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Camp meeting
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For the album by Bruce Hornsby, see Camp Meeting (album).
The camp meeting is a form of Protestant Christian religious service originating in England and Scotland as an evangelical event in association with the communion season. It was held for worship, preaching and communion on the frontier during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. Revivals and camp meetings continued to be held by various denominations, and in some areas of the mid-Atlantic, led to the development of seasonal cottages for meetings.
Originally camp meetings were held in frontier areas, where people without regular preachers would travel on occasion from a large region to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, pray, and sing hymns. Camp meetings offered community, often singing and other music, sometimes dancing, and diversion from work. The practice was a major component of the Second Great Awakening, an evangelical movement promoted by Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian and other preachers in the early 19th century. Certain denominations took the lead in different geographic areas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Camp meetings in America
1.1 American Camp Meeting format and practices
2 Camp meetings in British Methodism
3 Music and hymn singing
4 References
5 Further reading
Camp meetings in America[edit]
The camp meeting is a phenomenon of American frontier Christianity, but with strong roots in traditional practices of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland and the United States. Scots and Scots-Irish predominated in many parts of the frontier at this time, and had brought their familiar Presbyterian communion season practices with them. Barton W. Stone and Alexander Campbell, two leading ministers of the later Restoration Movement of the 1830s, had each been ordained as Presbyterian ministers and served for several years in that role, leading preaching at numerous meetings.
The movement of thousands of settlers to new territories without permanent villages of the types they knew meant they were without religious communities. Not only were there few authorized houses of worship, there were fewer ordained ministers to fill the pulpits. The "camp meeting" led by itinerant preachers was an innovative response to this situation. Word of mouth told there was to be a religious meeting at a certain location. Due to the primitive means of transportation, if the meeting was to be more than a few miles' distance from the homes of those attending, they would need to stay at the revival for its entire duration, or as long as they desired to remain. People generally camped out at or near the revival site, as on the frontier there were usually neither adequate accommodations nor the funds for frontier families to use them. People were attracted to large camp meetings from a wide area. Some came out of sincere religious devotion or interest, others out of curiosity and a desire for a break from the arduous frontier routine; the structure of the situation often resulted in new converts.
An engraving of a Methodist camp meeting in 1819 (Library of Congress).
American Camp Meeting format and practices[edit]
Freed from daily routines for the duration of the meeting, participants could take part in almost continuous services, which resulted in high emotions; once one speaker was finished (often after several hours), another would often rise to take his place.
Several ministers, sometimes from different denominations, provided virtually nonstop preaching and hymn singing during the day, in the evening, and late into the night. Attenders anticipated and had emotional conversion experiences, with crying, trances, and exaltation.[1]
Lee Sandlin gave an overview of the typical camp meeting in frontier America:
A typical meeting began in a low-key, almost solemn way. A preacher gave a sermon of welcome and led a prayer for peace and community. This was followed by the singing of several hymns. Then there would be more sermons. . . .
The next day, and the day following, the sermons grew increasingly sensational and impassioned, and the excited response of the crowd grew more prolonged. By the second or third day, people were crying out during the sermons, and shouting prayers, and bursting into loud lamentations; they began grabbing at their neighbors and desperately pleading with them to repent; they sobbed uncontrollably and ran in terror through the crowd, shoving aside everybody in their path
As the preachers ranted without letup, the crowd was driven into a kind of collective ecstasy. In the night, as the torches and bonfires flared around the meeting ground and the darkness of the trackless forests closed in, people behaved as if possessed by something new and unfathomable. As Finley wrote: "A strange supernatural power seemed to pervade the entire mass of mind there collected." . . . (p. 92-93)[2]
Sandlin describes several ecstatic practices common at camp meetings, including:
The Falling Exercise: "The falling exercise was very common among all classes, the saints and sinners of every age and of every grade, from the philosopher to the clown. The subject of this exercise would, generally, with a piercing scream, fall like a log on the floor, earth or mud, and appear as dead." (p. 94)[2] (See Slain in the Spirit for further information.)
The Jerks: "When the head alone was affected," Stone said, "it would be jerked backward and forward, or from side to side, so quickly that the features of the face could not be distinguished. When the whole system was affected, I have seen the person stand in one place and jerk backward and forward in quick succession, their head nearly touching the floor behind and before." . . . When people recovered from the jerks, Stone reported, they could not account for what had happened to them, "but some have told me that those were among the happiest seasons of their lives." (p. 94)[2]
The Rolling Exercise: People would start by twisting their heads from side to side and rapidly nodding and snapping their heads back. Then they would hurl themselves to the ground and begin rolling over and over in the mud and dirt like dogs. Sometimes they writhed and screamed as though they were being stabbed with hot pokers. (p. 94-95)[2]
The Dancing Exercise: a weird, somber sequence of steps and retreats. While smiles of radiant supernatural bliss played across their faces, the dancers would keep it up for hours, sometimes very rapidly and sometimes with an unearthly slow-motion grace, until they dropped from exhaustion (p. 95)[2]
The Laughing Exercise: "The subject appeared rapturously solemn, and his laughter excited solemnity in saints and sinners" (p. 95)[2]
The Singing Exercise: "The subject in a very happy state of mind would sing most melodiously, not from the mouth or nose, but entirely in the breast, the sounds issuing thence. Such music silenced everything and attracted the attention of all. It was most heavenly." (p. 95)[2]
Sandlin continues:
In the pervasive atmosphere of extreme excitement, people weren't all that careful to make a distinction between religious ecstasy and sexual hunger. The campgrounds were notoriously good places for prostitutes to do business; among the tents of the hawkers and peddlers around the margins of the camp would often be full-service brothels. But at the height of their religious transports, many campgoers would simply go off into the woods together, day or night, in complicated and impromptu combinations. According to one scandalized report from a vigilance committee, a woman at one camp meeting invited six men to meet with her in the woods at the same time. It was a standard joke that the local population invariably spiked nine months after any meeting. Those children were known throughout the river valley as camp meeting babies.
