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2018 Pro Bowl
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2018 Pro Bowl
NFC
AFC
23 24
Head coach:
Sean Payton
(New Orleans Saints)
Head coach:
Mike Tomlin
(Pittsburgh Steelers)
1
2
3
4
Total
NFC 7 13 0 3 23
AFC 3 0 14 7 24
Date
January 28, 2018
Stadium
Camping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida
Offensive MVP
Delanie Walker (Tennessee Titans)
Defensive MVP
Von Miller (Denver Broncos)
Referee
Walt Anderson[1]
Attendance
51,019
Ceremonies
National anthem
Jordan Fisher
Coin toss
Derrick Brooks
Warrick Dunn
Jason Taylor
LaDainian Tomlinson
Halftime show
Jordan Fisher
TV in the United States
Network
ESPN/ABC
Announcers
Sean McDonough, Matt Hasselbeck, Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick
Radio in the United States
Network
Westwood One
Announcers
Kevin Kugler (play-by-play)
Steve Tasker (analyst)
Laura Okmin (sideline reporter)
← 2017
Pro Bowl
2019 →
The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League's all-star game for the 2017 season, which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida on January 28, 2018. For the first time since 2008, the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3:00 PM ET start. It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando. It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC. The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network. The AFC team won the game 24–23, the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Host selection process
1.2 Side events
2 Game format
2.1 Rule changes
3 Summary
3.1 Box score
4 AFC rosters
4.1 Offense
4.2 Defense
4.3 Special teams
5 NFC rosters
5.1 Offense
5.2 Defense
5.3 Special teams
6 Number of selections per team
7 Broadcasting
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Host selection process[edit]
Under a three-year deal that began in 2017, the Pro Bowl will once again be hosted by Camping World Stadium in Orlando.[2]
Side events[edit]
The Pro Bowl Skills Challenge was held on January 25 at the Walt Disney World Resort and its ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex.
Game format[edit]
Rule changes[edit]
The game format was the same as for 2017, highlighted by:
Forty-four players were assigned to each team, up from 43 in 2016 (a regular game-day active roster has 46).
The two-minute warning that was given in the first and third quarters (in addition to the second and fourth quarters) in previous years was eliminated, and the ball did not change hands after the first and third quarters.
The coin toss determined which team was awarded possession first. There were no kickoffs; the ball was placed on the 25-yard line at the start of each half and after scoring plays.
Defenses were now permitted to play cover two and press coverage. Prior to 2014, only man coverage was allowed, except for goal line situations.
A 38-second/25-second play clock was used instead of the usual 40-second/25-second clock, and up from 35-second/25-second clock in 2016.
Replay reviews will be allowed; previously there was replay in the Pro Bowl only when new equipment tests were being conducted.
There are no intentional grounding rules.
Only defensive ends and tackles may rush on passing plays, but those must be on the same side of the ball. The defense is not permitted to blitz.
All blindside blocks and blocks below the waist are illegal.
A tight end and running back must be in every formation.
No more than two wide receivers on either side of the ball.
Deep middle safety must be aligned inside the hash marks.
Play is stopped the moment a defender wraps his arms around the ball carrier. (This rule only applies to the quarterback in the backfield during regular NFL play.)
Summary[edit]
Box score[edit]
2018 Pro Bowl: American Football Conference vs National Football Conference
1
2
3
4
Total
NFC 7 13 0 3 23
AFC 3 0 14 7 24
at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida
Date: January 28, 2018
Game time: 3:00 p.m. ET
Game weather: 78 °F (26 °C), Rain showers
Game attendance: 51,019
Referee: Walt Anderson
TV announcers (ESPN): Sean McDonough, Matt Hasselbeck, Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick
Recap, Game Book
[show]Game information
First quarter
NFC – Adam Thielen 8-yard pass from Drew Brees (Graham Gano kick), 7:50. NFC 7–0. Drive: 13 plays, 75 yards, 7:10.
AFC – Chris Boswell 41-yard field goal, 0:43. NFC 7–3. Drive: 12 plays, 52 yards, 7:07.
Second quarter
NFC – Graham Gano 43-yard field goal, 12:08. NFC 10–3. Drive: 4 plays, −4 yards, 1:56.
NFC – Harrison Smith 79-yard interception return (Graham Gano kick), 7:18. NFC 17–3.
NFC – Graham Gano 40-yard field goal, 0:00. NFC 20–3. Drive: 11 plays, 58 yards, 1:53.
Third quarter
AFC – Delanie Walker 4-yard pass from Alex Smith (Chris Boswell kick), 11:20. NFC 20–10. Drive: 5 plays, 75 yards, 3:40.
AFC – LeSean McCoy 2-yard run (Chris Boswell kick), 5:36. NFC 20–17. Drive: 5 plays, 53 yards, 3:07.
Fourth quarter
NFC – Graham Gano 38-yard field goal, 14:09. NFC 23–17. Drive: 13 plays, 55 yards, 6:27.
AFC – Delanie Walker 18-yard pass from Derek Carr (Chris Boswell kick), 1:31. AFC 24–23. Drive: 7 plays, 47 yards, 2:13.
