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Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
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Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
The first swimsuit issue cover
Editor
M. J. Day
Categories
Magazine
Frequency
Yearly
First issue
January 20, 1964
Company
Sports Illustrated
Country
United States
Language
English
Website
SI Swimsuit
The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue is published annually by American Sports Illustrated magazine. The cover photograph features fashion models wearing swimwear in exotic locales. All models featured on the cover of the swimsuit issue in the magazine's history have been women. According to some, the magazine is the arbiter of supermodel succession.[1] The swimsuit issue of the magazine carries advertising that, in 2005 amounted to US$35 million in value.[1] New issues come out around the middle of February or later. First published in 1964, it is credited with making the bikini, invented in 1946,[2] a legitimate piece of apparel.[3] The issue that got the most letters was the 1978 issue.[4] The best selling issue was the 25th Anniversary Issue with Kathy Ireland on the cover in 1989.[4]
Through the years, many models, such as Cheryl Tiegs, Christie Brinkley, Paulina Porizkova, Elle Macpherson, Rachel Hunter, Rebecca Romijn, Petra Nemcova, Valeria Mazza, Heidi Klum, Tyra Banks, and Marisa Miller, have been featured on the cover. Other models within its pages, but not on its cover, include Cindy Crawford, Stephanie Seymour, Niki Taylor, Angie Everhart, and Naomi Campbell. The eight models featured on the cover of the 2006 issue were featured in a coffee-table book called Sports Illustrated: Exposure. Photographed by Raphael Mazzucco and produced by Diane Smith, the unprecedented "reunion shoot" featured 139 pages of previously-unpublished images. In 2006, the issue expanded publishing to handheld devices.[5] In 2007, the swimsuit issue was first available in China.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Non-models in the magazine
3 Reception
4 On the cover
5 Cover history
6 Locations
7 Swimsuit Video, the Swimsuit Issue on video and in television specials
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
The swimsuit issue was invented by Sports Illustrated editor Andre Laguerre to fill the winter months, a typically slow point in the sporting calendar.[1] He asked fashion reporter Jule Campbell to go on a shoot to fill space, including the cover, with a beautiful model. The first issue, released in 1964, entailed a cover featuring Babette March and a five-page layout. Campbell soon became a powerful figure in modeling and molded the issue into a media phenomenon by featuring "bigger and healthier" California women and printing the names of the models with their photos, beginning a new supermodel era.[1] In the 1950s a few women appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, but the 1964 issue is considered to be the beginning of the current format known as the Swimsuit Issue. In 1997, Tyra Banks was the first black woman on the cover.[7] Since 1997, the swimsuit issue has been a stand-alone edition, separate from the regular weekly magazine.[8]
Non-models in the magazine[edit]
Female athletes have appeared in swimsuit shoots. Steffi Graf appeared in 1997. In the 2003 issue, tennis player Serena Williams and figure skater Ekaterina Gordeeva were featured inside the magazine. In 2016, UFC fighter Ronda Rousey became the first female athlete to appear on the cover. However, Anna Kournikova appeared in an inset on the 2004 cover, and had a photo spread within its pages.
In 2005, Olympic gold medalists Amanda Beard and Jennie Finch, along with Lauren Jackson and Venus Williams, were featured. Maria Sharapova appeared in an inset on the 2006 cover and had a spread inside. In spring 2006, Sports Illustrated chose music as the theme for the 2007 issue. Swimsuit editor Diane Smith[9] wanted Grammy-winner Beyoncé Knowles to pose.[10] In 2006, Beyoncé launched a swimsuit line under her House of Deréon clothing label. Beyoncé Knowles became the first singer, and first non-model, to appear on the cover in 2007.
In 2008, NFL cheerleaders appeared for the first time. Teams include the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, San Diego Chargers, Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons, Jacksonville Jaguars, New England Patriots, Oakland Raiders, Washington Redskins and Houston Texans.[11]
Race car driver Danica Patrick appeared in 2008. She was featured in a four-page spread set in Singer Island, Florida.[12]
For the 2010 issue, four female Winter Olympians appeared in swimsuits: Clair Bidez, Lacy Schnoor, Hannah Teter, and Lindsey Vonn as well as Ana Ivanovic. Criticism of Ivanovic's appearance in the magazine shortly surfaced, as the Serb was suffering a decline in form and confidence and subsequently dropped out of the WTA's Top 50 a month after appearing in the magazine. However, since November 2010 Ivanovic has re-entered the World's Top 20 and regained her old form and confidence.
