text:
History of the petroleum industry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Parts of this article (those related to Modern history) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2015)
The petroleum industry is not of recent origin, but petroleum's current status as the key component of politics, society, and technology has its roots in the early 20th century. The invention of the internal combustion engine was the major influence in the rise in the importance of petroleum.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Modern history
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Early history[edit]
Four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Ionian islands, Greece).[1] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus[citation needed], one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society[citation needed].
Oil was exploited in the Roman province of Dacia, now in Romania, where it was called picula.[citation needed]
The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago. In I Ching, one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE.[2][3][4][5]
The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD or earlier. They had depths of up to about 800 feet (240 m) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.[6][7][8][9][unreliable source?] The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century.[1] In his book Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, the polymathic scientist and statesman Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty coined the word 石油 (Shíyóu, literally "rock oil") for petroleum, which remains the term used in contemporary Chinese and Japanese (Sekiyū).
The first streets of Baghdad were paved with tar, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan. These fields were described by the Arab geographer Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. Distillation of Petroleum was described by the Persian alchemist, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes).[10][unreliable source] There was production of chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (al-ambiq),[11] which was mainly used for kerosene lamps.[12] Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.[13] It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century, being recorded as păcură.[14]
The earliest mention of petroleum in the Americas occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh's account of the Trinidad Pitch Lake in 1595; while thirty-seven years later, the account of a visit of a Franciscan, Joseph de la Roche d'Allion, to the oil springs of New York was published in Gabriel Sagard's Histoire du Canada. A Finnish born Swede, scientist and student of Carl Linnaeus, Peter Kalm, in his work Travels into North America published first in 1753 showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylvania.[1]
In 1710 or 1711 (sources vary) the Russian-born Swiss physician and Greek teacher Eirini d'Eyrinys (also spelled as Eirini d'Eirinis) discovered asphaltum at Val-de-Travers, (Neuchâtel). He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986.[15][16][17][18]
In 1745 under the Empress Elizabeth of Russia the first oil well and refinery were built in Ukhta by Fiodor Priadunov. Through the process of distillation of the "rock oil" (petroleum) he received a kerosene-like substance, which was used in oil lamps by Russian churches and monasteries (though households still relied on candles).[19]
Oil sands were mined from 1745 in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, Alsace under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière, by special appointment of Louis XV.[20][21] The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970, and was the birthplace of companies like Antar and Schlumberger. The first modern refinery was built there in 1857.[20]
Modern history[edit]
See also: Petroleum industry
Oil field in California, 1938.
The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with the refining of paraffin from crude oil. The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton, Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1846, Baku (settlement Bibi-Heybat) the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining the crude oil. The new oils were successful, but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail (eventually being exhausted in 1851). Young, noticing that the oil was dripping from the sandstone roof of the coal mine, theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially.
Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.[22]
The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856.
Shale bings near Broxburn, 3 of a total of 19 in West Lothian
Abraham Pineo Gesner, a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal, bitumen and oil shale. His new discovery, which he named kerosene, burned more cleanly and was less expensive than competing products, such as whale oil. In 1850, Gesner created the Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other cities. By 1854, he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island, New York. Demand grew to where his company’s capacity to produce became a problem, but the discovery of petroleum, from which kerosene could be more easily produced, solved the supply problem.
In 1848 the first modern oil well was drilled in Asia, on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov.[23]
Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps, in 1852, and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in central European Galicia (Poland) in 1854. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first modern Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world's oil.
The question of what constituted the first commercial oil well is a difficult one to answer. Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, discussed more fully below, is popularly considered the first modern well.[24] Drake's well is probably singled out because it was drilled, not dug; because it used a steam engine; because there was a company associated with it; and because it touched off a major boom. However, the first well ever drilled anywhere in the world, which produced oil, was drilled in 1857 to a depth of 280 feet by the American Merrimac Company in La Brea (Spanish for “Pitch”) in southeast Trinidad in the Caribbean.[25] Additionally, there was considerable activity before Drake in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century. A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand-drilled a well in the Baku region in 1848.[26] There were engine-drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake's well.[27] An early commercial well was hand dug in Poland in 1853, and another in nearby Romania in 1857. At around the same time the world's first, but small, oil refineries were opened at Jasło, in Poland, with a larger one being opened at Ploiești, in Romania, shortly after. Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics, namely 275 tonnes.[28][29] In 1875, crude oil was discovered by David Beaty at his home in Warren, Pennsylvania. This led to the opening of the Bradford oil field, which, by the 1880s, produced 77 percent of the global oil supply. However, by the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire, particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan, had taken the lead in production.[30]