Top passers
NFC – Jared Goff – 10/18, 86 yards
AFC – Alex Smith – 7/10, 131 yards, TD, INT
Top rushers
NFC – Mark Ingram – 5 rushes, 21 yards
AFC – LeSean McCoy – 3 rushes, 7 yards, TD
Top receivers
NFC – Kyle Rudolph – 7 receptions, 70 yards
AFC – T. Y. Hilton – 4 receptions, 98 yards
AFC rosters[edit]
The following players were selected to represent the AFC:
Offense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Quarterback 12 Tom Brady, New England[d] 7 Ben Roethlisberger, Pittsburgh
17 Philip Rivers, LA Chargers[b][3] 11 Alex Smith, Kansas City[a][3]
4 Derek Carr, Oakland[a][4]
Running back 26 Le'Veon Bell, Pittsburgh 25 LeSean McCoy, Buffalo
27 Kareem Hunt, Kansas City
Fullback 46 James Develin, New England[d] 45 Roosevelt Nix, Pittsburgh[a][5]
Wide receiver 10 DeAndre Hopkins, Houston[b][6]
84 Antonio Brown, Pittsburgh 13 Keenan Allen, LA Chargers
18 A. J. Green, Cincinnati[b][7] 13 T. Y. Hilton, Indianapolis[a][7]
14 Jarvis Landry, Miami[a][6]
Tight end 87 Travis Kelce, Kansas City[b][8] 87 Rob Gronkowski, New England[d] 82 Delanie Walker, Tennessee[a][8]
84 Jack Doyle, Indianapolis[a][9]
Offensive tackle 77 Taylor Lewan, Tennessee
78 Alejandro Villanueva, Pittsburgh 72 Donald Penn, Oakland[b][10] 76 Russell Okung, LA Chargers[a][10]
Offensive guard 66 David DeCastro, Pittsburgh
70 Kelechi Osemele, Oakland 64 Richie Incognito, Buffalo
Center 53 Maurkice Pouncey, Pittsburgh 61 Rodney Hudson, Oakland
Defense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Defensive end 93 Calais Campbell, Jacksonville[b][11]
99 Joey Bosa, LA Chargers[b][12] 52 Khalil Mack, Oakland[b][13] 54 Melvin Ingram, LA Chargers[a][12]
97 Cameron Heyward, Pittsburgh[a][13]
91 Yannick Ngakoue, Jacksonville[a][11]
Defensive tackle 97 Geno Atkins, Cincinnati
99 Jurrell Casey, Tennessee 97 Malik Jackson, Jacksonville
Outside linebacker 58 Von Miller, Denver
90 Jadeveon Clowney, Houston[b][11] 55 Terrell Suggs, Baltimore 50 Telvin Smith, Jacksonville[a][11]
Inside linebacker 57 C.J. Mosley, Baltimore 50 Ryan Shazier, Pittsburgh[b][14] 53 Joe Schobert, Cleveland[a][14]
Cornerback 20 Jalen Ramsey, Jacksonville
21 A. J. Bouye, Jacksonville 21 Aqib Talib, Denver
26 Casey Hayward, LA Chargers
Free safety 32 Eric Weddle, Baltimore 31 Kevin Byard, Tennessee[a][15]
Strong safety 20 Reshad Jones, Miami 23 Micah Hyde, Buffalo[b][15]
Special teams[edit]
Position
Starter
Alternate(s)
Punter 6 Brett Kern, Tennessee
Placekicker 9 Chris Boswell, Pittsburgh
Return specialist 10 Tyreek Hill, Kansas City
Special teamer 18 Matthew Slater, New England[d] 41 Brynden Trawick, Tennessee[a][15]
Long snapper 46 Clark Harris, Cincinnati[16]
NFC rosters[edit]
The following players were selected to represent the NFC:
Offense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Quarterback 11 Carson Wentz, Philadelphia[b][d] 3 Russell Wilson, Seattle
9 Drew Brees, New Orleans 16 Jared Goff, LA Rams[a][17]
Running back 30 Todd Gurley, LA Rams 22 Mark Ingram, New Orleans
41 Alvin Kamara, New Orleans
Fullback 44 Kyle Juszczyk, San Francisco
Wide receiver 11 Julio Jones, Atlanta[b][18]
19 Adam Thielen, Minnesota 11 Larry Fitzgerald, Arizona[b][19]
13 Michael Thomas, New Orleans 17 Davante Adams, Green Bay[a][18]
89 Doug Baldwin, Seattle[a][19]
Tight end 86 Zach Ertz, Philadelphia[d] 88 Jimmy Graham, Seattle[b][20] 82 Jason Witten, Dallas[a][21]
82 Kyle Rudolph, Minnesota[a][20]
Offensive tackle 71 Trent Williams, Washington[b][22]
77 Tyron Smith, Dallas[b][23] 65 Lane Johnson, Philadelphia[d] 77 Andrew Whitworth, LA Rams[a][22]
74 Joe Staley, San Francisco[a][23]
76 Duane Brown, Seattle[24]
Offensive guard 70 Zack Martin, Dallas[b][25]
79 Brandon Brooks, Philadelphia[d] 75 Brandon Scherff, Washington[b][26] 70 Trai Turner, Carolina[a][25]
76 T. J. Lang, Detroit[a][26]
67 Larry Warford, New Orleans[a][27]
Center 51 Alex Mack, Atlanta 72 Travis Frederick, Dallas
Defense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Defensive end 90 DeMarcus Lawrence, Dallas
97 Everson Griffen, Minnesota[b][28] 94 Cameron Jordan, New Orleans 72 Michael Bennett, Seattle[a][28]
Defensive tackle 91 Fletcher Cox, Philadelphia[d]
99 Aaron Donald, LA Rams[b][29] 93 Gerald McCoy, Tampa Bay 76 Mike Daniels, Green Bay[a][29]
98 Linval Joseph, Minnesota[a][20]
Outside linebacker 55 Chandler Jones, Arizona
91 Ryan Kerrigan, Washington 55 Anthony Barr, Minnesota[b][30] 58 Thomas Davis Sr., Carolina[a][30]
Inside linebacker 59 Luke Kuechly, Carolina[b][31] 54 Bobby Wagner, Seattle[b][32] 45 Deion Jones, Atlanta[a][31]
58 Kwon Alexander', Tampa Bay[a][32]
Cornerback 21 Patrick Peterson, Arizona
29 Xavier Rhodes, Minnesota 23 Marshon Lattimore, New Orleans
23 Darius Slay, Detroit
Free safety 29 Earl Thomas, Seattle
Strong safety 21 Landon Collins, NY Giants[b][20] 27 Malcolm Jenkins, Philadelphia[d] 22 Keanu Neal, Atlanta[a][33]
22 Harrison Smith, Minnesota[a][20]
Special teams[edit]
Position
Starter
Alternate(s)
Punter 6 Johnny Hekker, LA Rams
Placekicker 4 Greg Zuerlein, LA Rams[b] 9 Graham Gano, Carolina[a][25]
Return specialist 10 Pharoh Cooper, LA Rams
Special teamer 36 Budda Baker, Arizona
