text:
Browne
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Browne is a variant of the English surname Brown (surname), meaning "brown-haired" or "brown-skinned". It may sometimes be derived from French le Brun with similar meaning.[1] The Mac A Brehons clan of Co. Donegal have anglicized as Browne since about 1800.[2] The name has also been used throughout North America as an anglicization of the surname Pardo.[3]
Adam Browne, Australian writer
Andrew Browne, several people
Sir Anthony Browne (died 1548), Standard Bearer of England
Anthony Browne (author) (born 1946), author of children's books
Anthony Browne (UK politics), journalist
Anucha Browne Sanders, American basketball player
Aurora Browne, Canadian actress and comedian
Baron Browne, American bassist
Barrington Browne, Guyanese cricketer
Booker Brown, American football player
George Buckston Browne (1850 - 1945), English physician
Bud Browne, film director
Byron Browne, American baseball player
Carl Browne (1849-1914), American journalist and political activist in Coxey's Army
Chance Browne, American comic strip artist, son of Dik Browne
Charles Farrar Browne (1834–1867), American author
Charles E. Browne, American territorial legislator
Chris Browne, American cartoonist, son of Dik Browne
Christopher Browne (born 1970), American television producer
Coral Browne, Australian actress
Courtney Browne, Barbadian cricketer
Snuffy Browne, Barbadian cricketer
Davey Browne (1986–2015), Australian professional boxer
Des Browne, British politician
Dik Browne, American comic strip artist
Edward Granville Browne, British orientalist
Edward Harold Browne, British bishop
Edward Stevenson Browne, British soldier
Ernest Browne (1855-1946), Irish tennis player
Eliane Browne-Bartroli (1917–1944), British intelligence agent
Elizabeth Browne, Countess of Worcester, the mistress of Henry VIII and lady-in-waiting to his second wife, Anne Boleyn
Feargal Browne, Irish politician
Garech Browne, Irish arts patron
George Browne (soldier), Russian field marshal
George Joseph Plunket Browne, Bishop of Elphin from 1844 to 1858
Hablot Knight Browne, British illustrator
Harrison Browne, Canadian hockey player
Harry Browne, American investment analyst and political writer
Henry George Gore-Browne, Irish soldier
Howard Browne, American writer
Ivan Browne, the singer for The Lemon Pipers
Jack Nixon Browne, British politician
Jackson Browne (born 1948), American musician
James Browne (athlete), Antiguan long jumper
James Browne (engineer), Scottish engineer
James Browne (writer), Scottish man of letters
E. Janet Browne, British historian of science
Jann Browne, American country singer
Jeremy Browne, British politician
John Browne, several people
Joseph Browne, several people
Joy Browne, American radio psychologist
Kale Browne (born 1950), American actor
Kathleen Browne (artist), (1905-2007), New Zealand artist
Leslie Browne, American ballet dancer
E. Martin Browne (1900–1980), British theatre director
Mary Browne, American tennis player
Maximilian Ulysses Browne, Austrian field marshal
Michael Browne, several people
Lady Moyra Browne, nurse
Nicholas Browne (1947–2014), British diplomat
Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson, British judge
Noël Browne (1915–1997), Irish politician and physician
Olin Browne (born 1959), American golfer
Pádraig de Brún, Irish churchman, brother of Michael Browne (Cardinal)
Patrick Browne, Irish botanist
Patti Ann Browne, American broadcaster
Peter Browne, several people
Robert Browne, several people
Rodney Howard-Browne, South African preacher
Roscoe Lee Browne, American actor
Rose Browne, American educator
Sam Browne, several people
Seán Browne (1916–1996), Irish politician
Sean K. L. Browne (born 1953), contemporary American sculptor
Spencer B. Browne (born 2003)
Stan Browne, Australian rugby league footballer
Steven Browne (born 1989), Australian footballer
Sylvester John Browne (1841–1915), Australian pastoralist, miner and sportsman, brother of "Rolf Boldrewood"
Sylvia Browne (1936−2013), American medium
Tara Browne, British socialite
Sir Thomas Browne, English author
Thom Browne, American fashion designer
Thomas Alexander Browne aka "Rolf Boldrewood" (1826–1915), Australian author
Thomas Gore Browne, British colonial administrator
Tim Browne, (born 1987), Australian Rugby League player
Tom Browne (broadcaster and actor), British broadcaster
Tony Browne, Irish hurler
Travis Browne, American mixed martial arts fighter
Ulric Browne, British actor
Valentine Browne, several people
Vanessa Ward (née Browne), Australian high jumper
Vincent Browne, Irish journalist
Vincent Browne (sculptor), Irish sculptor
Walter Browne (1949–2015), American chess player
Wayles Browne, American linguist and Slavist
William Browne (poet) (1588–1643), English poet
William A. F. Browne (1805–1885), mental health professional, fellow student of Charles Darwin
William Alfred Browne
Major William D. Browne, U.S. Army officer
William George Browne (1768–1813), British traveller
William Joseph Browne, politician who served with the federal governments of both Newfoundland and Canada
William M. Browne, American Confederate politician
Willie Browne (1936–2004), Republic of Ireland International football player
William Phineas Browne, American lawyer and coal industry figure
William Washington Browne, former American slave, minister, and businessman
See also[edit]
Brown (surname)
Earl of Kenmare, where Browne is the family name
Viscount Montagu, where Browne is the family name
Marquess of Sligo, where Browne is the family name
Baron Oranmore and Browne
Tribes of Galway, which includes Browne as one of the tribes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cottle, Basil (1967) The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; p. 59
Jump up ^ "GulliverIreland.com". Archived from the original on 2012-02-20.
Jump up ^ "The Pardo (Prado) Family". 1999. Retrieved Oct 2, 2015.
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Browne. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Browne&oldid=852624346"
Categories:
Surnames
Hidden categories:
Articles with short description
All set index articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 08:01 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

