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List of United States immigration laws
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A number of major laws and court decisions relating to immigration procedures and enforcement have been enacted for the United States.
Year
Name of legislation or case
Major highlights
1790 Naturalization Act of 1790 Established the rules for naturalized citizenship, as per Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, but placed no restrictions on immigration. Citizenship was limited to white persons, with no other restriction on non-whites.
1795 Naturalization Act of 1795 Lengthened required residency to become citizen.
1798
Naturalization Act (officially An Act to Establish a Uniform Rule of Naturalization; ch. 54, 1 Stat. 566)
Alien Friends Act (officially An Act Concerning Aliens; ch. 58, 1 Stat. 570)
Alien Enemies Act (officially An Act Respecting Alien Enemies; ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577)
Extended the duration of residence required for immigrants to become citizens to 14 years. Enacted June 18, 1798, with no expiration date, it was repealed in 1802.
Authorized the president to deport any resident immigrant considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States." It was activated June 25, 1798, with a two-year expiration date.
Authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States of America. Enacted July 6, 1798, and providing no sunset provision, the act remains intact today as 50 U.S.C. § 21
1802 Naturalization Law of 1802
Repealed the 14-year residency requirement of Naturalization Act of 1798.
1870 Naturalization Act of 1870
Extended the naturalization process to "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent."
Other non-whites were not included in this act and remained excluded from naturalization, per the Naturalization Act of 1790
1875 Page Act of 1875 (Sect. 141, 18 Stat. 477, 1873-March 1875)
The first federal immigration law and prohibited the entry of immigrants considered as "undesirable"
The law classified as "undesirable" any individual from Asia who was coming to America to be a contract laborer
Strengthen the ban against "coolie" laborers, by imposing a fine of up to $2,000 and maximum jail sentence of one year upon anyone who tried to bring a person from China, Japan, or any oriental country to the United States "without their free and voluntary consent, for the purpose of holding them to a term of service"
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
Restricted immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years.
Prohibited Chinese naturalization.
Provided deportation procedures for illegal Chinese.
Marked the birth of illegal immigration (in America).[1]
The Act was "a response to racism [in America] and to anxiety about threats from cheap labor [from China]." [2]
1882 Immigration Act of 1882
First comprehensive immigration law for the US.
Imposed a 50 cent head tax to fund immigration officials.
1885 Alien Contract Labor Law (Sess. II Chap. 164; 23 Stat. 332) Prohibited the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States
1891 Immigration Act of 1891
First comprehensive immigration laws for the US.
Bureau of Immigration set up in the Treasury Dept.[3]
Immigration Bureau directed to deport unlawful aliens.
Empowered "the superintendent of immigration to enforce immigration laws".[4]
1892 Geary Act Extended and strengthened the Chinese Exclusion Act.
1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark[5] The Supreme Court ruled that a child of Chinese descent born in the United States - whose parents at the time of his birth are subjects of the Emperor of China but who are domiciled in the United States as permanent residents; are carrying on business there; and are not employed in any diplomatic or other official capacity under the Emperor of China - is a citizen of the United States by virtue of having been born "in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof," per the first clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Several years later, in the wake of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, a number of Chinese immigrants who were otherwise subject to the Chinese Exclusion Act were nonetheless able to claim American citizenship by alleging they were born in San Francisco, and that their birth certificates had been destroyed along with those of everyone else who had been born in San Francisco. "Papers for fictitious children were sold in China, allowing Chinese to immigrate despite the laws." [1]
1903 Immigration Act of 1903 (Anarchist Exclusion Act) Added four inadmissible classes: anarchists, people with epilepsy, beggars, and importers of prostitutes
1906 Naturalization Act of 1906
Standardized naturalization procedures
made some knowledge of English a requirement for citizenship
established the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
1907 Immigration Act of 1907 Restricted immigration for certain classes of disabled and diseased people
1917 Immigration Act of 1917 (Barred Zone Act) Restricted immigration from Asia by creating an "Asiatic Barred Zone" and introduced a reading test for all immigrants over sixteen years of age, with certain exceptions for children, wives, and elderly family members.
1918 Immigration Act of 1918 Expanded on the provisions of the Anarchist Exclusion Act.
1921 Emergency Quota Act
Limited the number of immigrants a year from any country to 3% of those already in the US from that country as per the 1910 census.
"An unintended consequence of the 1920s legislation was an increase in illegal immigration. Many Europeans who did not fall under the quotas migrated to Canada or Mexico, which [as Western Hemisphere nations] were not subject to national-origin quotas; [and] subsequently they slipped into the United States illegally." [6]
1922 The Cable Act of 1922 (ch. 411, 42 Stat. 1021, "Married Women’s Independent Nationality Act") Reversed former immigration laws regarding marriage, also known as the Married Women's Citizenship Act or the Women's Citizenship Act. Previously, a woman lost her US citizenship if she married a foreign man, since she assumed the citizenship of her husband, a law that did not apply to men who married foreign women. The law repealed sections 3 and 4 of the Expatriation Act of 1907.
1924 Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act)
Imposed first permanent numerical limit on immigration.
Began a national-origin quota system.
1924 National Origins Formula
Established with the Immigration Act of 1924.
Total annual immigration was capped at 150,000. Immigrants fit into two categories: those from quota-nations and those from non-quota nations.
Immigrant visas from quota-nations were restricted to the same ratio of residents from the country of origin out of 150,000 as the ratio of foreign-born nationals in the United States. The percentage out of 150,000 was the relative number of visas a particular nation received.
Non-quota nations, notably those contiguous to the United States only had to prove an immigrant's residence in that country of origin for at least two years prior to emigration to the United States.
Laborers from Asiatic nations were excluded but exceptions existed for professionals, clergy, and students to obtain visas.
