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The Little Drummer Boy
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This article is about the Christmas song. For the movie about a little drummer boy who does not want to grow up, see The Tin Drum (film). For the 1968 stop motion animated film, see The Little Drummer Boy (TV special).
"The Little Drummer Boy"
Single by Harry Simeone Chorale
Released
19 October 1958 (1958-10-19)
Format
7-inch single
Genre
Christmas
pop
Length
3:03
Label
20th Fox
Songwriter(s)
Harry Simeone
K.K. Davis
Henry Onorati
K.K. Davis' "The Little Drummer Boy" was first recorded in 1951 as "Carol of the Drum"
Modern-day "Little Drummer Boy" reenactment actor, from the show "Data-Driven Drumming."
"The Little Drummer Boy" (originally known as "Carol of the Drum") is a popular Christmas song written by the American classical music composer and teacher Katherine Kennicott Davis in 1941.[1] First recorded in 1951 by the Trapp Family Singers, the song was further popularized by a 1958 recording by the Harry Simeone Chorale; the Simeone version was re-released successfully for several years and the song has been recorded many times since.[2]
In the lyrics the singer relates how, as a poor young boy, he was summoned by the Magi to the Nativity of Jesus. Without a gift for the infant the little drummer boy played his drum with Jesus' mother, Mary's approval; recalling, "I played my best for Him" and "He smiled at me."
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Other versions
2.1 1950s
2.2 1960s
2.3 1970s
2.4 1980s
2.5 1990s
2.6 2000–2009
2.7 2010–present
3 Covers in other languages
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
The song was originally titled "Carol of the Drum" and was published by Davis as based upon a traditional Czech carol. Davis's interest was in producing material for amateur and girls' choirs: Her manuscript is set as a chorale, in which the tune is in the soprano melody with alto harmony, tenor and bass parts producing the "drum rhythm" and a keyboard accompaniment "for rehearsal only". It is headed "Czech Carol freely transcribed by K.K.D.", these initials then deleted and replaced with "C.R.W. Robinson", a name under which Davis sometimes published.[3][4] The Czech original of the carol has never been identified.
"Carol of the Drum" appealed to the Austrian Trapp Family Singers, who first brought the song to wider prominence when they recorded it for Decca Records in 1955, shortly before they retired: their version was credited solely to Davis and published by Belwin-Mills.[5] In 1957 it was recorded, with a slightly altered arrangement, by the Jack Halloran Singers for their album Christmas Is A-Comin' on Dot Records. Dot's Henry Onorati introduced the song to his friend Harry Simeone and the following year, when 20th Century Fox Records contracted him to make a Christmas album, Simeone, making further small changes to the Halloran arrangement[6] and retitling it "The Little Drummer Boy", recorded it with the Harry Simeone Chorale on the album Sing We Now of Christmas. Simeone and Onorati claimed joint composition credits with Davis.[2]
The album and the song were an enormous success, the single scoring on the U.S. music charts from 1958 to 1962. In 1963, the album was reissued under the title The Little Drummer Boy: A Christmas Festival, capitalizing on the single's popularity. The following year the album was released in stereo. In 1988, The Little Drummer Boy: A Christmas Festival was released on CD by Casablanca Records,[2] and subsequently, on Island Records.[7] Harry Simeone, who in 1964 had signed with Kapp Records, recorded a new version of "The Little Drummer Boy" in 1965 for his album O' Bambino: The Little Drummer Boy.[2] Simeone recorded the song a third and final time in 1981, for an album (again titled The Little Drummer Boy) on the budget Holiday Records label.
The story depicted in the song is somewhat similar to a 12th-century legend retold by Anatole France as Le Jongleur de Notre Dame (French: Our Lady's Juggler), which was adapted into an opera in 1902 by Jules Massenet. In the French legend, however, a juggler juggles before the statue of the Virgin Mary, and the statue, according to which version of the legend one reads, either smiles at him or throws him a rose (or both, as in the 1984 television film, The Juggler of Notre Dame).
Other versions[edit]
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The popularity of "The Little Drummer Boy" can be seen by the number of cover versions (a total of over 220 versions in seven languages are known) in all kinds of music genres:
1950s[edit]
1957: The Jack Halloran Singers included "Carol of the Drum" on their Christmas album, Christmas Is A-Comin'
1958: The Vienna Boys Choir sang the song "The Little Drummer Boy" in USA TV on 22 December. Conductor was Gerhard Lang
1959: The Beverley Sisters' version reached No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart
1960s[edit]
1962
The Ray Conniff Singers recorded a version of the song as part of a medley with "Jolly Old St. Nicholas," which was released on their album We Wish You a Merry Christmas; in 1967, the "Little Drummer Boy" portion of the medley was released as a single, paired with Conniff's 1959 recording of "White Christmas"
Bing Crosby released a solo version of the song on his Warner Bros. Records Christmas album, I Wish You a Merry Christmas (which has since been repackaged for CD by both Capitol Records and RCA Records)
1963
Johnny Cash released a version of the song on his Christmas album, The Christmas Spirit; this version was previously a US chart single during the Christmas season of 1959
Johnny Mathis released a version of the song on his second Christmas album, Sounds of Christmas, which peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard's special Christmas Singles chart; re-recorded the tune in 1969 for his next Christmas album, Give Me Your Love for Christmas
Andy Williams released a version of the song on his first Christmas album, The Andy Williams Christmas Album
1964
Marlene Dietrich recorded a German version of the song (titled "Der Trommelmann")
Jo Stafford released a version of the song on her Christmas album, The Joyful Season
1965
The Supremes recorded the song for their Christmas album, Merry Christmas
The Vince Guaraldi Trio released a jazz piano arrangement of the song, titled "My Little Drum," on their soundtrack album, A Charlie Brown Christmas
Anita Kerr and the Living Voices released a version of the song on their Christmas album, The Little Drummer Boy
Nana Mouskouri recorded a French version of the song (titled "L'enfant au tambour")
Raphael recorded for the first time a version of the song with the Spanish title "El tamborilero" ("The drummer")
1966
Joan Baez recorded a version of the song for her Christmas album, Noël, which peaked at No. 16 on Billboard magazine's special Christmas Singles chart in December of '66
Henry Mancini recorded a version of the song for his Christmas album, A Merry Mancini Christmas.