Australian hurdler Michelle Jenneke appeared in the 2013 issue after having gained notoriety for her warm-up dance routine which went viral on YouTube.[13]
Danish tennis player Caroline Wozniacki appeared in the 2015 issue. She is an active player, formerly world number one, and was photographed at Captiva Island in the Gulf of Mexico by Walter Iooss, Jr.[14]
Top ranked Canadian tennis player Eugenie Bouchard appeared for the first time in the 2017 issue.She is an active player who has achieved a top five rank in tennis in 2014.[15]
Reception[edit]
To some people, the magazine is an acceptable exhibition of female sexuality not out of place on a coffee table.[1] The swimsuit edition is controversial both with moralists who subscribe for sports news content as well as with those who feel that the focus on fashion and swimsuit modeling is inappropriate for a sports magazine. Feminists have expressed that "the Swimsuit Issue promotes the harmful and dehumanizing concept that women are a product for male consumption."[16]
At times, subscriptions have been cancelled by subscribers. The 1978 edition, remembered for its fishnet bathing suit made famous by Cheryl Tiegs, resulted in 340 cancellations.[1] Sports Illustrated makes the controversy a form of entertainment with the issue two weeks after the swimsuit edition packed with complainants such as shocked parents and troubled librarians.[1] Recently, the number of cancellations has declined.[1] Nonetheless, to avoid controversy, Sports Illustrated has, since 2007, offered its subscribers the option of skipping the swimsuit edition for a one issue credit to extend their subscription by a week.[17]
On the cover[edit]
Main article: List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models
1964: Babette March
1965: Sue Peterson
1966: Sunny Bippus
1967: Marilyn Tindall
1968: Turia Mau
1969: Jamee Becker
1970: Cheryl Tiegs
1971: Tannia Rubiano
1972: Shelia Roscoe
1973: Dayle Haddon
1974: Ann Simonton
1975: Cheryl Tiegs
1976: Yvette and Yvonne Sylvander
1977: Lena Kansbod
1978: Maria João
1979: Christie Brinkley
1980: Christie Brinkley
1981: Christie Brinkley
1982: Carol Alt
1983: Cheryl Tiegs
1984: Paulina Porizkova
1985: Paulina Porizkova
1986: Elle Macpherson
1987: Elle Macpherson
1988: Elle Macpherson
1989: Kathy Ireland
1990: Judit Masco
1991: Ashley Richardson (Montana)
1992: Kathy Ireland
1993: Vendela Kirsebom
1994: Kathy Ireland, Elle Macpherson, and Rachel Hunter
1995: Daniela Pestova
1996: Valeria Mazza and Tyra Banks
1997: Tyra Banks
1998: Heidi Klum
1999: Rebecca Romijn
2000: Daniela Pestova
2001: Elsa Benítez
2002: Yamila Diaz
2003: Petra Němcová
2004: Veronica Varekova; inset Anna Kournikova
2005: Carolyn Murphy; inset Jessica White, Marisa Miller, and Yamila Diaz
2006: All-star Past Cover Models: Veronica Varekova, Elle Macpherson, Rebecca Romijn, Rachel Hunter, Daniela Pestova, Elsa Benítez, Carolyn Murphy, and Yamila Diaz; inset Heidi Klum and Maria Sharapova
2007: Beyoncé Knowles; inset Bar Refaeli
2008: Marisa Miller; inset Heidi Klum
2009: Bar Refaeli; inset Brooklyn Decker
2010: Brooklyn Decker
2011: Irina Shayk; inset Kate Upton
2012: Kate Upton; inset Alex Morgan
2013: Kate Upton; inset Hannah Davis
2014: Nina Agdal, Lily Aldridge, Chrissy Teigen; flip-side cover Kate Upton
2015: Hannah Davis
2016: Ronda Rousey, Hailey Clauson, Ashley Graham - (three separate covers)[18]
2017: Kate Upton - (three separate covers)[19]
The 2008–2013 covergirls were announced on Late Show with David Letterman.[20][21] The 2014 and 2017 covergirls were announced on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[22] The 2015 cover model was announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[23]
Cover history[edit]
Most covers by model[4]
Model
Number of covers
Issues
Elle Macpherson 5 1986, 1987, 1988, 1994, 2006
Christie Brinkley 3 1979, 1980, 1981
Cheryl Tiegs 3 1970, 1975, 1983
Kathy Ireland 3 1989, 1992, 1994
Daniela Pestova 3 1995, 2000, 2006
Kate Upton 3 2012, 2013, 2017
Paulina Porizkova 2 1984, 1985
Tyra Banks 2 1996, 1997
Rachel Hunter 2 1994, 2006
Rebecca Romijn 2 1999, 2006
Elsa Benítez 2 2001, 2006
Yamila Diaz-Rahi 2 2002, 2006
Veronica Varekova 2 2004, 2006
Carolyn Murphy 2 2005, 2006
Locations[edit]
The swimsuit issue was once predominantly shot in one country per year. As the issue has grown in size, the number of locations has also risen.
1964: Cozumel
1965: Baja California
1966: Bahamas
1967: Arizona
1968: French Polynesia
1969: Puerto Rico
1970: Hawaii
1971: Dominican Republic
1972: Marina del Rey
1973: Bahamas
1974: Puerto Rico
1975: Cancún
1976: Baja California
1977: Maui
1978: Brazil
1979: Seychelles
1980: British Virgin Islands
1981: Florida
1982: Kenya
1983: Jamaica
1984: Netherlands Antilles
1985: Australia
1986: French Polynesia
1987: Dominican Republic
1988: Thailand
1989: Mexico, Seychelles, Kenya, Lake Powell, Kauai, St. Barts
1990: The Grenadines, Windward Islands
1991: Cruise theme – Turks & Caicos, Bali, St. Barts
1992: Spain
1993: Alaska, Florida Keys, Mackinac Island, Martha's Vineyard, Oahu
1994: Pool theme – Southern California, Colorado, Florida, Bali, Pantelleria, Sardinia, St. Maarten, Mexico, Hong Kong
1995: Bermuda, Costa Rica
1996: South Africa
1997: Bahamas, Monaco, Venezuela, Mexico, Malibu
1998: Equator theme – Maldives, Kenya, Indonesia, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
1999: Necker Island, Guana Island
2000: Pacific theme – Malaysia, Oahu, Maui, Mexico
2001: Tunisia, Greece, Italy, Bahamas, Las Vegas
2002: Latin theme – Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Argentina, Spanish Harlem
2003: Barbados, Kenya, Turkey, Florida Keys, Colorado, Vietnam, Grenada
2004: Montauk, New York, Saranac Lake, New York, Mississippi, Wyoming, Arizona, Bouton, Iowa, Perry, Iowa
2005: Exuma, Bahamas, Pico Bonito National Park, Honduras, Korčula, Croatia, Laguna Beach, California, Bora Bora, Portillo, Chile, Hua Hin, Thailand, Papgayo Peninsula, Costa Rica, Placencia, Belize, Fajardo, Puerto Rico[24]
2006: Hollywood, Huahine, Las Vegas, Cartagena, Colombia, Cat Island and Harbour Island, Bahamas, Palm Springs[25]
2007: Music theme – Memphis, Tennessee, Negril, Jamaica, Bahia, Brazil, Maui and Lahaina, Hawaii, Grambling and Shreveport, Louisiana, Los Angeles, Tucson, Arizona, Cleveland, Ohio[26]
2008: St. Petersburg, Russia, Discovery Cove, Orlando and Singer Island, Florida, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, Kaanapali, Hawaii, San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, Seven Mile Beach, Cayman Islands, Turks & Caicos, Caesarea, Israel[27]
2009: Riviera Maya, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, Teneriffa, Canary Islands, St. George's, Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Naples, Italy, Cappadocia, Turkey[28]
2010: Whistler, Canada, Atacama, Chile, Rajasthan, India, Veligandu, Maldives, Palm Springs, California, Lisbon, Portugal[29]
2011: Peter Island, British Virgin Islands, Nanuya Levu, Fiji, Boracay Island, The Philippines, Sentosa, Singapore, Maui, Hawaii, Laguna Beach, California, Banff National Park, Canada[30]
2012: Bondi Beach, New South Wales and North Narrabeen, Australia, Apalachicola, Florida, Gulf Coast of the United States, Bocas del Toro Province and San Blas Islands, Panama, Desroches Island, Seychelles, Victoria Falls, Zambia[31]
2013: Antarctica, Hayman Island, Australia, Guilin, China, Exuma, Bahamas, Easter Island, Chile, Etosha National Park and Swakopmund, Namibia, Seville, Spain[32]
2014: Aitutaki, Cook Islands, Cape Canaveral, Florida, Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Maranhão, Brazil, Zermatt and Lake Geneva, Switzerland, Nosy Be, Madagascar, Congress Hall, Cape May, New Jersey, St. Lucia, Fiji, Guana Island, British Virgin Islands[33]
