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Multicellular organism
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Multicellular organism
Temporal range: Mesoproterozoic–present
Had'n
Archean
Proterozoic
Pha.
In this image, a wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans is stained to highlight the nuclei of its cells.
Scientific classification
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.[1]
All species of animals, land plants and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, whereas a few organisms are partially uni- and partially multicellular, like slime molds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium.
Multicellular organisms arise in various ways, for example by cell division or by aggregation of many single cells.[2] Colonial organisms are the result of many identical individuals joining together to form a colony. However, it can often be hard to separate colonial protists from true multicellular organisms, because the two concepts are not distinct; colonial protists have been dubbed "pluricellular" rather than "multicellular".[3][4]
Contents
1 Evolutionary history
1.1 Occurrence
1.2 Loss of multicellularity
1.3 Cancer
1.4 Separation of somatic and germ cells
2 Hypotheses for origin
2.1 The symbiotic theory
2.2 The cellularization (syncytial) theory
2.3 The colonial theory
2.4 The Synzoospore theory
2.5 GK-PID
2.6 The role of viruses
3 Advantages
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Evolutionary history[edit]
Occurrence[edit]
Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 46 times in eukaryotes,[5][6] and also in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, actinomycetes, Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina. However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: animals, fungi, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and land plants.[7] It evolved repeatedly for Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), once or twice for animals, once for brown algae, three times in the fungi (chytrids, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes)[8] and perhaps several times for slime molds and red algae.[9] The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms that lived 3–3.5 billion years ago.[5] To reproduce, true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cells (i.e. sperm and egg cells), an issue that is studied in evolutionary developmental biology. Animals have evolved a considerable diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared with 10–20 in plants and fungi.[10]
Loss of multicellularity[edit]
Loss of multicellularity occurred in some groups.[11] Fungi are predominantly multicellular, though early diverging lineages are largely unicellular (e.g. Microsporidia) and there have been numerous reversions to unicellularity across fungi (e.g. Saccharomycotina, Cryptococcus, and other yeasts).[12][13] It may also have occurred in some red algae (e.g. Porphyridium), but it is possible that they are primitively unicellular.[14] Loss of multicellularity is also considered probable in some green algae (e.g. Chlorella vulgaris and some Ulvophyceae).[15][16] In other groups, generally parasites, a reduction of multicellularity occurred, in number or types of cells (e.g. the myxozoans, multicellular organisms, earlier thought to be unicellular, are probably extremely reduced cnidarians).[17]
Cancer[edit]
Multicellular organisms, especially long-living animals, face the challenge of cancer, which occurs when cells fail to regulate their growth within the normal program of development. Changes in tissue morphology can be observed during this process. Cancer in animals (metazoans) has often been described as a loss of multicellularity.[18] There is a discussion about the possibility of existence of cancer in other multicellular organisms[19][20] or even in protozoa.[21] For example, plant galls have been characterized as tumors[22] but some authors argue that plants do not develop cancer.[23]
Separation of somatic and germ cells[edit]
In some multicellular groups, which are called Weismannists, a separation between a sterile somatic cell line and a germ cell line evolved. However, Weismannist development is relatively rare (e.g. vertebrates, arthropods, Volvox), as great part of species have the capacity for somatic embryogenesis (e.g. land plants, most algae, many invertebrates).[24][25]
Hypotheses for origin[edit]
Play media
Tetrabaena socialis consists of four cells.
One hypothesis for the origin of multicellularity is that a group of function-specific cells aggregated into a slug-like mass called a grex, which moved as a multicellular unit. This is essentially what slime molds do. Another hypothesis is that a primitive cell underwent nucleus division, thereby becoming a coenocyte. A membrane would then form around each nucleus (and the cellular space and organelles occupied in the space), thereby resulting in a group of connected cells in one organism (this mechanism is observable in Drosophila). A third hypothesis is that as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what plant and animal embryos do as well as colonial choanoflagellates.[26][27]
Because the first multicellular organisms were simple, soft organisms lacking bone, shell or other hard body parts, they are not well preserved in the fossil record.[28] One exception may be the demosponge, which may have left a chemical signature in ancient rocks. The earliest fossils of multicellular organisms include the contested Grypania spiralis and the fossils of the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian Group Fossil B Formation in Gabon (Gabonionta).[29] The Doushantuo Formation has yielded 600 million year old microfossils with evidence of multicellular traits.[30]
Until recently, phylogenetic reconstruction has been through anatomical (particularly embryological) similarities. This is inexact, as living multicellular organisms such as animals and plants are more than 500 million years removed from their single-cell ancestors. Such a passage of time allows both divergent and convergent evolution time to mimic similarities and accumulate differences between groups of modern and extinct ancestral species. Modern phylogenetics uses sophisticated techniques such as alloenzymes, satellite DNA and other molecular markers to describe traits that are shared between distantly related lineages.[citation needed]
The evolution of multicellularity could have occurred in a number of different ways, some of which are described below:
The symbiotic theory[edit]
This theory suggests that the first multicellular organisms occurred from symbiosis (cooperation) of different species of single-cell organisms, each with different roles. Over time these organisms would become so dependent on each other they would not be able to survive independently, eventually leading to the incorporation of their genomes into one multicellular organism.[31] Each respective organism would become a separate lineage of differentiated cells within the newly created species.
This kind of severely co-dependent symbiosis can be seen frequently, such as in the relationship between clown fish and Riterri sea anemones. In these cases, it is extremely doubtful whether either species would survive very long if the other became extinct. However, the problem with this theory is that it is still not known how each organism's DNA could be incorporated into one single genome to constitute them as a single species. Although such symbiosis is theorized to have occurred (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts in animal and plant cells—endosymbiosis), it has happened only extremely rarely and, even then, the genomes of the endosymbionts have retained an element of distinction, separately replicating their DNA during mitosis of the host species. For instance, the two or three symbiotic organisms forming the composite lichen, although dependent on each other for survival, have to separately reproduce and then re-form to create one individual organism once more.
