text:
Jamestown supply missions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Longer routes of the early fleets (black) and shorter after Argall (blue)
The Jamestown supply missions were a series of fleets (or sometimes individual ships) from 1607 to around 1611 that were dispatched from England by the London Company (also known as the Virginia Company of London) with the specific goal of initially establishing the Company's presence and later specifically maintaining the English settlement of "James Fort" on present-day Jamestown Island. The supply missions also resulted in the colonization of Bermuda as a supply and way-point between the colony and England.
The Jamestown colonists initially chose the fort's location because it was favorable for defensive purposes. Although some of them did some farming, few of the original settlers were experienced farmers, and as hunters they quickly exhausted the area's supply of small game. To make matters worse, the most severe drought in 700 years occurred between 1606 and 1612. Consequently, the colonists quickly became dependent upon trade with the Native Americans and periodic supply from England for their survival. Captain Christopher Newport was tasked with the duty of leading the "first", "second", and "third" re-supply missions back to Jamestown. However, it was not until a "fourth" mission under Lord Thomas West that the settlement was finally able to establish both defensive and food security.
Contents
1 Original mission
1.1 Voyage
2 John Smith
3 First supply mission
3.1 Voyage
4 Second supply mission
4.1 Passenger manifest
4.2 Voyage
5 Samuel Argall
6 Third supply mission
6.1 Voyage
6.2 Sea Venture
7 Francis West
8 "Fourth" supply mission
8.1 Voyage
9 Subsequent supply missions
10 Impact
11 References
Original mission[edit]
The original fleet, as commemorated on the Virginia State Quarter
The London Company organized a for-profit expedition to establish a settlement in the Virginia territory in late 1606. The expedition consisted of three ships, which set sail on December 20, 1606 from Blackwall, with 105 men and boys and 39 crew-members.[1][2] There were no women on the first ships.[3]
The ships in this fleet were:
Discovery (the smallest ship) with Captain John Ratcliffe and 21 people
Godspeed, with Captain Bartholomew Gosnold (serving as vice-admiral) and 52 people
Susan Constant - sometimes known as Sarah Constant- (the largest ship and flagship) with Captain Christopher Newport and 71 people[4]
Voyage[edit]
The fleet headed south-west towards the Azores. Early in the voyage, on February 13, 1607, near the Canary Islands, Captain John Smith was charged with mutiny, and Newport had him arrested and planned to execute him upon arrival in the Caribbean (and later in Virginia). Passing Martinique on March 23, they also visited Dominica, on March 28, Nevis, and St. Croix, where they replenished their water and food. By April 6, 1607, the fleet arrived at the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico, where they stopped for provisions before continuing their journey. They landed on Mona and Monito Islands on April 7, and left on April 9, the last stop before the new world.[5]
After an unusually long voyage of 144 days, and the death of only one passenger, they made landfall on April 26, 1607 at the southern edge of the mouth of what they named the James River on the Chesapeake Bay.[6] A party of men then explored the area and had a minor conflict with some local "Indians",[7] so the colonists moved north. On May 14, 1607, they finally chose Jamestown Island (at that time a peninsula), further upriver and on the northern shore, for their settlement, as it was a location that could be easily defended from attacks by other European states, notably the Dutch Republic, France, and Spain.
However, after the long voyage, their food stores were sufficient only for each to have a cup or two of grain-meal per day. Further, the worst drought in 700 years occurred in the area between 1606 and 1612, affecting the Jamestown colonist and local Powhatan tribe’s ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water.[8] In addition to settling, the early colonists were expected to make a profit for the owners of the Company. The early settlers were excited by the apparent availability of gold, and from the outset settlers attempted to produce timber for export, given the seemingly inexhaustible supply within Virginia's virgin forests. However, they could not devote much time to developing commodity products, as they were too busy trying to survive. On June 22, 1607, Newport sailed back for London with Susan Constant and Godspeed carrying a load of supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind the 104 colonists and Discovery (to be used in exploring the area).
John Smith[edit]
Zuniga map of the Jamestown area, probably derived from Smith's 1608 sketch
Using the ship left to the colony, Captain John Smith undertook three exploratory voyages of the Chesapeake Bay and along the various rivers seeking a supply of food for the colonists in June, July, and August 1607. However, while leading one food-gathering expedition in December 1607, this time up the Chickahominy River west of Jamestown, his men were set upon by Pamunkey natives, and Smith was captured. After being "saved" by Pocahontas, Smith returned alone to Jamestown just in time for the "First Supply", in January 1608.
Smith then ventured into the Chesapeake Bay twice more in 1608, in the months between the first and second supply missions, charged by the Company to search for gold and a passage to the Pacific Ocean. The first trip lasted from June 2 to July 21; a second, longer expedition spanned July 24 to September 7.[9] Searching for badly needed food, he covered an estimated 3,000 miles (4,828 km), producing a map (see image) that was of great value to local explorers for more than a century.[10] This time he successfully traded for food with the Nansemonds along the Nansemond River, and several other groups. He had mixed results dealing with the various other tribes, most of whom were affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy. These explorations were later commemorated in the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, established in 2006.
First supply mission[edit]
Arriving back in London on August 12, 1607, Christopher Newport delivered a letter from the council alongside his cargo of "gold" (which was quickly determined to be iron pyrite). He was then put in charge of the urgently needed re-supply mission, containing a few provisions and more than 70 new colonists.
The ships were:
John and Francis with Captain Christopher Newport
Phoenix with Francis Nelson[11]
Voyage[edit]
The first re-supply fleet, tracing the same route as the original fleet, arrived at the colony on January 2, 1608.[12] Upon his return, Newport found that the effects of the lack of planning and lack of skills amongst the original colonists, combined with Powhatan attacks, had quickly reduced the original settlement to only 38 survivors. However, despite replenishing the colony's supplies, the two ships also brought an additional 120 men (settlers and crew), as recorded later by John Smith.[13]
This proved troublesome, particularly when a few days later the fort caught fire destroying most of the existing buildings, food, and supplies. Despite original intentions to grow food locally and trade with the local natives, the barely surviving colonists became increasingly dependent upon external supply missions. After expanding fortifications, rebuilding shelters, and placing armed men to defend crops from native attacks, Newport felt he had sufficiently re-secured the settlement by the end of winter. Accordingly, he departed again for England on April 10, 1608, with another hold full of "gold". In his absence, the meagre food supplies quickly ran low, and although Native Americans brought some food, Smith wrote that "more than half of us died".[10]
Second supply mission[edit]
Statue of Christopher Newport at the university bearing his name
Newport and the ships arrived back in London on May 21, 1608, and despite another disappointment with false gold, an additional re-supply trip was quickly organized. Urgently needed supplies and 70 new settlers (see list below) were gathered, including Thomas Graves, Thomas Forrest and Forrest's wife "Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras her maide" (the first women known to have come to Jamestown).
Also included were the first non-English settlers. The Company recruited these as skilled craftsmen and industry specialists: soap-ash, glass, lumber milling (wainscot, clapboard, and ‘deal’ — planks, especially soft wood planks) and naval stores (pitch, turpentine, and tar).[14][1][2][15][16][17] Among these additional settlers were eight "Dutch-men" (probably German or German-speakers),[18] Polish and Slovak craftsmen,[14][1][2][15][16][17] who had been hired to help develop and manufacture profitable export products. William Volday (Wilhelm Waldi), a Swiss German mineral prospector, was also among those who arrived in 1608. His mission was seeking a silver reservoir that was believed to be within the proximity of Jamestown.[19] Some of the settlers were the artisans who built a glass furnace which became the first factory in America.
The ships were:
Mary Margaret with Captain Christopher Newport
Passenger manifest[edit]
A passenger manifest of those in the second fleet was recorded, in Volume 1 of The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles by Captain John Smith, published 1624.[20]
Voyage[edit]
Newport's instructions were to search for any survivors of the Lost Colony of Roanoke, resume exploring for gold mines, and stage a "coronation" of Powhatan, making him a "sub-king" under James I.[21] On October 1, 1608 the supply ship arrived following a journey of approximately three months. Following his orders, Newport searched for the Lost Colonists and gold mines, and attempted a coronation, all without success.