Samuel Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street, in 1853. In addition to the activity in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, an important early oil well in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams.[31] The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. New oil fields were discovered nearby throughout the late 19th century and the area developed into a large petrochemical refining centre and exchange.[32] The modern US petroleum industry is considered to have begun with Edwin Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in 1859,[33] on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania, for the Seneca Oil Company (originally yielding 25 barrels per day (4.0 m3/d), by the end of the year output was at the rate of 15 barrels per day (2.4 m3/d)). The industry grew through the 1800s, driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps. It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly outpaced by demand, leading to "oil booms" in Ohio, Texas, Oklahoma, and California.
Early crude production
in the U.S.
Year
Volume
1859 2,000 barrels (~270 t)
1869 4,215,000 barrels (~5.750×10^5 t)
1879 19,914,146 barrels (~2.717×10^6 t)
1889 35,163,513 barrels (~4.797×10^6 t)
1899 57,084,428 barrels (~7.788×10^6 t)
1906 126,493,936 barrels (~1.726×10^7 t)
By 1910, significant oil fields had been discovered in the Dutch East Indies (1885, in Sumatra), Persia (1908, in Masjed Soleiman), Peru (1863, in Zorritos District), Venezuela (1914, in Maracaibo Basin), and Mexico, and were being developed at an industrial level. Significant oil fields were exploited in Alberta (Canada) from 1947. First offshore oil drilling at Oil Rocks (Neft Dashlari) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons in 1949. Availability of oil and access to it, became of "cardinal importance" in military power before[34] and after World War I, particularly for navies as they changed from coal, but also with the introduction of motor transport, tanks and airplanes.[35] Such thinking would continue in later conflicts of the twentieth century, including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed.[36] In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf.
Until the mid-1950s coal was still the world's foremost fuel, but after this time oil quickly took over. Later, following the 1973 and 1979 energy crises, there was significant media coverage on the subject of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. Although at the time the most common and popular predictions were quite dire, a period of increased production and reduced demand in the following years caused an oil glut in the 1980s. This was not to last, however, and by the first decade of the 21st century discussions about peak oil had returned to the news.
Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities.
The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.[37] About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. However, with high oil prices (above $100/barrel), Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to its crude reserves derived from bitumen.
See also[edit]
Pennsylvania oil rush
Petroleum
Petroleum industry
Energy (society)
Texas Oil Boom
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Petroleum". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Gao, Zhiguo. "Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas". Kluwer Law International. p. 8. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Rapp, George (1985). "Archaeomineralogy". Springer. p. 237. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Deng, Yinke (2011). "Ancient Chinese Inventions". p. 40. ISBN 978-0521186926. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Burke, Michael (September 8, 2008). "Nanotechnology: The Business" (published 2008). p. 3. ISBN 9781420053999. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ George E. Totten ASTM Timeline
Jump up ^ Dalvi, Samir (November 3, 2015). "Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners:". ISBN 978-9352064199. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Ulrich Vogel, Hans. "The Great Well of China". Scientific American. 268 (6): 116–121. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0693-116.
Jump up ^ ASTM timeline of oil
Jump up ^ Salim Al-Hassani (2008). "1000 Years of Missing Industrial History". In Emilia Calvo Labarta; Mercè Comes Maymo; Roser Puig Aguilar; Mònica Rius Pinies. A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. pp. 57–82 [63]. ISBN 84-475-3285-2.
Jump up ^ Kasem Ajram (1992). The Miracle of Islam Science (2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4. OCLC 26084778.
Jump up ^ Zayn Bilkadi (University of California, Berkeley), "The Oil Weapons", Saudi Aramco World, January–February 1995, pp. 20-7
Jump up ^ Joseph P. Riva Jr.; Gordon I. Atwater. "petroleum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
Jump up ^ Istoria Romaniei, Vol II, p. 300, 1960
Jump up ^ (broken link)[permanent dead link] Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Geneva. accessed 2007-10-26
Jump up ^ Le bitume et la mine de la Presta (Suisse), Jacques Lapaire, Mineraux et Fossiles No 315 Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Asphaltum" Stoddart's Encyclopaedia Americana (1883) pages 344–345
Jump up ^ Eirinis' paper, entitled "Dissertation sur la mine d'asphalte contenant la manière dont se doivent régler Messieurs les associés pour son exploitation, le profit du Roy, & celui de la Société, & ce qui sera dû à Mr d'Erinis à qui elle apartient 'per Ligium feudum' " is held at the BPU Neuchâtel – Fonds d'étude [Ne V] catalogue Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b History of Pechelbronn oil Archived 2009-07-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The oil wells of Alsace; a discovery made more than a century ago. What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad--primitive methods of obtaining oil--the process similar to that used in coal mining". New York Times. 23 February 1880.
Jump up ^ Russell, Loris S. (2003). A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-3765-8.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1896". World Digital Library. 1896. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ Down A L “History of Trinidad’s Oil” (Address to the 22nd Annual Dinner Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago 1960)
Jump up ^ Matveichuk, Alexander A. Intersection of Oil Parallels: Historical Essays. Moscow: Russian Oil and Gas Institute, 2004.
Jump up ^ McKain, David L., and Bernard L. Allen. Where It All Began: The Story of the People and Places Where the Oil Industry Began—West Virginia and South- eastern Ohio. Parkersburg, W.Va.: David L. McKain, 1994.
Jump up ^ The History Of Romanian Oil Industry Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ PBS: World Events
Jump up ^ Akiner(2004), p. 5
