text:
Stanley & Iris
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Stanley & Iris
original film poster for Stanley & Iris
Directed by
Martin Ritt
Produced by
Arlene Sellers
Allen Winitsky
Screenplay by
Harriet Frank, Jr.
Irving Ravetch
Based on
Union Street
by Pat Barker
Starring
Jane Fonda
Robert De Niro
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Donald McAlpine
Edited by
Sidney Levin
Production
company
Lantana Productions
Star Partners II Ltd.
MGM/UA Communications Co.
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
February 9, 1990 (1990-02-09)
Running time
104 min.
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$23 million[1]
Box office
$5,820,015
Stanley & Iris is a 1990 American romantic drama film directed by Martin Ritt and starring Jane Fonda and Robert De Niro. The screenplay by Harriet Frank, Jr. and Irving Ravetch is loosely based on the novel Union Street by Pat Barker.
The original music score is composed by John Williams and the cinematography is by Donald McAlpine. The film was marketed with the tagline "Some people need love spelled out for them." It was the final film that Ritt directed, and he died months after the film's release.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Main cast
3 Music
3.1 Track listing
3.2 Deluxe Edition track listing
4 Production
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Iris King (Fonda), a widow still grieving a half-year after the loss of her husband, works in a baking factory in Connecticut and lives in a high-crime area. She lives from paycheck to paycheck as she raises her two children, Kelly and Richard. Also staying with her are her sister Sharon and Sharon's abusive husband Joe, both unemployed. With money already tight for the family, Kelly discovers she is pregnant, which makes matters worse.
Iris makes the acquaintance of Stanley Cox (De Niro), a cook in the bakery's lunchroom cafeteria, when he comes to her aid after her purse is snatched on a bus. But as their friendship develops, she begins noticing peculiarities about Stanley − he doesn't own a car (he instead bicycles wherever he needs to go), he lives with and supports his elderly father, becomes frustrated when asked to sign his name, doesn't believe in opening Chinese fortune cookies, and cannot pick out a specific item from a shelf. Iris soon realizes that Stanley is illiterate, and when she innocently mentions this to Stanley's boss, Stanley is fired the next day over food safety (and potential lawsuit) concerns, despite being a good cook and model employee. Afterwards, Stanley is unable to obtain any steady work, forcing him to move into a garage and put his father in a shabby retirement home. His father dies in the home only a few weeks later, upsetting Stanley over the fact that his illiteracy prevented him from caring for his father properly. Stanley seeks Iris out and asks her to teach him to read, explaining that his traveling-salesman father moved him all over the country when Stanley was a boy, bouncing him to nearly 50 different schools in total, resulting in Stanley developing no reading or writing skills from this lack of educational stability. Iris begins giving Stanley basic reading lessons and he gradually grows close to her and her family. It is during one of these reading exercises that he tells her that he's been wanting to get intimate with her since they first met, but Iris is hesitant.
Iris tests Stanley's developing reading skills by making him a map and having him meet her at a certain street corner within 15 minutes, but Stanley gets hopelessly lost. Hours later, he reaches the corner where a frantic Iris is still waiting. Frustrated, Stanley marches off alone without saying a word, his interest in learning to read gone. Iris visits him at his garage home to try to persuade him to continue learning to read. Looking around, she sees a large mechanical project that Stanley is working on, as he invents things as a hobby. He has designed a cake-cooling machine that can outperform anything in the commercial marketplace. Iris is immensely impressed and Stanley reveals that a local company has shown interest in his invention and even offered him a job. Stanley agrees to start reading again with Iris, and in time learns to write short sentences. Stanley surprises Iris by cooking a big dinner for her and her family, and the two of them begin to grow close again.
After Kelly has her baby, Iris is displeased when she drops out of school to work at the bakery, as she doesn't want her daughter wasting her life in the kind of dead-end job Iris herself is in. Stanley and Iris finally decide to make love, but Iris is still clinging to her late husband's memory. This threatens their budding relationship further and they don't see each other for some time. Not prepared to give up on Iris the way she didn't give up on him, Stanley finally goes to see her. Iris hands him an unmailed letter she wrote to him, and Stanley surprises her by reading it aloud nearly perfectly. Iris, now ready to start letting go of the past, accompanies Stanley to a fancy hotel where they order room service and spend the night together.
Stanley soon moves to Detroit for a new, well-paying job he has been offered, his inventing ability finally having paid off. Several months later, back in Connecticut, Iris is walking home carrying groceries when an expensive car pulls up next to her and she is surprised to find Stanley behind the wheel. Stanley tells her that he's been given a raise and is looking to buy a large six-bedroom house in Detroit − and that he wants her to move there with him as his wife. Iris accepts.
Main cast[edit]
Actor
Role
Jane Fonda Iris King
Robert De Niro Stanley Cox
Swoosie Kurtz Sharon
Martha Plimpton Kelly King
Harley Cross Richard King
Jamey Sheridan Joe
Feodor Chaliapin, Jr. Leonides Cox
Zohra Lampert Elaine
Loretta Devine Bertha
Kathy Kinney Bernice
Stephen Root Mr. Hershey
Music[edit]
Stanley & Iris: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score by John Williams
Released
1990 (original); 2017 (expansion)
Recorded
Lorimar Music Scoring
Length
28:56 (original); 59:31 (on the Deluxe Edition)
Label
Varese Sarabande
Producer
John Williams
John Williams chronology
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
(1989)Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade1989 Stanley & Iris
(1990) Home Alone
(1990)Home Alone1990
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Filmtracks
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Stanley and Iris" 3:24
2. "Reading Lessons" 2:26
3. "The Bicycle" 3:07
4. "Factory Work" 1:23
5. "Finding a Family" 1:41
6. "Stanley at Work" 1:31
7. "Looking after Papa" 3:10
8. "Stanley's Invention" 1:17
9. "Night Visit" 1:58
10. "Letters" 3:25
11. "Putting it all Together" 1:46
12. "End Credits" 3:03
Deluxe Edition track listing[edit]
In 2017 Varese Sarabande issued an expanded edition with John Williams' score for Martin Ritt's 1972 film Pete 'n' Tillie (tracks 27-36 - duration 17:51).
No.
