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Love & Hip Hop: New York
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For the most recent season, see Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 8).
Love & Hip Hop: New York
Genre
Reality television
Directed by
David Wolfgang
Josh Richards
Starring
Chrissy Lampkin
Emily Bustamante
Olivia Longott
Somaya Reece
Kimbella Vanderhee
Yandy Smith-Harris
Erica Mena
Jen the Pen
Raqi Thunda
Winter Ramos
Rashidah Ali
Tahiry Jose
Tara Wallace
Erica Jean
Amina Buddafly
K. Michelle
Cyn Santana
Chrissy Monroe
Cardi B
Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy
Mariahlynn
Remy Ma
Bianca Bonnie
Felicia "Snoop" Pearson
Juju C.
Anaís
Lil' Mo
Opening theme
"This Is The Life" Instrumental
Composer(s)
Lofey
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
8
No. of episodes
112
Production
Executive producer(s)
Mona Scott-Young
Stefan Springman
Stephanie Gayle
David DiGangi
Vivian Gomez
Nina L. Diaz
Josh Richards
Toby Barraud
Mala Chapple
Producer(s)
Vivian Gomez
Running time
20 to 23 minutes (2011)
42 to 44 minutes (2011–present)
Production company(s)
Monami Entertainment
Eastern TV
Release
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Love & Hip Hop: Miami
Chrissy & Mr. Jones
K. Michelle: My Life
Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood
Leave It To Stevie
External links
Website
Love & Hip Hop: New York (originally known as simply Love & Hip Hop) is the original installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise on VH1. The series premiered on March 6, 2011, and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City (and nearby areas, including New Jersey, and Yonkers), involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with East Coast hip hop. Its success has produced the spin-offs Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, Chrissy & Mr. Jones, Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood, K. Michelle: My Life, Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood, Leave It To Stevie and Love & Hip Hop: Miami.
On October 2, 2017, VH1 announced the show's return for an eighth season, which premiered on October 30, 2017.[1]
Contents
1 Development
2 Series synopsis
2.1 Overview and casting
2.2 Timeline of main cast members
2.3 Storylines
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Scripting allegations
3.3 Ratings
3.4 Cultural impact
4 Episodes
5 Broadcast history
5.1 Spin-offs
5.2 Specials
5.3 Game
6 Distribution
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Development[edit]
In 2006, rapper Jim Jones approached VH1 executives to make a reality show about him.[2] Jim Ackerman, senior vice president of development and production at the time, was intrigued by the idea[3] and paired him with producers Stefan Springman and Toby Barraud of Eastern TV. Jones was unwilling to fully commit to the gruelling filming schedule and was dealing with the murder of a friend at the time, leading him to lash out violently at the producers and filming crew. The production issues were worked into the show's concept, which now focused on the culture clash between the gangsta rapper and the "honky" television producers.[2] The 11-minute presentation tape, Keeping Up with the Joneses,[4] also featured Jones' longtime girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin and his mother Nancy. According to Springman, VH1 loved the footage but were unsure if audiences would be invested in the concept full-time.[5]
Jones' manager, Yandy Smith, approached Mona Scott-Young, her former employer at Violator, to retool the show.[6] The concept was tweaked to include Jim's girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin and her circle of friends, influenced by the female ensemble-driven reality shows of the time.[7] The original cast consisted of Lampkin, Olivia Longott, Swizz Beatz's ex-wife Mashonda Tifrere and Misa Hylton-Brim, the mother of Puffy Daddy's eldest son, pitched as a "black version of Sex and the City".[8][9] Hylton was eventually replaced with stylist Emily Bustamante, the mother of Fabolous's son. Mashonda was downgraded to a supporting role per her request.[10] Aspiring rapper Somaya Reece was brought on late into production to replace her.[11] Reece's ex Joe Budden was approached to appear in the first season, but declined.[12]
The series was first announced in VH1's programming development report in April 2010, under the title Diary of a Hip Hop Girlfriend.[13] On January 4, 2011, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop would debut on March 6, 2011.[14][15]
Series synopsis[edit]
Overview and casting[edit]
See also: List of Love & Hip Hop: New York cast members
The cast of the eighth season, from left to right: Juju, Mariahlynn, Yandy, Bianca, Remy, Lil' Mo, Anaís and Snoop.
