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Tomalley
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Tomalley and roe of gejang ready to eat
Tomalley (from the Carib word tumale, meaning a sauce of lobster liver),[1] crab fat, or lobster paste is the soft, green substance found in the body cavity of lobsters, that fulfills the functions of both the liver and the pancreas. Tomalley corresponds to the hepatopancreas in other arthropods. It is considered a delicacy, and may be eaten alone but is often added to sauces for flavour and as a thickening agent. The term lobster paste or lobster pâté can also be used to indicate a mixture of tomalley and lobster roe. Lobster bisque, lobster stock, and lobster consommé are made using lobster bodies (heads), often including the lobster liver.
The hepatopancreas of a crab is also called tomalley, or crab "fat"; in crabs the tomalley is yellow or yellow-green in color.[2][3][4] In Maryland and on the Delmarva Peninsula, the hepatopancreas of the blue crab is called the "muster" or "mustard", probably because of the yellow color, which is not the bright yellow of regular prepared yellow mustard, but closer to one of the brown mustards, such as Dijon mustard. Particularly when eating steamed or boiled crabs, it is considered a delicacy.
The tomalley in general can be consumed in moderation (as with the livers of other animals). It can, however, contain high levels of PCBs which can give a number of negative health effects in large concentrations. It may also contain toxins that are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (saxitoxin and gonyautoxin). Those toxins do not leach out when the lobster is cooked in boiling water. The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings are heat- and acid-stable, and thus are not diminished by cooking.
A report from the Maine Department of Marine Resources in July 2008 indicated the presence of high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in some tomalley from lobsters in that state. Around the same time, The Massachusetts Department of Public Health reminded consumers not to eat lobster tomalley, because this part of the lobster can build up high levels of toxins and other pollutants. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration then issued an advisory against consuming tomalley from American lobster found anywhere in the Atlantic Ocean.[5][6] But in the same advisory the FDA stated that lobster tomalley "normally does not contain dangerous levels of PSP toxins" and that the current high toxin levels were probably "associated with an ongoing red tide episode in northern New England and eastern Canada".[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tomalley". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ David Rosengarten (August 4, 2004). "Cravin' crabs? Create your own feast at home". MSNBC. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Margaret Mittelbach & Michael Crewdson (September 1, 2000). "Trapping Dinner in the Bay". New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Leo H. Carney (July 10, 1983). "Health unit to issue blue-crab advisory". New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "FDA Advises Against Consumption of Tomalley from American Lobster (also known as "Maine Lobster")". FDA News. July 28, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tami Dennis (July 28, 2008). "Don't eat the lobster liver! (assuming you would...)". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
James F. Lawrence, Maurica Maher & Wendy Watson-Wright (1994). "Effect of cooking on the concentration of toxins associated with paralytic shellfish poison in lobster hepatopancreas". Toxicon. 32 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(94)90021-3. PMID 9237337.
Tian-Jiu Jiang, Tao Niu & Yi-Xiao Xu (2006). "Transfer and metabolism of paralytic shellfish poisoning from scallop (Chlamys nobilis) to spiny lobster (Panulirus stimpsoni)". Toxicon. 48 (8): 988–994. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.08.002. PMID 17011007.
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Erik Killmonger
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Erik Killmonger
Erik Killmonger (right). Black Panther #37 (Aug. 2008). Cover art by Alan Davis and Mark Farmer.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Jungle Action #6 (Sept. 1973)
Created by
Don McGregor
Rich Buckler
In-story information
Full name
N'Jadaka
Notable aliases
Erik Killmonger
Abilities
Superhuman intelligence
Expert tactician
Skilled hunter and tracker
Skilled hand-to-hand combatant
Enhanced strength, speed, agility, and durability
Alchemical precognition and protection against mystical attacks
Uses high-tech equipment and weapons, including vibranium outfit
Erik Killmonger is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Don McGregor and Rich Buckler, the character first appeared in Jungle Action vol. 2, #6 (Sept. 1973). Killmonger, whose birth name is N'Jadaka, is an enemy of Black Panther.