value: i

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Co._Donegal
mw-redirect
Co. Donegal

value: p

values:
/wiki/Andrew_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Andrew Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Edward_Harold_Browne
mw-redirect
Edward Harold Browne

values:
/wiki/Eliane_Browne-Bartroli
mw-redirect
Eliane Browne-Bartroli

values:
/wiki/Feargal_Browne
mw-redirect
Feargal Browne

values:
/wiki/Henry_George_Gore-Browne
mw-redirect
Henry George Gore-Browne

values:
/wiki/Ivan_Browne
mw-redirect
Ivan Browne

values:
/wiki/Jack_Nixon_Browne
mw-redirect
Jack Nixon Browne

values:
/wiki/James_Browne_(engineer)
mw-redirect
James Browne (engineer)

values:
/wiki/E._Janet_Browne
mw-redirect
E. Janet Browne

values:
/wiki/John_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
John Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Joseph Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Michael_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Michael Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Nicholas_Browne-Wilkinson
mw-redirect
Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson

values:
/wiki/Peter_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Peter Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Robert_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Robert Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Sam_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Sam Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Browne
mw-redirect
Sir Thomas Browne

values:
/wiki/Valentine_Browne_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Valentine Browne (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Major_William_D._Browne
mw-redirect
Major William D. Browne

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-setindex

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Browne
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Browne&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Browne rootpage-Browne skin-vector action-view