Love & Hip Hop: New York revolves around the everyday lives of women working in the male-dominated world of hip hop. The first two seasons focus on the personal and professional struggles of four women, two of which are girlfriends of famous rappers, and two are aspiring recording artists. Subsequent seasons expanded to include talent managers and producers, DJs and radio personalities, stylists, video vixens, glamour models and groupies. The show has a sprawling supporting cast, consisting mostly of men in the industry, who (in most cases) share the same amount of screen time and storyline focus as the show's leads.
The first season starred Jim Jones' girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin, Fabolous's girlfriend Emily Bustamante, Olivia Longott and aspiring rapper Somaya Reece, with Jim Jones, his mother Nancy Jones, Somaya's manager Maurice Aguilar and Olivia's manager Rich Dollaz in supporting roles. Swiss Beatz's ex-wife Mashonda would appear in a minor supporting role.
All main cast members from the previous season returned for a second season, along with new cast members Kimbella Vanderhee, the girlfriend of Juelz Santana, and Yandy Smith, Jim Jones' manager.[16] Teairra Marí and Erica Mena appeared as supporting cast members.
The show underwent major cast changes in season three after last season's reunion special, in which all four original cast members accused their producers of manipulating storylines for drama. On September 7, 2012, VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave the show to star in their own spin-off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones, along with Emily Bustamante and Jim's mother Nancy Jones.[17] Somaya Reece quit the show all together, while Olivia Longott's role would be diminished significantly, appearing only as a supporting cast member. Rich Dollaz and Yandy Smith were the only major cast members from the first two seasons to remain on the show, with Yandy taking over for Chrissy as the lead. Erica Mena was promoted to the main cast, along with author and former hip hop groupie Winter Ramos, who had a brief guest appearance last season. They were joined by video vixen Tahiry Jose, radio personalities Raqi Thunda and Jen the Pen and celebrity stiletto expert Rashidah Ali. Joe Budden, Yandy's boyfriend Mendeecees Harris, Consequence and aspiring rapper Lore'l appeared as supporting cast members, with Joe's girlfriend Kaylin Garcia appearing in a minor supporting role. Former main cast member Kimbella Vanderhee returned as a guest star for two episodes.
The cast was once again retooled in season four, with only Yandy Smith, Erica Mena and Tahiry Jose returning from last season's main cast. They were joined by Peter Gunz' girlfriend Tara Wallace, Amina Buddafly, Saigon's baby mama Erica Jean and former Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta cast member K. Michelle. Peter Gunz joined the supporting cast, along with stripper Nya Lee, Saigon and Erica's girlfriend Cyn Santana. Former main cast member Rashidah Ali appeared as a guest star in several episodes.
With the exception of Tahiry Jose, Erica Jean and K. Michelle, all of whom left or were fired from the show, the rest of the main cast members returned in season five, along with Cyn Santana, who was promoted to the main cast, and Chink Santana's girlfriend Chrissy Monroe.[18][19] Producer Cisco Rosado joined the supporting cast, along with Darryl Strawberry's daughter Diamond Strawberry, Chink Santana and aspiring performers Precious Paris and Jhonni Blaze.[20]
The cast underwent a major cast change for the third time in the show's history for season six, with only Yandy Smith, Tara Wallace and Amina Buddafly returning from last season's main cast. They were joined by Remy Ma, social media personality Cardi B and aspiring rappers Miss Moe Money, Sexy Lexxy and Mariahlynn.[21] Radio personality DJ Self joined the supporting cast, along with Papoose, Bianca Bonnie, and Self's girlfriend Yorma Hernandez. Rose, a stylist, appeared in a minor supporting role.