Michael B. Jordan portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe 2018 film Black Panther.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Resurrection
2.2 Wakanda takeover
3 Powers and abilities
4 In other media
4.1 Film
4.2 Video games
4.3 Music
5 References
6 External links
Publication history[edit]
Erik Killmonger first appeared in the "Panther's Rage" storyline, initially in Jungle Action vol. 2, #6-8 (Sept. 1973 - Jan. 1974), and was created by writer Don McGregor and penciler Rich Buckler.
The character subsequently appeared in Jungle Action vol. 2, #12-18 (Nov. 1974-Nov. 1975), Iron Man Annual #5 (1982), Over the Edge #6 (April 1996), Black Panther vol. 3, #13 (Dec. 1999), #15-16 (Feb.-March 2000), #18-21 (May-Aug. 2000), Deadpool #44 (Sept. 2000), Black Panther vol. 3, #23-25 (Oct.-Dec. 2000), #60 (July 2003), and Black Panther vol. 4, #35-38 (May-Sept. 2008).
Erik Killmonger appeared in an entry in the 2006 reference book All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #6.
Fictional character biography[edit]
A native of Wakanda, he was born under the name N'Jadaka. When Ulysses Klaue and his mercenaries attacked Wakanda, they press-ganged N'Jadaka's father, N'Jobu, into helping them; when Klaue was defeated, his father died and his family was exiled. N'Jadaka ended up in Harlem, New York, nursing a hatred against the supervillain and T'Challa, the king who had exiled him. He changed his name to Erik Killmonger and studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, desperate to avenge his father's death.[volume & issue needed]
He eventually contacted King T'Challa and was repatriated back to Wakanda, settling in a village that would later change its name to N'Jadaka Village in his honor. He became a subversive, with dreams of ridding Wakanda of what he termed "white colonialist" cultural influences and return it entirely to its ancient ways.[volume & issue needed] He then took advantage of the Black Panther's frequent absences in America with the Avengers to stage a coup d'état, along with Baron Macabre.[volume & issue needed] He was defeated and killed,[1] until the Mandarin claimed his body.[2]
Resurrection[edit]
Using his rings, the Mandarin was able to amplify the Resurrection Altar and restore Killmonger to life.[volume & issue needed] Killmonger returned to his lover and ally, Madam Slay and the two plotted to kill the Black Panther and return Wakanda to its ancient ways.[volume & issue needed]
While Tony Stark visited Wakanda, Madam Slay drugged Jim Rhodes and took him prisoner.[volume & issue needed] Killmonger appeared to have killed the Black Panther, and blamed Rhodes and Stark, convincing the Wakandans that he could lead them to vengeance.[volume & issue needed] The Black Panther returned, revealing that he had faked his death using a Life Model Decoy. The Black Panther defeated Killmonger.[volume & issue needed] The Mandarin recalled his ring, and Killmonger reverted to an inanimate skeleton. Killmonger's followers resurrected him again and he would clash with T'Challa on several other occasions.[volume & issue needed]
Wakanda takeover[edit]
In the wake of the sorcerer Reverend Achebe's attempted takeover of Wakanda, with T'Challa absent and control of the country left with his regent Everett Ross, Killmonger tried to gain control of the country via its economy, forcing T'Challa to stop him by nationalizing all foreign companies in Wakanda and cause a run on the stock market. The two foes fought in a vicious ritual combat over the right to rule the country, and Killmonger was finally able to defeat his foe and gain the status of Black Panther for his own. He maintained control of Wakanda for a while and even attempted to inherit T'Challa's Avengers status, but when he underwent the ascension rite needed to cement his position, his body had a severe reaction to the heart-shaped herb that he was required to consume - it was poisonous to all but the royal bloodline. Although it would have been convenient to allow him to die, and be unquestionably entitled to the position of the Black Panther, T'Challa preserved his rival's life.[volume & issue needed]
Killmonger eventually came out of his coma, thus reclaiming his position as chieftain over Wakanda. He went to New York and contacted Kasper Cole, an inner-city police officer masquerading as the Black Panther to help him with cases, and attempted to gain him as an ally (and one-up T'Challa) by offering him a buffered version of the Panther's heart-shaped herb and help finding his supervisor's kidnapped son. In exchange, he had to drop the Panther identity and take up that of a White Tiger acolyte of the Panther cult, and would owe Killmonger a favor. While Kasper agreed to this, he then used his new herb-enhanced abilities to track down the boy on his own to avoid owing Killmonger an unpayable debt.[volume & issue needed]
T'Challa is then once again the sole ruler of Wakanda when Killmonger resurfaces and takes control of the neighboring country of Niganda.[3] During a subsequent duel with T'Challa, Killmonger is killed by Monica Rambeau, whom he had previously captured and imprisoned. Killmonger's young son is last seen swearing vengeance against the Black Panther, much like N'Jadaka had done years earlier after the death of his own father.[4]
Powers and abilities[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
Erik Killmonger is an expert martial artist with peak-level strength and a genius-level intellect. He is also an expert tactician.
