text:
Romancing the Stone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song by Eddy Grant of the same name, see Going for Broke (album).
Romancing the Stone
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Zemeckis
Produced by
Michael Douglas
Written by
Diane Thomas
Starring
Michael Douglas
Kathleen Turner
Danny DeVito
Alfonso Arau
Manuel Ojeda
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Dean Cundey
Edited by
Donn Cambern
Frank Morriss
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
March 30, 1984 (1984-03-30)
Running time
106 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[1][2][3]
Box office
$86.5 million[4]
Romancing the Stone is a 1984 American action-adventure romantic comedy. Directed by Robert Zemeckis, it stars Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. The film was followed by a 1985 sequel, The Jewel of the Nile.
Romancing the Stone earned over $86 million worldwide in box-office receipts. It also helped launch Turner to stardom, reintroduced Douglas to the public as a capable leading man, started Zemeckis' frequent collaboration with Alan Silvestri, and gave Zemeckis his first box-office success. Decades later, it retains critical acclaim, with an 87% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production and release
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reaction
4.2 Awards
5 Sequels
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Citations
6.3 Bibliography
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Joan Wilder (Kathleen Turner) is a successful but lonely romance novelist in New York City whose editor believes she is waiting to meet a romantic hero like the ones she writes about. One day Joan gets a call from her sister Elaine, who has been kidnapped by antiquities smugglers, cousins Ira (Zack Norman) and Ralph (Danny DeVito). As Joan leaves her apartment to meet her editor, Gloria (Holland Taylor), she is handed a letter containing a map, sent to her by her late brother-in-law. Returning to her apartment, she finds it ransacked and the apartment supervisor dead. Joan then receives a frantic phone call from Elaine (held at knife-point by Ira), who instructs Joan to go to Colombia with the map she received; it is Elaine's ransom.
Flying to Colombia, Joan is detoured from the rendezvous point by Colonel Zolo (Manuel Ojeda), the man who killed Elaine's husband. He tricks her into boarding the wrong bus, heading deep into the interior of the country instead of to the coastal city of Cartagena, where Elaine is being held. When Joan distracts the bus driver by asking where they are going, the bus crashes into a Jeep, wrecking both vehicles. As the rest of the passengers walk away, Joan is menaced by Zolo but is saved by the Jeep's owner, American exotic bird smuggler Jack T. Colton (Michael Douglas). For getting her out of the jungle and to a telephone, Joan promises to pay Jack $375 in traveler's cheques.
Jack and Joan travel the jungle while eluding Zolo, who wants the treasure map, and his military police. After spending a night hiding in a marijuana smuggler's crashed C-47 aircraft, they encounter a drug lord named Juan (Alfonso Arau), who is a big fan of Joan's novels and helps them escape from Zolo.
After a night of dancing and passion in a nearby town, Jack suggests to Joan that they find the treasure themselves before handing over the map. They follow the clues and locate an enormous emerald called El Corazón ("The Heart"). Unbeknownst to Jack and Joan, they used Ralph's car for the last leg of their journey while Ralph was sleeping in the back. Ralph takes the emerald from them at gunpoint. When Zolo appears, Jack steals the jewel back, but Jack and Joan are chased into a river and go over a waterfall. They end up on opposite sides of the raging river; Joan has the map, but Jack has the emerald. Jack directs Joan to Cartagena, promising that he will meet her there.
In Cartagena, Joan meets with Ira and Ralph, who are still holding Elaine, but the exchange is interrupted by Zolo and his men, who have also captured Jack. Jack surrenders the emerald to Zolo, but a crocodile bites off Zolo's hand and swallows it along with the emerald. As a gun battle takes place between Zolo's soldiers and Ira's gang, Joan and Elaine dash for safety, pursued by Zolo. Jack tries to stop the crocodile from escaping but lets it go when he sees that Joan is in danger. Zolo charges at Joan, who eventually dodges his wild knife slashes, knocking Zolo into the crocodile pit. Ira and his men escape, but Ralph is left behind as the authorities arrive. After a kiss, Jack dives into the water after the crocodile, leaving Joan behind with her sister.
Some time later, Joan is back in New York City, delivering a new manuscript based on her adventure to Gloria, who is moved to tears by the story and tells Joan she has another best-seller on her hands. Returning home, she finds Jack waiting for her in a sailboat named the Angelina, after the heroine of Joan's novels, and wearing boots made from the crocodile's skin. He explains the crocodile died from ingesting the emerald and he had sold it, using the money to buy the boat of his dreams. They go off together, planning to sail around the world.
Cast[edit]
Michael Douglas as Jack Colton
Kathleen Turner as Joan Wilder
Danny DeVito as Ralph
Zack Norman as Ira
Alfonso Arau as Juan
Manuel Ojeda as Colonel Zolo
Holland Taylor as Gloria
Mary Ellen Trainor as Elaine Wilder
Eve Smith as Mrs. Irwin
Joe Nesnow as Super
José Chávez as Santos
Evita Muñoz "Chachita" as Hefty Woman
Camillo García as Bus Driver
Rodrigo Puebla as Bad Hombre
Paco Morayta as Hotel Clerk
Kymberly Herrin as Angelina
Bill Burton as Jesse Gerrard
Ted White as Grogan
Production and release[edit]
Filming locations for Romancing the Stone included Veracruz, Mexico (Fort of San Juan de Ulúa); and Huasca de Ocampo, Mexico. The scene where Turner and Douglas get separated on opposite banks on a whitewater river, about two-thirds into the movie, was filmed on the Rio Antigua near the town of Jalcomulco, Veracruz.[6]
Upon the release of Romancing the Stone, comparisons to Raiders of the Lost Ark were inevitable; Time magazine called the film "a distaff Raiders rip-off".[7] The screenplay for Romancing had actually been written five years earlier by a Malibu waitress named Diane Thomas in what would end up being her only screenplay. She died in a car crash shortly after the film's release.[8]
Turner later said of the film's production, "I remember terrible arguments [with Robert Zemeckis] doing Romancing. He's a film-school grad, fascinated by cameras and effects. I never felt that he knew what I was having to do to adjust my acting to some of his damn cameras – sometimes he puts you in ridiculous postures. I'd say, 'This is not helping me! This is not the way I like to work, thank you!'"[9] Despite their difficulties on the film, Zemeckis would go on to work with Turner again, casting her as the voice of Jessica Rabbit in 1988's Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[10]
Studio insiders expected Romancing the Stone to flop (to the point that, after viewing a rough cut of the film, the producers of the then under development Cocoon fired Zemeckis as director of that film),[11] but the film became a surprise hit. It became 20th Century Fox's "only big hit" of 1984.[12] Zemeckis later stated that the success of Romancing the Stone allowed him to make Back to the Future, which was an even larger success.[13]
The novelization of Romancing the Stone was credited to Joan Wilder though it (and a novelization of the sequel movie, The Jewel of the Nile) was actually written by Catherine Lanigan.[14]
Sylvester Stallone was originally considered for the role of Jack T. Colton.[15] [Note 1]
Reception[edit]
Critical reaction[edit]
Romancing the Stone was well received by critics and is considered by some as among the best films of 1984.[18][19][20][21] It holds an 87% approval rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 43 reviews.[5]
Awards[edit]
Award wins:[22]
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy[23]
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy – Kathleen Turner[23]
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress – Kathleen Turner
Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – ADR
Stuntman Award for Most Spectacular Stunt – Vince Deadrick Jr., Terry Leonard
Award nominations:
Academy Award for Best Film Editing – Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss
American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay – Diane Thomas
Sequels[edit]
The success of Romancing the Stone also led to a sequel that was equally successful commercially, 1985's The Jewel of the Nile, without Zemeckis at the helm but with Douglas, Turner and DeVito all returning.[24] Another sequel, called The Crimson Eagle, never made it past the development stage. This planned yet un-produced sequel would have seen Jack Colton and his partner Joan Wilder take their two teenage children to Thailand where they would find themselves blackmailed into stealing a priceless statue. DeVito reunited Douglas, Turner, and himself in his 1989 film The War of the Roses.[10]
In 2005 and again in 2008, Michael Douglas was working on a second sequel to Romancing the Stone entitled Racing the Monsoon, although there have been no further developments in recent years.[25]
Since 2007, 20th Century Fox considered a remake of Romancing the Stone with the possibility of a "reboot" of a series. The roles of Jack Colton and Joan Wilder would be filled by Taylor Kitsch (or Gerard Butler) and Katherine Heigl.[26] By 2011, the remake was re-worked as a television series.[27]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A virtual Who's Who of Hollywood were considered for the leads in Romancing the Stone, the list included Burt Reynolds, Clint Eastwood, Paul Newman and Christopher Reeve for the part of Jack Colton and Debra Winger as Joan Wilder.[16][17]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Romancing the Stone (1984) - Box office / business at the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ Solomon 1989, p. 260.
Jump up ^ Pollock, Dale. "Zemeckis puts his heart and soul in 'Romancing The Stone'". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles), March 29, 1984. p. m1.
Jump up ^ "Receipts: 'Romancing the Stone'." Box Office Mojo. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Romancing the Stone (1984)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bouey, Steve. "Finally on Location." The World by Road, January 19, 2009. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schickel, Richard; Corliss, Richard (April 23, 1984). "The greening of the box office". Time. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2013, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Appelo, Tim; Kilday, Greg (August 2, 1991). "Kathleen Turner: The last movie star". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Turner 2008, unpaginated.
Jump up ^ Horowitz, Mark. "Back with a Future," American Film July/Aug. 1988. pp. 32–35.
Jump up ^ "Musical chairs in Hollywood." Time , September 24, 1984. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Supplements for the Back to the Future DVD.
Jump up ^ Wilder, Joan (pseudonym) and Catherine Lanigan (ghostwriter). Romancing the Stone novelization." Amazon.com. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plumb, Ali. "14 things we learned from the 'Evening with Sylvester Stallone' Q&A." Empire Online, October 9, 2015. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Susman, Gary. "'Romancing the Stone': 25 things you didn't know about the Kathleen Turner classic." movieforne.com, March 24, 2014. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Leigh 2014, p. 171.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Films of 1984". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris. "Was 1984 the Greatest Year in Movies Ever?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Best Movies of 1984 by Rank". Films101.com. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1984". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Romancing the Stone: Award Wins and Nominations". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 42nd Annual Golden Globe Awards (1985)". Golden Globe Award. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2013, pp. 142–143.
Jump up ^ "Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones to co-star in film 'Racing The Monsoon'." The Telegraph, May 19, 2008. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Sandy"‘Romancing the Stone’ remake is still moving forward." Scree Rant, August 24, 2011. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Russ. "The 'Romancing the Stone' remake is now a TV series." Slashfilm.com, September 1, 2011. Retrieved: March 28, 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Eliot, Marc. Michael Douglas: A Biography. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-3079-5237-0.
Leigh, Mark. Epic Fail: The Ultimate Book of Blunders. London: Virgin Books, 2014. ISBN 978-0-7535-4126-5.
Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1.
Turner, Kathleen. Send Yourself Roses: Thoughts on My Life, Love, and Leading Roles. New York: Springboard Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-4465-8112-7.
External links[edit]
Romancing the Stone on IMDb
Romancing the Stone at Rotten Tomatoes
Romancing the Stone at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978)
Used Cars (1980)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Back to the Future (1985)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Two-Fisted Tales (1992)
Death Becomes Her (1992)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Contact (1997)
What Lies Beneath (2000)
Cast Away (2000)
The Polar Express (2004)
Beowulf (2007)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Flight (2012)
The Walk (2015)
Doc Brown Saves the World (2015)
Allied (2016)
The Women of Marwen (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
An American in Paris (1951)
With a Song in My Heart (1952)
Carmen Jones (1954)
Guys and Dolls (1955)
The King and I (1956)
Les Girls (1957)
Gigi / Auntie Mame (1958)
Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot (1959)
Song Without End / The Apartment (1960)
West Side Story / A Majority of One (1961)
The Music Man / That Touch of Mink (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
My Fair Lady (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966)
The Graduate (1967)
Oliver! (1968)
The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969)
MASH (1970)
Fiddler on the Roof (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
American Graffiti (1973)
The Longest Yard (1974)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
A Star Is Born (1976)
The Goodbye Girl (1977)
Heaven Can Wait (1978)
Breaking Away (1979)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
Arthur (1981)
Tootsie (1982)
Yentl (1983)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Prizzi's Honor (1985)
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Hope and Glory (1987)
Working Girl (1988)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Green Card (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
The Player (1992)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
The Lion King (1994)
Babe (1995)
Evita (1996)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Almost Famous (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Chicago (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Walk the Line (2005)
Dreamgirls (2006)
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)
The Hangover (2009)
The Kids Are All Right (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Les Misérables (2012)
American Hustle (2013)
The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)
The Martian (2015)
La La Land (2016)
Film portal
1980s portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romancing_the_Stone&oldid=799994927"
Categories:
1984 films
English-language films
1980s adventure films
20th Century Fox films
American adventure comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American films
Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners
Estudios Churubusco films
Films about writers
Film scores by Alan Silvestri
Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Colombia
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Mexico
French-language films
Spanish-language films
Treasure hunt films
Jungle adventure films
Films produced by Michael Douglas
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Italiano
Lëtzebuergesch
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 01:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Evita_Mu%C3%B1oz_%22Chachita%22
mw-redirect
Evita Muñoz "Chachita"