text:
Moons of Mars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Color image of Phobos (MRO, 23 March 2008)
Color image of Deimos (MRO, 21 February 2009)
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. (discuss). (December 2017)
The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos.[1] Both were discovered by Asaph Hall in August 1877[2] and are named after the Greek mythological twin characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Ares was known as Mars to the Romans.
Phobos orbits closer to Mars, with a semi-major axis of 9,377 km (5,827 mi) to Deimos' 23,460 km (14,580 mi).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early speculation
1.2 Discovery
1.3 Mars moon hoax
1.4 Recent surveys
2 Characteristics
2.1 Orbital details
3 Origin
4 Exploration
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Early speculation[edit]
Curiosity's view of the Martian moons: Phobos passing in front of Deimos – in real-time (video-gif, 1 August 2013)
The existence of the moons of Mars had been speculated about since the moons of Jupiter were discovered. It is known that when Galileo, as a hidden report about him having observed two bumps on the sides of Saturn (later discovered to be its rings), used the anagram smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi ("I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form"), Johannes Kepler had misinterpreted it to mean Salve umbistineum geminatum Martia proles (Hello, furious twins, sons of Mars).[3]
Perhaps inspired by Kepler (and quoting Kepler's third law of planetary motion), Jonathan Swift's satire Gulliver's Travels (1726) refers to two moons in Part 3, Chapter 3 (the "Voyage to Laputa"), in which Laputa's astronomers are described as having discovered two satellites of Mars orbiting at distances of 3 and 5 Martian diameters with periods of 10 and 21.5 hours. Phobos and Deimos (both found in 1877, more than a century after Swift's novel) have actual orbital distances of 1.4 and 3.5 Martian diameters, and their respective orbital periods are 7.66 and 30.35 hours.[4][5] In the 20th century, V. G. Perminov, a spacecraft designer of early Soviet Mars and Venus spacecraft, speculated Swift found and deciphered records that Martians left on Earth.[6] However, the view of most astronomers is that Swift was simply employing a common argument of the time, that as the inner planets Venus and Mercury had no satellites, Earth had one and Jupiter had four (known at the time), that Mars by analogy must have two. Furthermore, as they had not yet been discovered, it was reasoned that they must be small and close to Mars. This would lead Swift to making a roughly accurate estimate of their orbital distances and revolution periods. In addition Swift could have been helped in his calculations by his friend, the mathematician John Arbuthnot.[7]
Voltaire's 1752 short story "Micromégas", about an alien visitor to Earth, also refers to two moons of Mars. Voltaire was presumably influenced by Swift.[8][9] In recognition of these 'predictions', two craters on Deimos are named Swift and Voltaire,[10][11] while on Phobos there is one named regio, Laputa Regio, and one named planitia, Lagado Planitia, both of which are named after places in Gulliver's Travels (the fictional Laputa, a flying island, and Lagado, imaginary capital of the fictional nation Balnibarbi).[12] Many of the craters on Phobos are also named after characters in Gulliver's Travels.[13]
Discovery[edit]
Asaph Hall discovered Deimos on 12 August 1877 at about 07:48 UTC and Phobos on 18 August 1877, at the US Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., at about 09:14 GMT (contemporary sources, using the pre-1925 astronomical convention that began the day at noon, give the time of discovery as 11 August 14:40 and 17 August 16:06 Washington mean time respectively).[14][15][16] At the time, he was deliberately searching for Martian moons. Hall had previously seen what appeared to be a Martian moon on 10 August, but due to bad weather, he could not definitively identify them until later.
Hall recorded his discovery of Phobos in his notebook as follows:[17]
The telescope used to discover the Martian moons
"I repeated the examination in the early part of the night of 11th [August 1877], and again found nothing, but trying again some hours later I found a faint object on the following side and a little north of the planet. I had barely time to secure an observation of its position when fog from the River stopped the work. This was at half past two o'clock on the night of the 11th. Cloudy weather intervened for several days.
"On 15 August the weather looking more promising, I slept at the Observatory. The sky cleared off with a thunderstorm at 11 o'clock and the search was resumed. The atmosphere however was in a very bad condition and Mars was so blazing and unsteady that nothing could be seen of the object, which we now know was at that time so near the planet as to be invisible.
"On 16 August the object was found again on the following side of the planet, and the observations of that night showed that it was moving with the planet, and if a satellite, was near one of its elongations. Until this time I had said nothing to anyone at the Observatory of my search for a satellite of Mars, but on leaving the observatory after these observations of the 16th, at about three o'clock in the morning, I told my assistant, George Anderson, to whom I had shown the object, that I thought I had discovered a satellite of Mars. I told him also to keep quiet as I did not wish anything said until the matter was beyond doubt. He said nothing, but the thing was too good to keep and I let it out myself. On 17 August between one and two o'clock, while I was reducing my observations, Professor Newcomb came into my room to eat his lunch and I showed him my measures of the faint object near Mars which proved that it was moving with the planet.