1934
Equal Nationality Act of 1934
Allowed foreign-born children of American mothers and alien fathers who had entered America before age 18 and lived in America for five years to apply for American citizenship for the first time.
Made the naturalization process quicker for American women's alien husbands.
1930s
Federal officials deported "Tens of thousands, and possibly more than 400,000, Mexicans and Mexican-Americans... Many, mostly children, were U.S. citizens." [7] "Applications for legal admission into the United States increased following World War II — and so did illegal immigration." [8] Some used fraudulent marriages as their method of illegal entry in the U.S. "Japanese immigration became disproportionately female, as more women left Japan as "picture brides", betrothed to emigrant men into the U.S. whom they had never met." [9]
1940 Nationality Act of 1940 Pertains chiefly to "Nationality at Birth," Nationality through Naturalization," and "Loss of Nationality"
1943 Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 (Magnuson Act) Repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act and permitted Chinese nationals already in the country to become naturalized citizens. A quota of 105 new Chinese immigrants were allowed into America per year.
1952 Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act)
Set a quota for aliens with skills needed in the US.
Increased the power of the government to deport illegal immigrants suspected of Communist sympathies.
1953 Kwong Hai Chew v. Colding, 344 U.S. 590 (1953) The Supreme Court found, "The Bill of Rights is a futile authority for the alien seeking admission for the first time to these shores. But while an alien lawfully enters and resides in this country he becomes invested with the rights guaranteed by the Constitution to all people within our borders".
1954 Operation Wetback Immigration and Naturalization Service roundup and deportation of undocumented immigrants in selected areas of California, Arizona, and Texas along the border. The U.S. Border Patrol later reported that more than 1.3 million people (a number viewed by many to be inflated and not accurate) were deported or left the U.S. voluntarily under the threat of deportation in 1954.[10]
1965 INA Amendments (Hart-Celler Act)
Repealed the national-origin quotas.
Initiated a visa system for family reunification and skills.
Set a quota for Western Hemisphere immigration.
Set a 20k country limit for Eastern Hemisphere aliens.
1966 Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act Cuban nationals who enter, or were already present in the United States, legal status.
1970s
The United States saw a total number of illegal immigrants estimated at 1.1 million, or half of one percent of the United States population.
1980s
About 1.3 million illegal immigrants entered the US.
1982 Plyler v. Doe,[11] 457 U.S. 202 (1982) The court also stated that illegal immigrants are "within the jurisdiction" of the states in which they reside and, therefore, are under the equal protection laws of the fourteenth amendment, and stated, "We have never suggested that the class of persons who might avail themselves of the equal protection guarantee is less than coextensive with that entitled to due process. To the contrary, we have recognized [457 U.S. 202, 212] that both provisions were fashioned to protect an identical class of persons, and to reach every exercise of state authority."
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
Started sanctions for knowingly hiring illegal aliens.
Provided amnesty to illegal aliens already in the US.[12]
Increased border enforcement.
Made it a crime to hire an illegal immigrant
1990s
Over 5.8 million illegal immigrants entered the US in the 1990s.[13] Mexico rose to the head of the list of sending countries, followed by the Philippines, Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, and China.[14]
1990 Immigration Act
Increased legal immigration ceilings.
Created a diversity admissions category.
Tripled the number of visas for priority workers and professionals with U.S. job offers[citation needed] [15]
1990 United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez[16] The court reiterated the finding of Kwong Hai Chew v. Colding, 344 U.S. 590, 596 (1953), "The Bill of Rights is a futile authority for the alien seeking admission for the first time to these shores. But while an alien lawfully enters and resides in this country he becomes invested with the rights guaranteed by the Constitution to all people within our borders".
Stated, "those cases in which aliens have been determined to enjoy certain constitutional rights establish only that aliens receive such protections when they have come within the territory of, and have developed substantial connections with, this country. See, e. g., Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 212 ."
1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRaIRA)
Phone verification for worker authentication by employers.
Access to welfare benefits more difficult for legal aliens.
Increased border enforcement.
Reed Amendment attempted to deny visas to former U.S. citizens, but was never enforced[17]
1999 Rodriguez v. United States, 169 F.3d 1342, (11th Cir. 1999) Held that statutes which discriminate within the class of aliens comport with the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment (and the equal protection principles it incorporates) so long as they satisfy rational basis scrutiny.
Post 9/11/2001
An estimated 3.1 million immigrants entered the United States illegally between 2000 and 2005.[15]
From 1998 to 2001, Mexicans accounted for 68% of immigrants who entered the United States illegally. That percentage jumped to 78% for the years between 2001 and 2005, mostly due to stricter security measures that followed the September 11, 2001 Attacks upon the United States (which more efficiently prevented illegal entry from nations that did not share a land or maritime boundary with the United States).[18]
2002 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act
Provided for more Border Patrol agents.
Requires that schools report foreign students attending classes.
Stipulates that foreign nationals in the US will be required to carry IDs with biometric technology.[19]
2005 REAL ID Act
Required use of IDs meeting certain security standards to enter government buildings, board planes, open bank accounts.
Created more restrictions on political asylum
Severely curtailed habeas corpus relief for immigrants
Increased immigration enforcement mechanisms
Altered judicial review
Established national standards for state driver licenses.
Cleared the way for the building of border barriers.
2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Dream Act
On June 15, 2012, the Secretary of Homeland Security announced that certain people who came to the United States as children and meet several guidelines may request consideration of deferred action for a period of two years, subject to renewal. They are also eligible for work authorization. Deferred action is a use of prosecutorial discretion to defer removal action against an individual for a certain period of time. Deferred action does not provide lawful status.[20]
Contents
1 See also
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links
See also[edit]
History of immigration to the United States
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
Illegal immigration to the United States
Immigration to the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Chinese Laborers Work on a Railroad How Illegal Immigration Was Born. American Heritage. By Claire Lui. Retrieved: March 7, 2008. Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, Eds. The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, (1997). The National Academic Press. page 23, 3rd paragraph. ISBN 0-309-06356-6.