The Crusaders released their version of the song as a single. It was also included on their November 1966 debut album, which is regarded as one of the first Christian rock albums
1967
Lou Rawls released a version of the song on his Christmas album, Merry Christmas Ho! Ho! Ho!; this version was also released as a Capitol Records single that peaked at No. 2 on Billboard magazine's special Christmas Singles chart in December of '67, and then at No. 5 on the same chart in December 1969
Kenny Burrell released an instrumental version of the song that peaked at No. 21 on Billboard magazine's special Christmas Singles chart in late December of '67
Stevie Wonder released a version of the song on his Christmas album, Someday at Christmas
1968
Living Strings & LIving Voices recorded the song for their album White Christmas
The Vienna Boys Choir sang the song in an animated television special by Rankin/Bass
1969
Jimi Hendrix recorded a cover of the song, his last recording before his death the following year, which was later included on his 1999 holiday EP, Merry Christmas & Happy New Year
1970s[edit]
1970
The Jackson 5 recorded a cover of the song, which was included on the group's 1970 holiday album, Jackson 5 Christmas Album
The Brady Bunch released a version of the song on their Christmas album, Christmas with The Brady Bunch
The Temptations covered the song on their album The Temptations Christmas Card[8]
1977
One of the more well-known versions is a duet by the unusual pairing of Bing Crosby and David Bowie on Crosby's final holiday TV special (Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas) as a medley titled "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"[9]
1979
Emmylou Harris included a cover of the song on her album, Light of the Stable
1980s[edit]
1981
Anne Murray has a version on her album, Christmas Wishes
The German band Boney M. released it on their album, Christmas Album (the single peaked at no. 20 on the German pop singles chart); the last song to feature dancer Bobby Farrell
Rosemary Clooney released a version of the song on her Christmas album, Christmas with Rosemary Clooney
Joan Jett & The Blackhearts included their version on initial pressings of their album I Love Rock 'n Roll and on later CD and vinyl re-releases.
1984
An Italian version was recorded by I Cavalieri del Re, an Italian band that specialized in cartoon songs
1985
The Canadian Brass released an instrumental version of the song or their Christmas album, A Canadian Brass Christmas
Soprano Kiri te Kanawa recorded the song for her 1982 Christmas album Christmas With Kiri
Ray Charles released a version on his Christmas album The Spirit of Christmas
1987
Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band released a version of the song on the Special Olympics Christmas charity album A Very Special Christmas, though their version very noticeably excludes all names or religious references (i.e. "Then he nodded" instead of "Mary nodded")
1988
Mannheim Steamroller included a version of the song on their second Christmas album, A Fresh Aire Christmas
Alexander O'Neal included a version of the song on his first Christmas album, My Gift to You
The Christian rock band White Heart released a version of the song on Christmas, a 1988 Christmas album by artists who recorded for Sparrow Records
Grace Jones performed an excerpt from the song on the children's television program, Pee-Wee's Playhouse
1989
New Kids on the Block (with lead vocals by Danny Wood) recorded the song for their Christmas album, Merry, Merry Christmas
1990s[edit]
1990
New Age guitarist Ottmar Liebert recorded a version for his album Poets & Angels: Music 4 the Holidays
Robert Wendel arranged an instrumental adaptation in the style of Ravel's Boléro which was recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops on the 2006 Telarc Christmas album, Christmas Time Is Here
White Heart recorded a version on their album Souvenirs
John Denver recorded a version on his album "Christmas, Like a Lullaby"
1991
Take 6 released a version of the song on their Christmas album, He Is Christmas
The Yobs released a parody version of the song titled "Rub-a-Dum-Dum"
Jazz guitarist Tuck Andress recorded an instrumental version of the song for his album, Hymns, Carols and Songs about Snow
Al Bano & Romina Power released an Italian version of the song titled "Il Piccolo Tamburino"
Brave Combo recorded a version of the song on their album It's X-mas, Man!
1992
The ABBA "parody" band Björn Again covered the song for their single release, "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"/"Little Drummer Boy" (©1992 M & G)[10]
The Vocal Majority released the David Wright arrangement of the song on their album Alleluia
Tenor Jose Carreras sang this song as a duet with Diana Ross for the Christmas concert and recording Christmas in Vienna
Neil Diamond recorded his version for his album, The Christmas Album
1993
An episode of the television show Animaniacs has the Warners traveling to the birthplace of Jesus, where for lack of other gifts they perform the song[11]
Glen Campbell recorded the song on his Christmas album Home for the Holidays
RuPaul released an R&B version of the song as a single on Tommy Boy Records which bubbled under the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at No. 13
1994
Kenny G recorded an acoustic version of the song for his first Christmas album, Miracles: The Holiday Album
The Dandy Warhols recorded the first of two versions of the song, which was released by Tim/Kerr Records
1995
Jars of Clay recorded the song for their EP, Drummer Boy (also for their 2007 full-length Christmas album, Christmas Songs)
1996
Apocalyptica covered the song and released it as a single
1997
The Dandy Warhols recorded the second of two versions of the song, which was released by Capitol Records
The Toasters covered the song on the Moon Ska Records Christmas compilation album, Christma-Ska
Rush guitarist Alex Lifeson did a version for the guitar Christmas album, Merry Axemas
1998
Alicia Keys released a modified version of the song titled "Little Drummer Girl" on the Christmas album, Jermaine Dupri Presents Twelve Soulful Nights Of Christmas
German punk band Die Toten Hosen released a version of the song on their album, Wir warten auf's Christkind under their pseudonym Die Roten Rosen (other Christmas songs were included on this album)
Chicago released a version of the song on their first Christmas album, Chicago XXV
1999
Minnesota band Low included a version on their EP Christmas
The West Wing's first Christmas episode, "In Excelsis Deo," featured a boys choir singing the song over a funeral service
Swedish artist Carola Häggkvist recorded the song in a duet with Blues for her Christmas album, Jul i Betlehem
Ringo Starr released a version of the song on his twelfth studio album, I Wanna Be Santa Claus
The Three Tenors performed this song for their 1999 Christmas concert which was released on CD and DVD as The Three Tenors Christmas
2000–2009[edit]
2000
Yolanda Adams released a version of the song on her seventh studio album and first Christmas album, Christmas with Yolanda Adams
The Wiggles released a version of the song on their Christmas album, Yule Be Wiggling
Charlotte Church released a version of the song on her third album, Dream a Dream
2001
Destiny's Child released a version of the song on their Christmas album, 8 Days of Christmas
Westlife performed the song live with singer Dolores O'Riordan of The Cranberries in front of Pope John Paul II
2002
A parody version by Bob Rivers titled "The Little Hooters Girl" was included on his Christmas album, White Trash Christmas
Jordan Rudess of Dream Theater covered the song as part of his solo piano Christmas album, Christmas Sky
Bright Eyes covered the song for their holiday album, A Christmas Album
Los Straitjackets recorded an instrumental version (in a style insipred by Link Wray's "Rumble") for their holiday album, 'Tis the Season for Los Straitjackets!