Title
Length
1. "Stanley and Iris" 3:26
2. "The Bicycle" 3:09
3. "The Pink Sweater" 1:07
4. "Iris After Work" 0:40
5. "Stanley at Work" 1:33
6. "Looking after Papa" 3:05
7. "Entering the Library" 1:07
8. "Night Visit" 2:00
9. "Factory Work" 1:26
10. "Naming the Trees" 3:37
11. "Finding a Family" 1:42
12. "Lost in the Streets" 2:56
13. "Stanley's Invention" 1:18
14. "The Kitchen Table" 1:06
15. "Seeing the Baby" 1:15
16. "Reading Lessons" 2:28
17. "Growing Together" 2:09
18. "Putting It All Together" 1:47
19. "Letters" 3:28
20. "End Title" 3:04
21. "Stanley and Iris (Film version)" 3:24
22. "Stanley at Work (Film version)" 1:29
23. "Looking after Papa (Film version)" 3:11
24. "Stanley's Invention (Film version)" 1:18
25. "Putting It All Together (Film version)" 1:49
26. "Letters (Film version)" 4:00
27. "Pete 'n' Tillie - Main Title" 1:57
28. "Afterglow" 1:46
29. "Marriage Book" 1:48
30. "Bedroom Scene" 0:57
31. "Vacation" 2:45
32. "For Robbie" 1:33
33. "Funeral" 0:52
34. "Hospital" 0:42
35. "End Title and End Cast" 3:49
36. "Love Theme" 2:27
Production[edit]
This film was shot on location in Toronto, Ontario, and Waterbury, Connecticut. During the filming in Waterbury, local Vietnam War veterans picketed the production protesting Jane Fonda's anti-war activities of a decade and a half earlier.[1]
Fonda and De Niro were each paid $3.5 million for their performances. Ritt received $1.65 million and the Ravetches $500,000.[1]
Reception[edit]
Stanley & Iris received negative reviews from critics, as the film holds a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It was also a commercial failure at the box office, grossing less than $6 million against its $23 million budget.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nat Segaloff, Final Cuts: The Last Films of 50 Great Directors, Bear Manor Media 2013 p 253-255
External links[edit]
Stanley and Iris on IMDb
Stanley and Iris at AllMovie
Stanley and Iris at Rotten Tomatoes
Stanley and Iris at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Martin Ritt
Edge of the City (1957)
No Down Payment (1957)
The Long, Hot Summer (1958)
The Black Orchid (1958)
The Sound and the Fury (1959)
Five Branded Women (1960)
Paris Blues (1961)
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962)
Hud (1963)
The Outrage (1964)
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965)
Hombre (1967)
The Brotherhood (1968)
The Molly Maguires (1970)
The Great White Hope (1970)
Sounder (1972)
Pete 'n' Tillie (1972)
Conrack (1974)
The Front (1976)
Casey's Shadow (1978)
Norma Rae (1979)
Back Roads (1981)
Cross Creek (1983)
Murphy's Romance (1985)
Nuts (1987)
Stanley & Iris (1990)
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text:
If I Were a Carpenter (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"If I Were a Carpenter"
Single by Four Tops
from the album Reach Out
B-side
"Wonderful Baby"
Released
1968
Format
7" single
Genre
Folk, soul
Length
2:47
Label
Motown
M 1124
Songwriter(s)
Tim Hardin
Producer(s)
Brian Holland
Lamont Dozier
Four Tops singles chronology
"Yesterday's Dreams"
(1968) "If I Were a Carpenter"
(1968) "Don't Let Him Take Your Love From Me"
(1968)
"Yesterday's Dreams"
(1968) "If I Were a Carpenter"
(1968) "Don't Let Him Take Your Love From Me"
(1968)
"If I Were a Carpenter" is a song written by Tim Hardin. Hardin's own recording of the piece appeared on his 1967 album Tim Hardin 2. It was one of two songs from that release (the other being "'Misty Roses") performed by Hardin at Woodstock in 1969.[1] The song has been covered a number of times by other artists:
Cover versions[edit]
In 1966, it was a Top Ten hit for Bobby Darin, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] Bobby Darin also had an album If I Were A Carpenter, which contained the song.
In 1967 Joan Baez covered a gender-reversed version on her album Joan, initially renamed If You Were a Carpenter though later compilations reverted to the original title.[3]
In 1968, The Four Tops hit the Top 20 on both the pop and soul charts with their version.[4] It also reached number eight in the UK charts in 1968 staying in the charts for 11 weeks.[5] It reached number four in the Netherlands.[6]
In 1970 a duet by Johnny Cash and June Carter went to number 2 on the country chart.[7]
In 1972, a cover by Bob Seger reached number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] The single was released from his album Smokin' O.P.'s.[9]
According to the Discogs encyclopedia the song appears on 2287 singles, LPs or CDs. [10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Evans, Mike (2010). Woodstock: Three Days that Rocked the World. Sterling. ISBN 9781402780349.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 162.
Jump up ^ "Joan Baez - Joan (Vinyl, LP, album)". Discogs. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 212.
Jump up ^ "Four Tops". www.officialscharts.com. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutch Charts: The Four Tops". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 74.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 Chart August 19, 1972". Billboard Hot 100. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bob Seger: Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. United States: Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "If I were a carpenter". Discogs. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Brown Eyed Handsome Man"
by Waylon Jennings RPM Country Tracks number-one single
(Johnny Cash and June Carter version)
March 7, 1970 Succeeded by
"Honey Come Back"
by Glen Campbell
[show]
v
t
e
Tim Hardin
Studio albums
Tim Hardin 1 (1966)
Tim Hardin 2 (1967)
This Is Tim Hardin (1967)
Tim Hardin 4 (1969)
Suite for Susan Moore and Damion: We Are One, One, All in One (1969)
Bird on a Wire (1971)
Painted Head (1972)
Nine (1973)
Unforgiven (1981)
Compilation albums
The Best of Tim Hardin (1969)
Hang On to a Dream: The Verve Recordings (1994)
Simple Songs of Freedom: The Tim Hardin Collection (1996)
Live albums
Tim Hardin 3 Live in Concert (1968)
The Homecoming Concert (1981)
Singles
"Don't Make Promises"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Misty Roses"
"Reason to Believe"
[show]
v
t
e
Johnny Cash
Studio albums
With His Hot and Blue Guitar
Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous
The Fabulous Johnny Cash
Greatest!
Songs of Our Soil
Sings Hank Williams
Now, There Was a Song!
Now Here's Johnny Cash
The Sound of Johnny Cash
All Aboard the Blue Train
Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash
The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash
I Walk the Line
Orange Blossom Special
Everybody Loves a Nut
Happiness Is You
Old Golden Throat
More of Old Golden Throat
Hello, I'm Johnny Cash
The World of Johnny Cash
Man in Black
A Thing Called Love
Any Old Wind That Blows
Ragged Old Flag
The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me
John R. Cash
Look at Them Beans
One Piece at a Time
The Last Gunfighter Ballad
I Would Like to See You Again
Gone Girl
Silver
Rockabilly Blues
The Baron
The Adventures of Johnny Cash
Johnny 99
Rainbow
Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town
Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series
Water from the Wells of Home
Boom Chicka Boom
The Mystery of Life
American Recordings
Unchained
American III: Solitary Man
American IV: The Man Comes Around
Personal File
American V: A Hundred Highways
American VI: Ain't No Grave
Out Among the Stars
Concept albums
Ride This Train
Blood, Sweat and Tears
Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian
Sings the Ballads of the True West
From Sea to Shining Sea
America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song
The Johnny Cash Children's Album
The Rambler
Gospel albums
Hymns by Johnny Cash
Hymns from the Heart
The Holy Land
The Gospel Road (film soundtrack)
Sings Precious Memories
A Believer Sings the Truth
Believe in Him
Return to the Promised Land (video soundtrack)
My Mother's Hymn Book
Christmas albums
The Christmas Spirit
The Johnny Cash Family Christmas
Classic Christmas
Johnny Cash Country Christmas
Collaborations
The Lure of the Grand Canyon
Carryin' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter
Johnny Cash and His Woman
The Legend of Jesse James
The Survivors Live
Highwayman
Class of '55
Heroes
Highwayman 2
The Road Goes on Forever
VH1 Storytellers
Live albums
At Folsom Prison
At San Quentin
The Johnny Cash Show
På Österåker
Strawberry Cake
Koncert v Praze (In Prague–Live)
At Madison Square Garden
A Concert Behind Prison Walls
Non-gospel soundtracks
I Walk the Line
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
Compilations
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
Heart of Cash
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Sunday Morning Coming Down
International Superstar
Five Feet High and Rising
Destination Victoria Station
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
The Unissued Johnny Cash
Johnny & June
Tall Man
Encore
Biggest Hits
The Man in Black 1954–1958
The Man in Black 1959–1962
Come Along and Ride This Train
The Essential Johnny Cash (1992)
Wanted Man
The Man in Black 1963–1969
The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits
16 Biggest Hits
Love, God, Murder
The Essential Johnny Cash (2002)
Unearthed
The Legend
The Legend of Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash: Patriot
16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash
The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II
The Complete Columbia Album Collection
Songs
"25 Minutes to Go"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Any Old Wind That Blows"
"The Ballad of Boot Hill"
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
"Big River"
"Blistered"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"Busted"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
"Cocaine Blues"
"Cry! Cry! Cry!"