In other media[edit]
Film[edit]
Erik Killmonger is portrayed by Michael B. Jordan in Black Panther (2018).[5][6] This version is an American black-ops soldier named Erik Stevens (born N'Jadaka[7]) who earned the nickname "Killmonger".[8] Rather than a Wakandan exile, Killmonger was rewritten as the son of Prince N'Jobu and an American woman from Oakland, California, making him T'Challa's cousin.
Video games[edit]
Erik Killmonger appears as a playable character in the Black Panther DLC pack for Lego Marvel's Avengers.[9]
Erik Killmonger appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Damian Lynch.[10] He appears in the Black Panther DLC that had no connection to the movie.
Erik Killmonger, as seen in the film Black Panther, appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.[11]
Erik Killmonger, as seen in the film Black Panther, appears as a playable character in Marvel: Contest of Champions.[12]
Music[edit]
Erik Killmonger is referenced in the song "King's Dead" by rappers Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar and Future, from the 2018 film's soundtrack.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jungle Action #17 (September 1975)
Jump up ^ Iron Man Annual #5 (1982)
Jump up ^ Black Panther vol.3 #35 (April 2008)
Jump up ^ Black Panther (vol. 3) #38
Jump up ^ "SDCC 2016: Marvel's 'Black Panther' Confirms Additional Cast | News | Marvel.com". marvel.com. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
Jump up ^ MTV (24 July 2016). "Michael B. Jordan Talks About Becoming a Bad Guy - Comic Con 2016 - MTV" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Killmonger". Marvel. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Medina, Joseph Jammer (January 2, 2018). "Black Panther Bios Hit The Web". LRMOnline.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Paget, Mat (March 17, 2016). "Lego Avengers DLC Season Pass Detailed". Gamespot.
Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (13 February 2018). "LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Black Panther DLC Revealed". IGN. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "The King of Wakanda Rules Marvel Games". Marvel.
Jump up ^ "Champion Spotlight – Killmonger". Contest of Champions official website. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
External links[edit]
Erik Killmonger at Marvel Wiki
World of Black Heroes: Killmonger Biography
"Digital Priest: Killmonger". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.
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Bering Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Barents Sea.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coordinates: 58°0′N 178°0′W / 58.000°N 178.000°W / 58.000; -178.000
Bering Sea
Map showing the location of the Bering Sea with latitude and longitude zones of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean.[1][2] It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves.
The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi) and is bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russian Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait, which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean.[citation needed]
The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources within the jurisdiction of the United States and Russia, as well as international waters in the middle of the sea (known as the "Donut Hole"[3]). The interaction between currents, sea ice, and weather makes for a vigorous and productive ecosystem.
In the top-right corner of the image is Alaska’s mainland blanketed with snow, as well as Nunivak Island. At the centre of the image are the islands of Saint Paul and Saint George – part of the Pribilof Islands.
