text:
List of astronauts by year of selection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This list needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is a list of astronauts by year of selection, people selected for training for a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Until recently, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the first sub-orbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created – the commercial astronaut.
While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists, this article only lists professional astronauts. A list of everyone who has flown in space can be found at List of space travelers by name.
More than 500 people have trained as astronauts.

Contents
1950s: 1958 1959
1960s: 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s: 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s: 1990 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s: 2000 2003 2004 2006 2008 2009
2010s: 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017
1954 – 1958[edit]
North American X-15 Pilots Group – USA
Fourteen pilots were directly involved with the X-15, although only twelve actually flew the vehicles. There was no formal selection process, since everyone chosen was already a qualified test pilot.
Scott Crossfield and Alvin White were the prime and back-up North American Aviation test pilots who first became involved with the project. Air Force Captains Iven Kincheloe (prime pilot) and Robert White (back-up) were assigned to the X-15 in 1957. When Kincheloe was killed in an accident (in a different rocket aircraft program), White became the prime pilot and Captain Robert Rushworth became his back-up. The first NASA pilots were Joseph Walker and Neil Armstrong. Lieutenant Commander Forrest S. Petersen represented the Navy.
Walker and Armstrong eventually were replaced by NASA pilots John B. McKay (1960), Milton Thompson (1963) and William H. Dana (1965). White and Rushworth were succeeded by Captain Joe Engle (1963), Captain William Joseph Knight (1964) and Major Michael Adams (1966). The Navy selected Lieutenant Lloyd Hoover as Peterson's replacement, but he never trained or flew.
Note: Facts from Michael Cassutt's book Who's Who in Space.
1958[edit]
June 25 – Man In Space Soonest – USA
Neil Armstrong, William B. Bridgeman, Albert S. Crossfield, Iven C. Kincheloe, John B. McKay, Robert A. Rushworth, Joseph A. Walker, Alvin S. White, Robert M. White
Note: Nine test pilots from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the United States Air Force (USAF), North American Aviation (NAA), and Douglas Aircraft Corporation were selected for the Man In Space Soonest project, a USAF initiative to put a man in space before the Soviet Union did. The project was cancelled on August 1, but two of these men would later reach space: Walker made two X-15 flights above 100 kilometers in 1963; and Neil Armstrong joined NASA in 1962 and flew in Project Gemini and Apollo, becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC July 21, 1969.[1]
1959[edit]
April 9 – NASA Group 1 – Mercury Seven – USA
Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton.
Note: The first group of astronauts selected by NASA were for Project Mercury in April 1959. All seven were military test pilots, a requirement specified by President Eisenhower to simplify the selection process. All seven eventually flew in space, although one, Deke Slayton, did not fly a Mercury mission due to a medical disqualification, instead flying later on the Apollo-Soyuz mission. The other six each flew one Mercury mission. For two of these, Scott Carpenter and John Glenn, the Mercury mission was their only flight in the Apollo era (Glenn later flew on the Space Shuttle). Three of the Mercury astronauts, Gus Grissom, Gordon Cooper and Wally Schirra, also each flew a mission during the Gemini program. Alan Shepard was slated to fly Mercury 10 before its cancellation and was the original commander for the Gemini 3 mission, but did not fly due to a medical disqualification. After surgery to correct the problem, he later flew as commander of Apollo 14. He was the only Mercury astronaut to go to the Moon. Wally Schirra also flew on Apollo as commander of Apollo 7, as well as Mercury and Gemini, the only astronaut to fly on all three types of spacecraft. (Gus Grissom was scheduled to fly the first Apollo flight, but died in a fire on the launch pad during training.) Gordon Cooper was a backup commander for Apollo 10, the "dress rehearsal" flight for the lunar landing, and would have commanded another mission (likely to have been Apollo 13, according to the crew rotation), but was bumped from the rotation after a disagreement with NASA management.
At least one member of the Mercury Seven flew on every NASA class of human-rated spacecraft (but not space station) through the end of the 20th century: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle.
1960[edit]
March 7 – Air Force Group 1 – USSR
Ivan Anikeyev, Pavel Belyayev, Valentin Bondarenko, Valery Bykovsky, Valentin Filatyev, Yuri Gagarin, Viktor Gorbatko, Anatoli Kartashov, Yevgeny Khrunov, Vladimir Komarov, Alexey Leonov, Grigori Nelyubov, Andrian Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, Mars Rafikov, Georgi Shonin, Gherman Titov, Valentin Varlamov, Boris Volynov, and Dmitri Zaikin.
Note: The initial group of Soviet cosmonauts was chosen from Soviet Air Force jet pilots.
April – Dyna-Soar Group 1 – USA
Neil Armstrong, William H. Dana, Henry C. Gordon, Pete Knight, Russell L. Rogers, Milt Thompson, and James W. Wood.
Note: In April 1960, seven men were secretly chosen for the Dyna-Soar program. Armstrong had previously been part of the MISS program. Armstrong and Dana left the program in the summer of 1962.
1962[edit]
March 12 – Female Group – USSR
Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomaryova, Irina Solovyova, Valentina Tereshkova, and Zhanna Yorkina.
Note: On March 12, 1962, a group of five civilian women with parachuting experience was added to the cosmonaut training program. Only Tereshkova would fly. A leading Soviet high-altitude parachutist, 20-year-old Tatyana Kuznetsova was, and remains, the youngest person ever selected to train for spaceflight.
September 17 – NASA Group 2 – The Next Nine (Also: The Nifty Nine, The New Nine) – USA
Neil Armstrong, Frank Borman, Pete Conrad, Jim Lovell, Jim McDivitt, Elliot See, Tom Stafford, Ed White, and John Young.
Note: A second group of nine astronauts was selected by NASA in September 1962. All of this group flew missions in the Gemini program except Elliott See, who died in a flight accident while preparing for the Gemini 9 flight. All of the others also flew on Apollo, except for Ed White, who died in the Apollo 1 launchpad fire. Three of this group, McDivitt, Borman and Armstrong, made single flights in both Gemini and Apollo. Four others, Young, Lovell, Stafford and Conrad, each made two flights in Gemini and at least one flight in Apollo. Young and Lovell both made two Apollo flights. Conrad and Stafford also made second flights in Apollo spacecraft, Conrad on Skylab 2 and Stafford in Apollo-Soyuz. Six of this group, Borman, Lovell, Stafford, Young, Armstrong and Conrad, made flights to the Moon. Lovell and Young went to the Moon twice. Armstrong, Conrad, and Young walked on the Moon. McDivitt was later Apollo Program Director and became the first general officer and would have been either the prime LM Pilot or backup commander for Apollo 14, but left NASA due to a conflict between Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton. John Young also later flew on the Space Shuttle (STS-1 and STS-9) and would retire from NASA in 2004. He was both the first and last of his group to go into space.
September 19 – Dyna-Soar Group 2 – USA
Albert Crews
Note: On September 19, 1962, Crews was added to the Dyna-Soar program and the names of the six active Dyna-Soar astronauts were announced to the public.
1963[edit]
January 10 – Air Force Group 2 – USSR
Yuri Artyukhin, Eduard Buinovski, Lev Dyomin, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Anatoly Filipchenko, Aleksei Gubarev, Vladislav Gulyayev, Pyotr Kolodin, Eduard Kugno, Anatoli Kuklin, Aleksandr Matinchenko, Vladimir Shatalov, Lev Vorobyov, Anatoly Voronov, Vitaly Zholobov
October 17, 1963 – NASA Group 3 – The Fourteen – USA
Buzz Aldrin, William Anders, Charles Bassett, Alan Bean, Eugene Cernan, Roger Chaffee, Michael Collins, Walter Cunningham, Donn Eisele, Theodore Freeman, Richard Gordon, Russell Schweickart, David Scott, Clifton Williams
Note: All of the third group, except those who died (Bassett, Chaffee, Freeman, and Williams), flew on the Apollo program. Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon. Five of them (Aldrin, Cernan, Collins, Gordon and Scott) also flew missions during the Gemini program. Cernan would be the only astronaut from this group to fly to the Moon twice (Apollo 10 and Apollo 17), while Bean would command the Skylab 3 mission. Bassett, Chaffee, Freeman and Williams all died before they could fly in space – Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire, the others in plane crashes.
1964[edit]
January 25 – Air Force Group 2 Supplemental – USSR
Georgi Beregovoi
May 26 – Voskhod Group (Medical Group 1) – USSR
Vladimir Benderov, Georgi Katys, Vasili Lazarev, Boris Polyakov, Aleksei Sorokin, Boris Yegorov
June 11 – Civilian Specialist Group 1 – USSR
Konstantin Feoktistov
1965[edit]
June 1 – Journalist Group 1 – USSR
Yaroslav Golovanov, Yuri Letunov, Mikhail Rebrov
Note: In 1965, three civilian journalists were selected for cosmonaut training in preparation for flight on a Voskhod mission. When the Voskhod program was canceled, Golovanov and Letunov were dismissed. Rebrov, on the other hand, stayed with the space program as a journalist until 1974.
June 1 – Medical Group 2 – USSR
Yevgeni Illyin, Aleksandr Kiselyov, Yuri Senkevich
Note: These physicians were selected for the long-duration Voskhod flights, all of which were subsequently canceled to make way for the Soviet Moon program. All three were dismissed at the beginning of the following year.
June 28 – NASA Group 4 – The Scientists – USA
Owen Garriott, Edward Gibson, Duane Graveline, Joseph Kerwin, Curt Michel, Harrison Schmitt
