890)
"I taste a liquor never brewed" (1890)
"A Bird came down the Walk" (1891)
"I'm Nobody! Who are you?" (1891)
"I like to see it lap the Miles" (1891)
"I heard a Fly buzz—when I died" (1896)
"There is a pain — so utter —" (1929)
People
Edward Dickinson (father)
William Austin Dickinson (brother)
Lavinia Norcross Dickinson (sister)
Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (sister in law)
Thomas Wentworth Higginson (editor)
Mabel Loomis Todd (editor)
Related
Emily Dickinson home and museum
Dickinson Historic District
Collected manuscripts and papers
Emily Dickinson International Society
The Emily Dickinson Journal
Dickinson Electronic Archives
The Belle of Amherst (1976 play)
A Quiet Passion (2016 film)
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