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Optimum HDTV viewing distance
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Optimum HDTV viewing distance is the distance that provides the viewer with the optimum immersive visual HDTV experience. Although opinions vary on the exact screen size to distance relationship, formal research and recommendations suggest closer is preferred to farther[not in citation given], to provide a more immersive experience.[1][2] How close? “As close as you can stand it”.[dubious – discuss][3]
Home Theater oriented room
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Presence
1.2 Visual angle
1.3 Angular resolution
2 Recommendations
2.1 Fixed distance
2.1.1 Diagonal measurement × 2.5 (corresponding to 20-degree viewing angle)
2.1.2 Diagonal measurement × 1.6 (corresponding to 30-degree viewing angle)
2.1.3 Diagonal measurement × 1.2 (corresponding to 40-degree viewing angle)
2.2 Optimum ranges
2.2.1 Manufacturers' recommendations
2.2.2 Retail recommendations
2.2.3 THX ranges
2.3 Screen height
3 Factors influencing the calculations
3.1 Human visual system limitation
3.2 Technology limitations
3.3 Human physiological considerations
3.4 End-user content selection
4 See also
5 References
Background[edit]
HDTV is designed to provide an experience more realistic than the television system it is designed to replace.[4] The "thrilling realism"[5] HDTV attempts to offer arises from increased resolution (detail) and the typically large screen sizes. A larger display increases the visual angle at which content is viewed, both of which contribute to an increased feeling of presence.[6][7] Thus, correct viewing distance is critical to the enjoyment of HDTV as it is intended. While helping to define the HDTV standard, RCA engineer (and later vice-president) Bernard J. Lechner did an early analysis of viewing distance under various conditions, deriving the so-called Lechner distance.
Presence[edit]
The concept of presence has been described as the sensation of “reality”, of “being there”, and as “an illusion of nonmediation”.[6] The concept of presence originated and was studied with regard to Virtual Reality (VR) and other 3D environments. It was later established that television viewers could also experience a feeling of presence.[6] Presence is influenced by a number of factors, including video camera techniques, audio fidelity, visual and aural dimensionality, and most relevantly to this topic, image size (visual angle) and quality (angular resolution).[8][9]
Visual angle[edit]
The ideal optimum viewing distance is affected by the horizontal angle of the camera capturing the image. One concept of an ideal optimal viewing distance places the viewer where the horizontal angle subtended by the screen is the same as the horizontal angle captured by the camera. If this is the case, the angular relationships perceived by the viewer would be identical to those recorded by the camera.
If the camera's angle was always the same, an optimal viewing distance could be easily calculated. However the camera's horizontal angle varies as the focal length of its lens changes. If the camera's sensor has fixed dimensions, a shorter focal length (wide angle) lens captures a wider angle of view, requiring the viewer to sit closer to the screen. Conversely, a longer focal length (telephoto) lens captures a narrower angle of view, demanding a more distant viewer position.
Such opposing viewing distances would not only be impractical, but would negate the very purposes of telephoto shots (for example, to see a distant object in more detail, or minimize distortion in facial images) and wide-angle shots (causing the viewer to sit too close to the screen, where undesirable image artifacts would be visible).
One compromise assumes the lens is "standard" (a 50mm focal length, for a standard 35mm format). A "standard" lens preserves the same spatial relationships perceived by a spectator at the camera location. For a "standard" lens image, viewing distance should be equal to the diagonal length of the screen.
Horizontal, vertical and diagonal field of view.
It has been demonstrated that viewing a display that occupies a greater visual angle (also referred to as field-of-view) increases the feeling of presence.[8] More importantly, the wider the visual angle (to approximately a plateau point of 80 degrees), the greater the feeling of presence.[10][11]
Angular resolution[edit]
See also: Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones
With printed graphics, resolution refers to the number of pixels (usually referred to as "dots") in a fixed linear measurement.[12] With HDTV, resolution is measured in terms of the number of pixels in the physical display.[10] When the resolution of a printed image is increased, the image is cleaner, crisper and more detailed.[12] However, image quality does not improve if the increase in resolution exceeds the observer's visual capabilities. For a HDTV's image to noticeably improve, its resolution per degree of arc (or angular resolution) must increase as well as the pixel count of the display.[10]
Recommendations[edit]
To maximize the feeling of presence and thus provide a better viewing experience, the viewer would need to be situated at the theoretical spot where the HDTV occupies the widest view angle for that viewer[dubious – discuss]. It is also important that the resolution of the display per degree of arc remain at a high quality level.[1] Opinions regarding where the nirvana position lies are numerous and varied.
Recommendations on HDTV viewing distances fall into two general classes; a fixed distance based on HDTV display size, or a range of distances based on the display size. The most common recommendations from reasonably authoritative sources are presented below.
Fixed distance[edit]
Fixed distance recommendations are the more common of the two types. For the most part, the majority of the fixed distance recommendations were issued before the end of 2007, when arguably HDTV displays were still in the early adoption phase.[13][14] The most frequently cited fixed distance recommendations are listed.