Note: Graveline and Michel left NASA without flying in space. Schmitt walked on the Moon on Apollo 17. Garriott, Gibson and Kerwin all flew to Skylab. Garriott also flew on Space Shuttle flight STS-9, becoming the first Amateur radio operator (callsign W5LFL) to operate from orbit.
October 28 – Air Force Group 3 – USSR
Boris Belousov, Vladimir Degtyarov, Anatoli Fyodorov, Yuri Glazkov, Vitali Grishchenko, Veygeni Khludeyev, Leonid Kizim, Pyotr Klimuk, Gennadi Kolesnikov, Aleksandr Kramarenko, Mikhail Lisun, Aleksandr Petrushenko, Vladimir Preobrazhensky, Valery Rozhdestvensky, Gennadi Sarafanov, Ansar Sharafutdinov, Vasili Shcheglov, Aleksandr Skvortsov, Eduard Stepanov, Valeri Voloshin, Oleg Yakovlev, Vyacheslav Zudov
Note: This group of cosmonauts was selected for participation in five separate Soyuz programmes that the USSR was running. These included military programs (with and without the Almaz/Salyut space stations) and two lunar programs (only one of which aimed at an actual lunar landing). In the end, only the orbital program and the space station program went ahead, and few of the cosmonauts from this group ever were given the chance to fly.
November – USAF MOL Group 1 – USA
Michael J. Adams, Albert H. Crews Jr., John L. Finley, Richard E. Lawyer, Lachlan Macleay, Francis G. Neubeck, James M. Taylor, Richard H. Truly.
Note: This group was selected for training for the U.S. Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. Of this group, only Truly transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program and later flew on the Space Shuttle. In 1989, Truly became the first astronaut to be NASA Administrator.
1966[edit]
April 4 – NASA Group 5 – USA
Vance Brand, John S. Bull, Gerald Carr, Charles Duke, Joseph Engle, Ronald Evans, Edward Givens, Fred Haise, James Irwin, Don Lind, Jack Lousma, Ken Mattingly, Bruce McCandless II, Edgar Mitchell, William Pogue, Stuart Roosa, Jack Swigert, Paul Weitz, Alfred Worden.
Note: Veteran astronaut John Young christened this group the "Original Nineteen", in parody of the original seven Mercury astronauts.[2] Roughly half of them flew in the Apollo program, while others flew during Skylab and the Space Shuttle, with Brand also flying on the American half of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. Engle was the only NASA astronaut to have earned his astronaut wings before his selection. Two of this group never flew into space: Givens was killed in a car accident in 1967, and Bull resigned from the Astronaut Corps in 1968 after discovering he had pulmonary disease. Engle, Lind, and McCandless were the only ones from this group who never flew an Apollo spacecraft; Brand, Haise, Lousma, Mattingly, and Weitz all flew both an Apollo and a Shuttle (though Haise only flew in the Approach and Landing Tests, not into space).
May 23 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 – USSR
Sergei Anokhin, Vladimir Bugrov, Gennadi Dolgopolov, Georgi Grechko, Valeri Kubasov, Oleg Makarov, Vladislav Volkov, Aleksei Yeliseyev
June 30 – USAF MOL Group 2 – USA
Karol Bobko, Robert Crippen, Gordon Fullerton, Henry Hartsfield, Robert Overmyer.
Note: This group was selected for training for the U.S. Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. All transferred to NASA after the MOL program was canceled and all five flew on the Space Shuttle as pilot astronauts.
September - Military Cosmonaut Group - USSR
Pavel Popovich, Alexei Gubarev, Yuri Artyukhin, Vladimir Gulyaev, Boris Belousov, Gennadiy Kolesnikov.
Note: Cosmonaut training for the Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda program - a radically modified Soyuz. VI - Voyennij Isledovatel (Russian - military researcher. Zvezda - star). In December 1967, the project closes.[3]
1966-67 - Military Cosmonaut Group - USSR
The group of cosmonauts for training pilots for aerospace system - project "Spiral", from 1969 the 4th Division of the 1st Cosmonaut Training Center Management:
German Titov (1966-70), Anatoly Kuklin (1966-67), Vasily Lazarev (1966-67), Anatoly Filipchenko (1966-67), Leonid Kizim (1969-73), Vladimir Kozelskiy (August 1969 - October 1971) Vladimir Lyakhov (1969-73), Yury Malyshev (1969-73), Alexander Petrushenko (1970-73), Anatoly Berezovoy (1972-73), Anatoly Dedkov (1972-73), Vladimir Dzhanibekov (July–December 1972), Yuri Romanenko (1972), Lev Vorobyov (1973). In 1973 the department was disbanded in connection with the termination of the project.
1967[edit]
January 31 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 Supplemental – USSR
Nikolai Rukavishnikov, Vitali Sevastyanov
February (official) - Soviet manned lunar programs cosmonauts in two training groups - USSR
first group: commanded by Vladimir Komarov (Gagarin, Nikolayev, Bykovskiy, Khrunov; Engineer-Cosmonauts: Gorbatko, Grechko, Sevastyanov, Kubasov, Volkov).
second group: commanded by Alexei Leonov ( Popovich, Belyayev, Volynov, Klimuk; Engineer-cosmonauts: Makarov, Voronov, Rukavishnikov, Artyukhin).
May 7 – Air Force Group 4 – USSR
Vladimir Alekseyev, Vladimir Beloborodov, Mikhail Burdayev, Sergei Gaidukov, Vladimir Isakov, Vladimir Kovalyonok, Vladimir Kozelsky, Vladimir Lyakhov, Yuri Malyshev, Viktor Pisarev, Nikolai Porvatkin, Mikhail Sologub
May 22 – Academy of Sciences Group – USSR
Mars Fathulin, Rudolf Gulyayev, Ordinard Kolomitsev, Vsevolod Yegorov, Valentin Yershov
June – USAF MOL Group 3 – USA
James Abrahamson, Robert Herres, Robert H. Lawrence Jr, Donald Peterson.
Note: This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. Lawrence was the first African-American to be chosen as an astronaut, but was killed in a jet accident before the MOL program was canceled in 1969 (had Lawrence not died, he would have been, if accepted by NASA, the first African-American astronaut candidate, pre-dating Guion Bluford, Ronald McNair and Frederick Gregory by nine years). Peterson transferred to NASA in 1969 after the MOL cancellation and would fly on the Space Shuttle. Herres would later become the first Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1987.
October 4 – NASA Group 6 – XS-11 (The Excess Eleven) – USA
Joseph Allen, Philip Chapman, Anthony W. England, Karl Henize, Donald Holmquest, William B. Lenoir, Anthony Llewellyn, Story Musgrave, Brian O'Leary, Robert Parker, William Thornton.
Note: This second group of scientist-astronauts were assigned as backup crew members for the last three Apollo missions or as backup crew members for Skylab. Except for Chapman, Holmquest, Llewellyn, and O'Leary - all of whom resigned from NASA before the end of the Apollo program - the group members eventually flew as Mission Specialists during the Space Shuttle program. With his flight on STS-80 at the age of 61, Musgrave held the title of "oldest astronaut" prior to John Glenn's second flight. England resigned from NASA in 1972, but rejoined the astronaut corps in 1979.
1968[edit]
May 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 3 – USSR
Vladimir Fartushny, Viktor Patsayev, Valeri Yazdovsky
1969[edit]
August 14 – NASA Group 7 – USA
Karol Bobko, Robert Crippen, Gordon Fullerton, Henry Hartsfield, Robert Overmyer, Donald H. Peterson, Richard Truly.
Note: This group is all USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory astronauts who transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program in 1969. All flew on early Space Shuttle flights. Truly, in 1989, would become the first astronaut to become NASA Administrator, holding the position until 1992.
September 10 – Civilian Engineer Group – USSR
Anatoli Demyanenko, Valeri Makrushin, Dmitri Yuyukov
1970[edit]
April 27 – Air Force Group 5 – USSR
Anatoli Berezovoi, Aleksandr Dedkov, Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Nikolai Fefelov, Valeri Illarianov, Yuri Isaulov, Vladimir Kozlov, Leonid Popov, Yuri Romanenko
1971[edit]
February 25 – 1971 Scientific Group – USSR
Gurgen Ivanyan
May – Shuguang Group 1970 – China
Chai Hongliang, Dong Xiaohai, Du Jincheng, Fang Guojun, Hu Zhanzi, Li Shichang, Liu Chongfu, Liu Zhongyi, Lu Xiangxiao, Ma Zizhong, Meng Senlin, Shao Zhijian, Wang Fuhe, Wang Fuquan, Wang Quanbo, Wang Rongsen, Wang Zhiyue, Yu Guilin, Zhang Ruxiang
1972[edit]
March 22 – Civilian Specialist Group 4 – USSR
Boris Andreyev, Valentin Lebedev, Yuri Ponomaryov
March 22 – Medical Group 3 – USSR
Georgi Machinski, Valeri Polyakov, Lev Smirenny
1973[edit]
March 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 5 – USSR
Vladimir Aksyonov, Vladimir Gevorkyan, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov, Valeri Romanov, Valery Ryumin, Gennady Strekalov
1974[edit]
January 1 – Physician Group – USSR
Zyyadin Abuzyarov
1976[edit]
August 23 – Air Force Group 6 – USSR
Leonid Ivanov, Leonid Kadenyuk, Nikolai Moskalenko, Sergei Protchenko, Yevgeni Saley, Anatoly Solovyev, Vladimir Titov, Vladimir Vasyutin, Alexander Volkov
November 25 – 1976 Intercosmos Group – USSR
Mirosław Hermaszewski (Poland), Zenon Jankowski (Poland), Sigmund Jähn (East Germany), Eberhard Köllner (East Germany), Oldřich Pelčák (Czechoslovakia), Vladimír Remek (Czechoslovakia)
1977[edit]
July 12 - The first group of test pilots for the project "Buran" (Gromov Flight Research Institute group) - USSR
Igor Volk, Oleg Kononenko, Anatoly Levchenko, Nikolai Sadovnikov, Rimantas Stankevicius, Alexander Schukin
1978[edit]
January 16 – NASA Group 8 – TFNG (Thirty-Five New Guys) – USA
Pilots: Daniel Brandenstein, Michael Coats, Richard Covey, John Creighton, Robert Gibson, Frederick D. Gregory, Frederick Hauck, Jon McBride, Francis "Dick" Scobee, Brewster Shaw, Loren Shriver, David Walker, Donald Williams
Mission specialists: Guion Bluford, James Buchli, John Fabian, Anna Fisher, Dale Gardner, S. David Griggs, Terry Hart, Steven Hawley, Jeffrey Hoffman, Shannon Lucid, Ronald McNair, Richard Mullane, Steven Nagel, George Nelson, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Rhea Seddon, Robert Stewart, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Norman Thagard, James van Hoften
Due to the long delay between the last Apollo mission and the first flight of the Space Shuttle in 1981, few astronauts from the older groups stayed with NASA (though some did, including John Young). Thus, in 1978, a new group of 35 astronauts was selected after 9 years without new astronauts, including the first American female astronauts, and also the first African-American astronauts to fly, Guion Bluford and Frederick D. Gregory (the first black astronaut was Robert Henry Lawrence Jr), as well as the first Asian-American, Ellison Onizuka. Bob Stewart was the first Army astronaut to be selected (almost 19 years after the original Mercury Seven). Since then, a new group has been selected roughly every two years.
