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List of Real Madrid C.F. records and statistics
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Cristiano Ronaldo, pictured here in September 2011, is Real Madrid's all-time leading goalscorer with 424 goals in all competitions.
Real Madrid C.F. is a Spanish professional association football club based in Madrid. The club was formed in 1902 as Madrid Football 'Club, and played its first competitive match on May 13, 1902, when it entered the semi-final of the Campeonato de Copa de S.M. Alfonso XIII.[1] Real Madrid currently plays in the Spanish La Liga. Real Madrid was one of the founding members of La Liga in 1929, and is one of three clubs, including FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, never to have been relegated from the league. They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first Spanish club to enter the European Cup in 1955, except for the 1977–78 and 1996–97 seasons.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Real Madrid and records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Real Madrid players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club.
The club currently holds the record for the most European Cup / UEFA Champions League triumphs with 12, and the most La Liga titles with 33. Also Real Madrid is the most successful club in international titles with 24 more than any team in the world. The club's record appearance maker is Raúl, who made 741 appearances from 1994 to 2010; the club's record goalscorer is Cristiano Ronaldo, who has 420 goals in all competitions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Players
1.1 Appearances
1.1.1 Others
1.2 Goalscorers
1.2.1 By competition
1.2.2 In a single season
1.2.3 In a single match
1.2.4 Others
1.2.5 Historical goals
1.3 Internationals
1.4 Award winners
1.5 Transfers
1.5.1 Highest transfer fees paid
1.5.2 Highest transfer fees received
2 Managerial records
3 Team records
3.1 Matches
3.1.1 Record wins
3.1.2 Record defeats
3.1.3 Streaks
3.2 Wins/draws/losses in a season
3.3 Goals
3.4 Points
4 Season-by-season performance
5 Footnotes
6 References
Players[edit]
See also: List of Real Madrid C.F. players
Appearances[edit]
Competitive, professional matches only. Bold indicates player is still active at club level.
As of 14 December 2017
Name
Years
League
Cup
Europe[A]
Other[B]
Total
1 Raúl 1994–2010 550 37 132 22 741
2 Iker Casillas 1999–2015 510 40 152 23 725
3 Manuel Sanchís 1983–2001 523 67 100 20 710
4 Carlos Santillana 1971–1988 461 84 87 13 645
5 Fernando Hierro 1989–2003 439 43 103 16 601
5 Francisco Gento 1953–1971 428 74 95 4 601
7 José Camacho 1973–1989 414 61 90 12 577
8 Pirri 1964–1980 417 67 75 2 561
9 Míchel 1981–1996 404 53 88 14 559
10 Sergio Ramos 2005–present 378 51 108 7 544
Others[edit]
Player with most major trophies with Real Madrid : 23 Francisco Gento[2]
Youngest first-team player: 7003600100000000000♠16 years, 157 days – Martin Ødegaard v Getafe CF, 2014–15 La Liga, 23 May 2015[3]
Oldest post-Second World War player: 7004141130000000000♠38 years, 233 days – Ferenc Puskás v Sevilla, 1965–66 La Liga, 21 November 1965
Most appearances in La Liga: 550 – Raúl
Most appearances in Copa del Rey: 84 – Carlos Santillana
Most appearances in Copa de la Liga: 12
Carlos Santillana
Ricardo Gallego
Most appearances in Supercopa de España: 12
Raúl
Iker Casillas
Sergio Ramos
Most appearances in International competitions: 1621 – Iker Casillas
Most appearances in UEFA Club competitions: 1572 – Iker Casillas
Most appearances in European competitions: 1553 – Iker Casillas
Most appearances in UEFA Champions League: 152 – Iker Casillas
Most appearances in UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 16 – Gregorio Benito
Most appearances in UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League: 44 Míchel
Most appearances in UEFA Super Cup: 3
Raúl González
Roberto Carlos
Iker Casillas
Dani Carvajal
Sergio Ramos
Karim Benzema
Luka Modrić
Marcelo
Isco
Most appearances in Intercontinental Cup: 3
Pachín
Fernando Hierro
Raúl González
Roberto Carlos
Most appearances in FIFA Club World Cup: 6
Cristiano Ronaldo
Marcelo
Karim Benzema
Raphaël Varane
Most appearances as a foreign player in all competitions: 527 – Roberto Carlos
Most appearances as a foreign player in La Liga: 370 – Roberto Carlos
Most consecutive League appearances: 171 – Alfredo Di Stéfano – from September 27, 1953 at February 22, 1959 is 7003197400000000000♠5 years, 148 days
1Includes all European club competitive competitions, Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.
2Includes all European club competitive competitions and Intercontinental Cup.
3Includes European Cup / UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League, UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup.
Goalscorers[edit]
Competitive, professional matches only. Appearances, including substitutes, appear in brackets.
