text:
Flank (anatomy)
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Flank
Surface lines of the front of the thorax and abdomen. (Latus labeled as "lumbar".)
Details
Identifiers
Latin
regio lateralis
Dorlands
/Elsevier
l_04/12479185
TA
A01.2.04.004
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The flank or latus is the side of the body between the rib cage and the iliac bone of the hip (below the rib cage and above the ilium).[1]
In some contexts, it is sometimes called the lumbar region.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberts, Daniel Albert; et al. (2012). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 714. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
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General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

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text:
Shoulder angel
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A guardian angel in a 19th-century print
A shoulder angel is a plot device used for dramatic and/or humorous effect in fiction, mainly in animation and comic books/strips. The angel represents conscience and is often accompanied by a shoulder devil representing temptation. They are a useful convention for depicting the inner conflict of a character.
Contents
1 Iconography
2 Origins
3 Similar beliefs
4 Modern representations
5 In modern media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Iconography[edit]
The shoulder angel often uses the iconography of a traditional angel, with wings, a robe, a halo, and sometimes a harp. The shoulder devil likewise usually looks like a traditional devil with reddish skin, horns, barbed tail, a pitchfork or, more precisely, a trident and in some cases, cloven hooves. Often, both resemble their host, though sometimes they will resemble other characters in the story who are responsible or mischievous. In Western culture the idea develops the Christian concept of a personal guardian angel, who was sometimes considered to be matched by a personal devil who countered the angel's efforts. Especially in popular medieval dramas, like the 15th century The Castle of Perseverance. In both this and Christopher Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, of about 1592, the "Good Angel" and "Bad Angel" offer competing advice (Act 2, scene 1, etc.) to the hero.
Origins[edit]
The non-canonical early Christian book, The Shepherd of Hermas, of around A.D. 140–150,[1] has a reference to the idea of two angels: "There are two angels with a man—one of righteousness, and the other of iniquity".[2] These angels in turn descend into a person's heart, and attempt to guide a person's emotions. Hermas is told to understand both angels, but to only trust the Angel of Righteousness. The concept is similar to ideas of personal tutelary spirits that are very common in many ancient and traditional cultures.
In some Christian folklore, each person has a dedicated guardian angel whose task is to follow the person and try to prevent them from coming to harm, both physical and moral. At the same time each person is assailed by devils, not usually considered as single and dedicated to a single person in the same way as the guardian angel, who try to tempt the person into sin. Both angels and devils are often regarded as having the ability to access the person's thoughts, and introduce ideas.
Similar beliefs[edit]
There is a similar Islamic belief of kiraman katibin, two angels residing on either shoulder of humans which record their good and bad deeds. However, these angels do not have influence over the choices one makes, and only record one's deeds. However, there is a concept much similar to the shoulder angel and devil: the qareen, which, according to Islamic literature, is a personal companion, and there are two with each individual, one from the angels and another from the jinn. The word qarīn literally means 'constant companion'. The angel pushes the individual to do good and obey God while that from the jinn does the opposite.
In Japanese Buddhism, the Kushoujin are a pair of beings – Domyo, meaning "same name" and Dosho, meaning "same birth" – which sit on a person's shoulders, observing and reporting all his deeds. Domyo records good deeds, but Dosho reports bad ones.
Modern representations[edit]
Modern cartoon
In several modern fictional stories, a character can be marked as especially evil or mischievous by receiving similarly bad advice from both shoulder figures, having a second shoulder devil instead of the angel, or being persuaded by the devil to kick the angel out.
One may view this image in Freudian terms, with the Angel representing the Super-ego (the source of self-censorship), counterbalanced by the Devil representing the Id (the primal, instinctive desires of the individual), which leaves the individual in question as the Ego.
The Disney animated film The Emperor's New Groove, its sequel Kronk's New Groove, and the animated series The Emperor's New School feature the concept of shoulder angels and devils, most notably in the character of Kronk. His appear at various points of moral crisis in the franchise for Kronk, but often spend more time antagonizing each other than actually trying to take Kronk down one path or another. The Oscar-winning Disney short Lend a Paw also featured Pluto being influenced by a shoulder angel and devil, and Pete has similar manifestations—though simply colored white and red rather than depicted with wings and a halo/horns and a pitchfork, respectively-in episodes of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.
The film Cloud Atlas is an example of utilizing a shoulder angel plot device in feature film, in which the character of Hugo Weaving whispers bad and good advice to the character of Tom Hanks. Old Georgie (Hugo Weaving) appears only in critical points of the story, where Zachry's mind (Tom Hanks) is split between right and wrong choices.
BYUtv's sketch comedy series Studio C makes use of the concept in several sketches, with the physical comedy aspect of the angel or devil-a full-sized being played by an actor-having to physically climb up onto the shoulder of the one they are attempting to influence for good or evil.
It is speculated that the two main protagonists of Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett's Good Omens are supposed to represent the angel and demon on your shoulder as the Demon Anthony J. Crowley tempts people into sin/ baser nature while his counter figure the Angel Aziraphale encourages people to do good and rise above their baser instincts, however neither forces people into following their examples allowing free will to be exercised unimpeded.
In The Simpsons episode "Whacking Day", Homer presents the concept that everyone has a good and a bad self to Lisa, who then imagines Homer's evil version dancing on the grave of good Homer while singing 'I am Evil Homer, I am Evil Homer', implying that within him the battle for good and evil has long ago been won by his bad angel.
In modern media[edit]
In the Discworld novel Nightwatch by Terry Pratchett the killer Carcer was considered by the hero Samuel Vimes to have a demon on each shoulder rather than an angel and a demon, but not opposing each other, just in competition to urge Carcer on to worse deeds. It was said that if Vimes looked deep into Carcer's eyes, he could see the demons looking back.[citation needed]
The Adventures of Tintin comics used this concept in at least two stories. In The Red Sea Sharks, Captain Haddock's good and bad angels try to convince him to drink a bottle of whisky. The bad one is able to convince him, but the bottle smashes before he is able to drink it, leaving the good angel victorious. In Tintin in Tibet, Snowy is tempted by his demon to lap up Captain Haddock's whiskey leaking from his rucksack or enjoy a huge bone rather than deliver a vital message. His good angel loses the argument, leaving in tears, and he gnaws the bone while the message blows away. Realizing his mistake, Snowy makes amends by reaching a local monastery and brings the monks to help. In both examples, the angels resemble good or bad versions of their subject, with horns and angel wings.
Sluggy Freelance comics has made use of this theme, with all three of the main characters: Riff, Torg and Zoe, who have been shown debating with their shoulder angels and demons. Despite being good and bad they both still reflect aspects of their owner - both Riff's are unwilling to commit to a course of action saying 'don't know' when asked for guidance. Torg's angel and demon are both childish while Zoe has her bad demon dressed in revealing outfit, while her good one wishes she could dress in the same fashion.
Angel on My Shoulder is a 1946 American fantasy film about a deal between the Devil and a dead man.