"Daddy Sang Bass"
"Dark as a Dungeon"
"Don't Take Your Guns to Town"
"Engine 143"
"Flesh and Blood"
"The Folk Singer"
"Folsom Prison Blues"
"Forty Shades of Green"
"Get Rhythm"
"Give My Love to Rose"
"Goodnight, Irene"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Greystone Chapel"
"Guess Things Happen That Way"
"Hey, Porter"
"Home of the Blues"
"Hurt"
"I Couldn't Keep from Crying"
"I Love You Because"
"I Still Miss Someone"
"I Walk the Line"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"In My Life"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"It Ain't Me Babe"
"Jackson"
"Kate"
"The Man Comes Around"
"Man in Black"
"The Matador"
"Oh Lonesome Me"
"One Piece at a Time"
"Oney"
"Orange Blossom Special"
"The One on the Right Is on the Left"
"Remember the Alamo"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Ring of Fire"
"Rock Island Line"
"So Doggone Lonesome"
"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang"
"A Thing Called Love"
"Understand Your Man"
"What Is Truth"
"What'd I Say"
Television
The Johnny Cash Show
Family
June Carter Cash
John Carter Cash
Rosanne Cash
Carlene Carter
Vivian Liberto
Tommy Cash
Carter Family
Related
Albums discography
Singles discography
Sun Records discography
The Highwaymen
Carter Family Fold
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words
Cash: The Autobiography
Johnny Cash! The Man, His World, His Music
Walk the Line
We Walk the Line: A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash
Ring of Fire (2013 film)
Ring of Fire (musical)
My Father and the Man in Black
Dyess, Arkansas
The Tennessee Three
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Bobby Darin
Discography
Studio albums
Bobby Darin (1958)
That's All (1960)
This is Darin (1960)
For Teenagers Only (1960)
The 25th Day of December (1960)
Two of a Kind (1961)
Love Swings (1961)
Twist with Bobby Darin (1961)
Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles (1962)
Things and Other Things (1962)
Oh! Look at Me Now (1962)
You're the Reason I'm Living (1963)
It's You or No One (1963)
18 Yellow Roses (1963)
Earthy! (1963)
Golden Folk Hits (1963)
Winners (1964)
From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie (1964)
Venice Blue (1965)
Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile (1966)
In a Broadway Bag (Mame) (1966)
If I Were a Carpenter (1966)
Inside Out (1967)
Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle (1967)
Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto (1968)
Commitment (1969)
Live albums
Darin at the Copa (1960)
Live at the Desert Inn (1987)
Compilation albums
The Bobby Darin Story (1961)
Aces Back to Back (2004)
Singles
"Splish Splash"
"Early in the Morning"
"Dream Lover"
"Mack the Knife"
"Beyond the Sea"
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby"
"Things"
"You're the Reason I'm Living"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Darlin' Be Home Soon"
Related articles
Beyond the Sea (film)
Dream Lover: The Bobby Darin Musical
Book:Bobby Darin
[show]
v
t
e
Four Tops singles discography
1960s
1964
"Baby I Need Your Loving"
"Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)"
1965
"Ask the Lonely"
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
"It's the Same Old Song"
"Something About You"
1966
"Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)"
"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever"
"Reach Out I'll Be There"
"Standing in the Shadows of Love"
1967
"Bernadette"
"7-Rooms of Gloom" / "I'll Turn to Stone"
"You Keep Running Away"
1968
"Walk Away Renée"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Yesterday's Dreams"
"I'm in a Different World"
1969
"What Is a Man"
"Do What You Gotta Do"
"Don't Let Him Take Your Love from Me"
1970s
1970
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" (re-issue)
"It's All in the Game"
"Still Water (Love)"
"River Deep – Mountain High" (with The Supremes)
1971
"Just Seven Numbers (Can Straighten Out My Life)"
"You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart" (with The Supremes)
"In These Changing Times"
"MacArthur Park (Part II)"
1972
"A Simple Game"
"Bernadette" (re-issue)
"Walk with Me, Talk with Me, Darling"
"(It's the Way) Nature Planned It"
"Keeper of the Castle"
1973
"Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)"
"Are You Man Enough"
"Sweet Understanding Love"
1974
"I Just Can't Get You Out of My Mind"
"One Chain Don't Make No Prison"
"Midnight Flower"
1975
"Seven Lonely Nights"
"We All Gotta Stick Together"
1976
"Catfish"
"I'm Glad You Walked into My Life"
1980s
1981
"When She Was My Girl"
"Don't Walk Away"
1982
"Let Me Set You Free"
"Back to School Again"
"Sad Hearts"
"Tonight I'm Gonna Love You All Over"
1983
"I Believe in You and Me"
"I Just Can't Walk Away"
1985
"Sexy Ways"
1988
"Reach Out I'll Be There" (re-issue)
"If Ever a Love There Was" (with Aretha Franklin)
"Indestructible"
1989
"Loco in Acapulco"
Book:Four Tops
[show]
v
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Andy Kim
Studio albums
Baby I Love You
Andy Kim
Singles
"Baby, I Love You"
"Be My Baby"
"Rock Me Gently"
"Oh, Pretty Woman"
Songwriting Credits
"Jingle Jangle"
"Sugar, Sugar"
Cover Songs
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"This Guy's in Love with You"

This 1960s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Second messenger system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell to trigger physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, and apoptosis. Secondary messengers are therefore one of the initiating components of intracellular signal transduction cascades. Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium. The cell releases second messenger molecules in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin. Because peptide hormones and neurotransmitters typically are biochemically hydrophilic molecules, these first messengers may not physically cross the phospholipid bilayer to initiate changes within the cell directly—unlike steroid hormones, which usually do. This functional limitation necessitates the cell to devise signal transduction mechanisms to transduce first messenger into second messengers, so that the extracellular signal may be propagated intracellularly. An important feature of the second messenger signaling system is that second messengers may be coupled downstream to multi-cyclic kinase cascades to greatly amplify the strength of the original first messenger signal.[1][2] For example, RasGTP signals link with the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade to amplify the allosteric activation of proliferative transcription factors such as Myc and CREB.
Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr., discovered second messengers, for which he won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Sutherland saw that epinephrine would stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose (sugar) in liver cells, but epinephrine alone would not convert glycogen to glucose. He found that epinephrine had to trigger a second messenger, cyclic AMP, for the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.[3] The mechanisms were worked out in detail[4][5] by Martin Rodbell and Alfred G. Gilman, who won the 1994 Nobel prize.
Secondary messenger systems can be synthesized and activated by enzymes, for example, the cyclases that synthesize cyclic nucleotides, or by opening of ion channels to allow influx of metal ions, for example Ca2+ signaling. These small molecules bind and activate protein kinases, ion channels, and other proteins, thus continuing the signaling cascade.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of second messenger molecules
2 Common mechanisms of second messenger systems
3 Examples
4 References
5 External links
Types of second messenger molecules[edit]
There are three basic types of secondary messenger molecules:
Hydrophobic molecules: water-insoluble molecules such as diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositols, which are membrane-associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane into the intermembrane space where they can reach and regulate membrane-associated effector proteins
Hydrophilic molecules: water-soluble molecules, such as cAMP, cGMP, IP3, and Ca2+, that are located within the cytosol
Gases: nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which can diffuse both through cytosol and across cellular membranes.
These intracellular messengers have some properties in common:
They can be synthesized/released and broken down again in specific reactions by enzymes or ion channels.
Some (such as Ca2+) can be stored in special organelles and quickly released when needed.
Their production/release and destruction can be localized, enabling the cell to limit space and time of signal activity.
Common mechanisms of second messenger systems[edit]
General Schematic of Second Messenger Mechanism
There are several different secondary messenger systems (cAMP system, phosphoinositol system, and arachidonic acid system), but they all are quite similar in overall mechanism, although the substances involved and overall effects can vary.
In most cases, a ligand binds to a membrane-spanning receptor protein molecule. The binding of a ligand to the receptor causes a conformation change in the receptor. This conformation change can affect the activity of the receptor and result in the production of active second messages.
In the case of G protein-coupled receptors, the conformation change exposes a binding site for a G-protein. The G-protein (named for the GDP and GTP molecules that bind to it) is bound to the inner membrane of the cell and consists of three subunits: alpha, beta and gamma. The G-protein is known as the "transducer."
When the G-protein binds with the receptor, it becomes able to exchange a GDP (guanosine diphosphate) molecule on its alpha subunit for a GTP (guanosine triphosphate) molecule. Once this exchange takes place, the alpha subunit of the G-protein transducer breaks free from the beta and gamma subunits, all parts remaining membrane-bound. The alpha subunit, now free to move along the inner membrane, eventually contacts another membrane-bound protein - the "primary effector."
The primary effector then has an action, which creates a signal that can diffuse within the cell. This signal is called the "second (or secondary) messenger." The secondary messenger may then activate a "secondary effector" whose effects depend on the particular secondary messenger system.
Calcium ions are one type of second messengers and are responsible for many important physiological functions including muscle contraction, fertilization and neurotransmitter release. The ions are normally bound or stored in intracellular components (such as the endoplasmic reticulum) and can be released during signal transduction. The enzyme phospholipase C produces diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, which increases calcium ion permeability into the membrane. Active G-protein open up calcium channels to let calcium ions enter the plasma membrane. The other product of phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, activates protein kinase C, which assists in the activation of cAMP (another second messenger).
Examples[edit]
cAMP System Phosphoinositol system Arachidonic acid system cGMP System Tyrosine kinase system
First Messenger:
Neurotransmitters
(Receptor) Epinephrine (α2, β1, β2)
Acetylcholine (M2) Epinephrine (α1)
Acetylcholine (M1, M3) Histamine (Histamine receptor) - -
First Messenger:
Hormones ACTH, ANP, CRH, CT, FSH, Glucagon, hCG, LH, MSH, PTH, TSH AGT, GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, TRH - ANP, Nitric oxide INS, IGF, PDGF
Signal Transducer GPCR/Gs (β1, β2), Gi (α2, M2) GPCR/Gq Unknown G-protein - RTK
Primary effector Adenylyl cyclase Phospholipase C Phospholipase A guanylate cyclase RasGEF (Grb2-Sos)
Second messenger cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) IP3; DAG; Ca2+ Arachidonic acid cGMP Ras.GTP (Small G Protein)
Secondary effector protein kinase A PKC; CaM 5-Lipoxygenase, 12-Lipoxygenase, cycloxygenase protein kinase G MAP3K (c-Raf)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kimball, J. "Second messengers".
Jump up ^ Second Messenger Systems at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Jump up ^ Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.
Jump up ^ The Discovery of G Proteins
Jump up ^ Signal Transduction in Cells, Nobelprize.org
External links[edit]
Kimball, J. "Second messengers". Retrieved February 10, 2006.
Animation: Second Messenger: cAMP
[show]
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Cell physiology: Cell signaling / Signal transduction
Signaling pathways
GPCR
Wnt
RTK
TGF beta
MAPK/ERK
Notch
JAK-STAT
Akt/PKB
Fas apoptosis
Hippo
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Integrin receptors
Agents
Receptor ligands
Hormones
Neurotransmitters/Neuropeptides/Neurohormones
Cytokines
Growth factors
Signaling molecules
Receptors
Cell surface
Intracellular
Co-receptor
Second messenger
cAMP-dependent pathway
Ca2+ signaling
Lipid signaling
Assistants:
Signal transducing adaptor protein
Scaffold protein
Transcription factors
General
Transcription preinitiation complex
TFIID
TFIIH
By distance
Juxtacrine
Autocrine / Paracrine
Endocrine
Other concepts
Intracrine action
Neurocrine signaling
Synaptic transmission
Chemical synapse
Neuroendocrine signaling
Exocrine signalling
Pheromones
Mechanotransduction
Phototransduction
Ion channel gating
Gap junction
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_messenger_system&oldid=785576691"
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Jell-O
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the brand name. For gelatin desserts in general, see gelatin dessert. For other uses, see Jello (disambiguation).
Jell-O
Cherry flavor, produced by Kraft Foods
Type
Gelatin desserts, puddings
Course
Dessert
Place of origin
United States
Region or state
Le Roy, New York, U.S.
Created by
Pearle Wait
Invented
1897; 120 years ago (1897)
Main ingredients
Powdered gelatin, sugar or artificial sweetener, artificial flavors, food coloring
Variations
Many flavors and various snacks
Food energy
(per 21g serving)
80 kcal (335 kJ)
Nutritional value
(per 21g serving)
Protein
2 g
Fat
0 g
Carbohydrate
19 g
Other information
http://www.jello.com
Media: Jell-O
Jell-O is a registered trademark of Kraft Foods for varieties of gelatin desserts, including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 History
2.1 Early history
2.2 Going mainstream
2.3 Baby boom
2.4 Sales decline and turnaround
3 Jell-O shots
4 Manufacturing and tourism
5 Advertising
6 In culture
6.1 Mormonism
7 Current flavors
7.1 Gelatin
7.2 Pudding
8 Discontinued flavors
9 See also
10 Gallery
11 References
12 External links
Description[edit]
Lime Jell-O
Jell-O is sold prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and is available in various colors and flavors. The powder contains powdered gelatin and flavorings, including sugar or artificial sweeteners. It is dissolved in hot water, then chilled and allowed to set. Fruit, vegetables, and whipped cream can be added to make elaborate snacks that can be molded into shapes. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until served, and once set, it can be eaten.
