text:
Henri Fayol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Fayol" redirects here. For the French singer, see Lily Fayol.
Henri Fayol
Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who developed general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.[1] He and his colleagues developed this theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously. Like his contemporary, Frederick Winslow Taylor, he is widely acknowledged as a founder of modern management method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Work
2.1 Mining engineering
2.2 Fayolism
2.2.1 Functions of management
2.2.2 Principles of management
3 Publications
3.1 Books, translated
3.2 Articles, translated, a selection
4 References
5 External links
Biography[edit]
Fayol was born in 1841 in a suburb of Istanbul. His father (an engineer) was in the military at the time and was appointed superintendent of works to build Galata Bridge, which bridged the Golden Horn.[1] The family returned to France in 1847, where Fayol graduated from the mining academy "École Nationale Supérieure des Mines" in Saint-Étienne in 1860.
In 1860 at the age of nineteen Fayol started working at the mining company named "Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambault-Decazeville" in Commentry as the mining engineer.[2] He was hired by Stéphane Mony, who had decided to hire the best engineers from the Saint-Étienne Mining School. Fayol joined the firm as an engineer and trainee manager. Mony made Fayol his protege, and Fayol succeeded him as manager of the Commentry Mine and eventually as managing director of Commentry-Fourchambault and Decazeville.[3] During his time at the mine, he studied the causes of underground fires, how to prevent them, how to fight them, how to reclaim mining areas that had been burned, and developed a knowledge of the structure of the basin.[2] In 1888 he was promoted to managing director. During his time as director, he made changes to improve the working situations in the mines, such as allowing employees to work in teams, and changing the division of labor.[2] Later, more mines were added to his duties.
In 1900 Fayol became a member of the Comité Central des Houillères de France, member of the board of the Comité des forges and administrator of the Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville.[4] Eventually, the board decided to abandon its iron and steel business and the coal mines. They chose Henri Fayol to oversee this as the new managing director. Upon receiving the position, Fayol presented the board with a plan to restore the firm. The board accepted the proposal.[2] When he retired in 1918, the company was financially strong and one of the largest industrial combines in Europe
Based largely on his own management experience, he developed his concept of administration. In 1916 he published these experience in the book Administration Industrielle et Générale, at about the same time as Frederick Winslow Taylor published his Principles of Scientific Management.
Work[edit]
Fayol's work became more generally known with the 1949 publication of "General and industrial administration",[5] the English translation[6] of the 1916 article "Administration industrielle et générale". In this work Fayol presented his theory of management, known as Fayolism. Before that Fayol had written several articles on mining engineering, starting in the 1870s, and some preliminary papers on administration.[7]
Mining engineering[edit]
Henri Fayol, ca. 1900
Starting in the 1870s, Fayol wrote a series of articles on mining subjects, such as on the spontaneous heating of coal (1879), the formation of coal beds (1887), the sedimentation of the Commentry, and on plant fossils (1890),
His first articles were published in the French Bulletin de la Société de l'Industrie minérale, and beginning in the early 1880s in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, the proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences.
Fayolism[edit]
Main article: Fayolism
Fayol's work was one of the first comprehensive statements of a general theory of management.[8] He proposed that there were five primary functions of management and fourteen principles of management[9]
Functions of management[edit]
In his original work, Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle, five primary functions were identified:[9]
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
The control function, from the French contrôler, is used in the sense that a manager must receive feedback about a process in order to make necessary adjustments and must analyze the deviations. Lately scholars of management combined the commanding and coordinating function into one leading function.
Principles of management[edit]
Division of work - The division of work is the course of tasks assigned to, and completed by, a group of workers in order to increase efficiency. Division of work, which is also known as division of labour, is the breaking down of a job so as to have a number of different tasks that make up the whole.
Authority and Responsibility - Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience, and responsibility is the corollary of authority.
Discipline - Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership.
Unity of command - Every employee should receive orders from only one superior or behalf of the superior.
Unity of direction - Each group of organizational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan for achievement of one common goal.
Subordination - The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.
Remuneration - All Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
Centralisation and decentralisation - Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.
Scalar chain - The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain.
Order - this principle is concerned with systematic arrangement of men, machine, material etc. There should be a specific place for every employee in an organization
Equity - Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
Stability of tenure of personnel - High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
Initiative - Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
Esprit de corps - Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.
While Fayol came up with his theories almost a century ago, many of his principles are still represented in contemporary management theories.[10]
Publications[edit]
Books, translated[edit]
1930. Industrial and General Administration. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
1949. General and Industrial Management. Translated by C. Storrs, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London.
Articles, translated, a selection[edit]
1900. "Henri Fayol addressed his colleagues in the mineral industry 23 June 1900." Translated by J.A. Coubrough. In: Fayol (1930) Industrial and General Administration. pp. 79–81 (Republished in: Wren, Bedeian & Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory")
1909. "L'exposee des principles generaux d'administration". Translated by J.D Breeze. published in: Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory", Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp. 906 – 918
1923. "The administrative theory in the state". Translated by S. Greer. In: Gulick, L. and Urwick. L. Eds. (1937) Papers on the Science of Administration, Institute of Public Administration. New York. pp. 99–114
IN 1960 Henri Fayol published a book name " Modern Management ".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Morgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-36977-0, p.96.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wren, D.A. (2001). "Henri Fayol as a strategist: a nineteenth century corporate turnaround". Management Decision.
Jump up ^ Wood, John C.; Wood, Michael C. (2002), Henri Fayol: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-24818-1, retrieved 2018-03-09
Jump up ^ "Fayol, Henri", Patrons de France (in French), retrieved 2017-08-02
Jump up ^ Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory", Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp.906 - 918 state: "It was not until the Storr's translation that Fayol's (1949) Administration Industrielle et Générale reached a wider audience, especially in the USA and established Fayol as a major authority on management."
Jump up ^ The first English translation by J.A. Coubrough in 1930 didn't have that much impact. The first translation in German was published around the same time in 1929.
Jump up ^ Derek Salman Pugh, David John Hickson (2007) Great Writers on Organizations: The Third Omnibus Edition, p.144
Jump up ^ Narayanan, Veekay K; Nath, Raghu (1993), Organization theory : a strategic approach, Irwin, p. 29, ISBN 978-0-256-08778-9
^ Jump up to: a b Fayol, Henri (1917), Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle (in French), Paris, H. Dunod et E. Pinat, OCLC 40224931
Jump up ^ Pryor, J.L.; Guthrie, C. (2010). "The private life of Henri Fayol and his motivation to build a management science". Journal of Management History.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Henri Fayol
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri Fayol.
Fiche de lecture d'Administration industrielle et générale, Claude Remila, Cours d'organisation et systèmes d'information. (in French)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 2062137
BNF: cb119024500 (data)
GND: 124816851
ISNI: 0000 0001 1029 0978
LCCN: n82090857
NDL: 00439284
NKC: kup20010000026444
SUDOC: 026860481
VIAF: 71390922
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Fayol&oldid=845730149"
Categories:
1841 births
1925 deaths
Businesspeople in mining
French business theorists
French mining engineers
People from Istanbul
Public administration scholars
Hidden categories:
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kiswahili
Lietuvių
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Svenska
தமிழ்
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 June 2018, at 18:49 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne

values: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences

values: Edit section: Articles, translated, a selection

values:
/wiki/Derek_Salman_Pugh
mw-redirect
Derek Salman Pugh

values:
/wiki/David_John_Hickson
mw-redirect
David John Hickson

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300929151

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40224931

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/124816851

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000110290978

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/026860481

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/71390922

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Henri_Fayol
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: هنري فايول – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: অঁরি ফেয়ল – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Анри Файол – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: هنری فایول – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Անրի Ֆայոլ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: हेनरी फेयोल – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אנרי פיול – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: ഹെന്രി ഫയോൾ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: アンリ・ファヨール – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Файоль, Анри – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Хенри Фајол – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: என்றி ஃபயோல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: 亨利·法约尔 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Henri_Fayol rootpage-Henri_Fayol skin-vector action-view


text:
Nucleic acid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids (DNA) in 1869.[notes 1] Later, he raised the idea that they could be involved in heredity.[1]
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules. They are found in abundance in all living things, where they function to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus of every living cell of every life-form organism on Earth. In turn, they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus—to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism. The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence, which provides the 'ladder-step' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA.
Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones—typically, one for RNA, two for DNA—and assembled into chains of base-pairs selected from the five primary, or canonical, nucleobases, which are: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil; note, thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA. Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis,[2] the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase-pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes. In RNA, base-pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Occurrence and nomenclature
3 Molecular composition and size
4 Topology
5 Sequences
6 Types
6.1 Deoxyribonucleic acid
6.2 Ribonucleic acid
6.3 Artificial nucleic acid
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Nuclein were discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869.[3]
In 1889 Richard Altmann discovered that nuclein has acidic properties, and it became called nucleic acid
In 1938 Astbury and Bell published the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.[4]
In 1953 Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA.[5]
Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of modern biological and medical research, and form a foundation for genome and forensic science, and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.[6][7][8]
Occurrence and nomenclature[edit]
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers,[9] and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid).[10] Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses, and viroids.[11] (note: there is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living). All living cells contain both DNA and RNA (except some cells such as mature red blood cells), while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both.[12] The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide, each of which contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase.[13] Nucleic acids are also generated within the laboratory, through the use of enzymes[14] (DNA and RNA polymerases) and by solid-phase chemical synthesis. The chemical methods also enable the generation of altered nucleic acids that are not found in nature,[15] for example peptide nucleic acids.
Molecular composition and size[edit]
Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (small interfering RNA) to large chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs[16]).
In most cases, naturally occurring DNA molecules are double-stranded and RNA molecules are single-stranded.[17] There are numerous exceptions, however—some viruses have genomes made of double-stranded RNA and other viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes,[18] and, in some circumstances, nucleic acid structures with three or four strands can form.[19]
Nucleic acids are linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides–DNA contains 2'-deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose (where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group). Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA.
The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain (sugar-phosphate backbone) through phosphodiester linkages.[20] In conventional nomenclature, the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3'-end and the 5'-end carbons of the sugar. This gives nucleic acids directionality, and the ends of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5'-end and 3'-end. The nucleobases are joined to the sugars via an N-glycosidic linkage involving a nucleobase ring nitrogen (N-1 for pyrimidines and N-9 for purines) and the 1' carbon of the pentose sugar ring.
Non-standard nucleosides are also found in both RNA and DNA and usually arise from modification of the standard nucleosides within the DNA molecule or the primary (initial) RNA transcript. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain a particularly large number of modified nucleosides.[21]
Topology[edit]
Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive Watson-Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform double-helical three-dimensional structure.[22] In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and can adopt highly complex three-dimensional structures that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base-paired sequences including both Watson-Crick and noncanonical base pairs, and a wide range of complex tertiary interactions.[23]
Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules.[12] Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions.[24] The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about 20A.
Sequences[edit]
Main article: Nucleic acid sequence
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior (see Genetics). Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules,[25][26] and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide. In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site.[27]
Types[edit]
Deoxyribonucleic acid[edit]
Main article: DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are, therefore, anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.
Ribonucleic acid[edit]
