text:
Siberian tiger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Amur tiger" redirects here. For the leopard-cat subspecies, see Amur leopard cat.
Siberian tiger
Temporal range: Holocene
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Male at the Leipzig Zoological Garden
Female
Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Subspecies: P. t. tigris
Trinomial name
Panthera tigris tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the Siberian tiger (in red)
Synonyms[2]
formerly:
P. t. amurensis
P. t. altaica (Temminck, 1884)
P. t. coreensis
P. t. mandshurica
P. t. mikadoi
The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris),[3] also called Amur tiger, is a tiger population inhabiting mainly the Sikhote Alin mountain region in southwest Primorye Province in the Russian Far East. The Siberian tiger once ranged throughout Korea, Northeast China, Russian Far East, and eastern Mongolia. In 2005, there were 331–393 adult and subadult Siberian tigers in this region, with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals. The population had been stable for more than a decade due to intensive conservation efforts, but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the Russian tiger population was declining.[1] An initial census held in 2015 indicated that the Siberian tiger population had increased to 480–540 individuals in the Russian Far East, including 100 cubs.[4][5] This was followed up by a more detailed census which revealed there was a total population of 562 wild Siberian tigers in Russia.[6]
Results of a phylogeographic study comparing mitochondrial DNA from Caspian tigers and living tiger subspecies indicate that the common ancestor of the Siberian and Caspian tigers colonized Central Asia from eastern China, via the Gansu−Silk Road corridor, and then subsequently traversed Siberia eastward to establish the Amur tiger population in the Russian Far East.[7] The Caspian and Siberian tiger populations were the northernmost in mainland Asia.[8][9]
The Siberian tiger was also called Manchurian tiger, Korean tiger, and Ussurian tiger, depending on the region where individuals were observed.[10][8][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Body size
1.2 Skull
1.3 Fur and coat
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Ecology and behavior
3.1 Reproduction and life cycle
3.2 Feeding ecology
3.3 Interspecific predatory relationships
4 Taxonomic history
5 Genetic research
6 Threats
6.1 In the past
7 Conservation
7.1 Reintroduction ideas
7.2 In captivity
8 Attacks on humans
9 In culture
10 Gallery
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Captive tiger at Münster Zoo
The tiger is reddish-rusty, or rusty-yellow in colour, with narrow black transverse stripes. The body length is not less than 150 cm (60 in), condylobasal length of skull 250 mm (10 in), zygomatic width 180 mm (7 in), and length of upper carnassial tooth over 26 mm (1 in) long. It has an extended supple body standing on rather short legs with a fairly long tail.[9]
Body size[edit]
The Siberian tiger is considered to be the largest tiger.[12][13] In particular historical sources refer to large body sizes and weights of Siberian tigers. A wild male killed in Manchuria in the area of the Sungari River in 1943 reportedly measured 350 cm (140 in) "over the curves", equivalent to 330 cm (130 in) "between the pegs" with a tail length of about 1 m (39 in). It weighed about 300 kg (660 lb). Unconfirmed weights between 318 and 384 kg (701 and 847 lb) and even 408 kg (899 lb) have been stated in dubious sources.[14][15] An unconfirmed account refers to a male tiger shot in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains in 1950 allegedly weighing 384 kg (847 lb) with an estimated length of 3.48 m (11.4 ft). A captive Siberian tiger named "Jaipur" allegedly reached a body weight of up to 465 kg (1,025 lb).[16]
In the 1980s, the typical weight range of wild Siberian tigers was indicated as 180–306 kg (397–675 lb) for males and 100–167 kg (220–368 lb) for females.[8] Exceptionally large individuals were targeted and shot by hunters.[17]
In 2005, a group of Russian, American and Indian zoologists published an analysis of historical and contemporary data on body weights of wild and captive tigers, both female and male across all subspecies. The data used include weights of tigers that were older than 35 months and measured in the presence of authors. Their comparison with historical data indicates that up to the first half of the 20th century both male and female Siberian tigers were on average heavier than post-1970 ones. The average historical wild male Siberian tiger weighed 215.3 kg (475 lb) and the female 137.5 kg (303 lb); the contemporary wild male Siberian tiger weighs 176.4 kg (389 lb) on average with an asymptotic limit being 222.3 kg (490 lb); a wild female weighs 117.9 kg (260 lb) on average. Historical Siberian tigers and Bengal tigers were the largest ones, whereas contemporary Siberian tigers are on average lighter than Bengal tigers. The reduction of the body weight of today's Siberian tigers may be explained by concurrent causes, namely the reduced abundance of prey due to illegal hunting and that the individuals were usually sick or injured and captured in a conflict situation with people.[18]
Measurements taken by scientists of the Siberian Tiger Project in the Sikhote-Alin range from 178 to 208 cm (70 to 82 in) in head and body length measured in straight line, with an average of 195 cm (77 in) for males; and for females ranging from 167 to 182 cm (66 to 72 in) with an average of 174 cm (69 in). The average tail measures 99 cm (39 in) in males and 91 cm (36 in) in females. The longest male measured 309 cm (122 in) in total length including a tail of 101 cm (40 in) and with a chest girth of 127 cm (50 in). The longest female measured 270 cm (110 in) in total length including tail of 88 cm (35 in) and with a chest girth of 108 cm (43 in).[19] A male captured by members of the Siberian Tiger Project weighed 206 kg (454 lb), and the largest radio-collared male weighed 212 kg (467 lb).[20][21]
Skull[edit]
The skull of the Siberian tiger is characterized by its large size, and is similar to that of a lion. It differs in the structural features of the lower jaw and relative length of nasals. The facial region is very powerful and very broad in the region of the canines.[9] The skull prominences, especially sagittal crest and crista occipitalis are very high and strong in old males, and often much more massive than usually observed in the biggest skulls of Bengal tigers. The size variation in skulls of Siberian tigers ranges from 331 to 383 mm (13.0 to 15.1 in) in nine individuals measured. A female skull is always smaller and never as heavily built and robust as that of a male. The height of the sagittal crest in its middle part reaches as much as 27 mm (1.1 in), and in its posterior part up to 46 mm (1.8 in).[22]
Female skulls range from 279.7 to 310.2 mm (11.01 to 12.21 in). The skulls of male Caspian tigers from Turkestan had a maximum length of 297.0 to 365.8 mm (11.69 to 14.40 in), while that of females measured 195.7 to 255.5 mm (7.70 to 10.06 in). A tiger killed on the Sumbar River in Kopet-Dag in January 1954 had a greatest skull length of 385 mm (15.2 in), which is considerably more than the known maximum for this population and slightly exceeds that of most Siberian tigers. However, its condylobasal length was only 305 mm (12.0 in), smaller than those of the Siberian tigers, with a maximum recorded condylobasal length of 342 mm (13.5 in).[19] The biggest skull of a Siberian tiger from northeast China measured 406 mm (16.0 in) in length, which is about 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) more than the maximum skull lengths of tigers from the Amur region and northern India.[10]
Fur and coat[edit]
Cub at Pittsburgh Zoo, the United States of America
The ground colour of Siberian tigers' pelage is often very pale, especially in winter coat. However, variations within populations may be considerable. Individual variation is also found in form, length, and partly in colour, of the dark stripes, which have been described as being dark brown rather than black.[22]
The fur of the Siberian tiger is moderately thick, coarse and sparse compared to that of other felids living in the former Soviet Union. Compared to the now-extinct westernmost populations, the Far Eastern Siberian tiger's summer and winter coats contrast sharply with other subspecies. Generally, the coat of western populations was brighter and more uniform than that of the Far Eastern populations. The summer coat is coarse, while the winter coat is denser, longer, softer, and silkier. The winter fur often appears quite shaggy on the trunk, and is markedly longer on the head, almost covering the ears. Apart from that, Siberian and Caspian tigers had the thickest fur amongst tigers, given their occurrence in the more temperate parts of Eurasia.[9][8]