"On 17 August while waiting and watching for the outer moon, the inner one was discovered. The observations of the 17th and 18th put beyond doubt the character of these objects and the discovery was publicly announced by Admiral Rodgers."
The telescope used for the discovery was the 26-inch (66 cm) refractor (telescope with a lens) then located at Foggy Bottom.[18] In 1893 the lens was remounted and put in a new dome, where it remains into the 21st century.[19]
The names, originally spelled Phobus and Deimus, respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan (1838–1901), Science Master of Eton, from Book XV of the Iliad, where Ares summons Fear and Fright.[20]
Mars moon hoax[edit]
In 1959, Walter Scott Houston perpetrated a celebrated April Fool's hoax in the April edition of the Great Plains Observer, claiming that "Dr. Arthur Hayall of the University of the Sierras reports that the moons of Mars are actually artificial satellites". Both Dr. Hayall and the University of the Sierras were fictitious. The hoax gained worldwide attention when Houston's claim was repeated in earnest by a Soviet scientist, Iosif Shklovsky,[21] who, based on a later-disproven density estimate, suggested Phobos was a hollow metal shell.
Recent surveys[edit]
Searches have been conducted for additional satellites. In 2003, Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt surveyed early the entire Hill sphere of Mars for irregular satellites. However scattered light from Mars prevented them from searching the inner few arcminutes where the satellites Phobos and Deimos reside. No new satellites were found to an apparent limiting red magnitude of 23.5, which corresponds to radii of about 0.09 km using an albedo of 0.07.[22]
Characteristics[edit]
Apparent sizes of the moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, and the Moon as viewed from the surface of their respective planets (Curiosity rover, 1 August 2013)
If viewed from Mars's surface near its equator, full Phobos looks about one third as big as a full moon on Earth. It has an angular diameter of between 8' (rising) and 12' (overhead). It would look smaller when the observer is further away from the Martian equator, and is completely invisible from Mars's polar ice caps. Deimos looks more like a bright star or planet for an observer on Mars, only slightly bigger than Venus looks from Earth; it has an angular diameter of about 2'. The Sun's angular diameter as seen from Mars, by contrast, is about 21'. Thus there are no total solar eclipses on Mars, as the moons are far too small to completely cover the Sun. On the other hand, total lunar eclipses of Phobos are very common, happening almost every night.[23]
The motions of Phobos and Deimos would appear very different from that of our own Moon. Speedy Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just eleven hours, while Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit, rises as expected in the east but very slowly. Despite its 30-hour orbit, it takes 2.7 days to set in the west as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.
Both moons are tidally locked, always presenting the same face towards Mars. Since Phobos orbits Mars faster than the planet itself rotates, tidal forces are slowly but steadily decreasing its orbital radius. At some point in the future, when it approaches Mars closely enough (see Roche limit), Phobos will be broken up by these tidal forces.[24] Several strings of craters on the Martian surface, inclined further from the equator the older they are, suggest that there may have been other small moons that suffered the fate expected of Phobos, and that the Martian crust as a whole shifted between these events.[25] Deimos, on the other hand, is far enough away that its orbit is being slowly boosted instead,[26] as in the case of our own Moon.
Orbital details[edit]
Name and pronunciation
Image
Diameter (km)
Mass (kg)
Semi-major
axis (km)
Orbital
period (h)
Average moonrise
period (h, d)
Mars I Phobos /ˈfoʊbəs/
FOH-bəs
22.2 km (13.8 mi)
(27×21.6×18.8) km 1.08×1016 9,377 km (5,827 mi) 7.66 11.12 h (0.463 d)
Mars II Deimos /ˈdaɪmɒs/
DY-moss
12.6 km (7.8 mi)
(10×12×16) km 2×1015 23,460 km (14,580 mi) 30.35 131 h (5.44 d)
The relative sizes of and distance between Mars, Phobos, and Deimos, to scale
(Load the image in full size to see both Moons of Mars.)
Origin[edit]
Animation illustrating the asteroid-belt origin for the moons
The origin of the Martian moons is still controversial.[27] Phobos and Deimos both have much in common with carbonaceous C-type asteroids, with spectra, albedo, and density very similar to those of C- or D-type asteroids.[28] Based on their similarity, one hypothesis is that both moons may be captured main-belt asteroids.[5][29] Both moons have very circular orbits which lie almost exactly in Mars's equatorial plane, and hence a capture origin requires a mechanism for circularizing the initially highly eccentric orbit, and adjusting its inclination into the equatorial plane, most probably by a combination of atmospheric drag and tidal forces,[30] although it is not clear that sufficient time is available for this to occur for Deimos.[27] Capture also requires dissipation of energy. The current atmosphere of Mars is too thin to capture a Phobos-sized object by atmospheric braking.[27] Geoffrey Landis has pointed out that the capture could have occurred if the original body was a binary asteroid that separated under tidal forces.[29]