As of 22 November 2017
#
Name
Years
League[4]
Cup
Europe[A]
Other[B]
Total
Ratio
1 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009–present 291 !291 (280) 22 !22 (30) 99 !99 (94) 12 !12 (15) 424 !424 (419) 1.01
2 Raúl 1994–2010 228 !228 (550) 018 !18 (37) 066 !66 (132) 011 !11 (22) 323 !323 (741) 0.44
3 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953–1964 216 !216 (282) 040 !40 (50) 049 !49 (58) 003 !3 (6) 308 !308 (396) 0.78
4 Carlos Santillana 1971–1988 186 !186 (461) 049 !49 (84) 047 !47 (87) 007 !8 (13) 290 !290 (645) 0.45
5 Ferenc Puskás 1958–1966 156 !156 (180) 049 !49 (41) 035 !35 (39) 002 !2 (2) 240 !242 (262) 0.92
6 Hugo Sánchez 1985–1992 164 !164 (207) 019 !19 (32) 023 !23 (39) 002 !2 (4) 208 !208 (282) 0.74
7 Karim Benzema 2009–present 123 !123 (253) 015 !15 (33) 041 !41 (78) 005 !5 (15) 185 !185 (384) 0.48
8 Francisco Gento 1952–1970 126 !126 (428) 022 !22 (74) 030 !30 (95) 004 !4 (4) 182 !182 (601) 0.3
9 Pirri 1964–1979 123 !123 (417) 025 !25 (67) 023 !23 (75) 001 !1 (2) 172 !172 (561) 0.31
10 Emilio Butragueño 1983–1995 123 !123 (341) 016 !16 (39) 027 !27 (75) 005 !5 (8) 171 !171 (463) 0.37
By competition[edit]
Most goals scored in all competitions: 424 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
Most goals scored in La Liga: 291 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
Most goals scored in Copa del Rey: 49
Ferenc Puskás, 1958–1966
Carlos Santillana, 1971–1988
Most goals scored in Copa de la Liga: 7 – Carlos Santillana, 1971–1988
Most goals scored in Supercopa de España: 7 – Raúl González, 1994–2010
Most goals scored in International competitions1: 107 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
Most goals scored in European competitions2: 101 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
Most goals scored in European Cup: 49 – Alfredo Di Stéfano, 1953–1964
Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League: 99 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
Most goals scored in UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 11 – Carlos Santillana, 1971–1988
Most goals scored in UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League: 15 – Carlos Santillana, 1971–1988
Most goals scored in UEFA Super Cup: 2 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
Most goals scored in Intercontinental Cup: 2 – Ferenc Puskás, 1958–1966
Most goals scored in FIFA Club World Cup: 6 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–present
1Includes all European club competitive competitions, Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.
2Includes European Cup / UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League, UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup.
In a single season[edit]
Most goals scored in a season in all competitions: 61 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2014–15
Most goals scored in a single La Liga season: 48 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2014–15
Most goals scored in a single Copa del Rey season: 15 – Ferenc Puskás, 1960–61
Most goals scored in a single Copa de la Liga season: 4 – Carlos Santillana, 1982–83
Most goals scored in a single European Cup season: 12 – Ferenc Puskás, 1959–60
Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League season: 17 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2013–14[5]
Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League group stage: 11 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2015–16
Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League knockout stage: 10 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2016–17
Most goals scored in a single UEFA Cup Winners' Cup season: 8 – Carlos Santillana, 1982–83
In a single match[edit]
Most goals scored in a League match: 5
Manuel Alday v Espanyol, 28 February 1943
Antonio Alsúa v Castellón, 2 February 1947
Miguel Muñoz v Lleida, 30 January 1951
Pepillo II v Elche, 7 February 1960
Ferenc Puskás v Elche, 22 January 1961
Fernando Morientes v Las Palmas, 9 February 2002
Cristiano Ronaldo v Granada, 5 April 2015[6]
Cristiano Ronaldo v Espanyol, 12 September 2015
Most goals scored in a Copa del Rey match: 6
Benguría v Extremeño, 6 March 1927
Ferenc Puskás v Real Betis, 18 June 1961
Most goals scored in a Copa de la Liga match: 3
Carlos Santillana v Real Zaragoza, 22 June 1983
Most goals scored in a Supercopa de España match: 3
Raúl González v Zaragoza, 2001 Supercopa de España, 22 August 2001
Most goals scored in a European Cup match: 4
Ferenc Puskás, v Eintracht Frankfurt, Final 1959–60, and v Feyenoord, Preliminary round 1965–66
Alfredo Di Stéfano, v Sevilla, Quarter-final 1957–58, and v Wiener Sport-Club, Quarter-final 1958–59
Hugo Sánchez v Swarovski Tirol, Second round 1990–91
Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League match: 4
Cristiano Ronaldo v Malmö, Group Stage 2015-16
Most goals scored in a UEFA Super Cup match: 2
Cristiano Ronaldo v Sevilla, 2014 UEFA Super Cup, 12 August 2014
Most goals scored in an Intercontinental Cup match: 2
Ferenc Puskás v Peñarol, 1960 Intercontinental Cup, 4 September 1960
Most goals scored in a FIFA Club World Cup match: 3
Cristiano Ronaldo v Kashima Antlers, 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final, 18 December 2016
Others[edit]
Youngest goalscorer: 7003632300000000000♠17 years, 114 days – Alberto Rivera v Celta de Vigo, 1994–95 La Liga, 10 June 1995
Oldest post-Second World War goalscorer: – 7004141130000000000♠38 years, 233 days Ferenc Puskás v Sevilla FC, 1965–66 La Liga, 21 November 1965
Most goals scored in European Cup Finals: 7
Ferenc Puskás, four in 1960 and three in 1962.
Alfredo Di Stéfano, one in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 and three in 1960
Fastest goal:
12 seconds – Iván Zamorano v Sevilla FC, 1994–95 La Liga, 3 September 1994[7]
14 seconds – Ronaldo v Atlético Madrid, 2003–04 La Liga, 3 December 2003[8]
Fastest hat-trick: 8 minutes
Pepillo II v Real Sociedad, 1959–60 La Liga, 10 April 1960.[9]
Cristiano Ronaldo v Granada, 2014–15 La Liga, 5 April 2015
Fastest four goals: 20 minutes – Cristiano Ronaldo v Malmö FF, 2015–16 UEFA Champions League, 8 December 2015
Fastest five goals: 39 minutes – Pepillo II v Elche CF, 1959–60 La Liga, 7 February 1960.[9]
Most hat-tricks in all competitions: 42 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–Present
Most hat-tricks in La Liga: 32 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2009–Present
Most hat-tricks in a single season: 8 – Cristiano Ronaldo, 2014–15 (All in La Liga –once with four goals and once with five goals–).