values:
/wiki/Kymberly_Herrin
mw-redirect
Kymberly Herrin

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz
mw-redirect
Veracruz, Veracruz

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database
mw-redirect
Internet Movie Database

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.filmsite.org/1984.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.films101.com/y1984r.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088011/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

values: Template talk:Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

values: Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:American adventure comedy films

values: Category:Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners

values: Category:Films directed by Robert Zemeckis

values: Category:Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance

values: Category:Films produced by Michael Douglas

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مغازلة الحجر – Arabic

values: Романс за камъка – Bulgarian

values: Auf der Jagd nach dem grünen Diamanten – German

values: عشق‌بازی با سنگ – Persian

values: Սիրավեպ քարի հետ – Armenian

values: All'inseguimento della pietra verde – Italian

values: ロマンシング・ストーン 秘宝の谷 – Japanese

values: Kampen om den grønne diamant – Norwegian

values: Роман с камнем – Russian

values: Роман з каменем – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Romancing_the_Stone rootpage-Romancing_the_Stone vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Tropic of Cancer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the circle of latitude. For other uses, see Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 23°26′14″N 0°0′0″W / 23.43722°N -0.00000°E / 23.43722; -0.00000 (Prime Meridian)
World map showing the Tropic of Cancer
Carretera 83 (Vía Corta) Zaragoza-Victoria, km 27+800. Of all crossings of the Tropic of Cancer with Mexican federal highways, this is the only place where the latitude is marked with precision and where the annual drift between the years 2005 and 2010 can be appreciated.
The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern Tropic, is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead. This occurs on the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.[1] It is currently 23°26′12.8″ (or 23.43688°) north of the Equator.
Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth; the others being the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these two circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Circumnavigation
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
8 See also
Name[edit]
When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab) at the June solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction, or circumstances), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Geography[edit]
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but varies in a complicated manner over time. Currently, it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 metres, per year (it was at exactly 23° 27′ in 1917 and will be at 23° 26' in 2045).[2] See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information.
North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone. The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics.
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
23°26′N 0°0′E / 23.433°N 0.000°E / 23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Algeria
23°26′N 11°51′E / 23.433°N 11.850°E / 23.433; 11.850 (Niger)
Niger
23°26′N 12°17′E / 23.433°N 12.283°E / 23.433; 12.283 (Libya)
Libya
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at 23°26′N 15°59′E / 23.433°N 15.983°E / 23.433; 15.983 (Northernmost point of Chad)
23°26′N 25°0′E / 23.433°N 25.000°E / 23.433; 25.000 (Egypt)
Egypt
The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser
23°26′N 35°30′E / 23.433°N 35.500°E / 23.433; 35.500 (Red Sea)
Red Sea
23°26′N 38°38′E / 23.433°N 38.633°E / 23.433; 38.633 (Saudi Arabia)
Saudi Arabia
23°26′N 52°10′E / 23.433°N 52.167°E / 23.433; 52.167 (United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi emirate only
23°26′N 55°24′E / 23.433°N 55.400°E / 23.433; 55.400 (Oman)
Oman
23°26′N 58°46′E / 23.433°N 58.767°E / 23.433; 58.767 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
23°26′N 68°23′E / 23.433°N 68.383°E / 23.433; 68.383 (India)
India
States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal
23°26′N 88°47′E / 23.433°N 88.783°E / 23.433; 88.783 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Khulna, Dhaka, and Chittagong Divisions
23°26′N 91°14′E / 23.433°N 91.233°E / 23.433; 91.233 (India)
India
State of Tripura
23°26′N 91°56′E / 23.433°N 91.933°E / 23.433; 91.933 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Chittagong Division
23°26′N 92°19′E / 23.433°N 92.317°E / 23.433; 92.317 (India)
India
State of Mizoram
23°26′N 93°23′E / 23.433°N 93.383°E / 23.433; 93.383 (Myanmar)
Myanmar
Chin State, Sagaing Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State
23°26′N 98°54′E / 23.433°N 98.900°E / 23.433; 98.900 (China)
China
Provinces of Yunnan (passing about 7 km north of the border with Vietnam), Guangxi, and Guangdong
23°26′N 117°8′E / 23.433°N 117.133°E / 23.433; 117.133 (Taiwan Strait)
Taiwan Strait
23°26′N 120°8′E / 23.433°N 120.133°E / 23.433; 120.133 (Taiwan)
Taiwan
Chiayi County, Hualien County
23°26′N 121°29′E / 23.433°N 121.483°E / 23.433; 121.483 (Philippine Sea)
Philippine Sea
23°26′N 142°00′E / 23.433°N 142.000°E / 23.433; 142.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just south of Necker Island, Hawaii, United States
23°26′N 110°15′W / 23.433°N 110.250°W / 23.433; -110.250 (Mexico)
Mexico
State of Baja California Sur
23°26′N 109°24′W / 23.433°N 109.400°W / 23.433; -109.400 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California
23°26′N 106°35′W / 23.433°N 106.583°W / 23.433; -106.583 (Mexico)
Mexico
States of Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas
23°26′N 97°45′W / 23.433°N 97.750°W / 23.433; -97.750 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico
23°26′N 83°0′W / 23.433°N 83.000°W / 23.433; -83.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel
Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas)
Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean
23°26′N 76°0′W / 23.433°N 76.000°W / 23.433; -76.000 (Bahamas)
Bahamas
Exuma Islands and Long Island
23°26′N 75°10′W / 23.433°N 75.167°W / 23.433; -75.167 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
23°26′N 15°57′W / 23.433°N 15.950°W / 23.433; -15.950 (Western Sahara)
Western Sahara
Claimed by Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
23°26′N 12°0′W / 23.433°N 12.000°W / 23.433; -12.000 (Mauritania)
Mauritania
23°26′N 6°23′W / 23.433°N 6.383°W / 23.433; -6.383 (Mali)
Mali
23°26′N 2°23′W / 23.433°N 2.383°W / 23.433; -2.383 (Algeria)
Algeria
Climate[edit]
Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
Excluding cooler highland regions in China, the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in). Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert, while to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.
The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum, none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres (290 mi) of the Tropic of Cancer; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south.
Circumnavigation[edit]
According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians, and end on the same airfield where it started.
Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015, at 23°26′14″N is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[3]
For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).
Gallery[edit]
Road sign south of Dakhla, Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian.
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District, West Bengal, India
Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township, Hualien County, Taiwan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PHP Science Labs". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ Montana State University: Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator.
External links[edit]
Look up tropic of cancer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Article on the Tropic of Cancer in Oman
Temporal Epoch Calculations
Useful constants See: Obliquity of the ecliptic
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Atlas portal
Africa portal
Arab world portal
South Asia portal
China portal
Mexico portal
Circle of latitude
Arctic Circle
24th parallel north
23rd parallel north
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Axial tilt
Milankovitch cycles
Ducking and shaving
show
v
t
e
Circles of latitude / meridians
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
W 0° E
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
180°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
180°
5°
15°
25°
35°
45°
55°
65°
75°
85°
95°
105°
115°
125°
135°
145°
155°
165°
175°
5°
15°
25°
35°
45°
55°
65°
75°
85°
95°
105°
115°
125°
135°
145°
155°
165°
175°
10°
20°
40°
50°
70°
80°
100°
110°
130°
140°
160°
170°
10°
20°
40°
50°
70°
80°
100°
110°
130°
140°
160°
170°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
5° N
15°
25°
35°
45°
55°
65°
75°
85°
5° S
15°
25°
35°
45°
55°
65°
75°
85°
45x90
45x90
45x90
45x90
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropic_of_Cancer&oldid=846814536"
Categories:
Lines of latitude
Tropics
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Coordinates on Wikidata
Lists of coordinates
Geographic coordinate lists
Articles with Geo
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
বাংলা
Беларуская
भोजपुरी
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
吴语
粵語
中文
68 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 June 2018, at 02:01 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

