text:
Older Americans Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Older Americans Act
Long title
An Act to provide assistance in the development of new or improved programs to help older persons through grants to the States for community planning and services and for training, through research, development, or training project grants, and to establish within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare an operating agency to be designated as the "Administration on Aging".
Acronyms (colloquial)
OAA
Nicknames
Older Americans Act of 1965
Enacted by
the 89th United States Congress
Effective
July 14, 1965
Citations
Public law
89-73
Statutes at Large
79 Stat. 218
Codification
Titles amended
42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
U.S.C. sections created
42 U.S.C. ch. 35 § 3001 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 3708 by John E. Fogarty (D–RI) on March 9, 1965
Committee consideration by House Education and Labor, Senate Labor and Public Welfare
Passed the House on March 31, 1965 (396-1)
Passed the Senate on May 27, 1965 (passed voice vote) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on July 6, 1965 (passed voice vote)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 14, 1965
Older Americans Act of 1965
Long title: To provide assistance in the development of new or improved programs to help older persons through grants to the States for community planning and services and for training, through research, development, or training project grants, and to establish within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare an operating agency to be designated as the ‘‘Administration on Aging’’.
The Older Americans Act of 1965 (Pub.L. 89–73, 79 Stat. 218) was the first federal level initiative aimed at providing comprehensive services for older adults. It created the National Aging Network comprising the Administration on Aging on the federal level, State Units on Aging, and Area Agencies on Aging at the local level.[1] The network provides funding - based primarily on the percentage of an area's population 60 and older - for nutrition and supportive home and community-based services, disease prevention/health promotion services, elder rights programs, the National Family Caregiver Support Program, and the Native American Caregiver Support Program.[2]
The Act was signed into law by the President Lyndon Johnson on July 14, 1965.[3]
In 2016, Congress reauthorized the Act in its entirety, effective through FY 2019.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Legislative Process
3 Structure
4 Demographics
5 Programs created
6 Amendments to 1965 Act
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act another piece of Great Society legislation.
The OAA was passed as a part of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society reforms. It followed closely behind the Civil Rights Act and the Economic Opportunity Act which included many similarly structured programs, based around a centralized network of funding for a decentralized (community level) service delivery system. The OAA was a response to Congressional concerns about the lack of community social services for senior citizens.[4]
Funding for many Great Society programs as well as Johnson’s political capital, dwindled during the Vietnam War. Some programs and agencies were dismantled by later administrations, such as Nixon’s and Ford’s slow dissolution of the Office of Economic Opportunity. Other programs, such as those under the OAA, Medicare, Medicaid, and initiatives in the arts and humanities continue to survive.
The stated purpose of the OAA is to ensure equal opportunity to the fair and free enjoyment of: adequate income in retirement; the best possible physical and mental health services without regard to economic status; suitable housing; restorative and long term care; opportunity for employment; retirement in health, honor, and dignity; civic, cultural, educational and recreational participation and contribution; efficient community services; immediate benefit from proven research knowledge; freedom, independence, and the exercise of self-determination; and protection against abuse neglect and exploitation.[5]
Legislative Process[edit]
Representative John E. Fogarty (D-RI) introduced legislation on January 27, 1965 as H.R. 3708. The bill moved through the House and was referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor in March 1965. It passed the House on March 31 on a 395 to 1 roll call vote. The bill established an Administration on Aging (AoA) within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW).
In the Senate, H.R.3708 was introduced Lister Hill (D-AL). On June 16, the Senate passed H.R. 3708 by a roll call vote of 72 to 5. On July 6, 1965, the House agreed to the Senate’s version of H.R. 3708.[6]
Structure[edit]
The act is divided into seven titles.
Title I is a declaration of objectives.
Title II establishes the Administration on Aging to carry out the provisions of the act.
Title III provides federal funding for state agencies on aging. This title also mandates the creation of corresponding state agencies before states may be eligible for this funding.
Title IV creates a number of specific projects related to the objectives of the act. These include healthcare service in rural areas, computer training, civic engagement, and Native American programs.
Title V establishes a program for engaging low-income senior citizens in community service employment and volunteer opportunities.
Title VI establishes grants for certain Native American-focused programs on aging.
Title VII creates state grants for "vulnerable elder rights protection" programs.
Demographics[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)
No one over age 60 can be denied services from OAA programs, except on the discretion of the state's State Unit on Aging which may impose more restrictive criteria.[7] In FY 2008 these initiatives provided services to nearly 3 million people, and for FY 2011 the federal appropriation for all programs is $1.9 billion.[8] A disproportionate amount of seniors receiving services (27%) are below the poverty line (compared to 9.7% of the general population over age 60).[8] Recipients of services under OAA are more likely to be female (71% vs. 57% of persons over 60). African Americans are over represented among OAA recipients and all other minorities are under represented. Recipients are also almost twice as likely to be rural, more likely to live alone, and on average have less income, less education, and are less healthy than those persons in the general population aged 60 and over.[9]
Programs created[edit]
Administration on Aging (AoA) established under the Department of Health and Human Services as the federal level advocate for the aging population, and coordinator for service delivery to the elderly