2003
The Echoing Green on their EP Fall Awake
Whitney Houston and her daughter Bobbi Kristina recorded a cover of the song for Houston's Christmas album, One Wish: The Holiday Album
The Blind Boys of Alabama released a version of the song (with vocals by Michel Franti) on their album, Go Tell it On the Mountain
King Diamond's album The Puppet Master contained an extract from "The Little Drummer Boy" in their song, "Christmas"
moe included the song on their Seasons Greetings from moe album
Pavlo released an instrumental version of the song on his album, Frostbite
Clay Aiken sang the "Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth" with the late Bing Crosby via special effects on the Nick at Nite Holiday Special.
2004
Vanessa Williams released a cover of the song on her second Christmas album, Silver & Gold
Jessica Simpson released a version of the song featuring her sister Ashlee Simpson on her Christmas album, ReJoyce: The Christmas Album
Art Paul Schlosser released a version of the song titled "Kazoo Boy" on his album, The ABCs of Art Paul Schlosser World; using a kazoo instead of a drum on the "rum pum pum pum" parts
The McDades released a version of the song with Terry McDade on their album "Noel" featuring an intro with an Indian Ghazal improvisation
Decomposure covered the song, which was released on the compilation album, A Very Unschooled Christmas; re-released on Decomposure's own compilation album, Songs from Old Headphones
2005
Boyz II Men released their rendition of the song on their second Christmas album, Winter/Reflections[12]
Bryan Duncan and the NehoSoul Band recorded the song on their Christmas album, A NehoSoul Christmas
Dwight Schrute briefly performed the song in the pilot episode of The Office
MercyMe recorded the song for their Christmas album, The Christmas Sessions
2006
Aly & AJ released a version of the song on their Christmas album, Acoustic Hearts of Winter
Gladys Knight and the Saints Unified Voices choir released a version of the song on their Grammy Award-winning Christmas album, A Christmas Celebration
Sufjan Stevens released a cover of the song on his EP, Joy: Songs for Christmas - Vol. IV, which is part of his box set, Songs for Christmas
Christopher Lee released a version of the song on his album, Revelation
Alfio recorded a version of the song in English and the Sicilian language for the Christmas edition of his debut album, Tranquillita
Celtic Woman performed a version of the song on their Christmas show in a duet with Orla Fallon and Chloë Agnew
2007
Josh Groban released a version of the song (featuring guitarist Andy McKee and Gigi Hadid on background vocal) on his holiday album, Noël
Jan Rot performed a Dutch version of the song on An + Jan's Christmas album, Vrolijk Kerstfeest
2008
Faith Hill released a version of the song on her album, Joy to the World
The Almost released a version of the song on their acoustic EP, No Gift to Bring, with an accompanying music video[13]
Johnny Reid Christmas 2009
Terry Wogan and Aled Jones recorded a cover of the 1977 David Bowie/Bing Crosby duet, "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"; after a brief campaign amongst listeners of BBC Radio 2 instigated by Chris Evans to get the song released in support of the Children In Need charity, it was released as a single on 8 December 2008, reaching No. 3 in the UK Top 40 singles chart[14]
Doug Pinnick, George Lynch, Billy Sheehan and Simon Phillips released a version of the song on the 2008 compilation album, We Wish you a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year
Chris Leslie (of Fairport Convention), Julie Matthews, David Hughes and Chris While recorded a version under the title "The Carol Of The Drum"
Raphael performed a version of the song with the Spanish title "El tamborilero" ("The drummer")
Kokia released a cover of the song as a part of a medley on her Christmas album, Christmas Gift
South African singer Lianie May released her version of the song on her album Kersfees met Lianie
2009
Bob Dylan released a version of the song on his holiday album, Christmas in the Heart
Sean Kingston released his version of the on the various artists Christmas album, A Very Special Christmas Vol.7
Lukas Rossi released his cover of the song and made it available for download on his web page
Family Force 5 have a version on their album Family Force 5 Christmas Pageant with the drum replaced by a drum machine
Hans-Peter Lindstrøm released a 40-minute electronic version available as a limited CD and download* Heavy Blinkers featuring Jenn Grant released an alternative look at the song titled "Silence Your Drum", told from the perspective of Joseph and Mary, who would rather hear some lute than the barum-pah-pum-pum of the drum
Scott Aukerman and Jimmy Pardo parodied the 1977 David Bowie/Bing Crosby duet version "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" on the 2009 Christmas album, Comedy Death-Ray, to raise money for the Los Angeles Food Bank[15]
REO Speedwagon released a cover of the song on their album Not So Silent Night...Christmas with REO Speedwagon
2010–present[edit]
2010
Mariah Carey on her thirteenth studio album (and second holiday album) Merry Christmas II You
Wilson Phillips on their album Christmas in Harmony (peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart)
Pink Martini on their album Joy to the World
The Black Eyed Peas performed a mashup of the song with their single "The Time (Dirty Bit)" on The Oprah Winfrey Show
Metalcore band August Burns Red
Collegehumor with actors Jason Segel and Jack Black
The Priests released a version of "Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth" on their album Noel, as well as a collaboration with Shane MacGowan
Delta Goodrem on the album The Spirit of Christmas 2010
2011
Justin Bieber in a collaboration with Busta Rhymes for Bieber's album Under the Mistletoe
The Glee cast on their second holiday album, Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 2
New York a cappella group Duwende released a video version of the song[16]
VeggieTales released an animated film titled The Little Drummer Boy
Joe McElderry on his third studio album Classic Christmas
Jamaican artist Shaggy for his single "Jamaican Drummer Boy"
2012
Richard Marx recorded the song and filmed a promotional music video for his album, Christmas Spirit, which reached No. 13 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart (returning to the chart after 15 years)
Christopher Lee released the single "A Heavy Metal Christmas," which included a cover of the song
Phish performed covers and teases of the song during their New Years Run at Madison Square Garden
Neal Morse and the "Prog World Orchestra" (featuring Mike Portnoy on drums) for the album A Proggy Christmas
Lincoln Brewster on Joy To The World, with a rendition with Christian rapper KJ-52
2013
Bad Religion for their album Christmas Songs
Walk off the Earth for the iTunes session series album Live Off the Floor
Susan Boyle featuring The Overtones on her album Home for Christmas
Pentatonix released a video on YouTube[17] in which they covered the song; released as a digital single, this version both debuted and peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending 21 December
The Christian rock duo For King & Country for their EP, Into the Silent Night
Jonathan Butler on the album Merry Christmas to You[18]
Reggie and the Full Effect released a version titled "Little Black Metal Drummer Boy" under their alter ego Common Denominator for the X-Mas Mini EP[19]
2014
Earth, Wind & Fire on their album Holiday
Jetty Rae on her holiday album More Than December
2016
Peter Hollens YouTube video with Mike Tompkins from the Hollens Family Christmas video album in December 2016[20]
Jennifer Nettles (featuring Idina Menzel) on her album To Celebrate Christmas
The Secret Sisters with simple acoustic guitar accompaniment and two-part vocal harmony
Jackie Evancho with Il Volo on her album Someday at Christmas
Covers in other languages[edit]
In Spanish speaking countries it is a common carol recorded under the name "El niño del tambor" (The boy of the drum) or "El tamborilero". One of the better known cover versions of the song is sung by Spanish singer Raphael.