Jump up ^ Turnbull Elford, Jean. Canada West's Last Frontier. Lambton County Historical Society, 1982, p 110
Jump up ^ May, Gary. Hard Oiler! The Story of Early Canadians' Quest for Oil at Home and Abroad. Dundurn Press, 1998, p. 59
Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. "10 Moments That Made American Business", American Heritage, February/March 2007.
Jump up ^ Oil and world power, Encyclopedia of the New American Nation
Jump up ^ David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, p.261, 354, (1989)
Jump up ^ Hanson Baldwin, 1959, “Oil Strategy in World War II" Archived 2009-08-15 at the Wayback Machine., American Petroleum Institute Quarterly – Centennial Issue, pages 10–11. American Petroleum Institute.
Jump up ^ InfoPlease
29. ^ www.geohelp.net/world.html
30. ^ www.azer.com/.../102_oil_chronology.html
31. ^ archives.datapages.com/data/phi/v12_2011/yusif.pdf
32. ^ www.energy-101.org/non-renewable-energy/petroleum-facts/petroleum-history
Further reading[edit]
Akiner, Shirin; Aldis, Anne, eds. (2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0501-6.
Bamberg, J.H. (1994). The History of the British Petroleum Company, Volume 2: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11.
Black, Brian C. Crude Reality: Petroleum in World History (2012)
Mau, Mark; Edmundson, Henry (2015). Groundbreakers: the Story of Oilfield Technology and the People Who Made It Happen. UK: FastPrint. ISBN 978-178456-187-1.
Maugeri, Leonardo. The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World's Most Controversial Resource (2006)
Pongiluppi Francesco, The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire, in "The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation" (edited by Biagini and Motta), Vol. 2., Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 2015, pp. 453–464.
Painter, David S. (1986). Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of US Foreign Oil Policy, 1941–1954. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-82693-1.
Rouhani, Fuad (1971). A History of OPEC. New York, NY: Praeger.
Vassiliou, Marius (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield-Scarecrow Press. p. 665. ISBN 0-8108-5993-9.
Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. (1959) The American petroleum industry: The age of illumination, 1859-1899.
Williamson, Harold F. (1963) The American Petroleum Industry the Age of Energy 1899-1959.
Yergin, Daniel (1992). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power.
Mirbabayev, Miryusif F. (2008) Concise history of Azerbaijani Oil. Baku, Azerneshr.
External links[edit]
Crude: 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary [3 x 30 minutes] about the formation of oil, and humanity's use of it.
(in English) (in Arabic) Treatise on Petroleum and Its Treatment, along with Various Kinds of Tar and Gums, 18th century
[show]
v
t
e
Petroleum industry
Petroleum
Primary energy
Benchmarks
Argus Sour
Bonny Light
Brent
Dubai
Indian Basket
Indonesian
Isthmus-34 Light
Japan Cocktail
OPEC Reference Basket
Tapis
Urals
West Texas Intermediate
Western Canadian Select
Data
Natural gas
Consumption
Production
Reserves
Imports
Exports
Price
Petroleum
Consumption
Production
Reserves
Imports
Exports
Price (of gasoline and diesel)
Exploration
Core sampling
Geophysics
Integrated asset modelling
Petroleum engineering
Reservoir simulation
Seismic to simulation
Petroleum geology
Petrophysics
Reflection seismology (Seismic inversion)
Seismic source
Drilling
Blowout
Completion (Squeeze job)
Differential sticking
Directional drilling (Geosteering)
Drilling engineering
Drilling fluid (invasion)
Drill stem test
Lost circulation
Measurement
Tracers
Underbalanced drilling
Well logging
Production
Petroleum fiscal regime
Concessions
Production sharing agreements
Artificial lift
Pumpjack
Submersible pump (ESP)
Gas lift
Downstream
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Steam injection
Gas reinjection
Midstream
Petroleum product
Pipeline transport
Refining
Upstream
Water injection
Well intervention
XT
History
1967 Oil Embargo
1973 oil crisis
1979 energy crisis
1980s oil glut
1990 oil price shock
2000s energy crisis
2010s oil glut
Founders
History of the petroleum industry
Nationalization
OPEC
GECF
Seven Sisters
Standard Oil
Oil market timelines
Provinces
and fields
List of natural gas fields
List of oil fields
East Midlands Oil Province
East Texas
Gulf of Mexico
Niger Delta
North Sea
Permian Basin
Persian Gulf
Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
Russia
Venezuela
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Other topics
Acronyms
Oil shale gas
Peak oil
mitigation
timing
People
Petrocurrency
Petrodollar recycling
Shale band
Shale gas
Swing producer
Unconventional oil
heavy crude
oil sands
oil shale
[show]
Companies and organisations
Major petroleum
companies
Supermajors
BP
Chevron
Eni
ExxonMobil
Royal Dutch Shell
Total
National oil
companies
ADNOC (UAE)
CNOOC (China)
CNPC (China)
Ecopetrol (Colombia)
Gazprom (Russia)
Iraq National Oil Company
Indian Oil Corporation
KazMunayGas (Kazakhstan)
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
Lotos (Poland)
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
NIOC (Iran)
NISOC (Iran)
OGDCL (Pakistan)
ONGC (India)
PDVSA (Venezuela)
PKN Orlen (Poland)
Pemex (Mexico)
Pertamina (Indonesia)
PetroBangla (Bangladesh)
Petrobras (Brazil)
PetroChina
Petronas (Malaysia)
Petrovietnam
PTT (Thailand)
Qatar Petroleum
Rosneft (Russia)
Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)
Sinopec (China)
SOCAR (Azerbaijan)
Sonangol (Angola)
Sonatrach (Algeria)
Statoil (Norway)
TPAO (Turkey)
YPF (Argentina)
Energy trading
Glencore
Gunvor
Mercuria
Naftiran Intertrade
Trafigura
Vitol
Other
Anadarko
Apache
BG Group
Cenovus Energy
Compañía Española de Petróleos
ConocoPhillips
Devon
Galp Energia
Hess
Husky Energy
Imperial Oil
JXTG Holdings
Lukoil
Marathon Oil
Occidental
OMV
Port Harcourt Refining Company
Reliance Industries
Repsol
Suncor Energy
Surgutneftegas
TNK-BP
Tullow Oil
Tüpraş
Major services
companies
Amec Foster Wheeler
Baker Hughes
Cameron
CGG
CH2M Hill
Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
China Oilfield Services
Enbridge
Ensco
GE Oil & Gas
Halliburton
Nabors Industries
Naftiran Intertrade
National Oilwell Varco
Petrofac
Saipem
Schlumberger
Snam
Subsea 7
TransCanada
Transocean
Weatherford
Wood Group
Other
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
International Energy Agency
International Petroleum Exchange
OPEC
Society of Petroleum Engineers
World Petroleum Council
Category
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_petroleum_industry&oldid=830171442"
Categories:
History of industries
Petroleum industry
History of the petroleum industry
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Pages using web citations with no URL
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012
Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014
Articles with Arabic-language external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
Français
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 March 2018, at 05:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values:
/wiki/Ionian_islands
mw-redirect
Ionian islands