Historical goals[edit]
Goal
Name
Date
Match
1st ever Arthur Johnson 13 May 1902 Barcelona 3 – Real Madrid 1
1st in La Liga Jaime Lazcano 10 February 1929 Real Madrid 5 – Europa 0
1st in European Cup Miguel Muñoz 8 September 1955 Servette 0 – Real Madrid 2
1000th in La Liga Pahiño 5 November 1950 Athletic 2 – Real Madrid 5
1000th in European Competition Karim Benzema 16 September 2014 Real Madrid 5 – FC Basel 1
2000th in La Liga Francisco Gento 9 November 1963 Real Madrid 3 – Pontevedra 1
3000th in La Liga Juanito 20 January 1982 Salamanca 1 – Real Madrid 3
4000th in La Liga Iván Zamorano 22 December 1994 Valladolid 0 – Real Madrid 5
5000th in La Liga Guti 14 September 2008 Real Madrid 4 – Numancia 3
Internationals[edit]
First international for Spain: Juan Monjardín, Spain v Portugal (17 December 1922)
Most international caps (total): 167 – Iker Casillas, Spain
Most international caps as a Real Madrid player: 162 – Iker Casillas, Spain
Most international goals (total): 84 – Ferenc Puskás, Hungary
Most international goals as a Real Madrid player: 46 – Cristiano Ronaldo, Portugal
Award winners[edit]
Ballon d'Or (1956–2009, 2016–)
The following players have won the Ballon d'Or while playing for Real Madrid:[10]
Alfredo Di Stéfano – 1957, 1959
Raymond Kopa – 1958
Luís Figo – 2000
Ronaldo – 2002
Fabio Cannavaro – 2006
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2016, 2017
FIFA World Player of the Year
The following players have won the FIFA World Player of the Year award while playing for Real Madrid:
Luís Figo – 2001
Ronaldo – 2002
Zinedine Zidane – 2003
Fabio Cannavaro – 2006
FIFA Ballon d'Or
The following players have won the FIFA Ballon d'Or while playing for Real Madrid:
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2013, 2014
The Best FIFA Men's Player
The following players have won the Best FIFA Men's Player while playing for Real Madrid:
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2016, 2017
European Golden Shoe
The following players have won the European Golden Shoe while playing for Real Madrid:
Hugo Sánchez – 1990 (38 goals)
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2011 (40 goals), 2014 (31 goals), 2015 (49 goals)
UEFA Club Footballer of the Year
The following players have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award while playing for Real Madrid:
Fernando Redondo – 2000
Zinedine Zidane – 2002
UEFA Best Player in Europe Award
The following players have won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award while playing for Real Madrid:
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2014, 2016, 2017
Transfers[edit]
Highest transfer fees paid[edit]
Gareth Bale, signed in September 2013 from Tottenham Hotspur F.C. for £85.3 million, became Real Madrid's most expensive purchase.
Real Madrid's record signings are Gareth Bale and Cristiano Ronaldo. Bale, who signed for the club from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee which according to media reports is £85.3 million in September 2013. Ronaldo, who signed from Manchester United for a fee of £80 million in July 2009.
Player
From
Transfer Fee
(£ millions)[11][12]
Transfer Fee (€ millions)
Date
Ref
1 Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur £85.3 €100 September 2013 [13]
2 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United £80 €94 June 2009 [14]
3 James Rodríguez Monaco £63 €78 July 2014 [15]
4 Kaká Milan £56 €67 June 2009 [16]
5 Zinedine Zidane Juventus £45 €77.5 July 2001 [17]
6 Luís Figo Barcelona £37 €62 July 2000 [18]
7 Ronaldo Inter £29 €46 August 2002 [19]
8 Vinícius Júnior Flamengo £39.6 €45 June 2017 [20]
9 David Beckham Manchester United £24.5 €37.5 June 2003 [21]
10 Arjen Robben Chelsea £21 €36 August 2007 [22]
Highest transfer fees received[edit]
The club's record sale came on 26 August 2014, when they sold Ángel Di María to Manchester United for a British record fee of £59.7 million.
Player
To
Transfer fee
(£ millions)[11][12]
Transfer fee (€ millions)
Date
Ref
1 Ángel Di María Manchester United £59.7 €75.6 August 2014 [23]
2 Álvaro Morata Chelsea £58.5 €65.5 July 2017 [24]
3 Mesut Özil Arsenal £42.4 €50 September 2013 [25]
4 Robinho Manchester City £32.5 €42 September 2008 [26]
5 Gonzalo Higuaín Napoli £34.5 €40 July 2013 [27]
6 Nicolas Anelka Paris Saint-Germain £22 €34.5 July 2000 [28]
7 Danilo Manchester City £26.5 €30 July 2017 [29]
8 Michael Owen Newcastle United £17 €25.5 September 2005 [30]
9 Jesé Paris Saint-Germain £22.1 €25 August 2016 [31]
10 Clarence Seedorf Inter £12 €25 December 1999 [32]
Managerial records[edit]
See also: List of Real Madrid C.F. managers
First full-time manager: Arthur Johnson.
Longest-serving manager by time: Miguel Muñoz – 15 years in two spells from February 1959 to April 1959 and from April 1960 to January 1974.
Longest-serving manager by matches: Miguel Muñoz – 604 matches.
