text:
Hour
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For other uses of "Hour", see Hour (disambiguation).
Midnight on a 24-hour digital clock
Midnight (or noon) on a 12-hour analog clock
An hour (symbol: h;[1] also abbreviated hr.) is a unit of time conventionally reckoned as 1⁄24 of a day and scientifically reckoned as 3,599–3,601 seconds, depending on conditions.
The seasonal, temporal, or unequal hour was established in the ancient Near East as 1⁄12 of the night or daytime. Such hours varied by season, latitude, and weather. It was subsequently divided into 60 minutes, each of 60 seconds. Its East Asian equivalent was the shi, which was 1⁄12 of the apparent solar day; a similar system was eventually developed in Europe which measured its equal or equinoctial hour as 1⁄24 of such days measured from noon to noon. The minor variations of this unit were eventually smoothed by making it 1⁄24 of the mean solar day, based on the measure of the sun's transit along the celestial equator rather than along the ecliptic. This was finally abandoned due to the minor slowing caused by the Earth's tidal deceleration by the Moon.
In the modern metric system, hours are an accepted unit of time equal to 3,600 seconds but an hour of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) may incorporate a positive or negative leap second,[a] making it last 3,599 or 3,601 seconds, in order to keep it within 0.9 seconds of universal time, which is based on measurements of the mean solar day at 0° longitude.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Mesopotamia
2.2 Egypt
2.3 East Asia
2.4 Southeast Asia
2.5 Other ancient cultures
2.6 Middle Ages
2.7 Modernity
3 Counting hours
3.1 Counting from dawn
3.1.1 Unequal hours
3.2 Counting from sunset
3.3 Counting from noon
3.4 Counting from midnight
4 Derived measures
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
7.1 Citations
7.2 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Name[edit]
The equation of time—above the axis the sundial will appear fast, compared with a clock showing local mean time, and below the sundial will appear slow.
The modern English word hour is a development of the Anglo-Norman houre and Middle English ure, first attested in the 13th century.[2][b] It displaced the Old English "tide" (Old English: tīd, "time")[4] and "stound" (stund, "span of time").[5] The Anglo-Norman term was a borrowing of Old French ure, a variant of ore, which derived from Latin hōra and Greek hṓrā (ὥρα). Like Old English tīd and stund, hṓrā was originally a vaguer word for any span of time, including seasons and years. Its Proto-Indo-European root has been reconstructed as *yeh₁- ("year, summer"), making hour distantly cognate with year.
The time of day is typically expressed in English in terms of hours. Whole hours on a 12-hour clock are expressed using the contracted phrase o'clock, from the older of clock.[6] (10 am and 10 pm are both read as "ten o'clock".) Hours on a 24-hour clock ("military time") are expressed as "hundred" or "hundred hours".[7] (1000 is read "ten hundred" or "ten hundred hours"; 10 pm would be "twenty-two hundred".) Fifteen and thirty minutes past the hour is expressed as "a quarter past" or "after"[8] and "half past", respectively, from their fraction of the hour. Fifteen minutes before the hour may be expressed as "a quarter to", "of", "till", or "before" the hour.[8] (9:45 may be read "nine forty-five" or "a quarter till ten".)
History[edit]
Further information: History of timekeeping devices
Mesopotamia[edit]
Sumerian and Babylonian hours divided the day and night into 24 equal hours, reckoned from the time of sunrise.[9][10]
Egypt[edit]
Further information: Egyptian calendar, Decans, and History of timekeeping devices in Egypt
The ancient Egyptians began dividing the night into wnwt at some time before the compilation of the Dynasty V Pyramid Texts[11] in the 24th century BC.[12] By 2150 BC (Dynasty IX), diagrams of stars inside Egyptian coffin lids—variously known as "diagonal calendars" or "star clocks"—attest that there were exactly 12 of these.[12] Clagett writes that it is "certain" this duodecimal division of the night followed the adoption of the Egyptian civil calendar,[11] usually placed c. 2800 BC on the basis of analyses of the Sothic cycle, but a lunar calendar presumably long predated this[13] and also would have had twelve months in each of its years. The coffin diagrams show that the Egyptians took note of the heliacal risings of 36 stars or constellations (now known as "decans"), one for each of the ten-day "weeks" of their civil calendar.[14] (12 sets of alternate "triangle decans" were used for the 5 epagomenal days between years.)[15] Each night, the rising of eleven of these decans were noted, separating the night into twelve divisions whose middle terms would have lasted about 40 minutes each. (Another seven stars were noted by the Egyptians during the twilight and predawn periods,[citation needed] although they were not important for the hour divisions.) The original decans used by the Egyptians would have fallen noticeably out of their proper places over a span of several centuries. By the time of Amenhotep III (c. 1350 BC), the priests at Karnak were using water clocks to determine the hours. These were filled to the brim at sunset and the hour determined by comparing the water level against one of its twelve gauges, one for each month of the year.[16] During the New Kingdom, another system of decans was used, made up of 24 stars over the course of the year and 12 within any one night.
The later division of the day into 12 hours was accomplished by sundials marked with ten equal divisions. The morning and evening periods when the sundials failed to note time were observed as the first and last hours.[citation needed]
The Egyptian hours were closely connected both with the priesthood of the gods and with their divine services. By the New Kingdom, each hour was conceived as a specific region of the sky or underworld through which Ra's solar bark travelled.[17] Protective deities were assigned to each and were used as the names of the hours.[17] As the protectors and resurrectors of the sun, the goddesses of the night hours were considered to hold power over all lifespans[17] and thus became part of Egyptian funerary rituals. 2 fire-spitting cobras were said to guard the gates of each hour of the underworld, and Wadjet and the rearing cobra (uraeus) were also sometimes referenced as wnwt from their role protecting the dead through these gates. The Egyptian for astronomer, used as a synonym for priest, was wnwty, "One of the Hours" or "Hour-Watcher".[c] The earliest forms of wnwt include one or three stars, with the later solar hours including the determinative hieroglyph for "sun".[11]
East Asia[edit]
A Chinese diagram from Su Song's AD 1092 Xinyi Xiangfa Yao illustrating his clocktower at Kaifeng.
A reconstruction of another kind of Chinese clepsydra in Beijing's Drum Tower
Main article: Chinese Traditional Time System