Long snapper 44 Jake McQuaide, LA Rams[34]
Notes: Players must have accepted their invitations as alternates to be listed; those who declined are not considered Pro Bowlers.
bold player who participated in game
(C) signifies the player has been selected as a captain
a Replacement Player selection due to injury or vacancy
b Injured/suspended player; selected but did not participate
c Replacement starter; selected as reserve
d Selected but did not play because his team advanced to Super Bowl LII (see Pro Bowl "Player Selection" section)
Number of selections per team[edit]
American Football Conference
Team
Selections
Pittsburgh Steelers 10
Jacksonville Jaguars 6
Los Angeles Chargers 6
Tennessee Titans 6
Oakland Raiders 5
New England Patriots 4
Kansas City Chiefs 4
Baltimore Ravens 3
Buffalo Bills 3
Cincinnati Bengals 3
Denver Broncos 2
Houston Texans 2
Indianapolis Colts 2
Miami Dolphins 2
Cleveland Browns 1
New York Jets 0
National Football Conference
Team
Selections
Los Angeles Rams 8
Seattle Seahawks 7
Minnesota Vikings 7
New Orleans Saints 7
Philadelphia Eagles 6
Dallas Cowboys 5
Arizona Cardinals 4
Carolina Panthers 4
Atlanta Falcons 4
Washington Redskins 3
Green Bay Packers 2
Detroit Lions 2
San Francisco 49ers 2
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2
New York Giants 1
Chicago Bears 0
Broadcasting[edit]
The 2018 Pro Bowl was televised nationally by ABC, ESPN, and ESPN Deportes. The simulcast marked the game's return to broadcast television, as well as its return to ABC for the first time since 2003.[35] To accommodate the return to broadcast television, the game moved from primetime to an afternoon start time to avoid interfering with ABC's Primetime Lineup.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walt Anderson is the referee for the 2018 Pro Bowl
Jump up ^ "NFL's pro bowl moves to Orlando". Chicago Tribune. Tronc. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alex Smith added to AFC Pro Bowl roster". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Raiders QB Derek Carr Selected To Third Consecutive Pro Bowl". Raiders.com. January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (January 22, 2018). "Nix is Pro Bowl bound". Steelers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dolphins receiver Jarvis Landry named to Pro Bowl as alternate". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Andrew. "T.Y. Hilton Selected To Fourth Straight Pro Bowl". Colts.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Delanie Walker in, Travis Kelce out for Pro Bowl". Yahoo.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walker, Andrew (January 21, 2018). "Jack Doyle Named To First-Career Pro Bowl". Colts.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Elwood, Hayley (January 22, 2018). "Russell Okung Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". Chargers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ngakoue and Smith added to Pro Bowl roster". Jaguars.com. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chargers OLB Melvin Ingram named to 2018 NFL Pro Bowl". USAToday.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Varley, Teresa (January 16, 2018). "Heyward headed to the Pro Bowl". Steelers.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Joe Schobert added to AFC Pro Bowl team". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. 2018-01-16. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Titans FS Kevin Byard, ST Brynden Trawick Named to Pro Bowl". TitansOnline.com. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Williams, Charean (January 16, 2018). "Bengals long snapper Clark Harris selected for Pro Bowl". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Myles (January 22, 2018). "Jared Goff Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". TheRams.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Western, Evan (January 16, 2018). "Packers' Davante Adams added to 2018 Pro Bowl roster". SBNation.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Charean (January 4, 2018). "Doug Baldwin replaces Larry Fitzgerald on Pro Bowl roster". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Linval Joseph, Kyle Rudolph, Harrison Smith Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". Vikings.com. January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eatman, Nick (January 22, 2018). "Witten Added to Pro Bowl Roster; Ties Franchise Record With 11 Appearances". DallasCowboys.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Alper, Josh (January 9, 2018). "Andrew Whitworth will go to the Pro Bowl". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "T Joe Staley Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". 49ers.com. January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boyle, John (January 23, 2018). "Seahawks Left Tackle Duane Brown Named To Pro Bowl Roster". Seahawks.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Graham Gano, Trai Turner named to Pro Bowl roster". panthers.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Twentyman, Tim (January 19, 2018). "T.J. Lang named to 2018 Pro Bowl". DetroitLions.com.