The rumors of what went on around the margins of the grounds were what eventually led to the taming of the camp meeting tradition. Toward midcentury, vigilance committees began to police their local meetings; gradually the events became more staid and tedious. Preachers were still expected to be wildly dramatic—it was often said that a preacher who didn't end a sermon by falling to the ground and rolling around in a fit was simply being lazy. But more and more, the congregations tended to listen with polite attention and only gave in to the falls and the other exercises at controlled and ritualized intervals. The religious authorities that dominated American churches later in the century regarded the boredom of the new camp meetings as one of their greatest moral triumphs. (p. 95-96)[2]
Sandlin's commentary is a provocative opinion piece compared to the less sensationalist descriptions by those better qualified to write about the event, such as Colonel Robert Patterson, who had been involved in the settlement of Kentucky practically from the beginning. He had described with amazement the religious phenomena taking place during the sequence of meetings. His description of the Cane Ridge Revival, taken from a letter to the Rev. Doctor John King on September 25, 1801, is memorable:
"On the first Sabbath of August, was the Sacrament of Kainridge, the congregation of Mr. Stone. - This was the largest meeting of any that I have ever seen: It continued from Friday till Wednesday. About 12,000 persons, 125 waggons, 8 carriages, 900 communicants, 300 were struck. . . "
Patterson tried, "as well as I am able," to describe the emotion.
"Of all ages, from 8 years and upwards; male and female; rich and poor; the blacks; and of every denomination; those in favour of it, as well as those, at the instant in opposition to it, and railing against it, have instantaneously laid motionless on the ground. Some feel the approaching symptoms by being under deep convictions; their heart swells, their nerves relax, and in an instant they become motionless and speechless, but generally retain their senses. . . He went on to describe other manifestations which continued from "one hour to 24".
Patterson continued;
"In order to give you a more just conception of it, suppose so large a congregation assembled in the woods, ministers preaching day and night; the camp illuminated with candles, on trees, at wagons, and at the tent; persons falling down, and carried out of the crowd, by those next to them, and taken to some convenient place, where prayer is made for them, some Psalm or Hymn, suitable to the occasion, sung. If they speak, what they say is attended to, being very solemn and affecting - many are struck under such exhortations. . . Now suppose 20 of those groups around; some rejoicing, and great solemnity on every countenance, and you will form some imperfect idea of the extraordinary work! "Indeed it is a miracle, that a wicked unthoughtful sinner, who never could, or did address himself, to an audience before, should, rise out of one of those fits and continue for the space of two hours recommending religion and Jesus Christ to sinners, as a lovely Savior, free willing, and all sufficient, and calling to sinners and inviting them to come to Christ and close in with the offer of salvation, in the most pressing an engaging manner."
(Source: Extract of a Letter from Colonel Robert Patterson, of Lexington, Kentucky to the Reverend Doctor John King, September 25, 1801. From the Cane Ridge Meeting House website.[3]
[4] Revivalism had been a significant force in religion since the 1740s and the First Great Awakening, but in the days of the camp meeting, "revivalism became the dominant religious culture."[1] These sorts of meetings contributed greatly to what became known as the Second Great Awakening. A particularly large and successful revival was held at Cane Ridge, Kentucky in 1801, led by some ministers later active in what became the Restoration Movement. Some scholars suggest that this was the pioneering event in the history of frontier camp meetings in America.[1] What made camp meetings successful and multiply quite rapidly "were their emphases upon revivalism and morality, de-emphasis upon formal theology, clergy sharing the worldview of the frontier dwellers, and respect for common people.[1]
Frost summarizes: "Camp-meeting religion reinforced older themes of revivalism, including a sense of cooperation among the denominations, all of which confronted individual sinners with the necessity of making a decision to be converted."[1]
In the early 1800s in what is now Toronto, Ohio, members of the Sugar Grove Methodist Episcopal Church with the assistance of circuit preachers began a series of camp meetings in the surrounding area. One such meeting, first being held out of the home of a local family, has met annually in Hollow Rock Run since it was formally organized as a Methodist camp in 1818 while continuing to use the family's farm land.[5][6] In 1875 at the urging of prominent clergy and members, the meeting became nondenominational holiness through the formation of the Hollow Rock Holiness Camp Meeting Association and its leasing and eventual purchase of the land. The association, which still operates the camp, notes that it is the oldest Christian camp meeting in continual existence in the United States.[6]
A watercolor painting of a camp meeting circa 1839 (New Bedford Whaling Museum).
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Another camp gathering area, known now as the Campgrounds, was located in present-day Merrick, New York. Parishioners arrived by wagon, parking them in two concentric circles. Eventually some started building small seasonal cottages, which offered more comfort than the wagons for repeated use. A chapel and a house for the minister were also built. In the 1920s, with new areas open to those with cars, people stopped using the campground. The cottages and church buildings were adapted as local, permanent residences, and most survive today. The two roads, Wesley and Fletcher avenues, encompass the area of the original paths which the wagons would encircle. The area is also known as Tiny Town because of the small size of the original cottages.
In the aftermath of the American Civil War, such evangelical camp meetings gained wide recognition and a substantial increase in popularity as a result of a holiness movement camp meeting in Vineland, New Jersey in 1867. In the mid-Atlantic states, the Methodist Church led many of these camp meetings and established semi-permanent sites for summer seasons. Ocean Grove, New Jersey, founded in 1869, has been called the "Queen of the Victorian Methodist Camp Meetings." Similar areas include Cape May Point, New Jersey, with others in Maryland and New York. At the end of the nineteenth century, believers in Spiritualism also established camp meetings throughout the United States.
Camp meetings in the United States continued to be conducted on a wide scale for many years . Some are still held in the 21st century, primarily by Pentecostal and Wesleyan holiness groups, as well as other Protestants and Spiritualists. Some scholars[who?] consider the revival meeting a form that arose to recreate the spirit of the frontier camp meeting.