value: span

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: width: 23em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em

values:
/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_(Emirate)
mw-redirect
Abu Dhabi (Emirate)

values:
/wiki/Sagaing_Division
mw-redirect
Sagaing Division

values:
/wiki/Mandalay_Division
mw-redirect
Mandalay Division

values:
/wiki/Santaren_Channel
mw-redirect
Santaren Channel

values:
/wiki/Sahara_Desert
mw-redirect
Sahara Desert

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Nadia_District
mw-redirect
Nadia District

values:
/wiki/Ruisui,_Hualien
mw-redirect
Ruisui, Hualien

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values:
/wiki/Portal:South_Asia
mw-redirect
Portal:South Asia

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:350.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:415.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:476.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:534px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:591.6px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:652.8px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:714px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:296.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:235.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:112.8px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:53.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-6px; top:-13.04px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:368.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:386.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:408px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:426px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:444px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:465.6px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:487.2px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:505.2px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:526.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:544.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:562.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:584.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:602.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:624px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:642px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:663.6px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:681.6px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:703.2px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:346.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:325.2px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:307.2px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:285.6px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:206.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:166.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:145.2px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:123.6px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:62.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:44.4px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:22.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:4.8px; top:-22.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:375.6px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:397.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:433.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:454.8px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:494.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:516px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:573.6px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:613.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:634.8px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:674.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:692.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:336px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:318px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274.8px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:253.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:217.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:195.6px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:152.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134.4px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94.8px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:73.2px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:33.6px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:12px; top:-11.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:175.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:154px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:136px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:114.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:96.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:74.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:56.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:35.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:13.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:-4.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:197.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:215.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:236.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:254.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:276.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:294.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:316px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:337.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:355.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:164.08px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:146.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:125.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:103.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:85.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:65.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:44.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:24.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:4.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:186.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:204.4px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:226px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:244px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:265.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:283.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:305.2px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:326.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:344.8px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:170.4px; top:85.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:530.4px; top:85.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:170.4px; top:265.6px

values: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:530.4px; top:265.6px

values: padding:0em 0.25em padding: 2.5em 9em 0em 3em; font-size:80%; margin:0 auto; text-align:left; width:720px; width: 720px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: مدار السرطان – Arabic

values: কৰ্কট ক্ৰান্তি – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: কর্কটক্রান্তি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Паўночны тропік – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: कर्क रेखा – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Тропик на Рака – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: བྱང་གི་ལྡོག་ཐིག – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Τροπικός του Καρκίνου – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: مدار رأس‌السرطان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: कर्क रेखा – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: חוג הסרטן – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಕರ್ಕಾಟಕ ಸಂಕ್ರಾಂತಿ ವೃತ್ತ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ჩრდილოეთი ტროპიკი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Северен повратник – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഉത്തരായനരേഖ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: कर्कवृत्त – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: Мэлхийн зам – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: မြောက်ယဉ်စွန်းတန်း – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Krepsen sin vendekrins – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਕਰਕ ਰੇਖਾ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Северный тропик – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: කර්කටක නිවර්තනය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Северни повратник – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: கடக ரேகை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: కర్కట రేఖ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ทรอปิกออฟแคนเซอร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Тропік Рака – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: خط سرطان – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tropic_of_Cancer rootpage-Tropic_of_Cancer skin-vector action-view