There are non-gelatin pudding and pie filling products sold under the Jell-O brand. Pudding is cooked on the stove top with milk, then eaten warm or chilled until firmly set. Jell-O has an instant pudding product which is mixed with cold milk and chilled. To make pie fillings, the same products are prepared with less liquid.
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Gelatin, a protein produced from collagen extracted from boiled bones, connective tissues, and other animal products, has been a component of food, particularly desserts, since the 15th century.[1]
Gelatin was popularized in New York in the Victorian era with spectacular and complex "jelly moulds". Gelatin was sold in sheets and had to be purified, which was time-consuming. Gelatin desserts were the province of royalty and the relatively well-to-do. In 1845, a patent for powdered gelatin was obtained by industrialist Peter Cooper, who built the first American steam-powered locomotive, the Tom Thumb.[2][3] This powdered gelatin was easy to manufacture and easier to use in cooking.
In 1897, in LeRoy, New York, carpenter and cough syrup manufacturer Pearle Bixby Wait trademarked a gelatin dessert, called Jell-O. He and his wife May added strawberry, raspberry, orange and lemon flavoring to granulated gelatin and sugar.[4] Then in 1899, Jell-O was sold to Orator Francis Woodward (1856–1906),[5] whose Genesee Pure Food Company produced the successful Grain-O health drink. Part of the legal agreement between Woodward and Wait dealt with the similar Jell-O name.[6]
Going mainstream[edit]
External video
Kitchen Chemistry: Jell-O, Tracing Jell-O’s rise to fame, Chemical Heritage Foundation
Various elements were key to Jell-O becoming a mainstream product: new technologies, such as refrigeration, powdered gelatin and machine packaging, home economics classes, and the company's marketing.[7]
Initially Woodward struggled to sell the powdered product. Beginning in 1902, to raise awareness, Woodward's Genesee Pure Food Company placed advertisements in the Ladies' Home Journal proclaiming Jell-O to be "America's Most Famous Dessert."[8] Jell-O was a minor success until 1904, when Genesee Pure Food Company sent armies of salesmen into the field to distribute free Jell-O cookbooks, a pioneering marketing tactic.[9] Within a decade, three new flavors, chocolate (discontinued in 1927), cherry and peach, were added, and the brand was launched in Canada.[8] Celebrity testimonials and recipes appeared in advertisements featuring actress Ethel Barrymore and opera singer Ernestine Schumann-Heink. Some Jell-O illustrated advertisements were painted by Maxfield Parrish.
In 1923, the newly rechristened Jell-O Company launched D-Zerta, an artificially sweetened version of Jell-O. Two years later, Postum and Genesee merged, and in 1927 Postum acquired Clarence Birdseye's frozen foods company to form the General Foods Corporation.
Quick, Easy Jell-O Wonder Dishes, Jell-O Cookbook
By 1930, there appeared a vogue in American cuisine for congealed salads, and the company introduced lime-flavored Jell-O to complement the add-ins that cooks across the country were combining in these aspics and salads. Popular Jell-O recipes often included ingredients like cabbage, celery, green peppers, and even cooked pasta.[8]
By the 1950s, salads would become so popular that Jell-O responded with savory and vegetable flavors such as celery, Italian, mixed vegetable and seasoned tomato. These flavors have since been discontinued.[8]
In 1934, sponsorship from Jell-O made comedian Jack Benny the dessert's spokesperson.[10] At this time Post introduced a jingle ("featured" by the agency Young & Rubicam[11]) that would be familiar over several decades, in which the spelling "J-E-L-L-O" was (or could be) sung over a rising five-note musical theme. The jingle was written by Don Bestor, who was the bandleader for Jack Benny on his radio program.[12]
In 1936, chocolate returned to the Jell-O lineup, as an instant pudding made with milk. It proved enormously popular, and over time other pudding flavors were added such as vanilla, tapioca, coconut, pistachio, butterscotch, egg custard, flan and rice pudding.
Baby boom[edit]
The baby boom saw a significant increase in sales for Jell-O. Young mothers didn't have the supporting community structures of earlier generations, so marketers were quick to promote easy-to-prepare prepackaged foods. By this time, creating a Jell-O dessert required simply boiling water, Jell-O and Tupperware molds.[7]
New flavors were continually added and unsuccessful flavors were removed: in the 1950s and 1960s, apple, black cherry, black raspberry, grape, lemon-lime, mixed fruit, orange-banana, pineapple-grapefruit, blackberry, strawberry-banana, tropical fruit and more intense "wild" versions of the venerable strawberry, raspberry and cherry. In 1966, the Jell-O "No-Bake" dessert line was launched, which allowed a cheesecake to be made in 15 minutes. In 1969, Jell-O 1∗2∗3 (later Jell-O 1•2•3), a gelatin dessert that separated into three layers as it cooled, was unveiled. Until 1987, Jell-O 1•2•3 was readily found in grocery stores throughout most of the United States, but the dessert is now rare. In 1971 packaged prepared pudding called Jell-O Pudding Treats were introduced. Jell-O Whip 'n Chill, a mousse-style dessert, was introduced and widely promoted; it remains available in limited areas today.
Sales decline and turnaround[edit]
In 1964, the slogan "There's always room for Jell-O" was introduced, promoting the product as a "light dessert" that could easily be consumed even after a heavy meal.
Throughout the 1960s through the 1980s, Jell-O's sales steadily decreased. Many Jell-O dishes, such as desserts and Jell-O salads, became special occasion foods rather than everyday items. Marketers blamed this decline on decreasing family sizes, a "fast-paced" lifestyle and women's increasing employment. By 1986, a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jell-O.[7]
To turn things around, Jell-O hired Dana Gioia to stop the decline. The marketing team revisited the Jell-O recipes published in past cookbooks and rediscovered Jigglers, although the original recipe did not use that name. Jigglers are Jell-O snacks molded into fun shapes and eaten as finger food. Jell-O launched a massive marketing campaign, notably featuring Bill Cosby as spokesman. The campaign was a huge success, causing a significant gain.[7]
Cosby became the company's pudding spokesperson in 1974, and continued as the voice of Jell-O for almost thirty years. Over his tenure as the mouthpiece for the company, he would help introduce new products such as frozen Jell-O Pops (in gelatin and pudding varieties); the new Sugar-Free Jell-O, which replaced D-Zerta in 1984 and was sweetened with NutraSweet; Jell-O Jigglers concentrated gummi snacks; and Sparkling Jell-O, a carbonated version of the dessert touted as the "Champagne of Jell-O." In 2010, Cosby returned as Jell-O spokesperson in an on-line web series called "OBKB."[13]
In the 1980s, a Jell-O advertising campaign slogan reminded consumers, "Don't forget—you have to remember to make it."