In season seven, Kimbella Vanderhee returned as a series regular after being absent from the show since the second season. Bianca Bonnie was promoted to the main cast, along with The Wire star Felicia "Snoop" Pearson. Juelz Santana joined the supporting cast, along with Cam'ron's girlfriend Juju C., Snoop's girlfriend J. Adrienne, radio personality DJ Drewski, his girlfriend Sky Landish, Mendeecees' baby mamas Samantha Wallace and Erika DeShazo, Mendeecees' mother Judy Harris, Samantha's mother Kim Wallace, Cardi's sister Hennessy Carolina and producer Swift Star. Aspiring singers Sofi Green and Major Galore, Rich's daughter Ashley Trowers, Rich's girlfriend Jade Wifey and Swift's girlfriend Asia Cole appeared in minor supporting roles. Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood star Moniece Slaughter made a special crossover appearance in two episodes.
With the exception of Kimbella Vanderhee and Cardi B who left the show, all main cast members from the previous season have returned for season eight. Cam'ron's fianceé Juju C. was promoted to the main cast, alongside newcomers Anaís and Lil' Mo. Karl Dargan, Safaree Samuels, Navarro Gray, his girlfriend Ashley Diaz, her sister Ayisha Diaz, rapper Jaquáe, his girlfriend Sophia Body, Bad Girls Club star DreamDoll, rapper Brittney Taylor, singer James R., K. Michelle: My Life cast member Jonathan Fernandez and his boyfriend Trent Crews would join the supporting cast.[22] Grafh and Kiyanne would also appear in supporting roles.
Timeline of main cast members[edit]
See also: List of Love & Hip Hop: New York cast members
Name
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Chrissy Lampkin Main
Emily Bustamante Main
Olivia Longott Main Supporting
Somaya Reece Main Guest1
Kimbella Vanderhee Main Guest Guest Main Guest1 2
Yandy Smith-Harris Cameo Main
Erica Mena Supporting Main Guest1
Jen the Pen Main
Raqi Thunda Main
Winter Ramos Guest Main
Rashidah Ali Main Guest Supporting
Tahiry Jose Main Guest1 2
Tara Wallace Main Supporting Cameo
Erica Jean Main
Amina Buddafly Main Supporting
K. Michelle Main Guest3
Cyn Santana Supporting Main
Chrissy Monroe Main
Cardi B Main
Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy Main
Mariahlynn Main
Remy Ma Main
Bianca Bonnie Supporting Main
Felicia "Snoop" Pearson Main
Juju C. Cameo Supporting Main
Anaís Main
Lil' Mo Main
Note:
^ Appears in the Dirty Little Secrets special only.
^ Appears in the Love Edition special only.
^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding special only.
Storylines[edit]
Love & Hip Hop: New York explores the role of women in the male-dominated industry of hip hop, their relationship struggles, as well as the intense and violent rivalries between the women in New York's hip hop scene. Over the seasons, the show has explored addiction, substance abuse, race relations, colorism, religion and the impact of incarceration on black families.