Team records[edit]
See also: Football records in Spain
Matches[edit]
First competitive match: 1–3 v Barcelona, 1902 Copa de la Coronación, (Semi-final), 13 May 1902
First La Liga match: 5–0 v CE Europa, 1929 La Liga, 10 February 1929
First match at Santiago Bernabéu: 3–1 v Belenenses, 14 December 1947
First competitive match at Santiago Bernabéu: 3–1 v Español, 1947–48 La Liga, 18 December 1947
First Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes match: 3–2 v La Salle, 1952 Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes, 13 July 1952
First Latin Cup match: 2–0 v Belenenses, 1952 Latin Cup, (Semi-final), 22 May 1955
First European Cup match: 2–0 v Servette, 1955–56 European Cup, (Round 1 - First leg), 8 September 1955
First Intercontinental Cup match: 0–0 v Peñarol, 1960 Intercontinental Cup, (First leg), 3 July 1960
First UEFA Cup Winners' Cup match: 0–0 v Hibernians F.C., 1970–71 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, (Round 1 - First leg), 17 September 1970
First UEFA Cup match: 2–1 v Basel, 1971–72 UEFA Cup, (Round 1 - First leg), 15 September 1971
First UEFA Champions League match: 0–1 v Ajax, 1995–96 UEFA Champions League, (Group stage), 13 September 1995
First UEFA Super Cup match: 0–1 v Chelsea, 1998 UEFA Super Cup, 28 August 1998
First FIFA Club World Cup match: 3–1 v Al-Nassr, 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, (Group stage), 5 January 2000
Record wins[edit]
Record League win: 11–2 against Elche (during the 1959–60 La Liga).
Record Cup win: 11–1 against Barcelona (during the 1942–43 Copa del Rey).
Record European win: 9–0 against B 1913 (during the 1961–62 European Cup).
Record home win: 11–2 against Elche (during the 1959–60 La Liga).
Record away win:
7–1 against Real Zaragoza (during the 1987–88 La Liga).
8–2 against Deportivo de La Coruña (during the 2014–15 La Liga).
Record defeats[edit]
Record League defeat: 1–8 against Espanyol (during the 1929–1930 La Liga).
Record Cup defeat: 0–6 against Valencia (during the 1998–99 Copa del Rey).
Record European defeat:
0–5 against 1. FC Kaiserslautern (during the 1981–82 UEFA Cup).
0–5 against Milan (during the 1988–89 European Cup).
Record home defeat: 0–6 against Athletic Club (during the 1930–1931 La Liga).
Record away defeat: 1–8 against Espanyol (during the 1929–1930 La Liga).
Streaks[edit]
Longest unbeaten run (all major competitions): 40 matches (from 2015–16 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals first leg to day 16 2016–2017 season).
Longest unbeaten run (League): 121 matches (from 1956–57 season, to 1964–65 season).[33]
Longest winning streak (all major competitions): 22 matches (2014–15 season).
Longest winning streak (League): 16 matches (from day 27 2015–2016 season, to day 4 2016–2017 season).[34]
Longest winning home streak (League): 31 matches (from day 36 1987–88 season, to day 28 1988–89 season).
Longest winning away streak (League): 13 matches (from day 23 2016–17 season, to day 8 2017–18 season).
Longest winning streak from first match of season (League): 9 matches (1968–69 season).
Longest drawing streak (League): 4 matches (from day 23 2006–07 season, to day 26 2006–07 season).
Longest losing streak (League): 5 matches (from day 34 2008–09 season, to day 38 2008–09 season).
Longest streak without a win (League): 9 matches (1984–85 season).
Longest scoring run (all major competitions): 73 matches (from 2015–16 UEFA Champions League semi-finals first leg, to day 4 2017–18 season).[35]
Longest scoring run (League): 54 matches (from day 27 2015–16 season, to day 4 2017–18 season).
Longest non-scoring run (League): 3 matches (2001–02 season).
Longest streak without conceding a goal (League): 7 matches (1997–98 season).
Longest streak without conceding a goal (Cup): 8 matches (2013–14 season).
Wins/draws/losses in a season[edit]
Most league wins in a season: 32 in 38 games (during the 2011–12 season).
Most league home wins in a season: 18 in 19 games (during 1987–88 and 2009–10 seasons).
Most league away wins in a season: 16 in 19 games (during the 2011–12 season).
Most league draws in a season: 15 in 34 games (during the 1978–79 season).
Most league defeats in a season: 13 in 34 games (during the 1973–74 season).
Fewest league wins in a season: 7 in 18 games (during the 1929–30 season).
Fewest league draws in a season:
1 in 18 games (during the 1929 season).
1 in 22 games (during the 1934–35 and 1939–40 season).
Fewest league defeats in a season: 0 in 18 games (during the 1931–32 season).
Goals[edit]
Most league goals scored in a season: 121 (during the 2011–12 season).
Most goals scored in a season in all competitions: 174 (during the 2011–12 season).
Season with the best goal difference in a League season: +89 in 2011–12 season.
Fewest league goals scored in a season: 24 (during the 1930–31 season).
Most league goals conceded in a season: 71 (during the 1950–51 season).
Fewest league goals conceded in a season: 15 (during the 1931–32 season).
Points[edit]
Most points in a season:
Two points for a win: 66 in 44 matches (during the 1986–87 season).
Three points for a win: 100 in 38 matches (during the 2011–12 season).[36]
Fewest points in a season:
Two points for a win: 17 in 18 matches (during the 1929–30 season).
Three points for a win: 70 in 42 matches (during the 1995–96 season).
Season-by-season performance[edit]
Main article: List of Real Madrid C.F. seasons
Footnotes[edit]
A. ^ The "Europe" column constitutes goals and appearances in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League and UEFA Intertoto Cup.
B. ^ The "Other" column constitutes goals and appearances in the Supercopa de España, the Copa de la Liga, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Championship.
