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The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
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The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Recorded
2017
Genre
Pop
Length
39:51
Label
Atlantic
Producer
Greg Wells
Benj Pasek
Justin Paul
Alex Lacamoire (also exec.)
Adam Gubman
Chris Leon
Ryan Lewis
Ricky Reed
Jake Sinclair
Joseph Trapanese
Kevin Weaver (exec.)
Pete Ganbarg (exec.)
Singles from The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"This Is Me"
Released: October 26, 2017
The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the film of the same name. It was released in full on December 8, 2017 by Atlantic Records.[1] The first pre-order release was on October 26, 2017 with three promotional singles: "The Greatest Show", "This Is Me" and "Rewrite the Stars".[2]
Produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, Benj Pasek, the album became a global success following the release of the film, topping the charts in several countries including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Japan. The album also reached number one on iTunes in over 77 countries.[3][4] In the United Kingdom, the album is a commercial success and is the best-selling album of 2018.[5] It became only the second album in 30 years to spend 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 and in its 19th week atop the UK Albums Chart, it became the longest running soundtrack at number 1 in 50 years.[5][6]
The album's single "This Is Me" won Best Original Song – Motion Picture at the 75th Golden Globe Awards,[7] and was nominated for Best Song at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards[8] and Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Release
1.1 Critical reception
1.2 Accolades
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
4 Charts
4.1 Tracks
5 Certifications
6 Notes
7 References
Release[edit]
The first pre-order release was on October 26, 2017 with three promotional singles; "The Greatest Show", "This Is Me" and "Rewrite the Stars".[2] The soundtrack was released in full on December 8, 2017 by Atlantic Records.[1]
It debuted at #71 on Billboard 200, and later stayed at number one for two weeks.[10] On January 7, 2018, the soundtrack had been on the top of the Billboard 200 for two weeks, reaching #1 in its fourth week of availability. It had sold 106,000 copies.[11] In the third week it became #2. The Greatest Showman beat that week's top album in traditional album sales (70,000 vs. 65,000) and was the top-selling album of the week, but didn't top the Billboard 200 due to TEA units and SEA units.[12] By February 7, 2018, the soundtrack was a breakout hit at #1 on the UK album charts and #2 in the United States.[13] On February 8, 2018, Stereogum published an article writing that "statistically speaking, The Greatest Showman is by far the most popular album of the year so far."[14]
By February 27, it was the top album on iTunes.[10] By March 23, 2018, it had been the number one in the UK for eleven straight weeks, more than "any other album in modern chart history except Adele's 21." It had sold 465,000 copies, with around 40% of those sales on CD and vinyl.[15] By April 6 the album climbed back up the charts for its 12th non-consecutive week at number one.[16]
Critical reception[edit]
The album was selected for the 2017 Oprah's Favorite Things list.[17] By February 23, 2018, the track "This Is Me" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 2018 Academy Awards.[18] According to Sky News on March 25, 2018, "music critics have put the album's success down to the feel-good, uplifting pop tunes which are also old school at the same time."[19]
Sheila O'Malley of Roger Ebert called the 11 songs "memorable," praising the vocal performances of the leads.[20] The women's magazine Bustle gave it a positive review, particularly certain vocal performances.[21] Stereogum described the soundtrack music as eclectic in its influences, giving it a negative reception for "[serving] up earnest buoyancy in many high-fructose flavors."[14] Also noting the eclectic mix of musical genres, The Ringer writes that "the bombastic tunes mix EDM gleams with stadium-rock grunts, chest-pounding ballads with peppy empowerment anthems, a thoroughly modern and disconcertingly eager post-genre assault designed to barnstorm as many Spotify playlists as possible. It’s a gilded cheese ball, pushing exhilaration to the point of exhaustion."[22] The Guardian wrote that the album brought "a whole lot of self-empowerment, enlivened with some deracinated R&B beats, and given the necessary gravitas by some power ballads of the sort that make one imagine the singer filmed from below with a wind machine blowing in their face."[13]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Golden Globe Awards January 7, 2018 Best Original Song – Motion Picture "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won [7]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards January 11, 2018 Best Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [8]
Academy Awards March 4, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [9][23]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Pasek & Paul.
No.
Title
Performed by
Length
1. "The Greatest Show" Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya 5:02
2. "A Million Dreams" Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams 4:29
3. "A Million Dreams (Reprise)" Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman 1:00
4. "Come Alive" Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya 3:45
5. "The Other Side" Jackman & Efron 3:34
6. "Never Enough" Loren Allred 3:27
7. "This Is Me" Settle 3:54
8. "Rewrite the Stars" Efron & Zendaya 3:37
9. "Tightrope" Williams 3:54
10. "Never Enough (Reprise)" Allred 1:20
11. "From Now On" Jackman 5:49
Total length: 39:51
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Greatest Showman.[24]
Soundtrack album producers: Greg Wells, Justin Paul, Benj Pasek
All tracks mixed by Greg Wells, except track 7 mixed by Manny Marroquin
Executive music producer: Alex Lacamoire
Music producers: Alex Lacamoire, Adam Gubman, Chris Leon, Ryan Lewis, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul, Ricky Reed, Jake Sinclair, Joseph Trapanese, Greg Wells
Production music supervisors: Benj Pasek & Justin Paul
Music coordinator: Jordan Carroll
Music production supervisor: Ethan Popp
Associate music production supervisor: Jason Michael Webb
Music supervisor: Mark White
Supervising musician and vocal contractor: Sandy Park
Supervising vocal producer: Liz Caplan
Vocal producers and coaches: Justin Paul, Carmen Key, Patrick Vaccariello
Vocal arrangements: Justin Paul
Supervising music editor: Jennifer Monnar
On set music copyist: Benjamin Lively
Soundtrack album producers for Atlantic Records: Kevin Weaver and Pete Ganbarg
A&R contribution: Brandon Davis
Marketing for Atlantic Records: David Grant
Project coordinator for Atlantic Records: Kellie Gentry
Business and legal affairs for Atlantic Records: Ben Landry
A&R administration for Atlantic Records: Aryanna Platt
Art direction for Atlantic Records: Mark Obriski
Executive in charge of music for Twentieth Century Fox: Danielle Diego
Music supervised for Twentieth Century Fox: Anton Monsted
Music production supervised for Twentieth Century Fox: Rebecca Morellato and Brianne Porcaro
Business affairs for Twentieth Century Fox: Thomas Cavanaugh and Lauren Caruso
Music clearance for Twentieth Century Fox: Ellen Ginsburg
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[25]
1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[26]
11
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[27]
4
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[28]
43
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[29]
3
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[30]
16
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[31]
8
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[32]
5
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[33]
3
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[34]
5
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[35]
34
Irish Albums (IRMA)[36]
1
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[37]
1
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard)[38]
1
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[39]
1
Japanese International Albums (Oricon)[40]
1
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[41]
1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[42]
2
Scottish Albums (OCC)[43]
1
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[44]
17
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)[45]
2
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[46]
11
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[47]
4