See also[edit]
Archangel
Cacodemon
Eudaemon (mythology)
Id, ego and super-ego
Guardian angel
Psychomachia
Qareen
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Earlychristianwritings.com
Jump up ^ Sixth commandment, chapter 2, The Shepherd of Hermas
External links[edit]
Good Angel Bad Angel at TV Tropes
Studio C Shoulder Angel at YouTube
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Challenger Deep
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Location of Challenger Deep within the Mariana Trench and Western Pacific Ocean
The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,898 to 10,916 m (35,755 to 35,814 ft) by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar bathymetry. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench, which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor. Its bottom is about 11 km (7 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) wide, with gently sloping sides.[1] The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island (one of the outer islands of Yap), 287 km (178 mi) southwest, and Guam, 304 km (189 mi) to the northeast. It is located in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia, 1.6 km (1 mi) from its border with ocean territory associated with Guam.[2]
The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–1876 made the first recordings of its depth. According to the August 2011 version of the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, the location and depth of the Challenger Deep are 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917 and 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±10 m (33 ft).[3]
June 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 (sonar multibeam bathymetry system for 300–11,000 m deep water mapping) aboard the RV Kilo Moana indicated a depth of 10,971 metres (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with a precision of 0.2% to 0.5% of water depth; this is an error of about 22 to 55 m (72 to 180 ft) at this depth.[4][5][6] Further soundings made by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping in October 2010 are in agreement with this figure, preliminarily placing the deepest part of the Challenger Deep at 10,994 m (36,070 ft), with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ±40 m (131 ft).[7][8] A 2014 study concludes that with the best of 2010 multibeam echosounder technologies a depth uncertainty of ±25 m (82 ft) (95% confidence level) on 9 degrees of freedom and a positional uncertainty of ±20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) (2drms) remain and the location of the deepest depth recorded in the 2010 mapping is 10,984 m (36,037 ft) at 11°19′48″N 142°11′57″E / 11.329903°N 142.199305°E / 11.329903; 142.199305 (11°19′47.650″N 142°11′57.498″E / 11.32990278°N 142.19930500°E / 11.32990278; 142.19930500).[6]
Only four descents have ever been achieved. The first descent by any vehicle was by the manned bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960. This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1995 and Nereus in 2009. In March 2012 a manned solo descent was made by the deep-submergence vehicle Deepsea Challenger.[9][10][11] These expeditions measured very similar depths of 10,898 to 10,916 metres (35,755 to 35,814 ft).
Contents
[hide]
1 History of depth mapping from the surface
2 Descents
2.1 Manned descents
2.1.1 Trieste
2.1.2 Deepsea Challenger
2.1.3 Planned manned descents
2.2 Unmanned descents
2.2.1 Kaikō
2.2.2 ABISMO
2.2.3 Nereus
2.2.4 Haidou-1
3 Lifeforms
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
History of depth mapping from the surface[edit]
Over many years, the search for the point of maximum depth has involved many different vessels.[12]
The HMS Challenger expedition (December 1872 – May 1876) first sounded the depths now known as the Challenger Deep. This first sounding was made on 23 March 1875 at station 225.[13] The reported depth was 4,475 fathoms (26,850 ft; 8,184 m) at 11°24′N 143°16′E / 11.400°N 143.267°E / 11.400; 143.267, based on two separate soundings.
A 1912 book, The Depths of the Ocean by Sir John Murray, records the depth of the Challenger Deep as 31,614 ft (9,636 m), reporting the sounding taken by the converted navy collier USS Nero in 1899.[14] Murray was one of the expedition scientists.[15]
In 1951, about 75 years after its original discovery, the entire Mariana Trench was surveyed by a second Royal Navy vessel, captained by George Stephen Ritchie (later Rear Admiral Ritchie); this vessel was also named HMS Challenger, after the original expedition ship. This survey recorded the deepest part of the trench using echo sounding, a more precise and easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. A depth of 5,960 fathoms (35,760 ft; 10,900 m) was measured at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250.
Research vessel Vityaz in Kaliningrad "Museum of world ocean"
The maximum surveyed depth of the Challenger Deep was reported in 1957 by the Soviet Research vessel Vityaz recording a spot 11,034 metres (36,201 ft) ±50 m (164 ft) deep at 11°20.9′N 142°11.5′E / 11.3483°N 142.1917°E / 11.3483; 142.1917.[12] It was dubbed the Mariana Hollow and is listed in many reference sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica,[16] articles in National Geographic[17] and on maps. The pressure at this depth is approximately 1,099 times that at the surface, or 111 MPa (16,099 psi).[18]
In 1959, the US Navy research vessel RV Stranger using bomb-sounding surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m (35,810 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967.[3][12]
In 1962, the US Navy research vessel RV Spencer F. Baird using a frequency-controlled depth recorder surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m (35,810 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967.[12]
In 1975 and 1980, the US Navy research vessel RV Thomas Washington using a precision depth recorder with satellite positioning surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m (35,810 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967.[12]
In 1984, the survey vessel Takuyo from the Hydrographic Department of Japan, used a narrow, multibeam echo sounder to take a measurement of 10,924 m (35,840 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917.[3][12][19]
Deep Sea Research Vessel RV Kairei
In 1998, a regional bathymetric survey of the Challenger Deep was conducted by the Deep Sea Research Vessel RV Kairei, from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, using a SeaBeam 2112 multibeam echosounder. The regional bathymetric map made from the data obtained in 1998 shows that the greatest depths in the eastern, central, and western depressions are 10,922 m (35,833 ft) ±74 m (243 ft), 10,898 m (35,755 ft) ±62 m (203 ft), and 10,908 m (35,787 ft) ±36 m (118 ft), respectively, making the eastern depression the deepest of the three.[12]
In 1999 and 2002, the RV Kairei revisited the Challenger Deep. The cross track survey in the 1999 RV Kairei cruise shows that the greatest depths in the eastern, central, and western depressions are 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±10 m (33 ft), 10,894 m (35,741 ft) ±14 m (46 ft), and 10,907 m (35,784 ft) ±13 m (43 ft), respectively, which supports the results of the 1998 survey. The detailed grid survey in 2002 showed that the deepest site is located in the eastern part of the eastern depression around 11°22.260′N 142°35.589′E / 11.371000°N 142.593150°E / 11.371000; 142.593150, with a depth of 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±5 m (16 ft), about 290 m (950 ft) southeast of the deepest site determined by the survey vessel Takuyo in 1984 and about 240 m (790 ft) east of the deepest place determined by the 1998 RV Kairei survey.[12]
On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Kongsberg Simrad EM 120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water (300 – 11,000 metres) mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana (mothership of the Nereus underwater vehicle) indicated a depth of 10,971 m (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, which is capable of an accuracy of 0.2% to 0.5% of water depth across the entire swath.[4][5][20] In 2014 the multibeam bathymetry data of this sonar mapping have yet to be publicly released, so the data are not available for comparisons with other soundings.[6]
On 7 October 2010, further sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep area was conducted by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC) aboard the USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61). The results were reported in December 2011 at the annual American Geophysical Union fall meeting. Using a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multibeam echosounder system coupled to positioning equipment that can determine latitude and longitude up to 50 cm (20 in) accuracy, from thousands of individual soundings around the deepest part the CCOM/JHC team preliminary determined that the Challenger Deep has a maximum depth of 10,994 m (36,070 ft) at 11°19′35″N 142°11′14″E / 11.326344°N 142.187248°E / 11.326344; 142.187248, with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ±40 m (131 ft) at 2 standard deviations (≈ 95.4%) confidence level.[7] A secondary deep with a depth of 10,951 m (35,928 ft) was located at approximately 23.75 nmi (44.0 km) to the east at 11°22′11″N 142°35′19″E / 11.369639°N 142.588582°E / 11.369639; 142.588582 in the Mariana Trench.[8][21][22][23]
In 2014, a study was conducted regarding the determination of the depth and location of the Challenger Deep based on data collected previous to and during the 2010 sonar mapping of the Mariana Trench with a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multibeam echosounder system aboard the USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61). This study by James. V. Gardner et al. of the Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping-Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC), Chase Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the University of New Hampshire splits the measurement attempt history into three main groups: early single-beam echo sounders (1950s - 1970's), early multibeam echo sounders (1980s - 21st century), and modern (i.e., post-GPS, high-resolution) multibeam echo sounders. Taking uncertainties in depth measurements and position estimation into account the raw data of the 2010 bathymetry of the Challenger Deep vicinity consisting of 2,051,371 soundings from eight survey lines was analyzed. The study concludes that with the best of 2010 multibeam echosounder technologies after the analysis a depth uncertainty of ±25 m (82 ft) (95% confidence level) on 9 degrees of freedom and a positional uncertainty of ±20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) (2drms) remain and the location of the deepest depth recorded in the 2010 mapping is 10,984 m (36,037 ft) at 11°19′48″N 142°11′57″E / 11.329903°N 142.199305°E / 11.329903; 142.199305. The depth measurement uncertainty is a composite of measured uncertainties in the spatial variations in sound-speed through the water volume, the ray-tracing and bottom-detection algorithms of the multibeam system, the accuracies and calibration of the motion sensor and navigation systems, estimates of spherical spreading, attenuation throughout the water volume, and so forth.[6]
The 2009 and 2010 maximal depths were not confirmed by the series of dives Nereus made to the bottom during an expedition in May–June 2009. The direct descent measurements by the four expeditions which have reported from the bottom, have fixed depths in a narrow range from 10,916 m (Trieste) to 10,911 m (Kaikō), to 10,902 m (Nereus) to 10,898 m (Deepsea Challenger) Although an attempt was made to correlate locations, it could not be absolutely certain that Nereus (or the other descents) reached exactly the same points found to be maximally deep by the sonar/echo sounders of previous mapping expeditions, even though one of these echo soundings was made by Nereus mothership.
