text:
Pineapple
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For other uses, see Pineapple (disambiguation).
Pineapple
A pineapple on its parent plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Bromeliaceae
Genus: Ananas
Species: A. comosus
Binomial name
Ananas comosus
(L.) Merr.
Synonyms[1]
List[show]
Ananas acostae C. Commelijn
Ananas ananas (L.) H.Karst. ex Voss nom. inval.
Ananas argentata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas aurata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas bracteatus Baker
Ananas coccineus Descourt.
Ananas debilis Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas lyman-smithii Camargo nom. inval.
Ananas maxima Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas monstrosus (Carrière) L.B.Sm.
Ananas ovatus Mill.
Ananas pancheanus André
Ananas penangensis Baker
Ananas porteanus Veitch ex K.Koch
Ananas pyramidalis Mill.
Ananas sativa Lindl.
Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas serotinus Mill.
Ananas viridis Mill.
Ananassa ananas (L.) H.Karst.
Ananassa debilis Lindl.
Ananassa monstrosa Carrière
Ananassa porteana (Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière
Ananassa sativa (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer
Bromelia ananas L.
Bromelia ananas Willd.
Bromelia communis Lam.
Bromelia comosa L.
Bromelia edulis Salisb. nom. illeg.
Bromelia mai-pouri Perrier
Bromelia pigna Perrier
Bromelia rubra Schult. & Schult.f.
Bromelia violacea Schult. & Schult.f.
Bromelia viridis (Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f.
Distiacanthus communis (Lam.) Rojas Acosta
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples,[2][3] and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.[4]
Pineapples may be cultivated from the offset produced at the top of the fruit,[2][5] possibly flowering in five to ten months and fruiting in the following six months.[5][6] Pineapples do not ripen significantly after harvest.[7] In 2016, Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines accounted for nearly one-third of the world's production of pineapples.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Botany
3 Pollination
4 Culinary uses
5 Nutrition
5.1 Bromelain
6 History
7 Production
8 Cultivation
8.1 Ethical and environmental concerns
8.2 Cultivars
9 Phytochemistry
10 Pests and diseases
11 Storage and transport
12 Symbolism and cultural history
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 Bibliography
17 External links
Etymology
Pineapple and its cross-section
A young pineapple in flower
The word "pineapple" in English was first recorded to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers encountered this tropical fruit in the Americas, they called them "pineapples" (first referenced in 1664, for resemblance to pine cones).[9][10]
In the scientific binomial Ananas comosus, ananas, the original name of the fruit, comes from the Tupi word nanas, meaning "excellent fruit",[11] as recorded by André Thevet in 1555, and comosus, "tufted", refers to the stem of the fruit. Other members of the genus Ananas are often called pine, as well, in other languages. In Spanish, pineapples are called piña ("pine cone"), or ananá (ananás) (for example, the piña colada drink).[citation needed]
Botany
Pineapple in the starting stage
The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall, although sometimes it can be taller. In appearance, the plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create what is commonly referred to as a pineapple. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.[5] Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100 cm (1.0 to 3.3 ft) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. Flower colors vary, depending on variety, from lavender, through light purple to red.[citation needed]
The ovaries develop into berries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is arranged in two interlocking helices, eight in one direction, 13 in the other, each being a Fibonacci number.[12]
The pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis,[13] fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid malate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis.
Pollination
In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds.[2][14] Certain wild pineapples are foraged and pollinated at night by bats.[15]
Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for breeding.[2] Specifically in Hawaii, where pineapples were cultivated and canned industrially throughout the 20th century,[16] importation of hummingbirds was prohibited.[17]
Culinary uses
Pineapple, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
209 kJ (50 kcal)
Carbohydrates
13.12 g
Sugars
9.85 g
Dietary fiber
1.4 g
Fat
0.12 g
Protein
0.54 g
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
7%
0.079 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.032 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.5 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.213 mg
Vitamin B6
9%
0.112 mg
Folate (B9)
5%
18 μg
Choline
1%
5.5 mg
Vitamin C
58%
47.8 mg
Minerals
Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
13 mg
Iron
2%
0.29 mg
Magnesium
3%
12 mg
Manganese
44%
0.927 mg
Phosphorus
1%
8 mg
Potassium
2%
109 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
1%
0.12 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
86.00 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Pineapple juice
The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including pizza toppings, or as a grilled ring on a hamburger. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache.