He then returned to England, this time not with iron pyrite, but with products of the new world[22] including: "clapboard, wainscot, pitch, tarre, glasse, frankincense, and sope ashes".[21] He arrived in London in mid-January 1609, and despite all these efforts, profits from these early exports were not sufficient to meet the expenses and expectations of the investors back in England, and no New-World silver or gold had been discovered, as earlier imagined. Despite these disappointments, the need for another, ideally much larger, supply mission was conveyed to the leaders of the Company.
Samuel Argall[edit]
In early 1609, Captain Samuel Argall, as an employee of the London Company, was commissioned to develop a shorter, more direct route for sailing from England across the Atlantic Ocean to the colony at Jamestown.[23] He was also ordered to fish for sturgeon on the voyage.[24] Rather than following the normal practice of going south to the tropics and west with the trade winds (see image at top of page), Argall aboard Mary and John, sailed west from the Azores to the Bermuda area, then almost due west to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. This voyage took only nine weeks and six days, including two weeks becalmed (compared to the three to five months of previous fleets), enabling the English to save on provisions and to also avoid hostile Spanish ships.
Upon his arrival at Jamestown, Argall found the colonists in dire straits, since in April, an infestation of rats had been discovered, along with dampness, which had destroyed all their stored corn. He resupplied the colony with all the food and wine (which Smith bought on credit) he could spare, and also brought the news that the Company was being reorganized and was sending more supplies and settlers to Jamestown along with a new governor.[25] Argall then returned to England at the end of the summer of 1609. His unexpected help was significant, in that it came to the colony at one of the most critical moments in its history, as it preceded the Starving Time, and without the provisions Argall had left, the colony may have been totally destroyed.[24]
Third supply mission[edit]
Virginia pinnace approaching the Virginia shore, Seth Eastman c. 1850
On May 23, 1609, King James issued a new charter for the Company to allow for reorganization and additional capital. Company treasurer Thomas Smythe soon organised a major supply mission, with the goal to rescue the failing settlement. It consisted of nine ships, between 500 and 600 passengers, including women and children, livestock and enough provisions to last a year in "the largest fleet England has ever amassed in the West".[21] Newport, as Vice-admiral, commanded Sea Venture, the new flagship of the Company, which had been specially built for the purpose. It was considerably larger than the other eight ships, and carried a large proportion of the supplies intended for the colony. Also aboard the new flagship were Admiral Sir George Somers, William Strachey, Sylvester Jourdain and Sir Thomas Gates, people notable in the early history of English colonization in North America. On June 2, 1609, after a number of delays, the fleet departed Plymouth.
The ships were:
Blessing with Captain Gabriel Archer and Captain Adams
Catch (pinnace) with Master Matthew Fitch
Diamond (second largest) with Captain John Ratcliffe and Captain King
Falcon (third largest) with Captain John Martin and Master Francis Nelson
Lion with Captain Webb
Sea Venture (largest ship and flagship) with Captain Christopher Newport
Swallow with Captain Moone and Master Matthew Somers (nephew of Sir George)
Unitie with Captain Wood and Master Robert Pitt
Virginia (pinnace; first ship built in Colonial America) with Captain James Davis and Master Davis [26]
Voyage[edit]
The fleet stayed together for seven weeks as they crossed the Atlantic Ocean, but 32 yellow fever victims from two ships were buried overboard, and the "London plague" broke out on Diamond - diseases that were transplanted to the New World, and probably contributed to the colony's high mortality rate during the Starving Time.[27] On Saint James Day, July 25, 1609, the fleet ran into a massive 'tempest', believed to have been a hurricane, which lasted for three days, and became separated. After the storm, Blessing, Falcon, Lion, and Unitie came together and headed for Virginia, "falling into the James River" on August 11. Diamond appeared a few days later, and Swallow a few days after that (around August 18, 1609). Virginia arrived some six weeks later on October 3, 1609. All in all, seven ships arrived safely at Jamestown, delivering most of the colonists, but relatively few supplies. In the colony, there was no word of the fate of Sea Venture (which had been wrecked in Bermuda) or Catch (which had been lost at sea), including the supplies, passengers, and leaders who had been aboard them.
Blessing, Diamond, Falcon, and Unitie soon returned to England on October 14, 1609, to advise of Jamestown's plight carrying Captain Samuel Argall, an injured John Smith, and 30 young men sent from England but rejected by the colony.[26] However, no further supply ships from England arrived that year, nor the following spring. In the absence of strong leadership, and most of the supplies, all of which had been aboard Sea Venture, the existing and newly-brought settlers at James Fort were ill-prepared to survive the winter, resulting in the siege and "Starving Time" of 1609-1610, when most of the inhabitants perished.
Sea Venture[edit]
See also: Sea Venture
During the storm, Sea Venture was soon separated from the seven other vessels of the third supply fleet and began taking on water through her new caulking. On July 28, 1609, and with bailing efforts failing, Admiral Sir George Somers had the ship deliberately driven onto the reefs at Discovery Bay in eastern Bermuda to prevent her sinking.[28] The 150 passengers and crew members all landed safely, but the ship was now permanently disabled. Over a period of nine months, the survivors built two new pinnaces — Deliverance and Patience — using local Bermuda cedar and hardware salvaged from the wreck. The original plan was to build only one vessel, Deliverance, but it soon became evident that one would not be large enough to carry the settlers and all of the supplies that were being sourced on the islands. During the building, Sea Venture's longboat was fitted with a mast and sent to find Jamestown, but neither it, nor its crew, were ever seen again. The ships were provisioned with salvaged and local goods - from Bermuda the crew were able to gather pork from feral pigs, sweet potatoes, and onions, figs and olives from stock grown first in Bermuda.[29]
The vessels were both readied by May 10, 1610, and sailed on the 20th. By May 23 they had reached Comfort Point.[30] The survivors of Sea Venture, led by Sir Thomas Gates (the new governor) and Sir George Somers, assumed they would find a thriving colony in Virginia. Instead, they found the colony in ruins and practically abandoned. Of the 500 or so colonists living in Jamestown in the autumn, they found only 60 survivors with many of those also sick or dying.[31][32] Worse yet, many supplies intended for Jamestown had been lost in Bermuda, and Gates and Somers had brought along with them about 140 additional people, but only a small food supply. The decision was soon made to abandon James Fort, and on June 7, 1610, everyone boarded Deliverance, Discovery, Patience, and Virginia to return to England, and began to sail down the James River.
Francis West[edit]
In the interval between the departure of Smith for England, and the arrival of the Sea Venture survivors, George Percy became President of the council in Jamestown. He however accomplished little while in charge, other than to order to construction of Fort Algernon at Old Point Comfort. To secure food, he had sent Francis West and James Davis up the Chesapeake Bay (in Virginia) to obtain corn from the Patawomeckin 1609, but instead of delivering that food to the starving colony, West sailed directly back to England, and avoided the Starving Time by abandoning Percy and the colonists. Percy wrote later that when West brought his ship loaded with corn back to Point Comfort, the captain in charge of Fort Algernon told everyone about the hunger at Jamestown, and instead of hurrying upstream to feed the colonists, "Captain Weste, by the persuasion, or rather by the enforcement, of his company hoised up sails and shaped by their course directly for England, and left us in that extreme misery and want."[33]
"Fourth" supply mission[edit]
Depiction of the arrival of West at Jamestown
During the period that Sea Venture suffered its misfortune, and its survivors were struggling in Bermuda to continue on to Virginia, the publication of Captain John Smith's books of his adventures in England sparked a resurgence of interest and investment in the Company. There was also a religious call in England by clergymen and others to support the stranded colonists. Another mission was soon prepared, equipped with additional colonists, a doctor, food, and supplies, and heading this group was the new governor, Francis West's older brother, Thomas West, who also recruited and equipped an armed contingent of 150 men at his own expense.
The ships were:[34]
De La Warr with Admiral Thomas West and Samuel Argall
Blessing of Plymouth
Hercules of Rye
Voyage[edit]
West and his fleet departed London on March 12, 1610, from England on April 1, and arrived on the James River on June 9, just as the existing colonists were sailing downriver to leave Virginia. Intercepting them about 10 miles (16 km) downstream from Jamestown near Mulberry Island, the new governor directed the ships to return to the abandoned colony. This was not a popular decision at the time, but it was to prove a turning point in the English colonization of North America.
Subsequent supply missions[edit]