The Balls Creek Campground camp meeting was established in 1853 and is believed to be one of the largest religious campgrounds in the southern United States.[7] Other sites of Methodist camp meetings in North Carolina are the Chapel Hill Church Tabernacle, Center Arbor, and Pleasant Grove Camp Meeting Ground (1830).[8][9][10]
Camp meetings in British Methodism[edit]
On Sunday 31 May 1807 the first Camp Meeting was held in England at Mow Cop. The Wesleyan Methodists disapproved and subsequently expelled Hugh Bourne "because you have a tendency to set up other than the ordinary worship." He eventually formed the Primitive Methodist Church.
Lorenzo Dow brought reports of Camp Meetings from North America during his visits to England. Hugh Bourne, William Clowes and Daniel Shoebotham saw this as an answer to complaints from members of the Harriseahead Methodists that their weeknight prayer meeting was too short. Bourne also saw these as an antidote to the general debauchery of the Wakes in that part of the Potteries, one of the reasons why he continued organising Camp Meetings in spite of the opposition from the Wesleyan authorities.
The pattern of the Primitive Methodist Camp Meeting was as a time of prayer and preaching from the Bible. In the first Camp Meeting, four separate "preaching stations" had been set up by the afternoon, each with an audience, while in between others spent the time praying. Their emphasis on the Bible is a clear distinction from the spiritualist strand of American camp meetings.
From May 1807 to the establishing of Primitive Methodism as a denomination in 1811, a series of 17 Camp Meetings was held.[11] There were a number of different venues beyond Mow Cop, including Norton-in-the-Moors during the Wakes in 1807 (Hugh Bourne's target venue), and Ramsor in 1808.
After Hugh Bourne and a significant number of his colleagues, including the Standley Methodist Society, had been put out of membership of the Burslem Wesleyan Circuit, they formed a group known as the Camp Meeting Methodists until 1811. That year they joined with the followers of William Clowes, known as the "Clowesites".
Camp Meetings were a regular feature of Primitive Methodist life throughout the 19th century,[12] and still survive in other forms today. The annual late May Bank Holiday weekend meetings at Cliff College[4] are one example. A number of tents are set up around the site, each featuring a different preacher.
Music and hymn singing[edit]
The camp meeting tradition fostered a tradition of music and hymn singing with strong oral, improvisatory, and spontaneous elements.
Hymns were taught and learned by rote, and a spontaneous and improvisatory element was prized. Both tunes and words were created, changed, and adapted in true folk music fashion:[13]
Specialists in nineteenth-century American religious history describe camp meeting music as the creative product of participants who, when seized by the spirit of a particular sermon or prayer, would take lines from a preacher's text as a point of departure for a short, simple melody. The melody was either borrowed from a preexisting tune or made up on the spot. The line would be sung repeatedly, changing slightly each time, and shaped gradually into a stanza that could be learned easily by others and memorized quickly.[14]
Spontaneous song became a marked characteristic of the camp meetings. Rough and irregular couplets or stanzas were concocted out of Scripture phrases and every-day speech, with liberal interspersing of Hallelujahs and refrains. Such ejaculatory hymns were frequently started by an excited auditor during the preaching, and taken up by the throng, until the meeting dissolved into a "singing-ecstasy" culminating in general hand-shaking. Sometimes they were given forth by a preacher, who had a sense of rhythm, under the excitement of his preaching and the agitation of his audience. Hymns were also composed more deliberately out of meeting, and taught to the people or lined out from the pulpit.[15]
Collections of camp meeting hymns were published, which served both to propagate tunes and texts that were commonly used, and to document the most commonly sung tunes and texts.[15] Example hymnals include The Pilgrams' songster; or, A choice collection of spiritual songs (1828),[16] The Camp-meeting Chorister (1830) [17] and The Golden Harp (1857)[18]
Many of these songs were republished in shape note songbooks such as the Sacred Harp (and dozens of other more obscure publications); they can typically be distinguished by the reuse and re-arrangement of certain lines of lyrics from other songs, re-set to a new melody and sometimes containing new lyrics. Many of these camp songs are also set in a "call and response" format, typically, every line of lyric is followed by the words "Glory Hallelujah!" (although this varies, and other phrases or combinations can be used as well), which allows for easy audience participation in their original format, as the audience can call back the response even if they don't know the lyrics of the song itself. For example, the tune "Antioch 277" from the Sacred Harp reads:
I know that my Redeemer lives, Glory, Hallelujah!
What comfort this sweet sentence gives, Glory Hallelujah!
Shout on, pray on, we're gaining ground, Glory Hallelujah!
The dead's alive and the lost is found, Glory Hallelujah!
(F.C. Wood, 1850)
The 20th-century American composer Charles Ives used the camp meeting phenomenon as a metaphysical basis for his Symphony No. 3 (Ives). He incorporated hymn tunes and American Civil War-era popular songs (which are closely related to camp meeting songs) as part of the symphony's musical material. The piece was not premiered until 1946, almost 40 years after its composition, and the symphony was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1947.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e J. William Frost, "Part V: Christianity and Culture in America, Christianity: A Social and Cultural History, 2nd Edition, (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998), 430
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Lee Sandlin, Wicked River: The Mississippi When It Ran Wild (Pantheon Books, New York, 2010), ISBN 978-0-307-37951-1, pp. 92-96, https://books.google.com/books?id=VByuXlLkRPEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jump up ^ Cane Ridge Meeting House
^ Jump up to: a b Cliff College is a Methodist training college in Derbyshire. The meetings are an annual attraction for many Methodists.
Jump up ^ Robert Shillings. Historical Notes of Knox Township, Jefferson County, Ohio.