Nutrition
In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple is a rich source of manganese (44% Daily Value, DV) and vitamin C (58% DV), but otherwise contains no essential nutrients in significant quantities (table).[18]
Bromelain
Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,[19] bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes. Bromelain is under preliminary research for a variety of clinical disorders, but to date has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.[20] Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in pregnancy, allergies, or anticoagulation therapy.[20]
If having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat marinade and tenderizer.[21] Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as gelatin-based desserts or gel capsules,[22] their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and canning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific extraction can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing.[21][23]
The bromelain content of raw pineapple is responsible for the sore mouth feeling often experienced when eating it, due to the enzymes breaking down the proteins of sensitive tissues in the mouth. Also, raphides, needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate that occur in pineapple fruits and leaves, likely cause microabrasions, contributing to mouth discomfort.[24][25][26]
History
The plant is indigenous to South America and is said to originate from the area between southern Brazil and Paraguay;[2] however, little is known about the origin of the domesticated pineapple (Pickersgill, 1976). MS Bertoni (1919)[27] considered the Paraná–Paraguay River drainages to be the place of origin of A. comosus.[28] The natives of southern Brazil and Paraguay spread the pineapple throughout South America, and it eventually reached the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs. Columbus encountered the pineapple in 1493 on the leeward island of Guadeloupe. He called it piña de Indes, meaning "pine of the Indians", and brought it back with him to Spain, thus making the pineapple the first bromeliad to be introduced by humans outside of the New World.[29] The Spanish introduced it into the Philippines, Hawaii (introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886), Zimbabwe, and Guam. The fruit is said to have been first introduced in Hawaii when a Spanish ship brought it there in the 1500s.[30] The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550.[31]
Charles II is presented with the first pineapple grown in England (1675 painting by Hendrik Danckerts).
The pineapple was brought to northern Europe by the Dutch from their colony in Surinam. The first pineapple to be successfully cultivated in Europe, is said to have been grown by Pieter de la Court at Meerburg in 1658.[32] In England, a huge "pineapple stove" needed to grow the plants had been built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723.[33] In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. Catherine the Great ate pineapples grown on her own estates before her death in 1796.[34] Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, using hothouses called "pineries", pineapples soon became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.[35] By the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates had become the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.[35] John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple.[36]
John Kidwell is credited with the introduction of the pineapple industry to Hawaii; large-scale pineapple cultivation by US companies began in the early 1900s. Among the most famous and influential pineapple industrialists was James Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899[37] and started a pineapple plantation in 1900.[38] The companies Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively. Dole's pineapple company began with the acquisition of 60 acres (24 ha) of land in 1901, and grew into a major company, the Dole Food Company. Maui Pineapple Company began pineapple cultivation on the island of Maui in 1909.[39]
In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.[40]
Dole ceased its cannery operations in Honolulu in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.[41] In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,[42] and by 2013, only the Dole Plantation on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.[41]
Production
Pineapple production – 2016
Country
(millions of tonnes)
Costa Rica 2.9
Brazil 2.7
Philippines 2.6
Thailand 1.9
India 1.9
Indonesia 1.3
World 25.8
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[8]
In 2016, world production of pineapples was 25.8 million tonnes, led by Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines, which collectively accounted for 32% of the global total (table).[8]
Cultivation
In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.[2]
Red pineapple (Ananas bracteatus)
Pineapples can be consumed fresh, cooked, juiced, or preserved. They are found in a wide array of cuisines. In addition to consumption, the pineapple leaves are used to produce the textile fiber piña in the Philippines, commonly used as the material for the men's barong Tagalog and women's baro't saya formal wear in the country. The fiber is also used as a component for wallpaper and other furnishings.[43]
