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Joe Louis Arena
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Joe Louis Arena
The Joe
Address
19 Steve Yzerman Drive
Location
Detroit, Michigan
Coordinates
42°19′31″N 83°3′5″W / 42.32528°N 83.05139°W / 42.32528; -83.05139Coordinates: 42°19′31″N 83°3′5″W / 42.32528°N 83.05139°W / 42.32528; -83.05139
Owner
City of Detroit
Operator
Olympia Entertainment
Capacity
Ice hockey:
19,275 (1979–1989)
19,875 (1989–1996)
19,983 (1996–2000)
19,995 (2000–2001)
20,058 (2001–2003)
20,066 (2003–2014)
20,027 (2014–2017)
Basketball: 20,153
Concerts: 21,666[1]
Construction
Broke ground
May 16, 1977[2]
Opened
December 12, 1979
Closed
July 30, 2017
Construction cost
US$57 million
($192 million in 2017 dollars[3])
Architect
SmithGroupJJR
General contractor
Barton Malow[4]
Tenants
Detroit Red Wings (NHL) (1979–2017)
Detroit Pistons (NBA) (1985)
Detroit Drive (AFL) (1988–1993)
Detroit Turbos (MILL) (1989–1994)
Detroit Compuware Ambassadors (OHL) (1991–92)
Detroit Junior Red Wings (OHL) (1992–1995)
Detroit Rockers (NPSL) (1996–2000)
Inside Joe Louis Arena.
The retired numbers of former Detroit Red Wings players displayed at Joe Louis Arena.
Panorama of Joe Louis Arena in April 2008.
The Detroit Shock practice at Joe Louis Arena before Game 5 of the 2006 WNBA Finals.
Joe Louis Arena is a defunct multi-purpose arena in Detroit, Michigan. Completed in 1979 at a cost of $57 million as a replacement for the Detroit Olympia, it sits adjacent to Cobo Center on the bank of the Detroit River and is accessible by the Joe Louis Arena station on the Detroit People Mover. The venue is named after former heavyweight champion boxer Joe Louis, who grew up in Detroit.
It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League[5] and the second oldest NHL venue after Madison Square Garden until the start of the 2017-18 NHL season. Joe Louis Arena is owned by the city of Detroit, and operated by Olympia Entertainment, a subsidiary of team owner Ilitch Holdings.[6]
In April 2017, the Red Wings hosted their final game at Joe Louis Arena; the venue was succeeded by the new Little Caesars Arena, in Midtown Detroit, for the 2017–18 season. Joe Louis Arena will be demolished, and its site slated for redevelopment. The arena closed on July 30, 2017. Demolition was scheduled to begin in September, but Olympia renewed the lease of the arena with the city and are using The Joe as storage and offices until November. Olympia Entertainment moved out in November, and demolition is planned to begin in May 2018.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Replacement
2 Other tenants and events
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Joe Louis Arena replaced the Detroit Olympia, where the Detroit Red Wings had played since 1927. The neighborhood around the Olympia had gradually deteriorated, especially after the 1967 Detroit riot. After two murders near the Olympia, Red Wings owner Bruce Norris seriously considered moving to a proposed arena in suburban Pontiac. However, the city of Detroit countered with a proposal for a new riverfront arena at one-third of the rent Pontiac was offering. The package also gave the Red Wings operational control of the arena, nearby Cobo Arena and nearby lots.
The arena hosted its first event on December 12, 1979: a college basketball game between the University of Michigan and the University of Detroit.[citation needed] The Red Wings played their first game at Joe Louis Arena on December 27, 1979, hosting the St. Louis Blues.[8] Later that first season it hosted the 32nd NHL All-Star Game on February 5, 1980,[9] which was played before a then-NHL record crowd of 21,002. Joe Louis Arena was the site of the 1987 NHL Entry Draft, which marked the first NHL Entry Draft to be held in the United States. In 1980, the arena hosted the Republican National Convention that nominated Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate for President of the United States.