Main article: RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Messenger RNA acts to carry genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes, directing protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA is a major component of the ribosome, and catalyzes peptide bond formation. Transfer RNA serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis, and is responsible for decoding the mRNA. In addition, many other classes of RNA are now known.
Artificial nucleic acid[edit]
Main article: Nucleic acid analogue
Artificial nucleic acid analogues have been designed and synthesized by chemists, and include peptide nucleic acid, morpholino- and locked nucleic acid, glycol nucleic acid, and threose nucleic acid. Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecules.
See also[edit]
Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
History of biochemistry
History of molecular biology
History of RNA biology
Molecular biology
Nucleic acid methods
Nucleic acid structure
Nucleic acid thermodynamics
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Quantification of nucleic acids
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ He called them nuclein.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, Broadway Books, 2015.p. 500.
Jump up ^ "What is DNA". What is DNA. Linda Clarks. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Dahm, R (January 2008). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Human Genetics. 122 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 17901982.
Jump up ^ Cox, Michael; Nelson, David (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. Susan Winslow. p. 288. ISBN 9781464163074.
Jump up ^ "DNA Structure". What is DNA. Linda Clarks. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..860L. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011.
Jump up ^ Venter, JC; et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome" (PDF). Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
Jump up ^ Budowle B, van Daal A (April 2009). "Extracting evidence from forensic DNA analyses: future molecular biology directions". BioTechniques. 46 (5): 339–40, 342–50. doi:10.2144/000113136. PMID 19480629.
Jump up ^ Elson D (1965). "Metabolism of nucleic acids (macromolecular DNA and RNA)". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 34: 449–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.34.070165.002313. PMID 14321176.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Health (September 28, 2007). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Hum. Genet. nih.gov. 122 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0. PMID 17901982.
Jump up ^ Aparadh, V. T. & B. A. Karadge (2012). "Infrared Spectroscopic Studies in Some Cleome species" (PDF). ISSN 2319-8877.
^ Jump up to: a b Brock, Thomas D.; Madigan, Michael T. (2009). Brock biology of microorganisms. Pearson / Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-321-53615-0.
Jump up ^ Hardinger, Steven; University of California, Los Angeles (2011). "Knowing Nucleic Acids" (PDF). ucla.edu.
Jump up ^ Mullis, Kary B. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nobel Lecture). 1993. (retrieved December 1, 2010) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-lecture.html
Jump up ^ Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). "Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 99–134. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99. PMID 9759484.
Jump up ^ Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. (May 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..315G. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414.
Jump up ^ Todorov TI, Morris MD (April 23, 2002). National Institutes of Health. "Comparison of RNA, single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA behavior during capillary electrophoresis in semidilute polymer solutions". Electrophoresis. nih.gov. 23 (7–8): 1033–44. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200204)23:7/8<1033::AID-ELPS1033>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 11981850.
Jump up ^ Margaret Hunt; University of South Carolina (2010). "RN Virus Replication Strategies". sc.edu.
Jump up ^ McGlynn Peter; Robert G. Lloyd (June 10, 1999). "RecG helicase activity at three- and four-strand DNA structures". oxfordjournals.org. ISSN 1362-4962.
Jump up ^ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6766-X.
Jump up ^ Rich A, RajBhandary UL (1976). "Transfer RNA: molecular structure, sequence, and properties". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45: 805–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.45.070176.004105. PMID 60910.
Jump up ^ Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Nature. 171 (4356): 737–8. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692.
Jump up ^ Ferré-D'Amaré AR, Doudna JA (1999). "RNA folds: insights from recent crystal structures". Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 28: 57–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.57. PMID 10410795.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce (2008). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4105-9.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Walter G. 1980. DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure (Nobel Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html
Jump up ^ Sanger, Frederick. 1980. Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA (Nobel Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.html
Jump up ^ "Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D7–17. 2014. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1146. PMC 3965057  . PMID 24259429.
Bibliography[edit]
Wolfram Saenger, Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5. Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link
Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry 5th edition, 2002, W H Freeman. Available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link
Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel, eds. (2012). Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 10. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2. ISBN 978-94-007-2171-5. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Further reading[edit]
Palou-Mir, Joana; Barceló-Oliver, Miquel; Sigel, Roland K.O. (2017). "Chapter 12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 403–434. doi:10.1515/9783110434330-012.
External links[edit]
Interview with Aaron Klug, Nobel Laureate for structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic-acid protein complexes provided by the Vega Science Trust.
Nucleic Acids Research journal
Nucleic Acids Book (free online book on the chemistry and biology of nucleic acids)
[hide]
v
t
e
Types of nucleic acids
Constituents
Nucleobases
Nucleosides
Nucleotides
Deoxynucleotides
Ribonucleic acids
(coding, non-coding)
Translational
Messenger
precursor, heterogenous nuclear
Transfer
Ribosomal
Transfer-messenger
Regulatory
Interferential
Micro
Small interfering
Piwi-interacting
Antisense
Processual
Small nuclear
Small nucleolar
Small Cajal Body RNAs
Y RNA
Enhancer RNAs
Others
Guide
Ribozyme
Small hairpin
Small temporal
Trans-acting small interfering
Subgenomic messenger
Deoxyribonucleic acids
Complementary
Chloroplast
Deoxyribozyme
Genomic
Multicopy single-stranded
Mitochondrial
Analogues
Xeno
Glycol
Threose
Hexose
Locked
Peptide
Morpholino
Cloning vectors
Phagemid
Plasmid
Lambda phage
Cosmid
Fosmid
Artificial chromosomes
P1-derived
Bacterial
Yeast
Human
Molecular and cellular biology portal
Authority control
GND: 4172117-2
NDL: 00564756
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&oldid=835988427"
Categories:
Nucleic acids
Genetics
Biomolecules
Organic acids
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Seeltersk
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
中文
68 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 April 2018, at 00:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