Ethical and environmental concerns
Three-quarters of the pineapples sold in Europe are grown in Costa Rica, where pineapple production is highly industrialised. Growers typically use 20 kg (44 lb) of pesticides per hectare in each growing cycle,[44] a process that may affect soil quality and biodiversity. The pesticides—organophosphates, organochlorines, and hormone disruptors—have the potential to affect workers' health and can contaminate local drinking water supplies.[44] Many of these chemicals have potential to be carcinogens, and may be related to birth defects.[44]
Because of commercial pressures, many pineapple workers—60% of whom are Nicaraguan—in Costa Rica are paid low wages.[quantify] European supermarkets' price-reduction policies have lowered growers' incomes.[44] One major pineapple producer contests these claims.[45]
Cultivars
Many cultivars are known.[2] The leaves of the commonly grown "smooth cayenne" are smooth,[46] and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.[2] Varieties include:[citation needed]
"Hilo" is a compact, 1.0- to 1.5-kg (2– to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips.
"Kona sugarloaf", at 2.5 to 3.0 kg (5–6 lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit.
"Natal queen", at 1.0 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves, and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa.
"Pernambuco" ("eleuthera") weighs 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America.
"Red Spanish", at 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America.
"Smooth cayenne", a 2.5- to 3.0-kg (5- to 6-lb), pale yellow– to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by Amerind peoples.[40] In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as Sarawak, after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown.[47] It is one of the ancestors of cultivars "73-50" (also called "MD-1" and "CO-2") and "73–114" (also called "MD-2").[40] Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD-2.[40]
Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities.
Abacaxi
Tropical Gold
Victoria
Pineapple plant in Bangladesh
Phytochemistry
Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse phytochemicals, among which are polyphenols, including gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and arbutin.[48][49]
Pests and diseases
Main article: List of pineapple diseases
Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs[50] typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.[2] Other diseases include pink disease, bacterial heart rot, anthracnose,[50] fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.[51] Pink disease is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Pantoea citrea.[52]
Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids.[51]
Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by Phytophthora cinnamoni and P. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.[53]
Storage and transport
Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.[2]
A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested.[54] A fully ripe pineapple can bruise and rot quickly.[citation needed]
The fruit itself is quite perishable[2] and if it is stored at room temperature, it should be used within two days; however, if it is refrigerated, the time span extends to 5–7 days.
Symbolism and cultural history
Mimi Sheller writes: "The pineapple entered European iconography as a symbol of welcome and hospitality, and also eventually found its way into botanical gardens such as the Chelsea Physic Garden, where it was grown in heated pits."[55] The sweet fruit had a "mysterious aura" in the Age of Sail because except for a "small elite with access to glass hothouses", tropical fruits could only be tasted where they were cultivated.[55] Christopher Cumo writes that "The Spanish who followed Columbus delighted in eating pineapple and in writing about it for a European public eager to learn of the flora and fauna of the Americas ... The pineapple was first a luxury because transit from the tropics to Europe was expensive in the age of sail. In this respect, pineapple was much like sugar, a commodity of privilege before it became an item of the masses."[56] Cumo writes that "pineapple was the fruit of colonialism" because the Portuguese, French, Dutch, and British all sought to establish pineapple plantations in the tropics of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[56]
In architecture, pineapple figures are a decorative element symbolizing hospitality.[57][58][59] Usually in plaster or carved wood,[59] pineapples images occur in finials,[57][59] pendants,[59] "broken" pediments,[58] and door knockers.[60]
Gallery
Play media
A pineapple being prepared by a roadside vendor in Hainan, China
A pineapple
Pineapple detail
Pineapple leaf detail
See also
Food portal
Big Pineapple
Pineapple cutter
Pineapple tart
Vazhakulam pineapple
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Jump up ^ Li, Ti; Shen, Peiyi; Liu, Wei; Liu, Chengmei; Liang, Ruihong; Yan, Na; Chen, Jun (2014). "Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and their Antioxidant Interactions". International Journal of Food Properties. 17 (8): 1805. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.732168.