Jump up ^ Hester, Torrie (2010). "Protection, Not Punishment: Legislative and Judicial formation of U.S. Deportation Policy, 1882-19044". Journal of American Ethnic History.
Jump up ^ "2 Background to Contemporary U.S. Immigration - The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration - The National Academies Press". doi:10.17226/5779.
Jump up ^ "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions".
Jump up ^ James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, Eds. The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, (1997). The National Academic Press. page 26, 4th paragraph. ISBN 0-309-06356-6.
Jump up ^ U.S. urged to apologize for 1930s deportations. USA Today, April 5, 2006. By Wendy Koch. Retrieved: March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, Eds. "The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration", (1997). The National Academic Press. page 27, 2nd paragraph. ISBN 0-309-06356-6.
Jump up ^ Japanese Immigration via Fraudulent Marriage.
Jump up ^ How Eisenhower solved illegal border crossings from Mexico, John Dillin, July 6, 2006, Accessed April 2, 2013
Jump up ^ PLYLER v. DOE, 457 U.S. 202 (1982) Argued December 1, 1981 Decided June 15, 1982
Jump up ^ Until 1986 the US had never forgiven the act of illegal immigration.
Jump up ^ Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population March 21, 2005 Page 8.
Jump up ^ James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, Eds. "The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration", (1997). The National Academic Press. page 28. ISBN 0-309-06356-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Immigration Act of 1990 (Pub.L. 101-649, 104 Stat. 4978, enacted November 29, 1990.)
Jump up ^ "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions".
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Michael S. (2006). "The Tax Code as Nationality Law" (PDF). Harvard Journal on Legislation. 43 (2): 375–436. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
Jump up ^ More Mexicans migrating to U.S. than die in Mexico
Jump up ^ Rubén Martínez. The New Americans. (New York: The New Press, 2004). Page 22.
Jump up ^ "The Reasoning and Implementation of the Decision". myattorneyusa.com. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
Further reading[edit]
Lemay, Michael and Elliott Robert Barkan (editors). U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History. Greenwood Press, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30156-5
Zolberg, Aristide. A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02218-1
External links[edit]
History of Legislation from the U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services:
Legislation from 1790 - 1900
Legislation from 1901 - 1940
Legislation from 1941 - 1960
Legislation from 1961 - 1980
Legislation from 1981 - 1996
hide
v
t
e
Immigration to the United States and related topics
Relevant colonial era,
United States and
international laws
Colonial era
Nationality law in the American Colonies
Plantation Act 1740
18th century
Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798
19th century
Naturalization Law 1802
Civil Rights Act of 1866
14th Amendment (1868)
Naturalization Act 1870
Page Act (1875)
Immigration Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion (1882)
Scott Act (1888)
Immigration Act of 1891
Geary Act (1892)
1900–1949
Naturalization Act 1906
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Immigration Act of 1907
Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Cable Act (1922)
Immigration Act 1924
Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
Nationality Act of 1940
Bracero Program (1942–1964)
Magnuson Act (1943)
War Brides Act (1945)
Luce–Celler Act (1946)
1950–1999
UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965
Refugee Act (1980)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
American Homecoming Act (1989)
Immigration Act 1990
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
21st century
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
REAL ID Act (2005)
Secure Fence Act (2006)
DACA (2012)
Executive Order 13769 (2017)
Executive Order 13780 (2017)
Visas and policies
Visa policy
Permanent residence
Visa Waiver Program
Temporary protected status
Asylum
Green Card Lottery
Central American Minors
US-VISIT
Security Advisory Opinion
E-Verify
Section 287(g)
National Origins Formula
Trump administration family separation policy
Government
organizations
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Border Patrol
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Board of Immigration Appeals
Office of Refugee Resettlement
Supreme Court cases
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)
Related issues
and events
Economic impact
Eugenics in the United States
Guest worker program
Human trafficking
Human smuggling
Coyotaje
Immigration reform
Immigration reduction
Mexico–United States barrier
Labor shortage
March for America
Illegal immigrant population
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2006 protests
Unaccompanied minors from Central America
List of people deported from the United States
Geography
Mexico–United States border
Canada–United States border
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Proposed legislation
DREAM Act (2001–2010)
H.R. 4437 (2005)
McCain–Kennedy (2005)
SKIL (2006)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
STRIVE Act (2007)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
SAFE Act (2015)
RAISE Act (2017)
Immigration stations
and points of entry
Angel Island
Castle Garden
East Boston
Ellis Island
Sullivan's Island
Washington Avenue
Operations
"Wetback" (1954)
"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
"Babylift" (1975)
"Gatekeeper" (1994)
"Endgame" (2003–2012)
"Front Line" (2004–2005)
"Streamline" (2005–present)
"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
State legislation
California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
Alabama HB 56 (2011)
Non-governmental
organizations
Arizona Border Recon
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
National Immigration Forum
Center for Community Change
We Are America Alliance
CASA of Maryland
Mexica Movement
Mexicans Without Borders
Federation for American Immigration Reform
Minuteman Project
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
Save Our State
Center for Immigration Studies
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
NumbersUSA
Negative Population Growth
Migration Policy Institute
Utah Compact
Center for Migration Studies of New York
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text:
Cerebral hemisphere
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cerebral hemisphere
Human brain seen from front.