Taiwanese Albums (Five Music)[48]
1
UK Albums (OCC)[49]
1
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[50]
1
US Billboard 200[51]
1
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[52]
1
Tracks[edit]
List of songs, with selected chart positions and available certifications
Title
Performer(s)
Peak chart positions
Certifications
US
[53]
AUS
[54]
IRE
[55]
FRA
[56]
NZ
[57]
UK
[58]
"This Is Me"
Keala Settle and The Greatest Showman Ensemble 58 10 11 52 13 3
ARIA: 2× Platinum[59]
BPI: Platinum[60]
MC: Gold[61]
RIAA: Gold[62]
RMNZ: Gold[63]
"Rewrite the Stars"
Zac Efron and Zendaya 70 24 21 115 32 16
ARIA: Platinum[64]
BPI: Gold[65]
MC: Gold[66]
RIAA: Gold[67]
"The Greatest Show"
Zac Efron, Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zendaya, and The Greatest Showman Ensemble 88 42 34 110 —[A] 20
ARIA: Gold[64]
BPI: Gold[69]
"Never Enough"
Loren Allred 88 — 39 97 —[B] 24
BPI: Gold[70]
"A Million Dreams"
Ziv Zaifman, Hugh Jackman, and Michelle Williams —[C] — 45 199 —[D] 22
BPI: Silver[69]
"From Now On"
Hugh Jackman —[E] — 65 — —[F] —
BPI: Silver[69]
"Come Alive"
Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zendaya, and Daniel Everidge —[G] — 70 — —[H] —
BPI: Silver[69]
"The Other Side"
Hugh Jackman and Zac Efron —[I] — 54 — —[J] —
BPI: Silver[69]
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart.
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[72]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[73]
Gold 40,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[74]
Gold 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[75]
Platinum 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[76]
2× Platinum 878,909[77]
United States (RIAA)[78]
Platinum 1,081,000[79]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Show" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 3 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[68]
Jump up ^ "Never Enough" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 5 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[68]
Jump up ^ "A Million Dreams" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[71]
Jump up ^ "A Million Dreams" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 7 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[68]
Jump up ^ "From Now On" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 20 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[71]
Jump up ^ "From Now On" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 9 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[68]
Jump up ^ "Come Alive" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[71]
Jump up ^ "Come Alive" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 8 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[68]
Jump up ^ "The Other Side" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[71]
Jump up ^ "The Other Side" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 6 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[68]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Desk, BWW News. "Listen to Two Full Songs from THE GREATEST SHOWMAN, Written by Pasek & Paul!". Broadway World.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Greatest Showman". Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman on Twitter". Twitter. 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Hits No. 1 On Album Chart & iTunes". Deadline Hollywood. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b White, Jack (June 15, 2018). "The Greatest Showman becomes the UK's longest-running Number 1 soundtrack in 50 years". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (March 23, 2018). "The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele's massive UK chart record". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b France, Lisa (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe nominations 2018: The list". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kilday, Gregg (December 6, 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms". The Hollywood Reporter. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Dana Schwartz (February 27, 2018), "The Greatest Showman has almost Titanic-length legs at the box office: Here's why", Entertainment Weekly, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps (January 7, 2018), "On the Charts: 'Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Ascends to Number One", Rolling Stone, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ "No. 1 album on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. January 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Hann (February 7, 2018), "The Greatest Showman was derided by critics. So why has its soundtrack shot straight to No 1?", The Guardian, retrieved March 25, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b Chris DeVille (February 8, 2018), The Greatest Showman Soundtrack(?) Is 2018’s Biggest Album So Far, Stereogum, retrieved March 26, 2018
Jump up ^ Mark Savage (March 23, 2018), The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele's UK chart run, BBC, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman soundtrack returns to Number 1 for an encore performance on the Official Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman". oprah.com. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba (February 23, 2018), "'This Is Me' Catapults 'Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Toward One Billion Streams", Variety, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ Alix Culbertson (March 25, 2018), How Greatest Showman soundtrack equalled Adele's 21 album chart run, Sky News, retrieved March 26, 2018
Jump up ^ Sheila O'Malley (December 20, 2017), The Greatest Showman, Rogerebert.com, retrieved March 26, 2018
Jump up ^ Angelica Florio (December 18, 2017), "'The Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Is The Perfect Antidote To All That Holiday Music", Bustle, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ Rob Harvilla (February 5, 2018), "America's New Favorite Soundtrack Is … 'The Greatest Showman'?", The Ringer, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ "Academy Award Winners 2018: The Complete List". Variety. March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Greatest Showman (Media notes). The Greatest Showman. Atlantic Records / Twentieth Century Fox. 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 201801 on the field besides the word "Zobrazit", and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 2, 2018". Hitlisten. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eri esittäjiä: The Greatest Showman (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2018. 10. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish Albums Chart: 26 January 2018". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 1, 2018" (in Italian). FIMI. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japan Hot Albums". Billboard (in Japanese). March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2018-03-12" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oricon Top 50 International Albums: 2018-03-05" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 4, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Korea Gaon Album Chart". On the page, select "2017.12.24~2017.12.30" to obtain the corresponding chart. Gaon Chart Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Korea Gaon International Album Chart". On the page, select "2017.12.24~2017.12.30", then "국외", to obtain the corresponding chart. Gaon Chart Retrieved December 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes – Semana 5: del 26.1.2018 al 1.2.2018" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "第10 週 統計時間：2018/3/2 - 2018/3/8" (in Chinese). Five-Music. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (January 7, 2018). "'The Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Chart History (Soundtrack Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for the United States:
"This Is Me": "Billboard Hot 100: January 27, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars" and "The Greatest Show": "Zendaya – Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Billboard Hot 100: January 13, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for Australia:
"This Is Me" and "The Greatest Show": "Discography Keala Settle". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Discography Zendaya". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for Ireland:
"This Is Me": "Discography Keala Settle". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars", "The Greatest Show", and "Come Alive": "Discography Zendaya". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Discography Loren Allred". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"A Million Dreams", "The Other Side", and "From Now On": "Discography Hugh Jackman". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for France:
"This Is Me" and "The Greatest Show": "Discographie Keala Settle". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Discographie Zendaya". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Discographie Loren Allred". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"A Million Dreams": "Discographie Hugh Jackman". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for New Zealand:
"This Is Me": "Discography Keala Settle". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Discography Zendaya". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for the United Kingdom:
"This Is Me": "Settle/The Greatest Showman Ensemble". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Zac Efron & Zendaya". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Loren Allred". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"The Greatest Show": "Jackman/Settle/Efron/Zendaya". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"A Million Dreams": "Ziv Zaifman/Jackman/Williams". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Settle". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Settle in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Canadian certifications – Keala Settle". Music Canada. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Keala Settle". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Keala Settle – This Is Me". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2018 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. April 30, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Efron". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Efron in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Canadian certifications – Zendaya". Music Canada. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Zendaya". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "British single certifications – Jackman". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Jackman in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Loren Allred". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Loren Allred in the search field and then press Enter.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hugh Jackman – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Various Artists – The Greatest Showman". Music Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japanese album certifications – The Greatest Showman Ensemble – The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand album certifications – The Greatest Showman Ensemble – The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Motion Picture Cast Recording – The Greatest Showman". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Select albums in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter The Greatest Showman in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (June 15, 2018). "Official Charts Analysis: The Greatest Showman must go on (and on) at the top of the UK albums chart". Music Week. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Various Artists". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 7, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (June 15, 2018). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'The Greatest Showman' Is 2018's First Million-Selling Album in U.S." Billboard. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
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Cape Horn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Southern headland of America. For other uses, see Cape Horn (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Cabo de Hornos, Chile.
Coordinates: 55°58′48″S 067°17′21″W / 55.98000°S 67.28917°W / -55.98000; -67.28917
Cape Horn
Cabo de Hornos
Geography
Cape Horn
Location of the Cape Horn in continental Chile
Country
Chile
Region
Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region
Subregion
Antártica Chilena Province
Cape Horn (Dutch: Kaap Hoorn (help·info), Spanish: Cabo de Hornos), named after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands, is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramírez Islands), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.
For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.
The need for ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. Sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting. Thus a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Almost all of these choose routes through the channels to the north of the Cape. (Many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to visit Horn Island, or sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point). Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Volvo Ocean Race, the VELUX 5 Oceans, and the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn. Speed records for round-the-world sailing are recognized for following this route.
The islands around Cape Horn between South America and Antarctica
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography and ecology
1.1 Lighthouses
1.2 Climate
1.3 Political
1.4 Sailing routes
1.5 Shipping hazards
2 History
2.1 Discovery
2.2 Trade route
2.3 Recreational and sport sailing
3 Literature and culture
4 'Rounding the Horn'
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geography and ecology[edit]
Cape Horn, seen from the Chilean Navy station location. The small lighthouse can be seen as a white spot close to the seaside
Cape Horn is located on Isla Hornos in the Hermite Islands group, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.[1][2] It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica. It is located in Cabo de Hornos National Park.
The cape lies within what are now Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse.[3] A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture made by Chilean sculptor José Balcells featuring the silhouette of an albatross, in remembrance of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn". It was erected in 1992 through the initiative of the Chilean Section of the Cape Horn Captains Brotherhood.[4] The terrain is entirely treeless, although quite lush owing to frequent precipitation. Cape Horn is the southern limit of the range of the Magellanic penguin.[5]
Lighthouses[edit]
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Two lighthouses are located near or in Cape Horn. The one located in the Chilean Navy Station is the more accessible and visited, and is commonly referred to as the Cape Horn lighthouse. However, the Chilean Navy station, including the lighthouse (ARLS CHI-030, 55°57′48.5″S 67°13′14.2″W / 55.963472°S 67.220611°W / -55.963472; -67.220611 (CHI-030)) and the memorial, are not located on Cape Horn (which is difficult to access either by land or sea), but on another land point about one mile east-northeast.[6]
On Cape Horn proper is a smaller 4-metre (13-foot) fiberglass light tower, with a focal plane of 40 metres (130 feet) and a range of about 21 kilometres (13 miles). This is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse (ARLS CHI-006, 55°58′38.3″S 67°15′45.5″W / 55.977306°S 67.262639°W / -55.977306; -67.262639 (CHI-006)), and as such the world's southernmost traditional lighthouse.[7] A few minor aids to navigation are located farther south, including one in the Diego Ramírez Islands and several in Antarctica.
Climate[edit]
The climate in the region is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; but a study in 1882–1883, found an annual rainfall of 1,357 millimetres (53.4 inches), with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). Winds were reported to average 30 kilometres per hour (8.33 m/s; 18.64 mph), (5 Bf), with squalls of over 100 kilometres per hour (27.78 m/s; 62.14 mph), (10 Bf) occurring in all seasons.[8] There are 278 days of rainfall (70 days snow) and 2,000 millimetres (79 inches) of annual rainfall[9]
Cloud coverage is generally extensive, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January.[10] Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramirez Islands, 109 kilometres (68 mi) south-west in the Drake Passage, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in).[11] Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5% of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale-force winds occur up to 30% of the time, often with poor visibility.[12]
Many stories are told of hazardous journeys "around the Horn," most describing fierce storms. Charles Darwin wrote: "One sight of such a coast is enough to make a landsman dream for a week about shipwrecks, peril and death."[13]
Political[edit]
Cape Horn is part of the Commune of Cabo de Hornos, whose capital is Puerto Williams; this in turn is part of Antártica Chilena Province, whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile.[14] Puerto Toro, a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape.
