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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus's logo as of 2017
Origin
Country
United States
Founder(s)
The Ringling brothers
P.T. Barnum
James Anthony Bailey
Year founded
April 10, 1871; 147 years ago (1871-04-10)
Defunct
May 21, 2017
Information
Operator(s)
Feld Entertainment
Fate
Closed
Traveling show?
Yes
Winter quarters
Ellenton, Florida, U.S.
Website
www.ringling.com
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, also known as the Ringling Bros. Circus, Ringling Bros. or simply Ringling was an American traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. It and its predecessor shows ran from 1871 to 2017. Known as Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, the circus started in 1919 when the Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth, a circus created by P. T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey, was merged with the Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows. The Ringling brothers had purchased Barnum & Bailey Ltd. following Bailey's death in 1906, but ran the circuses separately until they were merged in 1919.
After 1956 the circus no longer exhibited under their own portable "big top" tents, instead using permanent venues such as sports stadiums and arenas. In 1967, Irvin Feld and his brother Israel, along with Houston Judge Roy Hofheinz bought the circus from the Ringling family. In 1971, the Felds and Hofheinz sold the circus to Mattel, buying it back from the toy company in 1982. Since the death of Irvin Feld in 1984, the circus had been a part of Feld Entertainment, an international entertainment firm headed by Kenneth Feld, with its headquarters in Ellenton, Florida.
With weakening attendance and high operating costs, the circus closed on May 21, 2017 after 146 years.[1]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Predecessor circuses
1.2 Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
1.3 Hartford circus fire
1.4 Feld family
1.5 Kid Rock lawsuit
2 Circus trains
3 Animal care and criticism
4 Film
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
History
Predecessor circuses
Hachaliah Bailey appears to have established the first circus in the United States after he purchased an African Elephant, which he named "Old Bet", around 1806.[2] With it as his star attraction he formed the Bailey Circus, which also included a trained dog, several pigs, a horse and four wagons.[3] This was the impetus for what in time evolved into the Bailey component of what became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.[3]
P. T. Barnum, who as a boy had worked as a ticket seller for Hachaliah Bailey's show, had run the Barnum's American Museum from New York City since 1841 from the former Scudder's American Museum building.[2] Besides building up the existing exhibits, Barnum brought in animals to add zoo-like elements, and a freak show.[4] During this time, Barnum took the Museum on road tours, named "P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling American Museum".[4] The Museum burned down in July 1865.[5] Though Barnum attempted to re-establish the Museum at another location in the city, it too burned down in 1868, and Barnum opted to retire from the museum business.
In 1871, Dan Castello and William Cameron Coup persuaded Barnum to come out of retirement as to lend his name, know-how and financial backing to the circus they had already created in Delavan, Wisconsin. The combined show was named "P.T. Barnum's Great Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Hippodrome".[4] As described by Barnum, Castello and Coup "had a show that was truly immense, and combined all the elements of museum, menagerie, variety performance, concert hall, and circus", and considered it to potentially be "the Greatest Show on Earth", which subsequently became part of the circus's name.[6]
Independently of Castello and Coup, James Anthony Bailey had teamed up with James E. Cooper to create the Cooper and Bailey Circus in the 1860s. The Cooper and Bailey Circus became the chief competitor to Barnum's circus. As Bailey's circus was outperforming his, Barnum sought to merge the circuses.[7] The two groups agreed to combine their shows on March 28, 1881.[8] Initially named "P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United", it was eventually shortened to "Barnum and Bailey's Circus".[6] Bailey was instrumental in acquiring Jumbo, advertised as the world's largest elephant, for the show.[7] Barnum died in 1891 and Bailey then purchased the circus from his widow. Bailey continued touring the eastern United States until he took his circus to Europe. That tour started on December 27, 1897, and lasted until 1902.[7]
Separately, in 1884, five of the seven Ringling brothers had started a small circus in Baraboo, Wisconsin.[9][10] This was about the same time that Barnum & Bailey were at the peak of their popularity. Similar to dozens of small circuses that toured the Midwest and the Northeast at the time, the brothers moved their circus from town to town in small animal-drawn caravans. Their circus rapidly grew and they were soon able to move their circus by train, which allowed them to have the largest traveling amusement enterprise of that time. Bailey's European tour gave the Ringling brothers an opportunity to move their show from the Midwest to the eastern seaboard. Faced with the new competition, Bailey took his show west of the Rocky Mountains for the first time in 1905. He died the next year, and the circus was sold to the Ringling Brothers.[4]
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
Advertisement for the Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1900
Poster from 1898, advertising a "troupe of very remarkable trained pigs"
Stock certificate for Barnum & Bailey, 1903
The Ringlings purchased the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth in 1907 and ran the circuses separately until 1919. By that time, Charles Edward Ringling and John Nicholas Ringling were the only remaining brothers of the five who founded the circus. They decided that it was too difficult to run the two circuses independently, and on March 29, 1919, "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows" debuted in New York City. The posters declared, "The Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth are now combined into one record-breaking giant of all exhibitions." Charles E. Ringling died in 1926, but the circus flourished through the Roaring Twenties.[citation needed]
John Ringling had the circus move its headquarters to Sarasota, Florida in 1927.[11]
In 1929, the American Circus Corporation signed a contract to perform in New York City. John Ringling purchased American Circus, owner of five circuses, for $1.7 million.[12]
In 1938, the circus made a lucrative offer to Frank Buck, a well-known adventurer and animal collector, to tour as their star attraction and to enter the show astride an elephant. He refused to join the American Federation of Actors, stating that he was "a scientist, not an actor." Though there was a threat of a strike if he did not join the union, he maintained that he would not compromise his principles, saying, "Don't get me wrong. I'm with the working man. I worked like a dog once myself. And my heart is with the fellow who works. But I don't want some ... union delegate telling me when to get on and off an elephant."[13] Eventually, the union gave Buck a special dispensation to introduce Gargantua the gorilla without registering as an actor.