Satellite photo of the Bering Sea – Alaska is on the top right, Siberia on the top left
Bering Sea in the North Pacific Ocean
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Extent
2.2 Islands
2.3 Regions
3 Ecosystem
4 Biodiversity
5 Fisheries
6 Change
7 In media
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Most scientists believe that during the most recent ice age, sea level was low enough to allow humans to migrate east on foot from Asia to North America across what is now the Bering Strait. Other animals including megafauna migrated in both directions. This is commonly referred to as the "Bering land bridge" and is believed by most, though not all scientists, to be the first point of entry of humans into the Americas.
There is a small portion of the Kula Plate in the Bering Sea. The Kula Plate is an ancient tectonic plate that used to subduct under Alaska.[4]
Geography[edit]
Bering Sea showing the larger of the submarine canyons that cut the margin
Extent[edit]
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bering Sea as follows:[5]
On the North. The Southern limit of the Chuckchi Sea [sic] [The Arctic Circle between Siberia and Alaska].
On the South. A line running from Kabuch Point (54°48′N 163°21′W / 54.800°N 163.350°W / 54.800; -163.350) in the Alaskan Peninsula, through the Aleutian Islands to the South extremes of the Komandorski Islands and on to Cape Kamchatka in such a way that all the narrow waters between Alaska and Kamchatka are included in the Bering Sea.
Islands[edit]
Islands of the Bering Sea include:
Pribilof Islands, including St. Paul Island
Komandorski Islands, including Bering Island
St. Lawrence Island
Diomede Islands
King Island
St. Matthew Island
Karaginsky Island
Nunivak Island
Sledge Island
Hagemeister Island
Regions[edit]
Regions of the Bering Sea include:
Bering Strait
Bristol Bay
Gulf of Anadyr
Norton Sound
The Bering Sea contains 16 submarine canyons including the largest submarine canyon in the world, Zhemchug Canyon.
The Russian "Rurik" sets anchor near Saint Paul Island in the Bering sea in order to load food and equipment for the expedition to the Chukchi sea in the north. Drawing by Louis Choris in 1817.
Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), hauled out on Bering Sea ice, Alaska, June 1978. (Source: NOAA)
Snailfish, a non-commercial fish, caught in the eastern Bering Sea
Red king crab
Aerial view of Tutakoke Bird Camp on the coast of the Bering Sea, south of Hooper Bay
Ecosystem[edit]
The Bering Sea shelf break is the dominant driver of primary productivity in the Bering Sea.[6] This zone, where the shallower continental shelf drops off into the North Aleutians Basin is also known as the “Greenbelt”. Nutrient upwelling from the cold waters of the Aleutian basin flowing up the slope and mixing with shallower waters of the shelf provide for constant production of phytoplankton.
The second driver of productivity in the Bering Sea is seasonal sea ice that, in part, triggers the spring phytoplankton bloom. Seasonal melting of sea ice causes an influx of lower salinity water into the middle and other shelf areas, causing stratification and hydrographic effects which influence productivity.[7] In addition to the hydrographic and productivity influence of melting sea ice, the ice itself also provides an attachment substrate for the growth of algae as well as interstitial ice algae.
Some evidence suggests that great changes to the Bering Sea ecosystem have already occurred. Warm water conditions in the summer of 1997 resulted in a massive bloom of low energy coccolithophorid phytoplankton (Stockwell et al. 2001). A long record of carbon isotopes, which is reflective of primary production trends of the Bering Sea, exists from historical samples of bowhead whale baleen.[8] Trends in carbon isotope ratios in whale baleen samples suggest that a 30–40% decline in average seasonal primary productivity has occurred over the last 50 years.[8] The implication is that the carrying capacity of the Bering Sea is much lower now than it has been in the past.
Biodiversity[edit]
The sea supports many whale species including the beluga, humpback whale, bowhead whale, gray whale and blue whale, the vulnerable sperm whale, and the endangered fin whale, sei whale and the rarest in the world, the North Pacific right whale. Other marine mammals include walrus, Steller sea lion, northern fur seal, orca and polar bear.