Sailing routes[edit]
A number of potential sailing routes may be followed around the tip of South America. The Strait of Magellan, between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major — although narrow — passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered. The Beagle Channel (named for the ship of Charles Darwin's expedition), between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino, offers a potential, though difficult route. Other passages may be taken around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn.[15]
All of these, however, are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning;[16] given the narrowness of these routes, vessels have a significant risk of being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 800 kilometres (500 miles) wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions.[17]
Shipping hazards[edit]
View from an unidentified sailing ship during a storm at Cape Horn, between 1885 and 1954
Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at 56° south. (For comparison, Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35° south; Stewart Island/Rakiura at the south end of New Zealand is 47° south.)
The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the "roaring forties" and the even more wild "furious fifties" and "screaming sixties". These winds are hazardous enough that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds.[18] These winds are exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula, which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage.
The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain great height as they roll around the Southern Ocean, free of any interruption from land. At the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water to the south of the Horn, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing east wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves.[19] In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves, which can attain heights of up to 30 metres (98 feet).[20]
The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels trying to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. This was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times;[21] modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in the Global Challenge race.
Ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn, icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February (summer in Southern Hemisphere), icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit.[22] These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships were wrecked, and many sailors died attempting to round the Cape.
History[edit]
Discovery[edit]
Approaching Cape Horn from the south-west.
The voyage of Willem Schouten and Jacob le Maire in 1615–1616
In 1525 the vessel San Lesmes commanded by Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition, was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached 56° S where they thought to see Land's End.
In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake, in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego. The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan.[23]
By the early 17th century the Dutch East India Company was given a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, the only known routes at the time to the Far East. To search for an alternate route and one to the unknown Terra Australis, Isaac Le Maire,[24] a wealthy Amsterdam merchant and Willem Schouten, a ship’s master of Hoorn, contributed in equal shares to the enterprise, with additional financial support from merchants of Hoorn.[25] Jacob Le Maire, Isaac’s son, went on the journey as “chiefe Marchant and principall factor,” in charge of trading aspects of the endeavor. The two ships that departed Holland at the beginning of June 1615 were the Eendracht[26] of 360 tons with Schouten and Le Maire aboard, and the Hoorn of 110 tons, of which Schouten’s brother Johan was master. It was Eendracht then, with the crew of the recently wrecked Hoorn aboard,[27] that passed through the Le Maire Strait and Schouten and Le Maire made their great discovery:
“In the evening 25 January 1616 the winde was South West, and that night wee went South with great waves or billowes out of the southwest, and very blew water, whereby wee judged, and held for certaine that ... it was the great South Sea, whereat we were exceeding glad to thinke that wee had discovered a way, which until that time, was unknowne to men, as afterward wee found it to be true.”[28]
“... on 29 January 1616 we saw land againe lying north west and north northwest from us, which was the land that lay South from the straights of Magelan which reacheth Southward, all high hillie lande covered over with snow, ending with a sharpe point which wee called Cape Horne [Kaap Hoorn] ...”[17][29]
At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is a telling testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 kilometres (400 miles) away across the Drake Passage, was discovered only as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years.[1]
Trade route[edit]
The clipper route followed by ships sailing between the United Kingdom and Australia/New Zealand passed around Cape Horn.
Cape Horn as seen during the United States Exploring Expedition, depicted in watercolor by Alfred Thomas Agate
From the 18th to the early 20th centuries, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world's trade. Sailing ships sailed round the Horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe;[30] much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn.[31][32] The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there.
The only facilities in the vicinity able to service or supply a ship, or provide medical care, were in the Falkland Islands. The businesses there were so notorious for price-gouging that damaged ships were sometimes abandoned at Port Stanley.
While most companies switched to steamers and later used the Panama canal, German steel-hulled sailing ships like the Flying P-Liners were designed since the 1890s to withstand the weather conditions around the Horn, as they specialized in the South American nitrate trade and later the Australian grain trade. None of them were lost travelling around the Horn, but some, like the mighty Preußen, were victims of collisions in the busy English channel.
Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring — in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage — and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table.[33][34]
One particular historic attempt to round the Horn, that of HMS Bounty in 1788, has been immortalized in history due to the subsequent Mutiny on the Bounty. This abortive Horn voyage has been portrayed (with varying historical accuracy) in three major motion pictures about Captain William Bligh's mission to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Jamaica. The Bounty made only 85 miles of headway in 31 days of east-to-west sailing, before giving up by reversing course and going around Africa. Although the 1984 movie portrayed another decision to go round the Horn as a precipitating factor in the mutiny (this time west-to-east after collecting the breadfruits in the South Pacific), in fact that was never contemplated out of concern for the effect of the low temperatures near the Horn on the plants.[35]
The transcontinental railroads in North America, as well as the Panama Canal that opened in 1914 in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. As steamships replaced sailing ships, Flying P-Liner Pamir became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, carrying grain from Port Victoria, Australia to Falmouth, England in 1949.
Many modern tankers are too wide to fit through the Panama Canal, as are a few passenger ships and several aircraft carriers. But there are no regular commercial routes around the Horn, and modern ships carrying cargo are rarely seen. However, a number of cruise ships routinely round the Horn when traveling from one ocean to the other.[36] These often stop in Ushuaia or Punta Arenas as well as Port Stanley. Some of the small passenger vessels shuttling between Ushuaia and the Antarctic Peninsula will pass the Horn too, time and weather permitting.
Recreational and sport sailing[edit]
Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals, the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest, and so many sailors seek it for its own sake.[37][38][39]
Joshua Slocum was the first single-handed yachtsman to successfully pass this way (in 1895) although in the end, extreme weather forced him to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands and it is believed he did not actually pass outside the Horn proper. If one had to go by strict definitions, the first small boat to sail around outside Cape Horn was the 42-foot (13-metre) yacht Saoirse, sailed by Conor O'Brien with three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925.[1] In 1934, the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west — the "wrong way" — in his boat Mary Jane, but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile.[40] The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was Argentinian Vito Dumas, who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33-foot (10-metre) ketch Lehg II; a number of other sailors have since followed him,[41] including Webb Chiles aboard "EGREGIOUS" who in December 1975 rounded Cape Horn single-handed. On March 31, 2010, 16-year-old Abby Sunderland became the youngest person to single-handedly sail around Cape-Horn in her attempt to circumnavigate the globe. In 1987 The British Cape Horn Expedition, headed by Nigel H Seymour, rounded Cape Horn in the world's first ever 'sailing kayaks' called 'Kaymaran' two sea going kayaks which could link together with two sails mountable in any four of the sailing positions between the two kayaks.
Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-day Around Alone race, which circumnavigates with stops, and the Vendée Globe, which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. Its origins lie in the Whitbread Round the World Race first competed in 1973-4. The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, the Global Challenge race goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents.
The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht Tzu Hang. Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boat pitchpoled (i.e. somersaulted end-over-end). Although they survived, and were able to make repairs in Talcahuano, Chile, they attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over, and dismasted for a second time, by another rogue wave, which again they miraculously survived.[42]
Literature and culture[edit]
Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured in sea shanties[43] and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard Henry Dana Jr., in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn:
“ Just before eight o'clock (then about sundown, in that latitude) the cry of "All hands ahoy!" was sounded down the fore scuttle and the after hatchway, and hurrying upon deck, we found a large black cloud rolling on toward us from the south-west, and blackening the whole heavens. "Here comes Cape Horn!" said the chief mate; and we had hardly time to haul down and clew up, before it was upon us. In a few moments, a heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before, and as it was directly ahead, the little brig, which was no better than a bathing machine, plunged into it, and all the forward part of her was under water; the sea pouring in through the bow-ports and hawse-hole and over the knightheads, threatening to wash everything overboard. In the lee scuppers it was up to a man's waist. We sprang aloft and double reefed the topsails, and furled all the other sails, and made all snug. But this would not do; the brig was laboring and straining against the head sea, and the gale was growing worse and worse. At the same time sleet and hail were driving with all fury against us. We clewed down, and hauled out the reef-tackles again, and close-reefed the fore-topsail, and furled the main, and hove her to on the starboard tack. Here was an end to our fine prospects.[44] ”
Charles Darwin, in The Voyage of the Beagle, a journal of the five-year expedition upon which he based The Origin of Species, described his 1832 encounter with the Horn:
“ ... we closed in with the Barnevelts, and running past Cape Deceit with its stony peaks, about three o'clock doubled the weather-beaten Cape Horn. The evening was calm and bright, and we enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding isles. Cape Horn, however, demanded his tribute, and before night sent us a gale of wind directly in our teeth. We stood out to sea, and on the second day again made the land, when we saw on our weather-bow this notorious promontory in its proper form — veiled in a mist, and its dim outline surrounded by a storm of wind and water. Great black clouds were rolling across the heavens, and squalls of rain, with hail, swept by us with such extreme violence, that the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove. This is a snug little harbour, not far from Cape Horn; and here, at Christmas-eve, we anchored in smooth water.[45] ”
Alan Villiers, a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, including By way of Cape Horn.[46] More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such as Vito Dumas, who wrote Alone Through The Roaring Forties based on his round-the-world voyage;[47] or with small crews.
Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the Horn; once with his wife Françoise, described in Cape Horn: The Logical Route,[48] and once single-handed. His book The Long Way tells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn: "The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right. I look... there it is, so close, less than 10 miles (16 km) away and right under the moon. And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn. I look. I can hardly believe it. So small and so huge. A hillock, pale and tender in the moonlight; a colossal rock, hard as diamond."[49]
And John Masefield wrote: "Cape Horn, that tramples beauty into wreck / And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb." [50]
A memorial presented in Robert FitzRoy's bicentenary (2005) commemorates his landing on Cape Horn on 19 April 1830.
Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song entitled "Ghosts of Cape Horn."
'Rounding the Horn'[edit]
Visiting Cabo de Hornos can be done on a day trip by helicopter or more arduously by charter power boat or sailboat, or by cruise ship. "Rounding the Horn" is traditionally understood to involve sailing from 50 degrees South on one coast to 50 degrees South on the other coast, the two benchmark latitudes of a Horn run,[51] a considerably more difficult and time-consuming endeavor having a minimum length of 930 miles (1,500 km).[52]
Further reading[edit]
Around Cape Horn: A Maritime Artist/Historian's Account of His 1892 Voyage, by Charles G. Davis and Neal Parker. Down East Books, 2004. ISBN 0-89272-646-6
Cape Horn. A Maritime History, by Robin Knox-Johnston. London Hodder&Stoughton ISBN 0-340-41527-4
Cape Horn: The Story of the Cape Horn Region, by Felix Riesenberg and William A. Briesemeister. Ox Bow Press, 1994. ISBN 1-881987-04-3
Cape Horn and Other Stories From the End of the World, by Francisco Coloane. Latin American Literary Review Press, 2003. ISBN 1-891270-17-6
Gipsy Moth Circles the World, Sir Francis Chichester; International Marine, 2001. ISBN 0-07-136449-8
Haul Away! Teambuilding Lessons from a Voyage around Cape Horn, by Rob Duncan. Authorhouse, 2005. ISBN 1-4208-3032-5
Rounding the Horn: Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers, Drake, Darwin, Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives – A Deck's-Eye View of Cape Horn, by Dallas Murphy. Basic Books, 2004. ISBN 0-465-04759-9
En el Mar Austral, by Fray Mocho. University of Buenos Aires Press (La Serie del Siglo y Medio), 1960. An incredible account of the southern tip of South American by an Argentine Journalist.
High Endeavours, by Miles Clark. Greystone, 2002. ISBN 1-55054-058-0 An account of the lives of the author's god-father Miles Smeeton, and his wife Beryl, including a couple of spectacular trips to the Horn.
A world of my Own by Robin Knox-Johnston. An account of the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world via Cape Horn between 1968 and 1969.
Expediciones españolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de fuego, by Javier Oyarzun. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica ISBN 84-7232-130-4.