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2012)

values:
/wiki/Song_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Song Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Islamic_geography
mw-redirect
Islamic geography

values: The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. (March 2014)

values:
/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Alchemy and chemistry in Islam

values:
/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh
mw-redirect
Sir Walter Raleigh

values:
/wiki/Modern_world
mw-redirect
Modern world

values:
/wiki/James_Young_(Scottish_chemist)
mw-redirect
James Young (Scottish chemist)

values:
/wiki/Broxburn,_West_Lothian
mw-redirect
Broxburn, West Lothian

values:
/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)
mw-redirect
Galicia (Central Europe)

values: History of the petroleum industry in Canada

values:
/wiki/Oil_Creek_(Allegheny_River)
mw-redirect
Oil Creek (Allegheny River)

values:
/wiki/Masjed_Soleiman
mw-redirect
Masjed Soleiman

values: Bombing of German oil facilities during World War II

values:
/wiki/1973_energy_crisis
mw-redirect
1973 energy crisis

values:
/wiki/Energy_(society)
mw-redirect
Energy (society)

values:
/wiki/Texas_Oil_Boom
mw-redirect
Texas Oil Boom

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26084778

values:
nofollow
external text
http://opacrbnj.rero.ch/gateway

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nepsite.com/node/5944

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
http://www.sjvgeology.org/history/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11368/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.abc.net.au/science/crude/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4297/
external text

values: List of countries by natural gas consumption

values: List of countries by natural gas production

values: List of countries by natural gas proven reserves

values: List of countries by natural gas imports

values: List of countries by natural gas exports

values: List of countries by proven oil reserves

values:
/wiki/Seismic_to_simulation
mw-redirect
Seismic to simulation

values: Category:History of the petroleum industry

values: Category:Founders of the petroleum industry

values: List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production

values: Category:People in the petroleum industry

values: List of oil exploration and production companies

values:
/wiki/Energy_trading
mw-redirect
Energy trading

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014

values: Category:Articles with Arabic-language external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: تاريخ النفط – Arabic

values: Historia de la industria del petróleo – Spanish

values: Історія видобутку і використання нафти – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_the_petroleum_industry rootpage-History_of_the_petroleum_industry skin-vector action-view