The electronic scoreboard at Joe Louis Arena, during a game between the Detroit Red Wings and the Los Angeles Kings on March 9, 2007
In 1990, color matrix boards were installed on the scoreboard; these were replaced by four Sony JumboTron video walls three years later, when the matrix boards were placed in the corners of the fascia. In 2006, LED video screens replaced the JumboTrons. The screens debuted November 22, 2006, when the Red Wings played the Vancouver Canucks. That same day, the arena's West Entrance was named the "Gordie Howe Entrance" in honor of the legendary Red Wing player, and a bronze statue of Howe was placed inside the entrance. Joe Louis Arena houses 86 premium suites.[10] In 2008, the arena introduced the Comerica Bank Legend's Club, a 181-person private seating location in the arena's southeast corner.[5]
Replacement[edit]
Main article: Little Caesars Arena
On July 20, 2014, following the July 2013 approval of a $650 million project to build a new sports and entertainment district in Downtown Detroit,[11][12] Christopher Ilitch unveiled designs for a new arena near Comerica Park and Ford Field which was completed in 2017 and succeeded Joe Louis Arena as the home of the Red Wings.[13] On October 16, 2014, lawyers involved in the ongoing Detroit bankruptcy case disclosed in court that after demolition (which will be paid for by the city and state), the land on which the arena stands, along with an adjacent parking lot, will be transferred to the Financial Guaranty Insurance Company (FGIC), a bond insurer with a $1 billion claim against the city.[14]
The Red Wings' final game at Joe Louis Arena was played on April 9, 2017 against the New Jersey Devils. The Red Wings won 4–1, the final goal in the arena's history coming from Red Wing Riley Sheahan. It was the second of two he scored, which were also the only goals he scored at all during the 2016–17 season.[15][16] The last ticketed event held at The Joe was a WWE Live Event, held on July 29, 2017.
Other tenants and events[edit]
In 1995, the Detroit Junior Red Wings won the Ontario Hockey League's J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Guelph Storm.
Joe Louis Arena hosted college hockey events as part of College Hockey at The Joe, the Great Lakes Invitational, and the Big Ten Conference hockey tournament in 2015 and 2017.[17]
The Detroit Pistons of the NBA used the arena for Game 5 of their 1984 playoff series against the New York Knicks when the Pontiac Silverdome was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict. In the game, Pistons star Isiah Thomas scored 16 points in the final 1:34 of regulation to send the game into overtime before the Pistons lost. The Pistons were forced to return to Joe Louis Arena for 15 games during the 1984–85 season, after the roof of the Silverdome collapsed during a snowstorm.
The National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings hosted the Stanley Cup Finals at the arena six times (1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2008, and 2009), and won two of their Stanley Cup championships at Joe Louis Arena in 1997 and 2002. The 1998 Stanley Cup championship was won in Washington, D.C.'s MCI Center and the 2008 championship was won in Pittsburgh's Mellon Arena. The Red Wings lost in the Finals to New Jersey in 1995 at the Meadowlands Arena and lost on home ice in the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals to Pittsburgh.
Joe Louis Arena was the site of the decisive Game 5 of the 2006 WNBA Finals between the Sacramento Monarchs and Detroit Shock on September 9, due to The Palace of Auburn Hills (the Shock's usual home arena) being used for a Mariah Carey concert on the same day. The Shock won the game 80–75 to clinch the championship.
Former Arena Football League team the Detroit Drive also had success during their time at the arena, playing in six consecutive ArenaBowls from 1988 to 1993 and winning four of them. Four of the games (ArenaBowl III, ArenaBowl IV, ArenaBowl V and ArenaBowl VII) were played in Joe Louis Arena.
Joe Louis Arena was the site of the 2013 edition of the Skate America figure skating competition. In addition, Joe Louis Arena hosted the 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, best known for the pre-competition attack on Nancy Kerrigan by associates of Tonya Harding.