Storm Passage by Webb Chiles. Times Books ISBN 0-8129-0703-5
The Last of the Cape Horners. Firsthand Accounts from the Final Days of the Commercial Tall Ships, edited by Spencer Apollonio. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, Inc. 2000. ISBN 1-57488-283-X
Cape Horn – a maritime history by Robin Knox-Johnston
See also[edit]
False Cape Horn
Beagle conflict affecting the nearby Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands
Cabo de Hornos, Chilean commune in Antártica Chilena Province of Magallanes and Antartica Chilena Region
Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve
Cape Horner
Cape Leeuwin, the Australian landmark on the clipper route
Garcia de Nodal expedition, the second passing around Cape Horn
Patagonian Expedition Race
Diego Ramírez Islands
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Cape Horn the Terrible, by Paolo Venanzangeli; from Nautical Web. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Cabo de Hornos, by Mariolina Rolfo and Giorgio Ardrizzi. From Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Nautical Guide, Editrice Incontri Nautici, 2004. ISBN 88-85986-34-X
Jump up ^ Isla Hornos Lighthouse, from Lighthouse Depot. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Cape Horn Memorial Archived 2005-09-26 at the Wayback Machine., by Roberto Benavente; from Fundacion Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Magellanic Penguin, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Lighthouses of Southern Chile". Retrieved 2012-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Faro Cabo de Hornos" [Cape Horn Light Station] (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-01-17.
Jump up ^ Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago, James C. Cokendolpher and Dolly Lanfranco L.; from Texas Tech University, 1985. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ Rescate en el Cabo de Hornos, retrieved on 18 November 2012
Jump up ^ Usuaia: Monthly Normals, from Weather Underground. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Isla Diego Ramirez: Monthly Normals, from Weather Underground. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World: Rounding Cape Horn, 1995. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ cited in Cape Horn and the Cape of Fear, retrieved 18 November 2012
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Cabo de Hornos designado Reserva de la Biósfera, from CONAF. Retrieved February 5, 2006. Archived October 4, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sailing the Patagonian channels, Yachting Club CERN, 2005. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Winds of the World: The Williwaw, Weather Online. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
^ Jump up to: a b Perilous Cape Horn, by P.J. Gladnick; from eSsortment, 2002. Retrieved January 19, 2012.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way, Francis Chichester; page 134. Hodder & Stoughton, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00191-7
Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way; pages 151–152.
Jump up ^ Rogue waves, from Europa Research. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way; pages 72–73.
Jump up ^ Atlas of Pilot Charts: South Pacific Ocean; Lighthouse Press, 2001. ISBN 1-57785-202-8
Jump up ^ Voyage of the Golden Hind Archived 2005-01-04 at the Wayback Machine., from The Golden Hind. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ it seems to have been Le Maire who pursued the idea of such a passage [A History of Geographical Discovery and Exploration by J.N.L.Baker. London: George G. Harrap & Co., Ltd. 1931, p. 149]
Jump up ^ THE RELATION OF a Wonderful Voyage made by Willem Cornelison Schouten of Horne. Shewing how South from the Straights of Magelan in Terra Delfuego: he found and discovered a newe passage through the great South Seaes, and that way sayled round about the world. London: Imprinted by T.D. for Nathanaell Newbery, 1619 [Facsimile of the first edition in English. London: George Rainbird Limited for The World Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1966], The Preface. “Translation thereof out of the Dutch, wherein it was written” by William Philip
Jump up ^ called Unitie in the Philip translation
Jump up ^ Hoorn was accidentally burned and destroyed on December 19, 1615 with no loss of life in Patagonia during a bungled cleaning attempt of the hull
Jump up ^ THE RELATION, p. 22
Jump up ^ THE RELATION, p. 23
Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way; page 7.
Jump up ^ The Circumnavigators Archived 2005-03-06 at the Wayback Machine., by Don Holm; Around the Three Capes. Prentice-Hall, NY, 1974. ISBN 0-13-134452-8 Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ North America and the Cape Horn Route, by Captain Harold D. Huycke; from Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ A Voyage for Madmen, by Peter Nichols; pages 4–5. Harper Collins, 2001. ISBN 0-06-095703-4
Jump up ^ Covey Crump — "cape" Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine., Commander A. Covey-Crump, RN, 1955; from the Royal Navy. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ Bligh, William (1792), A Voyage to the South Sea For The Purpose Of Conveying The Bread-Fruit Tree To The West Indies, Including An Account Of The Mutiny On Board The Ship, Project Gutenberg EText-No.15411
Jump up ^ Avid Cruiser Voyages: Rounding the Horn
Jump up ^ Rob Duncan's Quest for Cape Horn, by Rob Duncan. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ The Modern Cape Horner, from Victory Expeditions. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Cape Horn to Starboard Archived 2005-10-18 at the Wayback Machine., from Lin and Larry Pardey. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ The Circumnavigators, by Don Holm; Chapter 15. Archived May 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ List Of Solo Circumnavigators, from the Joshua Slocum Society International. Retrieved February 12, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Once Is Enough, by Miles Smeeton. International Marine Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-07-141431-2
Jump up ^ Around Cape Horn, from Frank Petersohn. Retrieved February 5, 2006.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative, by Richard Henry Dana; Chapter V, Cape Horn — A Visit. Signet Classics, 2000. ISBN 0-451-52759-3
Jump up ^ The Voyage of the Beagle, by Charles Darwin. National Geographic, 2004. ISBN 0-7922-6559-9.
Jump up ^ By way of Cape Horn, by Alan John Villiers. (Out of print.)
Jump up ^ Alone Through The Roaring Forties, Vito Dumas; McGraw-Hill Education, 2001. ISBN 0-07-137611-9
Jump up ^ Cape Horn: The Logical Route; 14,216 Miles Without Port of Call, by Bernard Moitessier. Sheridan House, 2003. ISBN 1-57409-154-9
Jump up ^ The Long Way, by Bernard Moitessier; page 141. Sheridan House, 1995. ISBN 0-924486-84-8
Jump up ^ "99. Rounding the Horn. John Masefield. Modern British Poetry". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
Jump up ^ The Last Time Around Cape Horn. The Historic 1949 Voyage of the Windjammer Pamir by William F. Stark. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2003; p. 147 ISBN 0-7867-1233-3
Jump up ^ The fastest time on record for a commercial sailing ship working westward around the Horn, from 50 degrees South in the Atlantic to 50 degrees South in the Pacific, is 5 days and 14 hours, made in 1938 by the 4-mast barque Priwall of the Flying P-Line under Captain Adolf Hauth [Stark, p. 147]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape Horn.