Several female cast members identify as bisexual, lesbian or sexually fluid, and the show is one of the few television shows to explore LGBT issues from a black and latino perspective. In season eight, openly gay stylist Jonathan Fernandez joins the cast and in one episode reveals the horrors he suffered as a child in conversion therapy in the Dominican Republic.[23]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The show's first season, which focused on the female cast's struggles within the male-dominated industry of hip hop, initially received a positive critical response. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times praised the show's deconstruction of the public image of rappers, as well as the quality of the production values with "slick, beautiful shots of the women driving spectacular cars with no men in sight". However, he was critical of the "needless filler drama" between Lampkin and Reese,[24] a criticism that was shared by other critics who felt the "endless catty arguments and trashy behavior" detracted from the show's message[25] and was too derivative of The Real Housewives franchise.[26]
Subsequent seasons, particularly the spin-off Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, have largely been overshadowed by criticism and controversy, with the franchise referred to as "ratchet TV" for its seemingly negative and stereotypical portrayal of black women and its focus on dysfunctional relationships, materialism, hyper-sexuality and violence.[27] Series creator Mona Scott-Young has been singled out in particular for allegedly "exploiting (black women) in her quest for the almighty dollar".[28][29] Scott-Young has continuously defended the show against these accusations, saying it was not created to represent all African-Americans: "It's set in a specific world and I don’t think that there’s anybody who’s navigated that world who would deny that these things happen.”[30] Despite the criticism, the franchise has dominated the ratings since its inception, and has been described as "riveting",[31] "addictive"[32] "bawdy and hilarious"[33] and a "guilty pleasure".[34] In 2014, Complex named Joe Budden, Chrissy Lampkin and Mama Jones as some of the greatest VH1 reality stars of all time.[35]
Scripting allegations[edit]
Love & Hip Hop is often criticized for appearing to fabricate much of its storyline. Scott-Young has denied those claims: “I can’t stress enough that the stuff they deal with on (Love & Hip Hop) is real. We may frame it within a production construct that allows us to shoot on a schedule, but we’re not making up the stuff that they’re going through.”[36] In October 2013, Peter Gunz admitted in an interview with Sway in the Morning to exploiting his romantic situation for a check,[37] stating "I was gonna get busted (for cheating) anyway. Let me get paid to get busted. Fuck it." In December 2016, the show received criticism from fans after it was revealed that Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris were never legally married, despite taking part in a marriage ceremony live on VH1 as part of the special Love & Hip Hip Live: The Wedding.[38] In an interview with The Breakfast Club in November 2017, Cam'ron outed Kimberly Osorio as a storyline writer for the show.[39]
Ratings[edit]
Love & Hip Hop is one of the highest rated unscripted franchises in cable television history.[40] In an overview of the television cultural divide, The New York Times reported that Love & Hip Hop was most popular show in the black belt.[41]
After a modest start, the show's audience grew substantially in its second season, averaging 2.8 million total viewers per episode, making it VH1's highest rated series in over three and a half years.[42] Overall, the series was the #8 highest rating series on cable in 2011.[43] However, following a cast retooling after nearly all of the original cast left the show, the show was met with mixed reception from audiences, with the third season garnering some of the lowest ratings in the franchise's history.[44] Following another cast retooling and a much publicised love triangle storyline involving Peter Gunz, Tara and Amina (reminiscent of the more popular Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta), the show's ratings improved significantly, up 54% over the previous season's average and attracting an average of 3 million total viewers per episode.[45] The show maintained a steady viewership of about two million viewers per episode for the next few seasons, until the poorly received eighth season, where ratings dipped below 2 million viewers for the first time in four years.
Cultural impact[edit]
During a speech at a campaign rally in North Carolina on November 4, 2016, President Barack Obama referenced the show, comparing the 2016 presidential race to reality television, saying "I mean, its like some Love & Hip Hop stuff." [46]
On a 2013 episode of the BET television series The Game, Wendy Raquel Robinson's character Tasha makes reference to the franchise, saying "Back in the day we weren't carrying ourselves like them damn crazies you see on Love & Hip Hop, we conducted ourselves as upstanding women who were looked up to in the community". In the 2016 film Barbershop: The Next Cut, when Eve and Common's characters get into an argument over their relationship, Cedric the Entertainer's character makes a reference to the franchise, saying "This ain't no Love & Hip Hop reunion." In the 2017 pilot of the Netflix television adaptation Dear White People, a character attempts to break up an argument between two female characters by saying "Yo, fam, can we cut the Love & Hip Hop auditions and get to it?"
Nicki Minaj references the show on her remix of Ciara's "I'm Out". Remy Ma ends her diss track "Shether" with the line: "you just got bodied by a Love & Hip Hop bitch". Cardi B references her time on the show in her hit single "Bodak Yellow": "I just run and check the mail, another check from Mona Scott".