Diagonal measurement × 2.5 (corresponding to 20-degree viewing angle)[edit]
One of the more popular recommendations on the proper HDTV viewing distance is multiply the diagonal measurement of the display screen by 2.5. This recommendation is cited by television manufacturers,[15] retailers,[16] respected publications[17][18] and websites,[19] though the popular electronics review website CNET suggests that high-resolution content can be watched at a closer distance – 1.5 times the display screen's diagonal measurement (corresponding to 32 degree viewing angle).[20]
Diagonal measurement × 1.6 (corresponding to 30-degree viewing angle)[edit]
Viewing an HDTV from a position where the display occupies a 30-degree field of view is widely quoted as the SMPTE (or SMPTE 30) recommendation (equivalent to about 1.6264 times the screen size in a 16:9 TV). This recommendation is very popular with the home theater enthusiast community,[21][22] appears in books on home theater design,[23] and is also supported by a white paper produced by Fujitsu.[24] Although an article on research into setting the specification for the next evolution of HDTV, Ultra HDTV (or UHDTV), does support the premise that HDTV was optimized for a view angle of 30 degrees,[10] there seems to be no direct recommendation from SMPTE on the issue.
Diagonal measurement × 1.2 (corresponding to 40-degree viewing angle)[edit]
THX recommends that the “best seat-to-screen distance” is one where the view angle approximates 40 degrees,[25] (the actual angle is 40.04 degrees).[3] Their recommendation was originally presented at the 2006 CES show, and was stated as being the theoretical maximum horizontal view angle, based on average human vision.[26] In the opinion of THX, the location where the display is viewed at a 40-degree view angle provides the most “immersive cinematic experience”,[25] all else being equal. For consumer application of their recommendations, THX recommends dividing the diagonal screen measurement by .84 to calculate the optimum viewing distance, for a 1080p resolution. This equates to multiplying the diagonal measurement by about 1.2.[25]
Optimum ranges[edit]
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Stating optimum viewing distance as a range rather than as fixed distance is on the rise; possibly because of changes in the profile of the typical HDTV purchaser. Early adopters of HDTV were typically videophiles,[27] the technically adventurous[28] and the sports enthusiast[29] looking to have the ultimate viewing experience. Today, the typical HDTV consumer’s aims may be a little more modest; total immersion takes a back seat to room integration.[30][31] Major retail chains like Best Buy that once stated their recommendation as a fixed distance,[16] are starting to provide range recommendations.[32] Manufacturers have also started to provide range recommendations, updating their website with small applications that denote the optimum viewing distance as a range of distances.[33][34][35] THX in March 2009, added range recommendations to their website.[25] The minimum end of the range tends to be the proponent’s fixed optimum distance recommendation.
Manufacturers' recommendations[edit]
Range recommendations from manufacturers are the most modest of the groupings. For the minimum (or nearest) viewing distance, they recommend a view angle of approximately 31 degrees; and for the maximum, a view angle as low as 10 degrees.[33][34] A 10-degree view angle is approximately the angle that NTSC television was typically viewed from.[36]
RCA
Screen Size
Recommended Range
22" 3'0" – 8'4" (0.9 – 2.5 m)
26" 3'5" – 9'10" (1.0 – 3.0 m)
32" 4'4" – 12'1" (1.3 – 3.7 m)
40" 5'4" – 15'1" (1.6 – 4.6 m)
42" 5'5" – 15'10" (1.7 – 4.8 m)
52" 6'0" – 17'0" (1.8 – 5.2 m)
TOSHIBA[37]
Screen Size
Recommended Range
40" 4.0’ - 6.3’ (1.22 – 1.92 m)
42" 4.2’ - 6.7’ (1.28 – 2.04 m)
46" 4.6’ - 7.3’ (1.4 – 2.22 m)
47" 4.7’ - 7.4’ (1.43 – 2.26 m)
50" 5.0’ - 7.9’ (1.52 – 2.41 m)
55" 5.5’ - 8.7’ (1.68 – 2.65 m)
65" 6.5’ - 10.3’ (1.98 – 3.14 m)
Retail recommendations[edit]
The recommendations currently posted on the websites of retailers Best Buy and Crutchfield take more of a middle ground. Both retailers post a minimum viewing distance that accommodates a view angle of just a little over 32 degrees on average.[32][38] This viewing distance approximates the view angle needed to be able to see pixel level detail. The maximum viewing distance will provide a viewing angle of approximately 16 degrees with Best Buy’s recommendation and approximately 20 degrees with Crutchfield’s. The maximum viewing distance (minimum viewing angle) provided by Best Buy aligns with vision theory on the highest spatial frequencies perceivable by the human visual system.[39] Crutchfield’s maximum viewing distance aligns with the lower boundaries where viewers typically begin to find HDTV immersive.[10]

BEST BUY
Screen Size
Recommended Range
26" 3.3' – 6.5' (1.0 m – 2.0 m)
30" 3.8' – 7.6' (1.2 m – 2.3 m)
34" 4.3' – 8.5' (1.3 m – 2.6 m)
42" 5.3' – 10.5' (1.6 m – 3.2 m)
46" 5.8' – 11.5' (1.8 m – 3.5 m)
50" 6.3' – 12.5' (1.9 m – 3.8 m)
55" 6.8' – 12.8' (2.1 m – 3.9 m)
60" 7.5' – 15.0' (2.3 m – 4.6 m)
65" 8.1' – 16.3' (2.5 m – 5.0 m)
CRUTCHFIELD
Screen Size
Recommended Range
26" 3.25' – 5.5' (1.0 m – 1.7 m)
32" 4.0' – 6.66' (1.2 m – 2.0 m)
37" 4.63' – 7.71' (1.4 m – 2.4 m)
40" 5.0' – 8.33' (1.5 m – 2.5 m)
42" 5.25' – 8.75' (1.6 m – 2.7 m)