Jump up ^ Alper, Josh (January 22, 2018). "Larry Warford will join Saints coaches at the Pro Bowl". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Boyle, John (January 22, 2018). "Seahawks Defensive End Michael Bennett Named To 2018 Pro Bowl Roster". Seahawks.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Packers DT Mike Daniels named to Pro Bowl". packers.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas Davis named to Pro Bowl roster". Panthers.com. January 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Deion Jones added to Pro Bowl roster". nbcsports.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kwon Alexander Headed to the Pro Bowl!". buccaneers.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Conway, Kelsey (January 22, 2018). "Falcons' safety Keanu Neal selected to 2018 Pro Bowl roster". AtlantaFalcons.com.
Jump up ^ Klein, Gary (2018-01-17). "Rams snapper Jake McQuaide named to Pro Bowl for second year in a row". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
Jump up ^ "NFL's Pro Bowl Back on ABC". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
External links[edit]
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Dyson (company)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 51°35′44″N 2°06′18″W / 51.595473°N 2.1050741°W / 51.595473; -2.1050741
This article needs to be updated. In particular: regarding lawsuits and current products. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)
Dyson Ltd
Type
Private company
Industry
Technology
Founded
8 July 1987; 30 years ago (1987-07-08)
(as Barleta Ltd.)[1]
Founder
James Dyson
Headquarters
Malmesbury, Wiltshire, UK
Key people
James Dyson
(Chief engineer)
Jim Rowan (CEO)
Products
Vacuum cleaners, hand dryers, desk fans, Hair dryers
(see products listing)
Revenue
£2.5 billion (2016)[2]
Profit
631 million (2016)[2]
Owner
James Dyson
Number of employees
>7,000 (2016)[3]
Website
www.dyson.com
Dyson DC07 Vacuum Cleaner
Dyson Ltd is a British technology company established by James Dyson in 1987. It designs and manufactures household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, hand dryers, bladeless fans, heaters and hair dryers. Dyson employs more than 7,000 people worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Products
3 Research projects
4 James Dyson Award and James Dyson Foundation
5 Cyclonic separation technology
6 Production moves to Malaysia and Singapore
7 UK expansion in Hullavington
8 Controversies
8.1 Patent infringement lawsuits
8.1.1 Amway and Hoover
8.1.2 Qualtex
8.1.3 Vax
8.1.4 Samsung
8.2 Excel Dryer lawsuit
8.3 Criticisms regarding foreign students
8.4 Lobbying on copyright issues with China
8.5 Industrial espionage on motor technology
8.6 Siemens and Bosch energy requirements allegations
8.7 Dyson suit against European Commission
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Dyson was founded in 1987 by James Dyson. He was disappointed with the way existing vacuum cleaners, including his Hoover Junior, used bags to trap dust, and how these bags clogged when routine maintenance was neglected, causing the cleaners to lose suction and cleaning power. He took inspiration for a bagless vacuum cleaner from a visit to a local sawmill, where he noticed how sawdust was removed from the air by large industrial cyclones.[4] Centrifugal separators are a typical method of collecting dirt, dust and debris in industrial settings. Such methods usually were not applied on a smaller scale because of the higher cost. Dyson hypothesised the same principle might work, on a smaller scale, in a vacuum cleaner. He removed the bag from his vacuum and fitted it with a cardboard cyclone. He found that this was more effective than previous vacuum cleaner models.[5]
According to @Issue: The Journal of Business and Design (vol. 8, no. 1):
In his usual style of seeking solutions from unexpected sources, Dyson thought of how a nearby sawmill used a cyclone—a 30-foot (9.1 m)-high cone that spun dust out of the air by centrifugal force—to expel waste. He reasoned that a vacuum cleaner that could separate dust by cyclonic action and spin it out of the airstream would eliminate the need for both bag and filter.