text:
Sumerian religion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Statuette of a "praying Sumerian", Gudea, Early Dynastic Period III (c. 2500 BC)
Part of a series on
Ancient
Mesopotamian religion
Primordial beings[show]
Abzu and Tiamat
Lahmu and Lahamu
Anshar and Kishar
Mummu
Seven gods who decree[show]
Four primary
Anu
Enlil
Enki
Ninhursag
Three sky gods
Inanna/Ishtar
Nanna/Sin
Utu/Shamash
Other major deities[show]
Adad
Dumuzid/Tammuz
Enkimdu
Ereshkigal
Kingu
Geshtinanna
Lahar
Marduk
Nergal
Ninurta
Minor deities[show]
Agasaya
Anunnaki
Asaruludu
Ashnan
Bel
Enbilulu
Isimud
Lahar
Mami/Nintu
Mamitu
Nabu
Namtar
Nanshe
Nidaba
Ningal
Ninkasi
Ninlil
Ninshubur
Ninsun
Nusku
Sarpanit
Uttu
Demigods and heroes[show]
Adapa
Enkidu
Enmerkar
Gilgamesh
Lugalbanda
Shamhat
Siduri
Atra-Hasis
Spirits and monsters[show]
Utukku
Lamassu/Shedu
Asakku
Edimmu
Siris
Anzû
Humbaba
Asag
Hanbi
Kur
Lamashtu
Pazuzu
Rabisu
Tales[show]
Atra-Hasis
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Enûma Eliš
Epic of Gilgamesh
Related topics
Ancient Near Eastern religions
Sumerian religion
Babylonian religion
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Religions of the ancient Near East
Anatolia
Ancient Egypt
Arabia
Canaan
Persia
Mesopotamia
Sumer
Semitic
v
t
e
Sumerian religion was the religion practiced and adhered to by the people of Sumer, the first literate civilization of ancient Mesopotamia. The Sumerians regarded their divinities as responsible for all matters pertaining to the natural and social orders.[1]:3–4
Before the beginning of kingship in Sumer, the city-states were effectively ruled by theocratic priests and religious officials. Later, this role was supplanted by kings, but priests continued to exert great influence on Sumerian society. In early times, Sumerian temples were simple, one-room structures, sometimes built on elevated platforms. Towards the end of Sumerian civilization, these temples developed into ziggurats—tall, pyramidal structures with sanctuaries at the tops.
The Sumerians believed that the universe had come into being through a series of cosmic births. First, Nammu, the primeval waters, gave birth to An (the sky) and Ki (the earth), who mated together and produced a son named Enlil. Enlil separated heaven from earth and claimed the earth as his domain. Humans were believed to have been created by Enki, the son of An and Nammu.
The major deities in the Sumerian pantheon included An, the god of the heavens, Enlil, the god of wind and storm, Enki, the god of water and human culture, Ninhursag, the goddess of the earth and of fertility, Inanna, the goddess of sex, beauty, and warfare, Utu, the god of the sun, and Ereshkigal, the queen of the Underworld.
Sumerian religion heavily influenced the religious beliefs of later Mesopotamian peoples; elements of it are retained in the mythologies and religions of the Hurrians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and other Middle Eastern culture groups. Scholars of comparative mythology have noticed many parallels between the stories of the ancient Sumerians and those recorded in the early parts of the Hebrew Bible.
Contents
[hide]
1 Worship
1.1 Written cuneiform
1.2 Architecture
1.3 Priesthood
1.4 Ceremony
2 Cosmology
2.1 Creation story
2.2 Heaven
2.3 Afterlife
3 Pantheon
3.1 Development
3.2 Major deities
3.2.1 Primeval deities
3.2.2 Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta
3.2.3 Enki and Ninhursag
3.2.4 Inanna
3.2.5 Netherworld deities
3.2.6 Celestial deities
4 Legacy
4.1 Akkadians
4.2 Babylonians
4.3 Hurrians
4.4 Parallels
5 Genealogy of the Sumerian deities
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Worship[edit]
Cuneiform temple hymn from the nineteenth century BC; the hymn is addressed to the Lugal Iddin-Dagan of Larsa
Written cuneiform[edit]
Sumerian myths were passed down through the oral tradition until the invention of writing. Early Sumerian cuneiform was used primarily as a record-keeping tool; it was not until the late early dynastic period that religious writings first became prevalent as temple praise hymns[2] and as a form of "incantation" called the nam-šub (prefix + "to cast").[3] These tablets were also made of stone clay or stone, and they used a small pick to make the symbols.
Architecture[edit]
Main article: Sumerian architecture
In the Sumerian city-states, temple complexes originally were small, elevated one-room structures. In the early dynastic period, temples developed raised terraces and multiple rooms. Toward the end of the Sumerian civilization, ziggurats became the preferred temple structure for Mesopotamian religious centers.[4] Temples served as cultural, religious, and political headquarters until approximately 2500 BC, with the rise of military kings known as Lu-gals (“man” + “big”)[3] after which time the political and military leadership was often housed in separate "palace" complexes.
Priesthood[edit]
Statuette of a Sumerian worshiper from the Early Dynastic Period, ca. 2800-2300 BC
Until the advent of the lugals, Sumerian city states were under a virtually theocratic government controlled by various En or Ensí, who served as the high priests of the cults of the city gods. (Their female equivalents were known as Nin.) Priests were responsible for continuing the cultural and religious traditions of their city-state, and were viewed as mediators between humans and the cosmic and terrestrial forces. The priesthood resided full-time in temple complexes, and administered matters of state including the large irrigation processes necessary for the civilization’s survival.
Ceremony[edit]
During the Third Dynasty of Ur, the Sumerian city-state of Lagash was said to have had sixty-two "lamentation priests" who were accompanied by 180 vocalists and instrumentalists.
Cosmology[edit]
The Sumerians envisioned the universe as a closed dome surrounded by a primordial saltwater sea.[5] Underneath the terrestrial earth, which formed the base of the dome, existed an underworld and a freshwater ocean called the Apsû. The deity of the dome-shaped firmament was named An; that of the earth was named Ki. First the underground world was believed to be an extension of the goddess Ki, but later developed into the concept of Kur. The primordial saltwater sea was named Nammu, who became known as Tiamat during and after the Sumerian Renaissance.
Creation story[edit]
Main article: Sumerian creation myth
The main source of information about the Sumerian creation myth is the prologue to the epic poem Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld,[6]:30–33 which briefly describes the process of creation: originally, there was only Nammu, the primeval sea.[6]:37–40 Then, Nammu gave birth to An, the sky, and Ki, the earth.[6]:37–40 An and Ki mated with each other, causing Ki to give birth to Enlil, the god of wind, rain, and storm.[6]:37–40 Enlil separated An from Ki and carried off the earth as his domain, while An carried off the sky.[6]:37–41
Heaven[edit]
The ancient Mesopotamians regarded the sky as a series of domes (usually three, but sometimes seven) covering the flat earth.[7]:180 Each dome was made of a different kind of precious stone.[7]:203 The lowest dome of heaven was made of jasper and was the home of the stars.[8] The middle dome of heaven was made of saggilmut stone and was the abode of the Igigi.[8] The highest and outermost dome of heaven was made of luludānītu stone and was personified as An, the god of the sky.[9][8] The celestial bodies were equated with specific deities as well.[7]:203 The planet Venus was believed to be Inanna, the goddess of love, sex, and war.[10]:108–109[7]:203 The sun was her brother Utu, the god of justice,[7]:203 and the moon was their father Nanna.[7]:203 Ordinary mortals could not go to heaven because it was the abode of the gods alone.[11] Instead, after a person died, his or her soul went to Kur (later known as Irkalla), a dark shadowy underworld, located deep below the surface of the earth.[11][12]
Afterlife[edit]
Ancient Sumerian cylinder seal impression showing the god Dumuzid being tortured in the Underworld by galla demons