After the return to Jamestown, and with the population now at around 375 people, Captain Robert Tyndall was directed to take Virginia to catch fish in the Chesapeake Bay between Cape Henry and Cape Charles.
On June 19, 1610, Admiral Somers, not wanting to be subordinate to West, departed for Bermuda (known later as the "Somers Isles") aboard Patience, accompanied by Captain Argall on Discovery, with the intention of gathering more food, including fish, sweet potatoes and live pigs[29] for Jamestown. Blown north towards Newfoundland, the ships became separated in thick fog. Argall attempted fishing before returning, reaching the Chesapeake on August 31, while Somers, who had continued on to Bermuda, became ill on the journey. He died in Bermuda on November 2, 1610 at age 56 before completing the mission. Captain Matthew Somers, now in charge of Patience, and probably keen to secure his uncle's inheritance, then disobeyed orders by returning to Lyme Regis in England with the preserved body of his uncle. However, by doing so, he was also able to provide an update to the Company on the status of the colony.
On July 25, 1610 Hercules with Captain Adams was sent from Jamestown for supplies. It returned "soon after" the departure of Thomas West, who had left Virginia for the island of Mevis in De La Warr on April 7, 1611.[35] Blessing and Hercules returned to England in September 1610 with Gates, Christopher Newport, Captain Adams and "others from Virginia".[34]
When the Jamestown garrison again required provisions in December 1610, Captain Argall was dispatched to the Potomac River and procured maize and furs there from Iopassus (Japazaws), a Patawomeck town.[36]
Captain Christopher Newport, now vice Admiral of Virginia, and Sir Thomas Dale, lieutenant Governor or Marshall of Virginia, left England in March 1611 for Jamestown with a fleet of three ships, 300 people, and supplies including horses and livestock. Sailing via Dominica and Puerto Rico, they arrived at Point Comfort on the night of May 22, 1611.[37] The ships were Elizabeth, Prosperous, and Starr with Newport.
The last major fleet of this time, under Sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant General of Virginia, sailed from England towards the end of May 1611 with three ships, 280 men, 20 women, 200 cattle, and "many swine and other necessaries".[38] They sailed via the West Indies, and arrived in Virginia on August 30, 1611. The ships were Sara, Swan, and Trial.
Impact[edit]
By 1610, with the end of the Starving Time, the majority of the colonists who had arrived at the Jamestown settlement had died and its economic value was negligible with no active exports to England and very little internal economic activity. Only financial incentives including a promise of more land to the west from King James I to investors financing the new colony kept the project afloat. The timely arrival of Lord West resulted in a renovation of the settlement, and a counter-offensive against the Powhatan Confederacy, whose refusal to trade and siege of the fort had threatened the food security of the colony. The campaign ended the Powhatan siege and resulted in the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (a Sea Venture survivor) which introduced a short truce between the English and the Powhatan Confederacy.
This allowed the English to fully secure the colony's fortifications and housing, expand its farming, develop a network of alliances with other Indian nations, and establish a series of outlying smaller settlements. Colonists continued to die from various illnesses and disease, and the Company, in due, continued to finance and transport settlers to sustain Jamestown. For the next five years, Governors Gates and Sir Thomas Dale continued to keep strict discipline (see Dale's Code), with Sir Thomas Smythe in London attempting to find skilled craftsmen and other settlers to send to Jamestown.[39] By 1612, Rolfe would also successfully pioneer new strains of hybrid tobacco that would allow the colony to cultivate and export its own cash crop, thereby ensuring a new form of financial security.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Congressional Record (1975). "Congressional Record 1975". Congressional Record. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Congressional Record (1976). "Congressional Record 1976". Congressional Record. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kathleen M. Brown. "Women in Early Jamestown". Jamestown Interpretive Essays. Virtual Jamestown. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Jamestown Settlement Ships, re-creations of three ships, 1607 Voyage to Virginia". History Is Fun. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
Jump up ^ THE VIRGINIA COLONYAccessed 2017-01-18 Archived 2016-10-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Lisa L. Weaver. "Learning Landscapes: Theoretical Issues and Design Considerations for the Development of Children's Educational Landscapes" (PDF). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources - Doug Domenech" (PDF). Indians.vipnet.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ Blanton, Dennis B. "Drought as a Factor in the Jamestown Colony, 1607-1612." Historical Archaeology 34, no. 4 (2000): 74-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25616853.
Jump up ^ "Smith, John (bap. 1580–1631)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Snell 1974, p. 83, Ch. 4
Jump up ^ Anne, Lady. "Pilgrim Ship Lists By Date". www.packrat-pro.com. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "First Supply". Preservation Virginia. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-05-22. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Congressional Record (July 5, 1956). "Congressional Record - 1956". Congressional Record. pp. 11905–11906. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenhower, Dwight D. (September 28, 1958). "Jamestown Pioneers From Poland". White House. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, George; Olasij, Thompson Dele (January 10, 1995). Migrants, Immigrants, and Slaves: Racial and Ethnic Groups in America. University Press of America. p. 116. ISBN 978-0819197382. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Robertson, Patrick (November 8, 2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1596915794. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Identity of the 1608 Jamestown Craftsmen". www.kismeta.com. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ Publications, Davitt. "German American Corner: First Germans at Jamestown 1". www.germanheritage.com. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
Jump up ^ "John Smith, 1580-1631. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: With the Names of the Adventurers, Planters, and Governours From Their First Beginning Ano: 1584. To This Present 1624. With the Procedings of Those Severall Colonies and the Accidents That Befell Them in All Their Journyes and Discoveries. Also the Maps and Descriptions of All Those Countryes, Their Commodities, People, Government, Customes, and Religion Yet Knowne. Divided Into Sixe Bookes. By Captaine Iohn Smith, Sometymes Governour in Those Countryes & Admirall of New England". docsouth.unc.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Newport, Christopher (1561–after August 15, 1617)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ "First Polish Settlers". Polishamericancenter.org. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ Who Was Who in American History - the Military. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 14. ISBN 0837932017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Biography – ARGALL, SIR SAMUEL – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Retrieved 2017-01-08.
Jump up ^ Snell 1974, p. 85, Ch. 4
^ Jump up to: a b "The First Republic of America", Alexander Brown D.C.L., Houghton, Mifflin and Company, The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1898, pg 92
Jump up ^ "Somers, Sir George (1554–1610)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Hobson. A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking (2009) pp. 32–50.
^ Jump up to: a b Forbes, Keith Archibald. "Admiral Sir George Somers colonized Bermuda for Britain". bermuda-online.org. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ "The First Republic of America", Alexander Brown D.C.L., Houghton, Mifflin and Company, The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1898, pg 116
Jump up ^ Bryan, Corbin Braxton. The Church at Jamestown in Clark, W. M., ed. Colonial Churches in the Original Colony of Virginia. 2d. ed. Richmond, VA: Southern Churchman Company, 1908. OCLC 1397138. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Beverley, Robert. The History of Virginia in Four Parts. Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1855. OCLC 5837141. 2d revised edition originally published London: 1722. p. 26.
Jump up ^ "Virginia and Bermuda". www.virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "De La Warr". www.packrat-pro.com. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Hercules before 1624, 1609 & 1618". www.packrat-pro.com. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Argall, Samuel (bap. 1580–1626)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Prosperous 1610, 1619". www.packrat-pro.com. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Sarah 1611". www.packrat-pro.com. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ Snell 1974, pp. 93–94, Ch. 4
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamestown_supply_missions&oldid=860013541"
Categories:
English colonization of the Americas
Colonial Virginia
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Colonial settlements in North America
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 17 September 2018, at 19:27 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/English_colonial_empire
mw-redirect
English colonial empire