Phobos could be a second-generation Solar System object that coalesced in orbit after Mars formed, rather than forming concurrently out of the same birth cloud as Mars.[31]
Another hypothesis is that Mars was once surrounded by many Phobos- and Deimos-sized bodies, perhaps ejected into orbit around it by a collision with a large planetesimal.[32] The high porosity of the interior of Phobos (based on the density of 1.88 g/cm3, voids are estimated to comprise 25 to 35 percent of Phobos' volume) is inconsistent with an asteroidal origin.[33] Observations of Phobos in the thermal infrared suggest a composition containing mainly phyllosilicates, which are well known from the surface of Mars. The spectra are distinct from those of all classes of chondrite meteorites, again pointing away from an asteroidal origin.[34] Both sets of findings support an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit,[35] similar to the prevailing theory for the origin of Earth's moon.
The moons of Mars may have started with a huge collision with a protoplanet one third the mass of Mars that formed a ring around Mars. The inner part of the ring formed a large moon. Gravitational interactions between this moon and the outer ring formed Phobos and Deimos. Later, the large moon crashed into Mars, but the two small moons remained in orbit. This theory agrees with the fine-grained surface of the moons and their high porosity. The outer disk would create fine-grained material.[36][37]
Exploration[edit]
Main articles: Phobos (moon) § Exploration, and Deimos (moon) § Exploration
See also: Exploration of Mars
While many Martian probes provided images and other data about Phobos and Deimos, only few were dedicated to these satellites and intended to perform a flyby or landing on the surface.
Two probes under the Soviet Phobos program were successfully launched in 1988, but neither conducted the intended jumping landings on Phobos and Deimos due to failures (although Phobos 2 successfully photographed Phobos). The post-Soviet Russian Fobos-Grunt probe was intended to be the first sample return mission from Phobos, but a rocket failure left it stranded in Earth orbit in 2011.
In 1997 and 1998, the Aladdin mission was selected as a finalist in the NASA Discovery Program. The plan was to visit both Phobos and Deimos, and launch projectiles at the satellites. The probe would collect the ejecta as it performed a slow flyby. These samples would be returned to Earth for study three years later. Ultimately, NASA rejected this proposal in favor of MESSENGER, a probe to Mercury.
In 2007, the European Space Agency and EADS Astrium proposed and developed a mission to Phobos in 2016 with a lander and sample return, but this mission was never flown. Since 2007 the Canadian Space Agency has been considering the PRIME mission to Phobos with orbiter and lander. Since 2008 NASA Glenn Research Center began studying a Phobos and Deimos sample return mission. Since 2013 NASA developed the Phobos Surveyor mission concept with an orbiter and a small rover that is proposed to launch sometime after 2023.[citation needed] Proposed NASA's PADME mission proposes to launch in 2020 and reach Mars orbit in 2021 to conduct multiple flybys of the Martian moons.[citation needed] Also, NASA is assessing the OSIRIS-REx II, concept mission for a sample return from Phobos.[38] Another sample return mission from Deimos, called Gulliver. has been conceptualized.[citation needed] Russia plans to repeat Fobos-Grunt mission around 2024.[citation needed]
Gallery[edit]
Phobos, with Stickney Crater on the right (2003).
Phobos (1998).[39]
Comparison - Phobos (top) and Deimos (bottom) (2005).
Orbits of moons and spacecraft orbiting Mars.[40]
See also[edit]
List of missions to the moons of Mars
Mars trojan
Transit of Deimos from Mars
Transit of Phobos from Mars
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NASA - Under the Moons of Mars". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Chapter 5: 1877. University of Arizona Press". Uapress.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
Jump up ^ Galileo, Kepler, & Two Anagrams: Two Wrong Solutions Turn Into Two Correct Solutions
Jump up ^ MathPages – Galileo's Anagrams and the Moons of Mars
^ Jump up to: a b "Close Inspection for Phobos". One idea is that Phobos and Deimos, Mars's other moon, are captured asteroids.
Jump up ^ V. G. Perminov – The Difficult Road to Mars (1999) – NASA Archived 5 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Roscoe Lamont, 'The Moons of Mars' in Popular Astronomy Vol. 33 (1925), pp496 - 8
Jump up ^ William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery
Jump up ^ Voltaire explained that since Mars is further from the Sun than Earth is, it could not make do with less than two moons. (Patrick Moore, 2000, The Wandering Astronomer)
Jump up ^ "Swift". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
Jump up ^ "Voltaire". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
Jump up ^ Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program, Phobos
Jump up ^ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Phobos Craers". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Notes: The Satellites of Mars". The Observatory, Vol. 1, No. 6. 20 September 1877. pp. 181–185. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Hall, A. (17 October 1877). "Observations of the Satellites of Mars" (Signed 21 September 1877). Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 91, No. 2161. pp. 11/12–13/14. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Morley, T. A.; A Catalogue of Ground-Based Astrometric Observations of the Martian Satellites, 1877-1982, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, Vol. 77, No. 2 (February 1989), pp. 209–226 (Table II, p. 220: first observation of Phobos on 1877-08-18.38498)