The Sumerian afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground,[12] where inhabitants were believed to continue "a shadowy version of life on earth".[12] This bleak domain was known as Kur,[10]:114 and was believed to be ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal.[12][7]:184 All souls went to the same afterlife,[12] and a person's actions during life had no affect on how the person would be treated in the world to come.[12] Nonetheless, funerary evidence indicates that some people believed that the goddess Inanna, Ereshkigal's younger sister, had the power to award her devotees with special favors in the afterlife.[12][13]
The entrance to Kur was believed to be located in the Zagros mountains in the far east.[10]:114 It had seven gates, through which a soul needed to pass.[12] The god Neti was the gatekeeper.[7]:184[10]:86 Ereshkigal's sukkal, or messenger, was the god Namtar.[10]:134[7]:184 Galla were a class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld;[10]:85 their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur.[10]:85 They are frequently referenced in magical texts,[10]:85–86 and some texts describe them as being seven in number.[10]:85–86 Several extant poems describe the galla dragging the god Dumuzid into the underworld.[10]:86 The later Mesopotamians knew this underworld by its East Semitic name: Irkalla. During the Akkadian Period, Ereshkigal's role as the ruler of the underworld was assigned to Nergal, the god of death.[12][7]:184 The Akkadians attempted to harmonize this dual rulership of the underworld by making Nergal Ereshkigal's husband.[12]
Pantheon[edit]
Development[edit]
It is generally agreed that Sumerian civilization began at some point between c. 4500 and 4000 BC, but the earliest historical records only date to around 2900 BC.[14] The Sumerians originally practiced a polytheistic religion, with anthropomorphic deities representing cosmic and terrestrial forces in their world.[7]:178–179 The earliest Sumerian literature of the third millennium BC identifies four primary deities: An, Enlil, Ninhursag, and Enki. These early deities were believed to occasionally behave mischievously towards each other, but were generally viewed as being involved in co-operative creative ordering.[15]
During the middle of the third millennium BC, Sumerian society became more urbanized.[7]:178–179 As a result of this, Sumerian deities began to lose their original associations with nature and became the patrons of various cities.[7]:179 Each Sumerian city-state had its own specific patron deity,[7]:179 who was believed to protect the city and defend its interests.[7]:179 Lists of large numbers of Sumerian deities have been found. Their order of importance and the relationships between the deities has been examined during the study of cuneiform tablets.[16]
During the late 2000s BC, the Sumerians were conquered by the Akkadians.[7]:179 The Akkadians syncretized their own gods with the Sumerian ones,[7]:179 causing Sumerian religion to take on a Semitic coloration.[7]:179 Male deities became dominant[7]:179 and the gods completely lost their original associations with natural phenomena.[7]:179–180 People began to view the gods as living in a feudal society with class structure.[7]:179–181 Powerful deities such as Enki and Inanna became seen as receiving their power from the chief god Enlil.[7]:179–180
Major deities[edit]
Akkadian cylinder seal from sometime around 2300 BC or thereabouts depicting the deities Inanna, Utu, Enki, and Isimud[6]:32–33
The majority of Sumerian deities belonged to a classification called the Anunna (“[offspring] of An”), whereas seven deities, including Enlil and Inanna, belonged to a group of “underworld judges" known as the Anunnaki (“[offspring] of An” + Ki). During the Third Dynasty of Ur, the Sumerian pantheon was said to include sixty times sixty (3600) deities.[7]:182
Primeval deities[edit]
Nammu was the primeval sea (Engur), who gave birth to An (heaven) and Ki (earth) and the first deities; she eventually became known as the goddess Tiamat. An was the ancient Sumerian god of the heavens. He was the ancestor of all the other major deities[17] and the original patron deity of Uruk.
Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta[edit]
Enlil was the god of air, wind, and storm.[18]:108 He was also the chief god of the Sumerian pantheon[18]:108[19]:115–121 and the patron deity of the city of Nippur.[20]:58[21]:231–234 His primary consort was Ninlil, the goddess of the south wind,[22]:106 who was one of the matron deities of Nippur and was believed to reside in the same temple as Enlil.[23] Ninurta was the son of Enlil and Ninlil. He was worshipped as the god of war, agriculture, and one of the Sumerian wind gods. He was the patron deity of Girsu and one of the patron deities of Lagash.
Enki and Ninhursag[edit]
Enki was god of freshwater, male fertility, and knowledge.[10]:75 His most important cult center was the E-abzu temple in the city of Eridu.[10]:75 He was the patron and creator of humanity[10]:75 and the sponsor of human culture.[10]:75 His primary consort was Ninhursag, the Sumerian goddess of the earth.[10]:140 Ninhursag was worshipped in the cities of Kesh and Adab.[10]:140
Inanna[edit]
Ancient Akkadian cylinder seal depicting Inanna resting her foot on the back of a lion while Ninshubur stands in front of her paying obeisance, c. 2334-2154 BC.[24]:92, 193
Main article: Inanna
Inanna was the Sumerian goddess of love, sexuality, prostitution, and war.[10]:109 She was the divine personification of the planet Venus, the morning and evening star.[10]:108–109 Her main cult center was the Eanna temple in Uruk, which had been originally dedicated to An. Deified kings may have re-enacted the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid with priestesses.[10]:151, 157–158 Accounts of her parentage vary;[10]:108 in most myths, she is usually presented as the daughter of Nanna and Ningal,[24]:ix-xi, xvi but, in other stories, she is the daughter of Enki or An along with an unknown mother.[10]:108 The Sumerians had more myths about her than any other deity.[24]:xiii, xv[6]:101 Many of the myths involving her revolve around her attempts to usurp control of the other deities' domains.[25]
Netherworld deities[edit]
Ereshkigal was the goddess of the Sumerian Underworld, which was known as Kur.[7]:184 She was Inanna's older sister.[26] In later myth, her husband was the god Nergal.[7]:184 The gatekeeper of the underworld was the god Neti.[7]:184
Celestial deities[edit]
Utu was god of the sun, whose primary center of worship was the E-babbar temple in Sippar.[27] Utu was principally regarded as a dispenser of justice;[7]:184 he was believed to protect the righteous and punish the wicked.[7]:184 Nanna was god of the moon and of wisdom. He was the father of Utu and one of the patron deities of Ur.[28] He may have also been the father of Inanna and Ereshkigal. Ningal was the wife of Nanna,[29] as well as the mother of Utu, Inanna, and Ereshkigal.
Legacy[edit]
Ninurta portrayed with an eagle head, c. 860 BC, Temple of Ninurta, Nimrud
Akkadians[edit]
The Sumerians had an ongoing linguistic and cultural exchange with the Semitic Akkadian peoples in northern Mesopotamia for generations prior to the usurpation of their territories by Sargon of Akkad in 2340 BC. Sumerian mythology and religious practices were rapidly integrated into Akkadian culture,[30] presumably blending with the original Akkadian belief systems that have been mostly lost to history. Sumerian deities developed Akkadian counterparts. Some remained virtually the same until later Babylonian and Assyrian rule. The Sumerian god An, for example, developed the Akkadian counterpart Anu; the Sumerian god Enki became Ea. The gods Ninurta and Enlil kept their original Sumerian names.[citation needed]
Babylonians[edit]
The Amorite Babylonians gained dominance over southern Mesopotamia by the mid-17th century BC. During the Old Babylonian Period, the Sumerian and Akkadian languages were retained for religious purposes; the majority of Sumerian mythological literature known to historians today comes from the Old Babylonian Period,[2] either in the form of transcribed Sumerian texts (most notably the Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh) or in the form of Sumerian and Akkadian influences within Babylonian mythological literature (most notably the Enûma Eliš). The Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon was altered, most notably with the introduction of a new supreme deity, Marduk. The Sumerian goddess Inanna also developed the counterpart Ishtar during the Old Babylonian Period.
Hurrians[edit]
Main article: Hurrians