The Bering Sea is very important to the seabirds of the world. Over 30 species of seabirds and approximately 20 million individuals breed in the Bering Sea region. Seabird species include tufted puffins, the endangered short-tailed albatross, spectacled eider, and red-legged kittiwakes. Many of these species are unique to the area, which provides highly productive foraging habitat, particularly along the shelf edge and in other nutrient-rich upwelling regions, such as the Pribilof, Zhemchug, and Pervenets canyons. The Bering Sea is also home to colonies of crested auklets, with upwards of a million individuals.
Two Bering Sea species, the Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) and spectacled cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus), are extinct because of overexploitation by man. In addition, a small subspecies of Canada goose, the Bering Canada goose (Branta canadensis asiatica) is extinct due to overhunting and introduction of rats to their breeding islands.
The Bering Sea supports many species of fish. Some species of fish support large and valuable commercial fisheries. Commercial fish species include 6 species of Pacific salmon, Alaska pollock, Pacific cod, Pacific halibut, yellowfin sole, Pacific ocean perch and sablefish. Shellfish include red king crab and Chionoecetes.
Fish biodiversity is high, and at least 419 species of fish have been reported from the Bering Sea.
Fisheries[edit]
The Bering Sea is world-renowned for its enormously productive and profitable fisheries, such as king crab,[9] opilio and tanner crabs, Bristol Bay salmon, pollock and other groundfish.[10] These fisheries rely on the productivity of the Bering Sea via a complicated and little understood food web. The continued existence of these fisheries requires an intact, healthy, and productive ecosystem.
Commercial fishing is big business in the Bering Sea, which is relied upon by the largest seafood companies in the world to produce fish and shellfish. On the U.S. side, commercial fisheries catch approximately $1 billion worth of seafood annually, while Russian Bering Sea fisheries are worth approximately $600 million annually.
The Bering Sea also serves as the central location of the Alaskan king crab and opilio crab seasons, which are chronicled on the Discovery Channel television program Deadliest Catch. Landings from Alaskan waters represents half the U.S. catch of fish and shellfish.
Change[edit]
Because of the changes going on in the Arctic, future evolution of the Bering Sea climate/ecosystem is uncertain.[11] Between 1979 and 2012 the region experienced small growth in sea ice extent, standing in contrast to the substantial loss of summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean to the north.[12]
In media[edit]
The movie Harbinger Down, which was released on August 7, 2015, was about a group of grad students have booked passage on the crabbing boat Harbinger to study the effects of global warming on a pod of beluga whales in the Bering Sea.[13]
One of the central characters in the 1949 movie Down to the Sea in Ships has the given name "Bering" due to having been born in a ship crossing the Bering Sea.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Bering Sea Arbitration
List of seas
Northern Bering Sea Climate Resilience Area
Timeline of environmental events
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fasham, M. J. R. (2003). Ocean biogeochemistry: the role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change. Springer. p. 79. ISBN 978-3-540-42398-0.
Jump up ^ McColl, R.W. (2005). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. p. 697. ISBN 978-0-8160-5786-3. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "North Pacific Overfishing (DONUT)". Trade Environment Database. American University. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Steinberger, Bernhard, and Carmen Gaina Geology 35 (5) 407-410, 2007 Plate-tectonic_reconstructions_predict_part_of_the_Hawaiian_hotspot_tract_to_be_preserved_in_the_Bering_Sea
Jump up ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Springer, A. M.; McRoy, C. P.; Flint, M. V. (1996). "The Bering Sea Green Belt: Shelf-edge processes and ecosystem production". Fisheries Oceanography. 5 (3–4): 205. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00118.x.
Jump up ^ Schumacher, J. D.; Kinder, T. H.; Pashinski, D. J.; Charnell, R. L. (1979). "A Structural Front over the Continental Shelf of the Eastern Bering Sea". Journal of Physical Oceanography. 9: 79. Bibcode:1979JPO.....9...79S. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0079:ASFOTC>2.0.CO;2.
^ Jump up to: a b Schell, D. M. (2000). "Declining carrying capacity in the Bering Sea: Isotopic evidence from whale baleen". Limnology and Oceanography. 45 (2): 459. doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.2.0459.