Descents[edit]
Manned descents[edit]
Lt. Don Walsh, USN (bottom) and Jacques Piccard (center) in the bathyscaphe Trieste.
Trieste[edit]
Main article: Bathyscaphe Trieste
On 23 January 1960, the Swiss-designed Trieste, originally built in Italy and acquired by the U.S. Navy, descended to the ocean floor in the trench manned by Jacques Piccard (who co-designed the submersible along with his father, Auguste Piccard) and USN Lieutenant Don Walsh. Their crew compartment was inside a spherical pressure vessel, which was a heavy-duty replacement (of the Italian original) built by Krupp Steel Works of Essen, Germany. Their descent took almost five hours and the two men spent barely twenty minutes on the ocean floor before undertaking the three-hour-and-fifteen-minute ascent. Their early departure from the ocean floor was due to their concern over a crack in the outer window caused by the temperature differences during their descent.[24] The measured depth at the bottom was measured with a manometer at 10,916 m (35,814 ft) ±5 m (16 ft).[12][25]
Deepsea Challenger[edit]
Main article: Deepsea Challenger
DSV Deepsea Challenger
On 26 March 2012 (local time), Canadian film director James Cameron made a solo manned descent in the DSV Deepsea Challenger to the bottom of the Challenger Deep.[9][10][11][26] At approximately 05:15 ChST on 26 March (19:15 UTC on 25 March), the descent began.[27] At 07:52 ChST (21:52 UTC), Deepsea Challenger arrived at the bottom. The descent lasted 2 hours and 36 minutes and the recorded depth was 10,898.4 metres (35,756 ft) when Deepsea Challenger touched down.[28] Cameron had planned to spend about six hours near the ocean floor exploring but decided to start the ascent to the surface after only 2 hours and 34 minutes.[29] The time on the bottom was shortened because a hydraulic fluid leak in the lines controlling the manipulator arm obscured the visibility out the only viewing port. It also caused the loss of the submersible's starboard thrusters.[30] At around 12:00 ChST (02:00 UTC on 26 March), the Deepsea Challenger website says the sub resurfaced after a 90-minute ascent,[31] although Paul Allen's tweets indicate the ascent took only about 67 minutes.[32] During a post-dive press conference Cameron said: "I landed on a very soft, almost gelatinous flat plain. Once I got my bearings, I drove across it for quite a distance ... and finally worked my way up the slope." The whole time, Cameron said, he didn't see any fish, or any living creatures more than an inch (2.54 cm) long: "The only free swimmers I saw were small amphipods"—shrimplike bottom-feeders.[33]
Planned manned descents[edit]
Several other manned expeditions are planned. These include:[34]
Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, whose vehicle, Triton 36000/3, will carry a crew of three to the seabed in 120 minutes;[35]
Virgin Oceanic, sponsored by Richard Branson's Virgin Group, is developing a submersible designed by Graham Hawkes, DeepFlight Challenger,[36] with which the solo pilot will take 140 minutes to reach the seabed;[37]
DOER Marine, a San Francisco Bay Area based marine technology company established in 1992, that is developing a vehicle, Deepsearch (and Ocean Explorer HOV Unlimited), with some support from Google's Eric Schmidt with which a crew of two or three will take 90 minutes to reach the seabed, as the program Deep Search.[38]
Unmanned descents[edit]
Kaikō[edit]
Main article: Kaikō
On 24 March 1995, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe Kaikō broke the depth record for unmanned probes when it reached close to the surveyed bottom of the Challenger Deep. Created by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), it was one of the few unmanned deep-sea probes in operation that could dive deeper than 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The manometer measured depth of 10,911 m (35,797 ft) ±3 m (10 ft) at 11°22.39′N 142°35.54′E / 11.37317°N 142.59233°E / 11.37317; 142.59233[39] for the Challenger Deep is believed to be the most accurate measurement taken yet.[12] Kaikō also collected sediment cores containing marine organisms from the bottom of the deep.[17][18] Kaikō made many unmanned descents to the Mariana Trench during three expeditions in 1995, 1996 and 1998.[40] The greatest depth measured by Kaikō in 1996 was 10,898 m (35,755 ft) at 11°22.10′N 142°25.85′E / 11.36833°N 142.43083°E / 11.36833; 142.43083 and in 1998 10,907 m (35,784 ft) at 11°22.95′N 142°12.42′E / 11.38250°N 142.20700°E / 11.38250; 142.20700.[12] It was lost at sea off Shikoku Island during Typhoon Chan-Hom on 29 May 2003.
ABISMO[edit]
Main article: ABISMO
On 3 June 2008, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe ABISMO (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench about 150 km (93 mi) east of the Challenger Deep and collected core samples of the deep sea sediment and water samples of the water column. Created by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), it was the only unmanned deep-sea probe in use that could dive deeper than 10,000 m (32,808 ft) after that of Nereus. During ABISMO's deepest Mariana Trench dive its manometer measured a depth of 10,258 m (33,655 ft) ±3 m (10 ft)[41]
Nereus[edit]
HROV Nereus
Main article: Nereus (underwater vehicle)
On 31 May 2009 the United States sent the Nereus hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) to the Challenger Deep.[42] Nereus thus became the first vehicle to reach the Mariana Trench since 1998 and the deepest-diving vehicle then in operation.[42] Project manager and developer Andy Bowen heralded the achievement as "the start of a new era in ocean exploration".[42] Nereus, unlike Kaikō, did not need to be powered or controlled by a cable connected to a ship on the ocean surface.[43]
Nereus spent over 10 hours at the bottom of the Challenger Deep and measured a depth of 10,902 m (35,768 ft) at 11°22.1′N 142°35.4′E / 11.3683°N 142.5900°E / 11.3683; 142.5900, while sending live video and data back to its mothership RV Kilo Moana at the surface and collecting geological and biological samples from the Challenger Deep bottom with its manipulator arm for further scientific analysis.[4][42][44][45]
The Nereus was operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It was lost on May 10, 2014.[46]
Haidou-1[edit]
On 23 May 2016 the Chinese submersible Haidou-1 dove to a depth of 10,767 m (35,325 ft) in the Mariana Trench. This autonomous and remotely operated vehicle has a design depth of 11,000 m (36,089 ft).[47]
Lifeforms[edit]
The Summary Report of the HMS Challenger expedition lists radiolaria from the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.[48] These (Nassellaria and Spumellaria) were reported in the Report on Radiolaria (1887)[49] written by Ernst Haeckel.