Ancient China divided its day into 100 "marks"[26][27] (Chinese: 刻, oc *kʰək,[28] p kè) running from midnight to midnight.[29] The system is said to have been used since remote antiquity,[29] credited to the legendary Yellow Emperor,[30] but is first attested in Han-era water clocks[31] and in the 2nd-century history of that dynasty.[32] It was measured with sundials[33] and water clocks.[d] Into the Eastern Han, the Chinese measured their day schematically, adding the 20-ke difference between the solstices evenly throughout the year, one every nine days.[31] During the night, time was more commonly reckoned during the night by the "watches" (Chinese: 更, oc *kæŋ,[28] p gēng) of the guard, which were reckoned as a fifth of the time from sunset to sunrise.[26][34]
Imperial China continued to use ke and geng but also began to divide the day into 12 "double hours" (t 時, s 时, oc *də,[28] p shí, lit. "time[s]") named after the earthly branches and sometimes also known by the name of the corresponding animal of the Chinese zodiac.[35] The first shi originally ran from 11 pm to 1 am but was reckoned as starting at midnight by the time of the History of Song, compiled during the early Yuan.[36] These apparently began to be used during the Eastern Han that preceded the Three Kingdoms era, but the sections that would have covered them are missing from their official histories; they first appear in official use in the Tang-era Book of Sui.[32] Variations of all these units were subsequently adopted by Japan[34] and the other countries of the Sinosphere.
The 12 shi supposedly began to be divided into 24 hours under the Tang,[34] although they are first attested in the Ming-era Book of Yuan.[29] In that work, the hours were known by the same earthly branches as the shi, with the first half noted as its "starting" and the second as "completed" or "proper" shi.[29] In modern China, these are instead simply numbered and described as "little shi". The modern ke is now used to count quarter-hours, rather than a separate unit.
As with the Egyptian night and daytime hours, the division of the day into twelve shi has been credited to the example set by the rough number of lunar cycles in a solar year,[37] although the 12-year Jovian orbital cycle was more important to traditional Chinese[38] and Babylonian reckoning of the zodiac.[39][e]
Southeast Asia[edit]
Main article: Six-hour clock
In Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, the traditional system of noting hours is the six-hour clock. This reckons each of a day's 24 hours apart from noon as part of a fourth of the day. 7 am was the first hour of the first half of daytime; 1 pm the first hour of the latter half of daytime; 7 pm the first hour of the first half of nighttime; and 1 am the first hour of the latter half of nighttime. This system existed in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, deriving its current phrasing from the practice of publicly announcing the daytime hours with a gong and the nighttime hours with a drum.[41] It was abolished in Laos and Cambodia during their French occupation and is uncommon there now. The Thai system remains in informal use in the form codified in 1901 by King Chulalongkorn.[42]
Other ancient cultures[edit]
Two of the deified Hours of the Greeks and Romans
Main article: Hindu units of time
The Vedas and Puranas employed units of time based on the sidereal day (nakṣatra ahorātram). This was variously divided into 30 muhūtras of 48 minutes each or 60 dandas[citation needed] or nadís of 24 minutes each.[43] The solar day was later similarly divided into 60 ghaṭikás of about the same duration, each divided in turn into 60 vinadis.[43] The Sinhalese followed a similar system but called their sixtieth of a day a peya.
The ancient Greeks and Romans originally divided the day into 12 hours and the night into 3 or 4 night watches. They were notionally deified as the Horae, although sometimes only as a triad. The Greek astronomer Andronicus of Cyrrhus oversaw the construction of a horologion called the Tower of the Winds in Athens during the first century BC. This structure tracked a 24-hour day using both sundials and mechanical hour indicators.[44] The night was eventually also divided into 12 hours.
Middle Ages[edit]
A 7th-century Saxon tide dial on the porch at Bishopstone in Sussex, with larger crosses marking the canonical hours.[45]
Main article: Canonical hours
During Europe's Middle Ages, the Roman hours continued to be marked on sundials but the more important units of time were the canonical hours of the Orthodox and Catholic Church. During daylight, these followed the pattern set by the three-hour bells of the Roman markets, which were succeeded by the bells of local churches. They rang prime at about 6 am, terce at about 9 am, sext at noon, nones at about 3 pm, and vespers at either 6 pm or sunset. Matins and lauds precede these irregularly in the morning hours; compline follows them irregularly before sleep; and the midnight office follows that. Vatican II ordered their reformation for the Catholic Church in 1963,[46] though they continue to be observed in the Orthodox churches.
When mechanical clocks began to be used to show hours of daylight or nighttime, their period needed to be changed every morning and evening (for example, by changing the length of their pendula). The use of 24 hours for the entire day meant hours varied much less and the clocks needed to be adjusted only a few times a month.
Modernity[edit]
Main articles: Decimal time and Metric system
The minor irregularities of the apparent solar day were smoothed by measuring time using the mean solar day, using the Sun's movement along the celestial equator rather than along the ecliptic. The irregularities of this time system were so minor that most clocks reckoning such hours did not need adjustment. However, scientific measurements eventually became precise enough to note the effect of tidal deceleration of the Earth by the Moon, which gradually lengthens the Earth's days.
During the French Revolution, a general decimalization of measures was enacted, including decimal time between 1793 and 1795. Under its provisions, the French hour (French: heure) was 1⁄10 of the day and divided formally into 100 decimal minutes (minute décimale) and informally into 10 tenths (décime). This hour was only briefly in official use, being repealed by the same 1795 legislation that first established the metric system.
The metric system bases its measurements of time upon the second, defined since 1952 in terms of the Earth's rotation in AD 1900. Its hours are a secondary unit computed as precisely 3,600 seconds.[47] However, an hour of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), used as the basis of most civil time, has lasted 3,601 seconds 27 times since 1972 in order to keep it within 0.9 seconds of universal time, which is based on measurements of the mean solar day at 0° longitude. The addition of these seconds accommodates the very gradual slowing of the rotation of the Earth.
In modern life, the ubiquity of clocks and other timekeeping devices means that segmentation of days according to their hours is commonplace. Most forms of employment, whether wage or salaried labor, involves compensation based upon measured or expected hours worked. The fight for an eight-hour day was a part of labor movements around the world. Informal rush hours and happy hours cover the times of day when commuting slows down due to congestion or alcoholic drinks are available at discounted prices. The hour record for the greatest distance traveled by a cyclist within the span of an hour is one of cycling's greatest honors.