Jump up ^ Red King Crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
Jump up ^ Bering Climate. noaa.gov
Jump up ^ Providing information on the present state of Arctic ecosystems and climate in historical context. arctic.noaa.gov
Jump up ^ Alex DeMarban (19 February 2014). "In a warming world, Alaska's icy Bering Sea bucks the trend". Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Harbinger Down (2015)
External links[edit]
Find more aboutBering Seaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Bering Sea Climate and Ecosystem from NOAA
North Pacific Ocean theme page from NOAA
Groundfish fisheries and harvest, 2005 from Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Video of research on Bering Sea
Nautical Chart of the Bering Sea (Southern Part)
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Islands in the Bering Sea
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Lok Sabha
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.61750°N 77.20833°E / 28.61750; 77.20833
Lok Sabha
House of the People
16th Lok Sabha
Emblem of India
Type
Type
Lower house of the Parliament of India
Term limits
5 years
Leadership
Speaker
Sumitra Mahajan, BJP
Since 6 June 2014
Deputy Speaker
M. Thambidurai, AIADMK
Since 13 August 2014
Leader of the House
Narendra Modi, BJP
Since 26 May 2014
Leader of the Opposition
Vacant, as none of the opposition parties has more than 10% of the seats.[1]
Structure
Seats
545 (543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo-Indian Community by the President)[2]
Political groups
Government coalition (335)
National Democratic Alliance (335)
BJP (275)
SS (18)
TDP (16)
LJP (6)
SAD (4)
RLSP (3)
AD (2)
JD(U) (2)
JKPDP (1)
AINRC (1)
NPF (1)
NPP (1)
PMK (1)
SDF (1)
Speaker, BJP (1)
Nominated, BJP (2)
Opposition Parties (210)
United Progressive Alliance (50)
INC (46)
IUML (2)
KC(M) (1)
RSP (1)
Janata Parivar Parties (6)
RJD (2)
INLD (2)
JD(S) (2)
Unaligned Parties (144)
AIADMK (37)
AITC (33)
BJD (20)
TRS (11)
CPI(M) (9)
YSRCP (9)
NCP (6)
SP (5)
AAP (4)
AIUDF (3)
JMM (2)
AIMIM (1)
CPI (1)
JKNC (1)
SWP (1)
JAP (1)
Others (10)
Independents (3)
Vacant (7)
Elections
Voting system
First past the post
Last election
7 April – 12 May 2014
Next election
April – May 2019
Motto
धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय
Meeting place
Lok Sabha Chambers, Sansad Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
Website
loksabha.gov.in
The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the Lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi.
The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum, 2 nominated members of the Anglo-Indian Community by the President of India. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law.[3][4]
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries is carried out by a Delimitation Commission every decade based on the Indian census, last of which was conducted in 2001.[5] This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the mandate of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to incentivise the family planning programme which was being implemented.[6] The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date.
The Lok Sabha has its own television channel, Lok Sabha TV, headquartered within the premises of Parliament.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Qualifications
3 Powers
4 Procedure
4.1 Procedure in the House
4.2 Sessions and Time of Sittings
4.3 Question Hour/Zero Hour
4.4 Business after Question Hour
4.5 Main Business
4.5.1 Legislative Business
4.5.2 Financial Business
4.5.3 Motions and Resolutions
4.6 Half-an-Hour Discussion
4.7 Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance
4.8 Debate in the House
4.8.1 Division
4.9 Automatic Vote Recording System
4.10 Publication of Debates
5 Officers of Lok Sabha
6 Composition by states and territories
7 Lok Sabha general elections
8 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
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A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947.[8] During this period, the office of the Secretary of State for India (along with the Council of India) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of Viceroy of India was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration. The Indian Independence Act, passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the Princely States) into two new independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.
The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan.
According to Article 79 (Part V-The Union.)[9] of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
The Lok Sabha (House of the Leaders) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.
Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date
Session No.
Date
First 13 May 1952
Second April 1957
Third April 1962
Fourth March 1967
Fifth March 1971
Sixth March 1977
Seventh January 1980
Eighth December 1984
Ninth December 1989
Tenth June 1991
Eleventh May 1996
Twelfth March 1998
Thirteenth October 1999
Fourteenth May 2004
Fifteenth May 2009
Sixteenth (Current) May 2014
Qualifications[edit]
See also: Election Commission of India
Article 84 (Part V.—The Union)[10] of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
He / She should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution.