The cellularization (syncytial) theory[edit]
This theory states that a single unicellular organism, with multiple nuclei, could have developed internal membrane partitions around each of its nuclei.[32] Many protists such as the ciliates or slime molds can have several nuclei, lending support to this hypothesis. However, the simple presence of multiple nuclei is not enough to support the theory. Multiple nuclei of ciliates are dissimilar and have clear differentiated functions. The macronucleus serves the organism's needs, whereas the micronucleus is used for sexual reproduction with exchange of genetic material. Slime molds syncitia form from individual amoeboid cells, like syncitial tissues of some multicellular organisms, not the other way round. To be deemed valid, this theory needs a demonstrable example and mechanism of generation of a multicellular organism from a pre-existing syncytium.
The colonial theory[edit]
The Colonial Theory of Haeckel, 1874, proposes that the symbiosis of many organisms of the same species (unlike the symbiotic theory, which suggests the symbiosis of different species) led to a multicellular organism. At least some, it is presumed land-evolved, multicellularity occurs by cells separating and then rejoining (e.g. cellular slime molds) whereas for the majority of multicellular types (those that evolved within aquatic environments), multicellularity occurs as a consequence of cells failing to separate following division.[33] The mechanism of this latter colony formation can be as simple as incomplete cytokinesis, though multicellularity is also typically considered to involve cellular differentiation.[34]
The advantage of the Colonial Theory hypothesis is that it has been seen to occur independently in 16 different protoctistan phyla. For instance, during food shortages the amoeba Dictyostelium groups together in a colony that moves as one to a new location. Some of these amoeba then slightly differentiate from each other. Other examples of colonial organisation in protista are Volvocaceae, such as Eudorina and Volvox, the latter of which consists of up to 500–50,000 cells (depending on the species), only a fraction of which reproduce.[35] For example, in one species 25–35 cells reproduce, 8 asexually and around 15–25 sexually. However, it can often be hard to separate colonial protists from true multicellular organisms, as the two concepts are not distinct; colonial protists have been dubbed "pluricellular" rather than "multicellular".[3]
The Synzoospore theory[edit]
Some authors suggest that the origin of multicellularity, at least in Metazoa, occurred due to a transition from temporal to spatial cell differentiation, rather than through a gradual evolution of cell differentiation, as affirmed in Haeckel’s Gastraea theory.[36]
GK-PID[edit]
About 800 million years ago,[37] a minor genetic change in a single molecule called guanylate kinase protein-interaction domain (GK-PID) may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.[38]
The role of viruses[edit]
Genes borrowed from viruses have recently been identified as playing a crucial role in the differentiation of multicellular tissues and organs and even in sexual reproduction, in the fusion of egg cell and sperm. Such fused cells are also involved in metazoan membranes such as those that prevent chemicals crossing the placenta and the brain body separation. Two viral components have been identified. The first is syncytin, which came from a virus. The second identified in 2007 is called EFF1, which helps form the skin of Caenorhabditis elegans, part of a whole family of FF proteins. Felix Rey, of the Pasteur Institute in Paris has constructed the 3D structure of the EFF1 protein[39] and shown it does the work of linking one cell to another, in viral infections. The fact that all known cell fusion molecules are viral in origin suggests that they have been vitally important to the inter-cellular communication systems that enabled multicellularity. Without the ability of cellular fusion, colonies could have formed, but anything even as complex as a sponge would not have been possible.[40]
Advantages[edit]
Multicellularity allows an organism to exceed the size limits normally imposed by diffusion: single cells with increased size have a decreased surface-to-volume ratio and have difficulty absorbing sufficient nutrients and transporting them throughout the cell. Multicellular organisms thus have the competitive advantages of an increase in size without its limitations. They can have longer lifespans as they can continue living when individual cells die. Multicellularity also permits increasing complexity by allowing differentiation of cell types within one organism.
See also[edit]
Bacterial colony
Embryogenesis
Organogenesis
References[edit]
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Mazda3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mazda 3
Overview
Manufacturer
Mazda
Also called
Mazda Axela (Japan and China)
Production
2003[1]–present
Assembly
Hofu, Japan[2]
Bogotá, Colombia[3]
Tehran, Iran[4]
Taoyuan, Taiwan[3]
Body and chassis
Class
Compact car (C)
Body style
5-door hatchback
4-door fastback sedan/saloon
Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel drive
Front-engine, all-wheel drive[5]
Chronology
Predecessor
Mazda Familia/323/Protegé
The Mazda3 or Mazda 3 (known as the Mazda Axela in Japan, a combination of "accelerate" and "excellent"[6]) is a compact car manufactured in Japan by Mazda. It was introduced in 2003 as a 2004 model, replacing the Familia/323/Protegé. A performance-oriented version of the Mazda3 is marketed as the Mazdaspeed3 in North America, Mazdaspeed Axela in Japan and the Mazda3 MPS in Europe.
A second generation Mazda3 for the 2009 model year was unveiled in late 2008, with the sedan premièring at the Los Angeles Auto Show and the hatchback at the Bologna Auto Show. For the 2012 model year, Mazda began offering the Mazda3 with their newly developed SkyActiv technology, including a more rigid body, a new direct injection engine, and a new 6-speed transmission.[7]
The current third generation was introduced in mid-2013 as a 2014 model.