Counting hours[edit]
Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is 5⁄12 the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. on mid-summer's day, when the Sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3 a.m. and 9 p.m. respectively on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.5°, roughly the latitude of Aberdeen or Sitka, Alaska.
Planispheric astrolabe designed for the latitude of Varese (Italy)
Many different ways of counting the hours have been used. Because sunrise, sunset, and, to a lesser extent, noon, are the conspicuous points in the day, starting to count at these times was, for most people in most early societies, much easier than starting at midnight. However, with accurate clocks and modern astronomical equipment (and the telegraph or similar means to transfer a time signal in a split-second), this issue is much less relevant.
Astrolabes, sundials, and astronomical clocks sometimes show the hour length and count using some of these older definitions and counting methods.
Counting from dawn[edit]
In ancient and medieval cultures, the counting of hours generally started with sunrise. Before the widespread use of artificial light, societies were more concerned with the division between night and day, and daily routines often began when light was sufficient.[48]
Unequal hours[edit]
Sunrise marked the beginning of the first hour, the middle of the day was at the end of the sixth hour and sunset at the end of the twelfth hour. This meant that the duration of hours varied with the season. In the Northern hemisphere, particularly in the more northerly latitudes, summer daytime hours were longer than winter daytime hours, each being one twelfth of the time between sunrise and sunset. These variable-length hours were variously known as temporal, unequal, or seasonal hours and were in use until the appearance of the mechanical clock, which furthered the adoption of equal length hours.[48]
This is also the system used in Jewish law and frequently called "Talmudic hour" (Sha'a Zemanit) in a variety of texts. The talmudic hour is one twelfth of time elapsed from sunrise to sunset, day hours therefore being longer than night hours in the summer; in winter they reverse.
The Indic day began at sunrise. The term hora was used to indicate an hour. The time was measured based on the length of the shadow at day time. A hora translated to 2.5 pe. There are 60 pe per day, 60 minutes per pe and 60 kshana (snap of a finger or instant) per minute. Pe was measured with a bowl with a hole placed in still water. Time taken for this graduated bowl was one pe. Kings usually had an officer in charge of this clock.
Counting from sunset[edit]
In so-called "Italian time", "Italian hours", or "old Czech time", the first hour started with the sunset Angelus bell (or at the end of dusk, i.e., half an hour after sunset, depending on local custom and geographical latitude). The hours were numbered from 1 to 24. For example, in Lugano, the sun rose in December during the 14th hour and noon was during the 19th hour; in June the Sun rose during the 7th hour and noon was in the 15th hour. Sunset was always at the end of the 24th hour. The clocks in church towers struck only from 1 to 12, thus only during night or early morning hours.
This manner of counting hours had the advantage that everyone could easily know how much time they had to finish their day's work without artificial light. It was already widely used in Italy by the 14th century and lasted until the mid-18th century; it was officially abolished in 1755, or in some regions customary until the mid-19th century.[f]
The system of Italian hours can be seen on a number of clocks in Europe, where the dial is numbered from 1 to 24 in either Roman or Arabic numerals. The St Mark's Clock in Venice, and the Orloj in Prague are famous examples. It was also used in Poland and Bohemia until the 17th century.
The Islamic day begins at sunset. The first prayer of the day (maghrib) is to be performed between just after sunset and the end of twilight.
Counting from noon[edit]
For many centuries, up to 1925, astronomers counted the hours and days from noon, because it was the easiest solar event to measure accurately. An advantage of this method (used in the Julian Date system, in which a new Julian Day begins at noon) is that the date doesn't change during a single night's observing.
Counting from midnight[edit]
In the modern 12-hour clock, counting the hours starts at midnight and restarts at noon. Hours are numbered 12, 1, 2, ..., 11. Solar noon is always close to 12 noon (ignoring artificial adjustments due to time zones and daylight saving time), differing according to the equation of time by as much as fifteen minutes either way. At the equinoxes sunrise is around 6 a.m. (Latin: ante meridiem, before noon), and sunset around 6 p.m. (Latin: post meridiem, after noon).
In the modern 24-hour clock, counting the hours starts at midnight, and hours are numbered from 0 to 23. Solar noon is always close to 12:00, again differing according to the equation of time. At the equinoxes sunrise is around 06:00, and sunset around 18:00.
Derived measures[edit]
air changes per hour (ACH), a measure of the replacements of air within a defined space used for indoor air quality
ampere-hour (Ah), a measure of electrical charge used in electrochemistry
BTU-hour, a measure of power used in the power industry and for air conditioners and heaters
credit hour, a measure of an academic course's contracted instructional time per week for a semester
horsepower-hour (hph), a measure of energy used in the railroad industry
hour angle, a measure of the angle between the meridian plane and the hour circle passing through a certain point used in the equatorial coordinate system
kilometer per hour ( km⁄h), a measure of land speed
kilowatt-hour (kWh), a measure of energy commonly used as an electrical billing unit
knot (kn), a measure of nautical miles per hour, used for maritime and aerial speed
man-hour, an averaged amount of work performed per person per hour used in productivity analysis
meter per hour ( m⁄h), a measure of slow speeds
mile per hour (mph), a measure of land speed
passengers per hour per direction (p/h/d), a measure of the capacity of public transportation systems
pound per hour (PPH), a measure of mass flow used for engines' fuel flow
work or working hour, a measure of working time used in various regulations, such as those distinguishing part- and full-time employment and those limiting truck drivers' working hours or hours of service
See also[edit]
Horology
Horae, the deified hours of ancient Greece and Rome
Hexadecimal hour, a proposed unit lasting 1 h 30 min
Decimal hour or deciday, a French Revolutionary unit lasting 2 h 24 min
Golden Hour & Blue Hour in photography
Metric time
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Since 1972, the 27 leap seconds added to UTC have all been additions.
Jump up ^ From the c. 1250 sermon for Sexagesima Sunday: ...Þos laste on ure habbeþ i-travailed...[3]
Jump up ^ Wnwty is written variously as