He / She should not be less than 25 years of age.
He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
He / She should have his/her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.
However, a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament:
If he / she holds office of profit;
If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court
If he / she is an undischarged insolvent;
If he / she is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
If he / she is violating party discipline (as per Tenth schedule of the constitution); disqualified under Representation of People Act.
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances: (during normal functioning of the House)
When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns.
When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.
Furthermore, as per article 101 (Part V.—The Union) [11] of Indian Constitution; A person cannot be : (1) a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.(2) a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.
System of elections in Lok Sabha [12]
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, on the basis of Universal Suffrage. For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha; each state is divided into territorial constituencies. In this respect, the constitution of India makes the following two provisions:
Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million (60 lakhs).
Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state.
Note: The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census (2001 Census) of which relevant figure have been published.
Powers[edit]
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.
Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India.
In matters pertaining to non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevails—due to its bigger numerical strength.
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency, the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.
In conclusion, it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy, with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper.
Procedure[edit]
Procedure in the House[edit]
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance. For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee. The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure.
Sessions and Time of Sittings[edit]
Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year:
Budget session: February to May.
Monsoon session: July to September.
Winter session: November to mid December.
When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.
Question Hour/Zero Hour[edit]
The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.
Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. Minimum period of notice for starred/ unstarred question is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.
The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.
Zero Hour: The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around 12 noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards.
Business after Question Hour[edit]
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.
Main Business[edit]
The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.
Legislative Business[edit]
Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members' Bill. Every Bill passes through three stages—called three readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.
Financial Business[edit]
The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets—followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year.
Motions and Resolutions[edit]
Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members. Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation. Similarly, a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.
Half-an-Hour Discussion[edit]
A Half-an-Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-an-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister concerned replies. There is no formal motion before the House nor voting.
Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance[edit]
Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place on two days in a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.
Debate in the House[edit]
After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.
Division[edit]
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.
Automatic Vote Recording System[edit]
With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary- General presses the button of a key board. Then a gong sounds serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. For casting a vote each member present in the Chamber has to press a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in his seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two Indicator Boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's Chair in the Chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker's and Diplomatic Galleries.
Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha, Divisions may be held either by distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear on this Board also. Immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken. Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates.
Publication of Debates[edit]
Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared viz., the Hindi version, the English version and the Original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The Original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version all Questions asked and Answers given thereto in Hindi and the speeches made in Hindi as also verbatim Hindi translation of Questions and Answers and of speeches made in English or in regional languages. The English version contains Lok Sabha proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language. The Original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually take place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.
If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.
Officers of Lok Sabha[edit]
Speaker and Deputy Speaker
As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, both presiding officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker- are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. As such, no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker. The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker is mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution. A Speaker or a Deputy Speaker, should vacate his/her office, a) if he/she ceases to be a member of the House of the People, b) he/she resigns, c) removed from his office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority.
The Speaker of Lok Sabha is at once a member of the House and also its Presiding Officer. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in the house. He/she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. He/she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. He/she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. Till date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose.
Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952- 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 16th Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014, and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker.