The Hurrians adopted the Akkadian god Anu into their pantheon sometime no later than 1200 BC. Other Sumerian and Akkadian deities adapted into the Hurrian pantheon include Ayas, the Hurrian counterpart to Ea; Shaushka, the Hurrian counterpart to Ishtar; and the goddess Ninlil,[31] whose mythos had been drastically expanded by the Babylonians.[citation needed]
Parallels[edit]
Some stories in Sumerian mythology bear strong similarities to the stories recorded in the older parts of the Hebrew Bible. For example, the biblical account of Noah and the Great Flood bears a striking resemblance to the Sumerian deluge myth, recorded in a Sumerian tablet discovered at Nippur.[32]:97–101 The Judaic underworld Sheol is very similar in description with the Sumerian Kur, ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal, as well as the Babylonian underworld Irkalla. Sumerian scholar Samuel Noah Kramer has also noted similarities between many Sumerian and Akkadian "proverbs" and the later Hebrew proverbs, many of which are featured in the Book of Proverbs.[33]:133–135
Sumerian myths suggest a prohibition against premarital sex.[34]:28 Marriages were often arranged by the parents of the bride and groom; engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets. These marriages became legal as soon as the groom delivered a bridal gift to his bride's father. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that premarital sex was a common, but surreptitious, occurrence.[1]:78
Genealogy of the Sumerian deities[edit]
An
Ninḫursaĝ
Enki
born to Namma
Ninkikurga
born to Namma
Nidaba
born to Uraš
Ḫaya
Ninsar
Ninlil
Enlil
Ninkurra
Ningal
maybe daughter of Enlil
Nanna Nergal
maybe son of Enki Ninurta
maybe born to Ninḫursaĝ
Baba
born to Uraš
Uttu Inanna
possibly also the daughter of Enki or the daughter of An
Dumuzid
maybe son of Enki Utu Ninkigal
married Nergal
Meškiaĝĝašer Lugalbanda
Ninsumun
Enmerkar Gilgāmeš
Urnungal
See also[edit]
Ancient Near East portal
Religions of the ancient Near East
Ancient Semitic religion
Babylonian religion
Mes
Mesopotamian mythology
Sumerian literature
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character (PDF). The Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45238-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sumerian Literature". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sumerian Lexicon" (PDF). John A. Halloran. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Inside a Sumerian Temple". The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship at Brigham Young University. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Jump up ^ "The Firmament and the Water Above" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal 53 (1991), 232-233. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961), Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1047-6
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Daily Life, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0313294976
^ Jump up to: a b c Lambert, W. G. (2016). George, A. R.; Oshima, T. M., eds. Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. Orientalische Religionen in der Antike. 15. Tuebingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-16-153674-8.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Kathryn (2013), "An/Anu (god): Mesopotamian sky-god, one of the supreme deities; known as An in Sumerian and Anu in Akkadian.", Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, University of Pennsylvania Museum
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, J. Edward (2000). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-19-513009-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Choksi, M. (2014), "Ancient Mesopotamian Beliefs in the Afterlife", Ancient History Encyclopedia, ancient.eu
Jump up ^ Barret, C. E. (2007). "Was dust their food and clay their bread?: Grave goods, the Mesopotamian afterlife, and the liminal role of Inana/Ištar". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 7 (1): 7–65. doi:10.1163/156921207781375123. ISSN 1569-2116.
Jump up ^ Bertman, Stephen (2003). Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia. Facts on File. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8160-4346-0.
Jump up ^ The Sources of the Old Testament: A Guide to the Religious Thought of the Old Testament in Context. Continuum International Publishing Group. 18 May 2004. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-567-08463-7. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ God in Translation: Deities in Cross-cultural Discourse in the Biblical World. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2010. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-0-8028-6433-8. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Brisch, Nicole. "Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods)". Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Coleman, J. A.; Davidson, George (2015), The Dictionary of Mythology: An A-Z of Themes, Legends, and Heroes, London, England: Arcturus Publishing Limited, p. 108, ISBN 978-1-78404-478-7
Jump up ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, British Institute at Ankara, 33, doi:10.2307/3642699
Jump up ^ Schneider, Tammi J. (2011), An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-8028-2959-7
Jump up ^ Hallo, William W. (1996), "Review: Enki and the Theology of Eridu", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 116 (2)
Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2006), The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0
Jump up ^ "An adab to Ninlil (Ninlil A)". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, ISBN 0-06-090854-8
Jump up ^ Vanstiphout, H. L. (1984). "Inanna/Ishtar as a Figure of Controversy". Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Work Group for the Study of the History of Religions. Berlin: Mouton Publishers. 31: 225–228. ISBN 90-279-3460-6.
Jump up ^ "Inana's descent to the nether world". The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Oxford University. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "A hymn to Utu (Utu B)". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ "A balbale to Suen (Nanna A)". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ "A balbale to Nanna (Nanna B)". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Mesopotamia: the Sumerians". Washington State University. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Hurrian Mythology REF 1.2". Christopher B. Siren. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1972). Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C (Originally published 1944 by American Philosophical Society. Revised 1961 by Harper & Row. Revised edition reprinted 1972 by U. Penn.)|format= requires |url= (help) (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812210476.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1956). From the Tablets of Sumer. The Falcon's Wing Press. ASIN B000S97EZ2.
Jump up ^ Launderville, Dale (2010). Celibacy in the Ancient World: Its Ideal and Practice in Pre-Hellenistic Israel, Mesopotamia, and Greece. Collegeville Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814656976.
External links[edit]
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, on Oracc
Sumerian Hymns from Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum at Project Gutenberg (Transcription of book from 1908)
[hide]
v
t
e
Sumerian mythology
Primordial beings
Abzu
An
Ki
Nammu
Primary deities
Enki
Enlil
Inanna
Nanna
Ninhursag
Utu
Other major deities
Anunnaki
Dumuzid the Shepherd
Ereshkigal
Geshtinanna
Gugalanna
Nergal
Nidaba
Ningal
Ninlil
Ninurta
Minor deities
Hushbishag
Isimud
Namtar
Neti
Ninkasi
Ninshubur
Uttu
Demons, spirits, and monsters
Asag
Anzû
Gallu
Huwawa
Utukku
Mortal heroes
Enkidu
Enmerkar
Etana
Gilgamesh
Lugalbanda
Ziusudra
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_religion&oldid=816234953"
Categories:
Mesopotamian mythology
3rd millennium BC in religion
Archaeology of Iraq
Polytheism
Sumer
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with format and no URL
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Чӑвашла
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Galego
한국어
Íslenska
Italiano
ქართული
Latina
Lietuvių
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 December 2017, at 03:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: td