2015: American issue: West Coast California, Oregon, Washington; Blackberry Farm, Tennessee; Route 66 (Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona); Parks - Monument Valley - Utah, Bryce Canyon - Utah, Yellowstone - Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Kauai, Hawaii; St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands; Captiva, Florida
2016: Bora Bora; Zanzibar, Tanzania; Providenciales, Turks and Caicos; Malta; Tahiti; Casa de Campo, Dominican Republic; Petit Saint Vincent, St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Exuma, Bahamas[34]
2017: Fiji; Sumba, Indonesia; Tulum; Turks and Caicos; Saariselkä, Finland[35]
Swimsuit Video, the Swimsuit Issue on video and in television specials[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Beginning in the late 1980s, Sports Illustrated allowed television specials to be aired which were later released as video versions of its Swimsuit Issue. The first releases were available on VHS or Laser Disc (LD), and later releases have been available on DVD.[36]
In 1989, The Making of the Sports Illustrated 25th Anniversary Swimsuit Issue was a television documentary by HBO which later became available on VHS by Maysles Films.[37] In 1992, a behind-the-scenes made-for-HBO special documentary was released on VHS as the Sports Illustrated Behind the Scenes: Official Swimsuit Video.[38] In 1993, Sports Illustrated: The 1993 Swimsuit Video was released by HBO films.[39] The next year, Sports Illustrated 1994 Swimsuit Issue Video was released on video by Dakota North Entertainment.[40] Since then, the annual video version of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue has been called the Swimsuit Video. In 1995, Sports Illustrated began distributing television specials based on the issue, titled '[Year] Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Special'. The hour-long specials have aired on Spike TV and TNT and Minisodes of several specials from 2002 to 2004 are available on Crackle.[41] In 2004, the Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Swimsuit Special: American Beauty featured videos of the swimsuit beauties at various US locations, some of which are not usually thought of as beaches: e.g., the host Melissa Keller and Marisa Miller at the grain elevator in Bouton, Iowa, and on a farm near Perry, Iowa. The more recent videos have included some "uncensored" scenes.[42]
For January 2005, NBC produced the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Search, a reality TV show documenting twelve previously unknown fashion models as they competed against one another over five weeks for the grand prize: a pictorial in the 2005 edition of the Swimsuit Issue and a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management worth one million US dollars. Alicia Hall won the competition.[43]
Prior to the release of the 2011 issue, DirectTV aired a preview special on the 101 Network, revealing the models in that year's edition. The show was hosted by Dan Patrick and Mallory Snyder.
See also[edit]
List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition models
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Curtis, Bryan (February 16, 2005). "The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An intellectual history". Slate. Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hoover, Elizabeth D. (July 5, 2006). "60 Years of Bikinis". American Heritage Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ Mendelsohn, Aline (July 23, 2006). "The bikini celebrates 60 years". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sports Illustrated 50: The Anniversary Book, Rob Fleder, 2005, p. 286, ISBN 1-932273-49-2.
Jump up ^ Miller, Lia (February 13, 2006). "So Many Models in Bikinis, So Many Ways to See Them". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Barboza, David (March 4, 2007). "The People's Republic of Sex Kittens and Metrosexuals". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Layberger, Tom (April 2, 1995). "Under the right cover, "SI' can be hot collectible". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Isidore, Chris (February 16, 2005). "Bikini empire: Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue has spawned spin-off products worth $10 million a year". CNNMoney. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Masthead". Sports Illustrated. September 5, 2011: 14. Print.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, Winter 2007, p. 15, Diane Smith, senior editor
Jump up ^ Supermodel Marisa Miller Adorns the Cover of the 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue on Newsstands Today!
Jump up ^ "2008 Danica Patrick". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ DeMarzo, John (February 9, 2015). "Caroline Wozniacki's latest success: SI Swimsuit model". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://m.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/02/16/eugenie-bouchard-sports-illustrated-swimsuit_n_14797248.html
Jump up ^ Feminist Media Round-Up: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly. Lisa Bennett, Communications Director, National Organization for Women. February 22, 2002.
Jump up ^ Aspan, Maria (March 12, 2007). "The Swimsuits Were Skimpy, but the Magazine Was Invisible". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "Marisa Miller: SI Covergirl Unveiled On Letterman". The Huffington Post. February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Letterman to unveil S.I. Swimsuit cover". United Press International, Inc. February 4, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Ann (February 13, 2014). "Jimmy Kimmel to unveil 'SI' swimsuit cover". USA Today. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Unveils the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Cover
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Travel Locations 2005. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Travel Locations 2006. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Travel Locations 2007. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Locations 2008. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Travel Locations 2009. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Travel Locations 2010. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition Travel Locations 2011. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated 2012 Swimsuit Destinations. Retrieved 2014-04-03
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated 2013 Swimsuit Destinations. Retrieved 2014-04-03
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated 2014 Swimsuit Destinations. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Breslow Sardone, Susan (February 22, 2016). "2016 Sports Illustrated Swimwear Edition Resorts & Locations". Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Gorgeous Locations Where Sports Illustrated Photographed the 2017 Swimsuit Edition. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit on IMDB". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Making of the Sports Illustrated 25th Anniversary Swimsuit Issue (1989) (TV)". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated Behind the Scenes: Official Swimsuit Video (1992) (TV)". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated: The 1993 Swimsuit Video (1993) (TV)". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated 1994 Swimsuit Issue Video (1994)". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV Highlights – February 2005". PRNewswire. January 6, 2005. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Swimsuit Special: American Beauty (2004)". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Search (2005) TV series". IMDb. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Criticism
Davis, Laurel R. (1997). The Swimsuit Issue and Sport: Hegemonic Masculinity in Sports Illustrated. SUNY Series on Sport, Culture, and Social Relations. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791433911. OCLC 35620261.