The Mazda 3 became Mazda's 'fastest-selling' vehicle in January 2014, with cumulative sales of over 4 million units.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 First generation (BK; 2003–2009)
1.1 Design
1.2 Engines
1.2.1 Performance
1.3 2006
1.4 2007
1.5 2008
1.6 2009
2 Second generation (BL; 2009–2013)
2.1 Mazdaspeed 3
2.2 2012 update
2.3 Engines
3 Third generation (BM; 2013–2016, BN; 2017–present)
3.1 Mazda3 SKYACTIV-Hybrid
3.2 Production
4 Motorsports
5 Sales
6 References
7 External links
First generation (BK; 2003–2009)[edit]
First generation
Overview
Production
June 2003—January 2009[9]
2006–2013 (China)
2005–2010 Tehran, Iran[4]
2003–2014 (Colombia)
Model years
2004–2009
Assembly
Hofu, Japan[2]
Nanjing, China[10][11]
Hainan, China
Taiwan, Republic of China[3]
Bogotá, Colombia[3]
Pretoria, South Africa
Willowvale, Zimbabwe (WMMI)[3]
Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines[12]
Designer
Hasip Girgin (2001)[13]
Body and chassis
Platform
Mazda BK platform
Related
Mazda Premacy/Mazda5, Ford Focus, Volvo C30, Volvo S40/Volvo V50
Powertrain
Engine
1.4 L MZR I4
1.5 L MZR I4
1.6 L MZR I4
2.0 L MZR I4
2.3 L MZR I4
1.6 L MZ-CD I4
2.0 L MZR-CD I4
Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,639 mm (104 in)
Length
2004–06 i Sedan: 4,529 mm (178 in)
2004–06 s Sedan: 4,540 mm (179 in)
2004–06 Hatchback: 4,485 mm (177 in)
2007–09 i Sedan: 4,506 mm (177 in)
2007–09 s Sedan: 4,511 mm (178 in)
2007–09 Hatchback: 4,591 mm (181 in)
Width
1,750 mm (69 in)
Height
1,500 mm (59 in)
Curb weight
1,253 kg (2,762 lb)
The BK series Mazda3 was launched in Japan in October 2003 as the Axela. The model has been generally well received by the automotive press for its performance, handling, styling and interior, with some describing it as feeling like a more expensive sports sedan/saloon despite its value-oriented price.[14] Some criticisms have included fuel economy and crash test results (only receiving four out of a maximum five stars from the EURO NCAP Safety Testing Programme) the latter of which was rectified by making six airbags standard.[15][16] In 2006 the Mazda3 was the second best-selling car in Canada and the best selling car in Israel during 2005–2007.[17][18]
Design[edit]
The Mazda3 is based on the Ford global C1 platform, shared with the latest European Ford Focus and Volvo S40. Previewed by the MX-Sportif concept car, the Mazda3 is available in two body styles, a four-door fastback sedan/saloon, marketed as a "4-door coupé style" in Europe, and a five-door hatchback, branded the Sport version in Canada, Japan, and the United States. Design work began under chief designer Hideki Suzuki in 1999 at three Mazda design centres in California, America; Frankfurt, Germany; and Hiroshima, Japan. By 2001, Hasip Girgin's design was chosen as a finalist. Girgin was sent to work in Hiroshima for 6 months, after which the final design was frozen for scheduled 2003 production.
Hatchback (pre-facelift)
Sedan (pre-facelift)
Haima 3 hatchback
Haima 3 sedan
2007 Hatchback (facelift)
The front suspension comprises MacPherson struts, with coil springs and an anti-roll bar. The rear suspension is a Ford-designed "E-link" multi-link suspension, with four locating links per wheel and an anti-roll bar, suspended on coil springs that are mounted inboard of the shock absorbers to reduce suspension intrusion into the cargo area. Four-wheel Disc brakes are fitted, with 300 mm (11.8 in) discs in the front and 279 mm (11 in) discs in the rear; ABS and electronic brake force distribution are available or standard, depending on the model. Wheel and tire sizes vary with model, from 15" on base models to optional 17" wheels on upper-level models. The Mazda3 was used as a regular police patrol car by the Public Security Police Force of Macau alongside the Toyota Corolla and the Honda Civic police cars in Macau, China.
When first introduced, United States-market Mazda3 models were available in only two trim levels, i and s, with the 2.0 L and 2.3 L engines, respectively. Since then Mazda has introduced additional models under the Touring and Grand Touring labels. British Mazda3s are offered in S, TS, TS2, Sport, and a top end 2.3 L turbocharged Mazda3 MPS (Mazda Performance Series) models. Since April 2008, when there was a mainly cosmetic facelift of the Mazda3, there have been some changes to the trim designations for UK cars, with the models now being the entry level S, then Takara (which replaces TS & TS2), the Tamara Special Edition and the Sport and MPS as before.
All 3 models use the inline-4 Mazda MZR engine, with various types, displacements and outputs including the MZ-CD turbodiesel, depending on model and market. Transmissions are a five-speed manual transmission and a four-speed automatic transmission; since the 2006 model year, a five-speed automatic is optional on models with the 2.3 L engine. This transmission has now been made standard on the 2.0 L engine in Japan (FWD models only), as part of a minor facelift in early 2008 which includes different front/rear bumper designs, new wheel designs and body colors, stiffened chassis, and better interior materials. The MPS / Mazdaspeed version is only available with a six-speed manual.
A Chinese variant called the Haima 3 was also produced in China from 2007 to 2012 under the Haima brand, a joint venture between the Hainan provincial government and Mazda. A 1.6 and 1.8 litre engine was available paired to a 5 speed manual or 6 speed CVT gearbox.