The sheep brain seen from the back. Opening longitudinal fissure, the fissure which separates left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Hemisphaerium cerebri
NeuroNames
241
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1796
TA
A14.1.09.002
FMA
61817
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter, the cerebral cortex, that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. In eutherian (placental) mammals, the hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a very large bundle of nerve fibers. Smaller commissures, including the anterior commissure, the posterior commissure and the fornix, also join the hemispheres and these are also present in other vertebrates. These commissures transfer information between the two hemispheres to coordinate localized functions.
There are three known poles of the cerebral hemispheres: the occipital pole, the frontal pole, and the temporal pole.
The central sulcus is a prominent fissure which separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.
Macroscopically the hemispheres are roughly mirror images of each other, with only subtle differences, such as the Yakovlevian torque seen in the human brain, which is a slight warping of the right side, bringing it just forward of the left side. On a microscopic level, the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex, shows the functions of cells, quantities of neurotransmitter levels and receptor subtypes to be markedly asymmetrical between the hemispheres.[1][2] However, while some of these hemispheric distribution differences are consistent across human beings, or even across some species, many observable distribution differences vary from individual to individual within a given species.
Contents
1 Structure
2 Composition
2.1 Development
3 Function
3.1 Hemisphere lateralization
4 Clinical significance
5 Additional images
6 References
Structure[edit]
Each cerebral hemisphere has an outer layer of cerebral cortex which is of grey matter and in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres is an inner layer or core of white matter known as the centrum semiovale.[3] The interior portion of the hemispheres of the cerebrum includes the lateral ventricles, the basal nuclei, and the white matter.[4]
Composition[edit]
If the upper part of either hemisphere be removed, at a level about 1.25 cm. above the corpus callosum, the central white matter will be exposed as an oval-shaped area, the centrum ovale minus, surrounded by a narrow convoluted margin of gray substance, and studded with numerous minute red dots (puncta vasculosa), produced by the escape of blood from divided bloodvessels.
If the remaining portions of the hemispheres be slightly drawn apart a broad band of white substance, the corpus callosum, will be observed, connecting them at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure; the margins of the hemispheres which overlap the corpus callosum are called the labia cerebri.
Each labium is part of the cingulate gyrus already described; and the slit-like interval between it and the upper surface of the corpus callosum is termed the callosal sulcus.
If the hemispheres be sliced off to a level with the upper surface of the corpus callosum, the white substance of that structure will be seen connecting the two hemispheres.
The large expanse of medullary matter now exposed, surrounded by the convoluted margin of gray substance, is called the centrum ovale majus. The blood supply to the centrum ovale is from the superficial middle cerebral artery.[3] The cortical branches of this artery descend to provide blood to the centrum ovale.[5]
Development[edit]
The cerebral hemispheres are derived from the telencephalon. They arise five weeks after conception as bilateral invaginations of the walls. The hemispheres grow round in a C-shape and then back again, pulling all structures internal to the hemispheres (such as the ventricles) with them. The intraventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) allows communication with the lateral ventricles. The choroid plexus is formed from ependymal cells and vascular mesenchyme.
Function[edit]
Hemisphere lateralization[edit]
Main article: Lateralization of brain function
Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain functions (e.g. logic, creativity) being lateralized, that is, located in the right or left side of the brain. These claims are often inaccurate, as most brain functions are actually distributed across both hemispheres. Most scientific evidence for asymmetry relates to low-level perceptual functions rather than the higher-level functions popularly discussed (e.g. subconscious processing of grammar, not "logical thinking" in general).[6][7] In addition to this lateralization of some functions, the low-level representations also tend to represent the contralateral side of the body.
The best example of an established lateralization is that of Broca's and Wernicke's Areas (language) where both are often found exclusively on the left hemisphere. These areas frequently correspond to handedness however, meaning the localization of these areas is regularly found on the hemisphere opposite to the dominant hand. Function lateralization such as semantics, prosodic, intonation, accentuation, prosody, etc. has since been called into question and largely been found to have a neuronal basis in both hemispheres.[8][9]
Cerebral hemispheres of a human embryo at 8 weeks.
Perceptual information is processed in both hemispheres, but is laterally partitioned: information from each side of the body is sent to the opposite hemisphere (visual information is partitioned somewhat differently, but still lateralized). Similarly, motor control signals sent out to the body also come from the hemisphere on the opposite side. Thus, hand preference (which hand someone prefers to use) is also related to hemisphere lateralization.
In some aspects, the hemispheres are asymmetrical; the right side is slightly bigger. There are higher levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine on the right and higher levels of dopamine on the left. There is more white matter (longer axons) on the right and more grey matter (cell bodies) on the left.[10]
Linear reasoning functions of language such as grammar and word production are often lateralized to the left hemisphere of the brain. In contrast, holistic reasoning functions of language such as intonation and emphasis are often lateralized to the right hemisphere of the brain. Other integrative functions such as intuitive or heuristic arithmetic, binaural sound localization, etc. seem to be more bilaterally controlled.[11]
Clinical significance[edit]
Infarcts of the centrum ovale can occur.[3]
As a treatment for epilepsy the corpus callosum may be severed to cut the major connection between the hemispheres in a procedure known as a corpus callosotomy.
A hemispherectomy is the removal or disabling of one of the hemispheres of the brain. This is a rare procedure used in some extreme cases of seizures which are unresponsive to other treatments.
Additional images[edit]
Lateral surface. (The frontal pole is approximately at 10, the occipital pole is approximately at 17, and the temporal pole is approximately at 38.)
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anderson, B.; Rutledge, V. (1996). "Age and hemisphere effects on dendritic structure". Brain. 119: 1983–1990. doi:10.1093/brain/119.6.1983.