In French speaking countries since Nana Mouskouri 1965 version it is a common song recorded under the name "L'enfant au tambour" (The boy with a drum).
A Punjabi version was recorded under the name "Drummer Boy - Kich Ke" in 2014 by Canadian YouTube sensation Jus Reign for his Geeta Brothers Presents - Punjabi Christmas Album.
A Finnish version of the song, entitled "Pieni Rumpali" (meaning "Little Drummer"), was recorded by Ville Tuomi for the second Raskasta Joulua album, Raskaampaa Joulua, and included vocals from Sonata Arctica frontman Tony Kakko. It was recorded a second time by Finnish band Northern Kings (Of which Kakko is also a member) for the 2013 album. In 2015, Kakko collaborated with Apocalyptica cellist Eicca Toppinen to record another version.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boughton, Harrison Charles (1977). "Katherine K. Davis: life and work". Ann Arbor, Michigan: Thesis, University of Missouri, reprint by University Microfilms.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Leigh, Spencer (2005-03-05). "Harry Simeone: Populariser of 'The Little Drummer Boy'". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Image of original manuscript in Wellesley College Library". Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ Cummings, Robert. "Allmusic biography". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Scan of published sheet music". Photos1.blogger.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ "The Little Drummer Boy by The Harry Simeone Chorale Songfacts". Songfacts.com. 1977-09-11. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ "The Little Drummer Boy: Adolphe Adam, Katherine K. Davis, Christmas Traditional, Harry Simeone Chorale: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ The Temptations Christmas Card
Jump up ^ Crosby, Bing; Bowie, David (2010-12-07). "Bing Crosby & David Bowie - The Little Drummer Boy / Peace On Earth". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town/Little Drummer Boy | Björn Again Album | Yahoo! Music". New.music.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ TV.com. "Animaniacs: Little Drummer Warners - Season 1, Episode 246". TV.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Muziek | Myspace Music". Imeem.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ The Almost "Little Drummer Boy". YouTube. 16 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bandaged: The Album"
Jump up ^ Peter Vidani. "Comedy Death-Ray Xmas". Cdrxmas.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Duwende - Little Drummer Boy (A Cappella)". YouTube. 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ [Official Video] Little Drummer Boy - Pentatonix. YouTube. 25 November 2013.
Jump up ^ http://newalbumreleases.net/60682/jonathan-butler-merry-christmas-to-you-2013/ Retrieved 3 January 2014
Jump up ^ http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/song_premiere_reggie_and_the_full_effect_little_black_metal_drummer_boy_by
Jump up ^ Peter Hollens (2016-12-19), [Official Video] Little Drummer Boy - Peter Hollens & Mike Tompkins, retrieved 2016-12-21
External links[edit]
The Little Drummer Boy at Keyframe - the Animation Resource
The Little Drummer Boy on IMDb
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Rankin/Bass Productions
Television specials
Return to Oz
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show
The Ballad of Smokey the Bear
Cricket on the Hearth
Mouse on the Mayflower
The Little Drummer Boy
Frosty the Snowman
The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians
Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town
Here Comes Peter Cottontail
The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes
Mad Mad Mad Monsters
Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid
Red Baron
That Girl in Wonderland
'Twas the Night Before Christmas
The Year Without a Santa Claus
The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow
The First Easter Rabbit
Frosty's Winter Wonderland
Rudolph's Shiny New Year
The Little Drummer Boy, Book II
The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town
The Hobbit
Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey
The Stingiest Man in Town
Jack Frost
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July
The Return of the King
Pinocchio's Christmas
The Leprechaun's Christmas Gold
The Flight of Dragons
The Coneheads
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
The Wind in the Willows
Santa Baby!
Feature films
Willy McBean and his Magic Machine
The Daydreamer
The Wacky World of Mother Goose
Mad Monster Party?