The whiskers and hair on the back of the head and the top of the neck are also greatly elongated. The background color of the winter coat is generally less bright and rusty compared to that of the summer coat. Due to the winter fur's greater length, the stripes appear broader with less defined outlines. The summer fur on the back is 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in) long, 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) along the top of the neck, 25–35 mm (0.98–1.38 in) on the abdomen, and 14–16 mm (0.55–0.63 in) on the tail. The winter fur on the back is 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in), 70–110 mm (2.8–4.3 in) on the top of the neck, 70–95 mm (2.8–3.7 in) on the throat, 60–100 mm (2.4–3.9 in) on the chest and 65–105 mm (2.6–4.1 in) on the abdomen. The whiskers are 90–115 mm (3.5–4.5 in).[9]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
A wild tiger at the Bastak Nature Reserve, Russian Far East
A tiger family depicted in a Korean scroll from the late 18th century
The Siberian tiger once inhabited much of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and other parts of north-eastern China, the eastern part of Siberia and the Russian Far East, perhaps as far west as Mongolia and the area of Lake Baikal, where the Caspian tiger also reportedly occurred.[9] The geographical range of Siberian tiger in the Russian Far East stretches south to north for almost 1,000 km (620 mi) the length of Primorsky Krai and into southern Khabarovsk Krai east and south of the Amur River. It also occurs within the Greater Xing'an Range, which crosses into Russia from China at several places in southwest Primorye. In both regions, peaks are generally 500 to 800 m (1,600 to 2,600 ft) above sea level, with only a few reaching 1,000 m (3,300 ft) or more. This region represents a merger zone of two bioregions: the East Asian coniferous-deciduous complex and the northern boreal complex, resulting in a mosaic of forest types that vary with elevation, topography, and history. Key habitats of the Siberian tiger are Korean pine broadleaf forests with a complex composition and structure.[23]
The faunal complex of the region is represented by a mixture of Asian and boreal life forms. The ungulate complex is represented by seven species, with Manchurian wapiti, Siberian roe deer, and wild boar being the most common throughout the Sikhote-Alin mountains but rare in higher altitude spruce-fir forests. Sika deer are restricted to the southern half of the Sikhote-Alin mountains. Siberian musk deer and Amur moose are associated with the conifer forests and are near the southern limits of their distribution in the central Sikhote-Alin mountains.[24]
The number of Amur tigers in China is estimated at 18–22. In 2005, there were 331–393 Amur tigers in the Russian Far East, comprising a breeding adult population of about 250, fewer than 100 likely to be sub-adults, more than 20 likely to be less than 3 years of age. More than 90% of the population occurs in the Sikhote Alin mountain region.[1] An unknown number of tigers survive in the reserve areas around Baekdu Mountain, on the border between China and North Korea, based on tracks and sightings.[11]
In April 2014, World Wide Fund for Nature personnel captured a video of a tigress with cubs in inland China.[25] In December 2015, tigers have been spotted in the Jilin Province of north-eastern China, a sign for expansion of Siberian tiger range in inland China. It is estimated that 27 tigers live in Jilin Province.[26]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
Siberian tigers are known to travel up to 1,000 km (620 mi), a distance that marks the exchange limit over ecologically unbroken country.[9]
In 1992 and 1993, the maximum total population density of the Sikhote-Alin tiger population was estimated at 0.62 tigers in 100 km2 (39 sq mi). The maximum adult population estimated in 1993 reached 0.3 tigers in 100 km2 (39 sq mi), with a sex ratio of averaging 2.4 females per male. These density values were much lower than what had been reported for other subspecies at the time.[27]
In 2004, dramatic changes in land tenure, density, and reproductive output in the core area of the Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik Siberian Tiger Project were detected, suggesting that when tigers are well protected from human-induced mortality for long periods, the density of female adults may increase dramatically. When more adult females survived, the mothers shared their territories with their daughters once the daughters reached maturity. By 2007, density of tigers was estimated at 0.8±0.4 tigers in 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in the southern part of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik, and 0.6±0.3 tigers in 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in the central part of the protected area.[28]
Reproduction and life cycle[edit]
A tigress with a cub at Buffalo Zoo
Siberian tigers mate at any time of the year. A female signals her receptiveness by leaving urine deposits and scratch marks on trees. She will spend 5 or 6 days with the male, during which she is receptive for three days. Gestation lasts from 3 to 3½ months. Litter size is normally two or four cubs but there can be as many as six. The cubs are born blind in a sheltered den and are left alone when the female leaves to hunt for food. Cubs are divided equally between sexes at birth. However, by adulthood there are usually two to four females for every male. The female cubs remain with their mothers longer, and later they establish territories close to their original ranges. Males, on the other hand, travel unaccompanied and range farther earlier in their lives, making them more vulnerable to poachers and other tigers.[29]
However, Wildlife Conservation Society camera trapped an adult male and female Siberian tiger with three cubs.[30]
At 35 months of age, tigers are subadults. Males reach sexual maturity at the age of 48 to 60 months.[31][32]
The average lifespan for Siberian tigers ranges from 16–18 years. Wild individuals tend to live between 10–15 years, while in captivity individuals may live up to 25 years.[33][34]
Feeding ecology[edit]
A diorama from the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano showing a sika deer chased by a tiger
Prey species of the tiger include Manchurian wapiti, Siberian musk deer, long-tailed goral, moose, Siberian roe deer, Manchurian sika deer, wild boar, even sometimes small size Asian black bear and Ussuri brown bear. Siberian tigers also take smaller species like hares, rabbits, pikas and salmon as food.[14][23][35]
Between January 1992 and November 1994, 11 tigers were captured, fitted with radio-collars and monitored for more than 15 months in the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range. Results of this study indicate that their distribution is closely associated with distribution of wapiti, while distribution of wild boar was not such a strong predictor for tiger distribution. Although they prey on both Siberian roe deer and sika deer, overlap of these ungulates with tigers was low. Distribution of moose was poorly associated with tiger distribution. The distribution of preferred habitat of key prey species was an accurate predictor of tiger distribution.[23]
Results of a three-year study on Siberian tigers indicate that the mean interval between their kills and estimated prey consumption varied across seasons: during 2009 to 2012, three adult tigers killed prey every 7.4 days in summer and consumed a daily average of 7.89 kg (17.4 lb); in winter they killed more large-bodied prey, made kills every 5.7 days and consumed a daily average of 10.3 kg (23 lb).[36]
When all sizes of prey are abundant, Siberian tigers prefer to target smaller prey.
Interspecific predatory relationships[edit]
Taxidermy exhibit portraying a tiger fighting a brown bear, Vladivostok Museum
Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, more than 32 cases[quantify] of Amur tigers attacking both brown and Asian black bears were recorded in the Russian Far East, and hair of bears were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack Asian black bears less often than brown bears, as latter live in more open habitat and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female and young tigers were reported, both in disputes over prey and in self-defense. Tigers can tackle bears larger than themselves, using an ambushing tactic and jumping onto the bear from an overhead position, grabbing it by the chin with one fore paw and by the throat with the other, and then killing it with a bite in the spinal column.[citation needed] Tigers mainly feed on the bear's fat deposits, such as the back, hams, and groin.[9]
Amur tigers regularly prey on young bears and sub-adult brown bears. Reports of preying on fully grown small female adult Ussuri brown bears by a big male tiger are common as well.[17][35] Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002.[37] Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller Asian black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet,[38] of which 1.4% are brown bears.[38][39] Certain tigers have been reported to imitate the calls of Asian black bears to attract them.[40]