References[edit]
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text:
Damsel in distress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Damsel in Distress (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Paolo Uccello's depiction of Saint George and the dragon, c. 1470, a classic image of a damsel in distress.
The damsel-in-distress, persecuted maiden, or princess in jeopardy is a classic theme in world literature, art, film and video games. This trope usually involves a beautiful or innocent young woman, placed in a dire predicament by a villain, monster or alien, and who requires a male hero to achieve her rescue. After rescuing her, the hero often obtains her hand in marriage. She has become a stock character of fiction, particularly of melodrama. Though she is usually human, she can also be of any other species, including fictional or folkloric species; and even divine figures such as an angel, spirit, or deity.
The word "damsel" derives from the French demoiselle, meaning "young lady", and the term "damsel in distress" in turn is a translation of the French demoiselle en détresse.[citation needed] It is an archaic term not used in modern English except for effect or in expressions such as this. It can be traced back to the knight-errant of Medieval songs and tales, who regarded protection of women as an essential part of his chivalric code which includes a notion of honour and nobility.[1] The English term "damsel in distress" itself first appeared in Tobias Smollett's 1755 translation of Don Quixote, a parody of medieval chivalry tales.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient history
1.2 Post-classical history
1.3 Modern history
1.3.1 17th century
1.3.2 18th century
1.3.3 19th century
1.3.4 20th century
2 Critical and theoretical responses
3 Empowered damsel
4 In video games
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
History[edit]
Ancient history[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rembrandt's Andromeda chained to the rock – a late-Renaissance damsel in distress from Greek mythology.
The damsel in distress theme featured in the stories of the ancient Greeks. Greek mythology, while featuring a large retinue of competent goddesses, also contains helpless maidens threatened with sacrifice. For example, Andromeda's mother offended Poseidon, who sent a beast to ravage the land. To appease him Andromeda's parents fastened her to a rock in the sea. The hero Perseus slew the beast, saving Andromeda. Andromeda in her plight, chained naked to a rock, became a favorite theme of later painters. This theme of the Princess and dragon is also pursued in the myth of St George.
Another early example of a damsel in distress is Sita in the ancient Indian epic Ramayana. In the epic, Sita is kidnapped by the villain Ravana and taken to Lanka. Her husband Rama goes on a quest to rescue her, with the help of the monkey-god Hanuman.
Post-classical history[edit]
European fairy tales frequently feature damsels in distress. Evil witches trapped Rapunzel in a tower, cursed the princess to die in "Snow White", and put Sleeping Beauty into a magical sleep. In all of these, a valorous prince comes to the maiden's aid, saves her, and marries her (though Rapunzel is not directly saved by the prince, but instead saves him from blindness after her exile).
A number of tales in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) also feature damsels in distress. A particularly influential Arabian Nights tale of this type was "The Ebony Horse", which revolves around the Arabian Prince, Qamar al-Aqmar, with the help of his flying mechanical horse, rescuing his lover, the Princess of Sana'a, from a Persian sage and then from the Byzantine Emperor. This story appears to have influenced later European tales such as Adenes Le Roi's Cleomades and "The Squire's Tale" told in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.[3]
The damsel in distress was an archetypal character of medieval romances, where typically she was rescued from imprisonment in a tower of a castle by a knight-errant. Chaucer's The Clerk's Tale of the repeated trials and bizarre torments of patient Griselda was drawn from Petrarch. The Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame Blanche (founded 1399) was a chivalric order with the express purpose of protecting oppressed ladies.
The theme also entered the official hagiography of the Catholic Church – most famously in the story of Saint George who saved a princess from being devoured by a dragon. A late addition to the official account of this Saint's life, not attested in the several first centuries when he was venerated, it is nowadays the main act for which Saint George is remembered.
Obscure outside Norway is Hallvard Vebjørnsson, the Patron Saint of Oslo, recognised as a martyr after being killed while valiantly trying to defend a woman – most likely a slave – from three men accusing her of theft.
Modern history[edit]
17th century[edit]
In the 17th century English ballad The Spanish Lady (one of several English and Irish songs with that name), a Spanish lady captured by an English captain falls in love with her captor and begs him not to set her free but to take her with him to England, and in this appeal describes herself as "A lady in distress".[4]
18th century[edit]
Frank Bernard Dicksee. Chivalry
The damsel in distress makes her debut in the modern novel as the title character of Samuel Richardson's Clarissa (1748), where she is menaced by the wicked seducer Lovelace.
Reprising her medieval role, the damsel in distress is a staple character of Gothic literature, where she is typically incarcerated in a castle or monastery and menaced by a sadistic nobleman, or members of the religious orders. Early examples in this genre include Matilda in Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, Emily in Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho, and Antonia in Matthew Lewis' The Monk.
The perils faced by this Gothic heroine were taken to an extreme by the Marquis de Sade in Justine, who exposed the erotic subtext which lay beneath the damsel-in-distress scenario.
John Everett Millais' The Knight Errant of 1870 saves a damsel in distress and underlines the erotic subtext of the genre.