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.5em 0.25em;

values: font-size: 105%; text-align: center; padding: 0.3em 0.3em 0.6em; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Tammuz_(deity)
mw-redirect
Tammuz (deity)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cdc8b8; font-size:120%

values:
/wiki/Hittite_mythology
mw-redirect
Hittite mythology

values: Template talk:Ancient Near East mythology

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia
mw-redirect
Ancient Mesopotamia

values:
/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology
mw-redirect
Mesopotamian mythology

values:
/wiki/Sumerian_architecture
mw-redirect
Sumerian architecture

values:
/wiki/Zagros_mountains
mw-redirect
Zagros mountains

values:
/wiki/East_Semitic
mw-redirect
East Semitic

values:
/wiki/Feudal_society
mw-redirect
Feudal society

values:
/wiki/Class_structure
mw-redirect
Class structure

values:
/wiki/An_(mythology)
mw-redirect
An (mythology)

values: Edit section: Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta

values:
/wiki/Akkadian_language
mw-redirect
Akkadian language

values:
/wiki/Ea_(Babylonian_god)
mw-redirect
Ea (Babylonian god)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Deluge_myth#Sumerian
mw-redirect
Deluge myth

values: Edit section: Genealogy of the Sumerian deities

values: border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;

values: border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black

values: border-right:1px dashed black;border-bottom:1px dashed black

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sumerian.org/sumerian.pdf

values:
nofollow
http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/
external text

values: Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://www.ancient.eu/article/701/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2116

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642699

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3642699

values:
nofollow
external text
http://wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B000S97EZ2

values:
nofollow
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/
external text

values: Template talk:Sumerian mythology (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009

values: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sumerian_religion
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: أساطير سومرية – Arabic

values: Шумер халаплăхĕ – Chuvash

values: 수메르 종교 – Korean

values: შუმერული მითოლოგია – Georgian

values: シュメール神話 – Japanese

values: Шумеро-аккадская мифология – Russian

values: சுமேரியர்களின் மதம் – Tamil

values: Шумеро-аккадська міфологія – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sumerian_religion rootpage-Sumerian_religion skin-vector action-view