Photography
Campbell, Jule, ed. (1995). The Best of the Swimsuit Supermodels. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781883013226. Published in both hardcover and softcover editions.
Editors of Sports Illustrated (1997). Around the World with the Swimsuit Supermodels. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. LCCN 99191547. OCLC 41211842. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (1999). The Best of the Swimsuit Supermodels 1964–1999. New York: Time, Inc. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Collector's edition magazine.
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2002). Sports Illustrated Presents Ultimate Swimsuit 1964–2002. New York: Time, Inc. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2011). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Portfolio: Fantasy Islands. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781603202091. OCLC 755072628. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2014). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Portfolio: Idyllic Shores. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781618931214. OCLC 870199673. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2010). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Portfolio: Paradise Found. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781603201537. OCLC 751578018. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2009). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Portfolio: The Explorers Edition. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781603200899. OCLC 658199994. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2013). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit: 50 Years of Beautiful. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 978-1618930811. OCLC 827082812. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2008). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit: The Complete Portfolio. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781603200417. OCLC 502263177. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Editors of Sports Illustrated (2006). Sports Illustrated: Exposure. Photography by Raphael Mazzucco. New York: Time Home Entertainment. ISBN 9781933405858. LCCN 2006900231. OCLC 75397462. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Gair, Joanne (2007). Sports Illustrated: In the Paint: The Complete Body-Painting Collection from the SI Swimsuit Issue: The Art of Joanne Gair. Photography by James Porto. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781933821207. OCLC 212375500.
Hoffman, Steven (executive director) (2001). Sports Illustrated Knockouts: Five Decades of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Photography. Foreword by Frank Deford. New York: Sports Illustrated. ISBN 9781929049479.
Iooss, Walter (2010). Sports Illustrated Swimsuit: Heaven. Introduction by Jimmy Buffett. New York: Sports Illustrated Books. ISBN 9781603201162. LCCN 2009940848. OCLC 464590580.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.
SI.com – SI Swimsuit
SI.com – Swimsuit Collection via the Wayback Machine
"Bingham: A History of SI's Swimsuit Issue", Cape Cod Times, via the Wayback Machine
(Video) CNBC Originals: Business Model inside the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. Reported by Darren Rovell. Season 2: Ep. 7. 43:23.
[show]
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Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models
1960s
Babette March
Sue Peterson
Sunny Bippus
Marilyn Tindall
Turia Mau
Jamee Becker
1970s
Cheryl Tiegs
Tannia Rubiano
Shelia Roscoe
Dayle Haddon
Ann Simonton
Cheryl Tiegs
Yvette and Yvonne Sylvander
Lena Kansbod
Maria João
Christie Brinkley
1980s
Christie Brinkley
Christie Brinkley
Carol Alt
Cheryl Tiegs
Paulina Porizkova
Paulina Porizkova
Elle Macpherson
Elle Macpherson
Elle Macpherson
Kathy Ireland
1990s
Judit Mascó
Ashley Richardson
Kathy Ireland
Vendela Kirsebom
Kathy Ireland, Rachel Hunter & Elle Macpherson
Daniela Peštová
Valeria Mazza & Tyra Banks
Tyra Banks
Heidi Klum
Rebecca Romijn
2000s
Daniela Peštová
Elsa Benítez
Yamila Díaz
Petra Němcová
Veronika Vařeková
Carolyn Murphy
Veronika Vařeková, Elle Macpherson, Rebecca Romijn, Rachel Hunter, Daniela Peštová, Elsa Benítez, Carolyn Murphy & Yamila Díaz
Beyoncé Knowles
Marisa Miller
Bar Refaeli
2010s
Brooklyn Decker
Irina Shayk
Kate Upton
Kate Upton
Nina Agdal, Lily Aldridge & Chrissy Teigen
Hannah Jeter
Ronda Rousey/Ashley Graham/Hailey Clauson
Kate Upton
[show]
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1964–1969 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
1964
Babette March 1
1965
Sue Peterson
Jesse Sanders
Mary Sturdevant
1966
Sunny Bippus
Suzy Smith
1967
Lynn Brophy
Erin Gray
Marilyn Tindall
1968
Paulette Kieon
Micheline Lee
Turia Mau
Hina Tama
1969
Jamee Becker
Erin Gray
Vicky Howard
Covergirl in bold, ^1 This is the first annual swimsuit issue, with 5 swimsuit photographs. The models are not identified
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1970–1979 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
1970
Kay Hughes
Kathy Loghry
Ann Peterson
Cheryl Tiegs
Paula Warner
1971
Cynthia Korman
Tannia Rubiano
Carmen Luisa Vela
1972
Samantha Jones