It was announced on May 7, 2015, that the Horizon League Men's Basketball Tournament would be held in Detroit beginning in 2016 under a five-year deal; the 2016 and 2017 tournaments were held at Joe Louis Arena.[18]
Joe Louis Arena was also a concert venue. Until the Palace of Auburn Hills was built in 1988, Joe Louis Arena was Michigan's largest indoor arena for concerts. The first concert to take place there occurred on February 17, 1980,[19] in which Max Webster opened for the Canadian rock group Rush. To compensate for most of Joe Louis Arena's concert business being moved north following the opening of the Palace, the Red Wings began a tradition of playing a home game on New Year's Eve. Aside from lockouts cancelling part or all of the 1994–95, 2004–05, and 2012–13 seasons, the Red Wings left the New Year's Eve date open in years they were scheduled to participate in the NHL Winter Classic. For New Year's Eve 2012 and 2013, the Zac Brown Band held concerts at the Joe. The 2012 date was open due to the planned 2013 Winter Classic that was postponed by lockout until 2014.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arena Info: General Information". The Detroit Red Wings. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Begin Work on Stadium". The Ludington Daily News. May 17, 1977. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "JLA Construction". Detroit Red Wings. October 1, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Wojnowski, Bob (August 10, 2010). "Competitive Spirit Makes Mike Ilitch Perfect Fit for Pistons". The Detroit News. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Olympia Entertainment". Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.freep.com/story/money/business/2018/02/03/demolition-detroit-joe-louis-arena/1088694001/
Jump up ^ Khan, Ansar (December 26, 2009). "Red Wings Celebrate 30th Anniversary of Joe Louis Arena". Michigan Live. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "NHL All-Star Game Summaries/Results by Year". National Hockey League. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Joe Louis Arena". Ballparks.com. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Muller, David (July 24, 2013). "$650 Million Detroit Red Wings Arena Project Clears Another Public Financing Hurdle". MLive. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shea, Bill (June 19, 2013). "DDA, Red Wings Unveil $650 Million Arena and Entertainment Complex". Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Rink City: Ilitches' grand plan to supersize the entertainment district". Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Detroit bankruptcy deal: Joe Louis Arena site to go to creditor for hotel development". MILive.com. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Watch Red Wings' Riley Sheahan end 79-game drought with first goal". MLive. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "What slump? Riley Sheahan scores two goals in Joe Louis Arena finale". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Sipple, George (September 24, 2014). "New Detroit Arena Will Be in Mix to Host Many Events". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Moving Horizon League tourney to Detroit is all about branding". Detroit News. Digital First Media. May 7, 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "February 17th, 1980 Rush ticket stub". Archived from the original on 2016-04-15.
External links[edit]
Metro Detroit portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joe Louis Arena.
Official website
Video review of Joe Louis Arena
Red Wings Deal is a Catch 22 – Detroit Free Press Article
hideEvents and tenants
Preceded by
Detroit Olympia Home of the Detroit Red Wings
1979–2017 Succeeded by
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Preceded by
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1980 Succeeded by
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1985 Succeeded by
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Preceded by
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1987 Succeeded by
Olympic Center
Preceded by
Saint Paul Civic Center Host of the Frozen Four
1990 Succeeded by
Saint Paul Civic Center
Preceded by
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2009 Succeeded by
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Presidencies and provinces of British India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"British India" redirects here. For the history of the British Empire in the Indian Subcontinent, see British Raj. For the British East India Company's rule in India, see Company rule in India. For other uses, see British India (disambiguation).
"Provinces of India" redirects here. For the modern states, see States and territories of India.
Colonial India
Imperial entities of India
Dutch India
1605–1825
Danish India
1620–1869
French India
1668–1954
Portuguese India
(1505–1961)
Casa da Índia
1434–1833
Portuguese East India Company
1628–1633
British India
(1612–1947)
East India Company
1612–1757
Company rule in India
1757–1858
British Raj
1858–1947
British rule in Burma
1824–1948
Princely states
1721–1949
Partition of India
1947
v
t
e
A mezzotint engraving of Fort William, Calcutta, the capital of the Bengal Presidency in British India 1735.
The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent. Collectively, they were called British India. In one form or another, they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods:
During 1612–1757, the East India Company set up "factories" (trading posts) in several locations, mostly in coastal India, with the consent of the Mughal emperors or local rulers. Its rivals were the merchant trading companies of The Netherlands and France. By the mid-18th century, three "Presidency towns": Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size.
During the period of Company rule in India, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called "Presidencies." However, it also increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time it gradually lost its mercantile privileges.