The effect the presence of tigers has on brown bear behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970–1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks.[41] Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers.[9][38] Despite the threat of predation, some brown bears actually benefit from the presence of tigers by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves.[38] Brown bears generally prefer to contest the much smaller female tigers.[42] During telemetry research in the Sikhote-Alin protected area, 44 direct confrontations between bears and tigers were observed, in which bears in general were killed in 22 cases, and tigers in 12 cases.[43] There are reports of brown bears specifically targeting Amur leopards and tigers to abstract their prey. In the Sikhote-Alin reserve, 35% of tiger kills were stolen by bears, with tigers either departing entirely or leaving part of the kill for the bear.[44] Some studies show that bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger. A report from 1973 describes twelve known cases of brown bears killing tigers, including adult males; in all cases the tigers were subsequently eaten by the bears.[45][46]
The relationship between the Amur tiger and the brown and Himalayan bear is not specifically studied. Numerous publications on these species there are mainly episodic and survey data on this issue are collected by different authors in selected areas which do not give a complete picture of the nature.[38]
Tigers depress wolves' numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human pressure decreases tiger numbers. In areas where wolves and tigers share ranges, the two species typically display a great deal of dietary overlap, resulting in intense competition. Wolf and tiger interactions are well documented in Sikhote-Alin, where until the beginning of the 20th century, very few wolves were sighted. Wolf numbers may have increased in the region after tigers were largely eliminated during the Russian colonization in the late 19th century and early 20th century. This is corroborated by native inhabitants of the region claiming that they had no memory of wolves inhabiting Sikhote-Alin until the 1930s, when tiger numbers decreased. Today, wolves are considered scarce in tiger habitat, being found in scattered pockets, and usually seen travelling as loners or in small groups. First hand accounts on interactions between the two species indicate that tigers occasionally chase wolves from their kills, while wolves will scavenge from tiger kills. Tigers are not known to prey on wolves, though there are four records of tigers killing wolves without consuming them.[47] Tigers recently released are also said to hunt wolves.[48]
This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling wolf numbers.[49]
Siberian tigers also compete with the Eurasian lynx and may occasionally kill and eat them. Eurasian lynx remains have been found in the stomach contents of Siberian tigers in Russia.[50] In March, 2014, a dead lynx was discovered in Bastak Nature Reserve by park workers of the Wildlife Conservation Society that bore evidence of predation by a Siberian tiger. The lynx had apparently been ambushed, pursued, and killed by the tiger but only partially consumed, which indicates that the tiger might have been more intent on eliminating a competitor than on catching prey. This incident marks one of the first documented cases of predation of a lynx by a tiger.[51]
Taxonomic history[edit]
Following Carl Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger specimen were described and proposed as subspecies, of which eight were recognised as valid in 2005.[2] In 1844, Coenraad Jacob Temminck described a specimen from the Pisihan Mountains in northern Korea under the trinomen Felis tigris altaica.[52]
The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on basis of fur length and coloration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly in Sundaland.[53] In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations.[54]
In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes all the tiger populations in mainland Asia as P. t. tigris.[3]
Genetic research[edit]
Several reports have been published since the 1990s on the genetic makeup of the Siberian tiger and its relationship to other subspecies. One of the most important outcomes has been the discovery of low genetic variability in the wild population, especially when it comes to maternal or mitochondrial DNA lineages.[55] It seems that a single mtDNA haplotype almost completely dominates the maternal lineages of wild Siberian tigers. On the other hand, captive tigers appear to show higher mtDNA diversity. This may suggest that the subspecies has experienced a very recent genetic bottleneck caused by human pressure, with the founders of the captive population being captured when genetic variability was higher in the wild.[56][57]
At the start of the 21st century, researchers from the University of Oxford, U.S. National Cancer Institute and Hebrew University of Jerusalem collected tissue samples from 20 of 23 Caspian tiger specimens kept in museums across Eurasia. They sequenced at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes and found a low amount of variability of the mitochondrial DNA in Caspian tigers as compared to other tiger subspecies. They re-assessed the phylogenetic relationships of tiger subspecies and observed a remarkable similarity between Caspian and Siberian tigers indicating that the Siberian tiger is the genetically closest living relative of the Caspian tiger, which strongly implies a very recent common ancestry. Based on phylogeographic analysis they suggested that the ancestor of Caspian and Siberian tigers colonized Central Asia via the Gansu−Silk Road region from eastern China, less than 10,000 years ago, and subsequently traversed eastward to establish the Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East. The events of the Industrial Revolution may have been the critical factor in the reciprocal isolation of Caspian and Siberian tigers from what was likely a single contiguous population.[7]
Samples of 95 wild Amur tigers were collected throughout their native range to investigate questions relative to population genetic structure and demographic history. Additionally, targeted individuals from the North American ex situ population were sampled to assess the genetic representation found in captivity. Population genetic and Bayesian structure analyses clearly identified two populations separated by a development corridor in Russia. Despite their well-documented 20th century decline, the researchers failed to find evidence of a recent population bottleneck, although genetic signatures of a historical contraction were detected. This disparity in signal may be due to several reasons, including historical paucity in population genetic variation associated with postglacial colonization and potential gene flow from a now extirpated Chinese population. The extent and distribution of genetic variation in captive and wild populations were similar, yet gene variants persisted ex situ that were lost in situ. Overall, their results indicate the need to secure ecological connectivity between the two Russian populations to minimize loss of genetic diversity and overall susceptibility to stochastic events, and support a previous study suggesting that the captive population may be a reservoir of gene variants lost in situ.[58]
Managers will be able to selectively breed to help preserve the unique and rare gene variants. This variation may be used to re-infuse the wild population sometime in the future if reintroduction strategies are deemed warranted.[59]
In 2013 the whole genome of the Siberian tiger was sequenced and published.[60]
Threats[edit]
A broad genetic sampling of 95 wild Russian tigers found markedly low genetic diversity, with the effective population size extraordinarily low in comparison to the census population size, with the population behaving as if it were just 27–35 individuals. Further exacerbating the problem is that more than 90% of the population occurs in the Sikhote Alin mountain region, and there is little movement of tigers across the development corridor, which separates this sub-population from the much smaller sub-population found in southwest Primorye province.[58]
The winter of 2006–2007 was marked by heavy poaching.[28] Poaching of tigers and their wild prey species is considered to be driving the decline, although heavy snows in the winter of 2009 could have biased the data.[1]
In the past[edit]