Annette Molen
Pixie Petersen
Sheila Roscoe
Maggie Smith
Cheryl Tiegs
1973
Barbra Ehn
Jane Gill
Dayle Haddon
Libby Otis
1974
Carol Latimer
Libby Otis
Ann Simonton
Cheryl Tiegs
1975
Christie Brinkley
Margaux Hemingway
Cheryl Tiegs
1976
Christie Brinkley
Yvette and Yvonne Sylvander
Cheryl Tiegs
1977
Lena Kansbod
Barbara Minty
Cheryl Tiegs
1978
Christie Brinkley
Maria João
Monique Moura de Carvalho
Cheryl Tiegs
1979
Christie Brinkley
Barbara Carrera
Apollonia van Ravenstein
Covergirl in bold
[show]
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1980–1989 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
1980
Christie Brinkley
Irina Gerasimenko
Jocelyn Javits
Bernadette Swann
1981
Carol Alt
Christie Brinkley
Kelly Emberg
Lena Kansbod
Rita Tellone
1982
Kim Alexis
Carol Alt
Charissa Craig
Kathryn Redding
1983
Kim Alexis
Carol Alt
Kelly Emberg
Paulina Porizkova
Hilary Safire
Cheryl Tiegs
1984
Kim Alexis
Carol Alt
Kelly Emberg
Kathy Ireland
Jean Pelton
Paulina Porizkova
1985
Kim Alexis
Kathy Ireland
Elle Macpherson
Sarah Nursey
Paulina Porizkova
Renée Simonsen
1986
Jenna de Rosnay
Kelly Emberg
Kathy Ireland
Elle Macpherson
Coco Mitchell
Paulina Porizkova
1987
Karen Alexander
Kim Alexis
Carol Alt
Kathy Ireland
Elle Macpherson
Monika Schnarre
Renée Simonsen
1988
Karen Alexander
Kim Alexis
Cindy Crawford
Kathy Ireland
Estelle Lefébure
Elle Macpherson
Stephanie Seymour
1989
Carol Alt
Sabrina Barnett
Christie Brinkley
Kelly Emberg
Rachel Hunter
Kathy Ireland
Estelle Lefébure
Elle Macpherson
Paulina Porizkova
Ashley Richardson
Stephanie Seymour
Yvette Sylvander
Yvonne Sylvander
Cheryl Tiegs
Maria von Hartz
Kara Young
Covergirl in bold
[show]
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1990–1999 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
1990
Sabrina Barnett
Michaela Bercu
Anna Getaneh
Rachel Hunter
Kathy Ireland
Estelle Lefébure
Elle Macpherson
Judit Mascó
Ashley Richardson
Maria von Hartz
Louise Vyent
Akure Wall
Roshumba Williams
1991
Monica Bellucci
Rosie de la Cruz
Angie Everhart
Rachel Hunter
Kathy Ireland
Elle Macpherson
Judit Mascó
Ashley Richardson
Stephanie Seymour
Roshumba Williams
1992
Naomi Campbell
Angie Everhart
Kathy Ireland
Vendela Kirsebom
Judit Mascó
Gail O'Neill
Paulina Porizkova
Ashley Richardson
Roshumba Williams
Stacey Williams
Shana Zadrick
1993
Tyra Banks
Britta Dubbels
Rachel Hunter
Kathy Ireland
Vendela Kirsebom
Estelle Lefébure
Ashley Richardson
Ingrid Seynhaeve
Amber Smith
Maria von Hartz
Stacey Williams
1994
Veronica Blume
Jenny Brunt
Angie Everhart
Rachel Hunter
Kathy Ireland
Kate James
Vendela Kirsebom
Elle Macpherson
Judit Mascó
Lana Ogilvie
Rebecca Romijn
Ingrid Seynhaeve
Amber Smith
Aya Thorgren
Dara Torres
Patricia Velásquez
Roshumba Williams
Stacey Williams
1995
Angie Everhart
Yasmeen Ghauri
Vendela Kirsebom
Roberta Little
Judit Mascó
Daniela Peštová
Ashley Richardson
Rebecca Romijn
Ingrid Seynhaeve
Talisa Soto
Cheryl Tiegs
Patricia Velásquez
Manon von Gerkan
Stacey Williams
1996
Tyra Banks
Angie Everhart
Kathy Ireland
Valeria Mazza
Georgianna Robertson*
Rebecca Romijn
Ingrid Seynhaeve
Manon von Gerkan
Stacey Williams
1997
Tyra Banks
Laetitia Castam
Naomi Campbell
Yasmeen Ghaurip
Steffi Graf
Eva Herzigová
Vendela Kirsebom
Valeria Mazza
Karen Mulder
Navia Nguyenm
Chandra Northp
Brandi Quiñonesm
Niki Taylor
Stacey Williams
1998
Tyra Banks
Caprice Bourret
Laetitia Casta
Louise Forsling
Eva Herzigová
Heidi Klum
Tanga Moreau
Karen Mulderp
Chandra North
Irina Pantaeva
Lorraine Pascale
Daniela Peštová
Rebecca Romijn
Beri Smither
Niki Taylor
Stacey Williams
1999
Kadra Ahmed Omar
Michelle Behennah*
Laetitia Casta
Yamila Díaz*
Amber Noelle Ehresmann
Luján Fernández
Eva Herzigová
Heidi Klum*
Chandra North
Sarah O'Hare*
Andrea Orme
Daniela Peštová*
Audrey Quock
Rebecca Romijn*
Tamara Spoelder
Veronika Vařeková
Covergirl in bold, *appeared in bodypainting by Joanne Gair, pappeared in print edition only, mappeared in special feature
[show]
v
t
e
2000–2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
2000
Elsa Benítezp
Kylie Bax
Michelle Behennah
Laetitia Casta
Yamila Díaz
Luján Fernández
Kristy Hinze
Malia Jonesp
Heidi Klum
Melania Knaussp
Shakara Ledard
Ana Paula Lemesp
Noémie Lenoir
Josie Maranp
Carré Otis
Daniela Peštová
Audrey Quockp
Gabrielle Reecep
Rachel Roberts
Molly Simsp
Veronika Vařeková
Estella Warren
2001
Michelle Behennah
Elsa Benítez
Aurélie Claudel
Yamila Díaz*
Luján Fernández
Janelle Fishmanp
Heidi Klum*
Shakara Ledard*
Kim Lemantonp
Noémie Lenoir*
Shirley Mallmann
Josie Maran
Petra Němcováp
Daniela Peštová
Audrey Quockp
Molly Sims*
Fernanda Tavares*
Veronika Vařeková*
Amy Wesson
2002
Ana Beatriz Barros
Elsa Benítez
Ehrinn Cummings
Yamila Díaz
Isabeli Fontana
Bridget Hall
Melissa Keller
Heidi Klum
Shakara Ledard
Vanessa Lorenzo
Josie Maran
Carla Mariap
Marisa Millerp
Annie Mortonp
Petra Němcová
Chandra North
Daniela Peštováp
Audrey Quock
Molly Sims
Veronika Vařeková
2003
Michelle Alvesp
May Andersen
Ana Beatriz Barros
Yamila Díaz
Reka Ebergenyip
Isabeli Fontana
Bridget Hall
Rachel Hunter*
Melissa Keller
Noémie Lenoir
Juliana Martins
Marisa Miller
Petra Němcová
Sarah O'Hare
Daniela Peštová
Audrey Quock
Molly Sims
Fernanda Tavaresp
Jessica White
2004
May Andersen
Ana Beatriz Barros
Elsa Benítez
Yamila Díaz