Frank Buck, star attraction, 1938
The circus suffered during the 1930s due to the Great Depression, but managed to stay in business. After John Nicholas Ringling's death, his nephew, John Ringling North, managed the indebted circus twice, the first from 1937 to 1943.[14] Special dispensation was given to the circus by President Roosevelt to use the rails to operate in 1942, in spite of travel restrictions imposed as a result of World War II. Many of the most famous images from the circus that were published in magazine and posters were captured by American Photographer Maxwell Frederic Coplan, who traveled the world with the circus, capturing its beauty as well as its harsh realities.[citation needed]
North's cousin Robert took over the president of the show in 1943. North resumed the presidency of the circus in 1947.[14][15]
Hartford circus fire
John Ringling North (right) and Frank Buck, who was the circus's featured attraction in 1938
The Hartford circus fire occurred on July 6, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut, during an afternoon performance that was attended by approximately 7,500 to 8,700 people. It was one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States. Although the Hartford Fire Department responded quickly, the fire was exacerbated by the fact that the canvas circus tent had been waterproofed through a mixture of highly flammable paraffin and gasoline.[16] During the ensuing panic Emmett Kelly, the tramp clown, threw a bucket of water at the burning canvas tent, and a poignant photograph of his futile attempt was transmitted around the world as news spread of the disaster.[17] At least 167 people were killed in the disaster, and hundreds more were injured. Some of the dead remain unidentified to this day, even with modern DNA techniques.[18]
Actor and theater director Charles Nelson Reilly, who was thirteen years old at the time, survived the fire and dramatized it in the film on his stage show, "The Life of Reilly". In a 1997 interview, Reilly said that he rarely attended the theater, despite being a director, since the sound of a large audience in a theater reminded him of the large crowd at the circus before the disaster.[19]
In the following investigation, it was discovered that the tent had not been fireproofed. Ringling Bros. had applied to the Army, which had an absolute priority on the material, for enough fireproofing liquid to treat their Big Top. The Army had refused to release it to them. The circus had instead waterproofed their canvas using an older method of paraffin dissolved in gasoline and painted onto the canvas. The waterproofing worked, but as had been repeatedly shown it was horribly flammable.[20] Circus management was found to be negligent and several Ringling executives served sentences in jail. Ringling Brothers' management set aside all profits for the next ten years to pay the claims filed against the show by the City of Hartford and the survivors of the fire.[21]
Feld family
The post-war prosperity enjoyed by the rest of the nation was not shared by the circus as crowds dwindled and costs increased. Public tastes, influenced by the movies and television, abandoned the circus, which gave its last performance under the big top in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1956. An article in Life magazine reported that "a magical era had passed forever".[15] In 1956, when John Ringling North and Arthur Concello moved the circus from a tent show to an indoor operation, Irvin Feld was one of several promoters hired[22] to work the advance for select dates, mostly in the Detroit and Philadelphia areas.[citation needed] Irvin Feld and his brother, Israel Feld, had already made a name for themselves marketing and promoting D.C. area rock and roll shows.[23] In 1959, Ringling Bros. started wintering in Venice, Florida.[10]
In late 1967, Irvin Feld, Israel Feld, and Judge Roy Mark Hofheinz of Texas, together with backing from Richard C. Blum, the founder of Blum Capital, bought the company outright from North and the Ringling family interests for $8 million at a ceremony at Rome’s Colosseum.[22][23][24][25] Irving Feld immediately began making other changes to improve the quality and profitability of the show. Irvin got rid of the freak show so as not to capitalize on others' deformations and to become more family orientated. He got rid of the more routine acts.[26]
In 1968, with the craft of clowning seemingly neglected and with many of the clowns in their 50s, he established the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College.[10][26] A circus in Europe was purchased for $2 million just to have its star animal trainer, Gunther Gebel-Williams, for the core of his revamped circus. Soon, he split the show into two touring units, Red and Blue, which could tour the country independently.[26] The separate tours could also offer differing slates of acts and themes, enabling circus goers to view both tours where possible.[citation needed]
The company was taken public in 1969.[22] In 1970, Feld's only son Kenneth joined the company and became a co-producer.[27] The circus was sold to the Mattel company in 1971 for $40 million, but the Feld family was retained as management.[26]
After Walt Disney World opened near Orlando, Florida, in 1971, the circus attempted to cash in on the resulting tourism surge by opening Circus World theme park in nearby Haines City, which broke ground on April 26, 1973.[26][28] The theme park was expected to become the circus's winter home as well as to have the Clown College located there.[28][29] Mattel placed the circus corporation up for sale by December 1973 despite its profit contributions, as Mattel as a whole showed a $29.9 million loss in 1972. The park's opening was then delayed until February 1974.[28] Venture Out in America, Inc., a Gulf Oil recreational subsidiary, agreed to buy the combined shows in January 1974, and the opening was further pushed back to 1975.[29] While the Circus Showcase for Circus World opened on February 21, 1974,[30] Venture Out placed the purchase deal back into negotiations, and the opening of the whole complex was moved to an early 1976.[31]
By May 1980, the company expanded to three circuses by adding the one-ring International Circus Festival of Monte Carlo that debuted in Japan and Australia.[26] The Felds bought the circus back in 1982[22] less Circus World. Irvin Feld died in 1984[32] and the company has since been run by Kenneth.