National Eldercare Locator Service a toll free hotline for identifying community resources
Support Services to promote independence with regard to transportation, home care, legal aid, case management, and adult day care,
Nutrition Programs including congregate and home delivered meals
National Family Caregiver Support Program to provide respite services, education, training, and counseling to seniors providing kinship care, and to the caregivers of seniors
Health Promotion providing educational services, counseling and consultation
Aging and Disability Resource Centers to facilitate the dissemination of information on available resources
The Older American Community Service Employment Act (OAA Title V) which works with the Department of Labor to provide employment opportunities for seniors
Grants to Tribal Organizations
The Long-term Care Ombudsman Program
Elder Abuse, neglect, and exploitation public education services
Amendments to 1965 Act[edit]
Chronological amendments and revisions to the Older Americans Act of 1965.
Date of Enactment
Public Law Number
U.S. Statute Citation
U.S. Legislative Bill
U.S. Presidential Administration
July 1, 1967 Pub.L. 90–42 81 Stat. 106 H.R. 10730 Lyndon B. Johnson
September 17, 1969 Pub.L. 91–69 83 Stat. 108 H.R. 11235 Richard M. Nixon
March 22, 1972 Pub.L. 92–258 86 Stat. 88 S. 1163 Richard M. Nixon
November 28, 1975 Pub.L. 94–135 89 Stat. 713 H.R. 3922 Gerald R. Ford
October 18, 1978 Pub.L. 95–478 92 Stat. 1513 H.R. 12255 Jimmy E. Carter
April 1, 1986 Pub.L. 99–269 100 Stat. 78 H.R. 2453 Ronald W. Reagan
November 29, 1987 Pub.L. 100–175 101 Stat. 926 H.R. 1451 Ronald W. Reagan
September 30, 1992 Pub.L. 102–375 106 Stat. 1195 H.R. 2967 George H.W. Bush
November 13, 2000 Pub.L. 106–501 114 Stat. 2226 H.R. 782 William J. Clinton
October 17, 2006 Pub.L. 109–365 120 Stat. 2522 H.R. 6197 George W. Bush
April 23, 2007 Pub.L. 110–19 121 Stat. 84 S. 1002 George W. Bush
See also[edit]
Administration on Aging
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Gerontology
Great Society
Social Security (United States)
United States Senate Special Committee on Aging
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Older Americans Act on Administration on Aging website, retrieved 7-7-2009 Archived 2009-05-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/OAA/Aging_Network/Index.aspx
Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (July 14, 1965). "Lyndon B. Johnson: "Remarks at the Signing of the Older Americans Act.,"". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
^ Jump up to: a b Testimony in Senate Subcommittee hearing, May 2005.
Jump up ^ http://www.aoa.gov/AOARoot/AoA_Programs/OAA/oaa_full.asp#_Toc153957785
Jump up ^ "Older Americans Act · The Legislation". acsc.lib.udel.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ http://www. payingforseniorcare.com/longtermcare/resources/hawaii_kapuna_care.html
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nhpf.org/library/details.cfm/2626
Jump up ^ http://www.aoa.gov/about/legbudg/current_budg/docs/AoAOnlinePerformanceAppendix012508Final.pdf
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Older Americans Act of 1965
External links[edit]
Full text of the act
[1]
Historical Evolution of Program for Older Americans
Transcript of House of Representatives committee hearings on the 2000 re-authorization of the act
State Unit on Aging/Area Agency on Aging Finder
Administration on Aging
National Association of State Units on Aging
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Lyndon B. Johnson: "Statement by the President on the Members of the Advisory Committee on Older Americans.," December 9, 1965". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
The Great Society Congress
[hide]
v
t
e
Lyndon B. Johnson
36th President of the United States (1963–1969)
37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)
U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)
U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)
Presidency
1963 inauguration
1965 inauguration
Great Society
Architectural Barriers Act
Child Nutrition Act
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Transportation
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Head Start Program
Job Corps
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Food Stamp Act of 1964
Glassboro Summit
Gun Control Act of 1968
Higher Education Act of 1965
Upward Bound
TRIO
Teacher Corps
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Johnson Doctrine
Dominican Republic occupation
Medicare
Medicaid
Meritorious Service Medal
National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Humanities
Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts
Executive Order 11375
Older Americans Act
Operation CHAOS
Outer Space Treaty
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
Vietnam War
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
"Credibility gap"
VISTA
Voting Rights Act of 1965
War on Poverty
White House Conference on Civil Rights
White House preservation
State of the Union Address, 1966
1968
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Life
Early years and career
Operation Texas
Texas Broadcasting Company
Johnson Amendment
Bashir Ahmad
Legacy
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
Memorial Grove on the Potomac
U.S. Postage stamp
Books
Bibliography
Elections
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
United States House of Representatives elections, 1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
United States Senate special elections, 1941
United States Senate elections, 1948
1954
1960
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
1964
1968
Democratic National Convention 1956
1960
1964
United States presidential election, 1960
1964
Popular culture
Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
Daisy advertisement
Johnson cult
The Years of Lyndon Johnson
Path to War, (2002 film)
All the Way (2012 play, 2016 film)
LBJ (2017 film)
Family
Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife)
Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)
Luci Baines Johnson (daughter)
Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)
Rebekah Baines Johnson (mother)
Sam Houston Johnson (brother)
Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. (grandfather)
Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)
George Washington Baines (great-grandfather)
Chuck Robb (son-in-law)
← John F. Kennedy
Richard Nixon →
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Older_Americans_Act&oldid=828394798"
Categories:
United States elder law
Ageism
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles to be expanded from January 2011
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 2 March 2018, at 08:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-89-73