^ Jump up to: a b Eleanor L. Smith (1988). Hollow Rock: A History (pdf). Hollow Rock Camp Meeting Association. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ Barbara Kooiman and Michael Hill (July 1989). "Balls Creek Campground" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ Laura A. W. Phillips (December 2011). "Chapel Hill Church Tabernacle" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ Laura A. W. Phillips (March 1991). "Center Arbor" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ Survey and Planning Unit Staff (October 1972). "Pleasant Grove Camp Meeting Ground" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ H B Kendall, “The Origin and History of the Primitive Methodist Church”, (1906 for the 1907 Camp Meeting Centenary), p. 89 ISBN 1-901670-49-X ISBN 9781901670-49-3 (EAN-13 format)
Jump up ^ Continued mention in Circuit Plans and the Minutes of Circuit Meetings
Jump up ^ Annie J. Randall, "A Censorship of Forgetting: Origins and Origin Myths of 'Battle Hymn of the Republic'", in Music, Power, and Politics, edited by Annie J. Randall (Routledge, 2004) (Google books)
Jump up ^ Annie J. Randall, "A Censorship of Forgetting: Origins and Origin Myths of 'Battle Hymn of the Republic'", in Music, Power, and Politics, edited by Annie J. Randall (Routledge, 2004), page 16. (Google books)
^ Jump up to: a b Benson, Louis FitzGerald (1915). The English hymn: its development and use in worship. George H. Doran Company. p. 292. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Hinde, Thomas S. (1828). The Pilgrams' songster; or, A choice collection of spiritual songs. A. Wright & A. Wolliscroft
Jump up ^ The Camp-meeting Chorister, Or, A Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs: For the Pious of All Denominations to be Sung at Camp Meetings, During Revivals of Religion and on Other Occasions. Clarke. 1830. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Henry, George W. (1857). The Golden Harp. Published by the author.
Further reading[edit]
Brown, Kenneth O. Holy Ground, Too: The Camp Meeting Family Tree. Enlarged and rev. ed. Hazelton PA: Holiness Archives, 1997.
Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain-Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800-1845. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1974.
Huttar, Charles A., and Joy Culbertson Huttar. Island Grove Camp Meeting: A Centennial History. Occasional Papers Ser. no. 5. Mifflintown PA: Juniata County Historical Society, 1999.
Johnson, Charles A. The Frontier Camp Meeting: Religion's Harvest Time. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1955.University Press, 1987.
Weiss, Ellen. City in the Woods: The Life and Design of an American Camp Meeting on Martha's Vineyard. New York and Oxford: Oxford
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List of natural satellites
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the moons of planets and dwarf planets. For other asteroid or minor-planet moons, see Minor-planet moon.
Solar System
Objects
by orbit
by size
by discovery date
Lists
Gravitationally-rounded
(equilibrium) objects
Possible dwarf planets
Moons (natural satellites)
Minor planets
Comets
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
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Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
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The Solar System's planets and officially recognized dwarf planets are known to be orbited by 184 natural satellites, or moons. 19 moons in the Solar System are large enough to be gravitationally rounded, and thus would be considered planets or dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun.
Moons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter.
The earliest published discovery of a moon other than the Earth's was by Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610. Over the following three centuries only a few more moons were discovered. Missions to other planets in the 1970s, most notably the Voyager 1 and 2 missions, saw a surge in the number of moons detected, and observations since the year 2000, using mostly large, ground-based optical telescopes, have discovered many more, all of which are irregular. Recent years have had a drop in the number of discovered moons, with only 4 moons (two of Jupiter, one of Makemake, and one of Neptune) being discovered since 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Moons by primary
2 List
3 References
Moons by primary[edit]
Some moons, minor planets and comets of the Solar System to scale
Selected moons, with Earth to scale. Nineteen moons are large enough to be round, and one, Titan, has a substantial atmosphere.
The number of moons discovered in each year until the start of 2008.
Mercury, the smallest and innermost planet, has no moons, or at least none that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km (1.0 mi).[1] For a very short time in 1974, Mercury was thought to have a moon.
Venus also has no moons,[2] though reports of a moon around Venus have circulated since the 17th century.
Earth has one Moon, the largest moon of any rocky planet in the Solar System. Earth also has at least two co-orbitals: the asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29;[3] however, since they do not orbit Earth, they are not considered moons. (See Other moons of Earth and Quasi-satellite.)
Mars has two known moons, Phobos and Deimos ("fear" and "dread", after attendants of Ares, the Greek god of war, equivalent to the Roman Mars). Searches for more satellites have been unsuccessful, putting the maximum radius of any other satellites at 90 m (100 yd).[4]
Jupiter has 69 moons with known orbits, of which 60 have confirmed orbits and have thus received permanent designations; of these, 51 have been named. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group. They are named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Its 61 known irregular moons are organized into two categories: prograde and retrograde. The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and two others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme, Ananke and Pasiphae groups, as well as some isolated moons.
Saturn has 62 moons with known orbits; 53 of them have names, and these are the ones with confirmed orbits. Most of them are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, including Titan, the second largest moon in the Solar System. Including these large moons, 24 of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining 38, all small, are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies. The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 "moonlets" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.
Uranus has 27 named moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium. There are another 13 inner moons that orbit within Uranus's ring system, and another nine outer irregular moons. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope's work The Rape of the Lock.
Neptune has 14 moons (one of which is unnamed); the largest, Triton, accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but, uniquely for a large moon, has a retrograde orbit, suggesting it was captured. Neptune also has six known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.
Pluto, a dwarf planet, has five moons. Its largest moon Charon, named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx, is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a binary system informally referred to as a double-dwarf-planet. Pluto's four other moons, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos and Styx are far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.[5]
Among the other dwarf planets, Ceres has no known moons. It is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size, assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself.[6] Haumea has two moons, Hi'iaka and Namaka, of radii ~195 and ~100 km, respectively.[7] Makemake has one moon, discovered in April 2016. A satellite having 1% Makemake's brightness would have been detected if it had been located at an angular distance from Makemake farther than 0.4 arcseconds (0.0001 degrees).[8] Eris has one known moon, Dysnomia. Accurately determining its size is difficult: one indicative estimate of its radius is 7005257000000000000♠257±110 km,[9] but on some assumptions could be as high as 7005342000000000000♠342±25 km.[10] The Kuiper belt object 90482 Orcus, believed to be a dwarf planet, was found in 2005[11] to have a natural satellite, later named Vanth. As of October 2009, 190 asteroid moons[12] and 63 trans-Neptunian moons had been discovered.[12]
Summary – number of moons
Planet
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Number of moons 0 0 1 2 69 62 27 14
Dwarf planet
Ceres
Pluto
Haumea
Makemake
Eris
Number of moons 0 5 2 1 1
Minor planet
See list
List[edit]
This is a list of the recognized moons of the planets and of the five recognised dwarf planets of the Solar System. The 19 moons that are large enough to have been rounded by their own gravity are listed in bold. The seven largest moons, which are larger than any of the known dwarf planets, are listed in bold and italic. Sidereal period differs from semi-major axis because it depends on the mass of the primary as well as the satellite's distance from it.