Engines[edit]
The Mazda3 features the following engines:
Japanese market (JIS ratings):
1.5 L: 118 PS (87 kW), 140 N⋅m (103 lb⋅ft)
2.0 L: 150 PS (110 kW), 183 N⋅m (135 lb⋅ft)
2.3 L: 171 PS (126 kW), 214 N⋅m (158 lb⋅ft)
European market (ECE ratings):
1.4 L: 84 PS (62 kW), 122 N⋅m (90 lb⋅ft)
1.6 L: 105 PS (77 kW), 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft)
2.0 L: 150 PS (110 kW), 187 N⋅m (138 lb⋅ft)
2.3 L MZR DISI Turbo: 260 PS (191 kW), 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)
1.6 L MZ-CD common-rail diesel: 109 PS (80 kW), 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft)
2.0 L MZR-CD common-rail diesel: 143 PS (105 kW), 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft)
2.2 L MZR-CD common-rail diesel: 185 PS (136 kW), 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft)
American & Canadian markets (SAE net ratings):
2.0 L: 148 bhp (110 kW), 135 lbf·ft (183 N·m) (04–05) PZEV engine: 145 bhp (107 kW) (04–06), 144 bhp (107 kW) (07–); 132 lbf·ft (179 N·m) (all years)
2.3 L: 160 bhp (119 kW), 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m) PZEV engine: 153 bhp (113 kW), 149 lbf·ft (202 N·m) (2006 only)
2.3 L MZR DISI Turbo: Mazdaspeed3: 263 bhp (196 kW), 280 lbf·ft (380 N·m)
Mazda changed the rating for US & Canadian markets 2007 2.3 L naturally aspirated engine:
2.3 L: 160 bhp (119 kW), 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m) PZEV engine: 151 bhp (113 kW), 149 lbf·ft (202 N·m) (07–)
Asian markets (DIN ratings):
1.6 L: 110 bhp (78 kW), 107 lbf·ft (145 N·m)
2.0 L: 148 bhp (110 kW) and 138 lbf·ft (187 N·m)
Australian market (ADR net ratings):
2.0 L: 145 bhp (108 kW), 134 lbf·ft (182 N·m)
2.3 L: 154 bhp (115 kW), 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m)
2.3 L: DISI MZR: 260 bhp (190 kW), 280 lbf·ft (380 N·m)
2.0 L MZR-CD common-rail diesel: 143 PS (105 kW), 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft)
South African market (DIN net ratings):
1.6 L: 109 bhp (77 kW), 108 lbf·ft (146 N·m)
2.0 L: 140 bhp (104 kW), 134 lbf·ft (182 N·m)
2.3 L: 154 bhp (115 kW), 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m)
2.3 L: DISI MZR: 260 bhp (190 kW), 280 lbf·ft (380 N·m)
Performance[edit]
Official performance figures for the European Mazda3 1.4 S, the lowest-powered model, are 0–100 km/h in 14.3 seconds, with a maximum speed of 170 km/h (106 mph). Wheels magazine reported an 8.7-second 0–100 km/h time for the Australian 2.0 model in its May 2004 issue.
The 1.6 CiTD 80 kW diesel (as sold in Europe) with a five-speed manual does 100 km/h in 11.6 seconds and has top of 182 km/h (113 mph) according to the official Mazda specifications.
In test results for the 2012 Mazda 3 Maxx Sport five-door 2.0-litre engine, it has been reported as having an acceleration time of 9.2 seconds (0–100 km/h) and a top speed of 190 km/h.
In its test results for the 2004 Mazda3 five-door with the 2.3-litre engine, Car and Driver magazine reported a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) acceleration time of 7.4 seconds and a governor-limited top speed of 190 km/h (118 mph).
Car and Driver documented the acceleration of a 2007 Mazda3 four-door sedan. Equipped with a 2.3 liter engine and 5-speed manual transmission, the Mazda3 has a 0-60 mph time of 7.3 seconds and completes the quarter mile in 15.8 seconds at 88 mph.[19]
The fuel consumption of these models averages in the 10 L/100 km (24 mpg‑US; 28 mpg‑imp), with the 2-litre 2008 Mazda3 automatic-transmission model scoring a 10 L/100 km (24 mpg‑US; 28 mpg‑imp)/7.6 L/100 km (31 mpg‑US; 37 mpg‑imp) city/highway United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rating.
2006[edit]
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For the 2006 model year, Mazda added variable valve timing and variable-length intake runners to the 2.0 L engine resulting in a power increase to 150 bhp (112 kW; 152 PS). The automatic transmission used in Mazda3 S trim with the 2.3 L engine was changed from a four-speed to a five-speed design. The larger 2.3 L engine was PZEV-certified (Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle) for vehicles sold in California and other states that have adopted California automotive emission standards. The 2.0 L engine had already been PZEV-certified. The colour palette was also simplified in 2006, with the deletion of Canary Yellow and Lava Orange Mica.
2007[edit]
Sedan (facelift)
Hatchback (facelift)
Interior (facelift)
The 3 received a minor cosmetic facelift for the 2007 model year with minimal exterior, interior and mechanical changes. On base models, the black plastic at the top of the grille became body-coloured. The front fascia and bumper were changed with a floating foglight design and the lower air intake opening was reshaped to better resemble the typical "Mazda five-point face." All Mazda3 sedans and five-doors gained the same "Axela" clear-lens style rear tail-lights as the SP23 model, which in 2007 Mazda brought out the Mazda Axela similar to the Mazda6 Atenza. In addition, the Grand Touring trim also featured LED brake lights. The LED brake lights were added to compete with the growing trend of higher-end vehicles using LED tail lamps for more visible light output. The range of alloy wheels were redesigned, featuring a 17-inch alloy wheel for the Grand Touring version. The rear fascia was slightly changed adding a notch on the bumper cover of the sedan. Several new exterior colors were added, phantom blue, a copper red metallic (April 2008), Aurora Blue and dark cherry. The Titanium Gray color was replaced with a darker Galaxy Gray color.