value: sup

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Protein_synthesis
mw-redirect
Protein synthesis

values: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

values:
/wiki/Biological_research
mw-redirect
Biological research

values: Edit section: Occurrence and nomenclature

values: Edit section: Molecular composition and size

values:
/wiki/Double_helix
mw-redirect
Double helix

values:
/wiki/Hydroxyl_group
mw-redirect
Hydroxyl group

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

values: Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software

values:
/wiki/Quantification_of_nucleic_acids
mw-redirect
Quantification of nucleic acids

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.whatisdna.net

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0340-6717

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901982

values:
nofollow
http://www.whatisdna.net/dna-structure/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F35057062

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237011

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2144%2F000113136

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19480629

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14321176

values:
/wiki/National_Institute_of_Health
mw-redirect
National Institute of Health

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2319-8877

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759484

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04727

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710414

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11981850

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-4962

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60910

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10410795

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1146

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24259429

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
nofollow
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/
external text

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA
mw-redirect
Small hairpin RNA

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172117-2

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Nucleic_acid
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: حمض نووي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: নিউক্লিক এসিড – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Нуклеин кислоталары – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Нуклеінавыя кіслоты – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Нуклійныя кісьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Нуклеинова киселина – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Νουκλεϊκά οξέα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: اسید نوکلئیک – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Նուկլեինաթթու – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: नाभिकीय अम्ल – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: חומצת גרעין – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ನ್ಯೂಕ್ಲಿಯಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: Нуклеин қышқылдары – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Нуклеин кислоталары – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Нуклеинска киселина – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ന്യൂക്ലിക്ക് ആസിഡ് – Malayalam

values: Нуклейн хүчил – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Нуклеиновая кислота – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: නියුක්ලෙයික් අම්ලය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Нуклеинске киселине – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: கருவமிலம் – Tamil

values: กรดนิวคลีอิก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Нуклеїнові кислоти – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nucleic_acid rootpage-Nucleic_acid skin-vector action-view