Two different astronaut groups were formed: pilots and mission specialists. Additionally, the Shuttle Program has payload specialists who are selected for a single mission and are not part of the astronaut corps – among them were mostly scientists, also a few politicians and many international astronauts.
Of the first of the post-Apollo group, Sally Ride would become the first American woman in space (STS-7). Later, she would fly with Kathryn Sullivan on a Shuttle flight, in which Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an EVA. Dr. Thagard, who flew with Ride on STS-7, would later become the first American to be launched on a Russian rocket (Soyuz TM-21 or "Mir-18") to the Mir space station, while Shannon Lucid would serve on the Mir for slightly over 6 months, breaking all American space duration records (both the Skylab 4 record and Thagard's) in 1996–97 until Sunita Williams (who was selected 20 years later) broke Lucid's record. Of this group, Scobee, Resnik, Onizuka, and McNair would perish in the Challenger Disaster. Of the astronauts chosen, Anna Fisher remained on active duty the longest, retiring in 2017 (although her tenure included an extended leave of absence from 1989 to 1996), while Robert Gibson and Rhea Seddon became the first active duty astronauts to marry (both are now retired). Shannon Lucid's tenure was unbroken from 1978 until she announced her retirement in 2012 - in later years she served as a space shuttle CAPCOM, up to the final day of the final shuttle mission. After the Challenger Disaster, Sally Ride would serve on both the Rogers Commission and the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.
March 1 – 1978 Intercosmos Group – USSR
Aleksandr P. Aleksandrov (Bulgaria), Dumitru Dediu (Romania), Jose Lopez Falcon (Cuba), Bertalan Farkas (Hungary), Maidarjavyn Ganzorig (Mongolia), Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa (Mongolia), Georgi Ivanov (Bulgaria), Bela Magyari (Hungary), Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez (Cuba), Dumitru Prunariu (Romania)
May 1 – Spacelab Payload Specialists Group 1 – ESA
Ulf Merbold (West Germany), Claude Nicollier (Switzerland), Wubbo Ockels (Netherlands), Franco Malerba (Italy)
1979[edit]
August – USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer – Group 1[4]
Frank J. Casserino, Jeffrey E. Detroye, Michael A. Hamel, Terry A. Higbee, Daryl J. Joseph, Malcolm W. Lydon, Gary E. Payton, Jerry J. Rij, Paul A. Sefchek, Eric E. Sundberg, David M. Vidrine, John B. Watterson, Keith C. Wright
Of this group, only Payton ever flew into space, as a Payload Specialist aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle flight.
April 1 – 1979 Intercosmos Group – USSR
Tuân Pham (Vietnam), Thanh Liem Bui (Vietnam)
1980[edit]
May 29 – NASA Group 9 – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 9
Pilots: John Blaha, Charles Bolden, Roy Bridges, Guy Gardner, Ronald Grabe, Bryan O'Connor, Richard N. Richards, Michael J. Smith
Mission specialists: James Bagian, Franklin Chang-Diaz, Mary Cleave, Bonnie Dunbar, William Fisher, David Hilmers, David Leestma, John Lounge, Jerry Ross, Sherwood Spring, Robert Springer
International mission specialists: Claude Nicollier, Wubbo Ockels
Of this group, Franklin Chang-Diaz would become the first Hispanic-American in space, Michael Smith would perish in the Challenger disaster, and John Blaha would fly aboard the Mir space station. Both Jerry Ross and Chang-Diaz currently jointly hold the record of number of manned spaceflights flown at seven. Charles Bolden was chosen in 2009 to become the second NASA astronaut and the first African-American to the post of NASA Administrator on a full-time basis (although Frederick Gregory, who is also African-American and a former Shuttle commander, held the post on a temporary basis between the departure of Sean O'Keefe and the appointment of Michael Griffin in 2005). The announcement, made a day before the conclusion of the STS-125 flight to the Hubble Space Telescope, was coincidental, because Bolden was the pilot on the telescope's deployment flight in 1990.
July 30 – LII-1/IMBP-3/MAP/NPOE-5/AN-2 Cosmonaut Group – Soviet Union[5]
LII-1: Anatoly Levchenko, Alexandr Shchukin, Rimantas Stankevicius, Igor Volk
IBMP: Galina Amelkina, Yelena Dobrokvashina, Larisa Pozharskaya, Tamara Zakharova
MAP: Svetlana Savitskaya
NPOE: Yekaterina Ivanova, Natalya Kuleshova, Irina Pronina
AN-2: Irina Latysheva
1980 – CNES Group 1 – France
Patrick Baudry, Jean-Loup Chrétien
Chrétien and Baudry would become the first Frenchmen in space. Chrétien flew with Soviets to Salyut 7 in 1982, and Baudry on Space Shuttle STS-51-G flight in 1985. Chrétien would later fly to the Space Station Mir and would become a Shuttle Mission Specialist in the 1990s.
1982[edit]
August – USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer – Group 2[4]
James B. Armor, Jr., Michael W. Booen, Livingston L. Holder, Jr., Larry D. James, Charles E. Jones, Maureen C. LaComb, Michael R. Mantz, Randy T. Odle, William A. Pailes, Craig A. Puz, Katherine E. Roberts, Jess M. Sponable, W. David Thompson, Glenn S. Yeakel
Jones was killed on September 11, 2001, as a passenger aboard American Airlines Flight 11. Of this group, only Pailes ever flew in space, aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle mission as a Payload Specialist.
September 11 – 1982 Intercosmos Group – India
Ravish Malhotra, Rakesh Sharma
December 1 – Spacelab Payload Specialists Group – Germany
Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid
1983[edit]
April 25 - The second group of test pilots for the project "Buran" (Gromov Flight Research Institute group) - USSR
Ural Sultanov, Magomed Tolboev
December – NRC Group – Canada
Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Steve MacLean, Ken Money, Robert Thirsk, and Bjarni Tryggvason
This first Canadian astronaut group was selected by the National Research Council of Canada and were transferred to the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) when it was created in 1989. All the astronauts flew on the U.S. Space Shuttle by 1997 except Ken Money, who resigned from CSA in 1992.
1984[edit]
February 15 – NPOE-6 Cosmonaut Group – Soviet Union
Aleksandr Kaleri, Sergei Yemelyanov
May 23 – NASA Group 10 – The Maggots – USA
Pilots: Kenneth Cameron, John Casper, Frank Culbertson, Sidney Gutierrez, Blaine Hammond, Michael McCulley, James Wetherbee
Mission specialists: James Adamson, Ellen Baker, Mark Brown, Sonny Carter, Marsha Ivins, Mark Lee, David Low, William Shepherd, Kathryn Thornton, Charles "Lacy" Veach
Of this group, William Shepherd would become the commander of the first International Space Station crew (Expedition 1). James Wetherbee would become the only person to command five spaceflight missions. Sonny Carter died in 1991 in a plane crash while on NASA business.
June 12 - The third group of test pilots for the project "Buran" (Gromov Flight Research Institute group) - USSR
Victor Zabolotski
1985[edit]
May – ISRO Insat Group – India
Nagapathi Chidambar Bhat, Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan Nair
Note: Although selected to fly on the Space Shuttle, none of the group members flew due to the Challenger disaster of 1986. Bhat was assigned to a shuttle flight that was cancelled in the wake of Challenger.
June – Mexico
Rodolfo Neri Vela, Ricardo Peralta y Fabi
Note: Neri Vela flew on Shuttle mission STS-61-B, in November 1985.
June 4 – NASA Group 11 – USA
Pilots: Michael A. Baker, Robert D. Cabana, Brian Duffy, Terence Henricks, Stephen Oswald, Stephen Thorne
Mission Specialists: Jerome Apt, Charles Gemar, Linda Godwin, Richard Hieb, Tamara Jernigan, Carl Meade, Pierre Thuot
Note: Thorne was killed in the crash of a private airplane before his first flight assignment.
July 19 – NASA Teacher in Space Program – USA
Christa McAuliffe, Barbara Morgan
Note: McAuliffe and Morgan were selected as the prime and backup Payload Specialists for the STS-51-L mission in 1985. McAuliffe was killed in the Challenger disaster, 73 seconds after liftoff. Morgan would later join the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1998. She flew on the STS-118 mission in 2007, 21 years after Challenger.
August 1 – 1985 NASDA Group – Japan
Mamoru Mohri, Chiaki Mukai, Takao Doi
August – USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer – Group 3[4]
Joseph J. Caretto, Robert B. Crombie, Frank M. DeArmond, David P. Staib, Jr., Teresa M. Stevens
September 2 – GKNII-2/NPOE-7 Cosmonaut Group – Soviet Union
GKNII: Viktor Afanasyev, Anatoly Artsebarsky, Gennadi Manakov
NPOE: Sergei Krikalyov, Andrei Zaytsev
September 18 – CNES Group 2 – France
Claudie André-Deshays, Jean-François Clervoy, Jean-Jacques Favier, Jean-Pierre Haigneré, Frédéric Patat, Michel Tognini, Michel Viso
September 30 - 1985 Intercosmos Group – Syria
Muhammed Ahmed Faris, Munir Habib Habib
October – Indonesian Palapa Group – Indonesia
Taufik Akbar, Pratiwi Sudarmono
Note: Due to the Challenger accident, none of the group members flew in space. Sudarmono was assigned to a shuttle flight in 1986, with Akbar as her backup.
December 27 - ATLAS-1 - ESA
Dirk D. Frimout (Belgium)
1986[edit]
January 2 - The fourth group of test pilots for the project "Buran" (Gromov Flight Research Institute group) - USSR
Sergey Tresvyatski, Yuri Schaeffer
Note: June 5, 1987 decision of the Interdepartmental Qualification Committee (IAC), all of "Buran" test pilots were awarded the qualification "test cosmonaut."
1987[edit]
January 5 - Shipka Group – Bulgaria
Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Krasimir Stoyanov
March 26 – TsPK-8/NPOE-8 Cosmonaut Group – Soviet Union
TsPK: Valery Korzun, Vladimir Dezhurov, Yuri Gidzenko, Yuri Malenchenko, Vasily Tsibliyev
NPOE: Sergei Avdeyev
June 5 – NASA Group 12 – The GAFFers – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 12
Pilots: Andrew M. Allen, Kenneth Bowersox, Curtis Brown, Kevin Chilton, Donald McMonagle, William Readdy, Kenneth Reightler
Mission specialists: Thomas Akers, Jan Davis, Michael Foale, Gregory Harbaugh, Mae Jemison, Bruce Melnick, Mario Runco, James Voss