46" 5.75' – 9.5' (1.7 m – 2.9 m)
50" 6.25' – 10.5' (1.9 m – 3.2 m)
52" 6.5' – 10.8' (2.0 m – 3.3 m)
55" 6.9' – 11.5' (2.1 m – 3.5 m)
58" 7.25' – 12.0' (2.2 m – 3.7 m)
65" 8.13' – 13.5' (2.5 m – 4.1 m)
70" 8.75' – 14.75' (2.7 m – 4.5 m)
THX ranges[edit]
While THX still contends that the optimum viewing distance is a position where the display occupies a 40-degree view angle for the viewer, they too provide a range recommendation. The minimum viewing distance is set to approximate a 40-degree view angle, and the maximum viewing distance is set to approximate 28 degrees.[25]
THX
Screen Size
Recommended Range
35" 3.5' – 5.0' (1.0 – 1.5 m)
40" 4.0' – 6.0' (1.2 – 1.8 m)
50" 5' – 7.5' (1.5 – 2.2 m)
60" 6.0' – 9.0' (1.8 – 2.7 m)
Screen height[edit]
Consideration should also be given to the height at which the screen is placed. A common suggestion is that the viewer's eyes are horizontally level with the bottom or middle of the display, so that the screen does not overpower the viewer. THX recommends that a viewer’s head should not have to look up more than 15 degrees.[40]
Factors influencing the calculations[edit]
Each recommendation serves the underlying goal of the organization that proposes it. Manufacturers will have an easier time selling their HDTVs if they support a position that does not require consumers to purchase as large a set as required by the THX recommendations. In the absence of economic influences, calculating the best screen size to distance ratio that will produce the utmost feeling of presence is not at all straightforward. There are a number of factors that can affect the calculation including the limitations of the human visual system,[10] the technological limitations of HDTV displays,[1] human physiological considerations,[10] the content that will be viewed,[8] and the interpretation of empirical data from formal testing. There is also the fact that the screen image is on a flat plane and not curved. Perhaps the biggest of these are uncertainties surrounding the limits of the human visual system, and how those limitations apply to what we see and perceive. A further, more practical consideration, is one of room size, including the position of speakers, seating and other furniture in the room.
Human visual system limitation[edit]
The human visual system has a fixed capacity to detect detail from a distance. Our understanding of limitations with regard to visual detail recognition and identification from a distance is primarily based on the work of Dr. Hermann Snellen. Dr. Snellen developed the eye examination chart that bears his name (Snellen chart). From his findings and the work of others over the last hundred years, one arcminute is seen as the threshold beyond which critical detail cannot be identified,[41] by a person with normal vision.[42][43][44] An arcminute is an angular measurement, which is equal to 1/60 of one degree of a circle. Normal vision is referenced as 20/20 or 6/6 vision in North America and Europe respectively.[44][45] The visual acuity threshold has been identified as a constraint factor in the recommendations on the optimum viewing distance for HDTV,[36] and also in formal research that comment on the subject of television and angular resolution.[1][46][47][48] Assuming display is flat, with 1 arcminute as the constraint for seeing critical detail, in order not to miss any detail a viewer would need to be situated at a position where their view angle to a 1080p HDTV is approximately 31.2 degrees or greater (32 degrees for spherical display), for 2160p HDTV approximately 58.37 degrees or greater (64 degrees for spherical display) and for 4320p HDTV approximately 96.33 degrees or greater (128 degrees for spherical display).[1][3] However, there is not always agreement that the Snellenian limit should be the constraining factor.
To calculate the viewing distance, based on display size and content resolution, the following formula may be used:
VD = DS ( NHR NVR ) 2 + 1 ⋅ CVR ⋅ tan  1 60 {\displaystyle {\textrm {VD}}={\frac {\textrm {DS}}{{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\textrm {NHR}}{\textrm {NVR}}}\right)^{2}+1}}\cdot {\textrm {CVR}}\cdot \tan {\frac {1}{60}}}}}
Where:
VD: Viewing distance
DS: Display's diagonal size
NHR: Display's native horizontal resolution (in pixels)
NVR: Display's native vertical resolution (in pixels)
CVR: Vertical resolution of the video being displayed (in pixels)
Note: Make sure the angle mode is set to degrees when calculating the tangent. If using a spreadsheet such as Excel, you must multiply the angle by PI()/180. If DS is given in inches, VD will be in inches. If VD in meters is desired, multiply VD by 2.54 and divide by 100.
Example for DVD video on a 32-inch 1080p HDTV:
VD = 32 ( 1920 1080 ) 2 + 1 ⋅ 480 ⋅ tan  1 60 = 112.36 {\displaystyle {\textrm {VD}}={\frac {\textrm {32}}{{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\textrm {1920}}{\textrm {1080}}}\right)^{2}+1}}\cdot {\textrm {480}}\cdot \tan {\frac {1}{60}}}}=112.36} (inches)
Example for high-def video on a 32-inch 1080p HDTV:
VD = 32 ( 1920 1080 ) 2 + 1 ⋅ 1080 ⋅ tan  1 60 = 49.94 {\displaystyle {\textrm {VD}}={\frac {\textrm {32}}{{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\textrm {1920}}{\textrm {1080}}}\right)^{2}+1}}\cdot {\textrm {1080}}\cdot \tan {\frac {1}{60}}}}=49.94} (inches)
Sitting beyond these distances will result in a loss of detail.