Jump up ^ Ogawa, E. M; Costa, H. B; Ventura, J. A; Caetano, L. C; Pinto, F. E; Oliveira, B. G; Barroso, M. E. S; Scherer, R; Endringer, D. C; Romão, W (2018). "Chemical profile of pineapple cv. Vitória in different maturation stages using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 98 (3): 1105–1116. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8561. PMID 28722812.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)". Apsnet.org. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Pests and Diseases of Pineapple: Food Market Exchange – B2B e-marketplace for the food industry. Food Market Exchange. Retrieved on 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Marin-Cevada, Vianey; Caballero-Mellado, Jesús; Bustillos-Cristales, Rocão; MuñOz-Rojas, Jesús; Mascarúa-Esparza, Miguel A; CastañEda-Lucio, Miguel; LóPez-Reyes, Lucãa; MartãNez-Aguilar, Lourdes; Fuentes-RamãRez, Luis E (2010). "Tatumella ptyseos, an Unrevealed Causative Agent of Pink Disease in Pineapple". Journal of Phytopathology. 158 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01575.x.
Jump up ^ Brickell, Christopher (1996). Encyclopedia of Gardening. 9 Henrietta Street, London WC2 8PS: Dorling Kindersley Publishers Limited. p. 419. ISBN 1-85833-579-5.
Jump up ^ Sheraton, Mimi (21 April 1982). "A guide to choosing a ripe pineapple". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies (Routledge: 2003), p. 80.
^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Cumo, Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present (ABC-CLIO, 2015), p. 294.
^ Jump up to: a b James Stevens Curl, Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms (W. W. Norton: 2003), p. 206.
^ Jump up to: a b Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period (Oxford University Press, 1952), p. 302.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cyril Manton Harris, American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (W. W. Norton: 1998), p. 248.
Jump up ^ York, Patricia S. (March 2017). "Why the Pineapple Became the Symbol of Hospitality". Southern Living. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Bibliography
Menzel, Christopher. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruit". Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4. ISBN 0122266706. Charles J Arntzen. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380–382.
External links
Media related to Pineapples at Wikimedia Commons
Pineapple Fruit Facts—information on pineapples from California Rare Fruit Growers
The Strange History of the "King-Pine" from The Paris Review
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Ananas ananassoides
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Ananas parguazensis
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Taxon identifiers
Ananas comosus
Wikidata: Q1493
APDB: 178839
EoL: 1126520
EPPO: ANHCO
FoC: 200027371
GBIF: 5288819
GRIN: 3074
iNaturalist: 122965
IPNI: 12322-2
IRMNG: 10207532
ITIS: 42335
NCBI: 4615
NZOR: f029c41f-e4cd-432a-bfbe-1a8662b1b670
Plant List: kew-219669
PLANTS: ANCO30
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12322-2
Tropicos: 4300877
uBio: 4962657
WCSP: 219669
Bromelia comosa
Wikidata: Q38553549
GRIN: 7748
IRMNG: 11068760
ITIS: 509741
Tropicos: 4300879
Authority control
GND: 4275806-3
LCCN: sh85102235
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Elliott Randall
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Elliott Randall
Elliott Randall in 1970
Background information
Born
1947 (age 70–71)
Origin
United States
Occupation(s)
Guitarist, session musician
Elliott Randall (born 1947) is an American guitarist, best known for being a session musician with popular artists. Randall played the well-known guitar solos from Steely Dan's song "Reelin' in the Years" and Irene Cara's song "Fame". It was reported that Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page said Randall's solo on "Reelin' in the Years" is his favorite guitar solo of all-time.[1] The solo was ranked as the 40th best guitar solo of all-time by the readers of Guitar World magazine[2] and the eighth best guitar solo by Q4 Music.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Gear
3 Discography
3.1 CD
3.2 Soundtracks
3.3 Also appears on (partial list)
3.4 Video
3.5 Books
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Randall began taking piano lessons at age five. At nine, in 1956, he switched to guitar. He attended New York City's High School of Music & Art, where he was classmates with Laura Nyro and Michael Kamen.[4] In 1963, at sixteen, Randall met Richie Havens in Greenwich Village and began gigging. Randall did some early work behind The Capris and The Ronnettes, and by 1964 was recording "small-time" demos.