Bridget Hall*
Melissa Keller*
Noémie Lenoir*
Angela Lindvall
Marisa Miller*
Fernanda Motta
Carolyn Murphy
Petra Němcová*
Daniela Peštová
Frankie Rayder
Molly Sims
Jessica Van Der Steen
Veronika Vařeková
Jessica White*
2005
Michelle Alves
Ana Beatriz Barros
Yamila Díaz
Alicia Hall
Bridget Hall*
Shakara Ledard
Noémie Lenoir
Michelle Lombardo
Marisa Miller*
Fernanda Motta
Carolyn Murphy
Petra Němcová
Oluchi Onweagba
Frankie Rayder
Daniella Sarahyba*
Mallory Snyder
Jessica Van Der Steen
Anne V*
Veronika Vařeková
Jessica White*
2006
Ana Beatriz Barros
Elsa Benitez
Carla Campbell
Brooklyn Decker
Yamila Diaz
Bridget Hall
Rachel Hunter
Heidi Klum*
Noémie Lenoir
Elle Macpherson
Marisa Miller
Fernanda Motta
Carolyn Murphy
Aline Nakashima
Petra Němcová
Oluchi Onweagba
Daniela Peštová
Rebecca Romijn
Pania Rose
Daniella Sarahyba
Molly Sims
Mallory Snyder
Yésica Toscanini
Veronica Varekova
Anne V
2007
Ana Paula Araújo*
Ana Beatriz Barros
Brooklyn Decker
Yamila Díaz
Selita Ebanks
Julie Henderson
Beyoncé Knowles
Marisa Miller*
Fernanda Motta
Aline Nakashima
Raica Oliveira
Oluchi Onweagba
Tori Praver*
Bar Refaeli
Daniella Sarahyba*
Irina Shayk
Fernanda Tavares
Yésica Toscanini
Anne V
Veronika Vařeková
Jessica White
2008
Melissa Baker
Ana Beatriz Barros
Yasmin Brunet
Jeísa Chiminazzo
Brooklyn Decker
Selita Ebanks
Jessica Gomes*
Quiana Grant*
Melissa Haro
Julie Henderson
Jarah Mariano
Marisa Miller*
Oluchi Onweagba
Tori Praver*
Bar Refaeli
Daniella Sarahyba
Irina Shayk
Anne V
Jessica White
2009
Kim Cloutier
Brooklyn Decker*
Cintia Dicker
Lucia Dvorská
Esti Ginzburg
Jessica Gomes
Melissa Haro
Jessica Hart
Julie Henderson*
Damaris Lewis
Jarah Mariano
Ariel Meredith
Tori Praver
Bar Refaeli
Hilary Rhoda
Daniella Sarahyba
Irina Shayk*
Anne V
Jessica White*
40th Anniversary (2004)
Hall of Fame
Elle Macpherson
Paulina Porizkova
Rachel Hunter
Tyra Banks
Valeria Mazza
Stacey Williams
Heidi Klum
Cheryl Tiegs
Roshumba Williams
Christie Brinkley
Vendela Kirsebom
All-Star Reunion
Cover (2006)
Elsa Benítez
Yamila Díaz
Rachel Hunter
Elle Macpherson
Carolyn Murphy
Daniela Peštová
Rebecca Romijn
Veronika Vařeková (Celebrity special: Maria Sharapova)
bold indicates cover model, *appeared in bodypainting by Joanne Gair, pappeared in print edition only
[show]
v
t
e
2010–2019 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
2010
Sonia Dara
Brooklyn Decker
Cintia Dicker
Zoe Duchesne
Esti Ginzburg
Jessica Gomes
Julie Henderson
Damaris Lewis
Genevieve Morton
Julie Ordon
Dominique Piek
Bar Refaeli
Hilary Rhoda
Daniella Sarahyba
Irina Shayk
Chrissy Teigen
Anne V
Jessica White
2011
Shannan Click*
Brooklyn Decker
Cintia Dicker
Kenza Fourati*
Esti Ginzburg
Jessica Gomes
Izabel Goulart*
Julie Henderson
Damaris Lewis
Alyssa Miller*
Genevieve Morton
Hilary Rhoda
Irina Shayk
Chrissy Teigen
Kate Upton*
Anne V
Jessica White
2012
Nina Agdal
Adaora Akubilo
Cintia Dicker
Jessica Gomes
Izabel Goulart
Kirby Griffin
Julie Henderson
Ariel Meredith
Alyssa Miller
Genevieve Morton
Jessica Perez
Bar Refaeli
Crystal Renn
Irina Shayk
Chrissy Teigen
Kate Upton
Michelle Vawer
Anne V
2013
Nina Agdal*
Adaora Akubilo
Natasha Barnard
Kate Bock
Hannah Davis
Cintia Dicker
Emily DiDonato
Jessica Gomes
Julie Henderson
Ariel Meredith*
Alyssa Miller*
Genevieve Morton
Jessica Perez
Irina Shayk
Chrissy Teigen*
Kate Upton*
Anne V*
2014
Nina Agdal
Lily Aldridge
Natasha Barnard
Kate Bock
Hannah Davis
Emily DiDonato
Hannah Ferguson*
Jessica Gomes
Gigi Hadid
Bregje Heinen
Samantha Hoopes*
Marloes Horst
Chanel Iman
Lauren Mellor*
Ariel Meredith
Genevieve Morton
Emily Ratajkowski*
Sara Sampaio
Irina Shayk
Chrissy Teigen*
Kate Upton
Cris Urena*
Anne V
Valerie van der Graaf
50th Anniversary (2014)
The Legends
Babette March
Bar Refaeli
Brooklyn Decker
Carol Alt
Carolyn Murphy
Cheryl Tiegs
Christie Brinkley
Daniela Peštová
Elsa Benítez
Heidi Klum
Irina Shayk
Kate Upton
Kathy Ireland
Marisa Miller
Paulina Porizkova
Petra Nemcova
Rachel Hunter
Rebecca Romijn
Tyra Banks
Veronika Varekova
Vendela Kirsebom
Yamila Diaz-Rahi
2015
Nina Agdal
Lily Aldridge
Rose Bertram*
Kate Bock
Hailey Clauson*
Hannah Davis
Emily DiDonato
Hannah Ferguson
Jessica Gomes
Gigi Hadid
Erin Heatherton*
Samantha Hoopes
Chanel Iman
Robyn Lawley
Ariel Meredith
Solveig Mork Hansen
Genevieve Morton*
Emily Ratajkowski
Kelly Rohrbach
Sara Sampaio
Irina Shayk
Ashley Smith
Chrissy Teigen
2016
Nina Agdal
Lily Aldridge
Rose Bertram
Kate Bock
Hailey Clauson
Hannah Davis
Emily DiDonato
Hannah Ferguson
Ashley Graham
Gigi Hadid
Erin Heatherton
Samantha Hoopes
Chanel Iman
Bo Krsmanovic
Robyn Lawley
Tanya Mityushina
Barbara Palvin
Sofia Resing
Kelly Rohrbach
Irina Shayk
Chrissy Teigen
2017
Nina Agdal
Bianca Balti
Rose Bertram
Kate Bock
Hailey Clauson
Myla Dalbesio
Samantha Hoopes
Hannah Ferguson
Kelly Gale
Ashley Graham
Danielle Herrington
Hannah Jeter
Mia Kang
Bo Krsmanovic
Robyn Lawley
Barbara Palvin
Lais Ribeiro
Vita Sidorkina
Chrissy Teigen
Kate Upton
bold indicates cover model; * appeared in bodypainting by Joanne Gair
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text:
Plus-minus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
+/−
This article is about the ice hockey statistic. For the mathematical symbol, see Plus-minus sign. For other uses, see Plus-minus (disambiguation).