The interior of the Mazda3 was offered with several new color choices and an audio jack in the centre console, allowing the use of digital music players. Also, Takara models, which were introduced in the 2008 upgrade, added climate control and 6-CD autochanger to the TS specification.
The 2007 model also includes less visible mechanical changes. The keyless entry system was improved. Reinforcements to the body shell improve overall chassis rigidity. The front dampers of the MacPherson strut suspension have been re-tuned to quicken steering response and reduce understeer. The hydraulic dampers of the multi-link rear suspension were also re-tuned to match the front suspension changes. Mazda engineers and designers addressed concerns regarding cabin noise level by redesigning or changing multiple systems and adding sound-deadening material to the roof lining and hood panel.
The bumper-to-bumper warranty was reduced to 36 months / 36,000 miles while the powertrain warranty was increased to 60 months / 60,000 miles in most markets. In the UK, all Mazda3s have a 3-year unlimited mileage warranty, 3-year roadside assistance and 12 year anti perforation warranty as standard.
Canadian Mazda3s received standard seat mounted side-airbags and body shell mounted side curtain airbags across the model range. Previously both airbag types were not available.
2008[edit]
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2008–2009 Mazda 3 (BK Series 2) SP23 hatchback (Australia)
An additional trim level included the Sport GX with a 2.0L engine, previously all Sport hatchbacks had a 2.3L engine and came only in GS or GT trims. Compared to the GX sedan, the GX hatchback has body-coloured door handles, and fog lamps. Options for the Sport GX include air conditioning, a convenience package containing power accessories and 15-inch alloys, and a rear trunk spoiler.
The GS sedan received standard 16-inch alloy wheels, previously only available with the moonroof option, while the GX had 15-inch alloy wheels added to the convenience package (which includes steering-wheel mounted audio controls, power windows, power locks, and remote entry). The GS hatchback now comes with factory-installed air conditioning. GT models received standard xenon headlights, previously part of the leather package.
In the U.S., the i Touring trim level was replaced by the i Touring Value model. This new model added a body-color front grille, fog lights and 17" alloy wheels, giving it a very similar appearance to the more expensive s models. The interior also received leather-covered steering wheel and shift knob from the s model. Anti-lock brakes and side-impact airbags, previously optional, were now standard.
2009[edit]
Initial news reports indicated the 2009 model year would receive a minor facelift by the end of the year with exterior design modifications that included chrome door handles, a new roof spoiler, expanded use of black moldings on the rear bumper, and new alloy-wheel options.[20] This turned out to not occur in the US or Canadian market. The 2009 model year was only a few months long as production ceased in November 2008.[17]
Second generation (BL; 2009–2013)[edit]
Second generation
Mazda3 S Grand Touring (USA)
Overview
Production
November 2008—June 2013[21]
Model years
2009–2013
Assembly
Hofu, Japan
Rayong, Thailand (AAT) (February 2011 onwards)
Kulim, Malaysia
Tehran, Iran
Bogotá, Colombia
Pretoria, South Africa[22][23]
Taoyuan, Taiwan
Designer
Kunihiko Kurisu (2006)[24]
Body and chassis
Platform
Mazda BL platform
Related
Mazda Premacy/Mazda5
Ford Focus
Volvo C30
Volvo S40/Volvo V50
Powertrain
Engine
1.6 L I4 petrol
1.6 L I4 diesel
2.0 L I4 petrol
2.0 L I4 diesel
2.2 L I4 diesel
2.5 L I4 petrol
2.3 L Turbo Straight-4 petrol
Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
6-speed automatic
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,640 mm (103.9 in)
Length
4,595 mm (180.9 in) (Sedan)
4,505 mm (177.4 in) (Hatchback)
Width
1,755 mm (69.1 in)
Height
1,470 mm (57.9 in)
Curb weight
1,295 kg (2,855.0 lb)
Hatch (pre-facelift)
Sedan (pre-facelift)
Sedan (facelift)
Hatch (facelift)
Interior
In development from 2004 and designed under Kunihiko Kurisu from early 2005 to August 2006, in October 2008 Mazda released the second generation Mazda3 with restyled exterior. Two engines were offered in the US and Canadian markets, the 2.0L petrol engine offered in the previous generation and a new 2.5L inline-4 shared with the second-generation Mazda6.[25]
The C1 architecture, a collaboration of Ford, Mazda, and Volvo,[26] is carried over from the previous generation[27] though marginally wider, longer and lighter than the previous generation. The 2.3L engine was replaced with a 2.5L engine that produces 167 bhp (125 kW; 169 PS) and 167 lb⋅ft (226 N⋅m) of torque. In other markets, more engines are offered including a new 2.2L turbodiesel engine.[28] A 2010 Mazda3 with a 2.5 liter engine and 6-speed manual transmission accelerates to 60 mph in 7.4 seconds and completes the quarter mile in 15.7 seconds at 89 mph.[29]
Mazda unveiled the 2010 Mazda3 sedan/saloon at the Los Angeles Auto Show on 19 November 2008. The new Mazda3 is slightly larger than the older Mazda3 and is available in "i" and "s" versions. The "i" (GX or GS in Canada) is powered by a 148 brake horsepower (110 kW) 2.0L engine while the "s" (GT in Canada) is powered by a 167 brake horsepower (125 kW) 2.5L engine adapted from the Mazda6.[30] Both engines are also available in PZEV versions in the US, the 2.0L producing 144 bhp (107 kW) and the 2.5L producing 165 bhp (123 kW).[31] The 3s Grand Touring trim level adds leather seats, power driver's seat, rain-sensing windshield wipers, dual-zone automatic climate control, and steerable active bi-xenon headlights as standard equipment.[30] The hatchback was unveiled a few weeks after the sedan/saloon at the Bologna Motor Show.