Jump up ^ "The Discovery of the Satellites of Mars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 38, No. 4. 8 February 1878. pp. 205–209. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Naval Observatory 26-inch Refractor
Jump up ^ The 26-inch "Great Equatorial" Refractor
Jump up ^ Hall, A. (14 March 1878). "Names of the Satellites of Mars" (Signed 7 February 1878). Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 92, No. 2187. pp. 47–48. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Jefferson City Post-Tribune 4 May 1959
Jump up ^ Astron. J., 128, 2542–2546 (2004)
Jump up ^ Moon Shadows: "Somewhere near the martian equator, Phobos eclipses the sun nearly every day."
Jump up ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (14 April 2008). "Phobos: Doomed Moon of Mars". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. In 100 million years or so Phobos will likely be shattered by stress caused by the relentless tidal forces, the debris forming a decaying ring around Mars.
Jump up ^ New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth: "… the new map shows evidence of features, transform faults, that are a "tell-tale" of plate tectonics on Earth."
Jump up ^ Sahife 6: "Deimos orbits far enough away from Mars that it is being slowly pushed farther and farther away from the planet."
^ Jump up to: a b c Burns, J. A. "Contradictory Clues as to the Origin of the Martian Moons," in Mars, H. H. Kieffer et al., eds., U. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992
Jump up ^ "New Views of Martian Moons".
^ Jump up to: a b Landis, G. A. "Origin of Martian Moons from Binary Asteroid Dissociation," American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting; Boston, MA, 2001; abstract.
Jump up ^ Cazenave, A.; Dobrovolskis, A.; Lago, B. (1980). "Orbital history of the Martian satellites with inferences on their origin". Icarus. 44 (3): 730–744. Bibcode:1980Icar...44..730C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(80)90140-2.
Jump up ^ Martin Pätzold & Olivier Witasse (4 March 2010). "Phobos Flyby Success". ESA. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Craddock, R. A.; (1994); The Origin of Phobos and Deimos, Abstracts of the 25th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held in Houston, TX, 14–18 March 1994, p. 293
Jump up ^ Andert, T. P.; Rosenblatt, P.; Pätzold, M.; Häusler, B.; et al. (7 May 2010). "Precise mass determination and the nature of Phobos". Geophysical Research Letters. American Geophysical Union. 37 (L09202): n/a. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.9202A. doi:10.1029/2009GL041829. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Giuranna, M.; Roush, T. L.; Duxbury, T.; Hogan, R. C.; et al. (2010). "Compositional Interpretation of PFS/MEx and TES/MGS Thermal Infrared Spectra of Phobos" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts, Vol. 5. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mars Moon Phobos Likely Forged by Catastrophic Blast". www.space.com. Space.com. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Jump up ^ 1.Pascal Rosenblatt, Sébastien Charnoz, Kevin M. Dunseath, Mariko Terao-Dunseath, Antony Trinh, Ryuki Hyodo, Hidenori Genda, Stéven Toupin. Accretion of Phobos and Deimos in an extended debris disc stirred by transient moons. Nature Geoscience, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2742
Jump up ^ CNRS. "A giant impact: Solving the mystery of how Mars' moons formed." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 July 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160704144236.htm>.
Jump up ^ OSIRIS-REx II to Mars: Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos. Elifritz, T. L. (2012)
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Webster, Guy (4 May 2015). "Traffic Around Mars Gets Busy". NASA. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
First International Conference On The Exploration Of Phobos And Deimos (2007)
Pascal Lee – A Case for the Human Exploration of the Moons of Mars (2007) (pdf)
External links[edit]
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – Mars (USGS)
show
v
t
e
Mars
Outline of Mars
Geography
Atmosphere
Circulation
Climate
Dust devil tracks
Methane
Regions
Arabia Terra
Cerberus Hemisphere
Cydonia
Eridania Lake
Iani Chaos
Olympia Undae
Planum Australe
Planum Boreum
Quadrangles
Sinus Meridiani
Tempe Terra
Terra Cimmeria
Terra Sabaea
Tharsis
Undae
Ultimi Scopuli
Vastitas Borealis
Physical Features
Canyons
Catenae
Chaos terrain
Craters
Fossae
Gullies
Mensae
Labyrinthi
Mountains
by height
Observed rocks
Outflow channels
Plains
Valley network
Valleys
Gravity
Geology
Brain terrain
Canals (list)
Carbonates
Chaos terrain
Color
Composition
Concentric crater fill
Dark slope streak
Dichotomy
Fretted terrain
Geysers
Glaciers
Groundwater
Gullies
Lakes
Lava tubes
Lobate debris apron
Meteorites
on Earth
on Mars
North Polar Basin
Ocean hypothesis
Ore resources
Polar caps
Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
Ring mold craters
Rootless cones
Seasonal flows
Soil
Spherules
Surface
"Swiss cheese" feature
Terrain softening
Tharsis bulge
Volcanology
Water
Yardangs
History
Amazonian
Hesperian
Noachian
Observation history
Classical albedo features
Astronomy
Moons
Phobos
Stickney crater
Monolith
Deimos
Swift crater
Voltaire crater
Transits
Solar eclipses on Mars
Satellite transits
Phobos
Deimos
Planetary transits
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Asteroids
Mars-crossers
2007 WD5
Trojans
5261 Eureka
1998 VF31