Plus−minus (+/−, ±, plus/minus) is a sports statistic used to measure a player's impact on the game, represented by the difference between their team's total scoring versus their opponent's when the player is in the game. In ice hockey, it measures a player's goal differential. When an even-strength goal or shorthanded goal is scored, the plus–minus statistic is increased by one ("plus") for those players on the ice for the team scoring the goal; the plus–minus statistic is decreased by one ("minus") for those players on the ice for the team allowing the goal.[1] Power play or penalty shot goals are excluded. An empty net does not matter for the calculation of plus–minus.
The statistic is sometimes called the plus−minus rating.
A player's plus−minus statistic is calculated for each game played, to provide a more meaningful measure over a full season. The statistic is directly affected by overall team performance, influenced by both the offensive and defensive performance of the team as a whole.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Awards
3 Notable players (NHL)
4 Basketball
5 Association football
6 References
History[edit]
The NHL's Montreal Canadiens were the first team to track the plus−minus of its players, starting sometime in the 1950s. Other teams followed in the early 1960s, and the NHL started officially compiling the statistic for the 1967–68 season. While Emile Francis is often credited with devising the system, he only popularized and adapted the system in use by the Canadiens.
Awards[edit]
The NHL awarded the NHL Plus-Minus Award each year to the player with the highest plus−minus statistic during the regular season from 1982–83 to 2007–08.
The Western Hockey League (WHL) awards the WHL Plus-Minus Award each year to one of its players.
Notable players (NHL)[edit]
See also: List of NHL records (individual) § Plus/minus
Only four players have been multiple single-season leaders for the plus−minus statistic: defenseman Bobby Orr led the league six times, Wayne Gretzky led the league four times, while John LeClair and Chris Pronger were two-time leaders.
One player on the career top five list, Ray Bourque, was never a single-season leader, while all-time career leader Larry Robinson only set the single-season mark once.
Two players on the season top five list, defensemen Bobby Orr and Dallas Smith, achieved their high mark playing as a defense tandem on the same 1970–71 Boston Bruins team.
Since the NHL started tracking the plus−minus statistic in the 1967–68 season, the top achievements have been:[2]
Top 5: Season high
Bobby Orr, 1970–71, +124
Larry Robinson, 1976–77, +120
Wayne Gretzky, 1984–85, +100
Dallas Smith 1970–71, +98
Guy Lafleur, 1976–77, +89
Steve Shutt, 1976-77 +89
Top 5: Career high
Larry Robinson, career, +722
Bobby Orr, career, +582
Ray Bourque, career, +527
Wayne Gretzky, career, +520
Bobby Clarke, career, +507
Top 3: Season low
Bill Mikkelson, 1974–75, −82
Jack Lynch, 1974–75, −69
Greg Joly, 1974–75, −68
Top 3: Career low
Bob Stewart, career, −257
Don Lever, career, −248
Gary Croteau, career, −234
Top 2: Single game high
Tom Bladon, Dec 11, 1977, +10
Theoren Fleury, Feb 10, 1993, +9
Basketball[edit]
Although the statistic was pioneered in the sport of hockey, it has found its way into use in other sports and areas of life. For instance, the NBA's Houston Rockets first utilized a modified version of the stat, which helped reveal the unheralded effectiveness of light-scoring Shane Battier.[3] It is now in regular use throughout the NBA.
Association football[edit]
A plus−minus statistic has been used in sports economics to analyze the degree of competitive balance over time in association football.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Jamie. "What is the "plus–minus" statistic and how is it calculated?". About.Com.
Jump up ^ The Plus and Minus of Plus-Minus - LCS Hockey
Jump up ^ Lewis, Michael (2009-02-13). "The No-Stats All-Star". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Sittl, Roman; Warnke, Arne Jonas (2016). "Competitive balance and assortative matching: Data from the German Bundesliga". VoxEU.org.
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Pam Beesly
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Fictional character on NBC's "The Office"
Pam Beesly Halpert
The Office character
Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Finale"
Created by
Greg Daniels
Portrayed by
Jenna Fischer
Information
Full name
Pamela Morgan Beesly[nb 1]
Gender
Female
Occupation
Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Pennsylvania
(August 2003 - June 2011)
Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Pennsylvania
Temporary Worker, Dunder Mifflin Corporate, New York City, New York
Sales Representative, Michael Scott Paper Company
Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Pennsylvania
Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton Pennsylvania
Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton Pennsylvania
Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Pennsylvania
Freelance Mural Painter/Art Gallery Owner, Austin Texas
Family
William Beesly (father, Rick Overton)
Helene Beesly (mother, Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl)
Penny Beesly (sister, Anna Camp)
Sylvia Beesly (grandmother, Peggy Stewart)
Jocelyne Webster (cousin)
Betsy Halpert (mother-in-law)
Gerald Halpert (father-in-law)
Tom Halpert (brother-in-law)
Pete Halpert (brother-in-law)
Spouse(s)
Jim Halpert (m. 2009)
Significant other(s)
Roy Anderson (ex-fiancé)
Children
Cecelia "CeCe" Marie Halpert[1]
Philip Halpert[1]
Religion
Presbyterian
Nationality
American
Based on
Dawn Tinsley
Pamela Morgan Halpert[nb 1] (née Beesly) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office, played by Jenna Fischer. Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley. Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until she left in the series finale. Her character is shy, growing assertive but amiable, and artistically inclined, and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert, whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues.