The European model includes a start-stop system with the 2.0L DISI engine with an estimated increase fuel economy in city cycle by roughly 12%.[32]
Midway through 2010, features including side mirrors with integrated turn signals, footwell lighting, and power seat memory functions were removed.[citation needed]
Mazdaspeed 3[edit]
Mazda3 MPS (Europe)
Mazda3 MPS (Europe)
Full details and images of the high-powered Mazdaspeed3 (a.k.a. Mazda3 MPS) were released at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2009.[33] Like the previous generation, the Mazda3 hatchback variant has been selected as the basis for the 2nd generation Mazdaspeed3.
2012 update[edit]
The 2012 Mazda3 with SkyActiv powertrain was unveiled at the Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto, February 2011. It comes with Mazda's SkyActiv-G 2.0-liter, direct-injection gasoline engine, and SkyActiv-Drive 6-speed automatic or SkyActiv-MT 6-speed manual transmission.[34] There are minor exterior updates: revised grille and air intakes, and a reshaped rear valance panel. Skyactiv models receive a blue ring around the projectors in the headlamps.[35] Car and Driver reported that such a Mazda3 can reach estimated EPA fuel-economy ratings of 30 mpg city and 39 to 40 highway.[36]
Engines[edit]
Model
Type
Power, torque@rpm
CO2 emissions (g/km)
Japanese models
ZY-VE 1,498 cc (91.4 cu in) I4 111 PS (82 kW; 109 hp)@6000, 140 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft)@4500
LF-VDS 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@6200, 186 N⋅m (137 lb⋅ft)@4500
LF-VE 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 143 PS (105 kW; 141 hp)@6500, 179 N⋅m (132 lb⋅ft)@4000
L3-VDT 2,261 cc (138.0 cu in) I4 turbo 264 PS (194 kW; 260 hp)@5500, 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@3000
European models
1.6 dohc 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) I4 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp)@6000, 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft)@4000 149
2.0 dohc w/ AT 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@6500, 187 N⋅m (138 lb⋅ft)@4000 175
2.0 dohc DISI w/i-stop 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 151 PS (111 kW; 149 hp)@6200, 191 N⋅m (141 lb⋅ft)@4500 159
MPS dohc DISI 2,261 cc (138.0 cu in) I4 260 PS (190 kW; 260 hp)@5500, 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@3000 224
1.6 8V sohc 1,560 cc (95 cu in) I4 diesel 116 PS (85 kW; 114 hp)@3600, 270 N⋅m (200 lb⋅ft)@1750–2500 114
2.2 dohc 2,184 cc (133.3 cu in) I4 diesel 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@3500, 360 N⋅m (270 lb⋅ft)@1800 144
2.2 dohc 2,184 cc (133.3 cu in) I4 diesel 185 PS (136 kW; 182 hp)@3500, 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft)@1800 149
US models
4-door i 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@6500, 183 N⋅m (135 lb⋅ft)@4500
SKYACTIV-G 2.0 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 157 PS (115 kW; 155 hp)@6000, 201 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft)@4100
4-door i PZEV 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 146 PS (107 kW; 144 hp)@6500, 179 N⋅m (132 lb⋅ft)@4500
4-door s 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 169 PS (124 kW; 167 hp)@6000, 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft)@4000
4-door s PZEV 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 167 PS (123 kW; 165 hp)@6000, 226 N⋅m (167 lb⋅ft)@4000
5-door s 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 169 PS (124 kW; 167 hp)@6000, 227 N⋅m (167 lb⋅ft)@4000
MAZDASPEED3 2,261 cc (138.0 cu in) I4 turbo 267 PS (196 kW; 263 hp)@5500, 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@3000
Canadian models
4-door GX, GS 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@6500, 183 N⋅m (135 lb⋅ft)@4500
4-door GT 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 169 PS (124 kW; 167 hp)@6000, 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft)@4000
5-door GX 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@6500, 183 N⋅m (135 lb⋅ft)@4500
5-door GS, GT 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 169 PS (124 kW; 167 hp)@6000, 227 N⋅m (167 lb⋅ft)@4000
5-door GS-SKY 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 157 PS (115 kW; 155 hp)@6000, 201 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft)@4100
MAZDASPEED3 2,261 cc (138.0 cu in) I4 turbo 267 PS (196 kW; 263 hp)@5500, 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@3000
Australian models
Neo/Maxx (Sport) 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@6500, 183 N⋅m (135 lb⋅ft)@4500
SP20 (2012) 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) I4 155 PS (114 kW; 153 hp)@6000, 194 N⋅m (143 lb⋅ft)@4100
Diesel 2,183 cc (133.2 cu in) I4 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp)@3500, 360 N⋅m (270 lb⋅ft)@1800–3000
SP25 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 169 PS (124 kW; 167 hp)@6000, 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft)@4000
MPS 2,261 cc (138.0 cu in) I4 turbo 259 PS (190 kW; 255 hp)@5500, 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@3000
Third generation (BM; 2013–2016, BN; 2017–present)[edit]
Third generation
Overview
Production
June 2013–present
Model years
2014–present
Assembly
Salamanca, Mexico
Hōfu, Yamaguchi, Japan
Rayong Province, Thailand
Designer
Koichi Tabata (2011)
Powertrain
Engine
1.5 L SkyActiv-G I4 petrol
1.6 L I4 petrol
2.0 L SkyActiv-G I4 petrol
2.5 L SkyActiv-G I4 petrol
1.5 L SkyActiv-D I4 turbo diesel[37]
2.2 L SkyActiv-D I4 turbo diesel
Transmission
4-speed automatic
6-speed SkyActiv-MT Manual
6-speed SkyActiv-Drive Automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length
4,460 mm (175.6 in) (Hatchback)
4,580 mm (180.3 in) (Sedan)
Width
1,795 mm (70.7 in)
Height
1,455 mm (57.3 in)
Curb weight
1,300–1,315 kg (2,866–2,899 lb)
Hatchback
Sedan
Interior
The third generation 2014 Mazda3 was revealed in Australia on 26 June 2013.[38] It now sits atop the new Skyactiv chassis, no longer sharing the Ford C1 platform.[39] It is the third vehicle to sport the Mazda's 'KODO: Soul of Motion' design language, after the CX-5 and the Mazda6.