In the early years of the Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War, both Red and White armies based in Vladivostok nearly wiped out the local Siberian tigers. In 1935, when the Chinese Beiyang Army was driven back across the Amur and the Ussuri, the tigers had already withdrawn from their northern and western range. The few that remained in the Greater Xing'an Range were cut off from the main population by the building of railroads. Within a few years, the last viable Siberian tiger population in Russia was confined to Ussuriland. At this time it was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 remaining animals in the wild. Legal tiger hunting within the Soviet Union continued until 1947 when it was officially prohibited. Under the Soviet Union, anti-poaching controls were strict and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a rise in the population to several hundred. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, illegal deforestation and bribery of park rangers made the poaching of Siberian tigers easier. Local hunters had access to a formerly sealed off lucrative Chinese market and this once again put the subspecies at risk of extinction.[29] While improvement in the local economy has led to greater resources being invested in conservation efforts, an increase in economic activity has led to an increased rate of development and deforestation. The major obstacle in preserving the species is the enormous territory individual tigers require (up to 450 km2 is needed by a single female and more for a single male).[61]
The Siberian tiger was once common in the Korean Peninsula. However, the tigers in Korea were hunted into extinction by the Japanese during the Japanese occupation. The last Siberian tiger in South Korea was killed in 1922.[citation needed] Heat sensing camera traps set up in the Demilitarized Zone in South Korea did not record any tigers.[9][62]
Conservation[edit]
Tiger cubs caught alive by Russian hunters in Primorye, 1952/53
A tiger at the Rehabilitation and Reintroduction Center for Amur (Siberian) Tigers in the village of Alekseevka, Primorsky Krai, Russia
Play media
Three orphaned Siberian tigers rescued after their mothers were killed by poachers are released back to the wild in Russia
Tigers are included on CITES Appendix I, banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.[63] At the 14th Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2007, stronger enforcement measures were called for, as well as an end to tiger farming.[64]
In 1992, the Siberian Tiger Project was founded, with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the ecology of the Amur tiger and the role of tigers in the Russian Far East through scientific studies. By capturing and outfitting tigers with radio collars, their social structure, land use patterns, food habits, reproduction, mortality patterns and their relation with other inhabitants of the ecosystem, including humans is studied. These data compilations will hopefully contribute toward minimizing poaching threats due to traditional hunting. The Siberian Tiger Project has been productive in increasing local capacity to address human-tiger conflict with a Tiger Response Team, part of the Russian government’s Inspection Tiger, which responds to all tiger-human conflicts; by continuing to enhance the large database on tiger ecology and conservation with the goal of creating a comprehensive Siberian tiger conservation plan; and training the next generation of Russian conservation biologists.[65]
In August 2010, China and Russia agreed to enhance conservation and cooperation in protected areas in a transboundary area for Amur tigers. China has undertaken a series of public awareness campaigns including celebration of the first Global Tiger Day in July 2010, and International Forum on Tiger Conservation and Tiger Culture and China 2010 Hunchun Amur Tiger Culture Festival in August 2010.[66]
In December 2010, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS Russia) and Phoenix Fund initiated a project in co-operation with the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) to improve the protection of tigers and prey species in four key-protected areas, namely Lavovsky Nature Reserve, Sikhote Alin Nature Reserve, Zov Tigra National Park and Kedrovaya Pad - Leopardovii Protected Area. The project consists of the following components.
monitoring patrol routes and law enforcement results with the patrol monitoring system MIST which is based on GIS-technique
support for patrol teams (fuel, spare parts, maintenance for vehicles and ranger outfits)
bonuses for patrol teams that perform well
The first project results indicate a success. Patrol efforts (measured by total time spent on patrols and distance of foot patrols) in the two protected areas where the project started first (Kedrovaya Pad - Leopardovii and Lazovsky protected areas) have increased substantially. This was established by comparing the patrol data of the 1st quarter of 2011 with the 1st quarter of 2012. Patrol law enforcement results (confiscated fire arms, citations for poaching and other violations as well as fines) have also increased markedly (this was established by comparing the results of the two protected areas in 2011 to previous years).[citation needed]
Reintroduction ideas[edit]
Further information: Reintroduction, Species translocation, and Siberian Tiger Introduction Project
Inspired by findings that the Amur tiger is the closest relative of the Caspian tiger, there has been discussion whether the Amur tiger could be an appropriate subspecies for reintroduction into a safe place in Central Asia. The Amu-Darya Delta was suggested as a potential site for such a project. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5000 km2 (1930 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not presently available in the Delta, and so cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage of development.[67]
A second possible introduction site in Kazakhstan is the Ili River delta at the southern edge of Lake Balkhash. The delta is situated between the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert and the Taukum Desert and forms a large wetland of about 8000 square kilometres. Until 1948, the delta was a refuge of the extinct Caspian tiger. Reintroduction of the Siberian tiger to the delta has been proposed. Large populations of wild boar, which were a main prey base of the Turanian tiger, can be still found in the swamps of the delta. The reintroduction of the Bukhara deer, which was once an important prey item is under consideration. The Ili delta is therefore considered as a suitable site for introduction.[68]
In 2010, Russia exchanged two captive Amur tigers for Persian leopards with the Iranian government, as conservation groups of both countries agreed on reintroducing these animals into the wild within the next five years. This issue is controversial since only 30% of such releases have been successful. In addition, as mentioned by Bahram Kiabi, a Professor of Ecology at Shahid Beheshti University, the Siberian tiger is not genetically identical to the Caspian tiger of Persia, but similar.[7] Another difference between the Siberian and Persian tigers is climatic, with the latter's country having higher temperatures than that of its Siberian relative, and environmental expert Kambiz Bahram Soltani warned that introducing exotic species into a new habitat could inflict irreversible and unknown damage.[69] In December 2010, one of the tigers exchanged died in Eram Zoo in Tehran.[70] Nevertheless, the project has its defenders, and Iran has had successful reintroductions of the Persian wild ass and East Azerbaijan red deer.[69]
Future re-introduction is planned as part of the rewilding project at Pleistocene Park in the Kolyma River basin in northern Yakutia, Russia, provided the herbivore population has reached a size warranting the introduction of large predators.[71][72][73]
In captivity[edit]
A tigress with cub in captivity in Amersfoort, the Netherlands
The large, distinctive and powerful cats are popular zoo exhibits. The Siberian tiger is bred under the auspices of the Species Survival Plan (SSP), in a project based on 83 tigers captured in the wild. According to most experts, this population is large enough to stay stable and genetically healthy. Today, approximately 160 Siberian tigers participate in the SSP, which makes it the most extensively bred tiger subspecies within the program. Developed in 1982, the Species Survival Plan for the Siberian tiger is the longest running program for a tiger subspecies. It has been very fortunate and productive, and the breeding program for the Siberian tiger has actually been used as a good example when new programs have been designed to save other animal species from extinction.[citation needed]
Tiger at Lincoln Park Zoo
The Siberian tiger population in the framework of the European Endangered Species Programme numbers about 230 individuals, including wild-caught founders.[citation needed]