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-79-218

values: United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce

values: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions

attrs: align border cellpadding cellspacing width style

values: margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear:right;

values:
/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson
mw-redirect
Lyndon Johnson

values:
/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act
mw-redirect
Economic Opportunity Act

values:
/wiki/Senior_citizens
mw-redirect
Senior citizens

values: Department of Health, Education and Welfare

values:
/wiki/Lister_Hill
mw-redirect
Lister Hill

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values: font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#6FF; color:black;

values: border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-90-42

values: border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-81-106

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-91-69

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-83-108

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-92-258

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-86-88

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-94-135

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-89-713

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-95-478

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-92-1513

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-99-269

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-100-78

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-100-175

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-101-926

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-102-375

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-106-1195

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-106-501

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-114-2226

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-109-365

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-120-2522

values: border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-110-19

values: border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-121-84

values: border:1px solid gray; align:left; width:70%

values: United States Senate Special Committee on Aging

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/index.aspx

values:
nofollow
http://www.nasua.org/
external text

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of United States Senators from Texas

values: Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson

values: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

values: United States Department of Transportation

values:
/wiki/Head_Start_Program
mw-redirect
Head Start Program

values:
/wiki/TRIO_(program)
mw-redirect
TRIO (program)

values: United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)

values: Meritorious Service Medal (United States)

values: Committee for the Preservation of the White House

values: List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson

values: Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates

values: Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies

values: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

values: Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park

values:
/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center
mw-redirect
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

values: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs

values: Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values:
/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography
mw-redirect
Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1940