Dyson developed 5,127 prototype designs between 1979 and 1984. The first prototype vacuum cleaner, a red and blue machine, brought Dyson little success, as he struggled to find a licensee for his machine in the UK and America. Manufacturing companies like Hoover did not want to license the design, probably because the vacuum bag market was worth $500m so Dyson was a threat to their profits.[5]
The only company that expressed interest in the new cyclonic vacuum technology was Dyson's former employer, Rotork. Built by Italian appliance maker Zanussi and sold by Kleeneze through mail order catalogue, the Kleeneze Rotork Cyclon was the first publicly sold vacuum cleaner of Dyson's design. Only about 500 units were sold in 1983.[6]
In 1985 a Japanese company, Apex Ltd., expressed interest in licensing Dyson's design and in March 1986 a reworked version of the Cyclon– called G-Force–was put into production and sold in Japan for the equivalent of US$2,000, which sought to build on public awareness from the Japanese anime series, called G-Force: Guardians of Space.[6][7] The G-Force had an attachment that could turn it into a table to save space in small Japanese apartments.[5] In 1991, it won the International Design Fair prize in Japan, and became a status symbol there.
Using the income from the Japanese licence, James Dyson set up Dyson Appliances Ltd. in 1991. The first dual-cyclone vacuum built under the Dyson name, the DA 001, was produced by American company Phillips Plastics in a facility in Wrexham, Wales, beginning in January 1993 and sold for about £200.[6] Due to quality control concerns and Phillips's desire to renegotiate the terms of their contract to build the vacuum cleaner, Dyson severed the agreement in May 1993. Within two months Dyson set up a new supply chain and opened a new production facility in Chippenham, Wiltshire, England;[6] the first vacuum built at the new facility was completed 1 July 1993. The DA 001 was soon replaced by an almost identical vacuum called DC01.
Dyson licensed the technology in North America from 1986 to 2001 to Fantom Technologies, after which Dyson entered the market directly.
Even though market research showed that people wouldn’t be happy with a transparent container for the dust, Dyson and his team decided to make a transparent container anyway and this turned out to be a popular and enduring feature which has been heavily copied.[8] The DC01 became the biggest selling vacuum cleaner in the UK in just 18 months.[5] By 2001, the DC01 made up 47% of the upright vacuum cleaner market.[9]
A Dyson Airblade Mk. 2
The company introduced a cylinder machine, the DC02, and produced a number of special editions and revised models (DC02 Absolute, DC02 De Stijl, DC05, DC04, DC06, DC04 Zorbster). On 2 January 2001 the company name was shortened from Dyson Appliances Ltd. to simply Dyson Ltd.[1] In April of that year the DC07, a new upright vacuum cleaner using "Root Cyclone" technology with seven cyclone funnels instead of the original dual-cyclone design, was launched. By 2009 Dyson began creating other technologies: the AirBlade hand dryer, the Air Multiplier "bladeless" fan and Dyson Hot, the "bladeless" fan heater.[10]
Products[edit]
Main article: List of Dyson products
Research projects[edit]
In 2014, Dyson invested in a joint robotics lab with Imperial College London to investigate vision systems and engineer a generation of household robots.[11][12] In 2001 they were close to launching a robot vacuum, the DC06, but James Dyson pulled it from the production line as it was too heavy and slow.[13]
Dyson invested in a Dyson Chair at the University of Cambridge in November 2011. The Dyson Professor of Fluid Mechanics focuses on teaching and researching the science and engineering behind air movement.[14] In addition, Dyson invested hundreds of thousands pounds in a Dyson research branch at Newcastle University in May 2012 to investigate the next generation of Dyson digital motor and motor drive.
In March 2015, Dyson invested in its first outside business, paying $15m for an undisclosed stake in US battery start-up Sakti3, which is developing solid-state batteries.[15] Dyson acquired the remaining stake in Sakti3 for $90m in October 2015.[16] Dyson researchers had been working on battery technology since 2010.[16] In 2017, Dyson abandoned its licensing of patents held by University of Michigan, fuelling doubts over Sakti3's technology.[17]
In late September 2017, company founder James Dyson announced via email to employees that the company has 400 people working on a battery electric vehicle, secretly in the works for two years, which it hopes to release by 2020[18][19].
James Dyson Award and James Dyson Foundation[edit]
The James Dyson Award is an international student design award running in 18 countries. It is run by the James Dyson Foundation, James Dyson’s charitable trust, as part of its mission to encourage the next generation of design engineers to be creative, challenging and inventive. The James Dyson Award is presented jointly to students and their university.[20]
The James Dyson Foundation aims to inspire young people to study engineering and become engineers. By visiting schools and universities and providing workshops for young people, the foundation hopes to encourage creativity and ingenuity. Over 727 schools in Great Britain and Northern Ireland have used Dyson’s educational 'Ideas Boxes', sent to teachers and pupils, in order to learn more about the design process. The James Dyson Foundation also provides bursaries and scholarships to aspiring engineers.[21]
Cyclonic separation technology[edit]
See also: Dust collector
A Dyson vacuum cleaner uses cyclonic separation to remove dust and other particles from the air stream, without enhancing or contributing to the suction needed to collect dirt. Dirty air enters a conical container called a cyclone, where it is made to flow in a tight spiral. Centrifugal force throws the particles out of the airflow onto the wall of the container, from which they can fall into a bin. The vacuum cleaner uses two stages of cyclones. Dyson states that centrifugal forces can reach up to 150,000 g.[22] Although Dyson vacuum cleaners do not need a dustbag, there are several filters incorporated which must be kept reasonably clean, otherwise the partial blockage created will cause the performance of the cleaner to diminish.[23] Many of the latest cleaners incorporate digital electric motors which are very compact for their performance. Naturally, the very high rotational speed (e.g. 120,000rpm) advertised for these motors is necessary to enable the attached low diameter fan to achieve a reasonably high tip speed to satisfy the airflow/pressure rise requirements of the vacuum cleaner.