When in 1990 the Venice rail tracks could not support the show's train cars, the combined circus moved its winter base to the Florida State Fairgrounds in Tampa. In 1993, the clown college was moved from the Venice Arena to Baraboo, Wisconsin.[10] In 1995, the company founded the Center for Elephant Conservation (CEC).[33]
Clair George has testified in court that he worked as a consultant in the early 1990s for Kenneth Feld and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. He was involved in the surveillance of Jan Pottker (a journalist who was writing about the Feld family) and of various animal rights groups such as PETA.[34]
After three years in Baraboo, the clown college operated at the Sarasota Opera House in Sarasota until 1998 before the program was suspended.[10] On February 26, 1999, the circus company started previewing Barnum's Kaleidoscape, a one ring, intimate, upscale circus performed under the tent;[35] designed to compete with similar upscale circuses such as Cirque du Soleil, Barnum's Kaleidoscape was not successful, and ceased performances after the end of 2000.[citation needed]
Nicole Feld became the first female producer of Ringling Circus in 2004. In 2009, Nicole and Alana Feld co-produced the circus.[23] In 2001, a group led by The Humane Society of the United States sued the circus over alleged mistreatment of elephants. The suit and a countersuit ended in 2014 with the circus winning a total of $25.2 million in settlements.[36] On March 3, 2015, the circus announced that all elephants would be retired in 2018 to the CEC,[33] but Ringling reversed the decision and retired the elephants in May 2016.[37]
Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth poster, c. 1899
CSX locomotives pulling the circus train out of St. Petersburg, Florida
Circus train rolling through Safety Harbor, Florida
Eight months after it retired the elephants, the circus announced on January 14, 2017, that the circus would close in May 2017, do 30 more performances, and would lay off more than 462 employees between March and May 2017.[38] The circus cited steeply declining ticket sales associated with the loss of the elephants combined with high operating costs as reasons for the closure, along with animal cruelty concerns.[38] On May 7, 2017, its "Circus Extreme" tour was shown for the last time in Providence, Rhode Island. The circus's last performance was its "Out of This World" tour at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum on May 21, 2017.[36][39]
Kid Rock lawsuit
While having no operations in December 2017, Ringling Bros. sued American musician Kid Rock over use of the trademarked slogan, "The Greatest Show On Earth", which was his tour name. Kid Rock then decided to change the name to the "American Rock N Roll" tour.[40]
Circus trains
The circus maintained two circus train-based shows, one each on its Red Unit and Blue Unit trains.[36] Each train was a mile long with roughly 60 cars: 36 passenger cars, 4 stock cars and 20 freight.[41] Rolling stock belonging to the circus displays the reporting mark "RBBX". The Blue and Red Tours presented a full three-ring production for two years each (taking off the month of December), visiting alternating major cities each year. Each train presented a different "edition" of the show, using a numbering scheme that dates back to circus origins in 1871—the first year of P.T. Barnum's show. The Blue Tour presented the even-numbered editions on a two-year tour (beginning each even-numbered year), and the Red Tour presented the odd-numbered editions on the same two-year tour (beginning each odd-numbered year).[citation needed]
In the 1950s there was one gigantic train system comprising three separate train loads that brought the main show to the big cities. The first train load consisted of 22 cars and had the tents and the workers to set them up; the second section comprised 28 cars and carried the canvasmen, ushers and sideshow workers; the third section had 19 sleeping cars for the performers.[42]
From 2003 to 2015 the circus also operated a truck-based Gold Tour presenting a scaled-back, single-ring version of the show designed to serve smaller markets deemed incapable of supporting the three-ring versions.[43]
After May 21, 2017, the train and its cars were either auctioned off or sold to scrappers. In March of 2018, Kirby Family Farms located in Williston, Florida bought some of the cars and planned to turn them into hotels.