In 1990, General Foods merged into Kraft Foods by parent company Philip Morris (now the Altria Group). New flavors were continually introduced: watermelon, blueberry, cranberry, margarita and piña colada among others. In 2001, the state Senate of Utah recognized Jell-O as a favorite snack food of Utah[14] and the Governor Michael O. Leavitt declared an annual "Jell-O Week."[15] During the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, the souvenir pins included one depicting green Jell-O.[16]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Jell-O's family-friendly reputation was slightly tarnished by Jell-O shots and Jell-O wrestling.[7]
As of 2011[update], there were over 420 million boxes of Jell-O gelatin and over 1 billion Jell-O cups sold in the United States each year.[17] As of 2016[update], there were more than 110 products sold under the Jell-O brand name.[18]
Jell-O is used as a substantial ingredient in a well-known dessert, a "Jell-O mold" the preparation of which requires a mold designed to hold gelatin, and the depositing of small quantities of chopped fruit, nuts, and other ingredients before it hardens to its typical form. Fresh pineapple, papaya, kiwi, and ginger root cannot be used because they contain enzymes that prevent gelatin from "setting". In the case of pineapple juice and the enzyme bromelain that it contains though, the enzyme can be inactivated without denaturing through excessive heating and thus altering the flavor by the addition of a small measured amount of capsaicin sourced from hot chilies.[19]
Jell-O shots[edit]
An alternative recipe calls for the addition of an alcoholic beverage to the mix, contributing approximately one third to one half of the liquid added after the gelatin has dissolved in the boil.[20] A serving of the resulting mixture is called a "Jell-O shot" at parties. The quantity and timing of the addition of the alcohol are vital aspects; it is not possible to make Jell-O shots with alcohol alone, as the colloidal proteins in dry gelatin consist of chains which require a hot liquid to denature them before they can then reform as a semisolid colloidal suspension.[21] Pure alcohol cannot be heated sufficiently to break down these proteins, as it evaporates.[21]
Vodka or rum are used in Jell-O shots, but the shots can be made with almost any alcohol. It is important to adjust the proportions of alcohol and cold water to ensure that the mixture set when experimenting with different types of alcohol. The Jell-O shots can be served in shot glasses, small paper or plastic cups; the paper or plastic cups are easier to eat from, but shot glasses are more attractive. The alcohol in Jell-O shots is contained within the Jell-O, so the body absorbs it more slowly, causing people to underestimate how much alcohol they have consumed. Drinkers must monitor their intake because of this.[22]
American singer-songwriter Tom Lehrer claims to have invented the Jell-O shot in the 1950s to circumvent restrictions on alcoholic beverages at the army base where he was stationed.[23] An early published recipe for an alcoholic gelatin drink dates from 1862, found in How to Mix Drinks, or The Bon Vivant's Companion by Jerry Thomas: his recipe for "Punch Jelly" calls for the addition of isinglass or other gelatin to a punch made from cognac, rum, and lemon juice.[24][25] Thomas warns that strength of the punch is "artfully concealed" by the gelatine.[24]
Manufacturing and tourism[edit]
Jell-O Museum, LeRoy, New York
As of 2012[update], LeRoy, New York, is known as the home of Jell-O and has the only Jell-O Museum in the world, located on the main road through the small town. Jell-O was manufactured here until General Foods closed the plant in 1964 and relocated manufacturing to Dover, Delaware.[3] The Jell-O Gallery museum is operated by the Le Roy Historical Society at the Le Roy House and Union Free School, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.[26]
At the museum, visitors can learn about the history of the dessert from its inception. Visitors starting on East Main Street, follow Jell-O Brick Road, whose stones are inscribed with the names of former factory employees. The museum offers looks at starting materials for Jell-O, such as sturgeon bladder and calves' hooves, and various molds.
The Jell-O plant in Mason City, Iowa, produces America's supply of ready to eat Jell-O gelatin dessert and pudding cups.
Advertising[edit]
A Jell-O thermometer
Jack Benny's top-rated radio show did not break for commercials. Instead, announcer Don Wilson incorporated speeches about Jell-O into the program at appropriate places, to Jack's feigned comic annoyance. Lucille Ball's My Favorite Husband, the radio predecessor to TV's I Love Lucy, was another popular program sponsored by Jell-O for much of its 124-episode run. Ball's character Liz Cooper often opened the program with the lively greeting "jell-o everybody!"
Comedian Bill Cosby is associated with Jell-O and, more famously, Jell-O pudding, and he appeared in many commercials promoting both. Shows like Mad TV, The Simpsons and Saturday Night Live parody Cosby, using Jell-O references like "pudding pop". In the 1960s, the cast of the sitcom Hogan's Heroes did a commercial with Carol Channing featuring Colonel Hogan, his men, Kommandant Klink and Sergeant Shultz having Jell-O and Dream Whip for dessert. Also, in the first few seasons of the first of Lucille Ball's two 1960s television series, The Lucy Show, cast members including Vivian Vance often did commercials for Jell-O.
In 1995, Jell-O carried the tagline "It's alive!" and had the phrase "J-E-L-L-OOOOOOO!".
See also: Bill Cosby in advertising
In culture[edit]
In 1992, Ivette Bassa won the second ever Ig Nobel Prize in chemistry for inventing blue Jell-O.[27][28]
Mormonism[edit]
Jell-O is especially popular among members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), often referred to as "Mormons". The Mormon Corridor region, which has the highest Mormon populations, was nicknamed the "Jell-O Belt",[29][30][31][32] referring to the 20th-century Mormon cultural stereotype that Mormons have an affinity for Jell-O.[33] In support of this image, Jell-O was designated as Utah's official state snack food in 2001.[34] When drafting the resolution, the Utah Legislature gave many reasons to recognize Jell-O,[35] including that Utah had had the highest per-capita consumption of Jell-O for many years, and how citizens of Utah had rallied to "Take Back the Title" after Des Moines, Iowa exceeded Utah in Jell-O consumption in 1999.[35] The culture of Utah, petitions by Utahans, and campaigning by students of Brigham Young University were also mentioned as reasons for recognizing Jell-O.[35] Bill Cosby, longtime spokesperson for the Jell-O brand, appeared before the Utah Legislature in support of the bill. "He told the assembly that he believes the reason people in Utah love Jell-O is that the snack is perfect for families -- and the people of Utah are all about family."[36] Jell-O is often served with homemade cookies or cakes and water at LDS Church socials.[citation needed]
The stereotype of Mormons loving Jell-O does not appear to have a long history. Media reports in 1969 and 1988 on foods popular among Mormons or in Utah make no mention of Jell-O, and a 1988 article mentions Jell-O as a Lutheran tradition. In 1997, Kraft foods released sales figures revealing Salt Lake City to have the highest per-capita Jell-O consumption.[7]
Current flavors[edit]
This section is about an event or subject that may not be current but does not specify the time period. Please help improve it to include this information. The talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2017)
The following are the flavors of Jell-O products that are currently being produced:[37]
Gelatin[edit]
Apricot
Berry Blue
Black Cherrya
Blackberry Fusion
Cherrya
Cherry Lemonade
Cranberry
Fruit Punch
Grape
Lemona
Limea
Mango
Margaritab
Melon Fusion
Mixchief Grape Color-Changing
Mixchief Juice
Mixchief Soda Pop
Orangea
Peacha
Piña Coladab
Pineapple
Raspberrya
Strawberrya
Strawberry Daiquiri
Strawberry-Bananaa
Tropical Fusion
Watermelon
Pudding[edit]
Banana Creama
Boston Cream Piec
Butterscotcha
Candy Caneb
Cheesecakea
Chocolatea
Chocolate Fudgea
Chocolate-Vanilla Swirlc
Classic Turtleb
Coconut Cream
Crème brûléec
Custard
Dark Chocolatec
Devil's Food
Double Chocolatec
Dulce De Lechec
Flan
French Vanilla
Gingerbreadb
Lemona
Mixchief Vanilla Color-Changing
Orange Ice Creamc
Oreo Cookies 'n Creme
Pistachioa
Pumpkin Spiceb
Rice Pudding
Strawberry Cheesecakec
Strawberry Crème
Strawberry Ice Creamc
Tapioca
Vanillaa
White Chocolatea
S'more pudding

^a Also available in a sugar free/low calorie product.