,[18]

,

,[19]

,

,[20]

,

,

,

,

,[21]

,[22]
,[23]

,[24] and

.[25]
Jump up ^ According to the 2nd-century Shuowen Jiezi, "A water clock holds the water in a copper pot and notes the marks [kè] by a rule. There are 100 marks which represent the day".
Jump up ^ The late classical Indians also began to reckon years based on the Jovian cycle, but this was much later than their lunar calendar and initially named after it.[40]
Jump up ^ There is a trace of that system, for instance, in Verdi's operas where in Rigoletto or in Un ballo in maschera midnight is announced by the bell striking 6 times, not 12. But in his last opera, Falstaff, strangely, he abandoned that style, perhaps under influence of contemporary trends at end of 19th century when he composed it, and the midnight bell strikes 12 times.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Resolution 7", Resolutions of the CGPM: 9th Meeting, Paris: International Bureau of Weights and Measures, October 1948 .
Jump up ^ OED, hour, n.
Jump up ^ Morris, Richard, ed. (1872), "Old Kentish Sermons (Laud MS 471)", An Old English Miscellany, London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, p. 34 .
Jump up ^ OED, tide, n.
Jump up ^ OED, stound, n.¹.
Jump up ^ OED, clock, n.¹, & o'clock, adv. (and n.).
Jump up ^ OED, hundred, n. and adj..
^ Jump up to: a b OED, quarter, n.
Jump up ^ Holford-Strevens (2005).
Jump up ^ "Different Classification of Hours".
^ Jump up to: a b c Clagett (1995), p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b Clagett (1995), p. 50.
Jump up ^ Parker (1950), pp. 30-2.
Jump up ^ Clagett (1995), p. 50–1.
Jump up ^ Clagett (1995), p. 218.
Jump up ^ Parker (1950), p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilkinson (2003), p. 83.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 400.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 408.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 409.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 410.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 412.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 1235.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 1239.
Jump up ^ Vygus (2015), p. 1240.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephenson (1997).
Jump up ^ Steele (2000).
^ Jump up to: a b c Baxter & al. (2014).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sōma & al. (2004), p. 887.
Jump up ^ Petersen (1992), p. 129.
^ Jump up to: a b Petersen (1992), p. 125.
^ Jump up to: a b Sōma & al. (2004), p. 889.
Jump up ^ Stephenson & al. (2002), pp. 15–16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sōma & al. (2004), p. 888.
Jump up ^ Sōma & al. (2004), p. 904.
Jump up ^ Sōma & al. (2004), p. 896.
Jump up ^ 1 .
Jump up ^ Zai, J. (2015), Taoism and Science, Ultravisum .
Jump up ^ Rogers (1998), pp. 9–28.
Jump up ^ Sewell (1924), p. xii.
Jump up ^ Thongprasert (1985), pp. 229–237.
Jump up ^ "ประกาศใช้ทุ่มโมงยาม", Royal Gazette, No. 17 (PDF), 29 July 1901, p. 206 . (in Thai)
^ Jump up to: a b Dershowitz & al. (2008), p. 207.
Jump up ^ "A Walk Through Time". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Wall (1912), p. 67.
Jump up ^ Paul VI (4 December 1963), Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, Vatican City, §89(d) .
Jump up ^ "Non-SI Units Accepted for Use with the SI, and Units Based on Fundamental Constants (contd.)", The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed., Paris: International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Landes (1983), p. 76.
Bibliography[edit]
The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
Baxter, William H.; et al. (2014), Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford: Oxford University Press , available in part here.
Clagett, Marshall (1995), Ancient Egyptian Science, Vol. II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy, Memoirs of the APS, No. 214, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society .
Dershowitz, Nachum; et al. (2008), Calendrical Calculations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2005), The History of Time: A Very Short Introduction, Very Short Introductions, Vol. 133, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780192804990 .
Landes, David S. (1983), Revolution in Time, Cambridge: Harvard University Press .
Parker, Richard Anthony (1950), The Calendars of Ancient Egypt (PDF), Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, No. 26, Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
Petersen, Jens Østergård, "The Taiping Jing and the A.D. 102 Clepsydra Reform", Acta Orientalia, Vol. 53, Copenhagen, pp. 122–158 .
Rogers, J.H. (1998), "Origins of the Ancient Constellations", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, No. 108, London: BAA .
Sewell, Robert (1924), The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar, Kolkata: Government of India Central Publication Branch .
Sōma, Mitsuru; et al. (25 October 2004), "Units of Time in Ancient China and Japan", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 56, No. 5, Tokyo: ASJ, pp. 887–904, doi:10.1093/pasj/56.5.887 .
Steele, J.M. (2000), Observations and Predications of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers, Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publications .
Stephenson, F. Richard (1997), Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
Stephenson, F. Richard; et al. (2002), Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-850766-6 .
Thongprasert, Chamnong (1985), "ทุ่ม-โมง-นาฬิกา [Thum-Mong-Nalika]", ภาษาไทยไขขาน [Thai Unlocked], Bangkok: Prae Pitaya Press . (in Thai)
Wall, J. Charles (1912), Porches & Fonts, London: Wells, Gardner, Darton & Co.
Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003), The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Singapore: Tien Wah Press for Thames & Hudson .
Further reading[edit]
Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2.
Christopher Walker (ed.), Astronomy before the Telescope. London: British Museum Press, 1996.
External links[edit]
Look up hour or stound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hour.
World time zones
Accurate time vs. PC Clock Difference
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GND: 4799320-0
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text:
Walnut Creek, California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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City of Walnut Creek
City
Walnut Creek as seen from Acalanes Open Space