Contents
1 Casting and character development
2 Character history
2.1 Seasons 1–3
2.2 Seasons 4–6
2.3 Season 7
2.4 Season 8
2.5 Season 9
3 Coworker relations
3.1 Jim Halpert
3.2 Roy Anderson
3.3 Michael Scott
3.4 Toby Flenderson
4 Appearances
5 Notes
6 References
Casting and character development[edit]
The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart, Dawn Tinsley. Even minute details, such as how Pam wore her hair each day, were considered by executive producer, Greg Daniels.[4]
"When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, 'Please look normal'," recalls Jenna Fischer. "Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me."[5]
Heeding the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show's documentary premise. "My take on the character of Pam was that she didn't have any media training, so she didn't know how to be a good interview. And also, she didn't care about this interview," she told NPR. "So, I gave very short one-word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation... and they liked that take on it."[5]
"When I went in to the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam — they said, 'Do you like working as a receptionist?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing."[5]
Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history.[6] She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it couldn't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair,[7] and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore [8] or where she went to college.[8] Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. "Well, my character of Pam is really stuck," she explained to NPR. "I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything."[5]
Originally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. "I have to approach Pam differently [now]," she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc."[6]
Character history[edit]
Seasons 1–3[edit]
At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam.
Pam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that "I don't think it's many little girls' dream to be a receptionist." Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill-advised prank by telling her that she will be fired.
Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and (in a deleted scene) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone. Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy.
Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him.
While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back.
Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras.
Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim.
Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, "The Job," she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he "would function here in New York", Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch.
Seasons 4–6[edit]
In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe.
In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night.
In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back "the right way", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are "cool", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip".
Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance.[9] Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions.
In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece.[10]
Season 7[edit]
In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost-cutting measures. Pam threatens to move the office to a new building, which Dwight discovers doesn't exist. Pam saves face, however, when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight's measures were not allowed. The episode is another example of Dwight's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam (as previously demonstrated in "The Injury", "Back from Vacation", "The Job" and "Diwali"); Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office. She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years, as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer, and giving Darryl three sick days. At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is, "Full on corrupt."
In "Goodbye, Michael", Pam almost misses saying good-bye to Michael, as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders. Jim figures out Michael's plan to leave early and tells her by text. Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves.
Season 8[edit]
At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Gettysburg". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy.
Season 9[edit]
Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business, Athlead, in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode "Andy's Ancestry". Although Pam is happy for his decision, she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested. Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia, but in "Customer Loyalty", the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears, and is comforted by Brian, the boom mic operator of the film crew.
In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market, so that they can move to Austin, Texas, and take his job back at Athlead (now Athleap).
Coworker relations[edit]
From her years working the front desk, Pam has become well-acquainted with the Dunder-Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers' personalities, including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott. She uses this familiarity to manipulate them, often for their and the company's best interests (such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in "The Chump") but also occasionally for her own. This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position.
Jim Halpert[edit]
Main article: Jim Halpert
The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture.[11] Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.
Roy Anderson[edit]
Main article: Roy Anderson (The Office)
When the series begins, Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running. They finally set a date, but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute. They get back together once, briefly, but Pam is much more assertive, and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst. Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing, neglectful, dismissive of her desire to be an artist, and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine's Day. Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to "bother" Roy with her "thoughts or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin.
In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him).
In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her.
Michael Scott[edit]
Main article: Michael Scott (The Office)
In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam. Over time, the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals, her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael, and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them (as did Michael's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager). Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene, and excoriated him at length during "The Lover" before eventually slapping him in "Double Date", but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward. Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael can't cross, like telling him that he wasn't Cece's godfather. By Season 7, Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael, steering him away from (numerous) bad ideas and towards his (fewer but real) good ones, such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly. In Michael's finale "Goodbye, Michael", Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder, believing that the next day Michael was leaving. As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse, Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek. The two have a nice moment and he walks off, leaving her holding her shoes. She then tells the camera that he was happy, wanting to be an advanced rewards member, and was glad to be going home to see Holly. She then is there to watch Michael's plane take off. In a deleted scene from "The Inner Circle", we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy "Pamela Beagsley", and in "The List" she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child "Little Michael Scott", further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship.
Toby Flenderson[edit]
Main article: Toby Flenderson
Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In "A Benihana Christmas" she gives him her Dunder-Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In Dunder Mifflin Infinity, Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing. In "Goodbye, Toby", Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam. On the eve of his departure, Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was "kind of cute". In "Niagara", Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen. In "Finale", Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight's wedding, with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him. When she asks, "is it me?", he replies that "it's everything!".
Appearances[edit]
Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of "Business Ethics" (except for the deleted scenes), "St. Patrick's Day", and "New Leads" in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from "Mrs. California" to "Pool Party", where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave.[12]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pam Beesly's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly (later Pamela Morgan Halpert). In "The Lover" Michael says to Pam, "Pamela Morgan Beesly, you need to apologize to your mother right now."[2] In "Did I Stutter?" Jim says to Pam, "You know what would energize me? If you, Pamela Morgan Beesly..."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Halpert Baby Blog". Halpertbeesly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Season 6 – Episode 06: 'The Lover'". OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Season 4 – Episode 12: 'Did I Stutter?'". OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Episode commentary, Season 2, "Valentine's Day"
^ Jump up to: a b c d "For Jenna Fischer, 'Office' Life Is A Great Act". NPR. 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD, "Valentine's Day", episode commentary
^ Jump up to: a b "Pam Beesly (Pam/Jenna) op Myspace". Myspace.com. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "JK Wedding Entrance Dance". YouTube. 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ People Magazine, Week of 03/05/2010
Jump up ^ "The Office: Why Jim and Pam's wedding is good for TV comedy". NJ.com. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 8, 2011). "The Office Exclusive: 'Til Death's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam". TVLine. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
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