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Company's remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. In the new British Raj (1858–1947), sovereignty extended to a few new regions, such as Upper Burma. Increasingly, however, unwieldy presidencies were broken up into "Provinces".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 British India (1793-1947)
2 Administration under the Company (1793-1858)
2.1 The Presidencies
2.2 The new Provinces
3 Administration under the Crown (1858–1947)
3.1 Historical background
3.2 Regulation provinces
3.3 Major provinces
3.4 Minor provinces
3.5 Aden
4 Partition and Independence (1947)
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
British India (1793-1947)[edit]
The Indian Empire (British India and the Princely States) and its place in the world
In 1608 Mughal authorities allowed the English East India Company to establish a small trading settlement at Surat (now in the state of Gujarat), and this became the company's first headquarters town. It was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal in trade.[2] However, following the decline of power the Mughal Empire in 1707 by the hands of the Marathas and later due to invasion from Persia(1739) and Afghanistan(1761) and after the East India Company's victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and Battle of Buxar, both in Bengal 1764 and the abolishment of local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal in 1793, the Company gradually began to formally expand its territories across India.[3] By the mid-19th century, and after the three Anglo-Maratha Wars the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power in South Asia, its territory held in trust for the British Crown.[4]
Company rule in Bengal from 1793, however, ended with the Government of India Act 1858 following the events of the Bengal Rebellion of 1857.[4] From then known as British India, it was thereafter directly ruled by the British Crown as a colonial possession of the United Kingdom, and India was officially known after 1876 as the Indian Empire.[5] India was divided into British India, regions that were directly administered by the British, with Acts established and passed in British Parliament,[6] and the Princely States,[7] that were ruled by local rulers of different ethnic backgrounds. These rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population; in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area and included over 77% of the population.[8] In addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh.
The term British India also applied to Burma for a shorter time period: starting in 1824, a small part of Burma, and by 1886, almost two thirds of Burma had come under British India.[6] This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony. British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. At its greatest extent, in the early 20th-century, the territory of British India extended as far as the frontiers of Persia in the west; Afghanistan in the northwest; Nepal in the north, Tibet in the northeast; and China, French Indo-China and Siam in the east. It also included the Aden in the Arabian Peninsula.[9]
Administration under the Company (1793-1858)[edit]
The East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612.[10] The company rented a small trading outpost in Madras in 1639.[10][10] Bombay, which was ceded to the British Crown by Portugal as part of the wedding dowry of Catherine of Braganza in 1661, was in turn granted to the East India Company to be held in trust for the Crown.[10]
Meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640.[10] Almost a half-century later, after Mughal Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly due to tax evasion, Job Charnock purchased three small village and later renamed Calcutta in 1686 making it company's new headquarter.[10] By the mid-18th century the three principal trading settlements including factories and fort, now called the Madras Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort St. George), the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort William) were each administered by a Governor.[11]
The Presidencies[edit]
The Indian peninsula in 1700 showing the Mughal Empire and the European trading settlements.
The Indian peninsula in 1760, three years after the Battle of Plassey, showing the Maratha Empire and other prominent political states.
The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640.
The presidency town of Bombay (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1684.
The presidency town of Calcutta (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1690 as Fort William.
Madras Presidency: established 1640.
Bombay Presidency: East India Company's headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay (Mumbai) in 1687.
Bengal Presidency: established 1690.
After Robert Clive's victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the puppet government of a new Nawab of Bengal, was maintained by the East India Company.[12] However, after the invasion of Bengal by the Nawab of Oudh in 1764 and his subsequent defeat in the Battle of Buxar, the Company obtained the Diwani of Bengal, which included the right to administer and collect land-revenue (land tax) in Bengal, the region of present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and Bihar beginning from 1792 as per the treaty signed in 1765.[12] By 1793, the Company obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal (the "exercise of criminal jurisdiction") and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency.[12] During the period, 1773 to 1785, very little changed; the only exceptions were the addition of the dominions of the Raja of Banares to the western boundary of the Bengal Presidency, and the addition of Salsette Island to the Bombay Presidency.[13]
Portions of the Kingdom of Mysore were annexed to the Madras Presidency after the Third Anglo-Mysore War ended in 1792. Next, in 1799, after the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War more of his territory was annexed to the Madras Presidency.[13] In 1801, Carnatic, which had been under the suzerainty of the Company, began to be directly administered by it as a part of the Madras Presidency.[14]
Map of India in 1765.
Map of India in 1795.
Map of India in 1805.
Map of India in 1823.
Map of India in 1837.
Map of India in 1848.
Map of India in 1857.
Expansion of British Bengal and Burma.
The new Provinces[edit]
By 1851, the East India Company′s vast, and growing, holdings across the sub-continent were still grouped into just four main territories:
Bengal Presidency with its capital at Calcutta
Bombay Presidency with its capital at Bombay
Madras Presidency with its capital at Madras
North-Western Provinces with the seat of the Lieutenant-Governor at Agra. The original seat of government was at Allahabad, then at Agra from 1834 to 1868. In 1833, an Act of the British Parliament (statute 3 and 4, William IV, cap. 85) promulgated the elevation the Ceded and Conquered Provinces to the new Presidency of Agra, and the appointment of a new Governor for the latter, but the plan was never carried out. In 1835 another Act of Parliament (statute 5 and 6, William IV, cap. 52) renamed the region the North Western Provinces, this time to be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, the first of whom, Sir Charles Metcalfe, would be appointed in 1836.[15]
By the time of the Great Insurrection in 1857-1858, and the end of Company rule, the developments could be summarised as follows:
Bombay Presidency: expanded after the Anglo-Maratha Wars.