Animal care and criticism
Many animal welfare and animal rights organizations are opposed to the use of wild animals in circuses. Many of these groups actively campaign against circuses by staging protests outside of venues over alleged animal rights violations. The groups argue that animals used in the circus are subjected to cruel and inhumane treatment during training, harsh conditions during transport, and a general lack of mental and physical stimulation.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey was investigated following the death of a lion who died from heat and lack of water while the circus train was travelling through the Mojave Desert.[44] In 1998, the United States Department of Agriculture filed charges against Ringling Bros. for forcing a sick elephant to perform.[45] Ringling paid a $20,000 fine.[46]
In 2000, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), PETA, and other animal groups sued the circus, alleging that it violated the Endangered Species Act by its treatment of Asian elephants in its circus.[47] These allegations were based primarily on the testimony of a circus barn worker. After years of litigation and a six-week non-jury trial, the Court dismissed the suit in a written decision in 2009, finding that the barn worker was not credible (ASPCA v. Feld Entm’t, Inc., 677 F. Supp. 2d 55 (D.D.C. 2009)).[48] Meanwhile, the circus learned during the trial that the animal rights groups had paid the barn worker $190,000 to be a plaintiff in the lawsuit. The circus then sued the animal rights groups under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in 2007, accusing the groups of conspiracy to harm its business and other illegal acts.[47][48][49] In December 2012, the ASPCA agreed to pay the circus $9.2 million to settle its part of the lawsuit.[48] The 14-year course of litigation came to an end in May 2014 when The Humane Society of the United States and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $16 million settlement to the circus' parent company, Feld Entertainment.[50]
In 2011, the United States Department of Agriculture conducted an inspection of the circus's animals, facilities, and records, finding non-compliance with the agency's regulations. The company agreed to pay a $270,000 fine.[51] As part of the settlement, the circus must employ a full-time staff person to ensure compliance with the United States Animal Welfare Act of 1966, and all circus employees who work with or handle animals must complete training regarding compliance with the Act within 30 days of when they are hired.[52]
In March 2015, Feld Entertainment announced it would stop using elephants in their shows by 2018, stating that the 13 elephants that were part of their shows would be sent to the circus's Center for Elephant Conservation, which at that time housed over 40 elephants.[53][54][55] Feld stated that this action was not a result of the allegations by animal rights groups, but rather due to the patchwork of local laws regarding whether elephants could be used in entertainment shows.[56] Subsequently, the retirement was moved up to 2016, and the final performances with elephants occurred on May 1, 2016, with "Red Unit" herd performing at the Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania,[57] and the "Blue Unit" herd performing later in the day at the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island.[58]
Suzy, a 6-year-old Siberian tiger who previously starred in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, escaped from a convoy of trucks transporting her from Florida to Memphis International Airport on September 5, 2017. Seven tigers, six lions and one leopard were also part of the convoy to temporarily move the animals out of Florida ahead of Hurricane Irma.[59]
Daniel Raffo and his tigers in "Over the Top"
The Torres family performing in "Over the Top"
Film
In 1952, Paramount Pictures released the Cecil B. DeMille production The Greatest Show on Earth, which traced the traveling show through the setup and breakdown of several performances. The film starred Charlton Heston, Betty Hutton, James Stewart, and Emmett Kelly.
On August 17, 2011, 20th Century Fox announced that a biographical musical drama film entitled The Greatest Showman was in development.[60] Michael Gracey was set to direct, with Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon as writers.[61] Hugh Jackman plays P.T. Barnum, and produced the film,[60] with Michelle Williams portraying Barnum's wife, Charity.[62] Principal photography began in November 2016 and was released on December 20, 2017.[63]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barnum & Bailey posters.
Barnum's Kaleidoscape
William Washington Cole, a Barnum and Bailey business partner
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College
Barnum and Bailey's Favorite
The Greatest Showman
The Greatest Show on Earth
Notes
Jump up ^ Graham, Bryan Armen (22 May 2017). "'Sanctuary of joy': performers and crowds bid farewell to Ringling Bros circus". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b (1) "Setting The Record Straight On Old Bet". American Heritage Magazine. American Heritage.com. 25 (3). April 1974. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-03-21. It is not an established fact that Old Bet was the first elephant to arrive in America, and quite possibly she was second. An April, 1796, publication, Greenleaf’s New York, mentions an elephant journeying to our shores aboard the ship America. A few days later an elephant was exhibited around Beaver Street and Broadway, according to an advertisement in The Argus, April 23, 1796. This area was the location of the Bull's Head Tavern, a place frequented by ships’ captains, drovers, and a variety of businessmen. Hachaliah Bailey of Somers, New York, regularly stayed at the Bull’s Head when he took his cattle to the abattoir, which was located nearby. The newspaper reports that the first elephant was sold to a 'Mister Owen.' Unfortunately, they gave no other information about the man, nor did they tell what he did with the elephant he bought, but Hachaliah Bailey’s business partner and brother-in-law was named Owen. .... P. T. Barnum, not often cited for his honesty, nevertheless made an accurate statement when he called Hach Bailey the father of the American circus. As a boy Barnum had worked as a ticket seller for the Somers drover turned showman.
Old Bet was the first circus elephant in America whose existence is documented by name.
(2) Ariano, Terry (July 15, 2004). "Beasts and Ballyhoo, The Menagerie Men of Somers". Town of Somers History. Somers, New York: Somers Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodwin, George G. (October 1951). "The Crowninshield Elephant". Pick from the Past. Natural History. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013. “Old Bet” seems to have been the name that was applied to this elephant, and the animal was eventually acquired by Hackaliah Bailey, who got together the first American circus and became the Bailey of Barnum and Bailey Circus fame. He was originally a farmer at Somers, N. Y.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "A History of Ringling Bros. Circus, Soon to Close Forever". The Associated Press. May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disastrous Fire" (PDF). The New York Times. 1865-07-14. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Albrecht, Ernest (2014). From Barnum & Bailey to Feld: The Creative Evolution of the Greatest Show on Earth. McFarland. p. 5. ISBN 0786495243.
^ Jump up to: a b c "James A. Bailey, King Of Circus Men, is Dead. News Kept From Performers Till The Show Was Over. Widow Gets Circus Stock. Showman Died Of Erysipelas At His Country Home Near Mount Vernon After A Week's Illness" (PDF). New York Times. April 12, 1906. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
Jump up ^ Famous Elephant. Thai Elephant Conservation Center, Lampang Province. Retrieved 2010-08-28. Archived September 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Augustus Ringling Dead. Head of Tented Shows In America Dies in New Orleans" (PDF). New York Times. August 19, 1907. Retrieved 2008-07-20. When the Ringling Brothers bought the Barnum Biley show they ... got a monopoly on the circus business in America. They now own outright three ...
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Handelman, Jay (January 31, 2012). "Ringling Bros. returning to Southwest Florida". Herald-Tribune. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pollick, Michael (January 30, 2012). "Feld Entertainment moving headquarters to Ellenton". Herald-Tribune. p. 2. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Man Who Started as a Clown Now Controls the Entire Big Top Industry". The New York Times. September 10, 1929. Retrieved 2009-02-12. John Ringling, head of the Ringling Brothers-Barnum Bailey Combined Circus, has purchased the five circuses, with Winter quarters, of the American Circus Corporation, it was learned yesterday.