In recent years, captive breeding of tigers in China has accelerated to the point where the captive population of several tiger subspecies exceeds 4,000 animals. Three thousand specimens are reportedly held by 10–20 "significant" facilities, with the remainder scattered among some 200 facilities. This makes China home to the second largest captive tiger population in the world, after the US, which in 2005 had an estimated 4,692 captive tigers.[74] In a census conducted by the US based Feline Conservation Federation, 2,884 tigers were documented as residing in 468 American facilities.[75]
In 1986, the Chinese government established the world's largest Siberian tiger breeding base, that is Heilongjiang Northeast Tiger Forest Park (Chinese: 黑龙江 东北 虎 林 园),[76] and was meant to build a Siberian tiger gene pool to ensure the genetic diversity of these tigers. Liu Dan, Chief Engineer of the Heilongjiang Northeast Tiger Forest Park, introduced a measure such that the Park and its existing tiger population would be further divided into two parts, one as the protective species for genetic management and the other as the ornamental species. It was discovered that when the Heilongjiang Northeast Tiger Forest Park was founded it had only 8 tigers, but according to the current breeding rate of tigers at the park, the worldwide number of wild Siberian tigers will break through 1,000 in late 2010.[77]
South Korea expected to receive three tigers pledged for donation in 2009 by Russia in 2011.[78][79] South Korea may be able to rebuild a home for tigers.[80]
Attacks on humans[edit]
See also: Tiger attack
A sign warning people about the tiger. It says Caution! Tigers (Russian: Осторожно! Tигры Pядoм!).
The Siberian tiger very rarely becomes a man-eater.[9][29] Numerous cases of attacks on humans were recorded in the 19th century, occurring usually in central Asia excluding Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and the Far East. Siberian tigers were historically rarely considered dangerous unless provoked, though in the lower reaches of the Syr-Darya, a tiger reportedly killed a woman collecting firewood and an unarmed military officer in the June period whilst passing through reed thickets. Attacks on shepherds were recorded in the lower reaches of Ili. In the Far East, during the middle and third quarter of the 19th century, attacks on people were recorded. In 1867 on the Tsymukha River, tigers killed 21 men and injured 6 others. In China's Jilin Province, tigers reportedly attacked woodsmen and coachmen, and occasionally entered cabins and dragged out both adults and children.[9]
According to the Japanese Police Bureau in Korea, a tiger killed only one human, whereas leopards killed three, wild boars four and wolves 48 in 1928.[81] Only six cases were recorded in 20th century Russia of unprovoked attacks leading to man-eating behaviour. Provoked attacks are however more common, usually the result of botched attempts at capturing them.[29]
In December 1997, an injured Amur tiger attacked, killed and consumed two people. Both attacks occurred in the Bikin River valley. The anti-poaching task force Inspection Tiger investigated both deaths, tracked down and killed the tiger.[82]
In January 2002, a man was attacked by a Siberian tiger on a remote mountain road near Hunchun in Jilin Province, China, near the borders of Russia and North Korea. He suffered compound fractures but managed to survive. When he sought medical attention, his story raised suspicions as Siberian tigers seldom attack humans. An investigation of the attack scene revealed that raw venison carried by the man was left untouched by the tiger. Officials suspected the man to be a poacher who provoked the attack.[83] The following morning, tiger sightings were reported by locals along the same road, and a local TV station did an on-site coverage. The group found tiger tracks and blood spoor in the snow at the attack scene and followed them for approximately 2,500 meters, hoping to catch a glimpse of the animal. Soon, the tiger was seen ambling slowly ahead of them. As the team tried to get closer for a better camera view, the tiger suddenly turned and charged, causing the four to flee in panic.[84] About an hour after that encounter, the tiger attacked and killed a 26-year-old woman on the same road.[85] Authorities retrieved the body with the help of a bulldozer. By then, the tiger was found lying 20 meters away, weak and barely alive.[86] It was successfully tranquilized and taken for examination, which revealed that the tiger was anemic and gravely injured by a poacher’s snare around its neck, with the steel wire cutting deeply down to the vertebrae, severing both trachea and esophagus. Despite extensive surgery by a team of veterinarians, the tiger died of wound infection.[87][88] Subsequent investigation of the first attack revealed that the first victim was a poacher who set multiple snares that caught both the tiger and a deer.[89] The man was later charged for poaching and harming endangered species. He served two years in prison.[90] After being released from prison, he worked in clearing the forest of old snares.[91]
In an incident at the San Francisco Zoo in December 2007, a Siberian tiger escaped and killed a visitor, and injured two others. The animal was shot by the police. The zoo was widely criticized for maintaining only a 12.5 ft (3.8 m) fence around the tiger enclosure, while the international standard is 16 ft (4.9 m). The zoo subsequently erected a taller barrier topped by an electric fence. One of the victims admitted to taunting the animal.[92]
Zookeepers in Anhui province and the cities of Shanghai and Shenzhen were attacked and killed in 2010.[93]
In January 2011, a Siberian tiger attacked and killed a tour bus driver at a breeding park in Heilongjiang province. Park officials reported that the bus driver violated safety guidelines by leaving the vehicle to check on the condition of the bus.[94]
In September 2013, a Siberian tiger mauled a zookeeper to death at a zoo in western Germany after the worker forgot to lock a cage door during feeding time.[95]
In culture[edit]
The tiger in the heraldic arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia
The Tungusic people considered the Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as "Grandfather" or "Old man". The Udege and Nanai called it "Amba". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as Hu Lin, the king.[29] Since the tiger has a mark on its foreheads that looks like a Chinese character for 'King' (Chinese: 王; pinyin: Wáng), or a similar character meaning "Great Emperor", it is revered for this by people, including the Udekheits and Chinese.[9] The most elite unit of the Chinese Imperial Army in the Manchu Qing Dynasty was called "Hu Shen Ying", literally "The Tiger God Battalion".
The Siberian tiger is the national animal of South Korea. Hodori, the mascot of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, is a Siberian tiger. The tiger is also used as a charge in heraldry and is the national animal of Korea.
Vitaly, one of the supporting characters in the 2012 DreamWorks Animation film Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted is a Siberian tiger who speaks with a Russian accent, voiced by Bryan Cranston.
Gallery[edit]
Black-and-white photographs of skins of Amur tigers (Pages 132 – 134, Figures 55 – 57), compared to those of their Turanian relatives (Page 142, Figure 59), collected by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. and the Zoological Museum of Moscow University:[9]
See also[edit]
Wildlife of China
Wildlife of Korea
Wildlife of Russia
Altai Mountains
Amur and Timur
Bergmann's rule
Bornean tiger
Physical comparison of tigers and lions
Tatiana the Tiger
Tiger and bear in Korean literature
Tiger versus lion
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Miquelle, D., Darman, Y. & Seryodkin, I. (2011). "Panthera tigris ssp. altaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T15956A5333650.en
^ Jump up to: a b Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b Kitchener, A. C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting A., Yamaguchi, N., Abramov, A. V., Christiansen, P., Driscoll, C., Duckworth, J. W., Johnson, W., Luo, S.-J., Meijaard, E., O’Donoghue, P., Sanderson, J., Seymour, K., Bruford, M., Groves, C., Hoffmann, M., Nowell, K., Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ WWF Russia (2015). "Russia Announce Tiger Census Results!". tigers.panda.org. Worldwide Fund for Nature. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hance, J. (2015). "Happy tigers: Siberian population continues to grow". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
Jump up ^ The Siberian Times reporter (2015). "Sex imbalance as endangered Siberian tigers show signs of recovery". The Siberian Times. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Driscoll, C. A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Bar-Gal, G. K.; Roca, A. L.; Luo, S.; Macdonald, D. W.; O'Brien, S. J. (2009). "Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger". PLoS ONE. 4 (1): e4125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125. PMC 2624500  . PMID 19142238.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mazák, V. (1981). "Panthera tigris" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 152 (152): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504004. JSTOR 3504004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Tiger". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.