The group's informal nickname is an acronym for "George Abbey Final Fifteen". Of this group, Mae Jemison would become the first female African-American in space, while Michael Foale would serve on extended missions to both Mir and the International Space Station as well as a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope. At the time of the Columbia accident in 2003, William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox was commanding the Expedition 6 crew on the ISS. Chilton, after leaving NASA, became the first NASA astronaut to become a full General in the U.S. Air Force (Lt. Gen. Thomas Stafford, USAF, and VADM Richard Truly, USN were three-star officers) and held the position of commander, U.S. Strategic Command.
August 3 – 1987 German Group
Renate Brümmer, Hans Schlegel, Gerhard Thiele, Heike Walpot, Ulrich Walter
1988[edit]
February 12 – OS "Mir" Group - Afghanistan
Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum, Abdul Ahad Mohmand
1989[edit]
January 25 – IMBP-5/GKNII-3/NPOE-9/TsPK-10 Cosmonaut Group – Soviet Union
IMBP: Vladimir Karashtin, Vasili Lukiyanyuk, Boris Morukov
GNKII: Anatoli Polonsky, Valeri Tokarev, Aleksandr Yablontsev
NPOE: Nikolai Budarin, Yelena Kondakova, Aleksandr Poleshchuk, Yury Usachov
TsPK: Sergei Kirchevsky, Gennady Padalka, Yury Onufriyenko
22 March - The last group of test pilots for the project "Buran" (Gromov Flight Research Institute group) - USSR
Yuri Prikhodko
Note: Officially, the cosmonaut corps LII (Letno-ispitatelny Institut = Flight Research Institute) ceased to exist in 2002, having gone through a long time officially closed in 1993, the program "Buran". Of all selected and trained squad of cosmonauts in space were only two – Igor Volk and Anatoly Levchenko. More information about the "Buran" space flight program and "Soyuz-Savior" ("Soyuz-Spasatel") program and cosmonauts, who was preparing to fly in space, you can find the "Buran" program website.[6]
May 23 – 1989 Italian Group
Franco Malerba, Franco Rossitto, Umberto Guidoni, Cristiano Batalli Cosmovici
September 29 – ATLAS Payload Specialists – NASA
Charles R. Chappell, Michael Lampton, Byron K. Lichtenberg
November 25 – Project Juno (UK-Soviet Union)
Helen Sharman (UK) and Timothy Mace (UK)
Sharman became the first British-born person to go into space, on board Soyuz TM-12 in May 1991.
1990[edit]
January 17 – NASA Group 13 – The Hairballs – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 13
Pilots: Kenneth Cockrell, Eileen Collins, William G. Gregory, James Halsell, Charles Precourt, Richard Searfoss, Terrence Wilcutt
Mission specialists: Daniel Bursch, Leroy Chiao, Michael R. Clifford, Bernard Harris, Susan Helms, Thomas David Jones, William McArthur, James Newman, Ellen Ochoa, Ronald Sega, Nancy Currie, Donald A. Thomas, Janice Voss, Carl E. Walz, Peter Wisoff, David Wolf
Collins would go on to be the first female shuttle pilot, the first female shuttle commander, and then commander of the second "Return to Flight" mission in 2005. The "Hairballs" nickname, according to Jones in his book "Sky Walking," came after the group, the 13th NASA astronaut class, put a black cat on its group patch.
February – CNES Group 3 – France
Léopold Eyharts, Jean-Marc Gasparini, Philippe Perrin, Benoit Silve
Group 3 was the last group of CNES astronauts chosen. In 1999, all remaining active CNES astronauts were transferred to the ESA Astronaut Corps.
May 11 – TsPK-11 Cosmonaut Group – Soviet Union
Talgat Musabayev, Vladimir Severin, Salizhan Sharipov, Sergei Vozovikov, Sergei Zalyotin
October 8 – 1990 German Group
Reinhold Ewald, Klaus-Dietrich Flade
1992[edit]
March 3 – NPOE-10 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
Aleksandr Lazutkin, Sergei Treshchov, Pavel Vinogradov
March 31 – NASA Group 14 – The Hogs – USA
Pilots: Scott Horowitz, Brent Jett, Kevin Kregel, Kent Rominger
Mission specialists: Daniel T. Barry, Charles Brady, Catherine Coleman, Michael Gernhardt, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Jerry Linenger, Richard Linnehan, Michael Lopez-Alegria, Scott Parazynski, Winston Scott, Steven Smith, Joseph Tanner, Andy Thomas, Mary Weber
International mission specialists: Marc Garneau (Canada), Chris Hadfield (Canada), Maurizio Cheli (Italy), Jean-François Clervoy (France), Koichi Wakata (Japan)
Beginning with this NASA Group, non-US astronauts representing their home country's space agencies were brought in and trained alongside their NASA counterparts as full-fledged mission specialists, eligible to be assigned to any shuttle mission.
April – 1992 NASDA Group – Japan
Koichi Wakata
June – CSA Group 2 – Canada
Dafydd Williams, Julie Payette, Chris Hadfield and Michael McKay
The second Canadian astronaut group were selected by CSA. All the astronauts flew on the U.S. Space Shuttle except Michael McKay who resigned due to medical reasons.
May 15 – 1992 ESA Group – ESA
Maurizio Cheli (Italy), Jean-François Clervoy (France), Pedro Duque (Spain), Christer Fuglesang (Sweden), Marianne Merchez (Belgium), Thomas Reiter (Germany)
1994[edit]
April 1 – NPOE-11 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya, Mikhail Tyurin
December 12 – NASA Group 15 – The Flying Escargot – USA
Pilots: Scott Altman, Jeffrey Ashby, Michael Bloomfield, Joe Edwards, Dominic Gorie, Rick Husband, Steven Lindsey, Pamela Melroy, Susan (Still) Kilrain, Frederick Sturckow.
Mission specialists: Michael Anderson, Kalpana Chawla, Robert Curbeam, Kathryn Hire, Janet Kavandi, Edward Lu, Carlos Noriega, James Reilly, Stephen Robinson.
International mission specialists: Jean-Loup Chrétien (France), Takao Doi (Japan), Michel Tognini (France), Dafydd Williams (Canada).
Husband, Anderson and Chawla were crewmembers on the final Columbia mission. Chrétien trained as a backup Spacelab crew member in the 1980s and flew on both U.S. and Soviet/Russian spacecraft, along with being the first non-U.S. or Soviet/Russian astronaut to perform a space walk.
1996[edit]
February 9 – MKS/RKKE-12 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
MKS: Oleg Kotov, Yuri Shargin
RKKE: Konstantin Kozeyev, Sergei Revin
March 26 – MKS supplemental cosmonaut group – Russia
Oleg Kononenko
May 1 – NASA Group 16 – The Sardines – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 16
Pilots: Duane G. Carey, Stephen Frick, Charles O. Hobaugh, James M. Kelly, Mark Kelly, Scott Kelly, Paul Lockhart, Christopher Loria, William Cameron McCool, Mark L. Polansky.
Mission Specialists: David McDowell Brown, Daniel C. Burbank, Yvonne Cagle, Fernando Caldeiro, Charles Camarda, Laurel Clark, Michael Fincke, Patrick G. Forrester, John Herrington, Joan Higginbotham, Sandra Magnus, Michael J. Massimino, Richard Mastracchio, Lee Morin, Lisa Nowak, Donald Pettit, John L. Phillips, Paul W. Richards, Piers Sellers, Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, Daniel M. Tani, Rex J. Walheim, Peggy Whitson, Jeffrey Williams, Stephanie Wilson.
International Mission Specialists: Pedro Duque (Spain), Christer Fuglesang (Sweden), Umberto Guidoni (Italy), Steven MacLean (Canada), Mamoru Mohri (Japan), Soichi Noguchi (Japan), Julie Payette (Canada), Philippe Perrin (France), Gerhard Thiele (Germany).
Brown, Clark and McCool were crewmembers on the final Columbia mission. Mark and Scott Kelly are twin brothers, James Kelly is not related. Loria resigned from his shuttle mission due to injury and never flew before retiring from the astronaut corps. Nowak, who flew on STS-121, was arrested on February 5, 2007, after confronting a woman entangled in a love triangle with a fellow astronaut. She was dismissed by NASA on March 6, the first astronaut to be both grounded and dismissed (prior astronauts who were grounded due to non-medical issues usually resigned or retired).
June – NASDA Group – Japan
Soichi Noguchi
October – China Group 1996 – China
Li Qinglong, Wu Jie
November - Shuttle-97 Group – Ukraine
Leonid Kadeniuk, Yaroslav Pustovyi
1997[edit]
April (?) - Shuttle Group - Israel[7]
Yitzhak Mayo, Ilan Ramon
Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut to fly in space and also a Payload Specialist on the final mission of Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107).
July 28 – TsPK-12/RKKE-13 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
TsPK: Dmitri Kondratyev, Yury Lonchakov, Sergei Moshchenko, Oleg Moshkin, Roman Romanenko, Aleksandr Skvortsov, Maksim Surayev, Konstantin Valkov, Sergey Volkov
RKKE: Oleg Skripochka, Fyodor Yurchikhin
1998[edit]
January – Chinese Group 1 – China
Chen Quan 陈全, Deng Qingming 邓清明, Fei Junlong 费俊龙, Jing Haipeng 景海鹏, Liu Boming 刘伯明, Liu Wang 刘旺, Nie Haisheng 聂海胜, Pan Zhanchun 潘占春, Yang Liwei 杨利伟, Zhai Zhigang 翟志刚, Zhang Xiaoguan 张晓光, Zhao Chuandong 赵传东
In October 2003, Yang Liwei became the first man to be sent into space by the space program of China, and his mission, Shenzhou 5, made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space.
February 24 – RKKE-14 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
Mikhail Korniyenko
Mart 2 - OS "Mir" Stefanik Group – Slovakia
Ivan Bella, Michal Fulier
June 4 – NASA Group 17 – The Penguins – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 17
Pilots: Lee Archambault, Christopher Ferguson, Kenneth Ham, Gregory C. Johnson, Gregory H. Johnson, William Oefelein, Alan Poindexter, George Zamka
Mission Specialists: Clayton Anderson, Tracy Caldwell, Gregory Chamitoff, Timothy Creamer, Michael Foreman, Michael E. Fossum, Stanley Love, Leland Melvin, Barbara Morgan, John D. Olivas, Nicholas Patrick, Garrett Reisman, Patricia Robertson, Steven Swanson, Douglas Wheelock, Sunita Williams, Neil Woodward
International Mission Specialists: Léopold Eyharts (France), Paolo Nespoli (Italy), Marcos Pontes (Brazil), Hans Schlegel (Germany), Robert Thirsk (Canada), Bjarni Tryggvason (Canada), Roberto Vittori (Italy)
Note: Group includes Barbara Morgan, who was the backup "Teacher-In-Space" for Christa McAuliffe for the ill-fated Challenger Disaster in 1986. While often referred to as an Educator Astronaut, Morgan was selected by NASA as a Mission Specialist, before the Educator Astronaut Project was formed.[8]
Patricia Robertson (née Hilliard) was killed in the crash of a private airplane before she was assigned to a Shuttle mission.