value: p

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/State_Quarters
mw-redirect
State Quarters

values:
/wiki/Early_Modern_France
mw-redirect
Early Modern France

values:
/wiki/Powhatan_Confederacy
mw-redirect
Powhatan Confederacy

values:
/wiki/Iron_pyrite
mw-redirect
Iron pyrite

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Forrest,_Esq
mw-redirect
Thomas Forrest, Esq

values:
/wiki/German_American
mw-redirect
German American

values:
/wiki/Polish_American
mw-redirect
Polish American

values: Colonial History by Captain John Smith 1624

values:
/wiki/Starving_Time_(Jamestown)
mw-redirect
Starving Time (Jamestown)

values:
/wiki/Virginia_of_Sagadahoc
mw-redirect
Virginia of Sagadahoc

values:
/wiki/Sir_George_Somers
mw-redirect
Sir George Somers

values:
/wiki/Bermuda_cedar
mw-redirect
Bermuda cedar

values:
/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Gates
mw-redirect
Sir Thomas Gates

values: Edit section: Subsequent supply missions

values:
/wiki/King_James_I
mw-redirect
King James I

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1397138

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5837141

values: Category:English colonization of the Americas

values: Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies

values: Category:Colonial settlements in North America

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Jamestown_supply_missions
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jamestown_supply_missions rootpage-Jamestown_supply_missions skin-vector action-view