^ Jump up to: a b Loukashkin, A. S. (1938). "The Manchurian Tiger". The China Journal. 28 (3): 127–133.
^ Jump up to: a b Rak, K.C.; Miquelle, D.G.; Pikunov, D.G. (1998). A survey of tigers and leopards and prey resources in the Paektusan area, North Korea, in winter (Report). Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Brakefield, T. (1993). Big Cats: Kingdom of Might. Voyageur Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-89658-329-0.
Jump up ^ Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). "Tiger". Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 55–64. ISBN 2-8317-0045-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Mazák, V. (1983). Der Tiger (Nachdruck der 3. Auflage, 2004 ed.). Hohenwarsleben: Westarp Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-89432-759-6.
Jump up ^ Vaillant, J. (2010). The tiger: a true story of vengeance and survival. Toronto: Knopf, Borzoi Books.
Jump up ^ Wood, G. (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Fraser, A. F. (2012). Feline Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. pp. 72–77. ISBN 978-1-84593-926-7.
Jump up ^ Slaght, J. C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Nikolaev, I. G.; Goodrich, J. M.; Smirnov, E. N.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Christie, S.; Arjanova, T.; Smith, J. L. D.; Karanth, K. U. (2005). "Chapter 6. Who's king of the beasts? Historical and contemporary data on the body weight of wild and captive Amur tigers in comparison with other subspecies" (PDF). In D. G. Miquelle; E. N. Smirnov; J.M. Goodrich. Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation. Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 25–35. (in Russian)
^ Jump up to: a b Kerley, L.; Goodrich, J.; Smirnov, E.; Miquelle, D.; Nikolaev, I; Arjanova, T.; Slaght, J.; Schleyer, B.; Kuigli, H.; Hornocker, M. (2005). "Chapter 7. Morphological indicators of the Amur tiger". In Miquelle, D.G.; Smirnov, E.N.; Goodrich, J.M. Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation. Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 1–15. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) (in Russian)
Jump up ^ WCS Russia. (2015). The Amur tiger: Ecology.
Jump up ^ The Amur Tiger Programme. (2014). Two long-term resident tigers in the Ussuri Nature Reserve
^ Jump up to: a b Mazák, V. (1967). "Notes on Siberian long-haired tiger, Panthera tigris altaica (Temminck, 1844), with a remark on Temminck's mammal volume of the Fauna Japonica". Mammalia. 31 (4): 537–573. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.4.537.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Merrill, T. W.; Myslenkov, A. E.; Quigley, H.; Hornocker, M. G.; Schleyer, B. (1999). "Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–99.
Jump up ^ Carroll, C. and D. Miquelle (2006). "Spatial viability analysis of Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in the Russian Far East: the role of protected areas and landscape matrix in population persistence" (PDF). Journal of Applied Ecology. 43: 1056–1068. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01237.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24.
Jump up ^ Vaughan, A. 2014. Siberian tiger video suggests species is returning to China, conservationists say. Guardian News and Media Limited.
Jump up ^ Guan Chao (17 December 2015). "Traces of Wild Siberian Tigers Spotted in NE China Forested Area". CRI ENGLISH. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Smirnov, E. N., Miquelle, D. G. (1999). Population dynamics of the Amur tiger in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik, Russia Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine.. In Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. Jackson, P. (eds.) Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, UK. pp. 61–70.
^ Jump up to: a b Miquelle, D., Goodrich, J., Seryodkin, I. (2008). Siberian Tiger Project: Long-Term Research, Training, and Tiger-Human Conflict Mitigation in the Russian Far East. Final Report to 21st Century Tiger. Wildlife Conservation Society.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Matthiessen, P.; Hornocker, M. (2001). Tigers In The Snow. North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-596-2.
Jump up ^ Ayre, James (March 15, 2015) Siberian Tiger Family Caught On Film — Adult Female, Adult Male, & Three Cubs. planetsave.com
Jump up ^ Sunquist, M. (2002). Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Karanth, U. (2001). The Way of the Tiger : natural history and conservation of the endangered big cat. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.
Jump up ^ "About the Siberian tiger - Russian Geographical Society". Rgo.ru. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Amur Tiger Factfile -Panthera tigris altaica - ALTA Conservation". Altaconservation.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Prynn, D. (2004). Amur tiger. Russian Nature Press. p. 115.
Jump up ^ Miller, C. S.; Hebblewhite, M.; Petrunenko, Y. K.; Seryodkin, I. V.; DeCesare, N. J.; Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G. (2013). "Estimating Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) kill rates and potential consumption rates using global positioning system collars". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (4): 845–855. doi:10.1644/12-mamm-a-209.1.
Jump up ^ Seryodkin, I. V.; Kostyria, A. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Hornocker, M. G. (2003). "Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East". Ursus. 14 (2): 159.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Seryodkin, I. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Kostyrya, A. V.; Schleyer, B. O.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Miquelle, D. G. (2005). "Глава 19. Взаимоотношения амурского тигра с бурым и гималайским медведями [Chapter 19. Relationship of Amur tigers with brown and Himalayan black bear]". In Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N. & Goodrich, J. M. Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 156–163.
Jump up ^ Seryodkin, I. (2006). "The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin" (in Russian). Far Eastern National University, Vladivostok, Russia. pp. 1–252. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24.
Jump up ^ Brown, G. (1996). Great Bear Almanac. p. 340. ISBN 1-55821-474-7.
Jump up ^ Yudakov, A. G.; Nikolaev, I. G. (2004). "Hunting Behavior and Success of the Tigers' Hunts". The Ecology of the Amur Tiger based on Long-Term Winter Observations in 1970–1973 in the Western Sector of the Central Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Jump up ^ Matthiessen, P. (2000). "One". Tigers in the Snow. North Point Press, New York.
Jump up ^ Seryodkin, I. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Kostyria, A. V.; Smirnov, E. N.; Miquelle, D. G. (2011). "Intraspecific relationships between brown bears, Asiatic black bears and the Amur tiger". 20th International Conference on Bear Research & Management (PDF). International Association for Bear Research and Management. p. 64.
Jump up ^ Seryodkin, I. V. (2007). "Роль бурого медведя в экосистемах Дальнего Востока России". Биоразнообразие и роль животных в экосистемах: Материалы IV Международной научной конференции. Denpropetrovsk: Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. pp. 502–503.
Jump up ^ "Brown Bear predation of Amur Tiger 1973 account". International Wildlife Magazine.
Jump up ^ Goodrich, J. M.; Kerley, L. L.; Smirnov, E. N.; Miquelle, D. G.; McDonald, L.; Quigley, H. B.; Hornocker, M.G.; McDonald, T. (2008). "Survival rates and causes of mortality of Amur tigers on and near the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik". Journal of Zoology. 276 (4): 323. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00458.x.
Jump up ^ Miquelle, D. G., Stephens, P. A., Smirnov, E. N., Goodrich, J. M., Zaumyslova, O. J. and Myslenkov, A. E. (2005). Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy, and Conservation Implications. In: Ray, J. C., Redford, K. H., Steneck, R. S., Berger, J. (eds.) Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC. pp. 179–207.
Jump up ^ Vorontsova, M. (2015). "'Putin's Tigers' are Thriving in the Wild". ecology.com. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fulbright, T. E., Hewitt, D. G. (2007). Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications. CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-7487-1
Jump up ^ Heptner, V.G. and Sludskii, A.A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II Part 2 Carnivora: Hyenas and Cats. New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co pp. 625–6