Between 1966 and 1967, he taught music in Ohio. Returning to New York, he began working as a staff musician for the Musicor record company. During 1968, he recorded with the Druids of Stonehenge with a brief cameo appearance on the Joe Franklin show. He began recording with friends around 1968, including Tim Rose, and made demo recordings with Donald Fagen and Walter Becker—who at the time were with Jay and the Americans. In 1969 he recorded on the album Electric Black Man, featuring Eric Mercury, and toured with the ensemble, which included Bill Lordan on drums, later to perform in the Robin Trower Band and with Sly Stone. In 1969, he joined the band Seatrain, opting for that band rather than joining Wilson Pickett in Muscle Shoals. In 1970, Randall signed with the Robert Stigwood Organization, which managed Cream, The Bee Gees, John Mayall, and The Staple Singers. He formed a band called Randall's Island, which recorded a few albums on Polydor.
In 1972, The Stigwood Organization bought the rights to Jesus Christ Superstar and produced the show on Broadway. They hired Randall's band to perform the music. There, Randall met guitarist Vinnie Bell, who was experimenting with various electronic effects. Randall began to dabble in electronics as well, and whenever Bell couldn't make a gig, he recommended Randall.
In 1972, Randall left New York for California. He reunited with Becker, Fagen, and childhood friend Jeff 'Skunk' Baxter, and recorded the first Steely Dan album, Can't Buy a Thrill. Randall's guitar work on "Reelin' in the Years" became popular as the song became a chart success, and soon, as the solo gained fame and respect, Randall began getting calls from other artists.
Randall has had a history of turning down permanent gigs, instead favoring session work. He did become a touring member of Sha Na Na in 1974, exiting amicably in 1975. Becker and Fagen asked Randall to become a permanent member of Steely Dan, but Randall politely declined, as he felt that the band's dynamics would make the band dissolve after the third album—which happened. Later, Randall played with Steely Dan on their fourth and fifth albums, Katy Lied (1975) and The Royal Scam (1976). In 1980, John Belushi asked Randall to be musical director for The Blues Brothers, a position he also turned down. Jeff Porcaro and David Paich offered Randall the chance to be a founding member of Toto, and he rejected that too.
As a session player, Randall played with artists such as The Doobie Brothers, Tom Rush, Elkie Brooks, Carly Simon, Carl Wilson, Peter Wolf, Peter Frampton, James Galway, Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, and The American Symphony Orchestra, among many others. He was also a music consultant for the American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show Saturday Night Live and for American film director, screenwriter, and producer Oliver Stone and did projects with music producers Gary Katz, David Kershenbaum, The Tokens, Steve Lillywhite, Eddie Kramer and Jerry Wexler. A full list of artists and producers with whom Randall has recorded can be found at elliott-randall.com.[5]
In addition to artistic projects, Elliott has also played, produced, and composed myriad advertisements (jingles) for television, radio and cinema, for clients including Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Miller Beer, Budweiser, Cadillac, Ford, McDonald's, Burger King, Wendy's, CitiBank, General Mills, Nabisco, Procter & Gamble, MTV, ESPN, CBS, ABC, BBC-TV and countless others. Since the advent of MIDI in the early 1980s, Randall has worked as independent consultant for a wide range of companies—including Akai, Roland, Korg, and Yamaha—in musical instrument and amplifier development, recording and sampling technology, software design, and education.