text:
Panchayati raj (India)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Panchayat (disambiguation)
See also: Local self-government in India
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state) (List)
Vice president (List)
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government) (List)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries:
(Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFoS • IPS)
Central Civil Services (IRS • IFS • IA&AS • IPoS • IRAS • IRTS • IRPS • ICAS • IDAS • IDES • ICLS • IIS • ITrS • IP&TAFS • IOFS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governors (List)
Chief ministers (List)
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar panchayats
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Muhamma Panchayat office, Kerala
In India, the 'Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system of local self-government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia. This Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats (or Caste Panchayats) found in northern India.[1]
In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level).[2] It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution.[3] Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, and in all Union Territories except Delhi.[4]
The Panchayats receive funds from three sources:[5]
Local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission
Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes
Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions
Contents
1 History
2 Various committees on Panchayati Raj
3 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
4 Block level panchayat
5 Constituency
6 Departments
7 Functions
8 District level panchayat
9 Composition
10 Functions
11 Sources of income
12 Village level panchayat
13 Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India
14 See also
15 Notes and references
16 Further reading
17 External links
History[edit]
Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, Madhya Pradesh
Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.[6][7] The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.[8] However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992.[9]
The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2 Oct 1959. During the 1950s and 60s, other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. The second state was Andhra Pradesh, while Maharashtra was the ninth state. It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea.
In the history of Panchayati Raj, in India, on 24 April 1993, the Constitutional (73rd amendment) Act 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Rajasthan beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.[5]. The Act aims to provide a three-tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee
Various committees on Panchayati Raj[edit]
Committee
Date
Balwant Rai Mehta 1957
V.T. Krishnammachari 1960
Takhatmal Jain Study Group 1966
Ashok Mehta Committee 1978
G.V.K. Rao Committee 1985
Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee 1986
P. K. Thoongan committee 1988
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee[edit]
The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, headed by MP Balwantrai Mehta, was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation of the committee by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj.
This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.
Block level panchayat[edit]
Main article: Panchayat Samiti (Block)
Newly elected panchayat in Punjab, India
A Panchayat Samiti (block panchayat) is a local government body at the tehsil level. This body works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a "development block". The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration. Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably mandal and taluka, there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat and Karnataka, and Panchayat Samiti in Maharashtra. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.
Constituency[edit]
Membership in the block panchayat is mostly ex-official; it is composed of: all of the Sarpanchas (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the SC/ST and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members.
The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.
Departments[edit]
The common departments in the Samiti are as follows:
General Administration
Finance
Public Works
Agriculture
Health
Education
Social Welfare
Information Technology
Water Supply Department
Animal Husbandry and others
There is an officer for every department. A government-appointed Block Development Officer (BDO) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration, and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP.
Functions[edit]
Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure
Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools
Supply of drinking water, drainage and construction/repair of roads
Development of a cottage and small-scale industries, and the opening of cooperative societies
Establishment of youth organisations
District level panchayat[edit]
Main article: District Councils of India
The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad. The chief of administration is an officer of the IAS cadre. and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level
Composition[edit]
The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises:
Deputy Commissioner of the District
Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district
heads of all Government Departments in the district
members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district
a representative of each cooperative society
some women and Scheduled Caste members, if not adequately represented
co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service.
Functions[edit]
Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population
Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques
Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas
Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics
Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram shalas for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them.
Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes.
Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance
Provide employment.
Works on Sanitation related issues
Sources of income[edit]
Taxes collected locally such as on water, place of pilgrimage, local mandirs (temples), and markets
A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishes
Village level panchayat[edit]
Sarpanch as its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha.[10]
Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India[edit]
On August 27, 2009, the Union Cabinet of the Government of India approved 50% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI). The Indian states Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal and Uttarakhand[11] have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs.[12][13] The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. Currently 100% of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women.[14]
See also[edit]
National Panchayati Raj Day
Local self-government in India
Patwari
Lambardar
Zaildar
Notes and references[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Mullick, Rohit & Raaj, Neelam (9 September 2007). "Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Nath, Akshaya (24 April 2015). "National Panchayat Raj Day: Here are few things that you need to know about Panchayat Raj". SaddaHaq. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 May 2003. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ panchayat.nic.in[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
Jump up ^ Sisodia, R. S. (1971). "Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj". Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 (2): 9–10.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Manohar Lal (1987). Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. OCLC 17678104. Hathi Trust copy, search only
Jump up ^ Hardgrave, Robert L. & Kochanek, Stanley A. (2008). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (seventh ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4.
Jump up ^ Singh, Vijandra (2003). "Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi". Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration. Studies in public administration. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 84–90. ISBN 978-81-7625-392-5.
Jump up ^ Sapra, Ipsita (February 2013). "Living in the villages". Rural Democracy. D+C Development and Cooperation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ 50% reservation for women in panchayats - Oneindia News. News.oneindia.in (2009-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ 50% reservation for women in AP, Bihar Panchayats. Sify.com (2011-11-25). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mayor-malayalam-news-1.696624
Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/lsgd-womans-malayalam-news-1.694513
Sources
Nepal glossary, United States Library of Congress
Article 333357, zeenews.com
Article India994-07, hrw.org
Panchayati raj Recruitment, Exambuzzer.com
Further reading[edit]
Mitra, Subrata K.; Singh, V.B. (1999). Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-81-7036-809-0 (India HB) ISBN 978-0-7619-9344-5 (U.S. HB).
Mitra, Subrata K.. (2001). "Making Local Government Work: Local elites, Panchayati raj and governance in India", in Kohli, Atul (ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80144-7
Mitra, Subrata K.. (2003). "Chapter 17: Politics in India", in Almond, Gabriel A. et al. (eds.), Comparative Politics Today. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634–684. ISBN 978-0-321-15896-3 (also reprinted in the 9th (2007), 10th (2012) and 11th (2015) editions)
Palanithurai, Ganapathi (ed.) (2002–2010) Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. in seven volumes, volume 1 (2002) "Select States" ISBN 978-81-7022-911-7; volume 2 (2002) "Select States" ISBN 978-81-7022-912-4; volume 3 (2004) "Select States" ISBN 978-81-8069-129-4; volume 4 (2004) "Empowering Women" ISBN 978-81-8069-130-0; volume 5 (2005) "Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning" ISBN 978-81-8069-244-4; volume 6 (2008) "Capacity Building" ISBN 978-81-8069-506-3; volume 7 (2010) "Financial Status of Panchayats" ISBN 978-81-8069-672-5.
Shourie, Arun (1990). Individuals, Institutions, Processes: How one may strengthen the other in India today. New Delhi, India: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-83787-8.
Sivaramakrishnan, Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan (2000) Power to the People: The politics and progress of decentralisation. Delhi: Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-81-220-0584-4
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panchayati Raj.
Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
"Home page". Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.
"Panchayat (article 440944)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. about the caste panchayats
The Hunger Project. "Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government". International Museum of Women. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015.
National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol
hide
v
t
e
Local government in India
Urban
Municipal Corporation
Nagar Palika (Municipal Council)
Intermediate
Town Panchayat (Nagar panchayat)
Rural
District Panchayat (Zila Parishad )
Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union
Gram Panchayat
Sarpanch
Observance
National Panchayati Raj Day
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_raj_(India)&oldid=864934309"
Categories:
Constitution of India
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2018
Articles with dead external links from September 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from June 2015
Use Indian English from December 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
भोजपुरी
Deutsch
Español
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Українська
中文
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 October 2018, at 15:17 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Panchayat_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Panchayat (disambiguation)