Madras Presidency: Expanded in the mid-to-late 18th century Carnatic Wars and Anglo-Mysore Wars.
Bengal Presidency: Expanded after the battles of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), and after the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars.
Penang: became residency within the Bengal Presidency in 1786, became the fourth presidency of India in 1805, and then part of the presidency of the Straits Settlements until 1830, when the Straits Settlements reverted to the status of a residency within the Bengal Presidency, and were finally separated from British India in 1867.
Ceded and Conquered Provinces: Established in 1802 within the Bengal Presidency. Proposed to be renamed the Presidency of Agra under a Governor in 1835, but proposal not implemented.
Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri: ceded by Sindhia of Gwalior in 1818 at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
Coorg: Annexed in 1834.
North-Western Provinces: established as a Lieutenant-Governorship in 1836 from the erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces
Sind: annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1843.
Punjab: Established in 1849 from territories captured in the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.
Nagpur Province: Created in 1853 from the princely state of Nagpur, seized by the doctrine of lapse. Merged into the Central Provinces in 1861.
Oudh annexed in 1856 and governed thereafter until 1905 as a Chief Commissionership, as a part of North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
North-Western Provinces, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces.
Punjab annexed in 1849.
Oudh annexed in 1856.
Administration under the Crown (1858–1947)[edit]
Historical background[edit]
The British Raj began with the idea of the Presidencies as the centres of government. Until 1834, when a General Legislative Council was formed, each Presidency under its Governor and Council was empowered to enact a code of so-called 'Regulations' for its government. Therefore, any territory or province that was added by conquest or treaty to a presidency came under the existing regulations of the corresponding presidency. However, in the case of provinces that were acquired but were not annexed to any of the three Presidencies, their official staff could be provided as the Governor-General pleased, and was not governed by the existing regulations of the Bengal, Madras, or Bombay Presidencies. Such provinces became known as 'Non-Regulation Provinces' and up to 1833 no provision for a legislative power existed in such places.[16] The same two kinds of management applied for districts. Thus Ganjam and Vizagapatam were non-regulation districts.[17] Non-Regulation Provinces included:
Ajmir Province (Ajmer-Merwara)
Cis-Sutlej states
Saugor and Nerbudda Territories
North-East Frontier (Assam)
Cooch Behar
South-West Frontier (Chota Nagpur)
Jhansi Province
Kumaon Province
′British India′ in 1880: this proud ′propaganda′ map mixes without comment the Provinces of British India, the Princely States and the legally non-Indian Crown Colony of Ceylon.
The Indian Empire in 1893 after the annexation of Upper Burma and incorporation of Baluchistan.
The Indian Empire in 1907 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1912).
The Indian Empire in 1915 after the reunification of Bengal, the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa, and the re-establishment of Assam.
Regulation provinces[edit]
Central Provinces: Created in 1861 from Nagpur Province and the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. Berar administered since 1903, renamed the Central Provinces and Berar in 1936.
Burma: Lower Burma annexed 1852, established as a province in 1862, Upper Burma incorporated in 1886. Separated from British India in 1937 to become administered independently by the newly established British Government Burma Office.
Assam Province: separated from Bengal in 1874 as the North-East Frontier non-regulation province. Incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905. Re-established as a province in 1912.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands: established as a province in 1875.
Baluchistan: Organised into a province in 1887.
Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map.
Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map.
Bengal Presidency in 1880.
An 1880 map of Central Provinces. The province had been constituted in 1861.
1908 map of Central Provinces and Berar. Berar was included in 1903.
Beluchistan, shown as an independent kingdom along with Afghanistan and Turkestan, in an 1880 map.
Baluchistan in 1908: the Districts and Agencies of British Baluchistan are shown alongside the States, mostly: Kalat.
North-West Frontier Province: created in 1901 from the north-western districts of Punjab Province.
Eastern Bengal and Assam: created in 1905 upon partition of Bengal, together with the former province of Assam. Re-merged with Bengal in 1912, with north-eastern part re-established as the province of Assam.