Seal

Location of Walnut Creek within California
City of Walnut Creek
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 37°54′23″N 122°03′54″W / 37.90639°N 122.06500°W / 37.90639; -122.06500Coordinates: 37°54′23″N 122°03′54″W / 37.90639°N 122.06500°W / 37.90639; -122.06500
Country
United States
State
California
County
Contra Costa
First settled
1849[1]
Incorporated
October 21, 1914[1]
Government
• Type
General Law
• City Council
Mayor Rich Carlston[2]
Mayor pro tem Justin Wedel[2]
Cindy Silva[2]
Loella Haskew[2]
Kevin Wilk[2]
• State Leg.
Sen. Steve Glazer (D)[3]
Asm. Tim Grayson (D) and Catharine Baker (R)[4]
• U. S. Congress
Mark DeSaulnier (D)[5]
Area[6]
• Total
19.77 sq mi (51.21 km2)
• Land
19.76 sq mi (51.18 km2)
• Water
0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) 0.06%
Elevation
131 ft (40 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
64,173
• Estimate (2016)[7]
69,122
• Density
3,498.25/sq mi (1,350.70/km2)
Time zone
PST (UTC-8)
• Summer (DST)
PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes
94595–94598
Area code(s)
925
FIPS code
06-83346
GNIS feature IDs
1660120, 2412174
Website
Official website
Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, about 16 miles (26 kilometres) east of the city of Oakland. With a total estimated population of 67,673, Walnut Creek serves as a hub for its neighboring cities because of its location at the junction of the highways from Sacramento and San Jose (I-680) and San Francisco/Oakland (SR-24) and its accessibility by BART. Its active downtown neighborhood features hundred-year-old buildings and extensive high-end retail establishments, restaurants and entertainment venues.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography and climate
2.1 Open space
2.2 Climate
3 Public transit and bike trails
4 Demographics
4.1 2010 census
4.2 2000 census
5 Education
5.1 Public K-12
5.2 Private K-12
5.3 Public libraries
6 Economy
6.1 Top employers
7 Culture
7.1 Arts companies and venues
7.1.1 Bedford Gallery
7.1.2 California Symphony
7.1.3 Center Repertory Company
7.1.4 Civic Arts Education
7.1.5 Diablo Ballet
7.1.6 Festival Opera
7.1.7 Lesher Center for the Arts
8 Points of interest
9 Media
10 Notable people
11 Sister cities
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
History[edit]
Downtown Walnut Creek
There are three bands of Bay Miwok Indians associated with early Walnut Creek:[8][9] the Saclan, whose territory extended through the hills east of present-day Oakland, Rossmoor, Lafayette, Moraga and Walnut Creek; the Volvon (also spelled Bolbon, Wolwon and Zuicun) near Mt. Diablo; and the Tactan located on the San Ramon Creek in Danville and Walnut Creek.
Today's Walnut Creek is located within the earlier site of four Mexican land grants. One of these land grants – measuring 18,000 acres (73 km2) – belonged to Juana Sanchez de Pacheco, who eventually passed the land down to her two grandsons. Ygnacio Sibrian, one of the grandsons, created the first roofed home in the valley in about 1850. The grant was called Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones, named after the principal waterway, Arroyo de las Nueces (Walnut Creek), as well as for the local group of indigenous Americans (Bolbones). The Arroyo de las Nueces was named for the evidence of the native species of walnut tree, the California Walnut.
With the coming of American settlers following the Mexican-American War, a small settlement called "The Corners" emerged, named because it was the place where roads from Pacheco and Lafayette met. The site of this first American settlement is found today at the intersection of Mt. Diablo Boulevard and North Main Street. The first town settler was William Slusher, who built a dwelling on the bank of Walnut Creek, which was called "Nuts Creek" by the Americans in 1849. In the year 1855, Milo Hough of Lafayette built the hotel named "Walnut Creek House" in the corners. A blacksmith shop and a store soon joined the hotel, and a year later, Hiram Penniman (who built Shadelands Ranch) laid out the town site and realigned the Main Street of today. Two decades later, the community changed its name from The Corners to Walnut Creek.
In December 1862 a United States Post Office was established, and the community was named "Walnut Creek".[10] The downtown street patterns laid out in 1871–1872 by pioneer Homer Shuey on a portion of one of his family's large cattle ranches are still present today.
Walnut Creek began to grow with the arrival of Southern Pacific Railroad service in 1891. On October 21, 1914, the town and the surrounding area of 500 acres (2.0 square kilometres)), were incorporated as the 8th city in Contra Costa County. A branch line of the Southern Pacific railroad ran through Walnut Creek until the late 1970s. The East Bay Regional Park District's Iron Horse Trail, used by walkers, runners and bikers, runs over what were portions of that branch line.[11] The mainline of the Sacramento Northern Railway passed through Walnut Creek. Both railroads had stations here. Today, the Pittsburg/Bay Point – SFO Line line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) serves Walnut Creek with a station adjacent to Highway 680.
With the 1951 opening of the downtown Broadway Shopping Center (now Broadway Plaza), Contra Costa County's first major retail center, the city took off in a new direction, and its population more than quadrupled – from 2,460 in 1950 to 9,903 in 1960.
Geography and climate[edit]
Walnut Creek is located at 37°54′23″N 122°03′54″W / 37.90639°N 122.06500°W / 37.90639; -122.06500.[12] Portions lie in both the San Ramon Valley and the Ygnacio Valley below the western slopes of Mount Diablo. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.8 sq mi (51.2 km2), 0.06 percent of which is water. Walnut Creek – the actual waterway that runs through town – has been routed underneath downtown through a series of tunnels starting at the southwest end of Macy's and ending just southwest of Maria Maria Restaurant.
Open space[edit]
Shell Ridge Open Space
Walnut Creek owns more open space per capita than any other community in the state of California. In 1974, Walnut Creek voters approved a $6.7 million bond measure that allowed the city to purchase 1,800 acres (730 ha) of undeveloped hillsides, ridge lines, and park sites. Walnut Creek owns parts of Lime Ridge Open Space, Shell Ridge Open Space, Acalanes Ridge Open Space, and Sugarloaf Open Space.
The East Bay Regional Park District operates Diablo Foothills Regional Park and Castle Rock Regional Recreation Area, both in Walnut Creek.
Climate[edit]
Walnut Creek's warm summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb) is typical of California's interior valleys. In summer, high pressure is in control of the region, leading to almost unbroken sunshine and virtually no precipitation. Days start out cool but quickly warm up, with high temperatures normally in the 80s Fahrenheit (27 to 32 °C). Temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) or hotter occur numerous times during heatwaves, however. In the winter, the jet stream moves far enough south so that Pacific storms can reach Walnut Creek, bringing much-needed rain – average annual rainfall approximates 20 inches (510 mm), with slight variations occurring in microclimates based on elevation and topography. During particularly cold storms, snow falls on the peak of nearby Mount Diablo, but snow in the valley floor is very rare. There are also plenty of clear, mild days in winter, often with morning frost. The climate allows for the successful cultivation of many plants and crops, being warm enough for citrus yet cold enough for apples. The Ruth Bancroft Garden is a renowned botanical garden that showcases the diversity of plants that can be successfully grown.