Guide: How to visit Cape Horn
International Association of Cape Horners
Chilean Brotherhood of Cape Horn Captains (Caphorniers)
Adventurer George Kourounis' expedition to Cape Horn
A monument at the end of the world—Chilean sculptor José Balcells' article (Spanish)
Robert FitzRoy's commemorative plaque in Horn Island (image)
Cape Horn, Tierra Del Fuego, Antarctica and South Georgia—antique charts of the Cape Horn region
Sailing Way Down South – Ellen MacArthur's rendezvous at Cabo de Hornos
Satellite image and infopoints on BlooSee
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 124698245
GND: 4029543-6
BNF: cb11934860h (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Horn&oldid=796896299"
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text:
Wounded Warrior Project
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Army Wounded Warrior Program and Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment
Wounded Warrior Project, CFC #11425
Motto
The greatest casualty is being forgotten.
Formation
2003[1]
Type
Nonprofit 501(C)(3) Corporation
Purpose
Veterans services
Headquarters
Jacksonville, Florida
CEO
Michael S. Linnington
Key people
Charlie Fletcher (Interim COO)
Anthony Odierno (Board Chair)
Anthony Principi (Advisory Council Chair)
Staff
516
Website
Official website
Wounded Warrior Project (WWP) is a charity and veterans service organization that offers a variety of programs, services and events for wounded veterans of the military actions following September 11, 2001. It operates as a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization.[2]
As of June 1, 2015, WWP served 71,866 registered alumni and 11,494 registered members.[3] The organization has partnered with several other charities, including the American Red Cross, Resounding Joy, a music therapy group in California, and Operation Homefront.[4][5] WWP has also provided a year-long Track program, which helps veterans transition to college and the workplace.[5]
Contents
1 History
2 Incorporation
3 Lawsuits
4 Title 38
5 Donations and Spending
6 Charity ratings
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Wounded Warrior Project was founded in 2003[1] in Roanoke, Virginia,[6] by John Melia.[7][8] Melia had been severely wounded in a helicopter crash while serving in Somalia in 1992.[6]
Melia assembled backpacks distributed to injured veterans at the former Bethesda Naval Hospital (Walter Reed National Military Medical Center) and Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The WWP Backpacks program continues to remain a central activity of WWP, evidenced by the 16,992 backpacks they had distributed as of August 1, 2013.[9]
Wounded Warrior Project initially operated as a division of the United Spinal Association of New York,[7][10] which adopted WWP as a program in November 2003. The WWP continued to support injured service members by providing them with free WWP Backpacks filled with comfort items
In September 2005, The United Spinal Association granted $2.7 million to WWP to "develop into a stand-alone charity with its own identity and programs," with the intent to expand its services from providing immediate comfort items to providing longer-term support for returning wounded veterans via compensation, education, health care, insurance, housing, employment, etc.[11]
In 2016 WWP's CEO, Steven Nardizzi, and its COO, Al Giordano, were fired after they had been revealed as spending massive amounts of the company's money on lavish things for themselves and company retreats.[12][13][14] Several former employees alleged that they were fired because they raised concerns over the mismanagement.[15]
Incorporation[edit]
Wounded Warrior Project registered for incorporation on February 23, 2005. WWP was granted accreditation as of September 10, 2008 by the Veterans Affairs Secretary as a Veterans Service Organization (VSO) "recognized by the Secretary for the purpose of preparation, presentation, and prosecution of claims under laws administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs." [16] The Veterans Administration's online List of Representatives for Accredited Organizations includes contact information for WWP's accredited service officers.[17] as well as a search tool to access information about other VSOs.[18]
In July 2006, WWP's headquarters were moved to Jacksonville, Florida. WWP Founder John Melia cited a strong local veteran community, access to Jacksonville International Airport, and support from the local business community, specifically the PGA Tour, as the reason for the move. The WWP headquarters will be undergoing a major $1.3 million renovation according to the Jacksonville Business Journal.[19]
Lawsuits[edit]
On May 27, 2014, WWP filed a lawsuit against Dean Graham, a disabled veteran with PTSD, and his Help Indiana Vets, Inc. organization.[20] After a court ruling, Graham retracted the allegations he leveled against Wounded Warrior Project and folded his direct-aid non-profit.[20][verification needed]
WWP filed a lawsuit in October 2014 seeking damages and court costs against a Blandon, Pennsylvania non-profit Keystone Wounded Warriors claiming confusing similarities between Keystone's and WWP's logos; Hampton Roads, VA Channel 3 TV covered the Keystone story on April 30, 2015,[21] and Nonprofit Quarterly covered the story with a title asking, is WWP "a 'Neighborhood Bully' among Veterans Groups?".[21] Tim Mak also covered the suit for the Daily Beast.[22][23]
After a reporter for the Tacoma, Washington News Tribune informed disabled veteran Airman Alex Graham, a blogger at the conspiracy website Veterans Today, of a pending lawsuit against him by the WWP, he removed his articles critical of their policies, later retracting his criticisms and issuing a public apology.[24]
Title 38[edit]
In March 2014, WWP testified before Congress that they strongly supported the bill "To amend title 38, United States Code, to provide veterans with counseling and treatment for sexual trauma that occurred during inactive duty training (H.R. 2527; 113th Congress)". The bill would extend a VA program of counseling and care and services for veterans for military sexual trauma that occurred during active duty or active duty for training to veterans who experienced such trauma during inactive duty training.[25] The bill would alter current law, which allows access to such counseling only to active duty members of the military, so that members of the Reserves and National Guard would be eligible.[26]
The WWP did a study of its alumni and found that, "almost half of the respondents indicated accessing care through VA for MST-related conditions was 'very difficult'. And of those who did not seek VA care, 41% did not know they were eligible for such care."[27] The WWP also testified that in addition to expanding access to MST care, the VA needed to improve care itself, because veterans report "inadequate screening, providers who were either insensitive or lacked needed expertise and facilities ill-equipped to appropriately care for MST survivors."[27]
Donations and Spending[edit]
In 2012, WWP spent US $114,817,090 on programs in support of wounded veterans, the families, and caregivers.[28]
In 2013, a new employee mistakenly declined to accept a donation from Liberty Baptist Church in Fort Pierce, Florida, and issued this inadvertent statement to the church leaders in an email, "We must decline the opportunity to be the beneficiary of your event due to our fundraising event criteria, which doesn't allow community events to be religious in nature." [29] Shortly after the church received this letter, a WWP spokesperson apologized and said that it was a miscommunication.[30]