A 1998 Sun Microsystems paper on the limits of human vision and video display systems uses a different constraint value of approximately ½ an arc minute (or 30 arc seconds), when estimating the saturation point for the human visual system.[39] With 30 arc seconds as the constraint, the view angle necessary to see all the detail provided by an HDTV with a 1080p resolution drops to approximately 16.1 degrees. Furthermore, several academic articles have challenged the notion that 1 arcminute of resolution is the typical resolving power of the human eye, suggesting that on average, we can resolve detail smaller than that.[45][49] Also, there is the issue of vernier acuity, which is the eye’s ability to detect an offset between 2 lines and stereoacuity, which is the ability to discriminate depth by the use of both eyes. Vernier acuity and stereoacuity are cited as being detected with only a 2–4 arc second degree of separation.[50] Ultimately all of the various types of acuity play a part in how we see things and more importantly, how we perceive what we are witnessing. The complexities of the human visual system and the relationship between different types of acuity are not yet fully understood.[50] Thus, depending on which human visual system constraints are applied, viewing angles calculations will vary to some degree, especially when technological constraints are factored in.
Technology limitations[edit]
Magnification of the pixel grid
Image with a portion greatly enlarged, showing how individual pixels are rendered
While viewing an HDTV display from a shorter distance can produce an increased sense of presence, the limitations of technology can have an adverse effect if the viewer is too close to the display. If you examine an LCD or plasma HDTV display when it is turned off, you can see the construction of the pixel grid. Turning the display on doesn’t completely mask this. If you are too close to the display when it is on, it can look as though you’re viewing it through a screen door.[47][51] Even with different HDTV display technology, such as front or rear projection DLP, LCoS or laser TV, the way HDTV images are rendered limits how close a viewer can be before the image's segmented nature becomes evident.
HDTV displays produce images the same way computer bitmaps (also known as raster graphics) are produced, using a mosaic of colored 4-sided pixels. Like computer monitors, each HDTV display has a video resolution consisting of rows and columns of specific numbers of pixels. From far enough away, the human eye perceives the illuminated pixels as a smooth image.[12] As one gets closer, a point occurs where the blocky appearance of individual pixels becomes apparent.[1] The image then loses its smoothness, its perceived quality drops, and the advantage of closer viewing becomes a disadvantage.
Calculating the point where the human eye can detect pixels is not straightforward. Obviously, people's visual acuity varies greatly. But pixel geometry varies as well, in shape and spacing (known as interpixel gap[36]), depending on a display's technology and design.
Human physiological considerations[edit]
Research conducted on presence with HDTV and other higher resolution formats that use a wide field display, has revealed that sometimes the feeling of presence can be too real, producing physiological effect that some viewers may find undesirable. Subjects have reported experiencing an increase in symptoms that are common to motion sickness when viewing strong visual stimuli on large screens.[10] A study conducted using virtual reality simulation as part of the experiment, found that subjects with lower visual acuity experienced significantly more of the symptoms associated with motion sickness. Furthermore, the study also found that the symptoms of motion sickness increased when subjects observed the visual stimuli without the aid of their glass or contact lenses.[52] Consequently, optimum viewing distance recommendations based solely on human visual system and technological limitations may not always produce the best viewing experience. Viewers with lower visual acuity, who prefer to watch HDTV without their corrective lenses may want to sit closer to see critical details and run the risk of undesirable side effects.
End-user content selection[edit]
Although studies show the feeling of presence and image size are directly correlated, calculating the size to viewing distance relationship may not be a necessary exercise for all consumers. A 1997 study, which hypothesized that increases in screen size would give rise to increased feelings of presence, found that the content was more important than the screen size. The findings were that for commercials, action-adventure and reality programming an increase in the feeling of presence did correlate with increased size. The researcher attributed these findings to the fact that the aforementioned content contained scenes that were shot with a point of view camera, scenes with sudden movements and shorter shots. Conversely, for programming consisting of talk shows and drama programs changing the screen size had no effect on the feeling of presence.[53]
See also[edit]
Contrast sensitivity
View Angle
Large-screen television technology
HDTV
Home Theater
Sweet spot (acoustics)
References[edit]
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A Simple Favor (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Simple Favor
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Paul Feig
Produced by
Paul Feig
Jessie Henderson
Screenplay by
Jessica Sharzer
Based on
A Simple Favor
by Darcey Bell
Starring
Anna Kendrick
Blake Lively
Henry Golding
Andrew Rannells
Music by
Theodore Shapiro
Cinematography
John Schwartzman
Edited by
Brent White
Production
company
Lionsgate
Feigco Entertainment
Bron Studios
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
September 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[2]
Box office
$86.2 million[3]
A Simple Favor is a 2018 American mystery thriller film[1] directed by Paul Feig from a screenplay by Jessica Sharzer, based on the 2017 novel of the same name by Darcey Bell. The film stars Anna Kendrick, Blake Lively, Henry Golding, Andrew Rannells, Linda Cardellini, Rupert Friend, and Jean Smart, and follows a small town vlogger who tries to solve the disappearance of her mysterious and rich best friend.
A Simple Favor was released in the United States on September 14, 2018, by Lionsgate. The film received generally favorable reviews from critics, with praise for the plot twists and performances of Kendrick and Lively, and has grossed over $85 million worldwide.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Pre-production
3.3 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Stephanie Smothers is a widowed single mother who runs a vlog with crafts and recipes. Emily is a busy working mother, a PR director for a fashion company, whose son Nicky attends the same elementary school as Stephanie's son, Miles. Emily and Stephanie become fast friends, arranging play dates for the boys. They trade confessions, and Stephanie admits that as a teenager, she had sex with her half-brother, Chris. Emily expresses her frustration at the lack of success of her husband, English professor Sean Townsend, and their poor financial situation.