Satellite of Earth Satellites of Saturn Satellites of Pluto
Satellites of Mars Satellites of Uranus Satellites of Haumea
Satellites of Jupiter Satellites of Neptune Satellite of Makemake
Satellite of Eris
Image
Numeral
Name
Mean radius (km)
Semi-major axis (km)
Sidereal period (d)
(r = retrograde)
Discovery year
Discovered by
Notes
Ref(s)
Planet
I Moon 173710 !1737.10 384,399 27.321582 0 !Prehistoric — Synchronous rotation [13] Earth
I Phobos 00111 !11.1 ± 0.15 9,380 0.319 1877 Hall [14][15][16] Mars
II Deimos 00062 !6.2 ± 0.18 23,460 1.262 1877 Hall [14][15][16] Mars
I Io 18181 !1818.1 ± 0.1 421,800 1.769 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [16][17] Jupiter
II Europa 15607 !1560.7 ± 0.7 671,100 3.551 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [16][17] Jupiter
III Ganymede 26341 !2634.1 ± 0.3 1,070,400 7.155 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [16][17] Jupiter
IV Callisto 24084 !2408.4 ± 0.3 1,882,700 16.69 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [16][17] Jupiter
V Amalthea 008345 !83.45 ± 2.4 181,400 0.498 1892 Barnard Inner moon (Amalthea) [15][16][18] Jupiter
VI Himalia 0067 !67 ± 10[19] 11,461,000 250.56 1904 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [15][16][20] Jupiter
VII Elara 0043 !43 11,741,000 259.64 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [15][16][21] Jupiter
VIII Pasiphae 0030 !30 23,624,000 743.63 (r) 1908 Melotte Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][22] Jupiter
IX Sinope 0019 !19 23,939,000 758.90 (r) 1914 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][23] Jupiter
X Lysithea 0018 !18 11,717,000 259.20 1938 Nicholson Prograde irregular (Himalia) [15][16][24] Jupiter
XI Carme 0023 !23 23,404,000 734.17 (r) 1938 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][24] Jupiter
XII Ananke 0014 !14 21,276,000 629.77 (r) 1951 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][25] Jupiter
XIII Leda 0010 !10 11,165,000 240.92 1974 Kowal Prograde irregular (Himalia) [15][16][26] Jupiter
XIV Thebe 00493 !49.3 ± 2.0 221,900 0.675 1979 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [15][16][27] Jupiter
XV Adrastea 00082 !8.2 ± 2.0 129,000 0.298 1979 Jewitt, Danielson (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [15][16][28] Jupiter
XVI Metis 00215 !21.5 ± 2.0 128,000 0.295 1979 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [15][16][29] Jupiter
XVII Callirrhoe 00043 !4.3 24,103,000 758.77 (r) 2000 Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][30] Jupiter
XVIII Themisto 00040 !4.0 7,284,000 130.02 1975/2000 Kowal and Roemer (original); Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (rediscovery) Prograde irregular (Themisto) [15][16][31][32] Jupiter
XIX Megaclite 00027 !2.7 23,493,000 752.86 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XX Taygete 00025 !2.5 23,280,000 732.41 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXI Chaldene 00019 !1.9 23,100,000 723.72 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXII Harpalyke 00022 !2.2 20,858,000 623.32 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXIII Kalyke 00026 !2.6 23,483,000 742.06 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXIV Iocaste 00026 !2.6 21,060,000 631.60 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXV Erinome 00016 !1.6 23,196,000 728.46 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXVI Isonoe 00019 !1.9 23,155,000 726.23 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXVII Praxidike 00034 !3.4 20,908,000 625.39 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][33] Jupiter
XXVIII Autonoe 00020 !2.0 24,046,000 760.95 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXIX Thyone 00020 !2.0 20,939,000 627.21 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXX Hermippe 00020 !2.0 21,131,000 633.9 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXI Aitne 00015 !1.5 23,229,000 730.18 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXII Eurydome 00015 !1.5 22,865,000 717.33 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXIII Euanthe 00015 !1.5 20,797,000 620.49 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXIV Euporie 00010 !1.0 19,304,000 550.74 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXV Orthosie 00010 !1.0 20,720,000 622.56 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXVI Sponde 00010 !1.0 23,487,000 748.34 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXVII Kale 00010 !1.0 23,217,000 729.47 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXVIII Pasithee 00010 !1.0 23,004,000 719.44 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XXXIX Hegemone 00015 !1.5 23,577,000 739.88 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
XL Mneme 00010 !1.0 21,035,000 620.04 (r) 2003 Gladman, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16] Jupiter
XLI Aoede 00020 !2.0 23,980,000 761.50 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
XLII Thelxinoe 00010 !1.0 21,164,000 628.09 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16] Jupiter
XLIII Arche 00015 !1.5 23,355,000 731.95 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16][34] Jupiter
XLIV Kallichore 00010 !1.0 23,288,000 728.73 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16] Jupiter
XLV Helike 00020 !2.0 21,069,000 626.32 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
XLVI Carpo 00015 !1.5 17,058,000 456.30 2003 Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Carpo) [15][16] Jupiter
XLVII Eukelade 00020 !2.0 23,328,000 730.47 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16] Jupiter
XLVIII Cyllene 00010 !1.0 23,809,000 752 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
XLIX Kore 00010 !1.0 24,543,000 779.17 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
L Herse 00010 !1.0 22,983,000 714.51 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16] Jupiter
LI S/2010 J 1 00010 !1.0 23,314,335 723.2 (r) 2010 Jacobson, Brozović, Gladman, Alexandersen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [35] Jupiter
LII S/2010 J 2 00005 !0.5 20,307,150 588.1 (r) 2010 Veillet Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [35] Jupiter
LIII Dia 00020 !2.0 12,570,000 287.93 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Prograde irregular (Himalia) [35] Jupiter
LIV S/2016 J 1 00030 !3.0 20,595,480 602.7 (r) 2016 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [35] Jupiter