One exploration of the theme of the persecuted maiden is the fate of Gretchen in Goethe's Faust. According to the philosopher Schopenhauer:
The great Goethe has given us a distinct and visible description of this denial of the will, brought about by great misfortune and by the despair of all deliverance, in his immortal masterpiece Faust, in the story of the sufferings of Gretchen. I know of no other description in poetry. It is a perfect specimen of the second path, which leads to the denial of the will not, like the first, through the mere knowledge of the suffering of the whole world which one acquires voluntarily, but through the excessive pain felt in one's own person. It is true that many tragedies bring their violently willing heroes ultimately to this point of complete resignation, and then the will-to-live and its phenomenon usually end at the same time. But no description known to me brings to us the essential point of that conversion so distinctly and so free from everything extraneous as the one mentioned in Faust (The World as Will and Representation, Vol. I, §68)
19th century[edit]
The misadventures of the damsel in distress of the Gothic continued in a somewhat caricatured form in Victorian melodrama. According to Michael Booth in his classic study English Melodrama the Victorian stage melodrama featured a limited number of stock characters: the hero, the villain, the heroine, an old man, an old woman, a comic man and a comic woman engaged in a sensational plot featuring themes of love and murder. Often the good but not very clever hero is duped by a scheming villain, who has eyes on the damsel in distress until fate intervenes to ensure the triumph of good over evil.[5]
Such melodrama influenced the fledgling cinema industry and led to damsels in distress being the subject of many early silent films, especially those that were made as multi-episode serials. Early examples include The Adventures of Kathlyn in 1913 and The Hazards of Helen, which ran from 1914 to 1917. The silent movie heroines frequently faced new perils provided by the industrial revolution and catering to the new medium's need for visual spectacle. Here we find the heroine tied to a railway track, burning buildings, and explosions. Sawmills were another stereotypical danger of the industrial age, as recorded in a popular song from a later era:
“ ... A bad gunslinger called Salty Sam was chasin' poor Sweet Sue
He trapped her in the old sawmill and said with an evil laugh,
If you don't give me the deed to your ranch
I'll saw you all in half!
And then he grabbed her (and then)
He tied her up (and then)
He turned on the bandsaw (and then, and then...!) ...
”
— Along Came Jones by The Coasters
20th century[edit]
Jungle girl Nyoka, played by Kay Aldridge, frequently found herself in distress in Perils of Nyoka
During the First World War, the imagery of a Damsel in Distress was extensively used in Allied propaganda (see illustrations). Particularly, the Imperial German conquest and occupation of Belgium was commonly referred to as The Rape of Belgium - effectively making British and French soldiers into knights bent on saving that rape victim. This was expressed explicitly in the lyrics of Keep the Home Fires Burning mentioning British boys as having gone to help a "Nation in Distress".
A form of entertainment in which the damsel-in-distress emerged as a stereotype at this time was stage magic. Restraining attractive female assistants and imperiling them with blades and spikes became a staple of 20th century magicians' acts. Noted illusion designer and historian Jim Steinmeyer identifies the beginning of this phenomenon as coinciding with the introduction of the "sawing a woman in half" illusion. In 1921 magician P. T. Selbit became the first to present such an act to the public. Steinmeyer observes that: "Before Selbit's illusion, it was not a cliche that pretty ladies were teased and tortured by magicians. Since the days of Robert-Houdin, both men and women were used as the subjects for magic illusions". However, changes in fashion and great social upheavals during the first decades of the 20th century made Selbit's choice of "victim" both practical and popular. The trauma of war had helped to desensitise the public to violence and the emancipation of women had changed attitudes to them. Audiences were tiring of older, more genteel forms of magic. It took something shocking, such as the horrific productions of the Grand Guignol theatre, to cause a sensation in this age. Steinmeyer concludes that: "beyond practical concerns, the image of the woman in peril became a specific fashion in entertainment".[6]
The damsel-in-distress continued as a mainstay of the comics, film, and television industries throughout the 20th century. Imperiled heroines in need of rescue were a frequent occurrence in black-and-white film serials made by studios such as Columbia Pictures, Mascot Pictures, Republic Pictures, and Universal Studios, and in the 1930s, 40s and early 50s. These serials sometimes drew inspiration for their characters and plots from adventure novels and comic books. Notable examples include the character Nyoka the Jungle Girl, whom Edgar Rice Burroughs created for comic books and who was later adapted into a serial heroine in Republic productions such as Perils of Nyoka (1942). Additional classic damsels in that mold were Jane Porter, in both the novel and movie versions of Tarzan, and Ann Darrow, as played by Fay Wray in the movie King Kong (1933), in one of the most iconic instances. The notorious hoax documentary Ingagi (1930) also featured this idea, and Wray's role was repeated by Jessica Lange and Naomi Watts in remakes. As journalist Andrew Erish has noted: "Gorillas plus sexy women in peril equals enormous profits".[7] A small screen iconic portrayal, this time in children's cartoons, was Underdog's girlfriend, Sweet Polly Purebred.
Frequently cited examples of a damsel in distress in comics include Lois Lane, who was eternally getting into trouble and needing to be rescued by Superman, and Olive Oyl, who was in a near-constant state of kidnap, requiring her to be saved by Popeye.
Critical and theoretical responses[edit]
A US World War I poster (Harry R. Hopps; 1917) invites prospective recruits to symbolically save a "damsel in distress" from the monstrous Germans.
Damsels in distress have been cited as an example of differential treatment of genders in literature, film, and works of art. Feminist criticism of art, film, and literature has often examined gender-oriented characterisation and plot, including the common "damsel in distress" trope, as perpetrating regressive and patronizing myths about women.[8][9] Many modern writers and directors, such as Anita Sarkeesian, Angela Carter and Jane Yolen, have revisited classic fairy tales and "damsel in distress" stories or collected and anthologised stories and folk tales that break[clarification needed] the "damsel in distress" pattern.[10]
While late twentieth-century feminist criticism may have highlighted alternatives to the damsel stereotype, the origins of some alternatives are to be found elsewhere. Joseph Campbell's work on comparative mythology has provided a theoretical model for heroes throughout the history of literature, drama, and film, which has been further developed by dramaturgical writers such as Christopher Vogler. These theories suggest that within the underlying story arc of every hero is found an episode known as the ordeal, where the character is almost destroyed. By surviving fear, danger, or torture the hero proves he or she has special qualities and ultimately emerges re-invented to progress to ultimate victory. Within this theory the empowered "damsel" can be a female hero rendered powerless and imperilled during her heroic ordeal but who ultimately emerges as a strong figure who claims victory; yet the male and female versions of such ordeal and empowerment still differ at a fundamental level, in that when there is a character doing the rescuing (sometimes referred to as "help unlooked for"), he is almost invariably male.[citation needed]
A poster for The Perils of Pauline (1914).