^b Available seasonally.
^c Only available as a prepared product.
Discontinued flavors[edit]
Apple (Banana Orange)
Black Raspberry
Blackberry
Bubble Gum
Celery
Chocolate (Gelatin)
Chocolate Ice Cream Powder
Coffee
Cola
Concord Grape
Cotton Candy
Cranberry-Strawberry
Cranberry-Raspberry
Green Apple
Root Beer
Italian Salad
Lemon-Lime
Lemon Ice Cream Powder
Melon-Berry
Mixed Vegetable
Orange-Banana
Orange-Coconut (pudding)
Orange-Pineapple
Passion Fruit
Pineapple-Grapefruit
Maple Syrup
Plain
Raspberry Mango
Seasoned Tomato
Sparkling Berry
Sparkling Mandarin Orange
Sparkling White Grape
Strawberry Punch
Strawberry-Kiwi
Triple Chocolate
Tropical Fruit
Unflavored Ice Cream Powder
Vanilla Ice Cream Powder
Wild Raspberry
Wild Strawberry
Watermelon Candy
See also[edit]
Jello salad
Aeroplane jelly
Jell-O Museum
Jello Biafra
Green Jellö
Aspic (British)
Gallery[edit]
Original Jell-O Factory, Le Roy, New York
Original Jell-O Factory Historic Marker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Purdom, Candace (April 10, 2001). "Program on History of Gelatin Breaks the Mold: Shedding Light on Familiar Dessert". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Improvement in the Preparation of .." Google Patent Search.
^ Jump up to: a b Belson, Ken (May 4, 2008). "Upstate, Where It Was First Made, Unwavering Devotion to Jell-O". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "History of Jello". The Jell-O Gallery. Le Roy Historical Society. 27 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Orator Francis Woodward". findagrave.com. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wyman, Carolyn (2001). Jell-O: A Biography — The History and Mystery of America's Most Famous Dessert. Mariner Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0156011235.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Christy Spackman (August 17, 2012). "Mormonism's Jell-O Mold". Slate.com. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The New JELL-O Book of Surprises". Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Jell-O Museum and Gallery". Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "A timeline set in Jell-O". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). June 28, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Business – Jell-O pulls plug on longtime ad firm 09/10/00
Jump up ^ "Jello Again". Variety. December 11, 1940. p. 35. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Frederix, Emily (May 16, 2010). "Bill Cosby & Jell-O: Together Again". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Resolution Urging Jell-O Recognition". Utah State Senate. 2001. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kay, Katty (February 6, 2001). "Utah loves Jell-O". Washington: BBC News. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Valerie (February 6, 2002). "There's green Jell-O on your lapel... Abundance of food pins are unique to Salt Lake Olympics". Deseret News. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wiggle Room". Sunday Morning. CBS. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Jell-O Products. Kraft. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Pineapple Jelly.MPG. YouTube. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Sampson, Susan (September 9, 2006). "Jell-O shots pack a bang". The Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. p. M.4. Retrieved August 3, 2010. A Jell-O shot is a cocktail you can eat.
^ Jump up to: a b My Science Project – What is the Ultimate Jell-O Shot?.
Jump up ^ The Art & Science of the Jello Shot DrinkStreet.com
Jump up ^ "That Was the Wit That Was". SF Weekly. April 19, 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Jerry. "How to Mix Drinks, Or, The Bon-vivant's Companion". google.com.
Jump up ^ The Joy of Mixology by Gary Regan. Clarkson Potter, 2003. Pages 15-16, 150.
Jump up ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
Jump up ^ Eric Richard (1992-10-06). "Second Ig Nobel Ceremony Held". The Tech.
Jump up ^ Jonathan N. Axelrod (1995-09-25). "Ig Nobel Tickets Go on Sale:Awards Ceremony Set to Honor Unusual Achievements". Harvard Crimson.
Jump up ^ Chandler, Michael Alison (26 January 2006). "Big-Screen Religion". Washington Post. [...] the Jell-O Belt (the self-referential term for Utah and Idaho, home to large Mormon families that consider the colorful gelatin a staple food for dinner and church socials)[.]
Jump up ^ Crump, Steve (21 March 2004). "Don't ask me. Getting jiggly outside the Jell-O Belt". The Twin Falls Idaho Times-News. p. B01.
Jump up ^ Snider, Eric D. (17 August 2003). "Locally produced film headed to 6 festivals". Provo Daily Herald. 'A film that was locally produced will find an audience beyond the Jell-O Belt [...]'
Jump up ^ Mikita, Carole (17 November 2003). "Mormon Moviemakers: The Sequel". KSL-TV. Reprinted at ldsfilm.com entry for Saints and Soldiers.
Jump up ^ Editorial board (1 February 2001). "Does Jell-O belong at Legislature". Provo Daily Herald.
Jump up ^ Katty, Katty (6 February 2001). "Utah loves Jell-O - official". BBC.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Utah Legislature SR0005". Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Merritt, Brett (16 October 2003). "The pudding Papa: Jell-O pitchman Bill Cosby jiggles onto the stage at Abravanel Hall". Provo Daily Herald.
Jump up ^ "JELL-O". Recipes. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutJell-Oat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official Kraft Jell-O website
Upstate, Where It Was First Made, Unwavering Devotion to Jell-O New York Times May 4, 2008
Jell-O Gallery, Le Roy Historical Society, Le Roy, NY
How to Make Jello
Kitchen Chemistry: The History and Science of Jello
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Ben Savage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ben Savage
Savage in June 2015
Born
Bennett Joseph Savage
(1980-09-13) September 13, 1980 (age 37)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Alma mater
Stanford University
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1988–present
Relatives
Fred Savage (brother)
Kala Savage (sister)
Bennett Joseph Savage (born September 13, 1980) is an American actor. He played the lead role of Cory Matthews on the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World (1993–2000) and its Disney Channel sequel series Girl Meets World (2014–2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Savage was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Joanne and Lewis Savage, who were an industrial real estate broker and a consultant.[1] His elder brother is actor/director Fred Savage, and his elder sister is actress/musician Kala Savage. His grandparents were Jewish and from Poland, Ukraine, Germany, and Latvia, and Savage was raised in Reform Judaism.[2]
Career[edit]
Savage made his film debut at the age of 9 in his elder brother Fred Savage's Little Monsters (1989) and appeared in the feature films Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even (1992), as Sam, the brainy little brother, and as a 10-year-old in Clifford (1994), the latter starring Martin Short. Savage's stage debut was in The Laughter Epidemic at the Pasadena Playhouse. He also guest starred on his brother Fred's TV series The Wonder Years in the Valentine's Day episode.