value: span

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

value: p

attrs: class style

values: adr font-size:smaller

value: th

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India
mw-redirect
Fundamental Rights in India

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India
mw-redirect
Secretary to Government of India

values:
/wiki/Indian_Defense_Accounts_Service
mw-redirect
Indian Defense Accounts Service

values: Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service

values:
/wiki/Chairman_of_Rajya_Sabha
mw-redirect
Chairman of Rajya Sabha

values:
/wiki/High_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
High Courts of India

values:
/wiki/District_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
District Courts of India

values: Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India

values:
/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)
mw-redirect
Chief Minister (India)

values:
/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(India)
mw-redirect
Chief Secretary (India)

values:
/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)
mw-redirect
Principal Secretary (India)

values:
/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner
mw-redirect
Divisional Commissioner

values:
/wiki/District_Magistrate
mw-redirect
District Magistrate

values:
/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)
mw-redirect
Panchayat Samiti (Block)

values:
/wiki/Gram_Panchayats
mw-redirect
Gram Panchayats

values:
/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India
mw-redirect
Municipal Corporations in India

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)
mw-redirect
Nagar Palika (Municipality)

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Nagar Panchayat

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Panchayati_Raj
mw-redirect
Panchayati Raj

values:
/wiki/Gram_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Gram Panchayat

values:
/wiki/Caste_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Caste Panchayat

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Indian_Constitution
mw-redirect
Indian Constitution

values: Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Scheduled_castes
mw-redirect
Scheduled castes

values:
/wiki/Scheduled_tribes
mw-redirect
Scheduled tribes

values: Edit section: Various committees on Panchayati Raj

values: Edit section: Balwant Rai Mehta Committee

values: MPs elected in the Ghanaian parliamentary election, 2012

values: Edit section: Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17678104

values:
nofollow
http://rural.nic.in/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://nationalagriedu.blogspot.in/
external text

values:
/wiki/Municipal_Corporation
mw-redirect
Municipal Corporation

values:
/wiki/Municipal_Council
mw-redirect
Municipal Council

values:
/wiki/Town_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Town Panchayat

values:
/wiki/District_Panchayat
mw-redirect
District Panchayat

values:
/wiki/Block_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Block Panchayat

values:
/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti
mw-redirect
Panchayat Samiti