Jump up ^ Agata Blaszczak-Boxe (27 April 2016). "Battle of the big cats sees tiger hunt and devour a lynx".
Jump up ^ Temminck, C. J. (1844). "Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent". In Siebold, P. F. v.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H. Fauna Japonica. Leiden: Lugduni Batavorum.
Jump up ^ Kitchener, A. (1999). "Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–39. ISBN 0-521-64835-1. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23.
Jump up ^ Wilting, A.; Courtiol, A.; Christiansen, P.; Niedballa, J.; Scharf, A. K.; Orlando, L.; Balkenhol, N.; Hofer, H.; Kramer-Schadt, S.; Fickel, J.; Kitchener, A., A. C. (2015). "Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation". Science Advances. Science Advances. 11 (5: e1400175): e1400175. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400175.
Jump up ^ Luo, Shu-Jin; Kim, Jae-Heup; Johnson, Warren E.; Walt, Joelle van der; Martenson, Janice; Yuhki, Naoya; Miquelle, Dale G.; Uphyrkina, Olga; et al. (2004). "Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLoS Biology. 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810  . PMID 15583716.
Jump up ^ Russello, Michael A.; Gladyshev, Eugene; Miquelle, Dale; Caccone, Adalgisa (2005). "Potential genetic consequences of a recent bottleneck in the Siberian tiger of the Russian Far East". Conservation Genetics. 5 (5): 707–713. doi:10.1007/s10592-004-1860-2.
Jump up ^ Platt, John R. (8 July 2009). "Rare Siberian tigers face potential genetic bottleneck". Scientific American. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Henry, P.; Miquelle, D. Sugimoto; T., McCullough; D. R., Caccone; A., Russello; M. A. (2009). "In situ population structure and ex situ representation of the endangered Amur tiger". Molecular Ecology. 18 (15): 3173–84. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04266.x. PMID 19555412.
Jump up ^ Walker, M. (2009) Amur tigers on 'genetic brink' BBC Earth News, 2 July 2009
Jump up ^ Cho, Y. S.; Hu, L.; Hou, H.; Lee, H.; Xu, J.; Kwon, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, H. M.; Jho, S.; Kim, S.; Shin, Y. A.; Kim, B. C.; Kim, H.; Kim, C. U.; Luo, S. J.; Johnson, W. E.; Koepfli, K. P.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Turner, J. A.; Marker, L.; Harper, C.; Miller, S. M.; Jacobs, W.; Bertola, L. D.; Kim, T. H.; Lee, S.; Zhou, Q.; Jung, H. J.; Xu, X.; et al. (2013). "The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes". Nature Communications. 4: 2433. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E2433C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3433. PMC 3778509  . PMID 24045858.
Jump up ^ Goodrich, J.M.; Miquelle, D.G.; Smirnov, E.M.; Kerley, L.L.; Quigley, H.B.; Hornocker, M.G. (2010). "Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (3): 737–748. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-293.1.
Jump up ^ Yoon, E. (2010) "Tracking Tigers in the DMZ." Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine. Cable News Network, 9 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Nowell, K. (2007) Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations . TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
Jump up ^ Nowell, K., Bauer, H., Breitenmoser, U. (2007) Cats at CITES COP14. Cat News 47: 33–34.
Jump up ^ Miquelle, D., Goodrich, J., Seryodkin, I. (2008) Siberian Tiger Project: Long-Term Research, Training, and Tiger-Human Conflict Mitigation in the Russian Far East Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.. Wildlife Conservation Society
Jump up ^ Global Tiger Initiative. (2011). Global Tiger Recovery Program 2010–2022 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine.. Global Tiger Initiative Secretariat, Washington.
Jump up ^ Jungius, H., Chikin, Y., Tsaruk, O., Pereladova, O. (2009). Pre-Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in the Amu Darya Delta. WWF Russia
Jump up ^ Jungius, H. (2010). Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in Central Asia. WWF Russia
^ Jump up to: a b Khosravifard, S. (22 May 2010). "Russia, Iran exchange tigers for leopards but some experts express doubts". Payvand News. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iran, world, political, sport, economic news and headlines". MehrNews.com. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Zimov, Sergei (2007). "Mammoth Steppes and Future Climate" (PDF). Science in Russia. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Zimov, S. A. (2005). "Pleistocene Park: Return of the Mammoth's Ecosystem". Science. 308 (5723): 796–8. doi:10.1126/science.1113442. PMID 15879196.
Jump up ^ Max, A. (2010). "Russian Scientist Working To Recreate Ice Age Ecosystem". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Nowell, K., Ling, X. (2007) Taming the tiger trade: China's markets for wild and captive tiger products since the 1993 domestic trade ban. TRAFFIC East Asia, Hong Kong, China.
Jump up ^ Wildlife Watch Group (2011) Less than 3,000 Pet Tigers in America . Wildlife Times 5 (37): 12–13.
Jump up ^ A Siberian tiger appears in Heilongjiang China Archived 2010-12-18 at the Wayback Machine. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Jump up ^ 黑龙江东北虎林园将打造千虎园 (in Chinese). SINA Corporation.
Jump up ^ People's Daily, 21 April 2011. "S Korea to Welcome Three Siberian Tigers from Russia."
Jump up ^ Reuters, 22 April 2011. "Russia to donate three rare Siberian tigers to South Korea."
Jump up ^ RelivEarth, 22 April 2011. "Korea to Rebuild Home for Amur Tiger." Archived 2011-08-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Neff, R. (2007). "Devils in the Darkness: The Korean Gray Wolf was a terror for miners". English.ohmynews.com, 23 May 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Vaillant, J. (2010) The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival. Knopf Canada, Toronto ISBN 0-307-26893-4
Jump up ^ "走遍中国2009年06月19日A:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(上)". YouTube. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "走遍中国2009年06月19日C:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(上)". YouTube. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "吉林"东北虎吃人"迷雾重重：老虎胃里是空的". News.sina.com.cn. 13 February 2002. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "走遍中国2009年06月20日A:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(下)". YouTube. 20 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "先后动了两次手术 我国首次抢救重伤野生东北虎纪实". News.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "走遍中国2009年06月20日B:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(下)". YouTube. 20 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "吉林两男子欲捕东北虎 其中一人反被虎咬伤". News.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "走遍中国2009年06月20日C:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(下)". YouTube. 20 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "From hunter to protector". Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tiger attack victim admits taunting, police say". The Associated Press, 17 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Siberian tiger kills zookeeper, TRHK News, 16 August 2010
Jump up ^ Shahid, A. (2011) "Siberian tiger attacks, kills bus driver in China." Associated Press, 5 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tiger kills zookeeper during feeding time" The Local, 20 September 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Panthera tigris altaica (category)
Wikispecies has information related to Panthera tigris altaica
IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Tiger (Panthera tigris)
IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group : Amur (P. t. altaica)
21st Century Tiger
Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) – Conserving Amur leopards and tigers in the Russian Far East and China
World Wide Fund for Nature: Amur tiger
National Geographic Animals: Siberian Tiger Panthera tigris altaica
Wildlife Conservation Society's Siberian Tiger Project
Amur.org.uk: Preserving leopards and tigers in the wild
USDA Information Resources on Tigers, Panthera tigris
The Amur Tiger Programme : Two Adult Tigers Tagged in the Ussuri Nature Reserve
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q69581
ADW: Panthera_tigris_altaica
EoL: 1253183
GBIF: 5219420
iNaturalist: 130796
ITIS: 726472
IUCN: 15956
MSW: 14000261
NCBI: 74533
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siberian_tiger&oldid=843436051"
Categories:
IUCN Red List endangered species
Tigers
Mammals of China
Mammals of Russia
Mammals of Siberia
Fauna of Siberia
Siberian Tiger Re-population Project
Environment of Northeast Asia
National symbols of South Korea
Russian Far East
Mammals described in 1884
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Articles with Russian-language external links
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)
CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
63 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 04:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Amur_leopard_cat
mw-redirect
Amur leopard cat