text:
Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Center for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) is an Indian autonomous research institute, established in 1980 to facilitate research activity in Economics and Social Sciences. It was a brain child of B.P.R. Vithal, IAS (Retd)., a former Principal Secretary to Government of Andhra Pradesh, Finance and Planning Department. The campus is situated at Begumpet, in Hyderabad.
The centre celebrated its silver jubilee in 2006 with special silver jubilee seminar inaugurated by Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh.[1] One of its founder member, Prof. C. H. Hanumantha Rao was nominated to the National Advisory Council (NAC) in 2005 [2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Activities
1.1 Research
1.2 Academic
2 Other facilities
3 Governance
4 Funding
5 Publications
6 Appreciation and Recognitions
7 References
Activities[edit]
Research[edit]
This institute takes up research in the fields of Rural Development and Poverty, Agriculture and Food Security, Irrigation and Water Management, Public Finance, Demography, Health and Environment. It also undertakes research projects sponsored by the State and Central governments, as well as international agencies like World Bank, Department For International Development (DFID), Ford Foundation, European Community, Rockefeller Foundation and Asian Development Bank. Conducting interdisciplinary research in analytical and applied areas of social sciences, encompassing socio-economic and other aspects of development, constitute the predominant activities of the Center.
Academic[edit]
This institute is conducting M.Phil. and Ph.D. Programmes in Development Studies in the specific areas of Economics, Commerce, Development Statistics, Political Science & Public Administration, Sociology and Geography in collaboration with Telangana University, Nizamabad. The M.Phil Programme was started in 1986 and the Ph.D Programme was started in 1991. It is a part-time Programme that enables the faculty of colleges, research organisations, NGOs etc., to undertake research in areas of their interest without having to take a long leave from their regular jobs. The policy guidance to this Programme is framed by a Research Programme Committee (RPC) comprising subject experts from several academic institutes in Hyderabad. Till October 2010, 61 candidates have been awarded Ph.D Degrees and M.Phil Degrees have been awarded to 86 candidates. Currently, there are 83 Ph.D students and 72 M.Phil students on rolls.
Other facilities[edit]
The Center is equipped with advanced computer system and networking facilities and Video Conferencing Equipment. The Cartography Cell attached to the Center, completed several cartographic studies, viz. "Spatial Framework for Planning and Development Administration", "Godavari Valley Development Plan", "Shore Area Perspective Plan", "Medak District Planning Atlas", "Tribal Development Atlas of Andhra Pradesh", "Geo-thermal Atlas of Rajasthan", "Geo-tectonic Map of India", etc. The Center has four conference halls with excellent acoustic and projection facilities which can be used for official meetings and seminars where parallel sessions can be conducted. The new Auditorium was Inaugurated by the Hon'ble Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh in January, 2006.
The premises also houses the Nizamia observatory[3] operated by the Osmania University.
Governance[edit]
It is governed by a Board of Governors consisting of eminent Professors in Economics, Scholars and personalities, besides Principal Secretaries to Government of Andhra Pradesh, Finance and Planning Departments and representative(s) of Indian Council of Social Science Research.
Funding[edit]
The Institute gets grant in aid from the Government of Andhra Pradesh and The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) (Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Besides, it generates funds for the Projects that are assigned by various institutions and agencies.
Publications[edit]
Political Economy of Watershed Management, by V. Ratna Reddy M. Gopinath Reddy and John Soussan (2010).
Biotechnology in Indian Agriculture: Potential, Performance and Concerns, by N. Chandrasekhara Rao, S. Mahendra Dev (2010) .
Water Security and Management: Ecological Imperative and Policy Options, by V. Ratna ReddyBold text (2009).
India Perspectives on Equitable Development, by S. Mahendra Dev and N. Chandrasekhara Rao (2009).
Human Development in Andhra Pradesh: Experiences – Issues and Challenges, by S. Mahendra Dev, C. Ravi and M. Venkatnarayana(2009).
High-Tech Urban Spaces: Asian and European Perspective, by Ramachandraiah C, Guus Westen and Sheela Prasad (2008).
India: Some Aspects of Economic and Social Development, by S. Mahendra Dev and K.S. Babu (2008).
India’s Development: Social and Economic Disparities, by S. Mahendra Dev and K.S. Babu(2008).
Inclusive Growth in India: Agriculture, Poverty and Human Development, by S. Mahendra Dev (2007).
Managing Water Resources: Politics, Institutions and Technologies, by V. Ratna Reddy and S. Mahendra Dev (2006).
Towards a Food Secure India: Issues and Policies, by S. Mahendra Dev, K. P. Kannan and Mira Ramachandran (2003).
Andhra Pradesh Development: Economic Reforms and Challenges Ahead, by Ch. Hanumantha Rao and S. Mahendra Dev (2003).
The Gadgil Formula: For Allocation of Central Assistance for State Plans, by B.P.R. Vithal, and M.L.Sastry(2002).
Appreciation and Recognitions[edit]
Its activities are expanded beyond the state of Andhra Pradesh and cover other areas of the country. The Center is recognized as an institute for advanced research in social sciences by the University of Hyderabad and Osmania University. The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) (Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India), in appreciation of its role in promotion of research and training, recognized this center as a national institute in the year 1986 and included the Center in its network of institutions.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Telangana: new investment favoured?". The Hindu. Jan 8, 2006.
Jump up ^ "NAC reconstituted". The Hindu. Jun 4, 2005.
Jump up ^ Lasania, Yunus L (13 June 2014). "Nizamiah Observatory falls into disuse". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Center for Economic and Social Studies, Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Economic_and_Social_Studies,_Hyderabad&oldid=750219318"
Categories:
Research institutes in Hyderabad, India
Organisations based in Hyderabad, India
Organizations established in 1980
Social science institutes
Economics education
Economic research institutes
1980 establishments in India
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 18 November 2016, at 12:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Social_Sciences
mw-redirect
Social Sciences