In June 2015, the Daily Beast reported that the WWP sells its donor information to third parties. It also alleged that WWP distributed what it deemed an insubstantial percentage of donations to actual wounded warriors, and that it overpaid its executive staff.[31]
In January 2016, The New York Times reported that only 60 percent of the revenue of the Wounded Warrior Project is spent on programs to help veterans; the remaining 40 percent was overhead. It also reported claims of work environment of coercion, and multiple terminations.[32] That same month, CBS News disclosed that the WWP had grown to spend millions of dollars annually on team-building events.[33]
In March 2016, Wounded Warrior Project's board of directors dismissed the charity's top two executives, Steven Nardizzi and Al Giordano, after hiring the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett to perform an independent review of spending issues related to the company's funds. Board chairman Anthony Odierno was announced as temporarily taking control of the charity.[34]
In October 2016, Charity Navigator dropped Wounded Warrior Project from its "watch list," and later boosted the nonprofit's score to a four star rating (out of four stars).[35]
In February 2017, the Better Business Bureau released a report clearing Wounded Warrior Project of the "lavish spending" allegations, and "found the organization’s spending to be consistent with its programs and mission."[36]
Charity ratings[edit]
According to a 2013 article in 'Nonprofit Quarterly',"Depending on the rater, the Wounded Warriors Project seems to have scored low (Charity Watch), high (BBB Wise Giving Alliance) or somewhere in the middle (Charity Navigator)."[37], however, for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2016, Charity Watch has assigned WWP a C+ rating (up from a D originally) and Charity Navigator published its rating for WWP on 1 February 2017 as "four out of four stars" (up from three). According to Charity Navigator, WWP allocates 75.1 percent of its revenue to program expenses and 24.7 percent to fundraising and administrative expenses.[38] In January 2017 The Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance renewed its accreditation of WWP, for the next two years, as meeting the 20 standards for charity accountability.[39]
See also[edit]
Warrior Games
Warrior Care Network
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Wounded Warrior Project General FAQs". Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax : Wounded Warrior Project" (PDF). Pdfs.citizenaudit.org. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ Who We Serve, Wounded Warrior Project, retrieved 2015-05-12
Jump up ^ Expanded Emergency Financial Assistance Now Available For Wounded Warriors, Operation Homefront, retrieved 2013-09-19
^ Jump up to: a b Wounded Warrior Project spends 58% of donations on veterans programs, Tampa Bay Times, retrieved 2013-09-19
^ Jump up to: a b Strupp, Dave (July 6, 2007), "Fast-growing group helps warriors", Jacksonville Business Journal, Jacksonville, Florida: American City Business Journals, Inc., OCLC 44317335, archived from the original on January 16, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Herbert, Robert (March 12, 2004), "Our Wounded Warriors", The New York Times
Jump up ^ CNN Fredricka Whitfield interview with John Melia, CNN, March 20, 2004 , archived by WebCite here [1]
Jump up ^ Who We Serve, Wounded Warrior Project, retrieved 2013-10-14
Jump up ^ United States Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs (2005), Back from the Battlefield, Part II: Seamless Transition to Civilian Life : Hearing Before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, April 19, 2005, Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-16-075462-3, LCCN 2006415120, OCLC 63270891
Jump up ^ National Veterans Organization Awards $2.7 Million Grant to Aid Wounded Soldiers, United Spinal Association, retrieved 2013-09-30
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/us/wounded-warrior-project-spends-lavishly-on-itself-ex-employees-say.html
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/02/08/wounded-warrior-project-cleared-of-spending-lavishly-report-finds/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.c3735a79d456
Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wounded-warrior-project-investigation-grassley-senate-report/
Jump up ^ https://www.dallasnews.com/news/news/2016/03/10/wounded-warrior-project-fires-top-2-executives-after-accusations-of-lavish-spending
Jump up ^ "2013/2014 Directory : Veterans and Military Service Organizations" (PDF). Va.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Accreditation Search" (PDF). Va.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ "Gilbane doing $1.3 million renovation of Wounded Warrior Project HQ". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Wounded Warrior Group suing Indiana veteran it says defamed it, UPI, Nov 27, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Mather (2015-04-29). "Small veterans' charity sued for "unfair competition" by Wounded Warrior Project". WTKR.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ Tim Mak. "'Wounded Warrior' Charity Unleashes Hell—On Other Veteran Groups". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons, Kevin (Oct 8, 2014), Lawsuit over logo filed against Keystone Wounded Warriors, WFMZ-TV
Jump up ^ Ashton, Adam (Feb 9, 2015), Wounded Warrior Project sues a veteran critic in Gig Harbor, The News Tribune
Jump up ^ "H.R. 2527 - Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Neiweem, Christopher J. (27 March 2014). "Submission for the Record of VetsFirst". House Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Submission for the Record of Wounded Warrior Project". House Committee on Veterans Affairs. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
Jump up ^ WWP Financials, Wounded Warrior Project, retrieved 2013-09-19
Jump up ^ "Wounded Warrior Project denies money donation from a Fort Pierce Christian School". WPTV-TV. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
Jump up ^ Starnes, Todd (Feb 4, 2013), Wounded Warrior Project Apologizes for Rejecting Church Donation, Fox News
Jump up ^ Tim Mak. "'Wounded Warrior' Charity Fights—To Get Rich". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Dave (27 January 2016). "Wounded Warrior Project Spends Lavishly on Itself, Insiders Say". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Reid, Chip; Janisch, Jennifer (26 January 2016). "Wounded Warrior Project accused of wasting donation money". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Dave (March 10, 2016). "Wounded Warrior Board Ousts Top Two Executives". New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charity watchdog drops Wounded Warrior Project from watch list". WJXT Channel 4. October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wax-Thibodeaux, Emily (February 8, 2017). "Wounded Warrior Project cleared of 'spending lavishly,' report finds". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ COHEN, RICK. "One Charity, Many Different Ratings: What's a Donor to Do?". Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charity Navigator Rating for Wounded Warrior Project". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBB Wise Giving Alliance". Better Business Bureau. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Wounded Warrior Project coverage at C-SPAN
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