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1942

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1944

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1946

values: United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1964

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968

values: United States presidential election, 1960

values: United States presidential election, 1964

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2011

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Older_Americans_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Older_Americans_Act rootpage-Older_Americans_Act skin-vector action-view


text:
The Mission (1986 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Mission
Original film poster
Directed by
Roland Joffé
Produced by
Fernando Ghia
David Puttnam
Written by
Robert Bolt
Starring
Robert De Niro
Jeremy Irons
Music by
Ennio Morricone[1]
Cinematography
Chris Menges
Edited by
Jim Clark
Production
company
Goldcrest Films
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
16 May 1986 (1986-05-16) (Cannes)
31 October 1986 (1986-10-31) (United States)
Running time
125 minutes[2]
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Latin
Guaraní
Budget
£16.5 million[3]
Box office
$17.2 million
The Mission is a 1986 British period drama film about the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in 18th-century South America.[4] Written by Robert Bolt and directed by Roland Joffé, the film stars Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Ray McAnally, Aidan Quinn, Cherie Lunghi, and Liam Neeson.
It won the Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In April 2007, it was elected number one on the Church Times' Top 50 Religious Films list.[5] Furthermore, it is one of fifteen films listed in the category "Religion" on the Vatican film list.[6] The music, scored by Italian composer Ennio Morricone, ranked 1st on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) Classic 100 Music in the Movies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Historical basis
3.1 Historical inaccuracies
4 Filming locations
5 Soundtrack
6 Reception
7 Awards and honours
7.1 Others
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The film is set in the 1740s and involves Spanish Jesuit priest Father Gabriel who enters the northeastern Argentina and western Paraguayan jungle to build a mission station and convert a Guaraní community to Christianity. The Guaraní are not initially receptive to Christianity or outsiders in general, and tie a priest to a wooden cross and send him over the Iguazu Falls. Father Gabriel travels to the falls, climbs to the top, and plays his oboe. The Guaraní warriors, captivated by the music, allow him to live.
Mercenary and slaver Rodrigo Mendoza makes his living kidnapping natives such as the Guarani community and selling them to nearby plantations, including the plantation of the Spanish Governor Don Cabeza. After returning from another kidnapping trip Mendoza is told by his assumed fiancée, Carlotta, that she loves his younger half-brother Felipe. Mendoza later finds them in bed together and in a fit of rage kills Felipe in a duel. Although he is acquitted of the killing of Felipe, Mendoza spirals into depression. Father Gabriel visits and challenges Mendoza to undertake a suitable penance. Mendoza accompanies the Jesuits on their return journey, dragging a heavy bundle containing his armour and sword. After initially tense moments upon reaching the outskirts of the natives' territory, though they recognise him, the natives embrace a tearful Mendoza and cut away his heavy bundle.
Father Gabriel's mission is depicted as a place of sanctuary and education for the Guaraní. Moved by the Guaraní's acceptance, Mendoza wishes to help at the mission and Father Gabriel gives him a Bible. In time, Mendoza takes vows and becomes a Jesuit under Father Gabriel and his colleague Father Fielding.
The Jesuit missions were safe because they were protected under Spanish law. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) reapportioned South American land the Jesuit missions were located on, transferring the area to the Portuguese, who allowed slavery. The Portuguese colonials seek to enslave the natives, and as the independent Jesuit missions might impede this, Papal emissary Cardinal Altamirano, a former Jesuit priest himself, is sent from the Vatican to survey the missions and decide which, if any, should be allowed to remain.
Under pressure from both Cabeza and Portuguese Governor Don Hontar, Cardinal Altamirano is forced to choose between two evils. If he rules in favour of the colonists, the indigenous peoples will become enslaved; if he rules in favour of the missions, the entire Jesuit Order may be condemned by the Portuguese and the European Catholic Church could fracture. Altamirano visits the missions and is amazed at their industry and success, both in converting the Indians and, in some cases, economically. At Father Gabriel's mission of San Carlos he tries to explain the reasons behind closing the mission and instructs the Guaraní that they must leave because it is God's will. The Guaraní question the validity of his claim, and argue God's will was to settle and develop the mission. Father Gabriel and Mendoza, under threat of excommunication, state their intention to defend the mission alongside the Guaraní if the plantation owners and colonists attack. They are, however, divided on how to do this, and they debate how to respond to the impending military attack. Father Gabriel believes that violence is a direct crime against God. Mendoza, however, decides to break his vows to militarily defend the Mission. Against Father Gabriel's wishes, he teaches the natives the European art of war and once more takes up his sword.
When a joint Portuguese and Spanish [discuss] force attack, the mission is initially defended by Mendoza, Fielding and the Guaraní. They are no match for the military force and Mendoza is shot and fatally wounded after the soldiers destroy a trap, allowing them to enter the village. Fielding sacrifices himself by killing the Portuguese commander before he is killed. Upon seeing the Church at the mission village the soldiers become reluctant to fire. When the soldiers enter the mission village, they encounter the singing of Father Gabriel and the Guaraní women and children who march in the procession. Fr. Gabriel leads carrying a monstrance with the Blessed Sacrament. In spite of this, the Spanish [discuss] commander orders the attack and Father Gabriel, the rest of the priests and most of the Guaraní, including women and children, are gunned down. After Fr. Gabriel is shot, a child picks up the Blessed Sacrament and leads the procession. Only a handful escape into the jungle.