values:
/wiki/Hyderabad,_India
mw-redirect
Hyderabad, India

value: sup

values: Edit section: Appreciation and Recognitions

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India

values: Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India

values: Category:Organizations established in 1980

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Centre_for_Economic_and_Social_Studies_Hyderabad rootpage-Centre_for_Economic_and_Social_Studies_Hyderabad vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Form I-9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
USCIS Form I-9, Employment Eligibility Verification (revised July 2017)
Form I-9, officially the Employment Eligibility Verification, is a United States Citizenship and Immigration Services form. Mandated by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, it is used to verify the identity and legal authorization to work of all paid employees in the United States. All U.S. employers must ensure proper completion of Form I-9 for each individual they hire for employment in the United States.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Requirements
1.1 Prerequisites for employees
1.2 Documentation for proof of identity and/or employment authorization
1.2.1 List A
1.2.2 List B
1.2.3 List C
1.3 Reverification
1.4 Retention
2 Anti-discrimination provisions
2.1 Types of discrimination
3 Penalties
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Requirements[edit]
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) required employers to verify that all newly hired employees presented "facially valid" documentation verifying the employee's identity and legal authorization to accept employment in the United States.[3] The I-9 form, or more properly the Employment Eligibility Verification Form, is provided by the federal government for that purpose.[4]
Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I-9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work.[3] The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner.
The I-9 is not required for unpaid volunteers or for contractors.[3] However, a company could still find itself liable if it contracts work to a contractor it knows either is or employs unauthorized workers.[3]
On November 14, 2016, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) published a new I-9 Form. Use of the previous 2013 version of the I-9 form was only acceptable until January 22, 2017. Since January 22, 2017, all employers must use the revised I-9 Form.
If an employee cannot read or cannot write English, a translator or preparer may complete the form and sign it on their behalf. The form also requires the employee's own signature.
In October 2004, new legislation made it possible to complete the I-9 electronically.[3]
Prerequisites for employees[edit]
In completing form I-9, a prospective employee attests, under penalty of perjury, that she/he is in one of the following categories:
A U.S. citizen
A non-U.S. citizen national
A lawful permanent resident
An alien authorized to work
Documentation for proof of identity and/or employment authorization[edit]
With the form, a prospective employee must provide documents that prove his/her eligibility to work. A variety of documents is acceptable, some in a specified combination with another, as described below.
The prospective employee must provide
One document that establishes both identity and employment eligibility (on List A on the I-9) OR
One document that establishes identity (on List B), together with another document that establishes employment eligibility (on List C)
All documentation must be unexpired as of April 3, 2009[5]
List A[edit]
Documents that may be used under "List A" of the I-9 form to establish both identity and employment eligibility include:
An unexpired U.S. Passport
A U.S. Passport Card
A Permanent Resident Card (often called a "green card") or Alien Registration Receipt Card with photograph
An unexpired Temporary Resident Card
An unexpired foreign passport with an I-551 stamp, or with Form I-94 (For the certain alien who is authorized to work with restrictions. The person should also attach the document(s) which indicate(s) an unexpired employment authorization)
An unexpired Employment Authorization Document issued by the United States Department of Homeland Security that includes a photograph (Form I-766)
An unexpired Employment Authorization Card
List B[edit]
Documents that may be used under "List B" of the I-9 to establish identity include:
Driver's license or I.D. card issued by a U.S. state or outlying possession of the U.S., provided it contains a photograph or identifying information such as name, date of birth, gender, height, eye color and address.
Federal or state I.D. card provided it contains a photograph or identifying information such as name, date of birth, gender, height, eye color and address.
School I.D. with photograph
U.S. Armed Services identification card or draft record
Voter Registration Card
U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Mariner Card
Native American tribal document
Driver's license issued by a Canadian government authority
Trusted traveler documentation (Global Entry, NEXUS, SENTRI) [6]
For individuals under the age of 18 only, the following documents may be used to establish identity:
School record or report card
Clinic, doctor or hospital record
Day-care or nursery school record
Employees who supply an item from List B (to establish identity) must also supply an item from List C (to establish employment eligibility).
List C[edit]
Documents that may be used under "List C" of the I-9 to establish employment eligibility include:
A U.S. Social Security card issued by the Social Security Administration unless it indicates one of the following:
NOT VALID FOR EMPLOYMENT (generally issued to non-immigrant aliens unauthorized to work)
VALID FOR WORK ONLY WITH INS AUTHORIZATION
VALID FOR WORK ONLY WITH DHS AUTHORIZATION
A birth certificate issued by the U.S. State Department (Form FS-545 or Form DS-1350)
Original or certified copy of a birth certificate from the U.S. or an outlying possession of the U.S., bearing an official seal
A Certificate of U.S. Citizenship (Form N-560 or N-561)[7]
A Certificate of Naturalization (Form N-550 or N-570)[7]
Native American tribal document
U.S. Citizen I.D. Card (Form I-197)
An I.D. Card for the use of a Resident Citizen in the United States (Form I-179)
An unexpired employment authorization card issued by the Dept. of Homeland Security (other than those included on List A)
U.S. citizens who have lost their social security card can apply for a duplicate at the Social Security Administration.
Employees who supply an item from List C (to establish employment eligibility) must also supply an item from List B (to establish identity).
Reverification[edit]
Employers must update or reverify certain ID documents at or prior to their expiration date. This does not apply to already presented and accepted non-expired US Passports or Permanent Resident Cards when they reach their expiration date, nor to any List B documents, e.g. state driver's licenses and state ID's. The USCIS website, in the Employer section, Employer Bulletins, lists the limited requirements and allowed instances for reverification.
For U.S. citizens, I-9's are valid continuously unless a break of more than a year of employment occurs. International employees on F-1 (student), H-1B (specialty occupation), or J-1 (exchange visitor) visas must have their I-9 reverified each time their visa has expired with a new work authorization permit (renewed visa with work authorization, EAD, Permanent Residence Card, etc.).
Retention[edit]
Employers must retain a Form I-9 for all current employees. Employers must also retain a Form I-9 for three years after the date of hire, or one year after the date employment ends, whichever is later. Employers must show their employees' I-9 form any time the immigration or labor authority requests it.[citation needed]
Anti-discrimination provisions[edit]
The Immigration Reform and Control Act which introduced the requirement leading to the promulgation of the I-9 form, also included anti-discrimination provisions.[3] Under the Act, most US citizens, permanent residents, temporary residents or asylee/refugee who are legally allowed to work in the US cannot be discriminated against on the basis of national origin or citizenship status.[3] This provision applies to employers of three or more workers and covers both hiring and termination decisions.[3] In addition, an employer must accept any valid document or combination of documents specified in the I-9 form, as long as the documents appear genuine.[3]
For example, an employer could not refuse to hire a candidate because his I-9 revealed that he was a non-citizen (such as a permanent resident or a refugee) rather than a U.S. citizen. For this reason some immigration lawyers advise companies to avoid requiring an I-9 until a candidate is hired rather than risk a lawsuit.[3] As another example, a company could not insist that an employee provide a passport rather than, say, a driver's license and social security card. Another anti-discrimination provision requires that employers must enforce I-9 compliance in a uniform manner.[3] For example, an employer must not require some employees to complete an I-9 before being hired, but allow others to complete the form after starting employment.[3]
Employers must not assume that the employee is unauthorized to work just because the individual either could not bring the proof of employment authorization or has brought the unaccepted document(s) until the start date of the employment. Instead, employers should encourage that employee to bring the acceptable document(s) which is/are under the List A, B, and/or C. Employers may terminate the employment only if the employee cannot attest the person's work authorization by bringing the proof after the start date.
The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices ("OSC") is a section within the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division that enforces the anti-discrimination provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"). The OSC can help workers by calling employers and explaining proper verification practices and, when necessary, by providing victims of discrimination with charge forms. Upon receipt of a charge of discrimination, OSC investigations typically take no longer than 7 months. Victims may obtain various types of relief, including job relief and back pay.
OSC also has an extensive outreach program. It provides staff to speak at outreach events throughout the country, and has free informational brochures, posters and tapes for distribution.
Types of discrimination[edit]
The OSC investigates the following types of discriminatory conduct under the anti-discrimination provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1324b:
Citizenship or immigration status discrimination with respect to hiring, firing, and recruitment or referral for a fee by employers with four or more employees. Employers may not treat individuals differently because they are, or are not, U.S. citizens or work authorized individuals. U.S. citizens, recent permanent residents, temporary residents, asylees and refugees are protected from citizenship status discrimination. Exceptions: permanent residents who do not apply for naturalization within six months of eligibility are not protected from citizenship status discrimination. Citizenship status discrimination which is otherwise required to comply with law, regulation, executive order, or government contract is permissible by law.

National origin discrimination with respect to hiring, firing, and recruitment or referral for a fee, by employers with more than three and fewer than 15 employees. Employers may not treat individuals differently because of their place of birth, country of origin, ancestry, native language, accent, or because they are perceived as looking or sounding "foreign". All U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, and work authorized individuals are protected from national origin discrimination. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has jurisdiction over employers with 15 or more employees.

Unfair documentary practices related to verifying the employment eligibility of employees. Employers may not request more or different documents than are required to verify employment eligibility, reject reasonably genuine-looking documents, or specify certain documents over others with the purpose or intent of discriminating on the basis of citizenship status or national origin. U.S. citizens and all work authorized individuals are protected from document abuse.