Emily has a work crisis and asks Stephanie to babysit Nicky, as Sean is in London. After two days of Emily not responding to calls, Stephanie calls her employer, Dennis Nylon, and he tells her she is in Miami. Stephanie calls Sean, who calls the police. Emily had told both Stephanie and Sean that she hates having her picture taken, leading Stephanie to sneak into Emily's work and find a photo, which she uses to create missing person posters.
Detective Summervile reports that Emily lied about Miami, and that she rented a car in Michigan. A fan of Stephanie's vlog reports seeing Emily in Michigan, and the car is discovered near a summer camp, where police find her drowned body in the lake. Stephanie and Sean develop a bond through grief and taking care of the boys, which turns into a relationship and Stephanie moves in with him. Detective Summervile later reveals to Stephanie that Emily had severe liver damage, a large amount of heroin in her system, and that Sean had recently taken out a $4 million life insurance policy on Emily.
Emily, alive and in hiding, sends Stephanie an insulting message about her tryst with Chris, causing Stephanie to recall how her husband, Davis, suspected the relationship, and questioned the paternity of Miles. He confronted Chris during a car ride, which resulted in a crash that killed them both.
Stephanie investigates Emily's past, speaking to Diana Hyland, an artist who painted a portrait of Emily. Diana says the girl in the painting is Claudia, her muse, and describes her as a con artist who disappeared. Stephanie asks about Michigan, and Diana gives Stephanie information that leads Stephanie to a yearbook showing that Emily has a twin sister, and that their real names are Hope and Faith McLanden. Stephanie meets with the twins' mother, Margaret, who explains that when they were 16 years old, the twins set fire to a wing of the house. Meanwhile, Emily surprises Sean at a cafe and tells him about her plan to collect the insurance money to resolve their financial issues.
Stephanie lures Emily into meeting her through cryptic messages on her vlog. Emily explains that she is Hope, and that the twins set the fire to kill their abusive father. The two fled and planned to rejoin later, but Faith never appeared. Emily worked hard building a career and a family when, 16 years later, Faith contacted her. Faith attempted to blackmail her for a million dollars, threatening to confess about the arson, so Emily drowned Faith in the lake. Emily lies and tells Stephanie that Sean planned the insurance scam.
Emily is angered by Sean's love for Stephanie, while Stephanie is angered by Sean's eagerness to rejoin Emily. Stephanie agrees to help Emily reappear to the public and frame Sean. Sean is arrested and released on bail. Stephanie has a change of heart and stages a fake argument with Sean in front of Emily to incriminate her, while police-planted microphones are recording. Emily predicts their ruse and has disabled the microphones. Emily confesses to the crimes, and holds the pair at gunpoint, telling them she will kill them and stage a murder-suicide. She shoots Sean in the shoulder and turns the gun on Stephanie – who reveals that she has a hidden camera live-streaming the entire event on her vlog. Emily is arrested.
Closing text explains that Emily was sentenced to 20 years in prison, Sean became a successful professor at a major university, Stephanie's vlog has one million followers, and that she has also become a part-time private detective.
Cast[edit]
Anna Kendrick as Stephanie Smothers
Blake Lively as Emily Nelson aka Hope McLanden / Faith McLanden
Henry Golding as Sean Townsend
Andrew Rannells as Darren
Linda Cardellini as Diana Hyland
Rupert Friend as Dennis Nylon
Jean Smart as Margaret McLanden
Ian Ho as Nicky Townsend
Joshua Satine as Miles Smothers
Nicole Peters as Hope (16 Years Old)
Lauren Peters as Faith (16 Years Old)
Bashir Salahuddin as Detective Summervile
Eric Johnson as Davis
Glenda Braganza as Kerry Glenda
Kelly McCormack as Stacy
Aparna Nancherla as Sona
Dustin Milligan as Chris
Danielle Bourgon as Grace Smothers
Gia Sandhu as Valerie
Paul Jurewicz as Bobby Chelkowsky
Sarah Baker as Maryanne Chelkowsky
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In January 2016, it was announced that 20th Century Fox had bought the film rights to author Darcey Bell's novel A Simple Favor prior to the book's publication. The story was pitched as being similar to Gone Girl and The Girl on the Train. Creative Artists Agency represented the movie rights in the deal with Fox.[4]
Pre-production[edit]
In June 2017, it was announced that A Simple Favor would be extricated from 20th Century Fox and instead be distributed by Lionsgate. It was also announced that the film would be directed by Paul Feig, with Anna Kendrick and Blake Lively "in talks" for the lead roles.[5] On July 26, 2017, Kendrick and Lively were confirmed, while Henry Golding joined the cast as the husband of Lively's character.[6] Linda Cardellini was announced as having been cast in an undisclosed role in September 2017,[7] and Andrew Rannells, Jean Smart, and Rupert Friend were later added, as well.[8]
Filming[edit]
A Simple Favor commenced principal photography on August 14, 2017, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[6]
Release[edit]
The film was released on September 14, 2018.[9]
Marketing[edit]
On May 1, 2018, Blake Lively deleted all pictures from her Instagram account in order to promote the film.[10] The first teaser trailer was released on May 2, 2018,[11] followed by the second teaser trailer, which was released on May 24.[12]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of October 28, 2018[update], A Simple Favor has grossed $53.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $32.7 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $85.9 million, against a production budget of $20 million.[3]
In the United States and Canada, A Simple Favor was released alongside White Boy Rick, Unbroken: Path to Redemption and The Predator, and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,102 theaters in its opening weekend.[13] It made $5.9 million on its first day (including $900,000 from Thursday night previews) and $16.1 million over the weekend, finishing third, behind The Predator and The Nun.[2] It dropped just 35% in its second weekend, to $10.4 million, finishing second, behind newcomer The House with a Clock in Its Walls.[14]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 85% based on 192 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Twisty, twisted, and above all simply fun, A Simple Favor casts a stylish mommy noir spell strengthened by potent performances from Anna Kendrick and Blake Lively."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 76% positive score.[2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Simple Favor (15)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 16, 2018). "Why 'The Predator' Is Shorter Than 'Predators' At $24M & 'White Boy Rick' So Pale At $8M+ – Sunday Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Simple Favor (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (January 29, 2016). "Fox Developing Murder Mystery 'A Simple Favor' as Movie (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (June 19, 2017). "Anna Kendrick & Blake Lively in Talks To Star In 'A Simple Favor' For Paul Feig – Update". Deadline.