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: small

attrs: href title

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px

values: margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100; position:absolute; left:219.99604px; font-size:50% position:relative; left:-0.42em

values: margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Sikhote_Alin
mw-redirect
Sikhote Alin

values:
/wiki/Ussuri_river
mw-redirect
Ussuri river

values:
/wiki/Sungari_River
mw-redirect
Sungari River

values:
/wiki/Captive_animal
mw-redirect
Captive animal

values:
/wiki/Radio_telemetry
mw-redirect
Radio telemetry

values: Comparison of skulls of lions and tigers

values:
/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo
mw-redirect
Pittsburgh Zoo

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values:
/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union
mw-redirect
Former Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/Greater_Xing%27an_Range
mw-redirect
Greater Xing'an Range

values:
/wiki/Korean_pine
mw-redirect
Korean pine

values:
/wiki/Alces_alces_cameloides
mw-redirect
Alces alces cameloides

values:
/wiki/Baekdu_Mountain
mw-redirect
Baekdu Mountain

values:
/wiki/Jilin_Province
mw-redirect
Jilin Province

values:
/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_Zapovednik
mw-redirect
Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik

values: Edit section: Reproduction and life cycle

values:
/wiki/Territorial_marking
mw-redirect
Territorial marking

values:
/wiki/Poaching_in_Russia
mw-redirect
Poaching in Russia

values: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano

values: Edit section: Interspecific predatory relationships

values: This term requires quantification. (May 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Spinal_column
mw-redirect
Spinal column

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)

values:
/wiki/U.S._National_Cancer_Institute
mw-redirect
U.S. National Cancer Institute

values: Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values:
/wiki/Demilitarized_Zone_(Korea)
mw-redirect
Demilitarized Zone (Korea)

values: File:Tiger Release in Far East Russia.webm

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/854px--Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="83.129" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1111600" data-framerate="0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2152296" data-framerate="0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="3253464" data-framerate="0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (3.75 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="3751715"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="232624" data-framerate="0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="334424" data-framerate="0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm/Tiger_Release_in_Far_East_Russia.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="589784" data-framerate="0"/></video>

values:
/wiki/CITES_Appendix_I
mw-redirect
CITES Appendix I

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)

values:
/wiki/Bukhara_deer
mw-redirect
Bukhara deer

values:
/wiki/Persian_tiger
mw-redirect
Persian tiger

values:
/wiki/Persian_wild_ass
mw-redirect
Persian wild ass

values:
/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_red_deer
mw-redirect
East Azerbaijan red deer

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)

values: Government of the People's Republic of China

values: Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

values:
/wiki/Nani_people
mw-redirect
Nani people

values:
/wiki/Chinese_character
mw-redirect
Chinese character

values:
/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Qing Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Hu_Shen_Ying
mw-redirect
Hu Shen Ying

values:
/wiki/Tatiana_the_Tiger
mw-redirect
Tatiana the Tiger

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494

values:
/wiki/Worldwide_Fund_for_Nature
mw-redirect
Worldwide Fund for Nature

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142238

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3504004

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3504004

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1515%2Fmamm.1967.31.4.537

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.panthera.org/node/342

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1644%2F12-mamm-a-209.1

values:
nofollow
external text
http://uml.wl.dvgu.ru/rscv.php?id=74

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400175

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15583716

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19555412

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3433

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24045858

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1644%2F09-mamm-a-293.1

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113442

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879196

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22719922/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=567

values:
nofollow
http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.altaconservation.org/
external text

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1253183

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/5219420

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/130796

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: Category:IUCN Red List endangered species

values: Category:Siberian Tiger Re-population Project

values: Category:National symbols of South Korea

values: Category:Articles with Russian-language external links

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)

values: Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Siberian_tiger
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Амур къэплъан – Adyghe

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ady
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: ببر سيبيري – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: সাইবেরিয়ার বাঘ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Сибирски тигър – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Амур тигрĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurtiger
Amurtiger – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Τίγρη της Σιβηρίας – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ببر سیبری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: 시베리아호랑이 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ամուրյան վագր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: טיגריס סיבירי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ამურის ვეფხვი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Амур жолбарысы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Сибирски тигар – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: സൈബീരിയൻ കടുവ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: सायबेरियन वाघ – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: Сибирийн бар – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਸਾਈਬੇਰੀਆਈ ਸ਼ੇਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: سائبیریائی ٹائیگر – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: سيبري پړانگ – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Амурский тигр – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Сибирски тигар – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சைபீரியப் புலி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: సైబీరియన్ పులి – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: เสือโคร่งไซบีเรีย – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Тигр амурський – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Siberian_tiger rootpage-Siberian_tiger skin-vector action-view