Production moves to Malaysia and Singapore[edit]
Dyson vacuum cleaners and washing machines were made in Malmesbury, Wiltshire until 2002, when the company transferred vacuum cleaner production to Malaysia. There was some controversy over the reason for this move, as well as over plans to expand Dyson's factory to increase production.[24] Moreover, trade unionists in Wiltshire claimed that the move would negatively impact the local economy through the loss of jobs.[25][26] The following year, washing machine production was also transferred to Malaysia.[27] This move was driven by lower production costs in Malaysia (lower by 30% compared with the UK); however, it created a loss of 65 jobs.[28]
In 2004, the Meiban-Dyson Laundry Manufacturing Plant was launched in Johor, Malaysia. The newly opened RM10 million (approx. US$2.63 million) plant is a joint venture between Dyson and the Singapore-based Meiban Group Ltd., which has manufacturing facilities in Singapore, Malaysia and China.[29]
Dyson stated that the cost savings from transferring production to Malaysia enabled investment in research & development at their Malmesbury head office.[30]
In 2007, Dyson formed a partnership with the Malaysian electronics manufacturer VS Industry Bhd (VSI) to take on a major role in Dyson's supply chain, from raw material sourcing and production to distribution. VSI also undertook an extensive production plan to supply finished product to Dyson's destination markets around the globe (America, UK, Japan, etc.).[31]
It is said that Dyson has around 7,000 employees,[32] Dyson has not publicly stated where those employees are actually located, however, it is known that VS Industry Bhd (VSI) currently has around 4,250 employees at their Malaysian facility which manufactures Dyson products,[33] and in 2007 it was reported that Dyson alone was responsible for 80% of VS Industry Bhd (VSI) revenue.[34]
Dyson launched a $360 million plant in Tuas, Singapore in 2013, which can produce 4 million digital motors a year.[35] In 2016, Dyson injected $100 million to increase the production output to an estimated 11 million digital motors a year.[36]
UK expansion in Hullavington[edit]
On 28 February 2017, Dyson announced a significant expansion programme in the UK, by opening a new high tech campus on the former RAF Hullavington Airfield in Hullavington, Wiltshire near its Malmesbury headquarters.[37][38] It has been suggested that research there will focus on battery technologies, following the acquisition of US start-up Sakti3, and robotics.[38] It will also house the Dyson Institute of Technology, a college founded by James Dyson to combat a perceived shortage of engineering skills in the UK.[39]
Controversies[edit]
Patent infringement lawsuits[edit]
Amway and Hoover[edit]
In 1985, Dyson sued Amway for copyright infringement of a Dyson dual cyclone prototype machine. Dyson claimed that he had sent the prototype machines, drawings, and confidential information to Amway as part of a contract in April 1984. In January 1985, Amway produced the CMS-1000, a machine which was very similar to the Dyson design. Less than a month later, Dyson sued Amway.[40]
In 1999, the US company Hoover was found guilty of patent infringement.[41]
Qualtex[edit]
In 2006, Dyson sued the parts manufacturer Qualtex for copyright and unregistered design right infringement, for creating and selling deliberate imitations of Dyson's original vacuum cleaner parts. Dyson was seeking to prevent the sale of spare parts made by Qualtex to fit and match Dyson vacuum cleaners. The Qualtex parts in question were intended to resemble closely the Dyson spares, not least as they were visible in the normal use of the vacuum cleaners.[42] The Chinese manufacturer that produced certain parts for Qualtex was found to have copied the visual design of some of Dyson's spare parts. Following the win, £100,000 was donated to the Royal College of Art to help young designers protect their designs.[43]
Vax[edit]
In 2010, Dyson launched legal action against rival manufacturer Vax, claiming the design of its Mach Zen vacuum cleaner is an infringement of the registered design of its first "bagless" Dyson cylinder vacuum DC02, which dates back to 1994. Dyson also claimed the Chinese-owned rival had "flagrantly copied" Dyson's iconic design.[44] However, the court backed an earlier decision which rejected Dyson’s claims,[45] as the two designs did not produce "the same overall impression" on the informed user. The courts held that the two cleaners were "different designs", the Dyson cleaner being "smooth, curving and elegant", the Vax cleaner being "rugged, angular and industrial".[46]
Samsung[edit]
In August 2013, Dyson sued Samsung Electronics over claims his company’s steering technology was infringed.[47] The product that was targeted, Samsung's "Motion Sync", allegedly infringed the design of a steering mechanism for cylinder cleaners, patented by Dyson in 2009. It describes a way to allow a vacuum cleaner to spin quickly from one direction to another on the spot, and to follow the user's path rather than just being dragged behind, in order to prevent the vacuum getting snagged on corners.[48] But three months after it filed the lawsuit, Dyson voluntarily dropped the litigation for unknown reasons. Samsung filed a counter suit for ₤6 million for compensation for hurting Samsung's corporate image.[49][needs update]