Jump up ^ Lehrer, Steven (2006). Bring 'Em Back Alive: The Best of Frank Buck. Texas Tech University press. pp. x–xi. ISBN 0-89672-582-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Died". Time. June 17, 1985. Retrieved 2008-07-20. John Ringling North, 81, flamboyant, fast-talking showman who from 1937 to 1943 and from 1947 to 1967 ran "The Greatest Show on Earth," the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, started by his five uncles in 1884; of a stroke; in Brussels. North took over the debt-spangled show after the death of his last uncle, John Ringling, and modernized it with such attractions as Gargantua the Great, the "vehemently vicious" 550-lb. gorilla that drew more than 40 million circusgoers. In 1956, North folded the big top and reincarnated the show for new arenas of the air-conditioned era.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bailey and the Ringlings". Feld Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-21. In 1929, reacting to the fact that his competitor, the American Circus Corporation, had signed a contract to perform in New York's Madison Square Garden, Ringling purchased American Circus for $1.7 million. In one fell swoop, Ringling had absorbed five major shows: Sells-Floto, Al G. Barnes, Sparks, Hagenbeck-Wallace, and John Robinson. ... On July 16, 1956, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the financially troubled Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey gave its last performance under the big top. John Ringling North commented that "the tented circus as it exists today is, in my opinion, a thing of the past." Life magazine wrote that "a magical era had passed forever." ... John Ringling North, an executor of his uncle's estate, became president of the show in 1937, a position he held until 1943 when his cousin, Robert, became president. John took the position once again in 1947.
Jump up ^ Rimetz, Brendan (January 2005). "The Great Hartford Circus Fire" (PDF). ChemMatters. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emmett Kelly Carrying a Bucket of Water at the Hartford Circus Fire".
Jump up ^ "The Hartford Circus Fire ~ July 6, 1944".
Jump up ^ "Charles Nelson Reilly – Recalling the Hartford Circus Fire".
Jump up ^ Handley, Rich. The Circus Fire (Connecticut Public Television), 2000
Jump up ^ Fox, Charles Philip. A Ticket To The Circus (New York: Bramhall House), 1959
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Feld Family Buys Ringling Bros". New York Times. Associated Press. March 19, 1982. Retrieved 2008-07-20. Mattel Inc. said that it had sold Ringling Brothers-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows Inc. for $22.8 million to a family that had owned the circus and has been in its management for 26 years. Two members of the family, Irvin Feld and his son, Kenneth, said that the deal included the circus, Ice Follies, Holiday on Ice and the new Walt Disney's World on Ice. ...Irvin Feld was a record and music promoter and music store chain owner before becoming involved with the circus in 1956. In 1967, he and a brother acquired the company's total assets from the Ringling and North families for $8 million. Two years later, the circus became a publicly held corporation, and in 1971 the company was sold to Mattel for $50 million in stock.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tupponce, Joan (July 29, 2009). "Think your office is a circus?". Virginia Business. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Calta, Louis (December 5, 1967). "Feuer and Martin Suing Felds Over Circus Sale. 2 Producers Seek to Cancel $10-Million Deal for the Ringling Brothers Show. Felds Have No Comment. Format to Remain. Prediction of a Record Year Circus Started in 1871". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-20. Cy Feuer and Ernest Martin, Broadway producers, brought suit in New York State Supreme Court yesterday to cancel the sale of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum Bailey Circus to Irvin and Israel Feld and Roy M. Hofheinz.
Jump up ^ "Richard Blum: The man behind URS, next to Sen. Feinstein". San Francisco Chronicle. May 11, 2003. Archived from the original on 2003-05-18. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Langdon, Dolly (May 12, 1980). "Lord of the Rings' Irvin Feld Has Made a Fading Circus the Greatest Show on Earth Again". People. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Heath, Thomas (June 15, 2012). "Feld Entertainment head prepares to pass his empire to his daughters". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Lonnie; Fiero, Peter (December 19, 1973). "Mattel Selling Circus World". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 64). New York Times Company. pp. 1A, 7A. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fiero, Peter (January 23, 1974). "Gulf Oil Subsidiary To Buy Circus World". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 99). New York Times Company. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fiero, Peter (February 21, 1974). "Hurry, Hurry!". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 126). New York Times Company. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fiero, Peter (February 21, 1974). "Cicus World Sale Still On". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 126). New York Times Company. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Impresario Irvin Feld Dies; Was Owner of Ringling Bros. Circus". Washington Post. September 7, 1984. Retrieved 2008-07-20. Irvin Feld, 66, the son of East European immigrants who grew up to be a major American impresario and an heir in spirit to the legendary P.T. Barnum as the owner and operator of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, died yesterday in a Venice, Fla., hospital.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Charisse (March 5, 2015). "Ringling Bros. eliminating elephant acts". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Vendetta on Earth". Salon.com. August 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-22. Over lunch, Smith recounted a campaign of surveillance and dirty tricks Feld had unleashed on her in the wake of her 1990 magazine piece in the now-defunct Regardie's magazine. Feld, he said, had hired people to manipulate her whole life over the past eight years. Feld had spent a lot of money on it, he said. He may have even tried to destroy her marriage. In fact, Pottker would eventually learn of a massive dirty tricks operation, involving former CIA officials and operatives, that would target Ringling enemies such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and other groups, not just Pottker.