LV S/2003 J 18 00010 !1.0 20,426,000 596.58 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
LVI S/2011 J 2 00005 !0.5 23,329,710 726.8 (r) 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [35] Jupiter
LVII S/2003 J 5 00020 !2.0 23,498,000 738.74 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [15][16] Jupiter
LVIII S/2003 J 15 00010 !1.0 22,630,000 689.77 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [15][16] Jupiter
LIX S/2017 J 1 00020 !2.0 23,483,978 734.2 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [35] Jupiter
LX S/2003 J 3 00010 !1.0 20,224,000 583.88 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 2 00010 !1.0 28,455,000 981.55 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 4 00010 !1.0 23,933,000 755.26 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae?) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 9 00005 !0.5 23,388,000 733.30 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme?) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 10 00010 !1.0 23,044,000 716.25 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme?) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 12 00005 !0.5 17,833,000 489.72 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 16 00010 !1.0 20,956,000 616.33 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 19 00010 !1.0 23,535,000 740.43 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme?) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 23 00010 !1.0 23,566,000 732.45 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae?) [15][16] Jupiter
— S/2011 J 1 00005 !0.5 20,155,290 580.7 (r) 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular [35] Jupiter
I Mimas 01982 !198.2 ± 0.4 185,540 0.942 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [15][16] Saturn
II Enceladus 02523 !252.3 ± 0.6 238,040 1.370 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [15][16] Saturn
III Tethys 05363 !536.3 ± 1.5 294,670 1.888 1684 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [15][16] Saturn
IV Dione 05625 !562.5 ± 1.5 377,420 2.737 1684 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [15][16] Saturn
V Rhea 07645 !764.5 ± 2.0 527,070 4.518 1672 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [15][16] Saturn
VI Titan 25755 !2575.5 ± 2.0 1,221,870 15.95 1655 Huygens Main-group moon [15][16] Saturn
VII Hyperion 01330 !133.0 ± 8.0 1,500,880 21.28 1848 W.Bond, G. Bond, and Lassell Main-group moon [15][16] Saturn
VIII Iapetus 07345 !734.5 ± 4.0 3,560,840 79.33 1671 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [15][16] Saturn
IX Phoebe 01066 !106.6 ± 1.1 12,947,780 550.31 (r) 1899 Pickering Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
X Janus 00904 !90.4 ± 3.0 151,460 0.695 1966 Dollfus; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [15][16] Saturn
XI Epimetheus 00583 !58.3 ± 3.1 151,410 0.694 1980 Walker; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [15][16] Saturn
XII Helene 0016 !16 ± 4 377,420 2.737 1980 Laques, Lecacheux Main-group trojan [15][16] Saturn
XIII Telesto 0012 !12 ± 3 294,710 1.888 1980 Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain (Voyager 1) Main-group trojan [15][16] Saturn
XIV Calypso 00095 !9.5 ± 1.5 294,710 1.888 1980 Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie Main-group trojan [15][16] Saturn
XV Atlas 00153 !15.3 ± 1.2 137,670 0.602 1980 Terrile (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [15][16] Saturn
XVI Prometheus 00468 !46.8 ± 5.6 139,380 0.613 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [15][16] Saturn
XVII Pandora 00406 !40.6 ± 4.5 141,720 0.629 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [15][16] Saturn
XVIII Pan 00128 !12.8 133,580 0.575 1990 Showalter (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [15][16] Saturn
XIX Ymir 0009 !9 23,140,400 1,315.58 (r) 2000 Gladman Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XX Paaliaq 0011 !11 15,200,000 686.95 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) [15][16] Saturn
XXI Tarvos 00075 !7.5 17,983,000 926.23 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [15][16] Saturn
XXII Ijiraq 0006 !6 11,124,000 451.42 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) [15][16] Saturn
XXIII Suttungr 00035 !3.5 19,459,000 1,016.67 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXIV Kiviuq 0008 !8 11,110,000 449.22 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) [15][16] Saturn
XXV Mundilfari 00035 !3.5 18,628,000 952.77 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXVI Albiorix 0016 !16 16,182,000 783.45 2000 Holman, Spahr Prograde irregular (Gallic) [15][16] Saturn
XXVII Skathi 0004 !4 15,540,000 728.20 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXVIII Erriapus 0005 !5 17,343,000 871.19 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [15][16] Saturn
XXIX Siarnaq 0020 !20 18,015,400 896.44 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) [15][16] Saturn
XXX Thrymr 00035 !3.5 20,314,000 1,094.11 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXXI Narvi 00035 !3.5 19,007,000 1,003.86 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXXII Methone 00015 !1.6 194,440 1.010 2004 Porco, Charnoz, Brahic, Dones (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [16] Saturn
XXXIII Pallene 0002 !2 212,280 1.154 2004 Gordon, Murray, Beurle, et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [16] Saturn
XXXIV Polydeuces 000125 !1.25 377,200 2.737 2004 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Main-group trojan [16] Saturn
XXXV Daphnis 00035 !3–4 136,500 0.594 2005 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Inner moon (shepherd) [16] Saturn
XXXVI Aegir 0003 !3 20,751,000 1,117.52 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXXVII Bebhionn 0003 !3 17,119,000 834.84 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Gallic) [15][16] Saturn
XXXVIII Bergelmir 0003 !3 19,336,000 1,005.74 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XXXIX Bestla 00035 !3.5 20,192,000 1,088.72 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XL Farbauti 00025 !2.5 20,377,000 1,085.55 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XLI Fenrir 0002 !2 22,454,000 1,260.35 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XLII Fornjot 0003 !3 25,146,000 1,494.2 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XLIII Hati 0003 !3 19,846,000 1,038.61 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