Oefelein was dismissed from NASA in 2007 due to his involvement in a love triangle with fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak.
October 7 – 1998 ESA Group – ESA
Frank De Winne (Belgium), Léopold Eyharts (France), André Kuipers (Netherlands), Paolo Nespoli (Italy), Hans Schlegel (Germany) , Roberto Vittori (Italy)
1999[edit]
February – 1999 NASDA Group – Japan
Satoshi Furukawa, Akihiko Hoshide, Naoko Sumino
1 November – 1999 ESA Group – Europe
Claudie André-Deshays, Philippe Perrin, Michel Tognini
The three remaining CNES (France) astronauts transferred to the ESA's astronaut corps in 1999.
2000[edit]
July 26 – NASA Group 18 – The Bugs – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 18
Pilots: Dominic A. Antonelli, Eric A. Boe, Kevin A. Ford, Ronald J. Garan, Jr., Douglas G. Hurley, Terry W. Virts, Jr., Barry E. Wilmore
Mission Specialists: Michael R. Barratt, Robert L. Behnken, Stephen G. Bowen, B. Alvin Drew, Andrew J. Feustel, Michael T. Good, Timothy L. Kopra, K. Megan McArthur, Karen L. Nyberg, Nicole P. Stott
2002[edit]
November 12 – Canadian Arrow astronaut team – Canada
David Ballinger, Larry C. Clark, Jason Paul Dyer, Marvin Edward 'Ted' Gow, Yaroslav 'Yarko' Pustovyi, Wayne 'Terry' Wong
2003[edit]
May 23 – TsPK-13/RKKE-15/IMBP-6 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
TsPK: Anatoli Ivanishin, Aleksandr Samokutyayev, Anton Shkaplerov, Evgeny Tarelkin, Sergei Zhukov
RKKE: Oleg Artemyev, Andrei Borisenko, Mark Serov
IMBP: Sergey Ryazansky
Kazakhstan - Group 1
Aydyn Aimbetov, Mukhtar Aymakhanov[9]
September 11 – SpaceShipOne – USA[10]
Brian Binnie, Mike Melvill, Doug Shane, Peter Siebold[11]
Note: This was the first group of commercial astronauts. Only Binnie and Melville reached space during a SpaceShipOne flight. Siebold has also piloted SpaceShipTwo, but no flights have yet reached space.
2004[edit]
May 6 – NASA Group 19 – The Peacocks – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 19
Pilots: Randolph Bresnik, James Dutton
Mission specialists: Thomas Marshburn, Christopher Cassidy, R. Shane Kimbrough, Jose Hernández, Robert Satcher, Shannon Walker
Educator mission specialists: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
International mission specialists: Satoshi Furukawa (Japan), Akihiko Hoshide (Japan), Naoko Yamazaki (Japan)
Note: This group was the first to include Educator mission specialists, and the last group to train for Space Shuttle flights.
2006[edit]
March 30 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group – UK[12]
Steve Johnson, Alistair Hoy, David MacKay, Alex Tai
September 4 – Angkasawan Group – Malaysia[13]
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Faiz Khaleed, Siva Vanajah, Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin
Note: In 2006, four Malaysians were chosen to train for a flight to the International Space Station through the Angkasawan program. Sheikh Muszaphar became the first Malaysian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz TMA-11.
October 11 – TsPK-14/RKKE-16 Cosmonaut Group – Russia
TsPK: Aleksandr Misurkin, Oleg Novitskiy, Aleksey Ovchinin, Maksim Ponomaryov, Sergey Ryzhikov
RKKE: Yelena Serova, Nikolai Tikhonov
December 25 – Korean Astronaut Program Group
Yi So-yeon, Ko San
Note: Ko San was chosen as the prime candidate over Yi So-yeon in September 2007. Yi So-yeon became prime candidate in March 2008.
2008[edit]
July – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group – UK[14]
Robert Bendall, Rich Dancaster, Brad Lambert
2009[edit]
February 25 – JAXA Group – Japan
Takuya Onishi, Kimiya Yui
May 13 – CSA Group – Canada
Jeremy Hansen, David Saint-Jacques
May 20 – ESA Group – The Shenanigans – ESA[15]
Samantha Cristoforetti (Italy), Alexander Gerst (Germany), Andreas Mogensen (Denmark), Luca Parmitano (Italy), Timothy Peake (United Kingdom), Thomas Pesquet (France)
June 29 – NASA Group 20 – Chumps[16] – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 20
Mission Specialists: Serena M. Auñón, Jeanette J. Epps, Jack D. Fischer, Michael S. Hopkins, Kjell N. Lindgren, Kathleen (Kate) Rubins, Scott D. Tingle, Mark T. Vande Hei, Gregory R. (Reid) Wiseman
International Mission Specialists: Jeremy Hansen (Canada), Norishige Kanai (Japan), Takuya Onishi (Japan), David Saint-Jacques (Canada), Kimiya Yui (Japan) Note: NASA selected the nine members of Group 20 from over 3,500 applicants.[17] The NASA candidates were announced in June, the international astronauts were added later that year. This was the first group of astronauts chosen for the post-Space Shuttle era, and were not trained to fly the Shuttle. Fischer, Tingle, and Wiseman were selected as pilots, but there is currently no distinction between pilots and non-pilots, all are considered Mission Specialists.
September 8 – JAXA Group – Japan
Norishige Kanai
2010[edit]
March - Chinese Group 2 – China[18]
Cai Xuzhe, Chen Dong, Liu Yang, Tang Hongbo, Wang Yaping, Ye Guangfu, Zhang Lu
April 12 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 1 [19][20][21][22]
Jim Crowell, Bruce Davis, Kristine Ferrone, Amnon Govrin, Chad Healy, Ryan Kobrick, Joseph Palaia, Luís Saraiva, Brian Shiro, Laura Stiles, Veronica Ann Zabala-Aliberto
June 7 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 2 [19][23][21][22]
Ben Corbin, José Miguel Hurtado, Jr, Jason Reimuller, Todd Romberger, Erik Seedhouse, Alli Taylor
October 12 – TsPK-15/RKKE-17 Cosmonaut Group – Russia[24]
TsPK: Aleksey Khomenchuk, Denis Matveev, Sergey Prokopyev
RKKE: Andrey Babkin, Ivan Vagner, Sergey Kud'-Sverchkov, Svyatoslav Morozov
2011[edit]
January–February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos astronauts – Russia[25]
Oleg Artemyev, Andrei Babkin, Ivan Wagner, Andrei Borisenko, Sergei Zhukov, Oleg Kononenko, Mikhail Kornienko, Sergei Kud'-Sverchkov, Svyatoslav Morozov, Sergei Revin, Sergey Ryazansky, Elena Serova, Nikolai Tikhonov.
Note: From 1 January 2011 at the Research Institute of the Y. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is a single detachment of the Russian Space Agency astronauts, which today (August 2015) consists of 38 people. The next set of candidates will be announced at the beginning of 2016[26] The set postponed at least until 2017.[27] On September 2016 the unit including 31 astronaut.[28]
February 28 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 3 [19][29][21][22]
Christopher Altman[30][31], Jon-Erik Dahlin, Melania Guerra, Mindy Howard, Kris Lehnhardt, Abhishek Tripathi, Cosan Unuvar, Pavel Zagadailov, Luis Zea
October 26 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group – UK[32]
Keith Colmer
2012[edit]
February - Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos cosmonauts - Russia
Fyodor Yurchikhin
October 30 – TsPK- Addition Group – Russia[33]
Finalists: Oleg Blinov, Nikolay Chub, Piotr Dubrov, Andrey Fediaev, Ignat Ignatov, Anna Kikina, Sergei Korsakov, Dmitriy Petelin
2013[edit]
May 8 - Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group – UK[34]
Frederick W. Sturckow (former NASA astronaut), Michael "Sooch" Masucci
June 3 - Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 4 [19][35][21][22]
David Ballinger, Jessica Cherry, Michael Gallagher, Jamie Guined, Tanya Markow-Estes, Aaron Persad
June 17 – NASA Group 21 – 8-Balls[36] – US
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 21
Josh A. Cassada, Victor J. Glover, Tyler N. Hague, Christina M. Hammock, Nicole Aunapu Mann, Anne C. McClain, Jessica U. Meir, Andrew R. Morgan
2014[edit]
July 9 – Bigelow Aerospace Astronaut Group 1 - USA[37]
Kenneth Ham, George Zamka (former NASA astronauts)
July 24 - Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group - UK
Todd Ericson[38]
August 14 - individual set into a United detachment of Roscosmos astronauts - Russia
Mukhtar Aimakhanov
2015[edit]
January 23 - Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group - UK
Mark Stucky[39]
July 9 - NASA Commercial Crew Program [40]
Robert Behnken, Sunita Williams, Eric Boe, Douglas Hurley
July - ESA Astronaut Corps
Matthias Maurer
Copenhagen Suborbitals astronauts - Denmark
Mads Stenfatt, Anna Olsen, Carsten Olsen[41]
2017[edit]
June 7 – NASA Group 22 – USA
Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 22
Kayla Barron, Zena Cardman, Raja Chari, Matthew Dominick, Robert Hines, Warren Hoburg, Jonny Kim, Robb Kulin, Jasmin Moghbeli, Loral O'Hara, Francisco Rubio, Jessica Watkins.
July 1 - 2017 CSA Group - Canada
Jennifer Sidey, Joshua Kutryk
Comments[edit]
Some companies, such as the contenders for the Ansari X PRIZE for the first non-governmental reusable manned spacecraft, named their spacecraft pilots from the period between 2003 – 2004 the following: head of the company Starchaser Industries, Steve Bennett (United Kingdom) and astronaut Matt Shewbridge;[42] former NASA astronauts – American: John Bennett Herrington (Pioneer Rocketplane), Richard Searfoss (XCOR Aerospace); pilot Dick Rutan (XCOR Aerospace); Canadian engineer Brian Feeney (da Vinci Project); a veteran Wally Funk from Mercury 13 (Interorbital Systems) ua.
From a variety of sources (Magazine Wired, Getty Images, Jim Sugar Photography), there are also Scaled Composites and Virgin Galactic other pilot or astronaut names: Michael Alsbury (killed in 2014 Virgin Galactic crash), Rob Bendall (Canada), Richard Branson, Peter Kalogiannis, Niki Lauda (Austria),[43] Brian Maisler, Clint Nichols, Wes Persall, Burt Rutan, Peter Seiffert, Peter Siebold, Mark Stucky.
SpaceX employs former NASA astronauts Ken Bowersox and Garrett Reisman; Boeing plans to hire some soon.[44] Boeing welcomes a former NASA astronaut Chris Ferguson to Space Exploration Team.[45] July 22, 2013 astronauts Serena Aunon and Randy Bresnik put on NASA's iconic orange launch-and-entry suits and then individually tested their maneuverability inside the CST-100 capsule[46] The candidates for Boeing's astronaut corps could include former NASA astronauts, as well as test pilots who have never flown in space before.[47][48]