[hide]Climate data for WALNUT CREEK 2 ESE, California (1893–1974)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
80
(27) 83
(28) 97
(36) 94
(34) 103
(39) 109
(43) 115
(46) 112
(44) 114
(46) 101
(38) 89
(32) 76
(24) 115
(46)
Average high °F (°C)
55
(13) 61
(16) 65
(18) 71
(22) 76
(24) 83
(28) 88
(31) 87
(31) 84
(29) 77
(25) 66
(19) 56
(13) 72.4
(22.4)
Average low °F (°C)
36
(2) 38
(3) 40
(4) 43
(6) 47
(8) 52
(11) 54
(12) 54
(12) 52
(11) 46
(8) 41
(5) 37
(3) 45.0
(7.2)
Record low °F (°C)
17
(−8) 21
(−6) 24
(−4) 28
(−2) 32
(0) 34
(1) 38
(3) 41
(5) 36
(2) 27
(−3) 23
(−5) 18
(−8) 17
(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
4.52
(114.8) 3.62
(91.9) 2.47
(62.7) 1.38
(35.1) 0.56
(14.2) 0.14
(3.6) 0.01
(0.3) 0.04
(1) 0.24
(6.1) 1.05
(26.7) 2.26
(57.4) 3.83
(97.3) 20.12
(511.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10 9 8 5 3 1 0 0 1 3 6 9 53
Source: [13][14]
Public transit and bike trails[edit]
Ygnacio Valley Canal Trail to Lime Ridge Open Space
The city hosts two BART stations, Walnut Creek station and Pleasant Hill station (in the unincorporated area known as Contra Costa Centre Transit Village). BART provides direct service from Walnut Creek to San Francisco, heading west, and Pittsburg, heading east. Other cities such as Berkeley and Fremont can be accessed via transfers.
Central Contra Costa Transit Authority (County Connection/CCCTA) provides bus service throughout Walnut Creek and Contra Costa County at a modest cost. County Connection also operates three free weekday shuttles within city limits: the Downtown Trolley/Route 4 loops from Walnut Creek BART to Broadway Plaza; Route 5 runs from Walnut Creek BART to Creekside; and Route 7, which runs from Pleasant Hill BART to Shadelands Business Park.
Walnut Creek is transected by the Iron Horse Trail (running north/south) through its downtown, as well as the Contra Costa Canal Trail (running east/west) at the north end of the city. Both these trails, in addition to city bike lanes, make bicycle transportation feasible for both recreation and an alternative commute.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1880 94 —
1920 538 —
1930 1,014 88.5%
1940 1,578 55.6%
1950 2,420 53.4%
1960 9,903 309.2%
1970 39,844 302.3%
1980 54,033 35.6%
1990 60,569 12.1%
2000 64,296 6.2%
2010 64,173 −0.2%
Est. 2016 69,122 [7] 7.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[15]
2010 census[edit]
The 2010 United States Census[16] reported that Walnut Creek had a population of 64,173. The population density was 3,246.2 people per square mile (1,253.4/km²). The racial makeup of Walnut Creek was 50,487 (78.7 percent) White, 1,035 (1.6 percent) African American, 155 (0.2 percent) Native American, 8,027 (12.5 percent) Asian, 125 (0.2 percent) Pacific Islander, 1,624 (2.5 percent) from other races, and 2,720 (4.2 percent) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5,540 persons (8.6 percent).
The Census reported that 63,171 people (98.4 percent of the population) lived in households, 176 (0.3 percent) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 826 (1.3 percent) were institutionalized.
There were 30,443 households, out of which 6,363 (20.9 percent) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,305 (43.7 percent) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,071 (6.8 percent) had a female householder with no husband present, 844 (2.8 percent) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,286 (4.2 percent) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 298 (1.0 percent) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 11,884 households (39.0 percent) were made up of individuals and 6,424 (21.1 percent) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 16,220 families (53.3 percent of all households); the average family size was 2.79.
The population was spread out with 10,719 people (16.7 percent) under the age of 18, 3,599 people (5.6 percent) aged 18 to 24, 15,137 people (23.6 percent) aged 25 to 44, 17,653 people (27.5 percent) aged 45 to 64, and 17,065 people (26.6 percent) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.9 years. For every 100 females there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.
There were 32,681 housing units at an average density of 1,653.2 per square mile (638.3/km²), of which 20,262 (66.6 percent) were owner-occupied, and 10,181 (33.4 percent) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4 percent; the rental vacancy rate was 6.7 percent. 43,079 people (67.1 percent of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 20,092 people (31.3 percent) lived in rental housing units.
[hide]Demographic profile[17]
2010
Total Population 64,173 – 100.0%
One Race 61,453 – 95.8%
Not Hispanic or Latino 58,633 – 91.4%
White alone 47,170 – 73.5%
Black or African American alone 996 – 1.6%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone 99 – 0.2%
Asian alone 7,954 – 12.4%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 114 – 0.2%
Some other race alone 148 – 0.2%
Two or more races alone 2,152 – 3.4%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 5,540 – 8.6%
2000 census[edit]
As of the census[18] of 2000, there were 64,296 people, 30,301 households, and 16,544 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,246.9/km² (3,229.6/mi²). There were 31,425 housing units at an average density of 609.4/km² (1,578.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.89 percent White, 1.07 percent African American, 0.33 percent Native American, 9.36 percent Asian, 0.15 percent Pacific Islander, 1.96 percent from other races, and 3.25 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.99 percent of the population.
There were 30,301 households out of which 20.9 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7 percent were married couples living together, 6.7 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.4 percent were non-families. 38.0 percent of all households were made up of individuals and 19.7 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.78.
In the city, the population was spread out with 17.6 percent under the age of 18, 5.2 percent from 18 to 24, 27.1 percent from 25 to 44, 24.8 percent from 45 to 64, and 25.3 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 85.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males.
Education[edit]
Public K-12[edit]
Walnut Creek residents attend schools in five public-school districts.[19] The Walnut Creek School District (K–8) has 5 elementary schools and one middle school in the city. Some residents are served by schools from the Mount Diablo Unified School District (K–12), the Acalanes Union High School District (9–12), the San Ramon Valley Unified School District (K–12), and the Lafayette School District (K–8). The following public schools are within the city limits of Walnut Creek:
Walnut Creek School District
Buena Vista Elementary
Indian Valley Elementary
Murwood Elementary
Parkmead Elementary
Walnut Heights Elementary
Walnut Creek Intermediate
Tice Creek School
Acalanes Union High School District
Las Lomas High School
Acalanes Center for Independent Study
Mount Diablo Unified School District
Eagle Peak Montessori (charter elementary)
Bancroft Elementary
Valle Verde Elementary
Walnut Acres Elementary
Foothill Middle
Northgate High School
Private K-12[edit]
Walnut Creek is home to several private schools, including
Berean Christian High School (Grades: 9–12)
Contra Costa Christian Schools (Grades: PK–12)[20]
Garden Gate Montessori School (Grades: PK–K)
North Creek Academy & Preschool (Grades: PK–8)
Palmer School (Grades: K–8)
St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception School (Grades: PK–8)
The Seven Hills School (Grades: PK–8)
Springfield Montessori School (Grades: PK–K)
Walnut Creek Christian Academy (Grades: K–8)[21]
Public libraries[edit]
Walnut Creek Library—sculpture by Marta Thoma Hall
The Walnut Creek Library and the Ygnacio Valley Library of the Contra Costa County Library are located in Walnut Creek.[22][23] The Ygnacio Valley Branch, which opened in 1975, is also known as the Thurman G. Casey Memorial Library.[23] Fundraising and other support is provided by the Walnut Creek Library Foundation.
On February 26, 2008, the city demolished the Walnut Creek Library, that was built in 1961 at the southern end of Civic Park. Mayor Gwen Regalia hosted a groundbreaking on the same site for the new library on May 19, 2008. The new library, designed by Group 4 Architecture, Research + Planning, Inc., has 42,000 square feet (3,900 m2) and an underground parking garage.[24] Construction was completed in 2010 and the library was officially opened on July 17, 2010.[25]
Economy[edit]
Companies based in Walnut Creek include Carollo Engineers, Central Garden & Pet (makers of AvoDerm, Amdro, Kaytee, among others),[26] American Reprographics Company, CSE Insurance Group, and the PMI Group.
Top employers[edit]
According to Walnut Creek's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[27] the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1 John Muir Health 4,604
2 Kaiser Permanente 2,300
3 Safeway 1,275
4 Nordstrom 570
5 IHC 500
6 United States Postal Service 409
7 Aetna 400
8 Macy's 400
9 City of Walnut Creek 364
10 HCR Manor Care 360
In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S. by CBS Money Watch and U.S. News.[28][29]
Culture[edit]
Arts companies and venues[edit]
Lesher Center for the Arts
Broadway Plaza Shopping Center
Bedford Gallery[edit]
This 3,500-square-foot exhibition space hosts several exhibitions annually, featuring historic and modern art from contemporary artists. The gallery is a community-based facility that provides art workshops, lectures, and educational programs to the public throughout the year.
California Symphony[edit]
The California Symphony, notable for its commitment to the performance of music by American composers, has been based in Walnut Creek since its inception in 1986.
Center Repertory Company[edit]
The Center Repertory Company is the in-house theater company for the Lesher Center for the Arts. It stages six productions a year, including its annual production of A Christmas Carol.
Civic Arts Education[edit]
A community arts education program offering classes to children and adults since 1964. Classes include beginning, intermediate and expert levels in ceramics, sculpture, dance, fiber arts, digital media, photography, drama, drawing, painting, printmaking, glass, jewelry and music. The Clay Arts Guild (CAG) is a non-profit volunteer organization, established in 1964, supporting ceramics arts education under the Civic Arts Education program. An arts-based preschool and youth arts center are popular year-round programs, all part of the City of Walnut Creek's Arts Recreation & Community Services Department.
Diablo Ballet[edit]
Established in 1993, Diablo Ballet is Contra Costa's only professional dance company that also tours nationally and internationally. The company presents renowned classics in addition to premiering new contemporary works. Diablo Ballet has also been recognized by the California state government for their PEEK Youth Outreach Program, which brings in-school arts education to under-served elementary school students in the East Bay and also those incarcerated by the Juvenile Justice system.
Festival Opera[edit]
The Festival Opera Association was founded in Walnut Creek in 1991 to preserve and advance the operatic art form. The company produces a free Opera in the Park in Civic Park in addition to main stage performances at the Lesher Center for the Arts.[30]
Lesher Center for the Arts[edit]
Three performance spaces (The Knight Stage 3, The Hoffman, and The Margaret Lesher theatres) and the Bedford Gallery are included in this modern building. The Center is named for Dean Lesher, newspaper publisher and founder of the Contra Costa Times.
Points of interest[edit]
Community Center at Heather Farm Park in Walnut Creek, California.
Tony La Russa's Animal Rescue Foundation (ARF)
Bedford Art Gallery
Boundary Oak Golf Course
Broadway Plaza Shopping Center
Castle Rock Park
Civic Park, including seasonal outdoor skating rink
Heather Farm Park, including Gardens at Heather Farm and all-abilities playground
Howe Homestead Park
Lesher Center for the Arts
Lindsay Wildlife Museum
Mount Diablo State Park
Open space hiking/biking trails, including Acalanes, Lime Ridge, Shell Ridge (featuring Fossil Hill trail)
Old Borges Ranch
Ruth Bancroft Garden
St. Paul's Episcopal Church, featuring Carpenter Gothic chapel
Shadelands Ranch Museum
Walden Park Disc Golf Course
Walnut Creek Model Railroad Society
Media[edit]
Walnut Creek is served by the daily newspaper, The East Bay Times (formerly The Contra Costa Times). The paper was originally run and owned by the Lesher family. Since the death of Dean Lesher in 1993, the paper has had several owners. The Times, as it is known, has a section called "The Walnut Creek Journal."
Walnut Creek TV (WCTV) is the city's government-access television channel, covering local government and community events. WCTV is available in Walnut Creek on Comcast channel 28 (channel 26 in Rossmoor), Astound channel 29, AT&T U-verse channel 99 under the menu option "Walnut Creek Television," and on YouTube. Claycord.com is the widely read independent news and talk blog serving the greater Walnut Creek metropolitan area.
Notable people[edit]
Matt Anger, professional tennis player
Tom Candiotti, MLB pitcher
Richard Carlson, psychotherapist, author of Don't Sweat the Small Stuff[31]
Dr. Alette Coble-Temple, Ms. Wheelchair America 2016, disability advocate[32][33]
Stephen Curry, NBA All-star[34]
Kyle Gass, guitarist for Tenacious D, attended Las Lomas High School
Lee Goldberg, writer and television producer, graduated from Northgate High School (1980)
Dan Haren, MLB pitcher[35]
Brandon Harkins, professional golfer
Jack Henderson, artist, charity fundraiser
Marya Hornbacher, author[36]