Romania as a helpless "damsel in distress" threatened by the brutal Imperial Germany, in a French World War I caricature
Empowered damsel[edit]
Examples can be found in films that date back to the early days of movie making. One of the films most often associated with the stereotype of the damsel in distress, The Perils of Pauline (1914), in fact provides at least a partial counterexample, in that Pauline, as played by Pearl White, is a strong character who decides against early marriage in favour of seeking adventure and becoming an author. Despite common belief, the film does not feature scenes with Pauline tied to a railroad track and threatened by a buzzsaw, although such scenes were incorporated into later re-creations and were also featured in other films made in the period around 1914. Academic Ben Singer has contested the idea that these "serial-queen melodramas" were male fantasies and has observed that they were marketed heavily at women.[11] The first motion picture serial made in the United States, What Happened to Mary? (1912), was released to coincide with a serial story of the same name published in McClure's Ladies' World magazine.
Empowered damsels were a feature of the serials made in the 1930s and 1940s by studios such as Republic Pictures. The "cliffhanger" scenes at the end of episodes provide many examples of female heroines bound and helpless and facing fiendish death traps. But those heroines, as played by actresses such as Linda Stirling and Kay Aldridge, were often strong, assertive women who ultimately played an active part in vanquishing the villains.[citation needed]
C.L. Moore's 1934 story "Shambleau" – generally acknowledged as epoch-making in the history of science fiction – begins in what seems a classical damsel in distress situation: the protagonist, space adventurer Northwest Smith, sees a "sweetly-made girl" pursued by a lynch mob intent on killing her and intervenes to save her, but finds her not a girl nor a human being at all, but a disguised alien creature, predatory and highly dangerous. Soon, Smith himself needs rescuing and barely escapes with his life.
These themes have received successive updates in modern-era characters, ranging from 'spy girls' of the 1960s to current movie and television heroines. In her book The Devil With James Bond (1967) Ann Boyd compared James Bond with an updating of the legend of St George and the "princess and dragon" genre, particularly with Dr. No's dragon tank. The damsel in distress theme is also very prominent in The Spy Who Loved Me, where the story is told in the first person by the young woman Vivienne Michel, who is threatened with imminent rape by thugs when Bond kills them and claims her as his reward.
The female spy Emma Peel in the 1960s British television series The Avengers was often seen in "damsel in distress" situations. The character and her reactions, as portrayed by actress Diana Rigg, differentiated these scenes from other movie and television scenarios where women were similarly imperilled as pure victims or pawns in the plot. A scene with Emma Peel bound and threatened with a death ray in the episode From Venus with Love is a direct parallel to James Bond's confrontation with a laser in the film Goldfinger.[12] Both are examples of the classic hero's ordeal as described by Campbell and Vogler. The serial heroines and Emma Peel are cited as providing inspiration for the creators of strong heroines in more recent times. Ranging from Joan Wilder in Romancing the Stone and Princess Leia in Star Wars to "post feminist" icons such as Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Xena and Gabrielle from Xena: Warrior Princess, Sydney Bristow from Alias, Kim Possible from the series of the same name and Veronica Mars also from the series of the same name.[13][14][15]
Reflecting these changes, Daphne Blake of the Scooby-Doo cartoon series (who throughout the series is captured dozens of times, falls through trap doors, etc.) is portrayed in the Scooby-Doo film as a wisecracking feminist heroine (quote: "I've had it with this damsel in distress thing!"). The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes includes a classical damsel in distress episode, where Irene Adler (played by Rachel McAdams) is helplessly bound to a conveyor belt in an industrial slaughterhouse, and is saved from being sawn in half by a chainsaw; yet in other episodes of the same film Adler is strong and assertive – for example, overcoming with contemptuous ease two thugs who sought to rob her (and robbing them instead). In the film's climax it is Adler who saves the British Empire, dismantling at the last moment a device set to poison the entire membership of Parliament.
In the final scene of the 2007 Walt Disney Pictures film Enchanted the traditional roles are reversed when male protagonist Robert (Patrick Dempsey) is captured by Queen Narissa (Susan Sarandon) in her dragon form. In a King Kong fashion, she carries him to the top of a New York skyscraper, until Robert's beloved Giselle climbs, sword in hand, to save him.
A similar role reversal is evident in Stieg Larsson's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, in whose climatic scene the male protagonist is captured by a mass murderer, locked in an underground torture room, chained, stripped naked, and humiliated when his female partner enters to save him and destroy the villain. Still another example is Foxglove Summer, part of Ben Aaronovitch's Rivers of London series - where the protagonist Peter Grant is bound and taken captive by the Queen of the Faeries, and it is Grant's girlfriend who comes to rescue him, riding a Steel Horse.
In Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen (1844), the protagonist Gerda, a little girl, rescues her friend Kai, a little boy, from the Snow Queen. In the 2013 film adaptation Frozen, Gerda and Kai are substituted with the sisters Anna and Elsa respectively.
In video games[edit]
See also: Gender representation in video games and Women and video games
External image
Amiibo figurine of Princess Peach as she appeared in Super Mario Odyssey, in which Peach is portrayed in her recurring role of the damsel in distress.