On their 1960 descent, the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish" lying on the seabed.[50]
"... And as we were settling this final fathom, I saw a wonderful thing. Lying on the bottom just beneath us was some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across. Even as I saw him, his two round eyes on top of his head spied us — a monster of steel — invading his silent realm. Eyes? Why should he have eyes? Merely to see phosphorescence? The floodlight that bathed him was the first real light ever to enter this hadal realm. Here, in an instant, was the answer that biologists had asked for the decades. Could life exist in the greatest depths of the ocean? It could! And not only that, here apparently, was a true, bony teleost fish, not a primitive ray or elasmobranch. Yes, a highly evolved vertebrate, in time's arrow very close to man himself. Slowly, extremely slowly, this flatfish swam away. Moving along the bottom, partly in the ooze and partly in the water, he disappeared into his night. Slowly too — perhaps everything is slow at the bottom of the sea — Walsh and I shook hands.[51]
Many marine biologists are now skeptical of this supposed sighting, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.[52][53] The video camera on board the Kaiko probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom.[54][55] At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the Nereus probe spotted one polychaete worm (a multi-legged predator) about an inch long.[56]
An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at 10,900 m (35,800 ft).[57] While similar lifeforms have been known to exist in shallower ocean trenches (> 7,000 m) and on the abyssal plain, the lifeforms discovered in the Challenger Deep possibly represent taxa distinct from those in shallower ecosystems.
Most of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic[58]), with four of the others representing species of the complex, multi-chambered genera Leptohalysis and Reophax. Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled allogromiids, which is unusual compared to samples of sediment-dwelling organisms from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from the typical biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now. Over the course of six to nine million years, as the Challenger Deep grew to its present depth, many of the species present in the sediment died out or were unable to adapt to the increasing water pressure and changing environment.[59] The species that survived the change in depth were the ancestors of the Challenger Deep's current denizens.[citation needed]
On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Challenger Deep.[60][61] Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1,900 ft (579 m) below the sea floor under 8,500 ft (2,591 m) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.[60][62] According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."[60]
See also[edit]
Sirena Deep
Horizon Deep
Galathea Depth
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ All Things Considered (9 March 2012). "Diving Back to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench". NPR. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ The Colbert Report, airdate: 2012 April 12, interview with James Cameron
^ Jump up to: a b c "IHO-IOC GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, August 2011 version". GEBCO. August 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "So, How Deep Is the Mariana Trench?" (PDF). Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping-Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC), Chase Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the University of New Hampshire. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Amos, Jonathan (7 December 2011). "Oceans' deepest depth re-measured". BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, Andrew A. (2011-12-22). "Cruise Report - UNH-CCOM/JHC Technical Report 11-002" (PDF). NOAA/UNH Joint Hydrographic Center University of New Hampshire. p. 12. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Than, Ker (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Broad, William J. (25 March 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b AP Staff (25 March 2012). "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth". MSNBC. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Nakanishi, Masao (10 April 2011). "A precise bathymetric map of the world's deepest seafloor, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench" (PDF). Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years of 1872-76 (page 877)". 19thcenturyscience.org. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Page 131 of Murray's book refers to the Challenger Deep.
Jump up ^ "Mariana Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jump up to: a b "Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point", National Geographic News, 3 February 2005
^ Jump up to: a b Akimoto; et al. (2001). "The deepest living foraminifera, Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench". Marine Micropaleontology. 42: 95. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(01)00012-3.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, Steve. "The deepest depths". Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
Jump up ^ EM 120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system brochure
Jump up ^ EM 122 Multibeam echosounder
Jump up ^ EM 122 sonar multibeam bathymetry system brochure
Jump up ^ Instruction manual EM Series (EM 120 & EM 122) Multibeam echo sounders
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Press Release, Office of Naval Research (1 February 1960). "Research Vessels: Submersibles – Trieste". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 18 April 2002. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Prince, Rosa (25 March 2012). "James Cameron becomes first solo diver to visit Earth's deepest point". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Begins Descent to Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Now at Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (26 March 2012). "Cameron's Historic Dive Cut Short by Leak; Few Signs of Life Seen". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (28 March 2012). "Cameron's Historic Dive Cut Short by Leak; Few Signs of Life Seen". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ www.deepseachallenge.com (25 March 2012). "We Just Did the Impossible". www.deepseachallenge.com. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen (27 March 2012). "Paul Allen Tweets from Challenger Deep". https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen. Retrieved 27 March 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ National Geographic (27 March 2012). "James Cameron on Earth's Deepest Spot: Desolate, Lunar-Like". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Race to the bottom of the ocean". BBC News. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Triton 36,000 Full Ocean Depth Submersible". Triton Submarines. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Virgin Oceanic, Operations Team Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved 25 March 2012)
Jump up ^ "Virgin Oceanic". Virgin Oceanic. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Deep Search". DOER Marine. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kaiko 7000II". Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Revisiting the Challenger Deep using the ROV Kaiko" (PDF). Winter 2009 Volume 43, Number 5. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/ “ABISMO", Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile, Succeeds in World’s First Multiple Vertical Sampling from Mid-ocean, Sea Floor and Sub-seafloor over Depth of 10,000 m in Mariana Trench June 16, 2008 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Robot sub reaches deepest ocean". BBC News. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Nereus' reaches deepest part of the ocean". physorg.com. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA April and May 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle "Nereus" Reaches Deepest Part of the Ocean". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27374326
Jump up ^ Nitrogen experiment among breakthroughs, by Zhao Xinying, Tuesday, August 23, 2016
Jump up ^ [1], entry on 23 March 1875.
Jump up ^ [2], Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger by Ernst Haeckel.
Jump up ^ "To the bottom of the sea", T. A. Heppenheimer, AmericanHeritage.com
Jump up ^ Seven Miles Down: The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste (1961) by J. Piccard and R. S. Dietz. pp. 172–174. Published by the Putnam, New York.
Jump up ^ "James Cameron dives deep for Avatar", Guardian, 18 January 2011
Jump up ^ "James Cameron heads into the abyss", Nature, 19 March 2012
Jump up ^ "Mission to Marianas", New Scientist, 2 November 1996
Jump up ^ "The last frontier", Time, 14 August 1995
Jump up ^ Accessed 8 Oct 2009 Archived 1996-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Geography of the ocean floor near Guam with some notes on exploration of the Challenger Deep.
Jump up ^ Todo, Yuko; et al. (2005). "Simple Foraminifera Flourish at the Ocean's Deepest Point". Science. 307 (5710): 689. doi:10.1126/science.1105407. PMID 15692042.
Jump up ^ Roach, John (3 February 2005). "Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic News.
Jump up ^ Roach, John. "Life If Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013). "Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth". Nature Geoscience. 6 (4): 284. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..284G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1773. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Oskin, Becky (14 March 2013). "Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
External links[edit]
"Official press release regarding Challenger Deep operation". Archived from the original on 18 April 2002.
Mariana Trench
Mariana Trench: Seven miles deep, the ocean is still a noisy place
Location of Challenger Deep Interactive map

Coordinates: 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917
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List of WWE Raw on-air personalities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of on-air personalities from the professional wrestling television series WWE's Raw. On-air personalities include the wrestlers themselves, ring announcers, commentators, and on-screen authority figures. The show also features recurring on-air segments hosted by various personalities.
Contents
1 Authority figures
2 Commentators
3 Ring announcers
4 Recurring segments
5 See also
6 References
Authority figures[edit]
Authority figures
Position
Date started
Date finished
Notes
Mr. McMahon Owner January 11, 1993 (1993-01-11) June 15, 2009 (2009-06-15) Was owner before Raw began production. Was not known onscreen as owner until late 1996. Co-owner with Ric Flair from November 19, 2001 to June 10, 2002.
Jack Tunney President January 11, 1993 (1993-01-11) July 12, 1995 (1995-07-12) Was President before Raw began production. Forced out by Vince McMahon.
Gorilla Monsoon President July 12, 1995 (1995-07-12) August 4, 1997 (1997-08-04) Relinquished role because of declining health. Title was retired.
Sgt. Slaughter Commissioner August 4, 1997 (1997-08-04) November 23, 1998 (1998-11-23) Relinquished role to Shawn Michaels.
Shawn Michaels Commissioner November 23, 1998 (1998-11-23) June 26, 2000 (2000-06-26) Relinquished role to Mick Foley.
Mick Foley Commissioner June 26, 2000 (2000-06-26) December 18, 2000 (2000-12-18) Fired by Mr. McMahon.
Debra Lieutenant Commissioner October 30, 2000 (2000-10-30) March 5, 2001 (2001-03-05) Resigned as Lieutenant Commissioner on the March 5 episode of Raw to pursue managing again.