^ Jump up to: a b McNary, Dave (July 26, 2017). "'Crazy Rich Asians' Star Henry Golding Joins Blake Lively, Anna Kendrick's 'Simple Favor'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Feig, Paul [@paulfeig] (September 15, 2017). "So excited to be back w/ Linda Cardellini on the set of #ASimpleFavor - our 1st time working together since Freaks & Geeks 17 years ago!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh (May 2, 2018). "'A Simple Favor' Trailer: Anna Kendrick and Blake Lively Get Wrapped up in a Mystery". Collider. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (February 26, 2018). "Lionsgate's 'Robin Hood' Relocates to Thanksgiving". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Opelka, Brenna (May 1, 2018). "Blake Lively weirdly deleted all her Instagram photos and is now exclusively following people named Emily Nelson". Business Insider. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Scott, Ryan (May 2, 2018). "A Simple Favor Trailer Pulls Anna Kendrick & Blake Lively Into a Mystery". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pendersen, Erik (May 24, 2018). "'A Simple Favor' Teaser: Anna Kendrick & Blake Lively In Thriller From Paul Feig". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebeeca (September 11, 2018). "Box Office: 'The Predator' to Feast on 'A Simple Favor', 'White Boy Rick'". Variety. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 23, 2018). "'The House With A Clock In Its Walls' Sounding Near $27M Alarm; Counterprogramming Still In Deep Sleep". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Simple Favor (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Simple Favor reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
External links[edit]
A Simple Favor on IMDb
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Paul Feig
Films directed
I Am David (2003)
Unaccompanied Minors (2006)
Bridesmaids (2011)
The Heat (2013)
Spy (2015)
Ghostbusters (2016)
A Simple Favor (2018)
TV series
Freaks and Geeks
Other Space
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Simple_Favor_(film)&oldid=866297399"
Categories:
2018 films
English-language films
2010s mystery films
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American films
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Bron Studios films
Female bisexuality in film
Films about missing people
Films based on American crime novels
Films based on American thriller novels
Films based on mystery novels
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text:
Zagros Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Zagros
Dena, highest point in the Zagros Mountains
Highest point
Peak
Dena
Elevation
4,409 m (14,465 ft)
Dimensions
Length
1,600[1] km (990 mi)
Width
240[1] km (150 mi)
Geography
The Zagros fold and thrust belt in green, with the Zagros Mountains to the right
Location
Iran, Iraq, Turkey
Geology
Age of rock
Carboniferous
Mountain type
Fold and thrust belt
The Zagros Mountains form the largest mountain range in Iran, Iraq and southeastern Turkey. This mountain range has a total length of 1,500 km (930 mi). The Zagros mountain range begins in northwestern Iran and roughly corresponds to Iran's western border, and it spans the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau, ending at the Strait of Hormuz. The highest point in the Zagros Mountains is Dena.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
1.1 Type and age of rock
2 Glaciation of the East Zagros
3 Climate
4 Flora and fauna
5 History
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geology[edit]
SRTM Shaded Relief Anaglyph of Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains from space, September 1992[2]
The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by collision of two tectonic plates, the Eurasian Plate and the Arabian Plate.[3] This collision primarily happened during the Miocene and folded the entire rocks that had been deposited from the Carboniferous to the Miocene in the geosyncline in front of the Iranian Plate. The process of collision continues to the present and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Eurasian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the Iranian Plateau are getting higher and higher. Recent GPS measurements in Iran[4] have shown that this collision is still active and the resulting deformation is distributed non-uniformly in the country, mainly taken up in the major mountain belts like Alborz and Zagros. A relatively dense GPS network which covered the Iranian Zagros[5] also proves a high rate of deformation within the Zagros. The GPS results show that the current rate of shortening in the southeast Zagros is ~10 mm/a (0.39 in/year), dropping to ~5 mm/a (0.20 in/year) in the northwest Zagros. The north-south Kazerun strike-slip fault divides the Zagros into two distinct zones of deformation. The GPS results also show different shortening directions along the belt, normal shortening in the southeast and oblique shortening in the northwest Zagros.