In a final exchange between Cardinal Altamirano and Don Hontar, Hontar laments that what happened was unfortunate but inevitable because "we must work in the world; the world is thus." Altamirano replies, "No, thus have we made the world. Thus have I made it." Days later, a canoe of young children return to the scene of the Mission massacre and salvage a few belongings. They set off up the river, going deeper into the jungle, with the thought that the events will remain in their memories. A final title declares that many priests continue to fight for the rights of indigenous people. The text of John 1:5 is displayed: "The light shineth in the darkness, and the darkness hath not overcome it."
Cast[edit]
Robert De Niro as Captain Rodrigo Mendoza
Jeremy Irons as Father Gabriel
Ray McAnally as Cardinal Altamirano
Aidan Quinn as Felipe Mendoza
Cherie Lunghi as Carlotta
Ronald Pickup as Don Hontar
Chuck Low as Don Cabeza
Fred Melamed provides Don Cabeza's voice (uncredited)[7]
Liam Neeson as Father John Fielding
Bercelio Moya as Indian Boy
Sigifredo Ismare as Witch Doctor
Asuncion Ontiveros as Indian Chief
Alejandrino Moya as Chief's Lieutenant
Daniel Berrigan as Sebastian
Rolf Gray as Father Ralph
Álvaro Guerrero as Jesuit
Historical basis[edit]
Main article: Bandeirantes
The Mission is based on events surrounding the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, in which Spain ceded part of Jesuit Paraguay to Portugal. A significant subtext is the impending suppression of the Jesuits, of which Father Gabriel is warned by the film's narrator, Cardinal Altamirano, who was once himself a Jesuit. Altamirano, speaking in hindsight in 1758, corresponds to the actual Andalusian Jesuit Father Luis Altamirano, who was sent by Jesuit Superior General Ignacio Visconti to Paraguay in 1752 to transfer territory from Spain to Portugal. He oversaw the transfer of seven missions south and east of the Río Uruguay, that had been settled by Guaraní and Jesuits in the 17th century. As compensation, Spain promised each mission 4,000 pesos, or fewer than 1 peso for each of the circa 30,000 Guaraní of the seven missions, while the cultivated lands, livestock, and buildings were estimated to be worth 7–16 million pesos. The film's climax is the Guaraní War of 1754–1756, during which historical Guaraní defended their homes against Spanish-Portuguese forces implementing the Treaty of Madrid. For the film, a re-creation was made of one of the seven missions, São Miguel das Missões.[8]
Father Gabriel's character is loosely based on the life of Paraguayan saint and Jesuit Roque González de Santa Cruz. The story is taken from the book The Lost Cities of Paraguay by Father C. J. McNaspy, S.J., who was also a consultant on the film.[9]
The waterfall setting of the film suggests the combination of these events with the story of older missions, founded between 1610–1630 on the Paranapanema River above the Guaíra Falls, from which Paulista slave raids forced Guaraní and Jesuits to flee in 1631. The battle at the end of the film evokes the eight-day Battle of Mbororé in 1641, a battle fought on land as well as in boats on rivers, in which the Jesuit-organised, firearm-equipped Guaraní forces stopped the Paulista raiders.[8]
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
The character of Altamirano is historically inaccurate. He was not a cardinal sent by the Pope but an emissary sent by the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Ignacio Visconti, to preserve the Jesuits in Europe in the face of attacks in Spain and Portugal.[10]
Filming locations[edit]
The film was mostly filmed in Colombia, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The tunnels of Fort Amherst in Kent were used as part of the monastery where Mendoza (Robert De Niro) is being held after he murders his brother.[11]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Mission (soundtrack)
The Mission main theme
From The Mission soundtrack by Ennio Morricone
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Mission soundtrack was written by Ennio Morricone. Beginning with a liturgical piece ("On Earth as It Is in Heaven") which becomes the "Spanish" theme, it moves quickly to the "Guaraní" theme, which is written in a heavily native style and uses several indigenous instruments. Later, Morricone defines the "Mission" theme as a duet between the "Spanish" and "Guaraní" themes.
Other themes throughout the movie include the "Penance", "Conquest" and "Ave Maria Guaraní" themes. In the latter, a large choir of indigenous people sing a rendition of the "Ave Maria".
Reception[edit]
The film grossed $17.2 million at the US and international box office against a budget of £16.5 million, which at the time was the US equivalent of $25.4 million, making this film a commercial flop.
The Mission received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The film currently holds a 65% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.[12]
Awards and honours[edit]
Academy Awards[13]
Best Picture – Fernando Ghia and David Puttnam (nominated)
Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Art Direction – Stuart Craig and Jack Stephens (nominated)
Best Cinematography – Chris Menges (won)
Best Costume Design – Enrico Sabbatini (nominated)
Best Film Editing – Jim Clark (nominated)
Best Original Score – Ennio Morricone (nominated)
BAFTA Film Awards[14]
Best Film – Fernando Ghia, David Puttnam and Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Ray McAnally (won)
Best Original Screenplay – Robert Bolt (nominated)
Best Cinematography – Chris Menges (nominated)
Best Costume Design – Enrico Sabbatini (nominated)
Best Film Editing – Jim Clark (won)
Best Film Music – Ennio Morricone (won)
Best Production Design – Stuart Craig (nominated)
Best Sound – Ian Fuller, Bill Rowe and Clive Winter (nominated)
Best Special Visual Effects – Peter Hutchinson (nominated)
Cannes Film Festival
Palme d'Or – Roland Joffé (won)[15]
Technical Grand Prize – Roland Joffé (won)[15]
Golden Globe Awards[16]
Best Motion Picture – Drama (nominated)
Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama – Jeremy Irons (nominated)
Best Screenplay – Robert Bolt (won)
Best Original Score – Ennio Morricone (won)
Others[edit]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #23[17]
See also[edit]
Iguazu Falls
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 14, 2015). "The Mission". Review. RogerEbert.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Mission (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. 30 July 1986. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Puttnam bites back." Sunday Times [London, England] 22 Mar. 1987: 47. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.
Jump up ^ Sheila Benson (14 November 1986). "Movie Review : A Dilemma Of Conscience At Heart Of 'The Mission'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Religious Films - Ray Fowler .org". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ SDG (2015). "The Mission (1986)". Decent Films. Steven D. Greydanus. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harris, Will. "Fred Melamed on Casual, the Coens, and making Larry David laugh". TV.AVClub.com. The A.V. Club. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b James Schofield Saeger (1995) "The Mission and Historical Missions: Film and the Writing of History." The Americas, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 393–415.
Jump up ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (8 February 1995). "C. J. McNaspy, 79, Jesuit Musicologist, Author and Linguist". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Mission". st-andrews.ac.uk.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The Mission Film Focus".
Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1014027_mission
Jump up ^ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 1987 Bafta Awards Nominees and Winners". bafta.org. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Festival de Cannes: The Mission". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "1986 Golden Globes nominees and winners". hfpa.org. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-14.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Mission (1986 film)
The Mission on IMDb
The Mission at Box Office Mojo
The Mission at Rotten Tomatoes
The Mission at the Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films list
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Roland Joffé
The Killing Fields (1984)
The Mission (1986)
Fat Man and Little Boy (1989)
City of Joy (1992)
The Scarlet Letter (1995)
Goodbye Lover (1998)
Vatel (2000)
Captivity (2007)
You and I (2008)
There Be Dragons (2011)
The Lovers (2013)
Texas Rising (2015)
The Forgiven (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Palme d'Or winning films
Union Pacific (1939)
Torment (Hets) (1946)
The Lost Weekend (1946)
The Red Meadows (1946)
Brief Encounter (1946)
María Candelaria (1946)
Neecha Nagar (1946)
The Turning Point (1946)
La Symphonie pastorale (1946)
The Last Chance (1946)
Men Without Wings (1946)
Rome, Open City (1946)
The Third Man (1949)
Miss Julie (1951)
Miracle in Milan (1951)
The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice (1951)
Two Cents Worth of Hope (1952)
The Wages of Fear (1953)
Gate of Hell (1954)
Marty (1955)
The Silent World (1956)
Friendly Persuasion (1957)
The Cranes Are Flying (1958)
Black Orpheus (1959)
La Dolce Vita (1960)
The Long Absence (1961)
Viridiana (1961)
O Pagador de Promessas (1962)
The Leopard (1963)
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964)
The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965)
A Man and a Woman (1966)
The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966)
Blowup (1967)
if.... (1969)
MASH (1970)
The Go-Between (1971)
The Working Class Goes to Heaven (1972)
The Mattei Affair (1972)
The Hireling (1973)
Scarecrow (1973)
The Conversation (1974)
Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975)
Taxi Driver (1976)
Padre Padrone (1977)
The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
The Tin Drum (1979)
All That Jazz (1980)
Kagemusha (1980)
Man of Iron (1981)
Missing (1982)
Yol (1982)
The Ballad of Narayama (1983)
Paris, Texas (1984)
When Father Was Away on Business (1985)
The Mission (1986)
Under the Sun of Satan (1987)
Pelle the Conqueror (1988)
Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989)
Wild at Heart (1990)
Barton Fink (1991)
The Best Intentions (1992)
Farewell My Concubine (1993)
The Piano (1993)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
Underground (1995)
Secrets & Lies (1996)
Taste of Cherry (1997)
The Eel (1997)
Eternity and a Day (1998)
Rosetta (1999)
Dancer in the Dark (2000)
The Son's Room (2001)
The Pianist (2002)
Elephant (2003)
Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)
The Child (2005)
The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006)
4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007)
The Class (2008)
The White Ribbon (2009)
Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010)
The Tree of Life (2011)
Amour (2012)
Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013)
Winter Sleep (2014)
Dheepan (2015)
I, Daniel Blake (2016)
The Square (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 316751956
LCCN: n86102408
GND: 4395866-7
BNF: cb16462487d (data)
BNE: XX4209350
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mission_(1986_film)&oldid=832521394"
Categories:
1986 films
British films
Films directed by Roland Joffé
Films set in Brazil
Films set in Paraguay
Films set in jungles
Palme d'Or winners
Films about religion
Films about Roman Catholicism
British drama films
British historical films
Adventure drama films
1980s drama films
1980s historical films
Goldcrest Films films
English-language films
Films set in the 1750s
Spanish-language films
Latin-language films
Society of Jesus
Screenplays by Robert Bolt
Films about Catholic priests
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films shot in Foz do Iguaçu
Films shot in Colombia
Films set in South America
British epic films
Films about hunter-gatherers
Indigenous cinema in Latin America
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Films produced by David Puttnam
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
EngvarB from September 2013
Use dmy dates from September 2013
Articles with hAudio microformats
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 14:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: li