Randall's recent projects include recording, production, and consulting on streaming Internet content. He is currently recording a new CD in London, New York, and Ireland that blends Celtic, Afro-Cuban, and other global musical influences. He recorded and plays with his London-based band Posse and NYC-based Randall's Rangers.
Randall appeared as a guest at London's Hammersmith Apollo on July 1, 2009 with Steely Dan to play lead guitar on "Reelin' in the Years".
Gear[edit]
Randall plays a 1963 Fender Stratocaster. The neck pickup is a 1969 Gibson Humbucker. He often plays through a Fender Super Reverb. He was listed as an endorser for Dimarzio pickups in the company's product brochure circa 1981.
In an article in Guitar Player magazine (July 2007) Randall was asked what rig he used to record the solo on "Reelin' in the Years". He states, "That was my '63 Fender Stratocaster with a PAF humbucker in the neck position, straight into an Ampeg SVT bass amp. The SVT wouldn't have been my first choice for an amp--or even my fifth choice--but it worked a storm on that recording!"
Discography[edit]
CD[edit]
Druids of Stonehenge (1968)"Creation"
Eric Mercury "Electric Black Man" 1969 Avco
Randall's Island (1970) Polydor, catalogue number 2489 004
Rock 'n' Roll City (1973) Polydor
Randall's New York (1977) Kirshner
Still Reelin' (2007) Private Collection Records
HeartStrings (2011) Private Collection Records
Virtual Memory (2012) Private Collection Records
Soundtracks[edit]
The Warriors (1979)
The Blues Brothers: Music from the Soundtrack (1980)
Fame (1980)
Heart of Dixie (1989)
Looking for an Echo (2000)
Also appears on (partial list)[edit]
Can't Buy a Thrill (1972) – Steely Dan
Satan – Sonny Stitt (Cadet, 1974)
Katy Lied (1975) – Steely Dan
Royal Scam (1976) – Steely Dan
Gene Simmons (1978) – Gene Simmons
Peter Criss (1978) – Peter Criss
Live and Sleazy (1979) – Village People
Connections (1980) – Richie Havens
It's Alright (I See Rainbows) (1982) – Yoko Ono
Hello Big Man (1983) – Carly Simon
Milk and Honey (1984) – John Lennon
The Animals' Christmas (1986) – Art Garfunkel & Amy Grant
Electric Landlady (1991) – Kirsty MacColl
Walking on Thin Ice (1992) – Yoko Ono
Walk the Dog and Light the Light (1993) – Laura Nyro
Arena (1996) – Asia
Spirit of Christmas (2009) – Northern Light Orchestra
Left, (2016) - Monkey House
Video[edit]
On Guitar, Pt. 1 (1992)
Books[edit]
Foreword of The Artist's Guide to Success in the Music Business, 2nd Edition Loren Weisman (2013) [6][7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "The 100 Best Guitar Solos of All Time". Guitar.about.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Q Magazine | Music news & reviews, music videos, band pictures & interviewsQ Magazine". News.q4music.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ "[NO TITLE FOUND] | Berklee College of Music". Berklee.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived May 10, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
Jump up ^ http://californianewswire.com/2014/01/29/CNW18819_225920.php/the-artists-guide-to-success-in-the-music-business-by-loren-weisman-is-now-available-in-26-different-countries-as-well-as-an-ebook-edition/
External links[edit]
Elliott Randall website
Official MySpace page
Elliott Randall discography
The Berklee Today Interview (May 2010)
Elliott Randall interview with Access Rock
[hide]
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 79644628
LCCN: n92037952
ISNI: 0000 0000 7149 3341
GND: 134491793
MusicBrainz: 1bca0b10-157d-4d42-86c2-d5b42344668c
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elliott_Randall&oldid=824234639"
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