Jump up ^ Collins, Glenn (February 9, 1999). "Ringling Goes Upscale Under the Little Top; After 42 Years, a Tent Again, but Just One Ring". New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lush, Tamara (January 14, 2017). "APNewsBreak: Ringling Bros. circus to close after 146 years". The Big Story. AP. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ringling Bros. to Retire All Circus Elephants in May — 2 Years Early". Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b (1) Wang, Amy B (2017-01-15). "Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-12. In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The move exacerbated the show’s demise; the elephants’ departure ultimately expedited what was a “difficult business decision.”
“Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop,” Kenneth Feld said in a statement Saturday. “This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.”
(2) "Ringling Bros. to lay off 462 employees – Orlando Business Journal". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
Jump up ^ (1) Brulliard, Karin (2017-05-21). "Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-12. ... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling’s parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $16 million settlement to Feld.
While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good.
(2) Morales, Mark (2017-01-14). "Ringling Bros. circus to close at Coliseum". Newsday. Archived from the original on 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
(3) "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Final Performance" (video). Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Baily Circus. YouTube. 2017-05-21. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ DeVito, Lee (December 27, 2017). "Kid Rock is being sued by a circus". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The town without a zipcode". Archived from the original on 2003-09-05. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Here Comes The Circus. Popular Mechanics. May 1952. pp. 81–87/220. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ringling Bros. circus won't visit Tallahassee next year". Retrieved 30 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Washington Post — Marc Kaufman (August 8, 2004). "USDA Investigates Death of Circus Lion Activists Dispute Account Given by Ringling Brothers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 22, 1998). "Death of Elephant Questioned". CBS News. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Circus elephants in the legal spotlight". May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan Turley (July 17, 2012). "The Greatest RICO Claim On Earth? Ringling Brothers Allowed To Pursue Animal Rights Organizations in Racketeering Action". Retrieved 2014-02-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Associated Press (December 28, 2012). "Animal rights group settles lawsuit with Ringling". Denver Post. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Emmet G., United States District Judge (July 9, 2012). "Memorandum Opinion: Civ. Action No. 01-1532 (EGS); Feld Entertainment, Inc., Plaintiff, v. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, et al., Defendants, United States District Court for the District of Columbia" (PDF). Retrieved June 13, 2017 – via Jonathan Turley's webpage.
Jump up ^ Heath, Thomas (2014-05-16). "Ringling Circus prevails in 14-year legal case; collects $16M from Humane Society, others". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (November 28, 2011). "Ringling circus agrees to $270K USDA fine involving alleged violations of animal welfare rules". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
Jump up ^ "USDA and Feld Entertainment, Inc., Reach Settlement Agreement". November 28, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ Love, Live Travel (2016-02-25). "Events Locale: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus No More Elephants". Events Locale. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
Jump up ^ Jones, Charisse (5 March 2015). "Ringling Bros. eliminating elephant acts". USA Today. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
Jump up ^ Jones, Charisse (6 March 2015). "Circus' pachyderms to pack it in". State-by-state. USA Today. p. 4A.
Jump up ^ "Ringling Brothers Eliminating Elephant Acts". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2015-03-06.
Jump up ^ Lauer-Williams, Kathy. "Final elephant performances: Ringling Bros. shows in Wilkes-Barre".
Jump up ^ Smith, Michelle R. (2016-05-02). "Last dance: Final performance for Ringling Bros. elephants". Associated Press. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Brulliard, Karin. "The strange and deadly saga of 15 Ringling Bros. circus cats' final week in America". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Weinstein, Joshua L. (17 August 2011). "Michael Gracey to Direct Hugh Jackman in Fox's 'Greatest Showman on Earth'". TheWrap. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bill Condon to Rewrite Fox's P.T. Barnum Musical Starring Hugh Jackman (Exclusive)". www.hollywoodreporter.com. 2013-10-24. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (6 September 2016). "Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman's 'Greatest Showman on Earth'". Variety. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman (2017) - Release Info - IMDb". On Location Vacations. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
External links
Official website
Circus World Museum
Karl King Page Barnum and Bailey Circus Bandmaster — Wrote much music for the circus, including Barnum and Bailey's Favorite.
Research Guide to The Hartford Circus Fire, July 6, 1944
The 1955 Tour of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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All These Things That I've Done
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"All These Things That I've Done"
Single by The Killers
from the album Hot Fuss
Released
August 30, 2004
Format
CD single
Recorded
2003
The Hearse, Berkeley, California
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
5:01 (Album Version)
3:53 (Radio Single Edit)
Label
Island
Lizard King
Songwriter(s)
Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Ronnie Vannucci Jr., Mark Stoermer
Producer(s)
The Killers
Jeff Saltzman
The Killers singles chronology
"Mr. Brightside"
(2004) "All These Things That I've Done"
(2004) "Smile Like You Mean It"
(2005)
"Mr. Brightside"
(2004) "All These Things That I've Done"
(2004) "Smile Like You Mean It"
(2005)
Audio sample
file
help
"All These Things That I've Done" is a song by American rock band The Killers. The song was released as the third single from the band's debut studio album Hot Fuss (2004). It was written by frontman Brandon Flowers and features gospel choir The Sweet Inspirations. It was released as the third single in 2004 in the United Kingdom and as the fourth single in the United States, peaking at #74 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #18 in the UK Singles Chart. The song features an extended refrain of "I got soul, but I'm not a soldier".