The sedimentary cover in the SE Zagros is deforming above a layer of rock salt (acting as a ductile decollement with a low basal friction) whereas in the NW Zagros the salt layer is missing or is very thin. This different basal friction is partly responsible for the different topographies on either side of the Kazerun fault. Higher topography and narrower zone of deformation in the NW Zagros is observed whereas in the SE, deformation was spread more and a wider zone of deformation with lower topography was formed.[6] Stresses induced in the Earth's crust by the collision caused extensive folding of the preexisting layered sedimentary rocks. Subsequent erosion removed softer rocks, such as mudstone (rock formed by consolidated mud) and siltstone (a slightly coarser-grained mudstone) while leaving harder rocks, such as limestone (calcium-rich rock consisting of the remains of marine organisms) and dolomite (rocks similar to limestone containing calcium and magnesium). This differential erosion formed the linear ridges of the Zagros Mountains.
The depositional environment and tectonic history of the rocks were conducive to the formation and trapping of petroleum, and the Zagros region is an important area for oil production.
Salt domes and salt glaciers are a common feature of the Zagros Mountains. Salt domes are an important target for petroleum exploration, as the impermeable salt frequently traps petroleum beneath other rock layers.
Type and age of rock[edit]
The mountains have a totally sedimentary origin and are made primarily of limestone. In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On both sides of this fault, there are Mesozoic rocks, a combination of Triassic and Jurassic rocks that are surrounded by Cretaceous rocks on both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of Tertiary rocks, with the Paleogene rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the Neogene rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.
The mountains are divided into many parallel sub-ranges (up to 10, or 250 km wide), and orogenically have the same age as the Alps. Iran's main oilfields lie in the western central foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The southern ranges of the Fars Province have somewhat lower summits, reaching 4000 metres. They contain some limestone rocks showing abundant marine fossils.
Glaciation of the East Zagros[edit]
Dena with its glaciers
The mountains of the East-Zagros, the Kuh-i-Jupar (4,135 m (13,566 ft)), Kuh-i-Lalezar (4,374 m (14,350 ft)) and Kuh-i-Hezar (4,469 m (14,662 ft)) do not currently have glaciers. Only at Zard Kuh and Dena some glaciers still survive. However, before the Last Glacial Period they had been glaciated to a depth in excess of 1900 meters, and during the Last Glacial Period to a depth in excess of 2160 meters. Evidence exists of a 20 km (12 mi) wide glacier fed along a 17 km (11 mi) long valley dropping approximately 1,500 m (4,900 ft) along its length on the north side of Kuh-i-Jupar with a thickness of 350–550 m (1,150–1,800 ft). Under precipitation conditions comparable to the current conditions, this size of glacier could be expected to form where the annual average temperature was between 10.5 and 11.2 °C (50.9 and 52.2 °F), but since conditions are expected to have been dryer during the period in which this glacier was formed, the temperature must have been lower.[7][8][9][10]
Climate[edit]
The mountains contain several ecosystems. Prominent among them are the forest and forest steppe areas with a semi-arid climate. As defined by the World Wildlife Fund and used in their Wildfinder, the particular terrestrial ecoregion of the mid to high mountain area is Zagros Mountains forest steppe (PA0446). The annual precipitation ranges from 400–800 mm (16–31 in) and falls mostly in winter and spring. Winters are severe, with low temperatures often below −25 °C (−13 °F). The region exemplifies the continental variation of the Mediterranean climate pattern, with a snowy, cold winter and mild rainy spring followed by a dry summer and autumn.[11]
[hide]Climate data for Amadiya District, Iraq
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
−0.2
(31.6) 1.4
(34.5) 6.4
(43.5) 12.2
(54) 19.3
(66.7) 24.8
(76.6) 29.7
(85.5) 29.6
(85.3) 25.6
(78.1) 17.7
(63.9) 9.7
(49.5) 2.7
(36.9) 14.91
(58.84)
Average low °C (°F)
−8.0
(17.6) −6.8
(19.8) −2.0
(28.4) 3.5
(38.3) 8.8
(47.8) 13.0
(55.4) 17.3
(63.1) 16.9
(62.4) 13.0
(55.4) 7.2
(45) 2.1
(35.8) −4.3
(24.3) 5.06
(41.11)
Source: [12]
Flora and fauna[edit]
A view of Persian oak forests that dominate the Zagros Mountains
Men with a restrained lion in Iran. This photograph was taken by Antoin Sevruguin (1830's – 1933), before the lion's extinction in the country.
Although currently degraded through overgrazing and deforestation, the Zagros region is home to a rich and complex flora. Remnants of the originally widespread oak-dominated woodland can still be found, as can the park-like pistachio/almond steppelands. The ancestors of many familiar foods, including wheat, barley, lentil, almond, walnut, pistachio, apricot, plum, pomegranate and grape can be found growing wild throughout the mountains.[13] Persian oak (Quercus brantii) (covering more than 50% of the Zagros forest area) is the most important tree species of the Zagros in Iran.[14]
Other floral endemics found within the mountain range include: Allium iranicum, Astracantha crenophila, Bellevalia kurdistanica, Cousinia carduchorum, Cousinia odontolepis, Echinops rectangularis, Erysimum boissieri, Iris barnumae, Ornithogalum iraqense, Scrophularia atroglandulosa, Scorzoner kurdistanica, Tragopogon rechingeri, and Tulipa kurdica.[15]
The Zagros are home to many threatened or endangered organisms, including the Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster (Calomyscus bailwardi), the Basra reed-warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis) and the striped hyena (Hyena hyena). Luristan newt (Neurergus kaiseri) - vulnerable endemic to the central Zagros mountains of Iran. The Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica), an ancient domesticate once thought extinct, was rediscovered in the late 20th century in Khuzestan Province, in the southern Zagros.