It has a drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.26 for the sedan/saloon, slightly higher for the hatchback.[40] Combined with the SkyActiv technology, this produces a rating from the U.S. EPA of 30 mpg‑US (36 mpg‑imp; 7.8 L/100 km) city and 41 mpg‑US (49 mpg‑imp; 5.7 L/100 km) highway for the 2 litre sedan, and one less mpg highway for the 5-door hatchback.[41]
Two SkyActiv engines are offered in North American markets, the 2.0l (with 155 hp and 150 lb-ft of torque) and the 2.5l (with 184 hp and 185 lb-ft of torque). The 2014 Mazda3 equipped with a 2.5 litre engine and 6-speed automatic transmission accelerates to 60 mph in 6.9 seconds and finishes the quarter mile in 15.2 seconds at 95 mph.[42]
The 2.0 litre engine reaches 60 mph in 7.8 seconds and finishes the quarter-mile in 16.1 seconds.[43] Initially the 6-speed manual gearbox was only for the 2.0 litre cars, and automatic transmission was standard on the 2.5, or available for the 2.0. In its first-drive review of the 2014 Mazda 3, the auto enthusiast weblog Jalopnik stated that "once the 2.5 comes with a manual transmission, there is really no reason to buy anything else in this class."[44]
For 2015 model year, the 2.5 litre cars are also offered with manual gearbox. Model grades for the US market are SV (2.0 Sedan only), Sport (2.0 Sedan & Hatchback), Touring, and Grand Touring (available in all body styles with either engine). The 2014 model ranked number one among Affordable Small Cars in U.S. News & World Report's rankings.[45] In the 2014 Canadian Car of the Year rankings Mazda 3 was chosen as the Best New Small Car.[46] Canadian magazine The Car Guide chose Mazda 3 as the Best Compact Car in its Best Buys car rankings for 2015 and 2016.[47]
In Europe, three Skyactiv-G (petrol) engines are offered, one 1.5l and two 2.0l (at two different power ratings); and a 2.2l Skyactiv-D (Diesel) engine is available. Availability of hatchback and sedan/saloon body styles and their combinations with engines varies amongst European markets. In 2014, the Mazda3 made it to the finals of the European Car of the Year competition. For the UK market, the Mazda3 Sedan is marketed as a fastback.
Thailand models of Mazda3 went on sale in 18 March 2014.[48][49]
It should be noted that in the UK, Mazda have registered the BM model as a "BL" model, as can be seen on the V5c DVLA (Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency) Registration Document.
It is a concept version of Mazda3 with engine powered by compressed natural gas.
The vehicle, was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.[50][51][52][53]
Mazda3 SKYACTIV-Hybrid[edit]
It is a version of Mazda3 with SKYACTIV-G 2.0 engine with 14:1 compression, electric-petrol drive.
The vehicle was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.[50][51]
Production[edit]
Mazda3 2.0 hatchback (United Kingdom; facelift)
Mazda3 Neo hatchback (Australia; facelift)
Taiwan models of Mazda3 were produced by Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd.[54][55]
Production of US model of Mazda3 sedan at Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation (MMVO) in Salamanca, Guanajuato began on 7 January 2014, as the factory's first production vehicle model.[56][57]
As of 22 January 2014, cumulative production of the Mazda3 production reached four million units since June 2003.[58][59]
Production of Thailand models of Mazda3 at AutoAlliance (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (AAT) began on 14 March 2014.[48][49] Within months of release, the 3 was the 15th best-selling car in Thailand.
Model
Type
Power, torque@rpm
CO2 emissions (g/km)
European models
G100 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in) I4 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp), 150 N⋅m (110 lb⋅ft)@4000 119
G120 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp), 210 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft)@4000 119
G120 AT 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp), 210 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft)@4000 129
G165 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp), 210 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft)@4000 135
CD150 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) I4 diesel 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp), 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@1800 107
CD150 AT 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) I4 diesel 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp), 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)@1800 127
Australian models
Neo, Maxx, Touring 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 114 kW (153 hp), 200 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft)@4000 N/A
SP25, SP25 GT, Astina 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 137 kW (184 hp), 251 N⋅m (185 lb⋅ft)@3250 N/A
Astina diesel 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) I4 diesel 129 kW (173 hp), 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft)@2000 N/A
American models
i Sport, i Touring, i Grand Touring 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 155 hp (116 kW)@6000, 150 lb⋅ft (200 N⋅m)@4000 N/A
s Touring, s Grand Touring 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 184 hp (137 kW)@5700, 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m)@3250 N/A
Canadian models
GX, GS. SE & 50th Anniversary edition (Limited production) 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 155 hp (116 kW)@6000, 150 lb⋅ft (200 N⋅m)@4000 N/A
GT 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) I4 184 hp (137 kW)@5700, 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m)@3250 N/A
A facelift of the BM 3 in August 2016 has changed the model to the new BN. Changes include a new dashboard layout, new front and rear exterior styling (the latter, only in the hatchback), new first-of-its-kind G-Vectoring Control and a dropped diesel option.