Flight members from the Association of Spaceflight Professionals are vetted through a selective, multi-stage evaluation process modeled after the NASA Astronaut Corps, incorporating guidance and direction from a selection panel including veteran NASA astronauts and astronaut trainers. Several flight members interviewed as finalists in national space agency astronaut candidate selection campaigns;[49][50][51] one has completed an ISS mission: South Korean Astronaut Soyeon Yi, the first Korean to fly in space, is an active member and serves on the board of directors.[52][53][54][55] The organization numbers more than 200 PhD-level scientists, researchers, and engineers from nineteen countries around the world[56] drawn from backgrounds in the military, defense, science, medicine, aerospace and engineering, bringing an extensive track record of research, payload integration, product development and research prototypes for the space industry, with several experiments currently flying on the International Space Station.[57][50][58][59][60]
The new Teachers in Space Project began in 2005. In 2012, the United States Rocket Academy announced that the program was expanding to include a broader range of participants and was renamed Citizens in Space:
For its first phase, Citizens in Space will be selecting and training 10 citizen astronaut candidates to fly as payload operators. Four astronaut candidates already in training ( Maureen Adams, Steve Heck, Michael Johnson, and Edward Wright).[61] Earlier it was mentioned as a citizen-astronaut candidate to the informal educator and aerospace historian Gregory Kennedy.[62]
Founders of Copenhagen Suborbitals (2008, Denmark) are Kristian von Bengtson and Peter Madsen. If successful, Denmark will be the fourth nation to launch humans above the Kármán line. Peter Madsen is scheduled for the first flight, then Kristian von Bengtson will attempt a low earth orbit mission.
AXE is creating 9 January 2013 the AXE Apollo Space Academy (A.A.S.A) with space futurist and one of the first men to walk on the moon, Buzz Aldrin. Beginning this day, by joining A.A.S.A at AXEApollo.com, guys and girls will have a chance to compete for one of 22 tickets to travel to space on a flight with international space agency, Space Expedition Corporation (SXC).[63] The spaceship will be XCOR Aerospace Lynx. A careful selection result of the 5. December 2013 were selected 23 candidates for the flight, which will take place in 2014 or 2015 year.[64]
A non-profit organization Mars One plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012. Mars One astronaut selection announcement in 19 April 2013 and starts its search for the first humans on Mars 22 April 2013. August 2013 to fly to Mars had applied for more than 200,000 people.[65] Flights are provided without returning to Earth. The results of applicants selected for round 2 were declared on December 30 of 2013. A total of 1,058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.
An American non-profit organization founded by Dennis Tito Inspiration Mars Foundation aims to launch a manned mission to flyby Mars in January 2018, or, if the 2018 date is missed, 2021. Flight participants would be husband and wife, they had better psychological compatibility, and are therefore very likely candidates - project participants Jane Poynter and Taber MacCallum, which has been acquired some experience by participating in the experiment Biosphere 2[66][67]
The company Waypoint 2 Space[68] announced January 28, 2014 that it had received FAA safety approval for its training services. Waypoint 2 Space lead the evolution of Commercial Spaceflight Training through a collaboration with NASA centers. Operating from the global hub of space technology – Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas – a company are helping to shape the future of the Commercial Space Industry. By paying cash, each person will be able to train to spaceflight.[69]
The very first, a private firm that tried to build a suborbital space rocket was Truax Engineering, Inc. The first person to fly in the rocket had already been selected, an engineer named Jeana Yeager, who already worked for Truax Engineering. (From the book - Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight. By Chris Dubbs, Emeline Paat-Dahlstrom, p. 51) At various times to end of the 1980th, one by one, trained for the first flight: Ronald Beller, Martin Yahn, Ray Upton, Daniel J. Correa and Fell Peters. The project stalled for lack of money.
See also[edit]
Human spaceflight
NASA Astronaut Groups
List of cosmonauts
List of astronauts by name
List of astronauts by nationality
List of space travelers by name
Private spaceflight
List of private spaceflight companies
Citizens in Space[70]
Ansari X Prize
Canadian Arrow
Mercury 13 - the Women of the Mercury Era[71]
North American X-15
Robert Truax X-3 Volksrocket
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jones, Eric M. (editor). "Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: One Small Step". NASA. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Collins, Michael (1974). Carrying The Fire. p. 180. ISBN 0-553-23948-1.
Jump up ^ Истребители выходят на орбиту
^ Jump up to: a b c Cassutt, Michael. "The Manned Space Flight Engineer Programme Archived 2008-12-30 at the Wayback Machine." Spaceflight, January 1989.
Jump up ^ "Cosmonaut Selection: LII-1 Selection." Spacefacts.de. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Экипажи Бурана
Jump up ^ Юярпнмюбрш Хгпюхкъ
Jump up ^ NASA (2007). "Barbara Radding Morgan – NASA Astronaut biography". NASA. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Test Pilots". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Space.com. "X Prize: The Competition is Heating Up". Space.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Asia Travel Tips.com (2006). "Virgin Atlantic Pilots offered chance to become Astronauts". Asia Travel Tips.com. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sushma Veera (2007). "Angkasawan: Space is only the beginning". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic
Jump up ^ ESA (2009). "ESA prepares for the next generation of human spaceflight and exploration by recruiting a new class of European astronauts". ESA. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Robert Z. Pearlman (2009). "NASA's new astronaut class: call them the "Chumps"". collectSPACE. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ NASA HQ (June 29, 2009). "NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration". NASA. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Selection groups
^ Jump up to: a b c d Flight members from the Association of Spaceflight Professionals have been vetted through a highly-selective evaluation process modeled after the NASA Astronaut Corps, incorporating guidance and direction from a selection panel of veteran NASA astronauts, astronaut trainers, and experienced spaceflight professionals. Several members have interviewed as finalists in national astronaut candidate selection campaigns; one has completed an orbital mission conducting scientific experiments aboard the International Space Station. South Korean Astronaut Soyeon Yi, the first Korean to fly in space, is an active member of the organization and serves on its board of directors. In 2011, an inaugural class completed suborbital research scientist training, underwater emergency egress and sea survival training, and spatial orientation-disorientation testing and acclimation, with performance standards designed in strict adherence to meet or exceed FAA Commercial Astronaut certification and licensing guidelines as defined by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation under 14 CFR 460, Human Spaceflight Requirements,14 CFR 460.5, Crew qualifications and training, and the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, Public Law 108-492, 118, Stat. 3978. The organization's first manned spaceflight missions were funded by the NASA Flight Opportunities Program in the second quarter of 2012.Flight members have lived, worked and trained together with government astronauts from several different countries, as well as instructing NASA astronauts and Astronaut Candidates in such diverse areas as Space Exploration Vehicles (SEV), Extravehicular Activity (EVA) and critical space mission operational tasks.
Jump up ^ "Astronauts for Hire: Press Release: Astronauts for Hire Launches". 2013-06-02. Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2017-11-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps," accessed August 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NASA vs. the free market: Which is better for American space dominance?", "Digital Trends.com," accessed August 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Astronauts for Hire: Press Release: Astronauts for Hire expands its team of Commercial Astronaut Candidates". 2011-08-08. Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2017-11-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote
Jump up ^ Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт
Jump up ^ Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А. Гагарина. Досье - Биографии и справки - ТАСС
Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote
Jump up ^ Космическая энциклопедия ASTROnote
Jump up ^ Astronauts for Hire Announces Selection of New Flight Members – Feb 28, 2011, accessed March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Astronaut scientists for hire open new research frontier in space", "KurzweilAI," accessed April 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Altman, Christopher (May 30, 2011). "Keynote on The Future of Space Exploration, broadcast live to 108 cities around the world". Retrieved 2017-07-09.
Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Selects Its First Astronaut Pilot
Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Astronauts4Hire: Press Release: Astronauts for Hire Adds Six New Commercial Astronaut Candidates". 2013-06-10. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2017-11-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Robert Z. Pearlman (2013). "NASA's new astronaut class, the "8 Balls," reports for training". collectSPACE. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bigelow Aerospace Begins Hiring Round by Adding Former Astronauts Ham, Zamka - SpaceNews.com
Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Announces Todd Ericson as Space Pilot
Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Appoints Mark Stucky as Pilot - Virgin Galactic
Jump up ^ NASA Selects Astronauts for First U.S. Commercial Space Flights – Former NASA Administrator Charles Bolden
Jump up ^ Copenhagen Suborbitals (@copsub) | Instagram photos and videos