King Kong Escapes
Marco
The Last Dinosaur
The Bermuda Depths
The Bushido Blade
The Ivory Ape
The Last Unicorn
The Sins of Dorian Gray
The King and I
Television series
The New Adventures of Pinocchio
Tales of the Wizard of Oz
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The Tomfoolery Show
The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show
The Jackson 5ive Show
The Osmonds
Kid Power
Festival of Family Classics
ThunderCats
SilverHawks
TigerSharks
Karate Kat
The Comic Strip
[show]
v
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e
David Bowie singles
1960s
"Liza Jane"
"I Pity the Fool"
"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
"Can't Help Thinking About Me"
"Do Anything You Say"
"I Dig Everything"
"Rubber Band"
"The Laughing Gnome"
"Love You till Tuesday"
"Space Oddity"
"Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
1970s
"The Prettiest Star"
"Memory of a Free Festival"
"Holy Holy"
"Moonage Daydream"
"Hang On to Yourself"
"Changes"
"Starman"
"John, I'm Only Dancing"
"The Jean Genie"
"Drive-In Saturday"
"Time"
"Life on Mars"
"Let's Spend the Night Together"
"Sorrow"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
"Diamond Dogs"
"1984"
"Knock on Wood"
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me"
"Young Americans"
"Fame"
"Golden Years"
"TVC 15"
"Suffragette City"
"Stay"
"Sound and Vision"
"Be My Wife"
"'Heroes'"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Breaking Glass"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"DJ"
"Yassassin"
"Look Back in Anger"
"John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)"
1980s
"Alabama Song"
"Crystal Japan"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Fashion"
"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)"
"Up the Hill Backwards"
"Under Pressure"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"The Drowned Girl"
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
"Let's Dance"
"China Girl"
"Modern Love"
"Without You"
"White Light/White Heat"
"Blue Jean"
"Tonight"
"This Is Not America"
"Loving the Alien"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Absolute Beginners"
"Underground"
"As the World Falls Down"
"Magic Dance"
"When the Wind Blows"
"Day-In Day-Out"
"Time Will Crawl"
"Never Let Me Down"
"Under the God"
"Heaven's in Here"
"Tin Machine" / "Maggie's Farm (live)"
"Prisoner of Love"
1990s
"Fame '90"
"You Belong in Rock n' Roll"
"Baby Universal"
"One Shot"
"Real Cool World"
"Jump They Say"
"Black Tie White Noise"
"Miracle Goodnight"
"The Buddha of Suburbia"
"Ziggy Stardust"
"The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
"Strangers When We Meet" / "The Man Who Sold the World (live)"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Telling Lies"
"Little Wonder"
"Dead Man Walking"
"Seven Years in Tibet"
"Pallas Athena"
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
"I Can't Read"
"Without You I'm Nothing"
"Thursday's Child"
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
2000s
"Survive"
"Seven"
"Slow Burn"
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Discography
Book:David Bowie Book:Bowie singles and songs
Category:David Bowie
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Primary color
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors
This article is about colors. For other uses, see Primary Colors.
The emission spectra of the three phosphors that define the additive primary colors of a CRT color video display. Other electronic color display technologies (LCD, Plasma display, OLED) have analogous sets of primaries with different emission spectra.
A set of primary colors is, most tangibly, a set of real colorants or colored lights that can be combined in varying amounts to produce a gamut of colors. This is the essential method used in applications that are intended to elicit the perception of diverse sets of color, e.g. electronic displays, color printing, and paintings. Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors are predicted by applying the appropriate mixing model (additive, subtractive, additive averaging etc.) that embodies the underlying physics of how light interacts with the media and ultimately the retina.
Primary colors can also be conceptual, either as additive mathematical elements of a color space or as irreducible phenomenological categories in domains such as psychology and philosophy.[1] Color-space primaries are precisely defined and empirically rooted in psychophysical color matching experiments which are foundational for understanding color vision. Primaries of some color spaces are complete (that is, all visible colors are described in terms of their weighted sums with nonnegative weights) but necessarily imaginary[2] (that is, there is no plausible way that those primary colors could be represented physically, or perceived). Describing primary colors from a phenomenological perspective is difficult to do succinctly, but phenomenological accounts, such as the psychological primaries,[3] have led to practically useful insights.
All sets of real and color-space primaries are arbitrary, in the sense that there is no one set of primaries that can be considered the canonical set. Primary pigments or light sources selected for a given application on the basis of subjective preferences as well as practical factors such as cost, stability, availability etc. Color-space primaries can be subjected to meaningful one-to-one transformations so that the transformed space is still complete and each color is specified with a unique sum.
Elementary art education materials,[4] dictionaries,[5][6] and electronic search engines[7] often define primary colors effectively as conceptual colors (generally red, yellow, and blue; or red, green, and blue) that can be used to mix "all" other colors and often go further and suggest that these conceptual colors correspond to specific hues and precise wavelengths. Such sources do not present a coherent, consistent definition of primary colors since real primaries cannot be complete.[8]
A photograph of the red, green, and blue elements (subpixels) of an LCD. Additive mixing explains how light from these colored elements can be used for photorealistic color image reproduction.
Contents
1 Additive mixing of light
2 Subtractive mixing of ink layers
3 Mixing paints in limited palettes
4 Color-space primaries
5 Psychological primaries
6 History
7 See also
8 References
Additive mixing of light[edit]
The perception elicited by multiple light sources co-stimulating the same area of the retina is additive, i.e., predicted via summing the spectral power distributions or tristimulus values of the individual light sources (assuming a color matching context). For example, a purple spotlight on a dark background could be matched with coincident blue and red spotlights that are both dimmer than the purple spotlight. If the intensity of the purple spotlight was doubled it could be matched by doubling the intensities of both the red and blue spotlights that matched the original purple. The principles of additive color mixing are embodied in Grassmann's laws.[9]
Additive mixing of coincident spot lights was applied in the experiments used to derive the CIE 1931 colorspace. The original monochromatic primaries of the (arbitrary) wavelengths of 435.8 nm (violet), 546.1 nm (green), and 700 nm (red) were used in this application due to the convenience they afforded to the experimental work.[10]
Red, green, and blue light are the ideal primaries for additive color mixing since primary lights with those hues provide the largest triangular chromaticity gamuts. Small red, green, and blue elements in electronic displays mix additively from an appropriate viewing distance to synthesize compelling colored images.[11]
The exact colors chosen for additive primaries are a technological compromise between the available phosphors (including considerations such as cost and power usage) and the need for large chromaticity gamut. The ITU-R BT.709-5/sRGB primaries are typical.
It is important to note that additive mixing provides very poor predictions of color perception outside the color matching context. Well known demonstrations such as The dress and other examples[12] show how the additive mixing model alone is not sufficient for predicting perceived color in many instances of real images. In general, we cannot completely predict all possible perceived colors from combinations of primary lights in the context of real world images and viewing conditions. The cited examples suggest just how remarkably poor such predictions can be.
Subtractive mixing of ink layers[edit]
See also: CMYK color model
A magnified representation of small partially overlapping spots of cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black) halftones in CMYK process printing. Each row represents the pattern of partially overlapping ink "rosettes" so that the patterns would be perceived as blue, green, and red when viewed on white paper from a typical viewing distance. The overlapping ink layers mix subtractively while additive mixing predicts the color appearance from the light reflected from the rosettes and white paper in between them.