Jump up ^ Hutsler, J.; Galuske, R.A.W. (2003). "Hemispheric asymmetries in cerebral cortical networks". Trends in Neurosciences. 26 (8): 429–435. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00198-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bogousslavsky, J; Regli, F (October 1992). "Centrum ovale infarcts: subcortical infarction in the superficial territory of the middle cerebral artery". Neurology. 42 (10): 1992–8. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.10.1992. PMID 1340771.
Jump up ^ Snell, Richard S. (2009). Clinical Neuroanatomy (Clinical Neuroanatomy for Medical Students (Snell)). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 262. ISBN 0-7817-9427-7.
Jump up ^ Lee, P H (1 December 2005). "Pathogenesis of deep white matter medullary infarcts: a diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 76 (12): 1659–1663. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.066860. PMC 1739473  .
Jump up ^ Western et al. 2006 "Psychology: Australian and New Zealand edition" John Wiley p.107
Jump up ^ "Neuromyth 6" http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3746,en_2649_35845581_34555007_1_1_1_1,00.html Retrieved October 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Peter H., and Simon D. Ubben. "Where Language Meets Meaningful Action: A Combined Behavior and Lesion." Springer. 29 Oct. 2014. Web. 31 Mar. 2016.
Jump up ^ Riès, Stephanie K., and Nina F. Dronkers. "Choosing Words: Left Hemisphere, Right Hemisphere, or Both? Perspective on the Lateralization of Word Retrieval."Wiley Online Library. 14 Jan. 2016. Web. 31 Mar. 2016.
Jump up ^ R. Carter, Mapping the Mind, Phoenix, London, 2004, Originally Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998.
Jump up ^ Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S (1999). "Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence". Science. 284 (5416): 970–4. doi:10.1126/science.284.5416.970. PMID 10320379.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebral hemispheres.
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Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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To Bring You My Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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To Bring You My Love
Studio album by PJ Harvey
Released
27 February 1995
Recorded
September–October 1994
Studio
Townhouse Studios in London, United Kingdom
Genre
Alternative rock[1]
punk blues[2]
blues rock[3]
Length
42:27
Label
Island
Producer
Flood
John Parish
PJ Harvey
PJ Harvey chronology
4-Track Demos
(1993) To Bring You My Love
(1995) Is This Desire?
(1998)
John Parish & Polly Jean Harvey chronology
{{{This album}}} Dance Hall at Louse Point
(1996)
Singles from To Bring You My Love
"Down by the Water"
Released: February 1995
"C'mon Billy"
Released: July 1995
"Send His Love to Me"
Released: October 1995
To Bring You My Love is the third studio album by English alternative rock musician PJ Harvey. It was released by Island Records in February 1995. Recorded after the break-up of the PJ Harvey trio it stands as her first proper solo album. The songs on the album are heavily influenced by American blues music.
Harvey co-produced the record with Flood and John Parish. To Bring You My Love would be the first of Harvey's many collaborations with Flood and Parish. The music on the album was played largely by Harvey and Parish, with contributions from seasoned musicians Joe Gore, Mick Harvey, Jean-Marc Butty, and others. Many of the musicians who appeared on the album joined Harvey on tour to support it in 1995.
To Bring You My Love is considered to be PJ Harvey's breakthrough. It garnered massive critical acclaim worldwide and became her best-selling album. The single "Down by the Water" received extensive airplay on radio and on MTV. The album was placed on Rolling Stone magazine's original list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
Contents
1 Background and History
2 Music and Lyrics
3 Recording
4 Reception
5 Accolades
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts
8.1 Singles
8.2 Certifications and sales
9 References
Background and History[edit]
PJ Harvey took a break from the spotlight in 1994. After releasing two studio albums (Dry and Rid of Me) and a compilation (4-Track Demos) in less than two years, she kept a low profile for most of the year. Harvey made only one public appearance in 1994, performing The Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" with Björk at the annual BRIT Awards.
Using the royalties she received from her first two albums, she bought a house in rural England close to her parents' home in Yeovil. She described her new home as "completely in the countryside. I have no neighbors. When I look out the window, all I see are fields."[4] Living in near isolation, she began writing the songs that would appear on To Bring You My Love.
Music and Lyrics[edit]
"To Bring You My Love"
The title track recalls the blues of Robert Johnson as well as the song "Dirt" by The Stooges.[5]
"Meet Ze Monsta"
"Down By The Water"
The song features extensive use of a synthesized organ and features an orchestral ensemble.
"The Dancer"
The album's closing track is influenced by the Spaghetti western soundtracks of Ennio Morricone.
Problems playing these files? See media help.
The subject matter and tone of the songs on To Bring You My Love differ somewhat from what Harvey had presented on her earlier albums. The songs on Rid of Me (1993), for example, are more aggressive in their depictions of relationships. They focus more on revenge ("Rid of Me", "Rub Til It Bleeds"), or act as an attack on traditional masculinity[6] ("Man-Size", "50ft. Queenie", "Me-Jane"). Although these songs do directly consider longing and loss, many of the songs on To Bring You My Love focus particularly on these topics, specifically considering the loss of, or longing for, a departed lover. The title track presents a narrator who not only desires love but is willing to sacrifice everything to get it. "I’ve lain with the devil," Harvey sings, "Cursed God above/Forsaken Heaven/To bring you my love."
Many of the songs on To Bring You My Love employ biblical imagery such as Heaven, God, and Jesus Christ. Harvey, however, is not a religious person. She wasn’t baptized and did not attend church as a child.[7] She spoke of her use of religious imagery by saying "I look towards religion as possibly one means to finding an answer, to making sense why we’re here. That’s what drives the creative force, to make sense of one’s life. A very natural place to look is in that divine area, because it’s so strong and has been here long before us."[7]
Many references are made to one of Harvey's major influences, Captain Beefheart. The opening line of the album, "I was born in the desert", is also the opening line of Beefheart's debut album, Safe as Milk. The album's second track, "Meet Ze Monsta", borrows the line "meet the monster tonight" from Beefheart's "Tropical Hot Dog Night", the second track of his album Shiny Beast (Bat Chain Puller), an album which Harvey has said had a particular impact on her. A lyrical and melodic resemblance to Beefheart's "Dropout Boogie" is also found on the track "I Think I'm a Mother," and the vocal melody at the end of Harvey's "Teclo" ("Let me ride on his grace for a while...") seems to mirror Beefheart's melody in "Her Eyes Are a Blue Million Miles".