William Regal Commissioner March 8, 2001 (2001-03-08) October 11, 2001 (2001-10-11) Fired by Linda McMahon for joining The Alliance
Mick Foley Commissioner October 11, 2001 (2001-10-11) November 19, 2001 (2001-11-19) Decided to leave the company
Ric Flair Owner November 19, 2001 (2001-11-19) June 10, 2002 (2002-06-10) Lost his position as per stipulation in a match against Mr. McMahon.
Eric Bischoff General Manager July 15, 2002 (2002-07-15) April 28, 2003 (2003-04-28) The WWE Board of Directors appointed Steve Austin as Co-General Manager of Raw after Bischoff repeatedly abused his power.
Eric Bischoff and Steve Austin Co-General Managers April 29, 2003 (2003-04-29) November 16, 2003 (2003-11-16) Austin lost his position of co-GM when his team lost to Bischoff's team at Survivor Series.
Eric Bischoff General Manager November 16, 2003 (2003-11-16) December 1, 2003 (2003-12-01) Mick Foley appoints himself as Co-GM after being given an outside consultant job from Linda McMahon and the board of directors.
Eric Bischoff and Mick Foley Co-General Managers December 1, 2003 (2003-12-01) December 15, 2003 (2003-12-15) Mick Foley walked out on a match with Randy Orton for the WWE Intercontinental Championship and gave up the position as Co-GM based on the match stipulations.
Eric Bischoff General Manager December 15, 2003 (2003-12-15) December 5, 2005 (2005-12-05) Steve Austin served as "Sheriff" periodically through Bischoff's term. Fired by Mr. McMahon in December 2005 when he was tossed into the garbage truck.
Jonathan Coachman General Manager June 11, 2007 (2007-06-11) August 6, 2007 (2007-08-06) Served as "Executive Assistant" from May 2006 to June 2007 and from August 2007 to January 2008.
William Regal General Manager August 6, 2007 (2007-08-06) May 19, 2008 (2008-05-19) Lost his position as general manager due to being fired by Mr. McMahon after losing a match to Mr. Kennedy. Jonathan Coachman served as executive assistant from August 2007 to January 2008.
Mike Adamle General Manager July 28, 2008 (2008-07-28) November 3, 2008 (2008-11-03) Resigned in November 2008.
Shane McMahon and Stephanie McMahon Co-General Managers November 3, 2008 (2008-11-03) November 24, 2008 (2008-11-24) Control reverted to the McMahons.
The position was then claimed by Stephanie McMahon.
Stephanie McMahon General Manager November 24, 2008 (2008-11-24) April 6, 2009 (2009-04-06) Took leave of absence on February 23, 2009.
Vickie Guerrero served as "Interim General Manager" until April 2009.
Vickie Guerrero General Manager April 6, 2009 (2009-04-06) June 8, 2009 (2009-06-08) Opted to fully take over the position on Raw and resigned as General Manager of SmackDown.
Resigned in June 2009.
Donald Trump Owner June 15, 2009 (2009-06-15) June 22, 2009 (2009-06-22) It was announced that Trump had purchased the Raw franchise from Mr. McMahon on June 15, 2009.[1]
Mr. McMahon Owner, Chairman, and CEO June 22, 2009 (2009-06-22) present
Various guest hosts Guest Host June 29, 2009 (2009-06-29) May 10, 2010 (2010-05-10) An initiative established during Donald Trump's brief period of ownership.
The guest host position held authoritative control over the brand until May 10, 2010.
Vickie Guerrero General Manager May 10, 2010 (2010-05-10) May 10, 2010 (2010-05-10) Resigned following the first day of tenure.
Bret Hart General Manager May 24, 2010 (2010-05-24) June 21, 2010 (2010-06-21) Removed of position by Mr. McMahon.
Anonymous Raw General Manager (revealed to be Hornswoggle) General Manager June 21, 2010 (2010-06-21) July 18, 2011 (2011-07-18) Communications from the General Manager were received via email through a laptop on a podium and occasionally Michael Cole's iPad. The General Manager stopped sending emails when Triple H became COO. The laptop and podium were removed after October 2, 2011.
On the July 9, 2012 edition, it was revealed that Hornswoggle was behind the gimmick.[2]
Triple H Chief Operating Officer (Storyline) July 18, 2011 (2011-07-18) present (present) The Board of Directors removed Vince McMahon from day to day power and handed the duties to his son-in-law. However, his authoritative control powers as general manager of running Raw are no longer needed and still remained as COO (see below).
Lost position in November 2014 after The Authority lost at Survivor Series.
Triple H also served as Executive Vice President of Talent, Live Events and Creative.
Theodore Long Assistant to the COO September 5, 2011 (2011-09-05) October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10) Long was appointed by COO Triple H to aid him in running Raw Supershows, due to his being General Manager of SmackDown!.
John Laurinaitis General Manager October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10) June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17) Won position, Team Johnny vs Team Teddy at WrestleMania XXVIII. Fired at No Way Out by Mr. McMahon as per pre-match stipulation when John Cena defeated Big Show in a Steel cage match. Laurinaitis also served as Executive Vice President of Talent Relations.
David Otunga Legal Advisor October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11) June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17) Lost the position following Laurinaitis' firing.
Theodore Long Assistant to the General Manager April 2, 2012 (2012-04-02) June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17) Became Laurinaitis' assistant after Team Teddy lost to Team Johnny at WrestleMania XXVIII.
Eve Torres Executive Administrator April 23, 2012 (2012-04-23) June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17) Lost the position following Laurinaitis' firing.
Interim General Managers Guest GM June 18, 2012 (2012-06-18) July 16, 2012 (2012-07-16) Following Laurinaitis' firing, the Board of Directors would invite past Raw GMs and Commissioners to run both Raw and SmackDown on a weekly basis until a new full-time GM is named.
AJ Lee General Manager July 23, 2012 (2012-07-23) October 22, 2012 (2012-10-22) Was named the new Raw GM by Mr. McMahon. Was forced to step down due to allegations of fraternizing with an unnamed superstar, later revealed to be John Cena by Vickie Guerrero.
Vickie Guerrero Managing Supervisor October 22, 2012 (2012-10-22) July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08) Mr. McMahon named Guerrero as the Managing Supervisor after AJ Lee resigned. Fired on July 8, 2013 edition of Raw after failing a performance evaluation by the McMahons.
Brad Maddox Assistant to the Managing Supervisor February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18) July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08) Named by Guerrero as a reward for revealing that Paul Heyman and CM Punk were working with The Shield. Was promoted to General Manager after Vickie Guerrero failed her performance evaluation.
Brad Maddox General Manager July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08) May 26, 2014 (2014-05-26) Named by Mr. McMahon on the July 8 edition of Raw. Fired on May 26, 2014 edition of Raw for not following Triple H's orders.
Stephanie McMahon Minority Owner/Chief Brand Officer August 19, 2013 (2013-08-19) April 4, 2016 (2016-04-04) Was relieved of her duties due to Shane McMahon running the show.
Kane Director of Operations November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04) October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25) Not officially announced until Michael Cole conducted an interview with Triple H uploaded onto WWE.com and YouTube on November 6, 2013.
Lost position after losing to Team Cena at Survivor Series 2014 where the stipulation stated that The Authority would lose power if they lost. Kane would eventually lose his job for good after losing at Hell in a Cell 2015 in a match which put Seth Rollins' title against Kane's job.
John Cena/Guest hosts/Anonymous Raw General Manager General Managers/Coordinator November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24) December 29, 2014 (2014-12-29) The concept returned after The Authority briefly lost power at Survivor Series. The concept ended when John Cena brought back The Authority on the December 29, 2014 episode of Raw.
Shane McMahon General Manager April 4, 2016 (2016-04-04) April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25) Mr. McMahon originally put Shane in charge of Raw for one night only following the loss inside Hell in a Cell match against The Undertaker at WrestleMania. However, due to overwhelming social media support, Shane was put in charge of Raw once again.