Retaliation. Individuals who file charges with OSC, who cooperate with an OSC investigation, who contest action that may constitute unfair documentary practices or discrimination based upon citizenship or immigration status, or national origin, or who assert their rights under the INA's anti-discrimination provision are protected from retaliation.
Penalties[edit]
The IRCA includes penalties for I-9 noncompliance. According to the I-9 form, "federal law provides for imprisonment and/or fines for false statements or use of false documents in connection with the completion of this form." An employer who hires an unauthorized worker can be fined between $250 and $5,500 per worker.[3] In addition, such an employer can be barred from federal government contracts for a year.[3] An employee who knowingly accepts fraudulent documentation can also be criminally prosecuted under other immigration laws.[3]
An employer who fails to keep proper records that I-9s are properly filed can be fined $110 per missing item for each form, up to $1100 per form, even if the employee is legally authorized to work in the US.[3] Since 2009, Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE) has conducted over 7,500 audits and imposed over $80 million in fines. In 2011 alone, ICE conducted 2,740 audits and assessed over $7 million in fines. [8]
An individual who knowingly commits or participates in document fraud may be fined between $375 and $3,200 per document for the first offense, and between $3,200 and $6,500 per document for subsequent offenses.[9]
See also[edit]
Immigration to the United States
E-Verify
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.uscis.gov/i-9
Jump up ^ http://emptrust.com/Products/I9-KeyFeatures.aspx
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "ABCs of Immigration: I-9 Compliance - Avoiding Immigration Bombshells". Siskind Susser Bland. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
Jump up ^ 8 C.F.R. sec. 274a.2
Jump up ^ "Questions and Answers Revised Form I-9, Employment Eligibility Verification Effective".
Jump up ^ https://www.uscis.gov/e-verify/questions-and-answers/faq/how-do-i-create-case-employee-who-provided-sentri-nexus-or-global-entry-card-also-known-trusted-traveler-card
^ Jump up to: a b "USCIS - List C Documents".
Jump up ^ Parser, Jennifer G.; David L. Woodard; Poyner Spruill LLP (August 28, 2012). "The Importance of an I-9 Form". The National Law Review.
Jump up ^ "Form M-274: Handbook for Employers: Instructions for Completing Form I-9 (Employment Eligibility Form)" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. April 3, 2009.
External links[edit]
US Government I-9 download page
Recent Employee Bulletins by the USCIS explain many questions and concerns that employees have had over the years about the I-9 process, such as the limitation of an employer's ability to discern from the many old ID's, the many various forms of ID, discovery of possibly questionable ID, etc.:
"About Form I-9, Employment Eligibility Verification"
"Employer Information Bulletins"
"Revised Form I-9, as of April 3, 2009"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Form_I-9&oldid=808994985"
Categories:
United States Department of Homeland Security
United States government forms
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 14:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values: /wiki/File:I-9.pdf internal Enlarge

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

values: Edit section: Prerequisites for employees

values:
/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Citizenship in the United States

values:
/wiki/U.S._nationals
mw-redirect
U.S. nationals

values:
/wiki/Alien_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Alien (United States)

values: Edit section: Documentation for proof of identity and/or employment authorization

values:
/wiki/U.S._Passport
mw-redirect
U.S. Passport

values:
/wiki/U.S._Passport_Card
mw-redirect
U.S. Passport Card

values:
/wiki/Employment_Authorization_Document
mw-redirect
Employment Authorization Document

values:
/wiki/Social_Security_card
mw-redirect
Social Security card

values:
/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security
mw-redirect
Department of Homeland Security

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Anti-discrimination provisions

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.uscis.gov/i-9

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.uscis.gov/i-9

values: Category:United States Department of Homeland Security

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Form_I-9
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Form_I-9&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Form_I-9 rootpage-Form_I-9 vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Status: In force
The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act was enacted in India in 1956 as part of the Hindu Code Bills. The other legislations enacted during this time include the Hindu Marriage Act (1955), the Hindu Succession Act (1956), and the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (1956). All of these acts were put forth under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, and were meant to codify and standardise the current Hindu legal tradition. The Adoptions and Maintenance Act of 1956 dealt specifically with the legal process of adopting children by a Hindu adult, and with the legal obligations of a Hindu to provide "maintenance" to various family members including their wife or wives, parents, and in-laws.
Contents
[hide]
1 Application
2 Adoptions
2.1 Who can adopt?
2.2 Who can be adopted?
2.3 Legal implications for an adopted child
3 Maintenance
3.1 Maintenance of a wife
3.2 Maintenance of a child or of aged parents
3.3 Amount of maintenance provided
4 References
Application[edit]
This act applies to Hindus and all those considered under the umbrella term of Hindus, which includes:
a Hindu by religion in any of its forms or development;
a Buddhist, Jain or Sikh;
a child legitimate or illegitimate whose parents are Hindus, Buddhists, Jains or Sikhs;
a child legitimate or illegitimate one of whose parents are Hindus, Buddhists, Jains or Sikhs and has been so brought up;
an abandoned child, legitimate or illegitimate of unknown parentage brought up as a Hindu, Buddhist, etc.; and
a convert to the Hindu, Buddhist, Jain or Sikh religion.
Persons who are Muslims, Christians, Parsis or Jews are excluded from this definition.
The act does not also apply to adoptions that took place prior to the date of enactment. However, it does apply to any marriage that has taken place before or after the Act had come into force. Moreover, if the wife is not a Hindu then the husband is not bound to provide maintenance for her under this Act under modern Hindu Law.[1]
Adoptions[edit]
Who can adopt?[edit]
Under this act only Hindus may adopt subject to their fulfilment of certain criteria. The first of these asserts that the adopter has the legal right to (under this Act that would mean they are a Hindu). Next, they have to have the capacity to be able to provide for the adopted child. Thirdly the child must be capable of being adopted. Lastly, compliance with all other specifications (as outlined below) must be met to make the adoption valid.[2]
Men can adopt if they have the consent of their wife or of all of their wives. The only way of getting around obtaining the permission of the wife or of the wives is if she or if they are unsound, if they have died, if they have completely and finally renounced the world, and if they have ceased to be a Hindu. Men who are unmarried can adopt as well as long as they are not a minor. However, if a man were to adopt a daughter, the man must be twenty one years of age or older.[3]
Only unmarried Hindu women can legally adopt a child. A married woman can only give her consent to adoption by her husband. A married woman whose husband adopts a child is to be considered the mother. [4] If the child is adopted and there are more than one wife living in the household, then the senior wife is classified as the legal mother of the adopted child.[5]
Who can be adopted?[edit]
The adopted child can be either male or female. The adopted child must fall under the Hindu category. The adoptee also needs to be unmarried; however, if the particular custom or usage is applicable to the involved parties then the adoptee can be married. The child cannot be the age of fifteen or older, unless again it is custom or the usage is applicable to the involved parties. An adoption can only occur if there is not a child of the same sex of the adopted child still residing in the home. In particular, if a son were to be adopted then the adoptive father or mother must not have a legitimate or adopted son still living in the house.[6]
Legal implications for an adopted child[edit]
From the date of the adoption, the child is under the legal guardianship of the new adopted parent(s) and thus should enjoy all the benefits from those family ties. This also means that this child, therefore, is cut off from all legal benefits (property, inheritance, etc.) from the family who had given him or her up for adoption.[7]
Maintenance[edit]
Maintenance of a wife[edit]
A Hindu wife is entitled to be provided for by her husband throughout the duration of her lifetime per Section 18 of HAMA '56.[citation needed] Regardless of whether the marriage was formed before this Act was instated or after, the Act is still applicable. The only way the wife can null her maintenance is if she renounces being a Hindu and converts to a different religion, or if she commits adultery.[8]
The wife is allowed to live separately from her husband and still be provided for by him. This separation can be justified through a number of different reasons, including if he has another wife living, if he has converted to a different religion other than Hinduism, if he has treated her cruelly, or even has a violent case of leprosy.[9]
If the wife is widowed by her late husband, then it is the duty of the father-in-law to provide for her. This legal obligation only comes into effect if the widowed wife has no other means of providing for herself. If she has land of her own, or means of an income and can maintain herself then the father-in-law is free from obligation to her. Additionally, if the widow remarries then her late husband's father-in-law does is not legally bound by this Act anymore as well.[10]
Maintenance of a child or of aged parents[edit]
Under this Act, a child is guaranteed maintenance from his or her parents until the child ceases to be a minor. This is in effect for both legitimate and illegitimate children who are claimed by the parent or parents. Parents or infirmed daughters, on the other hand, must be maintained so long as they are unable to maintain for themselves.[11] Sections 20-22 of the Act cover the same, and provide for the maintenance of any dependents of an individual.