Excel Dryer lawsuit[edit]
On 5 December 2012, a lawsuit by hand dryer manufacturer Excel Dryer was filed against Dyson, claiming that Dyson's advertising comparing the Airblade to the Excel Dryer Xlerator was deceptive.[50] Dyson's advertisements stated that the Xlerator produced twice as much carbon dioxide, was worse for the environment, and cost more to operate than the Airblade. Excel Dryer claimed that Dyson was falsifying its comparisons by submitting a 20-second dry time for the Xlerator to the Materials Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, rather than Excel Dryer's tested 12 second dry time, thus inflating energy consumption figures in the Airblade's favour.[needs update]
Criticisms regarding foreign students[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)
In March 2011, James Dyson reportedly said in an interview for The Sunday Times that British universities were allowing Chinese nationals to study engineering and spy on the departments where they were working, enabling them to take technology back to China after completing their studies.[51][52][53][54] In the interview he was quoted as saying that "Britain is very proud about the number of foreign students we educate at our universities, but actually all we are doing is educating our competitors. [...] I've seen frightening examples. Bugs are even left in computers so that the information continues to be transmitted after the researchers have returned home."[53][55]
David Willetts, the government minister responsible for British universities, said he would thoroughly investigate the statement provided by James Dyson.[51] He has also criticised the Chinese authorities for failing to act on patent infringements.
Lobbying on copyright issues with China[edit]
In December 2011, The Independent reported that Bell Pottinger executive Tim Collins had been filmed by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism saying that David Cameron had raised a copyright issue with Chinese premier Wen Jiabao on behalf of Dyson Limited "because we asked him to".[56][57]
Industrial espionage on motor technology[edit]
In 2012, Yong Pang, an engineer specialist in electric motors, was accused of stealing Dyson's digital motor technology which was a part of future product development projects.[58] The motors, in development over 15 years, incorporated microchip “digital impulse technology” to spin at 104,000 rpm in order to draw high volumes of air through the appliance, and were not licensed to any other companies.[59] Yong Pang and his wife Yali Li allegedly set up a front company "ACE Electrical Machine Design" to receive payments of £11,650 from Bosch while Pang was working for Dyson.[60] Dyson claimed that trade secrets were passed to Bosch's Chinese motor manufacturer.[61][needs update]
Siemens and Bosch energy requirements allegations[edit]
In 2015, Dyson charged that Siemens and Bosch vacuums were using a sensor that sent signals to its motor to increase its power while the machine sucked up dust remnants, making them appear more competent during European Union (EU) efficiency tests. Because tests are conducted in dust-free labs, Dyson claimed that this gave an unfair reading, because in a real home environment the machines used much more power. Dyson said both brands have "capitalized on loopholes" found within the EU regulations to be granted an AAAA energy consumption rating, when actual domestic use showed they performed similar to that of an "E" or "F" rating. Dyson issued proceedings against Bosch in Netherlands and France, and against Siemens in Germany and Belgium.[62]
However, BSH’s Hausgeräte, which makes household appliances under the Bosch and Siemens brands[63] explained that many of its machines contain “intelligent sensor technology” to avoid loss of suction, which control the vacuum cleaner motor automatically.[64] After weeks of court proceeedings, Dyson lost the court battle against Bosch; the courts in the Netherlands decided that Dyson accusations were baseless.[65]
Dyson suit against European Commission[edit]
Until 2017, European Union regulations had required vacuum cleaners be tested when empty, a ruling which greatly favored bagged vacuum cleaners. Dyson sued the European Commission, resulting in a judgement requiring testing be done under normal usage conditions.[66]
See also[edit]
James Dyson Award
Dyson Institute of Technology
References[edit]
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Electroanalytical methods
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Electroanalytical methods are a class of techniques in analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.[1][2][3][4] These methods can be broken down into several categories depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), coulometry (the cell's current is measured over time), and voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).