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Love & Hip Hop: New York episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Extra episodes
First aired
Last aired
Reunion
Specials
1 9 March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06) May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02) May 16, 2011 N/A
2 11 November 14, 2011 (2011-11-14) January 23, 2012 (2012-01-23) February 6, 2012 N/A
3 14 January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07) April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01) April 8, 2013
April 15, 2013 N/A
4 14 October 28, 2013 (2013-10-28) January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27) February 3, 2014
February 10, 2014 October 24, 2013
5 17 December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15) March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30) April 6, 2015
April 13, 2015 May 25, 2015
6 14 December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14) March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07) March 21, 2016
March 28, 2016 N/A
7 16 November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21) February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13) February 20, 2017
February 27, 2017 N/A
8 18 October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30) February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26) March 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)
March 12, 2018 (2018-03-12) October 18, 2017
December 18, 2017
Broadcast history[edit]
Love & Hip Hop's first season commenced airing on March 6, 2011. Initially intended to be an eight-episode series, the first season was expanded to nine episodes in order to include the first season reunion, which aired on May 16, 2011.[47] On May 25, 2011, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on November 14, 2011.[48] It concluded with the special.
The third season of Love & Hip Hop, now titled Love & Hip Hop: New York in promotional material, premiered on January 7, 2013, with nearly a whole new cast.[49]
On October 10, 2013, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a fourth season on October 28, 2013. The season premiered back-to-back with the second season of Chrissy & Mr. Jones.[50]
On December 2, 2014, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a fifth season on December 15, 2014.[51]
On November 2, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a sixth season on December 14, 2015.[52]
On November 14, 2016, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a seventh season on November 21, 2016.[53]
On October 2, 2017, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would return for an eighth season on October 30, 2017.
Spin-offs[edit]
On May 15, 2012, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, the Atlanta-based spin-off of Love & Hip Hop, would make its series premiere on June 18, 2012.[54]
On September 7, 2012, VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave Love & Hip Hop, to star in their own spin-off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones.[55] Jim's mother Nancy received her own web series, Mama Jones' World.[56]
On August 18, 2014, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood, the Los Angeles-based spin-off of Love & Hip Hop, would make its series premiere on September 15, 2014.[57]
K. Michelle join the cast in season four, with her purpose on the show mainly served to set up her own spin-off series, as such, she appeared in infrequently and barely interacted with the rest of the cast. Her future co-stars on the show, Paris Phillips and Tracie Renee, appeared as guest stars. On October 15, 2014, VH1 announced the spin-off K. Michelle: My Life, starring cast member K. Michelle, would make its series premiere on November 3, 2014.[58]
On December 2, 2015, VH1 announced the spin-off Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood, starring Stevie J and Joseline Hernandez, would make its series premiere on January 25, 2016, back-to-back with the second season of K. Michelle: My Life.[59]
On December 1, 2016, VH1 announced the spin-off Leave It To Stevie, starring Stevie J, would make its series premiere on December 19, 2016, back-to-back with the third season of K. Michelle: My Life.[60]
Specials[edit]
The fourth season was preceded by 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments, a 2-hour clip show hosted by Mona Scott-Young. The special aired on October 24, 2013, and showcased the franchise's most "shocking, scandalous and dramatic Love & Hip Hop moments", featuring clips from the show's first three seasons, as well as the first two seasons of its spin-off Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta.[61]
On April 14, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: The Wedding, a two-hour special featuring the marriage between cast members Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris, would air live on May 25, 2015. The special was preceded by six exclusive webisodes that were made available on VH1's website from May 12, 2015.[62] The special aired to over 2 million viewers and featured appearances from other VH1 reality stars, including cast mates from Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood, Black Ink Crew, Mob Wives, as well as from Bravo's The Real Housewives of Atlanta.