Amount of maintenance provided[edit]
The amount of maintenance awarded, if any, is dependent on the discretion of the courts. Particular factors included in the decision process include the position or status of the parties, the number of persons entitled to maintenance, the reasonable wants of the claimants, if the claimant is living separately and if the claimant is justified in doing so, and the value of the claimant's estate and income. If any debts are owed by the deceased, then those are to be paid before the amount of maintenance is awarded or even considered.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/s18.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/hinduadoptionsact.htm
Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=195678
Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=195678
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsa
Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=195678
Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=195678
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/s18.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/s18.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/s18.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/s18.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/hinduadoptionsact/s18.htm
[show]
v
t
e
Adoption and foster care
By country
Australia
France
Guatemala
Italy
Philippines
United States
Issues
Adopted child syndrome
Adoption disclosure
Adoption home study
Adoption reunion registry
Adoption tax credit
Aging out
Child abuse
Child laundering
Closed adoption
Cultural variations in adoption
Disruption
Genealogical bewilderment
International adoption
Interracial adoption
Language of adoption
LGBT adoption
Open adoption
Sealed birth records
Laws
Access to Adoption Records Act (Ontario)
Adoption Information Disclosure Act (Ontario)
Adoption and Safe Families Act (USA)
Christian law of adoption (India)
Foster Care Independence Act (USA)
Hague Adoption Convention
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (India)
Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
Uniform Adoption Act (USA)
Putative Father Registry (USA)
Dima Yakovlev Law (Russia)
History
Adoption in ancient Rome
Fosterage
Baby Scoop Era
Home Children
[show]
v
t
e
Indian legislation
Constitution of India (amendments)
Indian Penal Code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Acts of the Parliament
Ordinance
In Force
Consumer
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Essential Commodities Act
Essential Services Maintenance Act
Corruption
Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988
Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011
Criminal
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007
Arms Act, 1959
Army Act, 1950
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act
Indian Evidence Act
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
National Security Act (India)
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Education
Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017
Institutes of Technology Act, 1961
National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
University Grants Commission Act, 1956
Environment
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
CAMPA bill
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Indian Forest Act, 1927
National Green Tribunal Act
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Financial
Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016
Banking Regulation Act, 1949
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act
Depositories Act
The Electricity Act, 2003
Expenditure Tax Act, 1987
Finance Act (India)
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Foreign Exchange Management Act
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Government Securities Act, 2006
Indian Contract Act, 1872
Indian Stamp Act, 1899
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
Insurance Act, 1938
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
The Competition Act, 2002
The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978
The Income-tax Act, 1961
Transfer of Property Act 1882
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976
Healthcare
Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973
Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010
Dentist Act
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954
Indian Medical Council Act
Mental Health Act, 1987
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
Labour
Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976
Factories Act,1948, India
Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017
Minimum Wages Act 1948
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008
Personal
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)
Majority Act (India)
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Special Marriage Act, 1954
The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986
Social
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
National Food Security Act, 2013
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
Street Vendors Act, 2014
State Laws
Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act
The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949
Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009
Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012
Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009
Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act
State Reorganisation
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014
Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
States Reorganisation Act, 1956
Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
Terrorism
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
Transportation
Aircraft Act
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
National Waterways Act, 2016
Inland Vessels Act
Metro Railways Act, 1978
Metro Railway Act, 2002
Organisation / Body
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949
Companies Act 2013
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
Indian Trusts Act, 1882
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Societies Registration Act, 1860
The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
Repeal
Repealing and Amending Act, 2015
Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015
Repealing and Amending Act, 2016
Repealing and Amending Act, 2017
Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017
Other
All India Services Act, 1951
Delimitation Act
Enemy Property Act, 1968
Information Technology Act, 2000
Nuclear Liability Act
Official Secrets Act (India)
Representation of the People Act, 1951
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
Right to Information Act, 2005
State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005
The Foreigners Act, 1946
Repealed
Pre-Independence
Age of Consent Act, 1891
Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850
Criminal Tribes Act
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
English Education Act 1835
Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907
Post-Independence
Anti-Copying Act, 1992
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
Gift Tax Act, 1958
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983
Interest Tax Act, 1974
Maintenance of Internal Security Act
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
The Gold (Control) Act, 1968
Wealth Tax Act, 1957
Bills
Proposed
Foreign Education Providers Bill, 2013
Geospatial Information Regulation Bill
Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act
Marriage Laws Amendment Bill
Road Transport and Safety Bill
Uniform civil code
Lapsed
Judges Assets Bill
Women's Reservation Bill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act_(1956)&oldid=814047499"
Categories:
Adoption law
1956 in law
Indian family law
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2016
Use Indian English from July 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 December 2017, at 16:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: tbody

value: table

values:
/wiki/Illegitimate_child
mw-redirect
Illegitimate child

values:
/wiki/Modern_Hindu_Law
mw-redirect
Modern Hindu Law

values: Edit section: Legal implications for an adopted child

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Maintenance of a child or of aged parents

values: Edit section: Amount of maintenance provided

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

values:
/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure,_1973
mw-redirect
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

values: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002

values: Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act

values: Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017

values: National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007

values: Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973

values:
/wiki/Dentist_Act
mw-redirect
Dentist Act

values: Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976

values: The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006

values: Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009

values: Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act

values: The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008

values: Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015

values: Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017

values: Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Use Indian English from July 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: ਹਿੰਦੂ ਗੋਦ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਗਰਾਨੀ ਐਕਟ – Punjabi

values: ہندو قانون تبنیت و پرورش – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act_1956 rootpage-Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act_1956 skin-vector action-view