Musically, the album is more complicated than Dry or Rid Of Me. Two guitar parts are used in many of the songs, in most cases played by Harvey and Parish. Acoustic guitar and strings, used sparingly in her previous releases, can be heard throughout To Bring You My Love. Bells, chimes, and a vibraphone add to the atmosphere of the recording. Keyboards and organ are also used extensively, a result of much of the album being composed on a Yamaha keyboard Harvey bought second-hand.[8] The deep, rumbling organ tones provide many of the lower notes on the album, replacing traditional basslines.[9]
Recording[edit]
To Bring You My Love was Harvey's first album proper since disbanding the original PJ Harvey trio in 1993. For this recording she recruited producer Flood, her old Automatic Dlamini bandmate John Parish and a new line-up of session musicians including multi-instrumentalists Joe Gore, Eric Drew Feldman, Mick Harvey and drummer Jean-Marc Butty. She herself played guitar, keyboards, vibes and bells on the record, as well as co-producing it with Flood and John Parish.
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [10]
Chicago Sun-Times [11]
Entertainment Weekly A[12]
The Guardian [13]
Los Angeles Times [14]
NME 8/10[15]
Rolling Stone [16]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [17]
Spin 10/10[18]
The Village Voice A[19]
As her second full-length release on a major label, To Bring You My Love received a heavy promotional push from Island Records. Extensive MTV rotation and college radio airplay for the first single "Down by the Water" — with its eccentric, eye-catching Maria Mochnacz-directed music video of Harvey drowning in an emerald pond while wearing an extravagant wig, heavy make-up and a slinky red satin evening gown — gave Harvey her biggest radio hit to date, reaching #2 on Billboard's Modern Rock chart.[20] The album itself debuted at #40 on the Billboard 200[21] and #12 in the UK,[22] and went on to sell roughly one million copies. [23] The moderate commercial breakthrough of To Bring You My Love had nothing to do with any scaling-down of her trademark lyrical intensity: the infanticide fable "Down by the Water" — whose whispered coda of "Little fish big fish swimming in the water/Come back here, man, gimme my daughter" references the old Lead Belly blues standard "Salty Dog" — ostensibly deals with a mother drowning her child.[24]
The critical response was overwhelmingly positive. Rolling Stone praised the record as "astonishing" in its four-star review.[16] The Independent shared the same point of view, writing that Harvey's performance "make[s] the record stand out from its peers"; reviewer Nicholas Barber saw it as "a threatening, nightmarish creature", adding "imagine Siouxsie and the Bad Seeds".[25] Los Angeles Times noted the "rich imagery" of the lyrics, writing that "in the most gripping moments, [...] [Harvey] speaks with the captivating clarity and force of someone reaching for a final, life-saving anchor."[14]
Accolades[edit]
The album received universal acclaim. It was voted as the best album of the year in The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop critics poll by a wide margin,[26] and was also voted the year's number-one album by publications such as Rolling Stone, The New York Times, People, USA Today, Hot Press and, in "the biggest landslide victory in 15 years", the Los Angeles Times. It featured in Top Ten lists for magazines like Spin, NME, Melody Maker, Mojo and The Wire,[27] though a contrarian Time list dubbed it the "Worst Album of 1995."[28] The album received two Grammy Award nominations as Best Alternative Music Performance and Best Female Rock Vocal for the single "Down By The Water" [29] , and was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize. Spin magazine later ranked it at number 3 in a list of the best albums of the 90s.[30] In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album at number 435 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[31] Slant Magazine, in 2011, rated To Bring You My Love as the 20th best album of the 90s.[32] As of December, 2005, (according to AskBillboard) To Bring You My Love has sold 371,000 copies in the US. [33]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by PJ Harvey.
No.
Title
Length
1. "To Bring You My Love" 5:32
2. "Meet Ze Monsta" 3:29
3. "Working for the Man" 4:45
4. "C'mon Billy" 2:47
5. "Teclo" 4:57
6. "Long Snake Moan" 5:17
7. "Down by the Water" 3:14
8. "I Think I'm a Mother" 4:00
9. "Send His Love to Me" 4:20
10. "The Dancer" 4:06
Total length: 42:27
Limited edition[34] b-sides CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Reeling" (demo version) 3:00
2. "Daddy" 3:16
3. "Lying In The Sun" 4:30
4. "Somebody's Down, Somebody's Name" 3:40
5. "Darling Be There" 3:46
6. "Maniac" 4:01
7. "One Time Too Many" 2:52
8. "Harder" 2:05
9. "Goodnight" 4:17
Total length: 31:27
Personnel[edit]
Musicians[35]
PJ Harvey - vocals, organ, guitar (1, 4, 5, 8), piano (5, 6), vibraphone (1), marimba (9), bells (5), chimes (5), percussion (9)
John Parish - guitar (1, 2, 6, 9, 10), organ (6), drums (4-8, 10), percussion (1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10)
Joe Gore - guitar (2-4, 6, 7), e-bow (1)
Mick Harvey - bass (6), organ (9)
Jean-Marc Butty - drums (2), percussion (9)
Joe Dilworth - drums (3)
Pete Thomas - string arrangements
Sonia Slany - violin (4, 7, 9)
Jocelyn Pook - viola (4, 7, 9)
Jules Singleton - viola (4, 7, 9)
Sian Bell - cello (4, 7, 9)
Production[35]
Flood - producer, engineer, mixing
PJ Harvey - producer, engineer (1, 4, 5, 7)
John Parish - producer
Design[35]
Martin Callomon - artwork, art direction
Valerie Phillips - photography
Kate Garner - photography
Charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australian ARIA Albums Chart[36] 38
Belgian Albums Chart (Vl)[37] 5
Belgian Albums Chart (Wa)[37] 31
Canadian Albums Chart[38] 39
Dutch Top 100[39] 69
French Albums Chart[40] 23
German Albums Chart[41] 47
New Zealand RIANZ Top 40[42] 24
Norwegian Albums Charts[43] 11
Swedish Albums Chart[44] 11
Swiss Hitparade Chart[45] 38
UK Albums Chart[46] 12
US Billboard 200[47] 40
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak positions
AU
CA
[48]
IE
[49]
UK
[50]
US Main
[51]
US Mod
[51]
1995 "Down By The Water" 84 78 28 38 48 2
"C'mon Billy" — — — 29 — —
"Send His Love To Me" — — — 34 — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart.