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Live 8 & Las Vegas performances
3 Music videos
4 In other media
5 Track listings
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Charts
6.2 Certifications
7 Accolades
8 Awards
9 References
10 External links
Critical reception[edit]
The song was acclaimed by critics upon release. Bill Lamb of About.com gave the song 4 out of 5 stars, noting its strength as a pop-rock anthem.[1] Jemma Volp-Fletcher gave the single a perfect score of 10 out of 10, calling it "staggering", while also complimenting frontman Flowers' songwriting skills.[2] musicOMH's Sara McDonnell was also impressed, saying that it had "'classic song' written all over it".[3]
The Daily Telegraph lists it among the "100 Greatest Songs of All Time".[4]
The song was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 48th Grammy Awards, but lost to "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" by U2.
Live 8 & Las Vegas performances[edit]
"All These Things That I've Done" was the only song performed by The Killers at Live 8. Robbie Williams incorporated the "I got soul, but I'm not a soldier" refrain into his own performance.[5] Coldplay and U2 followed suit and, at their separate concerts played in Las Vegas, with The Killers in the crowd, incorporated the line into their songs "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" and "Beautiful Day", respectively.
The Killers, Coldplay, Bono (U2), and Gary Barlow (Take That) performed the track together to support a special War Child concert following the BRIT Awards (2009).[6]
Music videos[edit]
"All These Things That I've Done", like "Mr. Brightside", has two different music videos. The earlier version filmed in July 2004, which features The Killers singing while walking down Brick Lane, in London accompanied by a crowd. The video also featured shots of the audience who attended The Killers concert at the London Astoria, on July 8, 2004.
The later version, directed by Dutch photographer Anton Corbijn, was filmed in May 2005 in Las Vegas and features a surreal, dream-like sequence, where The Killers, dressed as cowboys, are attacked by scantily clad female warriors armed with boomerangs. The story in the video is told out of order, but can be put in its order by the numbers displayed in the video. The latter video was influenced by the films of Russ Meyer, particularly Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!, through the use of black-and-white photography and aggressive, large-breasted female characters. Some of its imagery is reminiscent of the works of cartoonist Robert Crumb. The band later made use of a similar cowboy theme during promotion of their second album, Sam's Town, and its accompanying tour and music videos during 2006 and 2007.
In other media[edit]
This Section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this Section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song features repeatedly in sports montages and events. Nike used the song in a commercial released during the 2008 Summer Olympics, while Samsung used the song in commercials for the 2018 Winter Olympics. It is played at the Bell Centre in Montreal before every Montreal Canadiens home game. It is also played before every Carolina Hurricanes home game at the RBC Center in Raleigh along with a video of ten years of their greatest moment, culminating in the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals win. The song was used at the end of the 2009 U.S. Open tennis tournament to show the tournament's highlights. The song was also used in Almost Skateboards' skate video, Almost: Round Three, for Daewon Song's part.
Comedian and musician Bill Bailey frequently pokes fun at the song's refrain during his shows, providing his own version: "I've got ham, but I'm not a hamster". According to Bailey himself, the band was aware of the parody, finding it quite amusing.[7]
It is played virtually in its entirety over the first segment of the first episode of the 2008 PBS documentary series Carrier.
The song was featured in the closing credits of the 2005 film The Matador, as well as the 2007 indie movie Southland Tales as a crucial part of the storyline in which Pilot Abilene (played by Justin Timberlake) partially lip-synchs it while in a drug-induced hallucination. It was also mentioned in the graphic novel preceding the film, Southland Tales: The Prequel Saga. It also played over the opening of the pilot of the television series Jericho.
The song is sung at a pivotal moment by characters in the graphic novel The White Donkey by Maximilian Uriarte, a story about Marines fighting in Iraq in 2007 - the irony being that the people singing were soldiers .
Fellow Las Vegas band Panic! At the Disco members Brendon Urie and Ryan Ross have famously slow danced to the song according to the December 2006 issue of Kerrang.[8]
A popular song among alternative rock bands, "All These Things That I've Done" has been covered live by numerous artists including U2,[9] Coldplay, Imagine Dragons,[10] Walk the Moon,[11] Kris Allen,[12] and Robbie Williams.[13]
Track listings[edit]
UK 7"
"All These Things That I've Done" (Flowers)
"Andy, You're a Star" (Zane Lowe Radio 1 Session) (Flowers)
UK CD
"All These Things That I've Done"
"All These Things That I've Done" (Radio Edit)
"Why Don't You Find Out for Yourself?" (Zane Lowe Radio 1 Session) (Morrissey/Alain Whyte)
"All These Things That I've Done" (Video)
European CD
"All These Things That I've Done" (Radio Edit)
"All These Things That I've Done"
Australian/European Maxi CD
"All These Things That I've Done" (Radio Edit)
"All These Things That I've Done"
"Mr. Brightside" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Remix) (Flowers/Keuning)
"All These Things That I've Done" (Video)
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2004–09)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[14] 42
Dutch Singles Chart[15] 66
Irish Singles Chart 46
New Zealand Singles Chart[16] 36
Polish Singles Chart[17] 13
Swedish Singles Chart[18] 35
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[19] 18
US Billboard Hot 100[20] 74
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks[21] 10
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[22]
Gold 227,000[23]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Accolades[edit]
Publication
Country
Accolade
Year
Rank
XFM United Kingdom 100 Greatest Songs of the Decade[24] 2009 22
Absolute Radio 100 Best Songs of the Decade[25] 2009 9
NME 100 Greatest Tracks of the Decade[26] 2009 95
150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years[27] 2011 56
The Daily Telegraph 100 Greatest Songs of All Time[28][29] 2009 65
2015 75
Pretty Much Amazing United States Favorite Songs of the Last Ten Years[30] 2010 14
Awards[edit]
Year
Ceremony
Award
Result
2006 Grammy Awards Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "All These Things That I've Done - The Killers". Top40.about.com. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "The Killers - All these things that I've done - Single Review". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "The Killers - All These Things That I've Done | track reviews". musicOMH.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (March 12, 2009). "100 Greatest Songs of All Time: 75 - 51". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Music". Channel 4. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
Jump up ^ "U2's Bono Joins Coldplay and The Killers For War Child Gig In The Capital". Uncut.co.uk. 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ Bill Bailey on the Graham Norton Show, 2012
Jump up ^ "Kerrang December 9 2006 Issue". 9 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Matthias Muehlbradt, Andre Axver. "U2 All These Things That I've Done - U2 on tour". U2gigs.com.
Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons- All These Things That I've Done.3GP. YouTube. 6 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Walk The Moon Covered The Killers Live". Radio 104.5.
Jump up ^ "All These Things That I've Done"- Kris Allen 7/10/09. YouTube. 11 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Robbie does a little cover of The Killers. YouTube. 3 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The Killers – All These Things That I've Done". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "The Killers - All These Things That I've Done". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ "The Killers - All These Things That I've Done".
Jump up ^ "Polish Singles Chart".
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "The Killers - All These Things That I've Done". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Killers: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Killers - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ "The Killers - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Killers – All These Things That I've Done". British Phonographic Industry. Enter All These Things That I've Done in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ White, Jack (7 July 2017). "The Killers' Official Top 10 biggest singles revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "30 - 21". Xfm. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Somebody Told Me by The Killers". Song of the Decade. Archived from the original on 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
Jump up ^ "100 Tracks of the Decade". Nme.Com. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
Jump up ^ "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". Nme.Com. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "100 greatest songs of all time". Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 greatest songs of all time". Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Adam Offitzer (2009-12-11). "#14. The Killers - All These Things That I've Done « PMA". Pretty Much Amazing. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)
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This article is part of a series on the
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In the United States House of Representatives, the Committee of the Whole, short for Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, is a parliamentary device in which the House of Representatives is considered one large congressional committee. The presiding officer is chosen by the Speaker of the House and is normally a member of the majority party who does not hold the chair of a standing committee.
Procedurally, the Committee of the Whole differs from the House of Representatives even though they have identical membership. The Committee of the Whole only requires 100 members for a quorum, while only 25 members are required to force a recorded rather than voice vote. In the version of the Committee of the Whole that existed in the British House of Commons, the original use of this committee was to debate bills privately and prevent a recorded vote from being taken. It is normally invoked to give initial consideration of important legislation, including bills for raising revenue, and serves to expedite the process since debate over amendment occurs under a special five-minute rule. The House and the Committee of the Whole do not operate at the same time; rather, to consider bills, the House must resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole. To dissolve itself, the Committee of the Whole must "rise" (and, optionally, "report with a recommendation" for the particular bill it has had under consideration). Each time a new bill is considered in the Committee of the Whole the House resolves itself de novo into the Committee of the Whole for the sole purpose of consideration of that particular bill. The Committee of the Whole can recommend amendments to any bill. The House must then approve these amendments before the amendments are added to the final bill (which is normally done through unanimous consent).
It allows bills and resolutions to be considered without adhering to all the formal rules of a House session, such as needing a quorum of 218. All measures on the Union Calendar must be considered first by the Committee of the Whole.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Participation of non-voting delegates
2 Former use in the United States Senate
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Participation of non-voting delegates[edit]
In 1993, Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC), along with the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico and the delegates from Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, received a limited vote in the Committee of the Whole, based on their right to vote in legislative committees. However, this limited vote stipulated if any of the delegates provided the deciding vote on an issue considered by the Committee of the Whole, a new vote would be conducted and the delegates would not be allowed to vote. The right of delegates to vote in Committee of the Whole was removed by the Republican majority in 1995 after that party gained control of Congress in the 1994 congressional elections.[2] In January 2007, it was proposed by Democrats in the House that the 1993–1994 procedure be revived.[3] The House approved the proposal with the adoption of H.Res. 78 by a vote of 226–191.
On January 5, 2011, on the first day of the newly-Republican controlled House session, the House voted for a rules package again stripping non-voting delegates of their votes in the Committee of the Whole, with a 225–188 vote along party lines to table a motion by Del. Norton providing for further study of the non-voting delegate issue, thereby effectively killing it.[4]
Former use in the United States Senate[edit]
The United States Senate used the Committee of the Whole as a parliamentary device until May 16, 1930, when the practice was abolished with respect to bills and joint resolutions. The Senate continued to utilize the Committee of the Whole for consideration of treaties until February 27, 1986,[5] with the passage of S.Res 28.[5]
See also[edit]
List of current United States House of Representatives committees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Government 101: How a Bill Becomes Law - Project Vote Smart". Votesmart.org. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
Jump up ^ "Eleanor Holmes Norton: Biography and Much More from". Answers.com. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
Jump up ^ "Kansas City infoZine News - Delegates Want an Official Chance to Make Their Voices Heard - USA". Infozine.com. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
Jump up ^ Pershing, Ben (2011-01-05). "Washington Post - Norton fails in effort to prevent loss of Committee of the Whole vote". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Riddick's Senate Procedure - 101st Congress, 2d Session, Page 335" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Sinclair, Barbara (1997). Unorthodox Lawmaking: New Legislative Processes in the U.S. Congress. CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-276-X.
External links[edit]
Rules of the House of Representatives of the 109th Congress
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