Shane McMahon and Stephanie McMahon Co-General Managers May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11) Mr. McMahon announced at Payback that Shane and Stephanie would both share control of Raw.
Stephanie McMahon Commissioner July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11) present Mr. McMahon announced on Raw that Stephanie was the commissioner of Raw, while Shane became the commissioner of SmackDown
Mick Foley General Manager July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18) March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20) Stephanie announced Foley as her General Manager for Raw prior to the 2016 WWE draft. Fired on the March 20, 2017 episode.
Kurt Angle General Manager April 3, 2017 (2017-04-03) present Mr. McMahon announced Angle as the new General Manager on the April 3, 2017 episode of Raw. Dean Ambrose and The Miz served as co-General Managers for one night only on the May 8, 2017 episode of Raw
Drake Maverick General Manager January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30) May 2018 (2018-05) Daniel Bryan announced Maverick as the new General Manager of the cruiserweight division on the January 30, 2018 episode of 205 Live. Since May 2018, the cruiserweight division now works exclusively on 205 Live.
Baron Corbin Constable of Raw June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)
present Stephanie McMahon appointed Corbin as Constable of Raw, becoming her personal representative. Was named acting General Manager by McMahon after she sent Kurt Angle home on vacation on the August 20, 2018 episode of Raw
Commentators[edit]
Commentators
Dates
Vince McMahon, Randy Savage, and Rob Bartlett January 11, 1993 (1993-01-11) – March 22, 1993 (1993-03-22)
April 19, 1993 (1993-04-19)
Gorilla Monsoon, Bobby Heenan, and Rob Bartlett March 15, 1993 (1993-03-15)
Vince McMahon, Bobby Heenan, and Randy Savage April 26, 1993 (1993-04-26) – October 18, 1993 (1993-10-18)
Vince McMahon and Bobby Heenan April 12, 1993 (1993-04-12)
October 25, 1993 (1993-10-25) – December 6, 1993 (1993-12-06)
Vince McMahon and various guest commentators[1] December 13, 1993 (1993-12-13) – February 28, 1994 (1994-02-28)
November 7, 1994 (1994-11-07) – November 28, 1994 (1994-11-28)
Vince McMahon and Gorilla Monsoon April 4, 1994 (1994-04-04)
Gorilla Monsoon and Randy Savage June 20, 1994 (1994-06-20) – July 4, 1994 (1994-07-04)
Jim Ross and Randy Savage July 11, 1994 (1994-07-11) – July 25, 1994 (1994-07-25)
Vince McMahon and Randy Savage April 5, 1993 (1993-04-05)
March 7, 1994 (1994-03-07) – June 13, 1994 (1994-06-13)
August 1, 1994 (1994-08-01) – October 31, 1994 (1994-10-31)
Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels December 5, 1994 (1994-12-05) – February 6, 1995 (1995-02-06)
June 26, 1995 (1995-06-26)
Gorilla Monsoon and Shawn Michaels January 2, 1995 (1995-01-02)
Vince McMahon and Jim Cornette March 28, 1994 (1994-03-28)
February 20, 1995 (1995-02-20) – March 6, 1995 (1995-03-06)
March 20, 1995 (1995-03-20)
Vince McMahon and Jerry Lawler March 13, 1995 (1995-03-13)
March 27, 1995 (1995-03-27) – August 12, 1996 (1996-08-12)
Vince McMahon, Ted DiBiase and Dok Hendrix August 14, 1995 (1995-08-14)
Vince McMahon and Mr. Perfect April 8, 1996 (1996-04-08)
Kevin Kelly, Jim Ross, and Jerry Lawler August 19, 1996 (1996-08-19) – October 14, 1996 (1996-10-14)
Vince McMahon, Jim Ross, and Jerry Lawler October 21, 1996 (1996-10-21) – May 5, 1997 (1997-05-05)
June 30, 1997 (1997-06-30) - November 3, 1997 (1997-11-03)
Vince McMahon and The Honky Tonk Man[2] January 13, 1997
Vince McMahon, Jim Ross, Jerry Lawler, and The Honky Tonk Man February 13, 1997 (1997-02-13)
Vince McMahon, Jim Ross, and The Honky Tonk Man March 3, 1997 (1997-03-03)
Vince McMahon, Jerry Lawler and The Honky Tonk Man April 4, 1997 (1997-04-04)
Vince McMahon, Jim Cornette, Jim Ross, and The Honky Tonk Man April 14, 1997 (1997-04-14)
Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler May 12, 1997 (1997-05-12) - May 19, 1997 (1997-05-19)
September 15, 1997 (1997-09-15)
December 8, 1997 (1997-12-08) – November 30, 1998 (1998-11-30)
April 12, 1999 (1999-04-12) – February 26, 2001 (2001-02-26)
November 19, 2001 (2001-11-19) – September 15, 2003 (2003-09-15)
September 29, 2003 (2003-09-29) - June 19, 2005 (2005-06-19)
May 8, 2006 (2006-05-08) – June 23, 2008 (2008-06-23)
November 14, 2011 (2011-11-14)
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
Vince McMahon and Jim Ross May 26, 1997 (1997-05-26) - June 30, 1997 (1997-06-30)
Jim Ross and Jim Cornette November 3, 1997 (1997-11-03) – December 1, 1997 (1997-12-01)
December 22, 1997 (1997-12-22)
May 11, 1998 (1998-05-11) (Second hour)
April 26, 1999 (1999-04-26)
Jim Ross, Jim Cornette, and Jerry Lawler November 10, 1997 (1997-11-10)
Michael Cole, Jim Ross, and Kevin Kelly[3] December 8, 1997 (1997-12-08) – March 17, 1998 (1998-03-17)
Michael Cole and Jim Ross March 23, 1998 (1998-03-23) – July 6, 1998 (1998-07-06)[4]
July 16, 2001 (2001-07-16) – July 23, 2001 (2001-07-23)
May 25, 2009 (2009-05-25)
September 24, 2012 (2012-09-24) – October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)[5]
October 15, 2012 (2012-10-15) – November 12, 2012 (2012-11-12)[6]
Jim Ross and Shawn Michaels July 13, 1998 (1998-07-13) (First hour)
Jim Ross, Jerry Lawler and Shawn Michaels July 20, 1998 (1998-07-20) (Second hour)
August 24, 1998 (1998-08-24) (Second hour)
Michael Cole and Jerry Lawler December 7, 1998 (1998-12-07) – April 12, 1999 (1999-04-12)
August 23, 1999 (1999-08-23)
June 30, 2008 (2008-06-30) – November 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)
May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30) – July 25, 2011 (2011-07-25)
October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10) – September 10, 2012 (2012-09-10)
November 12, 2012 (2012-11-12) – March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25)
July 29, 2013 (2013-07-29)[7]
Jim Cornette and Shane McMahon September 21, 1998 (1998-09-21)
Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler, and Terry Taylor March 8, 1999 (1999-03-08)
Jim Ross, Jerry Lawler and Jesse Ventura[8] August 9, 1999 (1999-08-09)
Jim Ross and Michael Hayes[9] December 20, 1999 (1999-12-20)
Jim Ross and Paul Heyman March 5, 2001 (2001-03-05) – July 9, 2001 (2001-07-09)
July 30, 2001 (2001-07-30) – November 12, 2001 (2001-11-12)
Jonathan Coachman and Jerry Lawler April 7, 2003 (2003-04-07) – May 5, 2003 (2003-05-05)
July 14, 2003 (2003-07-14) – August 11, 2003 (2003-08-11)
October 17, 2005 (2005-10-17) – October 31, 2005 (2005-10-31)
Jonathan Coachman and Al Snow[10] September 22, 2003 (2003-09-22) - September 29, 2003 (2003-09-29)
Jim Ross, Jerry Lawler, and Jonathan Coachman June 26, 2005 (2005-06-26) – October 10, 2005 (2005-10-10)
Joey Styles, Jerry Lawler, and Jonathan Coachman November 7, 2005 (2005-11-07) – April 24, 2006 (2006-04-24)
Joey Styles and Jerry Lawler December 5, 2005 (2005-12-05)
April 24, 2006 (2006-04-24) – May 1, 2006 (2006-05-01)
Todd Grisham and Jerry Lawler[11] May 1, 2006 (2006-05-01)
Jim Ross and Todd Grisham November 13, 2006 (2006-11-13)
March 19, 2007 (2007-03-19)
Jim Ross and Tazz February 26, 2001 (2001-02-26)
August 20, 2007 (2007-08-20)
Vince McMahon and Jesse Ventura[12] October 23, 2009 (2009-10-23)
Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler, and Matt Striker December 14, 2009 (2009-12-14)
April 26, 2010 (2010-04-26)
Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler, and CM Punk November 22, 2010 (2010-11-22) – December 20, 2010 (2010-12-20)
Michael Cole, Josh Mathews, Jim Ross, and Jerry Lawler[13] April 4, 2011 (2011-04-04) – April 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)