Kristian Ipsen, U.S. diver, Olympic bronze medalist[37]
Bessilyn Johnson, daughter of Hiram Penniman, Shadelands Ranch owner, resident of Scotty's Castle in Death Valley
Randy Johnson, MLB pitcher
Kira Kazantsev, Miss America 2015
Joshua Kors, investigative reporter, graduated from Las Lomas High School
Mark "Mad Dog" Madsen, NBA player
James McCoubrey (1901–2013) world's oldest living man[38]
John A. Nejedly (1914–2006), California State Senator
Kyle Newacheck, co-creator, co-star of Comedy Central's Workaholics
Jason Newsted, bassist for Metallica
Aaron Poreda, MLB pitcher
Markie Post, television actress
Jeff Richards, writer and featured performer on NBC's Saturday Night Live, 2001–04
Bill Rigney, MLB infielder, Angels' first manager
Lester Rodney, journalist, civil rights activist[39]
Katharine Ross, film actress, graduated from Las Lomas High School (1957)
Leslie Carrara-Rudolph, Sesame Street puppeteer
Greg Sestero, Actor, star of cult classic The Room, author of The Disaster Artist, born in Walnut Creek.
Justin Speier, MLB pitcher
Joe Starkey, California Golden Bears and former San Francisco 49ers announcer
The Story So Far, Pop Punk band
Christy Turlington, supermodel, health activist
Lars Ulrich, drummer for Metallica
Joseph R. Walker, 19th-century wilderness explorer and scout
Johnny Weekly, MLB outfielder
Wayne A. Wiegand, library historian, author, academic
Sister cities[edit]
Walnut Creek has an active Sister Cities International program with two sister cities. Schools in the city have a yearly student-exchange with these cities.[40]
Noceto, Italy
Siófok, Hungary
See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
List of cities and towns in California
List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b , walnut-creek.org, retrieved on October 8, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "City Council". Walnut Creek. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013. http://www.walnut-creek.org/government/city-council
Jump up ^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "California's 11th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jun 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Forester, 2006.
Jump up ^ Milliken, 1995
Jump up ^ Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 719. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
Jump up ^ About the Iron Horse Corridor[permanent dead link]. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walnut Creek, California
Jump up ^ "WALNUT CREEK 2 ESE, CALIFORNIA Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature". Wrcc.dri.edu. October 31, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WALNUT CREEK 2 ESE, CALIFORNIA Period of Record General Climate Summary – Precipitation". Wrcc.dri.edu. October 31, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Walnut Creek city". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Demographic Profile Bay Area Census".
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Walnut Creek City Council (April 4, 2006). "Walnut Creek General Plan 2025". pp. 2–15. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Contra Costa Christian School website". Cccss.org. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Walnut Creek Christian Academy website". Wccaeagles.org. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Walnut Creek Library." Contra Costa County Library. Retrieved on April 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ygnacio Valley Library." Contra Costa County Library. Retrieved on April 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ City of Walnut Creek, Downtown Library Project, Construction on Track for New Library opening in 2010 Archived July 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Walnut Creek Library Foundation, New Walnut Creek Library Grand Opening, July 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Central Garden & Pet » Corporate & Investor Relations". Central.com. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "City of Walnut Creek CAFR". Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011. http://www.walnut-creek.org/government/city-budget/other-financial-reports
Jump up ^ Smith, Nancy F. (March 8, 2012). "The 10 Best Places to Retire". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brandon, Emily (October 17, 2011). "The 10 Best Places to Retire in 2012". Money.usnews.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kosman, Joshua (July 11, 2012). "Loyal base asked to benefit opera". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ DelVecchio, Rick (December 16, 2006). "RICHARD CARLSON: 1961–2006; 'Don't Sweat Small Stuff' author dies at 45". San Francisco Chronicle. article appeared on page B – 1 of the San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Alette Coble-Temple crowned MWA 2016!," Ms. Wheelchair America. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fancher, Lou (August 10, 2015) "Walnut Creek woman crowned Ms. Wheelchair America," The East Bay Times. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vongs, Pueng. (November 25, 2015) "Photos: Warriors star Stephen Curry buys mansion in Walnut Creek," The Mercury News. Retrieved on May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Suchon, Josh (July 21, 2006). "Haren's home is in the East Bay". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ronan, Alex (July 29, 2014) "'Like Seeing a Ghost’: Wasted, 15 Years Later," New York Magazine – The Cut. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lutz, Rachel (April 4, 2016). "Who is... Kristian Ipsen," NBCOlympics.com. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richards, Sam (July 10, 2013). "James McCoubrey, acknowledged as the oldest living man in California, dies in Walnut Creek at 111". mercurynews.com. Contra Costa Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (December 23, 2009) "Lester Rodney, Early Voice in Fight Against Racism in Sports, Dies at 98," The New York Times. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Walnut Creek – Sister City Program". City of Walnut Creek. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2011. http://www.walnut-creek.org/services/citizen/[permanent dead link]
Further reading[edit]
Emanuels, George (1982). Ygnacio Valley, 1834–1970. OCLC 9221187.
Emanuels, George (1991) [1984]. Walnut Creek: Arroyo de Las Nueces. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Diablo Books. ISBN 0-9607520-2-1. OCLC 11704494.
Nilda Rego (1998). Days Gone By in Contra Costa County Vol II. Lafayette, Calif.: Great West Books. ISBN 1-889652-02-4. OCLC 71402468.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walnut Creek, California.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Walnut Creek.
Official website
Walnut Creek Convention & Visitors Bureau
Walnut Creek Chamber of Commerce
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Creek,_California&oldid=816386293"
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Walnut Creek, California
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values: Walnut Creek (lungsod sa Estados Unidos, California, Contra Costa County, lat 37,91, long -122,06) – Cebuano

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