The subtractive color mixing model predicts the spectral power distributions of light filtered through overlaid partially absorbing materials on a reflecting or transparent surface. Each layer partially absorbs some wavelengths of light from the illumination spectrum while letting others pass through multiplicatively, resulting in a colored appearance. Overlapping layers of ink in printing mix subtractively over reflecting white paper in this way to generate photorealistic color images. The typical number of inks in such a printing process ranges from 3 to 6 (e.g., CMYK process, Pantone hexachrome). In general, using fewer inks as primaries results in more economical printing but using more may result in better color reproduction.
Cyan, magenta, and yellow are good subtractive primaries in that the spectral power distributions of light reflected from idealized inks can be combined for the largest chromaticity gamuts.[13] An additional key ink (shorthand for the key printing plate that impressed the artistic detail of an image, usually black[14]) is also usually used since it is difficult to mix a dark enough black ink using the other three inks. Before the color names cyan and magenta were in common use, these primaries were often known as blue and red, respectively, and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies.[15]
Mixing paints in limited palettes[edit]
A self-portrait by Anders Zorn clearly showing a four pigment palette of what are thought to be white, yellow ochre, red vermilion and black pigments.[16]
The color of light (i.e., the spectral power distribution) reflected from illuminated surfaces coated in paint mixes, slurries of pigment particles, is not well approximated by a subtractive or additive mixing model. Color predictions that incorporate light scattering effects of pigment particles and paint layer thickness require approaches based on the Kubelka–Munk[17] equations. Even such approaches cannot predict the color of paint mixtures precisely since small variances in particle size distribution, impurity concentrations etc. can be difficult to measure but impart perceptible effects on the way light is reflected from the paint. Artists typically rely on mixing experience and "recipes"[18] to mix desired colors from a small initial set of primaries and do not use mathematical modelling.
There are hundreds of commercially available pigments for visual artists to use and mix (in various media such as oil, watercolor, acrylic, and pastel). A common approach is to use just a limited palette of primary pigments[19] (often between four and eight) that can be physically mixed to any color that the artist desires in the final work. There is no specific set of pigments that are primary colors, the choice of pigments depends entirely on the artist's subjective preference of subject and style of art as well as material considerations like lightfastness and mixing heuristics. Contemporary classical realists have often advocated that a limited palette of white, red, yellow, and black pigment (often described as the "Zorn palette") is sufficient for compelling work.[20]
A chromaticity diagram can illustrate the gamut of different choices of primaries, for example showing which colors are lost (and gained) if you use RGB for subtractive color mixing (instead of CMY).[21]
Color-space primaries[edit]
A contemporary description of the color vision system provides an understanding of primary colors that is consistent with modern color science. The human eye normally contains only three types of color photoreceptors, known as long-wavelength (L), medium-wavelength (M), and short-wavelength (S) cone cells. These photoreceptor types respond to different degrees across visible electromagnetic spectrum. The S cone response is generally assumed to be negligible at long wavelengths greater than about 560 nm while the L and M cones respond across the entire visible spectrum.[22] The LMS primaries are imaginary since there is no visible wavelength that stimulates only one type of cone (i.e., humans cannot normally see a color that corresponds to pure L, M or S stimulation). The LMS primaries are complete since every visible color can be mapped to a triplet specifying the coordinates in LMS color space.
Normalized cone spectral sensitivity curves
The L, M and S response curves (cone fundamentals) were deduced from color matching functions obtained from controlled color matching experiments (e.g., CIE 1931) where observers matched the color of a surface illuminated by monochromatic light with mixtures of three monochromatic primary lights illuminating a juxtaposed surface. Practical applications generally use a canonical linear transformation of LMS space known as CIEXYZ. The X, Y, and Z primaries are typically more useful since luminance (Y) is specified separately from a color's chromaticity. Any color space primaries which can be mapped to physiologically relevant LMS primaries by a linear transformation are necessarily either imaginary or incomplete or both. The color-matching context is always three dimensional (since LMS space is three dimensional) but more general color appearance models like CIECAM02 describe color in six dimensions and can be used to predict how colors appear under different viewing conditions.
Thus for trichromats like humans, we use three (or more) primaries for most general purposes.[23] Two primaries would be unable to produce even some of the most common among the named colors. Adding a reasonable choice of third primary can drastically increase the available gamut, while adding a fourth or fifth may increase the gamut but typically not by as much.
Most placental mammals other than primates have only two types of color photoreceptor and are therefore dichromats, so it is possible that certain combinations of just two primaries might cover some significant gamut relative to the range of their color perception. Meanwhile, birds and marsupials have four color photoreceptors in their eyes, and hence are tetrachromats. There is one scholarly report of a functional human tetrachromat.[24]
The presence of photoreceptor cell types in an organism's eyes do not directly imply that they are being used to functionally perceive color. Measuring functional spectral discrimination in non-human animals is challenging due to the difficulty in performing psychophysical experiments on creatures with limited behavioral repertoires who cannot respond using language. Limitations in the discriminative ability of shrimp having twelve distinct color photoreceptors have demonstrated that having more cell types in itself need not always correlate with better functional color vision.[25]
Psychological primaries[edit]
Approximations within the sRGB gamut to the "aim colors" of the Natural Color System, a model based on the opponent process theory of color vision.
Main article: Opponent process
The opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The theory states that every color can be described as a mix along the three axes of red vs. green, blue vs. yellow and white vs. black. The six colors from the pairs might be called "psychological primary colors", because any other color could be described in terms of some combination of these pairs. Although there is a great deal of evidence for opponency in the form of neural mechanisms,[26] there is currently no clear mapping of the psychological primaries to neural substrates.[27]
The three axes of the psychological primaries were applied by Richard S. Hunter as the primaries for the colorspace ultimately known as CIELAB. The Natural Color System is also directly inspired by the psychological primaries.[28]
History[edit]
There are numerous competing primary colour systems throughout history. Scholars and scientists engaged in debate over which hues best describe the primary color sensations of the eye.[29] Thomas Young proposed red, green, and violet as the three primary colors, while James Clerk Maxwell favoured changing violet to blue. Hermann von Helmholtz proposed "a slightly purplish red, a vegetation-green, slightly yellowish, and an ultramarine-blue" as a trio.[30] In modern understanding, human cone cells do not correspond precisely to a specific set of primary colors, as each cone type responds to a relatively broad range of wavelengths.