1999 UJ7
2007 NS2
Comets
C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) (Mars close approach, 19 Oct 2014)
Exploration
Concepts
Flyby
Orbiter
Landing
Rover
Sample return
Manned mission
Permanent settlement
Colonization
Terraforming
Current
ExoMars
orbiter
lander
Mangalyaan
Mars Exploration Rover
Opportunity
observed
Mars Express
2001 Mars Odyssey
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
HiRISE
HiWish program
Mars Science Laboratory
Curiosity
timeline
MAVEN
Past
Beagle 2
Deep Space 2
Mariner program
Mariner 4
Mariner 6 and 7
Mariner 9
Mars program
Mars 1
Mars 2
Mars 3
Mars 4
Mars 5
Mars 6
Mars 7
Mars 96
Mars Exploration Rover
Spirit
observed
Mars Global Surveyor
MOC
Mars Observer
Mars Pathfinder
Sojourner
Mars Surveyor '98 program
Mars Climate Orbiter
Mars Polar Lander
Nozomi
Phobos program
Phobos 1
Phobos 2
Phoenix
Viking program
Viking 1
Viking 2
Yinghuo-1
Zond 2
Future
Emirates Mars Mission
Mars Terahertz Microsatellite
ExoMars
rover
surface platform
InSight
Mars Cube One
Mangalyaan 2
Mars 2020
MOXIE
PIXL
SHERLOC
Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover
MMX
Proposed
Robotic
Icebreaker Life
Mars 2022 orbiter
Mars Geyser Hopper
Mars-Grunt
MELOS
MetNet
Northern Light
PADME
Phobos Surveyor
Phootprint
Human
Mars Base Camp
Mars Design Reference Mission
Austere Human Missions to Mars
Mars Direct
Mars One
Mars to Stay
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure
Abandoned
Caves of Mars Project
Mars Piloted Orbital Station
Red Dragon
SCIM
TMK
Simulations
Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
Haughton–Mars Project
HI-SEAS
Mars Analogue Research Station Program
Euro-MARS
FMARS
MARS-Oz
MDRS
MARS-500
Strategies
Mars Scout Program
Mars Exploration Program
Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
Mars Next Generation
Advocacy
The Mars Project
The Case for Mars
Inspiration Mars Foundation
Mars Institute
Mars Society
ICAMSR
Mars race
Related
Artificial objects on Mars
Memorials on Mars
Fiction
List of films set on Mars
Martian
Martian scientist
Mythology
Phobos and Deimos in fiction
Flag of Mars
Life on Mars
Sub-Earth
Timekeeping on Mars
Darian calendar
Book
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
Natural satellites of the Solar System
Planetary
satellites
Terrestrial
Martian
Jovian
Saturnian
Uranian
Neptunian
Other
satellites
Minor-planet moons
Plutonian
Haumean
Makemakean
Eridian
Largest
satellites
(mean radius
≥ 100 km)
size
Ganymede
largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths
Titan
Callisto
Io
Moon
Europa
Triton
Titania
Rhea
Oberon
Iapetus
Charon
Umbriel
Ariel
Dione
Tethys
[Dysnomia]
Enceladus
Miranda
Proteus
Mimas
[Hi'iaka]
Nereid
Hyperion
Phoebe
abc's
Ariel
Callisto
Charon
Dione
[Dysnomia]
Enceladus
Europa
Ganymede
[Hi'iaka]
Hyperion
Iapetus
Io
Mimas
Miranda
Moon
Nereid
Oberon
Phoebe
Proteus
Rhea
Tethys
Titan
Titania
Triton
Umbriel
Discovery timeline
Inner moons
Irregular moons
List
Naming
Regular moons
Trojan moons
NOTE: Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium; [bracketed] moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium.
show
v
t
e
The Solar System
The Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Ceres
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Haumea
Makemake
Eris
Planets
Terrestrial planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Giant planets
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Dwarf planets
Ceres
Pluto
Haumea
Makemake
Eris
Rings
Jovian
Saturnian (Rhean)
Charikloan
Chironean
Uranian
Neptunian
Haumean
Moons
Terrestrial
Moon
other near-Earth objects
Martian
Phobos
Deimos
Jovian
Ganymede
Callisto
Io
Europa
all 69
Saturnian
Titan
Rhea
Iapetus
Dione
Tethys
Enceladus
Mimas
Hyperion
Phoebe
all 62
Uranian
Titania
Oberon
Umbriel
Ariel
Miranda
all 27
Neptunian
Triton
Proteus
Nereid
all 14
Plutonian
Charon
Nix
Hydra
Kerberos
Styx
Haumean
Hiʻiaka
Namaka
Makemakean
S/2015 (136472) 1
Eridian
Dysnomia
Lists
Solar System objects
By size
By discovery date
Minor planets
Gravitationally rounded objects
Possible dwarf planets
Natural satellites
Comets
Small Solar
System bodies
Meteoroids
Minor planets
moons
Comets
Damocloids
Mercury-crossers
Venus-crossers
Venus trojans
Near-Earth objects
Earth-crossers
Earth trojans
Mars-crossers
Mars trojans
Asteroid belt
Asteroids
first discovered: Ceres
Pallas
Juno
Vesta
Families
Notable asteroids
Kirkwood gap
Main-belt comets
Jupiter trojans
Jupiter-crossers
Centaurs
Saturn-crossers
Uranus trojans
Uranus-crossers
Neptune trojans
Cis-Neptunian objects
Trans-Neptunian objects
Neptune-crossers
Plutoids
Kuiper belt
Plutinos
Cubewanos
Scattered disc
Detached objects
Sednoids
Hills cloud
Oort cloud
Hypothetical
objects
Vulcan
Vulcanoids
Phaeton
Planet V
Theia
Fifth giant
Planets beyond Neptune
Tyche
Nemesis
Planet Nine
Exploration
(outline)
Discovery
Astronomy
Timeline
Spaceflight
Robotic spacecraft
Human spaceflight
List of crewed spacecraft
Colonization
List of probes
Timeline
Mercury
Venus
Moon
Mars
Ceres
Asteroids
Mining
Comets
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Deep space
Outline of the Solar System
Portals
Solar System
Astronomy
Earth sciences
Mars
Jupiter
Uranus
Cosmology
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".
Mars portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moons_of_Mars&oldid=845688004"
Categories:
Moons of Mars
Lists of moons
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Use dmy dates from January 2014
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Rumantsch
Русский
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
52 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 June 2018, at 13:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