His first major speaking role on network television was playing the recurring role of Matthew, son of the Judd Hirsch character, on the comedy series Dear John (1988). Then he was one of a family of orphans who con Robert Mitchum into being their guardian in A Family For Joe (NBC, 1990).
Ben is best known for his role as lead character Cory Matthews on the hit TV sitcom Boy Meets World from 1993 until 2000. Savage's brother Fred appeared alongside him in one episode of Boy Meets World, guest starring as a lecherous college professor pursuing Cory's girlfriend. In the following season, Fred directed his brother and the cast of Boy Meets World in the episode "Family Trees," as Shawn (Rider Strong) discovers that the woman who raised him is not his biological mother.
Ben has also worked in several TV movies, including She Woke Up (1992) with Lindsay Wagner, and McDonald's Family Theatre Presents: Aliens for Breakfast (1995), as a young teen whose breakfast cereal figure comes alive.
Savage received critical recognition for his portrayal of "Coty Wyckoff", an angel-faced boy with the soul of a killer, in the ABC Event Series, Wild Palms (1993).[3]
In May 1998, Savage again received critical acclaim, this time for playing "Roddy Stern" in Tony Award-winner Israel Horovitz's rarely seen play Unexpected Tenderness at the Marilyn Monroe Theater. He received an Ovation Award for his performance.[4]
Savage in April 2007
In 2002, Savage starred in the PG-13 film Swimming Upstream playing the best friend who was slightly immature but very supportive to his terminally ill friend.
Savage took a break from acting in both film and television for three years, but he later made a guest appearance in Still Standing as Seth Cosella, the boss of Bill Miller, played by Mark Addy. That same year he starred as Ford Davis in the independent feature Car Babes, which was shot on location in Los Gatos, California, and also guest starred as himself in an episode of the Disney Channel original series Phil of the Future.
In 2006, he starred in the critically acclaimed independent film Palo Alto, which first premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2007.[5]
In 2007, he starred in the ABC pilot from Sachs/Judah Making it Legal alongside Scott Wolf and Robert Wagner.
In 2008, he starred as Mark Ratner in an episode of the NBC series Chuck, as well as murder suspect 'Kirby Morris' in an episode of Without a Trace.
In 2011, he appeared in an episode of the Fox series Bones. He also guest starred on the Disney Channel series Shake It Up playing Andy Burns.
In November 2012, Savage announced via his Twitter account that he had signed on to the Boy Meets World spin-off series, Girl Meets World.[6] The series premiered on Disney Channel on June 27, 2014, and features Savage's character Cory and his Boy Meets World love interest Topanga (Danielle Fishel) married in their adult years with two children. The series follows Cory and Topanga's daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) as she enters middle school and tries to navigate through life. Besides being Riley's father, Cory is also her history teacher in this series; in addition to his on-screen role, Savage also directed some episodes of the series. On August 6, 2014, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season. On November 25, 2015, the show was renewed for a third season.[7]
Personal life[edit]
Savage interned for U.S. Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA at the time) in 2003 as a requirement for completing his studies at Stanford University, where he graduated in 2004 with a degree in Political Science and as a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.[8]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Little Monsters Eric Stevenson
1992 Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even Sam
1994 Clifford Roger
2002 Swimming Upstream Teddy Benevides
2006 Car Babes Ford Davis
2007 Palo Alto Patrick
2010 Closing Time Jared Short film
2011 Peace and Riot Scott
2012 White Dwarf Ben
The Caterpillar's Kimono Lincoln
2013 Girl Meets Boy Scott
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988 Dear John Matthew Lacey Recurring role, 5 episodes
1990 Wonder Years, TheThe Wonder Years Curtis Hartsell Episode: "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre"
Family for Joe, AA Family for Joe Chris Bankston Main role, 9 episodes
Hurricane Sam Sam Kelvin Television film
1992 She Woke Up Andy
1993 Wild Palms Coty Wyckoff Miniseries
1993-2000 Boy Meets World Cory Matthews Lead role, 158 episodes
1994 Aliens for Breakfast Richard Television film
1996 Maybe This Time Cory Matthews Episode: "Acting Out"
1997 Party of Five Stuart Episodes: "Close to You", "Christmas"
1998 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Jinkyswoitmaya (voice) Episode: "Determination"[9]
2005 Still Standing Seth Cosella Episode: "Still the Boss"
Phil of the Future Himself Episode: "Time Release Capsule"
2007 Making It Legal Todd Television film
2008 Chuck Mark Ratner Episode: "Chuck Versus the Cougars"
Without a Trace Kirby Morris Episode: "Cloudy with a Chance of Gettysburg"
2011 Shake It Up Andy Burns Episode: "Review It Up"
Bones Hugh Burnside Episode: "The Male in the Mail"
2012 Lake Effects Carl Television film
2014-2017 Girl Meets World Cory Matthews Main role
2015 Criminal Minds Young Jason Gideon Episode: "Nelson's Sparrow"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
1990 Young Artist Awards Best Young Actor Starring in a Motion Picture Little Monsters Nominated
Television[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
1994 Young Artist Awards Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Television Series 'Ben Savage'
"Boy Meets World" Nominated
1997 Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Leading Young Actor Nominated
1998 Nominated
YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy TV Series Nominated
2000 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Television Friends Won
2014 Teen Choice Awards[10] Choice Summer TV Show Girl Meets World Nominated
2015 Teen Choice Awards[11] Choice TV Show: Comedy Nominated
Creative Arts Emmy Awards[12] Outstanding Children's Program Nominated
2016 Kids' Choice Awards[13] Favorite TV Show Nominated
Artios Awards[14] Children’s Pilot and Series (Live Action) Won
Teen Choice Awards[15] Choice Summer TV Show Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fred Savage Biography (1976–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Don Shirley (December 16, 2001). "LA Times: Theater; Not Just Acting Like an Adult; Fred Savage contemplates his roots – as a performer and a Jew – for 'Last Night of Ballyhoo". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mark Goodman. "Young Savage". People. 40 (18).
Jump up ^ "Ben Savage". JUF. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Palo Alto". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (26 November 2012). "Exclusive: Ben Savage and Danielle Fishel Officially Join Girl Meets World Pilot".
Jump up ^ Andy Swift (November 25, 2015). "Girl Meets World Renewed for Season 3". TVLine. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anna Coutts (April 8, 2005). "What ever happened to... Ben Savage?". The Gazette. London, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Determination". Adventures from the Book of Virtues. Season 2. Episode 2. February 22, 1998. PBS.
Jump up ^ Kimberly Nordyke (August 10, 2014). "Teen Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners: Full List". Variety. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Creative Arts Emmys Show". Emmys. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joi-Marie McKenzie (March 13, 2016). "Kids' Choice Awards 2016: The Complete Winners List". ABC News. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ross A. Lincoln (January 21, 2016). "The 31st Annual Casting Society Arios Awards: Winners List". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maya Eliahou (June 9, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016--Captain America: Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Ben Savage on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 49425178
LCCN: no2005092318
BNF: cb14047581f (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Savage&oldid=801673230"
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