In the late 19th century, the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo leo)[16] occurred in the southwestern part of the mountains. It is now extinct in this region.[17]
History[edit]
Signs of early agriculture date back as far as 9000 BC to the foothills of the mountains,[18] in cities later named Anshan and Susa. Jarmo is one archaeological site in this area. Shanidar, where the ancient skeletal remains of Neanderthals have been found, is another.
Some of the earliest evidence of wine production has been discovered in the mountains; both the settlements of Hajji Firuz Tepe and Godin Tepe have given evidence of wine storage dating between 3500 and 5400 BC.[19]
During early ancient times, the Zagros was the home of peoples such as the Kassites, Guti, Assyrians, Elamites and Mitanni, who periodically invaded the Sumerian and/or Akkadian cities of Mesopotamia. The mountains create a geographic barrier between the Mesopotamian Plain, which is in Iraq, and the Iranian Plateau. A small archive of clay tablets detailing the complex interactions of these groups in the early second millennium BC has been found at Tell Shemshara along the Little Zab.[20] Tell Bazmusian, near Shemshara, was occupied between 5000 BCE and 800 CE, although not continuously.[21]
Gallery[edit]
A road through the mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan
Mount Oshtorankuh
See also[edit]
Kurdistan portal
Taurus Mountains
Alborz Mountains
Mount Elbrus
Silakhor Plain
Mount Arbaba
Wildlife of Iran
Wildlife of Iraq
Wildlife of Turkey
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Zagros Mountains". Brittanica. Encyclopedia Brittanica. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Salt Dome in the Zagros Mountains, Iran". NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved 2006-04-27.
Jump up ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
Jump up ^ Nilforoushan F., Masson F., Vernant P., Vigny C., Martinod J., Abbassi M., Nankali H., Hatzfeld D., Bayer R., Tavakoli F., Ashtiani A., Doerflinger E., Daignières M., Collard P., Chéry J., 2003. GPS network monitors the Arabia-Eurasia collision deformation in Iran, Journal of Geodesy, 77, 411–422.
Jump up ^ Hessami K., Nilforoushan F., Talbot CJ., 2006, Active deformation within the Zagros Mountains deduced from GPS measurements, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 143–148.
Jump up ^ Nilforoushan F, Koyi HA., Swantesson J.O.H., Talbot CJ., 2008, Effect of basal friction on surface and volumetric strain in models of convergent settings measured by laser scanner, Journal of Structural Geology, 30, 366–379.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1974):Vorläufige Ausführungen morphologischer Feldarbeitsergebnisse aus den SE-Iranischen Hochgebirgen am Beispiel des Kuh-i-Jupar. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F., 18, (4), pp. 472-483.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (1976):Beiträge zur Quartärgeomorphologie SE-Iranischer Hochgebirge. Die quartäre Vergletscherung des Kuh-i-Jupar. Göttinger Geographische Abhandlungen, 67, Vol. I, pp. 1-209; Vol. II, pp. 1-105.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (2007):The Pleistocene Glaciation (LGP and pre-LGP, pre-LGM) of SE-Iranian Mountains exemplified by the Kuh-i-Jupar, Kuh-i-Lalezar and Kuh-i-Hezar Massifs in the Zagros. Polarforschung, 77, (2-3), pp. 71-88. (Erratum/ Clarification concerning Figure 15, Vol. 78, (1-2), 2008, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Kuhle, M. (2011):The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates. Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L., Hughes, P. D. (Eds.). Quaternary Glaciation - Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Amsterdam, Elsevier B.V, pp. 943-965, (glacier maps downloadable: http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444534477/).
Jump up ^ Frey, W.; W. Probst (1986). Kurschner, Harald, ed. "A synopsis of the vegetation in Iran". Contributions to the vegetation of Southwest Asia. Wiesbaden, Germany: L. Reichert: 9–43. ISBN 3-88226-297-4.
Jump up ^ "Climate statistics for Amadiya". Meteovista. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cowan, edited by C. Wesley; Nancy L. Benco; Patty Jo Watson (2006). The origins of agriculture : an international perspective ([New ed.]. ed.). Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5349-6. Retrieved 5 May 2012. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ M. Heydari; H. Poorbabaei; T. Rostami; M. Begim Faghir; A. Salehi; R. Ostad Hashmei (2013). "Plant species in Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) understory and their relationship with physical and chemical propertiesof soil in different altitude classes in the Arghvan valley protected area, Iran" (PDF). Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013, Vol. 11 No.1, pp. 97~110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Haji Omran Mountain (IQ018)" (PDF). natrueiraq.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Cat Specialist Group (2017). "Revised taxonomy of the Felidae. Subfamily Pantherinae". Cat News (Special Issue 11): 76. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Lion". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 82–95. ISBN 90-04-08876-8.
Jump up ^ La Mediterranée, Braudel, Fernand, 1985, Flammarion, Paris
Jump up ^ Phillips, Rod. A Short History of Wine. New York: Harper Collins. 2000.
Jump up ^ Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen (2001), The Shemshara archives 1. The letters, Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, 23, Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab, ISBN 87-7876-245-6
Jump up ^ Al-Soof, Behnam Abu (1970). "Mounds in the Rania Plain and excavations at Tell Bazmusian (1956)". Sumer. 26: 65–104. ISSN 0081-9271.
External links[edit]
Zagros, Photos from Iran, Livius.
The genus Dionysia
Iran, Timeline of Art History
Mesopotamia 9000–500 B.C.
Major Peaks of the Zagros Mountains
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zagros Mountains.
Coordinates: 33°40′N 47°00′E / 33.667°N 47.000°E / 33.667; 47.000
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