values: thumbcaption clear:left

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values:
/wiki/Semi-major_axis
mw-redirect
Semi-major axis

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/US_Naval_Observatory
mw-redirect
US Naval Observatory

values:
/wiki/Washington_mean_time
mw-redirect
Washington mean time

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Main-belt_asteroids
mw-redirect
Main-belt asteroids

values:
/wiki/Equatorial_plane
mw-redirect
Equatorial plane

values:
/wiki/Geoffrey_Landis
mw-redirect
Geoffrey Landis

values:
/wiki/Thermal_infrared
mw-redirect
Thermal infrared

values:
/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis
mw-redirect
Giant impact hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Sample_return_mission
mw-redirect
Sample return mission

values:
/wiki/EADS_Astrium
mw-redirect
EADS Astrium

values: Phobos Reconnaissance and International Mars Exploration (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/NASA_Glenn_Research_Center
mw-redirect
NASA Glenn Research Center

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Stickney_Crater
mw-redirect
Stickney Crater

values:
nofollow
external text
https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0409522

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL041829

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Cerberus_Hemisphere
mw-redirect
Cerberus Hemisphere

values:
/wiki/Gully_(Mars)
mw-redirect
Gully (Mars)

values:
/wiki/Labyrinthi_(planetary_geology)
mw-redirect
Labyrinthi (planetary geology)

values:
/wiki/Geyser_(Mars)
mw-redirect
Geyser (Mars)

values: Transit of Venus from Mars (page does not exist)

values: List of surface features of Mars imaged by Opportunity

values: List of surface features of Mars imaged by Spirit

values:
/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission
mw-redirect
Emirates Mars Mission

values:
/wiki/Mangalyaan_2
mw-redirect
Mangalyaan 2

values: Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry

values: Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals

values: SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure

values: Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars

values: International Committee Against Mars Sample Return

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template talk:Solar System moons (compact)

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Hi%27iaka_(moon)
mw-redirect
Hi'iaka (moon)

values: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values:
*_The_Sun
*_Mercury
*_Venus
*_Earth
*_Mars
*_Ceres
*_Jupiter
*_Saturn
*_Uranus
*_Neptune
*_Pluto
*_Haumea
*_Makemake
*_Eris

values:
/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)
mw-redirect
Hiʻiaka (moon)

values:
/wiki/Namaka_(moon)
mw-redirect
Namaka (moon)

values: List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

values: List of hypothetical Solar System objects

values: Discovery and exploration of the Solar System

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Moons_of_Mars
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Mars se natuurlike satelliete – Afrikaans

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: قمرا المريخ – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: Hoé-chheⁿ ê oē-chheⁿ – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Спадарожнікі Марса – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Спадарожнікі Марса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Естествени спътници на Марс – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Δορυφόροι του Άρη – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: قمرهای مریخ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: મંગળના ચંદ્રો – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: 화성의 위성 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Մարսի արբանյակներ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: मंगल के उपग्रह – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Месечини на Марс – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: मंगळ ग्रहाचे नैसर्गिक उपग्रह – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: მოროხიშ ორთაშობური ალმაშარეეფი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values: Спутники Марса – Russian

values: අඟහරුගේ චන්ද්‍රයින් – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: فوبوس ۽ ڊيموس – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Природни сателити Марса – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Marsovi prirodni sateliti – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: செவ்வாயின் இயற்கைத் துணைக்கோள்கள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Марс иярченнәре – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Супутники Марса – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: مریخ کے چاند – Urdu

values: Vệ tinh tự nhiên của Sao Hỏa – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Moons_of_Mars rootpage-Moons_of_Mars skin-vector action-view