Jump up ^ Tourists to space in the next five years by ODN - Dailymotion
Jump up ^ Space Cadet: Niki Lauda training to be an astronaut with Virgin Galactic?! - Autoblog
Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic hires second pilot astronaut | Astronaut for Hire
Jump up ^ Boeing: Boeing Welcomes Astronaut Chris Ferguson to Space Exploration Team
Jump up ^ Astronauts Evaluate Boeingâ€™s Commercial Crew Effort | AWIN content from Aviation Week
Jump up ^ Boeing selects rocket, looks for astronauts - Technology & science - Space | NBC News
Jump up ^ Boeing To Unveil Crew, Spacesuits For CST-100 Test Flight This Summer - SpaceNews.com
Jump up ^ "Dr. Erik Seedhouse | The Space Show". www.thespaceshow.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "U of T alumni make shortlist to become Canada's next astronauts". University of Toronto News. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ "UAF faculty member shortlisted for astronaut program". UAF news and information. 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Membership". Association of Spaceflight Professionals.
Jump up ^ "The Ultimate List Of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch – Yi So-Yeon". Asian Scientist Magazine | Science, Technology and Medicine News Updates From Asia. 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ Becker, Joachim. "Cosmonaut Biography: Yi Soyeon". www.spacefacts.de. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Yi So-yeon". Wikipedia. 2017-11-30.
Jump up ^ Status update, July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Engineering grad to watch: astronaut for hire Aaron Persad - U of T Engineering News". U of T Engineering News. 2014-11-20. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Space-Based Life Sciences Research - Dr. Luis Zea | University of Iceland Biomedical Center". lifvisindi.hi.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Why bacteria 'shapeshift' in space". CU Boulder Today. 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Luis Zea Aerospace Engineering". Luis Zea Aerospace Engineering. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ Citizen Astronauts Complete Suborbital Scientist Course Training, Evaluating New Medical Technology at NASTAR Center
Jump up ^ Greg Kennedy Joins Citizen Astronaut Corps
Jump up ^ AXE Company Wants to Launch 22 People Into Space
Jump up ^ First Filipino Astronaut reaching for the stars 2013-12-10
Jump up ^ Mars One Applicants
Jump up ^ https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/02/inspiration-mars-foundation/
Jump up ^ Millionaire Dennis Tito plans to send woman and man to Mars and back Alan Boyle, Science Editor NBC News Feb. 27, 2013 at 12:58 PM ET
Jump up ^ Drupal already installed | Drupal
Jump up ^ Waypoint 2 Space Trains Passengers For Commercial Launches
Jump up ^ Citizens in Space
Jump up ^ Mercury 13 - the Women of the Mercury Era
[show]
v
t
e
Spaceflight lists and timelines
Timeline of spaceflight
General
Space exploration
outline
timeline
Spaceflight records
Space Race
Asian Space Race
Rocket and missile technology
Human spaceflight
General
Manned spacecraft
timeline
Spaceflights
1961–70
1971–80
1981–90
1991–2000
2001–10
2011–present
by program
Soviet
Russian
Vostok
Soyuz
Mercury
Gemini
Apollo
Skylab
Shenzhou
Spacelab
Salyut
Expeditions
Spaceflights
manned
unmanned
Spacewalks
Visitors
Mir
Expeditions
Spaceflights
manned
unmanned
Spacewalks
Visitors
ISS
Expeditions
Spaceflights
manned
unmanned
Spacewalks
Visitors
Shuttle
Crews
Missions
timeline
Rollbacks
People
Astronauts
by name
by year of selection
by first flight
Apollo
Gemini
Chinese
European
Cosmonauts
female
Jewish
Muslim
Arab
African-American
Space travelers by name
Space travelers by nationality
timeline
EVA
1965–1999
2000–2014
2015–present
Cumulative spacewalk records
Spacewalkers
Solar System exploration
Timeline
Interplanetary voyages
Landings on other planets
artificial objects
Objects at Lagrangian points
Probes
active
leaving the Solar System
lunar probes
Missions to the Moon
Timeline of satellites
Sample-return mission
Mars
Earth-orbiting satellites
Climate research
Communications satellite firsts
CubeSats
PocketQube
Earth observation satellites
timeline
Geosynchronous orbit
GOES
Kosmos
Magnetospheric
NRO
TDRS
USA
Vehicles
Orbital launch systems
Comparison
Sounding rockets
Spacecraft
unmanned
manned
Upper stages
Launches by rocket type
Ariane
Atlas
Black Brant
Falcon 9 and Heavy
Long March
Proton
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
Scout
Thor and Delta
Titan
V-2 tests
Zenit
Launches by spaceport
Satish Dhawan
Agencies, companies
and facilities
Communications satellite companies
comparison
Private spaceflight companies
Rocket launch sites
Space agencies
Spacecraft manufacturers
Other mission lists
and timelines
First orbital launches by country
NASA missions
Constellation missions
Timeline of private spaceflight
Timeline of longest spaceflights
[show]
v
t
e
NASA Astronaut Groups
NASA Astronaut Corps
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
List of astronauts by year of selection
[show]
v
t
e
NASA
Policy and history
History
NACA (1915)
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
Space Task Group (1958)
Paine (1986)
Rogers (1986)
Ride (1987)
Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
Augustine (1990)
U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
CFUSAI (2002)
CAIB (2003)
Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
Aldridge (2004)
Augustine (2009)
General
Space Race
Administrator and Deputy Administrator
Chief Scientist
Astronaut Corps
Budget
Spin-off technologies
NASA TV
NASA Social
Launch Services Program
Kennedy Space Center
Vehicle Assembly Building
Launch Complex 39
Launch Control Center
Johnson Space Center
Mission Control
Lunar Sample Laboratory
Robotic programs
Past
Hitchhiker
Mariner
Mariner Mark II
MESUR
Mars Surveyor '98
New Millennium
Lunar Orbiter
Pioneer
Planetary Observer
Ranger
Surveyor
Viking
Project Prometheus
Mars Scout
Current
Living With a Star
Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
Earth Observing System
Great Observatories program
Explorer
Small explorer
Voyager
Discovery
New Frontiers
Mars Exploration Rover
Human spaceflight
programs
Past
X-15 (suborbital)
Mercury
Gemini
Apollo
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
Skylab
Space Shuttle
Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
Constellation
Current
International Space Station
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)
Commercial Crew Development (CCDev)
Orion
Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)
Past
COBE
Apollo 11
Mercury 3
Mercury-Atlas 6
Magellan
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 11
Galileo
GALEX
GRAIL
WMAP
Space Shuttle
Sojourner rover
Spirit rover
LADEE
MESSENGER
Aquarius
Cassini
Currently
operating
MRO
2001 Mars Odyssey
Dawn
New Horizons
Kepler
International Space Station
Hubble Space Telescope
Spitzer
RHESSI
SWIFT
THEMIS
Mars Exploration Rover
Curiosity rover
timeline
Opportunity rover
observed
GOES 14
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
GOES 15
Van Allen Probes
SDO
Juno
Mars Science Laboratory
timeline
NuSTAR
Voyager 1/2
WISE
MAVEN
MMS
OSIRIS-REx
Future
JPSS
James Webb Space Telescope
WFIRST
InSight
Mars 2020
NISAR
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
Europa Clipper
Communications
and navigation
Canberra
Deep Space Atomic Clock
Deep Space Network (Goldstone
Madrid
Near Earth Network
Space Flight Operations Facility)
Space Network
NASA lists
Astronauts
by name
by year
Apollo astronauts
List of NASA aircraft
List of NASA missions
unmanned missions
List of NASA contractors
List of United States rockets
List of NASA cancellations
List of Space Shuttle missions
crews
NASA images
and artwork
Earthrise
The Blue Marble
Family Portrait
Pale Blue Dot
Pillars of Creation
Mystic Mountain
Solar System Family Portrait
The Day the Earth Smiled
Fallen Astronaut
Lunar plaques
Pioneer plaques
Voyager Golden Record
NASA insignia
Gemini and Apollo medallions
Mission patches
Category
Commons
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
European Space Agency Astronaut Corps
General
European Astronaut Corps
European Astronaut Centre
Columbus Control Centre
Oberpfaffenhofen
ISS contribution
Groups
2015
Matthias Maurer
2009
Samantha Cristoforetti
Alexander Gerst
Andreas Mogensen
Luca Parmitano
Timothy Peake
Thomas Pesquet
1998
Frank De Winne
Léopold Eyharts
André Kuipers
Paolo Nespoli
Hans Schlegel
Roberto Vittori
1992
Maurizio Cheli
Jean-François Clervoy
Pedro Duque
Christer Fuglesang
Marianne Merchez
Thomas Reiter
Older
Maurizio Cheli
Reinhold Ewald
Umberto Guidoni
Claudie Haigneré
Jean-Pierre Haigneré
Ulf Merbold
Marianne Merchez
Claude Nicollier
Wubbo Ockels
Philippe Perrin
Thomas Reiter
Michel Tognini
Gerhard Thiele
[show]
v
t
e
Chinese space program
Space programs
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Chinese anti-satellite missile test
Chinese large modular space station
CBERS
CLEP (Chang'e)
Dark Matter Particle Explorer
Dongfanghong program
Double Star
Fanhui Shi Weixing
Fengyun
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope
Kuafu
Kuaizhou
Long March
Naga-L
Project 921-3
Shenlong
Shenzhou program
Shuguang
Space Solar Telescope
Tiangong program
Tianlian I
Tianzhou
Yaogan
Yinghuo-1
Launch sites
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
Xichang Satellite Launch Center (including Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site)
Scientists
Chen Qiufa
Du Qinghua
Hu Haichang
Ma Xingrui
Ouyang Ziyuan
Qi Faren
Qian Xuesen
Sun Laiyan
Wang Yongzhi
Xu Dazhe
Ye Peijian
Yuan Jiajun
Zhao Jiuzhang
Zhu Miaolong
Astronauts
Chen Dong
Fei Junlong
Jing Haipeng
Liu Boming
Liu Yang
Liu Wang
Nie Haisheng
Yang Liwei
Zhai Zhigang
Zhang Xiaoguang
Wang Yaping
China National Space Administration (CNSA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection&oldid=815103396"
Categories:
Lists of astronauts
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1 Icelandic-language sources (is)
Articles needing additional references from June 2008
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Deutsch
Français
Latviešu
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
پښتو
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 20:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Scott_Crossfield
mw-redirect
Scott Crossfield