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Belgium (BEA)[52]
Gold 25,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[53]
Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[54]
N/A 371,000[55]
Worldwide (IFPI)
N/A 1,000,000 [56]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gerard, Chris (4 April 2014). "50 Best Alternative Albums of the '90s". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Stephen (29 March 2002). "PJ Harvey: Is This Desire?". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ethan. "Love and Desire". New York. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ DeLuca, Dan, "Songwriter PJ Harvey is reaching out to her fans", The Philadelphia Inquirer, 31 May 1995, pg. E01
Jump up ^ McLeese, Don, "Between Heaven and Hell; Modern Musicians Sing About the Passion of Life", Austin American Statesman (Texas), Entertainment section, p. 5, 6 April 1995.
Jump up ^ Niesel, Jeff (23 February 1995). "Album Review Alternative To Bring You My Love PJ Harvey". San Diego Tribune. Entertainment section, p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Dollar, Steve. "Preview; PJ Harvey" The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Arts section, p. 2M, 4 June 1995.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Craig, "U.S. radio brings Harvey its love- 4th Island set poised for mainstream", Billboard, 18 February 1995.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Mark, "PJ Harvey: Electric Blue", The Washington Post, Sunday Arts, p.G10, 5 March 1995.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "To Bring You My Love – PJ Harvey". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
Jump up ^ DeRogatis, Jim (19 March 1995). "PJ Harvey, 'To Bring You My Love' (Island)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 16 October 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Browne, David (10 March 1995). "To Bring You My Love". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Caroline (3 March 1995). "CD of the week: PJ Harvey". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Hilburn, Robert (26 February 1995). "A Potent Artist for the '90s: Singer-songwriter PJ Harvey sheds her band and focuses on vocals and words. The result? An artful, graceful and unpredictable third album". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Bailie, Stuart (25 February 1995). "PJ Harvey – To Bring You My Love". NME. Archived from the original on 13 October 2000. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Dair, Barbara (9 March 1995). "Voodoo Child". Rolling Stone (703): 63. Retrieved 28 June 2004.
Jump up ^ Hoard, Christian (2004). "PJ Harvey". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 368–69. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Powers, Ann (April 1995). "P.J. Harvey: To Bring You My Love". Spin. 11 (1): 195. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (11 April 1995). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
Jump up ^ To Bring You My Love PJ Harvey > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles at AllMusic. Retrieved 12 December 2005.
Jump up ^ To Bring You My Love PJ Harvey > Charts & Awards > Billboard Album at AllMusic. Retrieved 12 December 2005.
Jump up ^ "PJ HARVEY | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.popmatters.com/137154-pj-harvey-let-england-shake-2496078095.html
Jump up ^ Hewitt, Ben (14 January 2015). "PJ Harvey: 10 of the Best". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Barber, Nicholas (6 February 1995). "P J Harvey: To Bring You My Love". The Independent. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 1995 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". The Village Voice. 20 February 1996. Retrieved 21 March 2005.
Jump up ^ "Blessed Releases: Records of the Year". The Wire. No. 143. London. January 1996. p. 32 – via Exact Editions. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "The Best Of 1995: MUSIC". Time. 25 December 1995. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Artist: PJ Harvey". Grammy. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Michel, Sia (September 1999). "The 90 Greatest Albums of the '90s: 3 PJ Harvey To Bring You My Love". Spin. 15 (9): 117. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Levy, Joe; Steven Van Zandt (2006) [2005]. "435 | To Bring You My Love - PJ Harvey". Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (3rd ed.). London: Turnaround. ISBN 1-932958-61-4. OCLC 70672814. Archived from the original on 5 April 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "Best Albums of the '90s". Slant Magazine. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ask Billboard". Billboard. 27 December 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Albums". pollyharvey.co.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c To Bring You My Love (CD). PJ Harvey. London, United Kingdom: Island Records. 1995. LC0497.
Jump up ^ "australian-charts.com - PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "ultratop.be - PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love". Ultratop. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives of Canada". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl - PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les "Chart Runs" des Albums classés depuis 1985 dans le Top Albums Officiel". InfoDisc (in French). Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2012. N.B. User must select "P.J. HARVEY" from the drop-down menu select and click "Go."
Jump up ^ "charts.de". Media Control Charts. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "charts.org.nz - PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love". charts.org.nz. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "norwegiancharts.com - PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "swedishcharts.com - PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love - hitparade.ch". Hitparade. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "PJ HARVEY | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "PJ Harvey Album & Song Chart History | Billboard.com". Billboard. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 12 April 2012. N.B. User must define search parameters and enter either "P.J Harvey" into Search By Artist or "Down by the Water" into Search By Song Title.