Bihar and Orissa: separated from Bengal in 1912. Renamed Bihar in 1936 when Orissa became a separate province.
Delhi: Separated from Punjab in 1912, when it became the capital of British India.
Orissa: Separate province by carving out certain portions from the Bihar-Orissa Province and the Madras Province in 1936.
Sind: Separated from Bombay in 1936.
Panth-Piploda: made a province in 1942, from territories ceded by a native ruler.
Major provinces[edit]
A map of the British Indian Empire in 1909 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1911), showing British India in two shades of pink (coral and pale) and the princely states in yellow.
At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor. The following table lists their areas and populations (but does not include those of the dependent Native States):[18] During the partition of Bengal (1905–1912), a new Lieutenant-Governor's province of Eastern Bengal and Assam existed. In 1912, the partition was partially reversed, with the eastern and western halves of Bengal re-united and the province of Assam re-established; a new Lieutenant-Governor's province of Bihar and Orissa was also created.
Province of British India[18]
Area (in thousands of square miles)
Population (in millions of inhabitants)
Chief Administrative Officer
Burma 170 9 Lieutenant-Governor
Bengal 151 75 Lieutenant-Governor
Madras 142 38 Governor-in-Council
Bombay 123 19 Governor-in-Council
United Provinces 107 48 Lieutenant-Governor
Central Provinces and Berar 104 13 Chief Commissioner
Punjab 97 20 Lieutenant-Governor
Assam 49 6 Chief Commissioner
Minor provinces[edit]
In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a Chief Commissioner:[19]
Minor Province[19]
Area (in thousands of square miles)
Population (in thousands of inhabitants)
Chief Administrative Officer
North-West Frontier Province 16 2,125 Chief Commissioner
British Baluchistan 46 308 British Political Agent in Baluchistan served as ex officio Chief Commissioner
Coorg 1.6 181 British Resident in Mysore served as ex officio Chief Commissioner
Ajmer-Merwara 2.7 477 British Political Agent in Rajputana served as ex officio Chief Commissioner
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3 25 Chief Commissioner
Aden[edit]
As the Settlement of Aden, a dependency of Bombay Presidency from 1839 to 1932; becomes a Chief Commissioner's province in 1932; separated from India and made the Crown Colony of Aden in 1937.
Partition and Independence (1947)[edit]
At the time of independence in 1947, British India had 17 provinces:
Ajmer-Merwara
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Assam
Baluchistan
Bengal
Bihar
Bombay
Central Provinces and Berar
Coorg
Delhi
Madras
North-West Frontier
Orissa
Panth-Piploda
Punjab
Sind
United Provinces
Upon the Partition of British India into the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan, 11 provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) joined India, 3 (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier and Sindh) joined Pakistan, and 3 (Punjab, Bengal and Assam) were partitioned between India and Pakistan.
In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution was adopted, the provinces in India were replaced by redrawn states and union territories. Pakistan, however, retained its five provinces, one of which, East Bengal, was renamed East Pakistan in 1956 and became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.
See also[edit]
British rule in Burma
Indian Princely States annexed by the British
Salute state
Maratha Empire
Mughal Empire
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..." (p. 5)
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908, pp. 452–472
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908, pp. 473–487
^ Jump up to: a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908, pp. 488–514
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908, pp. 514–530
^ Jump up to: a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, pp. 46–57
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, pp. 58–103
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, pp. 59–61
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, pp. 104–125
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 6
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 7
^ Jump up to: a b c Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 9
^ Jump up to: a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 10
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 11
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. V, 1908
Jump up ^ "Full text of "The land systems of British India : being a manual of the land-tenures and of the systems of land-revenue administration prevalent in the several provinces"". archive.org.
Jump up ^ Geography of India 1870
^ Jump up to: a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 46
^ Jump up to: a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 56
References[edit]
The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II (1908), The Indian Empire, Historical, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1908), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552
Further reading[edit]
Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548. ISBN 81-250-2596-0.
Brown, Judith M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474. ISBN 0-19-873113-2.
Copland, Ian (2001). India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series). Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160. ISBN 0-582-38173-8.
Harrington, Jack (2010). Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1.
Judd, Dennis (2004). The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280. ISBN 0-19-280358-1.
Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950). An Advanced History of India. London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps.
Markovits, Claude (ed) (2005). A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies). Anthem Press. Pp. 607. ISBN 1-84331-152-6. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372. ISBN 0-521-68225-8. .
Mill, James (1820). The History of British India, in six volumes. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 3rd edition, 1826.