The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.[13]
Composition by states and territories[edit]
Main article: List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Subdivision
Type
No. of constituencies[14]
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory 1
Andhra Pradesh State 25
Arunachal Pradesh State 2
Assam State 14
Bihar State 40
Chandigarh Union Territory 1
Chhattisgarh State 11
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory 1
Daman and Diu Union Territory 1
National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7
Goa State 2
Gujarat State 26
Haryana State 10
Himachal Pradesh State 4
Jammu and Kashmir State 6
Jharkhand State 14
Karnataka State 28
Kerala State 20
Lakshadweep Union Territory 1
Madhya Pradesh State 29
Maharashtra State 48
Manipur State 2
Meghalaya State 2
Mizoram State 1
Nagaland State 1
Odisha State 21
Puducherry Union Territory 1
Punjab State 13
Rajasthan State 25
Sikkim State 1
Tamil Nadu State 39
Telangana State 17
Tripura State 2
Uttarakhand State 5
Uttar Pradesh State 80
West Bengal State 42
Lok Sabha general elections[edit]
Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows:
Lok Sabha
General Election
1st Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1951–52
2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1957
3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1962
4th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1967
5th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1971
6th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1977
7th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1980
8th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1984
9th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1989
10th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1991
11th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1996
12th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1998
13th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 1999
14th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 2004
15th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 2009
16th Lok Sabha Indian general election, 2014
Number of members by party in Lok Sabha[edit]
Main article: List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha
Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party (As of 3 November 2017):[15]
Alliance
Party
Seats
National Democratic Alliance
Seats: 335 Bharatiya Janata Party 275
Shiv Sena 18
Telugu Desam Party 16
Lok Janshakti Party 6
Shiromani Akali Dal 4
Rashtriya Lok Samta Party 3
Apna Dal 2
Janata Dal (United) 2
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 1
All India N.R. Congress 1
Naga People's Front 1
National Peoples Party 1
Pattali Makkal Katchi 1
Sikkim Democratic Front 1
Speaker of the House, BJP 1
Nominated Anglo-Indians, BJP 2
United Progressive Alliance
Seats: 50 Indian National Congress 46
Indian Union Muslim League 2
Kerala Congress (M) 1
Revolutionary Socialist Party 1
Janata Parivar
Seats: 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal 2
Indian National Lok Dal 2
Janata Dal (Secular) 2
Other Parties
Seats: 144 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37
All India Trinamool Congress 33
Biju Janata Dal 20
Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 9
YSR Congress Party 9
Nationalist Congress Party 6
Samajwadi Party 5
Aam Aadmi Party 4
All India United Democratic Front 3
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 2
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 1
Communist Party of India 1
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference 1
Swabhimani Paksha 1
Jan Adhikar Party (Expelled RJD Member) 1
Independents 3
Vacant Seats Anantnag, Ajmer, Uluberia, Alwar, Araria, Phulpur and Gorakhpur constituencies. 7
Total 545
See also[edit]
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Parliament of India
Rajya Sabha
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "No LoP post for Congress". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parliament of India: Lok Sabha". Archived from the original on 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Part V—The Union. Article 83. p. 40 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "A decade from now, three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs". Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Election Commission India Archived 5 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to LokSabha Website". Archived from the original on 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indian Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) - Culture and Heritage - Know India: National Portal of India". Archived from the original on 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Part V—The Union. Article 79. p. 38 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Part V—The Union. Article 81. p. 41 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Part V—The Union. Article 81. pp. 46, 47 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Laxmikant polity
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha". Lok Sabha. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Introduction". National Informatics Centre, Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sixteenth Lok Sabha : All Members Party-wise List". Lok Sabha. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lok Sabha.
Lok Sabha website
Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Sabha&oldid=808980358"
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Lok Sabha
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values: লোকসভা – Bangla

values: Лок Сабха – Bulgarian

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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Welsh
cy
cy
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – German
de
de
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Spanish
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es
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Esperanto
eo
eo
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values: لوک سبها – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: लोक सभा – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: לוק סבהה – Hebrew

values: ಲೋಕಸಭೆ – Kannada

values: ლოკ-საბჰა – Georgian

values: लोकसभा – Marathi

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: लोक सभा – Nepali

values: ローク・サバー – Japanese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Norwegian
no
no
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
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values: ਲੋਕ ਸਭਾ – Punjabi

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Polish
pl
pl
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Portuguese
pt
pt
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values: Лок сабха – Russian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Finnish
fi
fi
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Swedish
sv
sv
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values: மக்களவை (இந்தியா) – Tamil

values: లోక్‌సభ – Telugu

values: โลกสภา – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Лок Сабха – Ukrainian

values: لوک سبھا – Urdu

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https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha
Lok Sabha – Vietnamese
vi
vi
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