In computer and video games, female characters are often cast in the role of the damsel in distress, with their rescue being the objective of the game.[16][17] Princess Zelda in the early The Legend of Zelda series and who has been described by Gladys L. Knight in her book Female Action Heroes as "perhaps one the most well-known 'damsel in distress' princesses in video game history",[18] the Sultan's daughter in Prince of Persia, and Princess Peach through much of the Mario series are paradigmatic examples. According to Salzburge Academy on Media and Global Change, in 1981 Nintendo offered game designer Shigeru Miyamoto to create a new video game for the American market. In the game the hero was Mario, and the objective of the game was to rescue a young princess named Peach. Peach was depicted as having a pink dress and blond hair. The princess was kidnapped and trapped in a castle by the villain Bowser, who is depicted as a turtle. Princess Peach appears in 15 of the main Super Mario games and is kidnapped in 13 of them. The only main games in which Peach was not kidnapped were in the North America release of Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario 3D World, but she was a character that can be played. Zelda became playable in some later games of the Legend of Zelda series or had the pattern altered.[citation needed]
In the Dragon's Lair game series, Princess Daphne is the beautiful daughter of King Aethelred and an unnamed queen. She serves as the series' damsel in distress.[19][20] Jon M. Gibson of GameSpy called Daphne "the epitome" as an example of the trope.[21] She has been the subject of controversy over sexism in video gaming due to her role and sexualization in the games.[22]
See also[edit]
Feminist film theory
Feminist literary criticism
Feminist science fiction
Final girl
Missing white woman syndrome
Portrayal of women in comics
Portrayal of women in video games
Predicament escape
Princess and dragon
Scream queen
Target girl
Women in Refrigerators
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Johan Huizinga remarks in his book The Waning of the Middle Ages, "the source of the chivalrous idea, is pride aspiring to beauty, and formalised pride gives rise to a conception of honour, which is the pole of noble life". Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919) 1924:58.
Jump up ^ Miguel de Cervantes, The History and Adventures of the Renowned Don Quixote, translated by T. Smollett, London: 1755, p. 180. The Spanish original reads "una doncella afligida y menesterosa."
Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph, Richard van Leeuwen, Hassan Wassouf (2004). The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 172–4. ISBN 1-57607-204-5.
Jump up ^ "Spanish Lady".
Jump up ^ Booth, Michael (1965). English Melodrama. Herbert Jenkins.
Jump up ^ Steinmeyer, Jim (2003). Hiding the Elephant: How Magicians Invented the Impossible. William Heinemann/Random House. pp. 277–295. ISBN 0-434-01325-0.
Jump up ^ Erish, Andrew (8 January 2006). "Illegitimate dad of 'Kong'; One of the Depression's highest-grossing films was an outrageous fabrication, a scandalous and suggestive gorilla epic that set box office records across the country". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Damsel in Distress (Part 2) Tropes vs Women". 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Alison Lurie, "Fairy Tale Liberation", The New York Review of Books, v. 15, n. 11 (Dec. 17, 1970) (germinal work in the field); Donald Haase, "Feminist Fairy-Tale Scholarship: A Critical Survey and Bibliography", Marvels & Tales: Journal of Fairy-Tale Studies v.14, n.1 (2000).
Jump up ^ See Jane Yolen, "This Book Is For You", Marvels & Tales, v. 14, n. 1 (2000) (essay); Yolen, Not One Damsel in Distress: World folktales for Strong Girls (anthology); Jack Zipes, Don't Bet on the Prince: Contemporary Fairy Tales in North America and England, Routledge: New York, 1986 (anthology).
Jump up ^ Singer, Ben (February 1999). Richard Abel, ed. Female Power in the Serial-Queen Melodrama: The Etiology of An Anomaly in Silent Film. Continuum International Publishing Group - Athlone. pp. 168–177. ISBN 0-485-30076-1.
Jump up ^ "Visitor Reviews: From Venus With Love". The Avengers Forever. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
Jump up ^ Jowett, Lorna (2005). Sex and The Slayer: A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan. Wesleyan University Press.
Jump up ^ Graham, Paula (2002). "Buffy Wars: The Next Generation". Rhizomes: Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge. Bowling Green State University (4, Spring).
Jump up ^ Gough, Kerry (August 2004). "Active Heroines Study Day - John Moores University, Liverpool (in partnership with The Association for Research in Popular Fiction)". Scope - An Online Journal of Film and Television Studies. Institute of Film & Television Studies, University of Nottingham,.
Jump up ^ Kaitlin Tremblay (1 June 2012). "Intro to Gender Criticism for Gamers: From Princess Peach, to Claire Redfield, to FemSheps". Gamasutra. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Stephen Totilo (2013-06-20). "Shigeru Miyamoto and the Damsel In Distress". Kotaku. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Knight, Gladys L. (2010). Female Action Heroes: A Guide to Women in Comics, Video Games, Film, and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 0-313-37612-3.
Jump up ^ "Amtix Magazine Issue 17". Archive.org. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Computer Gamer - Issue 18 (1986-09) (Argus Press) (UK)". Archive.org. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ "GameSpy: Dragon's Lair 3D: Return to the Lair - Page 1". Xbox.gamespy.com. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Tara's G-Spot - Games that hit the spot, according to Tara Babcock - 20 HOTTEST VIDEO GAME BABES BY TARA BABCOCK". www.impulsegamer.com. 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
Bibliography[edit]
Mario Praz (1930) The Romantic Agony Chapter 3: 'The Shadow of the Divine Marquis'
Robert K. Klepper, Silent Films, 1877-1996, A Critical Guide to 646 Movies, pub. McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-2164-9
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