See also[edit]
Color vision
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Beran, Ondrej (2014). "The Essence (?) of Color, According to Wittgenstein". From the ALWS archives: A selection of papers from the International Wittgenstein Symposia in Kirchberg am Wechsel.
Jump up ^ Bruce MacEvoy. "Do 'Primary' Colors Exist?" (imaginary or imperfect primaries section Archived 2008-07-17 at the Wayback Machine.). Handprint. Accessed 10 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, E. Bruce; Brockmole, James (2016). Sensation and Perception. Cengage Learning. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-305-88832-6.
Jump up ^ "Color". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "primary color | Definition of primary color in US English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Definition of PRIMARY COLOR". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wolfram|Alpha – Primary colors". www.wolframalpha.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Westland, Stephen (2016). Handbook of Visual Display Technology | Janglin Chen | Springer (PDF). Springer International Publishing. p. 162. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Reinhard, Erik; Khan, Arif; Akyuz, Ahmet; Johnson, Garrett (2008). Color imaging : fundamentals and applications. Wellesley, Mass: A.K. Peters. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-1-56881-344-8. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Hugh S.; Brill, Michael H.; Hemmendinger, Henry (February 1997). "How the CIE 1931 color-matching functions were derived from Wright-Guild data". Color Research & Application. 22 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199702)22:1<11::AID-COL4>3.0.CO;2-7.
Jump up ^ Thomas D. Rossing & Christopher J. Chiaverina (1999). Light science: physics and the visual arts. Birkhäuser. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-387-98827-6.
Jump up ^ Kircher, Madison Malone. "This Baffling Picture of Strawberries Actually Doesn't Contain Any Red Pixels". Ney York Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ MacEvoy, Bruce. "subtractive color mixing". Handprint. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Frank S. Henry (1917). Printing for School and Shop: A Textbook for Printers' Apprentices, Continuation Classes, and for General use in Schools. John Wiley & Sons.
Jump up ^ Ervin Sidney Ferry (1921). General Physics and Its Application to Industry and Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons.
Jump up ^ Nyholm, Arvid (1914). "Anders Zorn: The Artist and the Man". Fine Arts Journal. 31 (4): 469. doi:10.2307/25587278.
Jump up ^ Kubelka, Paul; Munk, Franz (1931). "An article on optics of paint layers" (PDF). Z. Tech. Phys. 12: 593–601.
Jump up ^ MacEvoy, Bruce. "Mixing Green". Handprint. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Bruce, MacEvoy. "The Artists' "Primaries"". Handprint. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Gurney. "The Zorn Palette". Gurney Journey. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Steven Westland, "subtractive mixing – why not RGB?", October 4, 2009 http://colourware.org/2009/10/04/subtractive-mixing-why-not-rgb/ Archived 2017-09-19 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Stockman, Andrew; Sharpe, Lindsay, T. (2006). "Physiologically-based colour matching functions" (PDF). Proceedings of the ISCC/CIE Expert Symposium '06: 75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer: 13–20.
Jump up ^ Best, Janet (2017). Colour Design: Theories and Applications. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-08-101889-7.
Jump up ^ Jordan, G.; Deeb, S. S.; Bosten, J. M.; Mollon, J. D. (20 July 2010). "The dimensionality of color vision in carriers of anomalous trichromacy". Journal of Vision. 10 (8): 12–12. doi:10.1167/10.8.12.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Jessica (23 January 2014). "Mantis shrimp's super colour vision debunked". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14578.
Jump up ^ Conway, Bevil R. (12 May 2009). "Color Vision, Cones, and Color-Coding in the Cortex". The Neuroscientist. 15 (3): 274–290. doi:10.1177/1073858408331369.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan; editors, Mohan Matthen, (2010). Color ontology and color science (New ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 159–162. ISBN 978-0-262-51375-3.
Jump up ^ Maffi, ed. by C.L. Hardin [and] Luisa (1997). Color categories in thought and language (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–192. ISBN 978-0-521-49800-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Edward Albert Sharpey-Schäfer (1900). Text-book of physiology. 2. Y. J. Pentland. p. 1107.
Jump up ^ Alfred Daniell (1904). A text book of the principles of physics. Macmillan and Co. p. 575.
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Dean Alfange
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Dean Alfange
Alfange in 1922
Member of the New York State Racing and Wagering Board
In office
1970s – 1975
Serving with Joseph H. Boyd
Emil Mosbacher, Jr.
Governor
Nelson Rockefeller
Deputy New York State Attorney General
Personal details
Born
December 2, 1897
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died
October 24, 1989(1989-10-24) (aged 91)
Manhattan, New York City, United States
Nationality
American
Political party
American Labor Party, Democratic Party, Liberal Party of New York,
Spouse(s)
Thalia Perry
Children
Dean Alfange, Jr.
Alma mater
Hamilton College
Columbia University Law School
Occupation
Politician
Profession
Attorney
Military service
Allegiance
USA
Service/branch
United States Army
Battles/wars
World War I
Dean Alfange (December 2, 1897 – October 24, 1989)[1] was an American politician who held nominations and appointments from a number of parties, including the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, the American Labor Party, and the Liberal Party of New York, of which he was a founding member.[2] Born in the Ottoman Empire to two native Greek parents, Alfange remained involved in Greek-American organizations for much of his life, as well as activist Zionist groups.
He was a prominent liberal legal commentator who supported the notion of judicial activism and a Living Constitution. He ran for a number of offices, including Governor of New York, where his candidacy split the liberal vote, allowing Thomas E. Dewey to win the governorship. He also ran for the United States House of Representatives, but lost again. He is well remembered for a short piece he wrote entitled either "An American's Creed" or simply "My Creed". The Creed espouses the ideas of self-reliance and freedom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
1.1 Early life and education
1.2 Later life
2 Legal career
3 Political career
3.1 Democratic Party
3.2 American Labor Party
3.3 Liberal Party
3.4 Republican
4 Activism
5 An American's Creed
6 Bibliography
7 References
Life[edit]
Early life and education[edit]
Alfange was born Constantine Alflangi in Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire, to two ethnic Greek parents.[2] His parents moved to New York in 1902, where they raised him in Utica, New York.[1][2] He graduated from Utica Free Academy in 1918, and joined the United States Army during World War I.