On October 18, 2017, nearly two weeks before the season eight premiere, VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show's first seven seasons, along with interviews with the show's cast and producers.[63]
On November 16, 2017, VH1 announced that Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday, a holiday special starring Remy Ma and Papoose, would air on December 18, 2017.[64]
Game[edit]
On August 8, 2016, VH1 and 345 Games announced the release of Love & Hip Hop: The Game, a mobile game for iOS and Android. It was released worldwide on September 22, 2016.[65]
Distribution[edit]
Love & Hip Hop episodes air regularly on VH1 in the United States.[66][67] Episodes in the first season run from around 21–24 minutes, episodes in subsequent seasons run from around 41–44 minutes. The first two seasons were broadcast in standard definition, while subsequent seasons are broadcast in high definition. The series' episodes are also available on demand through the official VH1 website, as well as for digital download at the iTunes Store and Amazon.
VH1 have released the first four seasons, as well as the sixth season, on DVD. The fifth, seventh and eighth seasons are currently only available on digital platforms.
See also[edit]
Love & Hip Hop franchise
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Jump up ^ "VH1 Announces Return of Love & Hip Hop New York | Reality TV News and Gossip". VH1 Blog. November 17, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - The Beat Goes on at VH1 When "Love & Hip Hop: New York" Returns for Season 6 on Monday, December 14 at 8PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. November 2, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's Hit Series "Love & Hip Hop: New York" Returns for Season 7 on Monday, November 21 at 8PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.thefutoncritic.com.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - It's a Scorcher This Summer on VH1 With All-New Series and Returning Favorites - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's "Love & Hip Hop's" Jim Jones and Chrissy Lampkin Return in Their Own Spin Off Series "Chrissy & Mr. Jones" - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ VH1 (21 September 2012). "Mama Jones' World + Supertrailer + VH1" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's "Love & Hip Hop" Goes Hollywood - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - "K.Michelle: My Life" Featuring "Love & Hip Hop" Star K.Michelle Premieres Monday, November 3 at 9:00 PM ET/PT on VH1 - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1 "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta" Headliners Go West with the Series Premiere of "Stevie J & Joseline Go Hollywood" and the Second Season of "K. Michelle: My Life" - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. December 2, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta" Stars Stevie J and K. Michelle Return to VH1 on Monday, December 19 at 9PM - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. December 1, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - Relive the Most Shocking, Scandalous, Dramatic "Love & Hip Hop" Scenes of All Time on VH1's "40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments," Premiering Thursday, October 24 at 8 PM - TheFutonCritic.com". www.thefutoncritic.com.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - "Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding" Airs on VH1 Memorial Day, Monday, May 25 at 8:00 PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.thefutoncritic.com.
Jump up ^ "No Joke, This Sexy Love & Hip Hop Security Guard Has More DMs Than Every Member of the Creep Squad Combined!".
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1 Celebrates the Season with "Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday" - TheFutonCritic.com". www.thefutoncritic.com.
Jump up ^ "Pre-register now for Love & Hip Hop: The Game". VH1. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shows A-Z - love & hip hop on vh1 - TheFutonCritic.com". www.thefutoncritic.com.
Jump up ^ "TV Schedule for Love & Hip Hop - VH1 TV Series Schedule". VH1.
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text:
Radio wave
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the radiation. For the generic oscillation, see frequency. For the electronics, see Radio frequency engineering.
For other uses, see Radio Wave (disambiguation).
Animation of a half-wave dipole antenna radiating radio waves, showing the electric field lines. The antenna in the center is two vertical metal rods connected to a radio transmitter (not shown). The transmitter applies an alternating electric current to the rods, which charges them alternately positive (+) and negative (−). Loops of electric field leave the antenna and travel away at the speed of light; these are the radio waves. In this animation the action is shown slowed down enormously.
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, though some definitions describe waves above 1 or 3 GHz as microwaves, or include waves of any lower frequency. At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is 1 mm (0.039 in), and at 3 kHz is 100 km (62 mi). Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally occurring radio waves are generated by lightning, or by astronomical objects.
Artificially generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, communications satellites, computer networks and innumerable other applications. Radio waves are generated by radio transmitters and received by radio receivers. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can diffract around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the earth (ground waves), shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to earth beyond the horizon (skywaves), while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of sight, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon.
To prevent interference between different users, the artificial generation and use of radio waves is strictly regulated by law, coordinated by an international body called the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), which defines radio waves as "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide".[1] The radio spectrum is divided into a number of radio bands on the basis of frequency, allocated to different uses.