Contents
1 Potentiometry
2 Coulometry
3 Voltammetry
3.1 Polarography
3.2 Amperometry
4 References
5 Bibliography
Potentiometry[edit]
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the composition of the sample. Therefore, the difference of potential between the two electrodes gives an assessment of the composition of the sample. In fact, since potentiometric measurement is a non-destructive measurement, assuming that the electrode is in equilibrium with the solution we are measuring the potential of the solution. Potentiometry usually uses indicator electrodes made selectively sensitive to the ion of interest, such as fluoride in fluoride selective electrodes, so that the potential solely depends on the activity of this ion of interest. The time that takes the electrode to establish equilibrium with the solution will affect the sensitivity or accuracy of the measurement. In aquatic environments, platinum is often used due to its high electron transfer kinetics,[5] although an electrode made from several metals can be used in order to enhance to electron transfer kinetics.[6] The most common potentiometric electrode is by far the glass-membrane electrode used in a PH METER
A variant of potentiometry is chronopotentiometry which consists in using a constant current and measurement of potential as a function of time. It has been initiated by Weber[7]
Coulometry[edit]
Main article: Coulometry
Coulometry uses applied current or potential to completely convert an analyte from one oxidation state to another. In these experiments, the total current passed is measured directly or indirectly to determine the number of electrons passed. Knowing the number of electrons passed can indicate the concentration of the analyte or, when the concentration is known, the number of electrons transferred in the redox reaction. Common forms of coulometry include bulk electrolysis, also known as Potentiostatic coulometry or controlled potential coulometry, as well as a variety of coulometric titrations.
Voltammetry[edit]
Main article: Voltammetry
Voltammetry applies a constant and/or varying potential at an electrode's surface and measures the resulting current with a three electrode system. This method can reveal the reduction potential of an analyte and its electrochemical reactivity. This method in practical terms is nondestructive since only a very small amount of the analyte is consumed at the two-dimensional surface of the working and auxiliary electrodes. In practice the analyte solutions is usually disposed of since it is difficult to separate the analyte from the bulk electrolyte and the experiment requires a small amount of analyte. A normal experiment may involve 1–10 mL solution with an analyte concentration between 1 and 10 mmol/L. Chemically modified electrodes are employed for analysis of organic and inorganic samples.
Polarography[edit]
Main article: Polarography
Polarography is a subclass of voltammetry that uses a dropping mercury electrode as the working electrode.
Amperometry[edit]
Main article: Amperometry
Amperometry is the term indicating the whole of electrochemical techniques in which a current is measured as a function of an independent variable that is, typically, time or electrode potential. Chronoamperometry is the technique in which the current is measured, at a fixed potential, at different times since the start of polarisation. Chronoamperometry is typically carried out in unstirred solution and at fixed electrode, i.e., under experimental conditions avoiding convection as the mass transfer to the electrode. On the other hand, voltammetry is a subclass of amperometry, in which the current is measured by varying the potential applied to the electrode. According to the waveform that describes the way how the potential is varied as a function of time, the different voltammetric techniques are defined. Confusion arose recently about the correct use of many terms proper of electrochemistry/electroanalysis, often owing to the diffusion of electroanalytical techniques in fields where they constitute an instrument to use, not being the 'core business' of the study.[citation needed] Though electrochemists[who?] are pleased about this, they invite to use the terms properly, in order to avoid fatal misunderstandings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Skoog, Douglas A.; Donald M. West; F. James Holler (1995-08-25). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (7th ed.). Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-005938-0.
Jump up ^ Kissinger, Peter; William R. Heineman (1996-01-23). Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded (2 ed.). CRC. ISBN 0-8247-9445-1.
Jump up ^ Bard, Allen J.; Larry R. Faulkner (2000-12-18). Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (2 ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-04372-9.
Jump up ^ Zoski, Cynthia G. (2007-02-07). Handbook of Electrochemistry. Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-51958-0.
Jump up ^ Grundl, Tim (1994-02-01). "A review of the current understanding of redox capacity in natural, disequilibrium systems". Chemosphere. 28 (3): 613–626. Bibcode:1994Chmsp..28..613G. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90303-4.
Jump up ^ Noyhouzer, T.; Valdinger, I.; Mandler, D. (2013-09-03). "Enhanced Potentiometry by Metallic Nanoparticles". Analytical Chemistry. 85 (17): 8347–8353. doi:10.1021/ac401744w. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 23947748.
Jump up ^ H. F. Weber, Wied. Ann., 7, 536, 1879
Bibliography[edit]
Wang, Joseph C. (2000). Analytical electrochemistry. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-28272-3.
Hubert H. Girault (2004). Analytical and physical electrochemistry. [Lausanne: EPFL. ISBN 0-8247-5357-7.
Edited by Kenneth I. Ozomwna (2007). Recent Advances in Analytical Electrochemistry 2007. Transworld Research Network. ISBN 81-7895-274-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Dahmen, E. A. M. F. (1986). Electroanalysis: theory and applications in aqueous and non-aqueous media and in automated chemical control. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-42534-9.
Bond, A. Curtis (1980). Modern polarographic methods in analytical chemistry. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-6849-3.
http://virginia.academia.edu/BankimSanghavi
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Electroanalytical methods
Techniques
Adsorptive stripping voltammetry
Amperometric titration
Anodic stripping voltammetry
Bulk electrolysis
Cathodic stripping voltammetry
Chronoamperometry
Coulometry
Cyclic voltammetry
Differential pulse voltammetry
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Hydrodynamic technique
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Polarography
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Activity coefficient
Butler–Volmer equation
Cell notation
Cottrell equation
Debye–Hückel equation
Double layer
Faraday's laws of electrolysis
Half-reaction
Ionic strength
Nernst equation
Analytical Chemistry
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