XLIV Hyrrokkin 0004 !4 18,437,000 931.86 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
XLV Kari 00035 !3.5 22,089,000 1,230.97 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
XLVI Loge 0003 !3 23,058,000 1,311.36 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
XLVII Skoll 0003 !3 17,665,000 878.29 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
XLVIII Surtur 0003 !3 22,704,000 1,297.36 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
XLIX Anthe 0001 !1 197,700 1.0365 2007 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [36] Saturn
L Jarnsaxa 0003 !3 18,811,000 964.74 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
LI Greip 0003 !3 18,206,000 921.19 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
LII Tarqeq 00035 !3.5 18,009,000 887.48 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Inuit) [16] Saturn
LIII Aegaeon 000025 !0.25 167,500 0.808 2008 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens G-ring moonlet [37] Saturn
— S/2004 S 7 0003 !3 20,999,000 1,140.24 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
— S/2004 S 12 00025 !2.5 19,878,000 1,046.19 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
— S/2004 S 13 0003 !3 18,404,000 933.48 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
— S/2004 S 17 0002 !2 19,447,000 1,014.70 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15][16] Saturn
— S/2006 S 1 0003 !3 18,790,000 963.37 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
— S/2006 S 3 0003 !3 22,096,000 1,227.21 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
— S/2007 S 2 0003 !3 16,725,000 808.08 (r) 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
— S/2007 S 3 0003 !3 18,975,000 977.8 (r) 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [16] Saturn
— S/2009 S 1 000015 !0.15 117,000 0.471 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens B-ring moonlet [38] Saturn
I Ariel 05789 !578.9 ± 0.6 190,900 2.520 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [15][16] Uranus
II Umbriel 05847 !584.7 ± 2.8 266,000 4.144 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [15][16] Uranus
III Titania 07889 !788.9 ± 1.8 436,300 8.706 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [15][16] Uranus
IV Oberon 07614 !761.4 ± 2.6 583,500 13.46 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [15][16] Uranus
V Miranda 02358 !235.8 ± 0.7 129,900 1.413 1948 Kuiper Main-group moon [15][16] Uranus
VI Cordelia 00201 !20.1 ± 3 49,800 0.335 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [15][16] Uranus
VII Ophelia 00214 !21.4 ± 4 53,800 0.376 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [15][16] Uranus
VIII Bianca 00257 !25.7 ± 2 59,200 0.435 1986 Smith (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
IX Cressida 00398 !39.8 ± 2 61,800 0.464 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
X Desdemona 00320 !32.0 ± 4 62,700 0.474 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
XI Juliet 00468 !46.8 ± 4 64,400 0.493 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
XII Portia 00676 !67.6 ± 4 66,100 0.513 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
XIII Rosalind 0036 !36 ± 6 69,900 0.558 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
XIV Belinda 00403 !40.3 ± 8 75,300 0.624 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
XV Puck 0081 !81 ± 2 86,000 0.762 1985 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Uranus
XVI Caliban 0049 !49 7,231,100 579.73 (r) 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XVII Sycorax 0075 !75 12,179,400 1,288.38 (r) 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XVIII Prospero 0025 !25 16,256,000 1,978.29 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XIX Setebos 0024 !24 17,418,000 2,225.21 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XX Stephano 0010 !10 8,004,000 677.36 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XXI Trinculo 0005 !5 8,504,000 749.24 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XXII Francisco 0006 !6 4,276,000 266.56 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XXIII Margaret 00055 !5.5 14,345,000 1,687.01 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt Prograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XXIV Ferdinand 0006 !6 20,901,000 2,887.21 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, et al. Retrograde irregular [15][16] Uranus
XXV Perdita 0010 !10 76,417 0.638 1986 Karkoschka (Voyager 2) Inner moon [16] Uranus
XXVI Mab 0005 !5 97,736 0.923 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [16] Uranus
XXVII Cupid 0005 !5 74,392 0.613 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [16] Uranus
I Triton 13534 !1353.4 ± 0.9 354,800 5.877 (r) 1846 Lassell Retrograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
II Nereid 0170 !170 ± 25 5,513,820 360.14 1949 Kuiper Prograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
III Naiad 0033 !33 ± 3 48,227 0.294 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Neptune
IV Thalassa 0041 !41 ± 3 50,075 0.311 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Neptune
V Despina 0075 !75 ± 3 52,526 0.335 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Neptune
VI Galatea 0088 !88 ± 4 61,953 0.429 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Neptune
VII Larissa 0097 !97 ± 3 73,548 0.555 1982 Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Neptune
VIII Proteus 0210 !210 ± 7 117,647 1.122 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15][16] Neptune
IX Halimede 0031 !31 15,728,000 1,879.71 (r) 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
X Psamathe 0020 !20 46,695,000 9,115.91 (r) 2003 Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
XI Sao 0022 !22 22,422,000 2,914.07 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
XII Laomedeia 0021 !21 23,571,000 3,167.85 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
XIII Neso 0030 !30 48,387,000 9,373.99 (r) 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [15][16] Neptune
— S/2004 N 1 0009 !8–10 105,283 0.9362 2013 Showalter et al. Inner moon [39] Neptune
I Charon 06036 !603.6 ± 1.4 19,591 6.387 1978 Christy [15][16] Pluto
II Nix 00230 !23.0 ± 2 48,671 24.85 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. [15][16] Pluto