values:
/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language
mw-redirect
Guaraní language

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Guarani_people
mw-redirect
Guarani people

values:
/wiki/Jesuit_Reductions
mw-redirect
Jesuit Reductions

values:
/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Uruguay
mw-redirect
Río Uruguay

values:
/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Santa_Cruz
mw-redirect
Roque González de Santa Cruz

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: File:Ennio Morricone-The Mission-Gabriel's Oboe.ogg

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Directing
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Directing

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Costume_Design
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Costume Design

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Film_Editing
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Film Editing

values: BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

values: BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay

values: BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects

values:
/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards
mw-redirect
Golden Globe Awards

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score

values:
nofollow
external text
http://decentfilms.com/reviews/mission

values: q:Special:Search/The Mission (1986 film)

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091530/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/316751956

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4395866-7

values: Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award

values: Category:Indigenous cinema in Latin America

values: Category:Films scored by Ennio Morricone

values: Category:Films produced by David Puttnam

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Mission_(1986_film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: المهمة (فيلم أمريكي) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: مأموریت (فیلم ۱۹۸۶) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission
Mission – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: მისია (ფილმი) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiunea
Misiunea – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Мисија (филм) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: เดอะ มิชชั่น – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Місія (фільм) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Mission_1986_film rootpage-The_Mission_1986_film skin-vector action-view