Diagram of the electric fields (E) and magnetic fields (H) of radio waves emitted by a monopole radio transmitting antenna (small dark vertical line in the center). The E and H fields are perpendicular as implied by the phase diagram in the lower right.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery and exploitation
2 Propagation
3 Speed, wavelength, and frequency
4 Radio communication
5 Biological and environmental effects
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Discovery and exploitation[edit]
Main article: History of radio
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves.
Radio waves were first predicted by mathematical work done in 1867 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell.[2] Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. His mathematical theory, now called Maxwell's equations, described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space, radiated by a charged particle as it undergoes acceleration. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory,[3] showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: standing waves, refraction, diffraction, and polarization. Radio waves, originally called "Hertzian waves",[4] were first used for communication in the mid 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi, who developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers.
Propagation[edit]
Main article: Radio propagation
The study of electromagnetic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, polarization, diffraction, and absorption is of critical importance in the study of how radio waves move in free space and over the surface of the Earth. Different frequencies experience different combinations of these phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere, making certain radio bands more useful for specific purposes than others. Practical radio systems use three different techniques of radio propagation to communicate:[5]
Line of sight: This refers to radio waves that travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. It does not necessarily require a cleared sight path; at lower frequencies radio waves can pass through buildings, foliage and other obstructions. This is the only method of propagation possible at microwave frequencies and above. On the surface of the Earth, line of sight propagation is limited by the visual horizon to about 64 km (40 mi). This is the method used by cell phones, FM and television broadcasting and radar. By using dish antennas to transmit beams of microwaves, point-to-point radio relay links transmit telephone and television signals over long distances up to the visual horizon, and ground stations can communicate with satellites and spacecraft billions of miles from Earth.
Indirect propagation: Radio waves can reach points beyond the line-of-sight by diffraction and multipath propagation.[5] Diffraction allows a radio wave to bend around obstructions such as a building edge, a vehicle, or a turn in a hall. In multipath, radio waves reflect from surfaces such as walls, floors, ceilings, vehicles and the ground. These propagation methods occur in short range radio communication systems such as cell phones, cordless phones, walkie-talkies, and wireless networks.
Ground waves: At lower frequencies, in the medium wave and longwave bands, due to diffraction vertically polarized radio waves can bend over hills and mountains, and propagate beyond the horizon, traveling as surface waves which follow the contour of the Earth. This allows mediumwave and longwave broadcasting stations to have coverage areas beyond the horizon, out to hundreds of miles. As the frequency drops, the losses decrease and the achievable range increases. Military very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) communication systems can communicate over most of the Earth, and with submarines hundreds of feet underwater.
Skywaves: At medium wave and shortwave wavelengths, radio waves reflect off a conductive ionized layer in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. So radio waves directed at an angle into the sky can return to Earth beyond the horizon; this is called "skip" or "skywave" propagation. By using multiple skips communication at intercontinental distances can be achieved. Skywave propagation is variable and dependent on atmospheric conditions; it is most reliable at night and in the winter. Widely used during the first half of the 20th century, due to its unreliability skywave communication has mostly been abandoned. Remaining uses are by military over-the-horizon (OTH) radar systems, by radio amateurs, and by shortwave broadcasting stations to broadcast to other countries.
Speed, wavelength, and frequency[edit]
Radio waves travel at the speed of light.[6][7] When passing through an object, they are slowed according to that object's permeability and permittivity.
The wavelength is the distance from one peak of the wave's electric field (wave's peak/crest) to the next, and is inversely proportional to the frequency of the wave. The distance a radio wave travels in one second, in a vacuum, is 299,792,458 meters (983,571,056 ft) which is the wavelength of a 1 hertz radio signal. A 1 megahertz radio signal has a wavelength of 299.8 meters (984 ft).