III Hydra 00305 !30.5 ± 4 64,698 38.20 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. [15][16] Pluto
IV Kerberos 00140 !14.0 57,729 32.17 2011 Showalter (Hubble) [15][16][40][41] Pluto
V Styx 00100 !10.0 42,393 20.16 2012 Showalter (Hubble) [15][16][42] Pluto
I Hiʻiaka 0160 !~160 49,500 ± 400 49.12 ± 0.03 2005 Brown et al. [7][43] Haumea
II Namaka 0085 !~85 39,000 (r) 34.7 ± 0.1
if e = 0 2005 Brown et al. [7][43] Haumea
— S/2015 (136472) 1 0080 !~80 2016 Parker et al. [44] Makemake
I Dysnomia 0257 !257± 110[9] 37,370 ± 150 15.774 ± 0.002 2005 Brown, Rabinowitz, Trujillo et al. SDO moon [45][46][47] Eris
References[edit]
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[hide]
v
t
e
Natural satellites of the Solar System
Planetary
satellites
Terrestrial
Martian
Jovian
Saturnian
Uranian
Neptunian
Other
satellites
Minor-planet moons
Plutonian
Haumean
Eridian
Makemakean
Largest
satellites
(mean radius
≥ 100 km)
size
Ganymede
largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths
Titan
Callisto
Io
Moon
Europa
Triton
Titania
Rhea
Oberon
Iapetus
Charon
Umbriel
Ariel
Dione
Tethys
[Dysnomia]
Enceladus
Miranda
Proteus
Mimas
[Hi'iaka]
Nereid
Hyperion
Phoebe
abc's
Ariel
Callisto
Charon
Dione
[Dysnomia]
Enceladus
Europa
Ganymede
[Hi'iaka]
Hyperion
Iapetus
Io
Mimas
Miranda
Moon
Nereid
Oberon
Phoebe
Proteus
Rhea
Tethys
Titan
Titania
Triton
Umbriel
Discovery timeline
Inner moons
Irregular moons
List
Naming
Regular moons
Trojan moons
NOTE: Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium; [bracketed] moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium.
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Dedication (publishing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Book dedication to a group of people.
A dedication is the expression of friendly connection or thanks by the author towards another person. The dedication has its own place on the dedication page and is part of the front matter.
Contents
1 Position and function of the dedication
2 History
3 Themes
4 Handwritten dedication
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Position and function of the dedication[edit]
In newer books, the dedication is located on a dedication page on its own, usually on the recto page after the main title page inside the front matter. It can occupy one or multiple lines depending on its importance. It can also be "in a longer version as a dedication letter or dedication preface at the book's beginning".[1] Nowadays, the dedication's function is mainly part of the self-portrayal of the author in front of his or her readers.
History[edit]
The dedication of Orfeo by Monteverdi, 1609
Evidence of dedications is provided back into the Classical antiquity. Besides the wish to express their gratitude towards a certain person, the authors often had also other reasons to dedicate their work to a particular person. Well into the 18th century, it was not usual for publishers to remunerate the authors; authors tended to be paid or remunerated as one element of a patron-client relationship, in which the author-client paid tribute, in the dedication, to his or her patron. A typical writer dedicated "their book to a high standing personality -- to Fürsts or bishops -- or to a city and tried to gain some money through this practice".[2]
In many cases the petitioner was lucky and received a gift from the patron. In some cases, the writer groveled before the patron and a formal dedication "contained often a very elaborate and submissive affection".[2] In some cases not only the authors tried to get some money, but also the printers tried through dedications to cover a part of their costs.
Themes[edit]
A book dedication can provide a fascinating glimpse into the life and times of the author.[3] For example, Lord Byron (1788–1824) engaged in a famous feud with Robert Southey, who was then England's Poet Laureate. Byron wrote a mocking 17-verse dedication to his epic poem Don Juan in which he savagely pilloried Southey as a dull, reactionary "warbler" who had abandoned his political principles for favor and financial reward.[4]
Throughout time, book dedications were used to make political statements or to condemn war and inequality. Author Toni Morrison dedicated Beloved, her 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel about a fugitive slave who killed her daughter, to "Sixty Million and more."[5]
Furthermore, book dedications reflect the tastes and mores of society. Whereas many Elizabethan dedications were erudite and witty, some modern authors have abandoned literary pretense, sometimes using profanity to shock or amuse their audiences.[6]
Handwritten dedication[edit]
The dedication is not to be confounded with the handwritten dedication of a single copy: the presentation copy.
See also[edit]
Homage
Front matter
Prologue
Paratext
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ursula Rautenberger (ed.): Reclams Sachlexikon des Buches, p. 148.
^ Jump up to: a b Citation after Helmut Hiller, Stephan Füssel: Wörterbuch des Buches. 6. Auflage. Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main, 2002. ISBN 3-465-032209, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Patricia (2015). Tender, Tawdry & Timeless Book Dedications. ASIN B00VZ2YRM4. ISBN 0989870839.
Jump up ^ Barnes (2015). Tender, Tawdry & Timeless Book Dedications. pp. 281–288.
Jump up ^ Barnes (2015). Tender, Tawdry & Timeless Book Dedications. p. 173.
Jump up ^ Barnes (2015). Tender, Tawdry & Timeless Book Dedications. p. 13.
Jost Hochuli: Buchgestaltung in der Schweiz. 2. Auflage. Pro Helvetia, Schweizer Kulturstiftung. Zürich 1998. ISBN 3-908102-10-3 (German)
Reclams Sachlexikon des Buches. Hrsg. von U. Rautenberg. Reclam Verlag, Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-15-010542-0(German)
Diana Stört: Form- und Funktionswandel der Widmung. Zur historischen Entwicklung und Typologisierung eines Paratextes. In: "Aus meiner Hand dies Buch." Zum Phänomen der Widmung. Hrsg. von Volker Kaukoreit, Marcel Atze und Michael Hansel. Wien: Turia + Kant 2007 (= Sichtungen. Archiv, Bibliothek, Literaturwissenschaft 8./9. Jg., 2005/2006), S. 79-112. ISBN 3-85132-476-5 (German)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dedication pages.
The dictionary definition of dedication at Wiktionary
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