After the war, he attended Hamilton College and graduated in 1922 with honors in philosophy, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Society.[2][3] Alfange remained active at the college, and when he received the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Award for his book The Supreme Court and the National Will, he donated the prize to Hamilton College, establishing the ongoing Dean Alfange Essay Award, given to two students each year for essays on American constitutional government.[4] He received a juris doctor from Columbia University Law School and became a lawyer in Manhattan.[2]
Later life[edit]
He was married to Thalia Perry, with whom he had one child, Dean Alfange, Jr.,[2] who went on to become a professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts. Alfange died October 24, 1989 in Manhattan from cancer.[2]
Legal career[edit]
Alfange received his degree from Columbia University Law School, and was admitted to the American Bar Association in 1925.[1] He criticized the United States Supreme Court for its treatment of New Deal programs, urging they adopt a more progressive attitude towards the policies. He contended that the programs should not be evaluated solely on their legality, but on their possible moral and economic effects, as well as public perception at the time.[5] He supported Truman's notion of a Living Constitution.[5]
Later in his political career, Alfange served as the Deputy New York State Attorney General.[1]
Political career[edit]
Democratic Party[edit]
In 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt made Alfange chairman of the Democratic foreign-language speakers' bureau of his third election campaign.[2] In 1941, he received the nomination for the United States Congress running out of the Upper East Side, then known as the Silk Stocking District, but lost to Joseph C. Baldwin,[2] receiving 16,690 votes.[6]
American Labor Party[edit]
Alfange served as head of the American Labor Party for several years in the late 1930s.[2] In 1942, he received the nomination for Governor of New York. Though he received the nomination, the American Labor Party only officially fielded a candidate after Sen. James Mead, the man they had backed for the Democratic nomination, lost to John J. Bennett, Jr. in the primary.[7] Mayor of New York City Fiorello La Guardia supported Alfange in this election.[8] Alfange finishing in third place[2] with 409,047 votes,[9][10] or about 17.7 percent of votes cast.[11] With this figure, Alfange garnered more votes than any other American Labor candidate ever had or would again in a state-wide election; these votes split the liberal vote and played a large role in Thomas E. Dewey's victory.[12]
Liberal Party[edit]
Alfange led a walkout against the Labor Party in 1944 when pro and anti-Communist factions within the organization came into increased conflict. This walkout led to the formation of the Liberal Party of New York.[2][13]
Republican[edit]
Then Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller named Alfange head of the New York State Racing and Wagering Board in the early 1970s. He served until Hugh L. Carey abolished the board in 1975.[2]
Activism[edit]
Alfange served in a number of activist and ethnic organizations, including heading the American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association, an organization for the advancement of Greek-Americans. He also served as president of La Guardia Memorial House, a settlement house, for more than 40 years.[2]
Alfange headed the Zionist organization "Committee to Arm the Jewish State", a group that sought to end arms embargoes against Zionist groups working to create Israel before independence.[14] He also served as the chairman of the Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, a group that sought to rescue victims of the then ongoing Holocaust.[15] Through this organizations, Alfange urged that it was a Christian's moral and religious duty to help Jews victimized by the Nazis.[15]
An American's Creed[edit]
Alfange is remembered for a short statement he wrote in the 1950s entitled "An American's Creed" or simply "My Creed". The creed originally appeared in This Week Magazine, and a condensed version appeared in Reader's Digest in both the October 1952 and January 1954 issues.[16] The Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge gave Alfange an award for the composition in 1952.[1]
"I do not choose to be a common man. It is my right to be uncommon. I seek to develop whatever talents God gave me—not security. I do not wish to be a kept citizen, humbled and dulled by having the state look after me. I want to take the calculated risk; to dream and to build, to fail and to succeed. I refuse to barter incentive for a dole. I prefer the challenges of life to the guaranteed existence; the thrill of fulfillment to the stale calm of utopia. I will not trade freedom for beneficence nor my dignity for a handout. I will never cower before any earthly master nor bend to any threat. It is my heritage to stand erect, proud and unafraid; to think and act myself, enjoy the benefit of my creations and to face the world boldly and say – ‘This, with God’s help, I have done.’ All this is what it means to be an American."
Bibliography[edit]
The Supreme Court and the National Will. New York City: Doubleday, Doran. 1937. p. 297.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rogan, Mary Ellen (July 1990). "Dean Alfange Papers" (PDF). New York City: New York Public Library. pp. iv. Retrieved 14 April 2010. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fowler, Glenn (27 October 1989). "Dean Alfange, Liberal Leader, Is Dead at 91". The New York Times. New York City: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
Jump up ^ The Trustees of Hamilton College (2010). "An Inspiration to All: Dean Alfange, Class of 1922". Clinton, Oneida County, New York: Hamilton College. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
Jump up ^ The Trustees of Hamilton College (2010). "Coming Full Circle: Alfange, Kayle, Coleman, Mandel and Alfange". Clinton, Oneida County, New York: Hamilton College. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Pestritto, Ronald; Thomas West (2007). "2". Modern America and the Legacy of the Founding. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 52. ISBN 0-7391-1417-4. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (12 March 1941). "Baldwin is Winner in Congress Election". The Day. New London, Connecticut: The Day Publishing Company. p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (5 October 1942). "Roosevelt Lends Bennett Support in N. Y. Contest". Sun Journal. Lewiston, Maine: James R. Costello Sr. p. 1. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (29 October 1942). "Governor Race Leads Interest in Elections". The Schenectady Gazette. Schenectady, New York: The Daily Gazette Co. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "U.S. At War: Tom Dewey Gets There". Time. Time Inc. 16 November 1942. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Van Devander, Charles (1974). "Murphy's Spawn". The Big Bosses. Ayer Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 0-405-05903-5. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Gerald (1989). Vito Marcantonio: Radical Politician 1902-1954. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 26. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Lichtenstein, Nelson (1987). Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 286. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dean Alfange; Helped Found Liberal Party". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles: Tribune Company. 31 October 1989. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (19 January 1948). "Committee Formed to Arm Palestine". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh: Block Communications. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Medoff, Rafael (29 June 2003). "No Laughing Matter: Why World Jewry should be saluting Bob Hope". Jewish World Review. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Platt, Suzy (1993). Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. New York City: Barnes & Noble. p. 16. ISBN 0-88029-768-9. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 59482190
LCCN: n90625477
ISNI: 0000 0001 0977 3972
IATH: w6rb7vgc
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dean_Alfange&oldid=807798002"
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