Michael Cole, Josh Mathews, Jerry Lawler, and Booker T[14] April 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)
Michael Cole, Josh Mathews, and Jerry Lawler[15] December 27, 2010 (2010-12-27) – March 28, 2011 (2011-03-28)
May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02) – May 23, 2011 (2011-05-23)
Michael Cole and Josh Mathews[16] January 3, 2011 (2011-01-03)
September 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)
August 27, 2012 (2012-08-27)
Michael Cole, Jim Ross, and Booker T[17] September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26) – October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
Michael Cole, Jim Ross, and Jerry Lawler November 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)
July 25, 2011 (2011-07-25) – September 12, 2011 (2011-09-12)
October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)
July 23, 2012 (2012-07-23)
Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler, and Booker T June 13, 2011 (2011-06-13) – June 20, 2011 (2011-06-20)
November 21, 2011 (2011-11-21)
March 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)
Michael Cole and The Miz[18] September 3, 2012 (2012-09-03)
Michael Cole, Jim Ross, and John "Bradshaw" Layfield[19] September 17, 2012 (2012-09-17)
October 8, 2012 (2012-10-08)
Jim Ross, Jerry Lawler, and John "Bradshaw" Layfield[20] January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14)
Michael Cole and John "Bradshaw" Layfield December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)
December 23, 2013 (2013-12-23)
January 6, 2014 (2014-01-06)[21]
Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler, and John "Bradshaw" Layfield December 17, 2012 (2012-12-17)
January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14)
January 28, 2013 (2013-01-28)
April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01) – December 29, 2014 (2014-12-29)
Byron Saxton and Jerry Lawler[22] March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
Byron Saxton, John "Bradshaw" Layfield, and Booker T[23] April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
Michael Cole, John "Bradshaw" Layfield, and Booker T January 5, 2015 (2015-01-05) – March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13) – June 1, 2015 (2015-06-01)
Michael Cole, John "Bradshaw" Layfield, and Byron Saxton[3] June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08) – July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)
Michael Cole, Corey Graves, and Byron Saxton[4][24] July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25) – April 10, 2017 (2017-04-10)
Michael Cole, Corey Graves, and Austin Aries[25] December 19, 2016 (2016-12-19) – March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)
Michael Cole, Corey Graves, and Booker T[26] April 17, 2017 (2017-04-17) – January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
April 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)
May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14)
Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler, and Corey Graves[27] August 28, 2017 (2017-08-28)
Tom Phillips, Corey Graves, and Booker T[28] October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
Michael Cole, Corey Graves, and Jonathan Coachman January 29, 2018 (2018-01-29) - present
Michael Cole, Corey Graves, and David Otunga[29] June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)
Michael Cole, Corey Graves, and Renee Young August 13, 2018 (2018-08-13)
^ Following the firing of Bobby Heenan by the WWF Commissioner, Gorilla Moonson, on the December 6, 1993 edition of Raw, Vince McMahon was joined by various guest commentators until March 7, 1994 when Randy Savage became the permanent color commentator. Randy Savage would remain part of the commentary team until October, 1994 when he left the World Wrestling Federation for World Championship Wrestling. Post Savage's departure, Vince McMahon was once again accompanied by guest commentators until the December 5, 1994 edition of Raw when Shawn Michaels became the permanent color commentator. The following is a list of the guest commentators who joined Vince McMahon first from December 13, 1993 (1993-12-13) to February 28, 1994 (1994-02-28) and from November 7, 1994 (1994-11-07) to November 28, 1994 (1994-11-28):
Commentator
Dates
Jim Cornette December 13, 1993 (1993-12-13)
November 21, 1994 (1994-11-21)
Shawn Michaels December 20, 1993 (1993-12-20)
The Quebecers December 27, 1993 (1993-12-27)
Johnny Polo January 3, 1994 (1994-01-03)
Randy Savage January 10, 1994 (1994-01-10)
February 21, 1994 (1994-02-21)
Crush January 17, 1994 (1994-01-17)
Jim Ross January 24, 1994 (1994-01-24)
Irwin R. Schyster January 31, 1994 (1994-01-31)
Bastion Booger February 7, 1994 (1994-02-07)
Harvey Wippleman February 28, 1994 (1994-02-28)
Jerry Lawler November 7, 1994 (1994-11-07)
November 28, 1994 (1994-11-28)
Ted DiBiase November 14, 1994 (1994-11-14)
^ Honky filled in due to Lawler having a match during the beginning of the show and remain out for rest of the show.
^ Midway through the WWE Intercontinental Championship match.
^ From December 1997-July 1998, Jim Ross served as color commentator for the first hour, and play by play commentator for the second hour of Raw Is War, with the Michael Cole tandem as play by play commentator (later just Cole), and Kevin Kelly as the alternate color commentator for the first hour ("Raw"), with Jerry Lawler taking over for the second hour ("The War Zone").
^ Filled in for Jerry Lawler who was absent due to the premiere of Man on the Moon.
^ Ventura called the main event.
^ Defeated Jerry Lawler and Jim Ross in a tag team match at Unforgiven to become the announce team for Raw. The following week, Jim Ross defeated Jonathan Coachman to win his and Jerry Lawler's jobs back.
^ When Joey Styles quits the WWE in storyline, Todd Grisham fills in for him to call the main event.
^ Mathews became the alternate color commentator on Raw beginning December 27, 2010, due to Lawler's increased in-ring schedule (Lawler would continue as commentator when he was not wrestling). On March 14, 2011, Raw began using a full-time three man team with Michael Cole announcing from his own separate table ("The Cole Mine"). Ross has also returned to the broadcast table since making his broadcast return at WrestleMania XXVII and the four announcers worked in rotating three man shifts. This ended on the May 23, 2011 edition of Raw when Michael Cole returned to the normal announce table.
^ Filled in for Jerry Lawler, who was recovering from injury.
^ Filled in for Jerry Lawler, who was recovering from a heart attack.
^ Ross sat in for Michael Cole, who allowed him to call the main event.
^ JBL was absent at the time, so only Cole and Lawler called the event.
^ Lawler was sick during the day, so only Cole and JBL called the event.
^ Filled in for Michael Cole, JBL, and Booker T after they were assaulted by Brock Lesnar.[5]
^ Filled in for Michael Cole, who was continue to recovering from injury.
^ Graves replaces JBL following the 2016 WWE draft.
^ Aries replaced Saxton during cruiserweight matches.
^ Booker T temporarily replaced David Otunga for six weeks while Otunga was filming the movie Katrina. After the six weeks elapsed, Otunga was quietly moved to the pay-per-view pre-shows while Booker remained on commentary. Booker also fills in for Jonathan Coachman while Coachman was on assignment.
^ Jerry Lawler temporarily replaced Booker T for one week while Booker T was stranded in Houston due to Hurricane Harvey. This also doubles as Lawler's special return to commentating since the show was live from Memphis, Tennessee.
^ Phillips filled in due to Cole attending his son's wedding. He also filled in due to Braun Strowman's attack on Cole.