Radio communication[edit]
Main article: Radio communication
In order to receive radio signals, for instance from AM/FM radio stations, a radio antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary to tune in a particular signal.[8] This is typically done via a resonator (in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor, inductor, or crystal oscillator, but many modern radios use Phase Locked Loop systems). The resonator is configured to resonate at a particular frequency, allowing the tuner to amplify sine waves at that radio frequency and ignore other sine waves. Usually, either the inductor or the capacitor of the resonator is adjustable, allowing the user to change the frequency at which it resonates.[9]
Biological and environmental effects[edit]
Electromagnetic radiation has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as "Possibly carcinogenic to humans".[10] The List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens classification level includes lead, DDT, and styrene substances in addition to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.
See also[edit]
Look up radio wave in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Radio portal
Telecommunication portal
Radio astronomy
Television transmitter
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ ITU Radio Regulations, Chapter I, Section I, General terms – Article 1.5, definition: radio waves or hertzian waves
Jump up ^ Harman, Peter Michael (1998). The natural philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-521-00585-X.
Jump up ^ "Heinrich Hertz: The Discovery of Radio Waves". Juliantrubin.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ "22. Word Origins". earlyradiohistory.us.
^ Jump up to: a b Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 3–10. ISBN 0471743682.
Jump up ^ http://www.1728.org/freqwave.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.nrao.edu/index.php/learn/radioastronomy/radiowaves
Jump up ^ Brain, Marshall (2000-12-07). "How Radio Works". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
Jump up ^ Brain, Marshall (2000-12-08). "How Oscillators Work". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
Jump up ^ http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf and http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php
References[edit]
James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155, 459-512 (1865).
Heinrich Hertz: "Electric waves; being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space" (1893). Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by Cornell University Library Digital Collections.
Karl Rawer: "Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere". Kluwer, Dordrecht 1993. ISBN 0-7923-0775-5
[show]
v
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Radio spectrum (ITU)
ELF
3 Hz/100 Mm
30 Hz/10 Mm
SLF
30 Hz/10 Mm
300 Hz/1 Mm
ULF
300 Hz/1 Mm
3 kHz/100 km
VLF
3 kHz/100 km
30 kHz/10 km
LF
30 kHz/10 km
300 kHz/1 km
MF
300 kHz/1 km
3 MHz/100 m
HF
3 MHz/100 m
30 MHz/10 m
VHF
30 MHz/10 m
300 MHz/1 m
UHF
300 MHz/1 m
3 GHz/100 mm
SHF
3 GHz/100 mm
30 GHz/10 mm
EHF
30 GHz/10 mm
300 GHz/1 mm
THF
300 GHz/1 mm
3 THz/0.1 mm
[show]
v
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Electromagnetic spectrum
← higher frequencies longer wavelengths →
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Terahertz radiation
Microwave
Radio
Visible (optical)
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Blue
Green
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Microwaves
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X band
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Radio
EHF
SHF
UHF
VHF
HF
MF
LF
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ELF
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[show]
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Radiation (physics and health)
Main articles
Non-ionizing radiation
Acoustic radiation force
Infrared
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Radio waves
Ultraviolet
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Alpha particle
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Nuclear fusion
Radioactive decay
Nuclear reactors
Nuclear weapons
Particle accelerators
Radioactive materials
X-ray
Earth's radiation balance
Electromagnetic radiation
Thermal radiation
Gravitational Radiation
Radiation and health
Health physics
Dosimetry
Electromagnetic radiation and health
Laser safety
Lasers and aviation safety
Medical radiography
Mobile phone radiation and health
Radiation poisoning
Radiation Protection
Radiation therapy
Radioactivity in the life sciences
Radioactive contamination
Radiobiology
Biological dose units and quantities
Wireless electronic devices and health
Radiation Heat-transfer
Related articles
Half-life
Nuclear physics
Radioactive source
Radiation hardening
List of civilian radiation accidents
1996 Costa Rica accident
1987 Goiânia accident
1984 Moroccan accident
1990 Zaragoza accident
See also: the categories Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection.
Authority control
GND: 4176841-3
NDL: 00561394
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