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use Indian English from December 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Panchayati_raj_(India)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: पंचायती राज – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat
Panchayat – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: પંચાયતી રાજ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: पंचायती राज – Hindi

values: പഞ്ചായത്തി രാജ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat
Panchayat – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: パンチャーヤト制 – Japanese

values: ପଞ୍ଚାୟତ ରାଜ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values: ਪੰਚਾਇਤੀ ਰਾਜ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat
Panchayat – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat
Panchayat – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: இந்தியாவின் ஊராட்சி மன்றம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: పంచాయితీ – Telugu

values: ปัญจายตีราช – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Панчаяті радж – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 潘查亚特制度 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Panchayati_raj_India rootpage-Panchayati_raj_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Dominique
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the song. For other uses, see Dominique (disambiguation).
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (October 2013)
"Dominique"
Single by Sœur Sourire
from the album The Singing Nun
B-side
"Entre Les Étoiles"
Released
1963
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
24 October 1961
Studio
Philips Studios, Brussels
Genre
Folk
Length
2:53
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Jeanine Deckers
"Dominique" is a 1963 French language popular song, written and performed by Jeannine Deckers of Belgium, better known as Sœur Sourire or The Singing Nun. "Dominique" is about Saint Dominic, a Spanish-born priest and founder of the Dominican Order, of which she was a member (as Sister Luc-Gabrielle).[1] The English-version lyrics of the song were written by Noël Regney.[2] In addition to French and English, Deckers recorded versions in Dutch, German, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean and Portuguese.
It was a top selling record in 11 countries in late 1963 and early 1964.
Contents
1 Commercial performance
2 Deckers' personal life
3 The song
4 Charts
5 Cover versions
6 Soundtrack appearances
7 Samples
8 References
9 External links
Commercial performance[edit]
"Dominique" reached the Top 10 in 11 countries in late 1963 and early 1964, topping the chart in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It reached the Top 5 in Norway, Denmark, Ireland and South Africa, with the song making it into the lower reaches of the Top 10 in the Netherlands, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. The song reached and stayed at No. 1 on WLS for the last three weeks of November, then both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and "easy listening chart" (since renamed the Adult Contemporary chart) for the four weeks in December of 1963. It was the second foreign language song to hit #1 on the Hot 100 in 1963, the first being "Sukiyaki" by Kyu Sakamoto. For the next ten years or so, although there were a number of hits with most of the vocals in a language other than English (e.g., The Sandpipers' "Guantanamera", René y René's "Lo Mucho Que Te Quiero", etc.), no other purely foreign language song reached the Billboard Hot 100's top 40 until the Spanish language hit "Eres tú (Touch The Wind)", which entered the top 40 on 16 February 1974 and peaked at No. 9 on 23–30 March 1974.[3] "Dominique" outsold Elvis Presley during its stay on the Billboard Hot 100; it was the second to last No. 1 hit before the British Invasion.
Deckers' personal life[edit]
Deckers never again reached the same success and continued to lead a colourful, but tragic life. She and her companion of ten years, Annie Pescher, both committed suicide in 1985, as a result of financial and tax problems stemming from the recording of the song.[4]
The song[edit]
"Dominique" became a worldwide hit in 1963 and was the first, and only, Belgian number one hit single in the American Billboard charts.
It is remembered chiefly for its refrain, which goes:
Domi-nique -nique -nique s'en allait tout simplement,
Routier, pauvre et chantant.
En tous chemins, en tous lieux,
Il ne parle que du Bon Dieu,
Il ne parle que du Bon Dieu.
A literal English translation is:
Domi-nique -nique -nique went about simply,
a poor singing traveller.
On every road, in every place,
he talks only of the Good Lord,
he talks only of the Good Lord.
The lyrics of the chorus of Regney's English-language translation are:
Domi-nique -nique -nique, o'er the land he plods along,
And sings a little song.
Never asking for reward,
He just talks about the Lord,
He just talks about the Lord.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1963/1964)
Peak
position
Argentina Singles Chart[5] 1
Australian Singles Chart[6] 1
Canadian Singles Chart[7] 1
Danish Singles Chart[8] 2
Dutch Singles Chart[9] 6
German Singles Chart[10] 7
Irish Singles Chart[11] 4
New Zealand Hit Parade[12] 1
Norwegian Singles Chart[13] 2
South African Singles Chart[14] 5
Swedish Singles Chart[15] 12
Swiss Hitparade[16] 4
Uruguay Singles Chart[17] 2
UK Singles Chart[18] 7
US Billboard Hot 100 1
Venezuela Singles Chart[5] 1
Cover versions[edit]
Mary Ford recorded an English-language version that was released in November 1963 by Calendar Records.
Sister Adele (a.k.a. Madelaine) also recorded a cover version of the song in 1963, which was released on Diplomat Records.[19]
The Cuban artist La Lupe, the Mexican artist Angélica María, and the Venezuelan artist Mirla Castellanos[20] recorded Spanish language versions of this song.
The Brazilian singer Giane recorded a Brazilian Portuguese version of this song.
Spike Jones recorded a version that combined "Dominique" with "When the Saints Go Marching In", merging both the melodies and the styles of the two songs.
Tommy Roe recorded an English version of the song for his U.S. album release, "Something for Everybody" in 1964.[21]
Sandler and Young revived the song in late 1966,[22] a version that appeared on the Billboard easy listening chart. The performance was a medley including other religious-themed songs including "Deep River" and "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen".
The Czech singer Judita Čeřovská covered this song in 1964 under the name "Dominiku".
Soundtrack appearances[edit]
In the 1966 film The Singing Nun, about Deckers, Debbie Reynolds, playing the title role, sings an English-language version of the song (with different lyrics than Deckers' English-language version).
The song is heard in the 1985 film Heaven Help Us.