Peers, Douglas M. (2006). India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885. Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163. ISBN 0-582-31738-X.
Riddick, John F. (2006). The history of British India: a chronology.
Riddick, John F. (1998). Who Was Who in British India.
Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Pp. xiv, 486. ISBN 0-333-90425-7.
Smith, Vincent A. (1921). India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469–784).
Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965]. A History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298. ISBN 0-14-013836-6.
External links[edit]
British India Coins Wiki
Statistical abstracts relating to British India, from 1840 to 1920 at uchicago.edu
Digital Colonial Documents (India) Homepage at latrobe.edu.au
Provinces of British India at worldstatesmen.org
Collection of early 20th century photographs of the cities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras with other interesting Indian locations from the magazine, India Illustrated, at the University of Houston Digital Library
Coins of British India
[show]
v
t
e
Presidencies and provinces of the British Raj
Italics = outside present Indian & Pakistan
Presidencies
Agra Presidency
Bengal Presidency
Bombay Presidency
Madras Presidency
Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements
Straits Settlements Presidency (at Penang)
Western Presidency (Surat Presidency)
Provinces
Aden Province (associated, in Yemen, Arabia)
Agra Province
Ajmer-Merwara
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Assam Province
Baluchistan
Bengal Province
Berar Province
Bihar and Orissa Province
Bihar Province
(Upper) Burma
Central Provinces
Central Provinces and Berar
Coorg Province
Delhi Province
Eastern Bengal and Assam
Lower Burma
Nagpur Province
North-West Frontier Province
North-Western Provinces
Orissa Province
Panth-Piploda Province
Punjab Province
Sind Province
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
United Provinces of British India
United Provinces
Agencies of British India
British Empire in India
British rule in Burma
Districts of British India
Divisions of British India
List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)
Residencies of British India
Subdivisions of British India
Territorial evolution of the British Empire
[show]
v
t
e
Historical districts of British India
Districts in the Madras Presidency
Ceded Districts
Chingleput District
Coimbatore District
Godavari District
Madura District
Malabar District
North Arcot
South Arcot District
South Canara
Tanjore District
Tinnevely District
Trichinopoly District
Vizagapatam District
Districts in the Bengal Presidency
Backergunge District
Bassein District
Champaran District
Garo Hills district
Jungle Mahals
Jungle Terry
Khasi and Jaintia Hills
Lushai Hills District
Manbhum District
Naga Hills District
Shahabad district
Singhbhum District
Tipperah District
Districts in the Bombay Presidency
East Khandesh
Kaladgi District
Khandesh District
Upper Sind Frontier District
West Khandesh
Other districts
Bhilsa District
Chanderi District
Delhi District
Ellichpur District
Garhwal District
Hazara District (NW Frontier)
Isagarh District
Kumaon District
Lyallpur District
Merwara District
Montgomery District
Muhamdi District
Nimar District
North Bareilly District
Quetta-Pishin District
Shahpur District
Sironj District
Thal-Chotiali
Wun District
Post independence historical districts
Bangalore District
Imphal District
Midnapore district
West Dinajpur District
Subdivisions of British India
Divisions of British India
Presidencies and provinces of British India
British Empire in India
[show]
v
t
e
British Empire
Legend
Current territory
Former territory
* Now a Commonwealth realm
Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
Historical flags of the British Empire
[show]
Europe
1542–1800 Ireland (integrated into UK)
1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 Minorca
Since 1713 Gibraltar
1800–1813 Malta (Protectorate)
1813–1964 Malta (Colony)
1807–1890 Heligoland
1809–1864 Ionian Islands
1878–1960 Cyprus
1921–1937 Irish Free State
[show]
North America
17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century
1579 New Albion
1583–1907 Newfoundland
1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
1607–1776 Virginia
Since 1619 Bermuda
1620–1691 Plymouth
1623–1883 Saint Kitts
1624–1966 *Barbados
1625–1650 Saint Croix
1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1628–1883 Nevis
1629–1691 Massachusetts Bay
1632–1776 Maryland
since 1632 Montserrat
1632–1860 Antigua
1636–1776 Connecticut
1636–1776 Rhode Island
1637–1662 New Haven
1643–1860 Bay Islands
Since 1650 Anguilla
1655–1850 Mosquito Coast
1655–1962 *Jamaica
1663–1712 Carolina
1664–1776 New York
1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New Jersey
Since 1666 Virgin Islands
Since 1670 Cayman Islands