Motorsports[edit]
The Mazda3 was introduced to the Speed World Challenge in 2009.
Team Sahlen entered a Mazda3 in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge Street Tuner class in 2010.[60]
Mazda South Africa, in conjunction with MFC (a vehicle finance house) entered two Mazda3 MPS models into Class-T of the South African Production Car Championship from 2007 to 2010
Mazda3 is used in the seed category NASCAR Stock V6 Series in Mexico.[61]
Sales[edit]
Calendar year
US [62][63]
Canada [64]
2003 2,081
2004 76,080
2005 97,388
2006 94,438
2007 120,291
2008 109,957
2009 96,466 46,943
2010 106,353 47,740
2011 102,417 37,224
2012 123,361 39,295
2013 104,713 40,466
2014 104,985 40,974
2015 107,884 34,811
2016 95,567 27,689
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mazda3 and Mazda Axela.
Official USA Mazda3 website
Official UK Mazda3 website
Official Canadian Mazda3 website
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« previous — Mazda road car timeline, 1990s–present
Type 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kei car/Microvan/Kei truck Autozam Carol Carol Carol Carol Carol Carol
AZ-Wagon AZ-Wagon AZ-Wagon AZ-Wagon Flair
Flair Wagon Flair Wagon
AZ-Offroad Flair Crossover
Spiano
Laputa
Autozam Scrum Scrum/Scrum Wagon Scrum/Scrum Wagon
Subcompact Autozam Revue/121 Demio/121 Demio/Mazda2 Demio/Mazda2 Demio/Mazda2
Verisa
Compact Familia/323/Protegé/Astina/Eunos 100 Familia/323/Protegé/Lantis Familia/323/Protegé Axela/Mazda3 Axela/Mazda3 Axela/Mazda3
Familia Van Familia Van Familia Van
Mid-size Capella/626 Capella Capella/626 Atenza/Mazda6 Atenza/Mazda6 Atenza/Mazda6
Persona Cronos/626/Xedos 6/Eunos 500/ɛ̃fini MS-6/Autozam Clef
Eunos 800/Xedos 9/Millenia ɛ̃fini MS-8
Full-size Luce Sentia/929/ɛ̃fini MS-9 Sentia
Sports car Autozam AZ-1
MX-3/Eunos Presso/Autozam AZ-3
Eunos Roadster/MX-5/Miata Roadster/MX-5/Miata Roadster/MX-5 Roadster/ MX-5
MX-6/626 Coupé MX-6
ɛ̃fini RX-7/RX-7 RX-7 RX-8
Eunos Cosmo
Minivan Premacy Premacy/Mazda5 Premacy/Mazda5
Bongo Friendee Biante
ɛ̃fini MPV/MPV MPV MPV/Mazda8
Crossover SUV CX-3
CX-4
Tribute Tribute CX-5 CX-5
CX-7 CX-8
CX-9 CX-9
SUV Navajo
Pickup B-Series B-Series B-Series BT-50 BT-50
Van/Minibus Bongo Bongo
[show]
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Mazda
Current
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Carol
Demio/Mazda2
Axela/Mazda3
Atenza/Mazda6
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SUVs/Crossovers
CX-3
CX-4
CX-5
CX-8
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Discontinued models
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K360
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ɛ̃fini MS-8
Biante
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B-Series
121
626
929
AZ-1
AZ-Offroad
Capella
Cosmo
Cronos
CX-7
Familia
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Persona
Premacy/Mazda5
Millenia
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Parkway
Engines
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J Engine
K Engine
AJ/MZI
Wankel Family
International operations
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Changan Mazda (50%)
Changan Ford Mazda (15%)
AutoAlliance International (50%)
AutoAlliance Thailand (50%)
See also
Mazda road vehicle timeline
List of Mazda vehicles
Mazda Factories
Ford Motor Company
ɛ̃fini
Autozam
Eunos
Amati
M2
Zoom-Zoom
Mazda Global
Mazda Europe Mazda Japan Mazda USA Mazda Canada
(Cars
Category)
[show]
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Mazda automobile timeline, North American market, 1980s–present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Model year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subcompact GLC GLC Mazda2
323 323/Protegé
Compact Protegé Protegé Mazda3 Mazda3 Mazda3
626 626 626
Mid-size 626 626 Mazda6 Mazda6 Mazda6
Millenia
Full-size 929 929
Sport compact MX-3
MX-6 MX-6
Sports MX-5 Miata MX-5 Miata MX-5 Miata MX-5 Miata
RX-7 RX-7 RX-7 RX-8
Minivan Mazda5 Mazda5*
MPV MPV
Compact crossover CX-3
Tribute Tribute CX-5 CX-5
Mid-size crossover CX-7
Full-size crossover CX-9 CX-9
SUV Navajo
Pickup B-Series B-Series B-Series B-Series
* Mazda5 only available in Canada since 2015
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda3&oldid=835228540"
Categories:
Mazda vehicles
Compact cars
Hot Hatch
Hatchbacks
Sedans
Police vehicles
Touring cars
Ford C1 platform
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Cars introduced in 2003
Partial zero-emissions vehicles
Hidden categories:
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