Jump up ^ "PJ HARVEY | Artist | Official Charts". UK Singles Chart. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ask Billboard; Billboard.com". US Main. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2007". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – PJ Harvey – To Bring You My Love". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 April 2012. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type To Bring You My Love in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – PJ Harvey – To Bring You My Love". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ "Ask Billboard". Billboard. 27 December 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Schonfeld, Zach (14 February 2011). "PJ Harvey: Let England Shake". Pop Matters. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
show
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PJ Harvey
Studio albums
Dry
Rid of Me
To Bring You My Love
Is This Desire?
Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea
Uh Huh Her
White Chalk
Let England Shake
The Hope Six Demolition Project
with John Parish
Dance Hall at Louse Point
A Woman a Man Walked By
Compilation albums
4-Track Demos
iTunes Originals
The Peel Sessions 1991–2004
Videos
Reeling with PJ Harvey
On Tour: Please Leave Quietly
Singles
"Dress"
"Sheela-Na-Gig"
"50ft Queenie"
"Down by the Water"
"C'mon Billy"
"Henry Lee" (with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds)
"A Perfect Day Elise"
"Good Fortune"
"This Is Love"
"When Under Ether"
"The Words That Maketh Murder
"The Glorious Land"
"The Wheel"
"The Community of Hope"
"Guilty"
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
show
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Rolling Stone's Albums of the Year
1978–1979
1978
Rolling Stones – Some Girls
1979
Neil Young – Rust Never Sleeps
1980–1989
1980
The Clash – London Calling
1981
Rolling Stones – Tattoo You
1982
Bruce Springsteen – Nebraska
1983
R.E.M. – Murmur
1984
Bruce Springsteen – Born in the USA
1985
Talking Heads – Little Creatures
1986
Paul Simon – Graceland
1987
Bruce Springsteen – Tunnel of Love
1988
Midnight Oil – Diesel and Dust
1989
Neil Young – Freedom
1990–1999
1990
Sinead O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got
1991
R.E.M. – Out of Time
1992
R.E.M. – Automatic For The People
1993
Nirvana – In Utero
1994
Hole – Live Through This
1995
PJ Harvey – To Bring You My Love
1996
Beck – Odelay
1997
Bob Dylan – Time Out of Mind
1998
Lauryn Hill – The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill
1999
Rage Against The Machine – The Battle of Los Angeles
2000–2009
2000
Eminem – The Marshall Mathers LP
2001
Bob Dylan – Love and Theft
2002
Beck – Sea Change
2003
Outkast – Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
2004
Kanye West – The College Dropout
2005
Kanye West – Late Registration
2006
Bob Dylan – Modern Times
2007
M.I.A. – Kala
2008
TV On The Radio – Dear Science
2009
U2 – No Line On The Horizon
2010–present
2010
Kanye West – My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
2011
Adele – 21
2012
Bruce Springsteen – Wrecking Ball
2013
Vampire Weekend – Modern Vampires of the City
2014
U2 – Songs of Innocence
2015
Kendrick Lamar – To Pimp a Butterfly
2016
Beyoncé – Lemonade
2017
Kendrick Lamar – DAMN.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Bring_You_My_Love&oldid=866400056"
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text:
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Trinidad and Tobago
Name
Flag of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
The Sun-Sea-Sand Banner
Use
National flag
Proportion
3:5
Adopted
31 August 1962
Design
A red field with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist-side to the lower fly-side.
Variant flag of Trinidad and Tobago
Name
Civil ensign of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Use
Civil and state ensign
Proportion
1:2
Design
A red field with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist-side to the lower fly-side.
Variant flag of Trinidad and Tobago
Name
Naval ensign of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Use
Naval ensign
Proportion
1:2
The flag of Trinidad and Tobago was adopted upon independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962. Designed by Carlisle Chang (1921–2001),[1][2][3] the flag of Trinidad and Tobago was chosen by the independence committee of 1962. Red, black and white symbolise fire (the sun, representing courage), earth (representing dedication) and water (representing purity and equality).[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Construction
3 Other flags
3.1 British colonial flag
4 See also
5 References
Design[edit]
Trinidadian flags flying at the University of the West Indies in Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
The flag of Trinidad and Tobago is a red field with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist-side to the lower fly-side. In blazon, Gules, a bend Sable fimbriated Argent.
Construction[edit]
The flag of Trinidad and Tobago flying at the San Fernando Hill, San Fernando in July 2009.
The width of the white stripes is 1⁄30 of the flag length and the width of the black stripe is 2⁄15. The total width of the three stripes together is therefore 1⁄5 of the length.[5]
Other flags[edit]
The civil ensign is the national flag in a 1:2 ratio. The naval ensign (used by coast guard vessels) is a British white ensign with the national flag in the canton.
Presidential Standard
Prime Minister's Standard
Queen Elizabeth II's personal Trinidadian flag (1966–1976)
British colonial flag[edit]
Prior to independence from the United Kingdom in August 1962, Trinidad and Tobago used a British blue ensign defaced with a circular badge depicting a ship arriving in front of a mountain.
Colonial flag of Trinidad and Tobago (1889–1962)
Red ensign of Trinidad and Tobago (1889–1962)
See also[edit]
Flag of the West Indies Federation (January 1958 – May 1962)
Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Carlisle Chang" Archived 2016-09-11 at the Wayback Machine., Ministry of Community Development, Culture and the Arts, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
Jump up ^ "National flag of Trinidad and Tobago - Carlisle Chang", YouTube.
Jump up ^ Carlisle Chang biography Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine., NALIS.
Jump up ^ National Flag". Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Flagspot
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&oldid=830521637"
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