^ David Otunga temporarily replaced Jonathan Coachman for one week while Coachman was on assignment. This also used as Otunga's return to commentating since has been elapsed from last year's Superstar Shake-up.
Ring announcers[edit]
Ring announcers
Dates
Notes
Howard Finkel January 11, 1993 (1993-01-11) – 2003 (2003) Sporadically appears on Raw as a guest ring announcer.
Tony Chimel June 9, 1997 (1997-06-09) – August 16, 1999 (1999-08-16)
May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
September 9, 2013 (2013-09-09)
December 28, 2015 (2015-12-28) Made one night returns on May 30, 2011, September 9, 2013 and December 28, 2015.
Lilian Garcia August 23, 1999 (1999-08-23) – September 21, 2009 (2009-09-21)
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20) – July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18) Made a one night return on April 19, 2010, filling in for Justin Roberts when the Raw roster was stuck in Europe after the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption, resulting in the first-ever Monday Night SmackDown; also returned at the June 25, 2012 edition of Raw, Raw 1000 on July 23, 2012, at Raw's 20th anniversary on January 14, 2013, as well as at the January 13, 2014 episode of Raw. Made her official return to Raw on October 20, 2014, taking over for Justin Roberts who had been released. Took time off starting in April 2015 to recover from knee surgery. Originally took time off to be with her sick father but decided to leave WWE again on August 1, 2016 so that she can be with him. Despite this, she continues to make appearances at WWE's Tribute to the Troops to perform the national anthem in addition ring announcing the 2017 event.
Jonathan Coachman November 10, 2003 (2003-11-10)
April 17, 2006 (2006-04-17) One night only.
Justin Roberts June 5, 2006 (2006-06-05)
February 19, 2007 (2007-02-19)
March 2007 (2007-03) – June 2007 (2007-06)
September 2009 (2009-09) – October 2014 (2014-10) Filled in for Lilian Garcia on the June 5th, 2006, who was inadvertently knocked down by Charlie Haas for the rest of Raw. Took over the announcing duties in 2009 before being released and Garcia being reinstated in 2014.
Todd Grisham April 16, 2007 (2007-04-16) One night only.
Eden Stiles January 5, 2015 (2015-01-05)
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13) – May 25, 2015 (2015-05-25)
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) – May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09) Filled in for Lilian Garcia on January 5, 2015, October 12, 2015, November 2, 2015 and May 2, 2016 until May 9, 2016 for one night. Also filled in for an extended period of time starting in April 2015 while Garcia was recovering from knee surgery.
JoJo July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25) – present Originally filled in for Lilian Garcia before she was promoted to permanent ring announcer on August 1, 2016 after Garcia left WWE again.
Mike Rome August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11)
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16) – October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
July 2, 2018 (2018-07-02) Filled in for JoJo in some episodes.
Recurring segments[edit]
Segments
Hosts
Years
Notes
The King's Court Jerry Lawler 1993 (1993) – 1995 (1995) In-ring interview segment. Discontinued after Lawler was hired as the commentator of Raw.
The Heartbreak Motel Shawn Michaels 1994 (1994) In-ring interview segment.
The Brother Love Show Brother Love 1995 (1995) – 1996 (1996)
2018 (2018) In-ring interview segment.
The Pillman XXX Files Brian Pillman 1997 (1997) Video segment. Discontinued following Pillman's death.
The Love Shack Dude Love 1998 (1998) In-ring interview segment.
Randy News Network (RNN) Randy Orton 2002 (2002) – 2003 (2003) A weekly vignette featuring Orton talking about his condition during his injury.
Highlight Reel Chris Jericho 2003 (2003) – 2005 (2005)
2008 (2008) – 2010 (2010)
2012 (2012) – 2014 (2014)
2016 (2016) – 2017 (2017) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after Jericho was drafted to SmackDown.
White Boy Challenge Rodney Mack
Theodore Long 2003 (2003) Five minute match challenge to Caucasian talent.
Discontinued following Mack's defeat by Goldberg.
WWE Diva Search Jonathan Coachman
The Miz
Todd Grisham 2004 (2004) – 2007 (2007) WWE Diva Search competition segment.[6]
Masterlock Challenge Chris Masters 2005 (2005) – 2007 (2007)
2010 (2010)
Submission challenge to break Masters' Masterlock hold.
Discontinued after Bobby Lashley broke the hold.
Kurt Angle Invitational Kurt Angle 2005 (2005) Three-minute match challenge for Angle's gold medals.
Discontinued after Eugene won the challenge.
Carlito's Cabana Carlito 2005 (2005)
2007 (2007) – 2008 (2008) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after Carlito moved to SmackDown.
Piper's Pit Roddy Piper 2005 (2005)
2010 (2010)
2012 (2012)
2014 (2014) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued following Piper's death.
Striker's Classroom Matt Striker 2005 –
2006 (2006)
In-ring "educational" segment.
Discontinued after Striker was drafted to ECW.
The Cutting Edge Edge 2005 (2005) – 2007 (2007)
2010 (2010) – 2011 (2011)
2013 (2013) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after Edge moved to SmackDown and was forced to retire from professional wrestling.
Returned one night only on Sept. 9, 2013 as Edge was the guest on Raw.
VIP Lounge Montel Vontavious Porter 2009 (2009) – 2010 (2010) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after MVP was drafted to SmackDown and released from WWE.
Khali Kiss Cam The Great Khali 2011 (2011) In-ring fan interaction segment.
Miz TV The Miz 2012 (2012) – 2016 (2016)
2017 (2017) – 2018 (2018) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after Miz was drafted to SmackDown.
Returned after Miz was drafted to Raw.
Discontinued after Miz was drafted to Smackdown.
The Cutting Edge Peep Show Edge and Christian 2014 (2014) In-ring interview segment. A crossover between The Cutting Edge and The Peep Show.
John Cena's U.S. Open Challenge John Cena 2015 (2015) A United States Championship match challenge pitting anyone on the roster against John Cena. Ended due to Cena losing the United States Championship to the returning Alberto Del Rio at Hell in a Cell and took time off from wrestling.
The Rose Bush Adam Rose 2015 (2015) A weekly vignette featuring Rose gossiping about other wrestlers.
The Ambrose Asylum Dean Ambrose 2016 (2016)
2017 (2017) – present In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after Ambrose was drafted to SmackDown.
Returned after Ambrose was drafted to Raw.
The Rollins Report Seth Rollins 2015 (2015) – present Video segment.
The Kevin Owens Show Kevin Owens 2017 (2017) In-ring interview segment.
Discontinued after Owens was drafted to SmackDown.
The Peep Show Christian 2018 (2018) In-ring interview segment.
Appeared for one night only to celebrate the show's 25th anniversary.
The Fashion Files (later The Fashion X Files, then Fashion Peaks) Breezango
(Tyler Breeze and Fandango) 2018 – present Video segment.
Started after Breezango was drafted to Raw.
The Sami & Kevin Show Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn 2018–present In-ring interview segment.
A Moment of Bliss Alexa Bliss 2018 Public service announcement segment.
Seth Rollins' Intercontinental Open Challenge Seth Rollins 2018 An Intercontinental Championship match challenge pitting anyone on the roster against Seth Rollins.
Discontinued after Rollins lost the title.
See also[edit]
Professional Wrestling portal
List of WWE SmackDown on-air personalities
List of WWE Raw guest stars
List of current champions in WWE
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - Trump Buys Raw(R)". TheFutonCritic.com. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Hornswoggle is revealed as Raw Anonymous General Manager". WWE. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Raj, Giri (June 8, 2015). "Commentary change for tonight's Raw – Saxton replaces Booker T". WrestlingInc.com. Wrestling Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "WWE commentary continues to get a facelift for the New Era". WWE. July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Medical updates on Michael Cole, Booker T and JBL in the wake of Brock Lesnar's attack on Raw". WWE.com. WWE. April 1, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The next WWE Diva to be chosen by the millions of WWE fans worldwide on September 13". WWE Corporate. July 12, 2004. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
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