1670–1973 *Bahamas
1670–1870 Rupert's Land
1671–1816 Leeward Islands
1674–1702 East Jersey
1674–1702 West Jersey
1680–1776 New Hampshire
1681–1776 Pennsylvania
1686–1689 New England
1691–1776 Massachusetts Bay
1701–1776 Delaware
1712–1776 North Carolina
1712–1776 South Carolina
1713–1867 Nova Scotia
1733–1776 Georgia
1754–1820 Cape Breton Island
1762–1974 *Grenada
1763–1978 Dominica
1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
1763–1791 Quebec
1763–1783 East Florida
1763–1783 West Florida
1784–1867 New Brunswick
1791–1841 Lower Canada
1791–1841 Upper Canada
Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands
1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country1
1833–1960 Windward Islands
1833–1960 Leeward Islands
1841–1867 Canada
1849–1866 Vancouver Island
1853–1863 Queen Charlotte Islands
1858–1866 British Columbia
1859–1870 North-Western Territory
1860–1981 *British Antigua and Barbuda
1862–1863 Stickeen
1866–1871 British Columbia
1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
1871–1964 Honduras
1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
1907–1949 Newfoundland3
1958–1962 West Indies Federation
1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
[show]
South America
1631–1641 Providence Island
1651–1667 Willoughbyland
1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
1831–1966 Guiana
Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5
4. Now a department of Colombia.
5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
[show]
Africa
17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
1792–1961 Sierra Leone
1795–1803 Cape Colony
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
1806–1910 Cape of Good Hope
1807–1808 Madeira
1810–1968 Mauritius
1816–1965 The Gambia
1856–1910 Natal
1862–1906 Lagos
1868–1966 Basutoland
1874–1957 Gold Coast
1882–1922 Egypt
1884–1900 Niger Coast
1884–1966 Bechuanaland
1884–1960 Somaliland
1887–1897 Zululand
1890–1962 Uganda
1890–1963 Zanzibar
1891–1964 Nyasaland
1891–1907 Central Africa
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa
1899–1956 Sudan
1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
1900–1910 Orange River
1900–1910 Transvaal
1903–1976 Seychelles
1910–1931 South Africa
1914–1960 Nigeria
1915–1931 South-West Africa
1919–1961 Cameroons6
1920–1963 Kenya
1922–1961 Tanganyika6
1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia7
1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia
6. League of Nations mandate.
7. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
[show]
Asia
17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685–1824 Bencoolen
1702–1705 Pulo Condore
1757–1947 Bengal
1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Padang
1786–1946 Penang
1795–1948 Ceylon
1796–1965 Maldives
1812–1824 Banka and Billiton
1819–1826 Malaya
1824–1948 Burma
1826–1946 Straits Settlements
1839–1967 Aden
1839–1842 Afghanistan
1841–1997 Hong Kong
1841–1946 Sarawak
1848–1946 Labuan
1858–1947 India
1874–1963 Borneo
1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
1882–1963 North Borneo
1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888–1984 Brunei
1891–1971 Muscat and Oman
1892–1971 Trucial States
1895–1946 Federated Malay States
1898–1930 Weihai
1878–1960 Cyprus
1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
1918–1961 Kuwait
1920–1932 Mesopotamia8
1921–1946 Transjordan8
1923–1948 Palestine8
1945–1946 South Vietnam
1946–1963 North Borneo
1946–1963 Sarawak
1946–1963 Singapore
1946–1948 Malayan Union
1948–1957 Federation of Malaya
Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)
Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles)
8 League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
[show]
Oceania
18th and 19th centuries 20th century
1788–1901 New South Wales
1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania
1807–1863 Auckland Islands9
1824–1980 New Hebrides
1824–1901 Queensland
1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia
1836–1901 South Australia
since 1838 Pitcairn Islands
1841–1907 New Zealand
1851–1901 Victoria
1874–1970 Fiji10
1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Papua
1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands9
1889–1948 Union Islands9
1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands11
1893–1978 Solomon Islands12
1900–1970 Tonga
1900–1974 Niue9
1901–1942 *Australia
1907–1953 *New Zealand
1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru
1919–1949 New Guinea
1949–1975 Papua and New Guinea13
9. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
10. Suspended member.
11. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.
12. Now the *Solomon Islands.
13. Now *Papua New Guinea.
[show]
Antarctica and South Atlantic
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory15
1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).
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