In the 1987 Married... with Children episode "Thinnergy", "Dominique" is one of several songs Peg (Katey Sagal) sings in an attempt to annoy Al (Ed O'Neill).
It was used in the 1990 film Mermaids with Cher.
The song was referenced in The Simpsons episode "Bart's Friend Falls in Love" (1992), where Milhouse van Houten visits his girlfriend in an all-girls convent school. A nun playing guitar and singing "Dominique" passes along, followed by several equally happy little girls. The nun's character voice was provided by cast member Maggie Roswell, who knew none of the song's actual French lyrics and instead made up her own.[23]
In 1999, it was sung in Everybody Loves Raymond by Robert and Raymond when they learn Debra's sister is becoming a nun.
In 2009, the song was used in the third series premiere of British teen drama Skins.
In 2009, it was also used in Mad Men in the episode "The Color Blue", when Don Draper walks into Suzanne Farell's apartment for the second time.
In 2012, the song is featured prominently in US anthology series American Horror Story: Asylum, the events of which take place in 1964. The original Belgian French version of the song is playing over and over in the common room of the insane asylum, and the inmates are punished if they disrupt or stop the song from playing.
In season 2 of episode 20 (titled 'Rock n Roll Fantasy') of Just the Ten of Us, it is sung by Heather Langenkamp, who played Marie Lubbock. It originally aired April 28, 1989.
In the season 2 episode of the science fiction series Dark Matter, entitled "All the Time in the World", it is sung by Anthony Lemke and Zoie Palmer. Lemke, who is fully bilingual, plays a character who is caught in a time loop similar to "Groundhog Day" and spends his time learning French from the spaceship's android.
Samples[edit]
The musician Poe used a sample of the song in her album Haunted, on the track "House of Leaves".
The anonymous Australian rock band TISM sampled the song in the chorus to their 1998 song "I Might Be a Cunt, But I'm Not a Fucking Cunt".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dominique, by the "Singing Nun", Lyrics and Music. National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved on January 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Noel Regney, 80; Wrote Favorite Christmas Tune, Hit Song for Singing Nun By Dennis Mclellan. November 30, 2002 for The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1990). The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies (12 January 1974 through 4 May 1974). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research, Inc. ISBN 0-89820-076-8.
Jump up ^ Purtell, Tim (1992-12-18). "The Singing Nun". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard Magazine, May, 1964. Billboard. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Livres. Books.google.fr. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine, February, 1964. Billboard. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung (2015-02-21). "Dutch Charts". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ "INFINITY CHARTS: German Top 20". Ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de. 2001-01-22. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - Home". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Sœur Sourire - Dominique". norwegiancharts.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Brian Currin (2003-05-25). "South African Rock Lists Website - Hits 1964". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Bästa låtar 1963". S0416.tripod.com. 1963-12-14. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine, May 2, 1964. Billboard. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine, June 6, 1964. Billboard. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ "UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts". everyHit.com. 2000-03-16. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Madelaine-Sister-Adele-Dominique-Ten-Other-Songs/master/995013
Jump up ^ "Carátulas Venezuela: Mirla Castllanos". August 19, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Tommy-Roe-Something-For-Everybody/master/828084
Jump up ^ Sandler & Young CD Collection Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on January 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Jean, Al. (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Bart's Friend Falls in Love." [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
External links[edit]
"Dominique" lyrics in English and French Allthelyrics.com
The lyrics in full (in French)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominique&oldid=864685933"
Categories:
1963 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Soeur Sourire songs
Songs written by Noël Regney
French-language songs
Philips Records singles
1963 songs
Number-one singles in Mexico
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing cleanup from October 2013
All pages needing cleanup
Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from October 2013
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles with French-language external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Dansk
Español
Français
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 October 2018, at 20:06 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Dominique_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Dominique (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: td

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists

value: b

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose

values:
/wiki/Jeanine_Deckers
mw-redirect
Jeanine Deckers

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary_Tracks
mw-redirect
Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Media_Control_Charts
mw-redirect
Media Control Charts

values:
/wiki/Diplomat_Records_(budget)
mw-redirect
Diplomat Records (budget)

values:
/wiki/Milhouse_van_Houten
mw-redirect
Milhouse van Houten

values:
/wiki/Convent_school
mw-redirect
Convent school

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dutchcharts.nl

values:
nofollow
external text
http://s0416.tripod.com/1963.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.everyhit.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sandlerandyoung.com/cd.htm

values: Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles

values: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from October 2013

values: Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from October 2013

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Dominique
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique
Dominique – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique
Dominique – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique
Dominique – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dominique rootpage-Dominique skin-vector action-view