values:
/wiki/Alvin_White
mw-redirect
Alvin White

values:
/wiki/Iven_Kincheloe
mw-redirect
Iven Kincheloe

values:
/wiki/Robert_Rushworth
mw-redirect
Robert Rushworth

values:
/wiki/Milton_Thompson
mw-redirect
Milton Thompson

values:
/wiki/William_Joseph_Knight
mw-redirect
William Joseph Knight

values:
/wiki/Iven_C._Kincheloe
mw-redirect
Iven C. Kincheloe

values:
/wiki/Robert_M._White
mw-redirect
Robert M. White

values: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

values:
/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Corporation
mw-redirect
Douglas Aircraft Corporation

values:
/wiki/Man_In_Space_Soonest
mw-redirect
Man In Space Soonest

values:
/wiki/Universal_Coordinated_Time
mw-redirect
Universal Coordinated Time

values:
/wiki/Virgil_Grissom
mw-redirect
Virgil Grissom

values:
/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower
mw-redirect
Dwight Eisenhower

values:
/wiki/Gemini_program
mw-redirect
Gemini program

values:
/wiki/Project_Apollo
mw-redirect
Project Apollo

values:
/wiki/Anatoli_Kartashov
mw-redirect
Anatoli Kartashov

values:
/wiki/Vladimir_Mikhaylovich_Komarov
mw-redirect
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov

values:
/wiki/Andrian_Nikolayev
mw-redirect
Andrian Nikolayev

values:
/wiki/Georgi_Shonin
mw-redirect
Georgi Shonin

values:
/wiki/Henry_C._Gordon
mw-redirect
Henry C. Gordon

values:
/wiki/Milton_O._Thompson
mw-redirect
Milton O. Thompson

values:
/wiki/Man_in_space_soonest
mw-redirect
Man in space soonest

values:
/wiki/Astronaut_Group_2
mw-redirect
Astronaut Group 2

values:
/wiki/Jim_McDivitt
mw-redirect
Jim McDivitt

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Patten_Stafford
mw-redirect
Thomas Patten Stafford

values:
/wiki/Yuri_Artyukhin
mw-redirect
Yuri Artyukhin

values:
/wiki/Astronaut_Group_3
mw-redirect
Astronaut Group 3

values:
/wiki/Roger_Chaffee
mw-redirect
Roger Chaffee

values:
/wiki/Donn_Eisele
mw-redirect
Donn Eisele

values:
/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Richard F. Gordon, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Russell_Schweickart
mw-redirect
Russell Schweickart

values:
/wiki/Georgi_Beregovoi
mw-redirect
Georgi Beregovoi

values:
/wiki/Vasili_Lazarev
mw-redirect
Vasili Lazarev

values: Aleksandr Kiselyov (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Owen_Garriott
mw-redirect
Owen Garriott

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Kerwin
mw-redirect
Joseph Kerwin

values: Vladimir Degtyarov (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Yuri_Glazkov
mw-redirect
Yuri Glazkov

values: Oleg Yakovlev (cosmonaut) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/NASA_Administrator
mw-redirect
NASA Administrator

values:
/wiki/Vance_Brand
mw-redirect
Vance Brand

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Engle
mw-redirect
Joseph Engle

values:
/wiki/Jack_Lousma
mw-redirect
Jack Lousma

values:
/wiki/William_Pogue
mw-redirect
William Pogue

values:
/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project
mw-redirect
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_disease
mw-redirect
Pulmonary disease

values:
/wiki/Georgi_Grechko
mw-redirect
Georgi Grechko

values:
/wiki/Karol_Bobko
mw-redirect
Karol Bobko

values:
/wiki/Gordon_Fullerton
mw-redirect
Gordon Fullerton

values:
/wiki/Robert_Overmyer
mw-redirect
Robert Overmyer

values:
/wiki/Boris_Nikolaevich_Belousov
mw-redirect
Boris Nikolaevich Belousov

values: Gennadiy Kolesnikov (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda
mw-redirect
Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda

values:
/wiki/German_Titov
mw-redirect
German Titov

values: Vladimir Kozelskiy (page does not exist)

values: Alexander Petrushenko (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Yuri_Romanenko
mw-redirect
Yuri Romanenko

values:
/wiki/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov
mw-redirect
Nikolai Rukavishnikov

values:
/wiki/Vitali_Sevastyanov
mw-redirect
Vitali Sevastyanov

values:
/wiki/Alexei_Leonov
mw-redirect
Alexei Leonov

values:
/wiki/James_Abrahamson
mw-redirect
James Abrahamson

values:
/wiki/Robert_Herres
mw-redirect
Robert Herres

values:
/wiki/Robert_Henry_Lawrence_Jr
mw-redirect
Robert Henry Lawrence Jr

values: Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

values:
/wiki/Goldwater-Nichols_Act
mw-redirect
Goldwater-Nichols Act

values:
/wiki/Philip_Chapman
mw-redirect
Philip Chapman

values:
/wiki/Karl_Henize
mw-redirect
Karl Henize

values:
/wiki/Mission_Specialist
mw-redirect
Mission Specialist

values:
/wiki/Richard_Truly
mw-redirect
Richard Truly

values: Anatoli Demyanenko (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Anatoli_Berezovoi
mw-redirect
Anatoli Berezovoi

values:
/wiki/Gennady_Strekalov
mw-redirect
Gennady Strekalov

values:
/wiki/Leonid_Kadenyuk
mw-redirect
Leonid Kadenyuk

values:
/wiki/Vladimir_Titov
mw-redirect
Vladimir Titov

values: Alexander Alexandrovich Volkov (cosmonaut)

values: Oleg Grigorievich Kononenko (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Anatoly_Levchenko
mw-redirect
Anatoly Levchenko

values: Nikolai Sadovnikov (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Rimantas_Stankevicius
mw-redirect
Rimantas Stankevicius

values: Aleksandr Vladimirovich Shchukin (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Brewster_Shaw
mw-redirect
Brewster Shaw

values:
/wiki/Jeffrey_Hoffman
mw-redirect
Jeffrey Hoffman

values:
/wiki/Richard_Mullane
mw-redirect
Richard Mullane

values:
/wiki/Steven_Nagel
mw-redirect
Steven Nagel

values:
/wiki/Rhea_Seddon
mw-redirect
Rhea Seddon

values:
/wiki/Challenger_Disaster
mw-redirect
Challenger Disaster

values:
/wiki/Rogers_Commission
mw-redirect
Rogers Commission

values:
/wiki/Bela_Magyari
mw-redirect
Bela Magyari

values:
/wiki/Gary_E._Payton
mw-redirect
Gary E. Payton

values:
/wiki/Tu%C3%A2n_Pham
mw-redirect
Tuân Pham

values:
/wiki/Thanh_Liem_Bui
mw-redirect
Thanh Liem Bui

values:
/wiki/NASA_Group_9
mw-redirect
NASA Group 9

values:
/wiki/Roy_D._Bridges,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Roy D. Bridges, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Ronald_Grabe
mw-redirect
Ronald Grabe

values:
/wiki/Bryan_O%27Connor
mw-redirect
Bryan O'Connor

values:
/wiki/James_Bagian
mw-redirect
James Bagian

values:
/wiki/Franklin_Chang-Diaz
mw-redirect
Franklin Chang-Diaz

values:
/wiki/Mary_Cleave
mw-redirect
Mary Cleave

values:
/wiki/Bonnie_Dunbar
mw-redirect
Bonnie Dunbar

values:
/wiki/David_Hilmers
mw-redirect
David Hilmers

values:
/wiki/John_Lounge
mw-redirect
John Lounge

values:
/wiki/Sherwood_Spring
mw-redirect
Sherwood Spring

values:
/wiki/Robert_Springer
mw-redirect
Robert Springer

values:
/wiki/Challenger_disaster
mw-redirect
Challenger disaster

values: Institute of Medical and Biological Problems (page does not exist)

values: S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia

values: Alexandr Shchukin (cosmonaut) (page does not exist)

values: Yelena Dobrokvashina (page does not exist)

values: Larisa Pozharskaya (page does not exist)

values: Yekaterina Ivanova (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Space_Station_Mir
mw-redirect
Space Station Mir

values:
/wiki/Livingston_L._Holder,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Livingston L. Holder, Jr.

values:
/wiki/September_11,_2001
mw-redirect
September 11, 2001

values:
/wiki/Magomed_Tolboev
mw-redirect
Magomed Tolboev

values:
/wiki/Steven_MacLean_(astronaut)
mw-redirect
Steven MacLean (astronaut)

values: Sergei Yemelyanov (cosmonaut) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Frank_Culbertson
mw-redirect
Frank Culbertson

values:
/wiki/Sidney_Gutierrez
mw-redirect
Sidney Gutierrez

values:
/wiki/Blaine_Hammond
mw-redirect
Blaine Hammond

values:
/wiki/Michael_McCulley
mw-redirect
Michael McCulley

values:
/wiki/James_Wetherbee
mw-redirect
James Wetherbee

values:
/wiki/Ellen_Baker
mw-redirect
Ellen Baker

values:
/wiki/Kathryn_Thornton
mw-redirect
Kathryn Thornton

values:
/wiki/Charles_Veach
mw-redirect
Charles Veach

values: Nagapathi Chidambar Bhat (page does not exist)

values: Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan Nair (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Terence_Henricks
mw-redirect
Terence Henricks

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Oswald
mw-redirect
Stephen Oswald

values:
/wiki/Charles_Gemar
mw-redirect
Charles Gemar

values:
/wiki/Linda_Godwin
mw-redirect
Linda Godwin

values:
/wiki/Tamara_Jernigan
mw-redirect
Tamara Jernigan

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Thuot
mw-redirect
Pierre Thuot

values:
/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_Disaster
mw-redirect
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

values: State Red Banner Scientific Research Institute (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Viktor_Mikhaylovich_Afanasyev
mw-redirect
Viktor Mikhaylovich Afanasyev

values:
/wiki/Sergei_Krikalyov
mw-redirect
Sergei Krikalyov

values: Andrei Zaytsev (cosmonaut) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Claudie_Andr%C3%A9-Deshays
mw-redirect
Claudie André-Deshays

values:
/wiki/Muhammed_Ahmed_Faris
mw-redirect
Muhammed Ahmed Faris

values:
/wiki/Dirk_D._Frimout
mw-redirect
Dirk D. Frimout

values: Sergey Tresvyatski (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Kenneth_Bowersox
mw-redirect
Kenneth Bowersox

values:
/wiki/Kevin_Chilton
mw-redirect
Kevin Chilton

values:
/wiki/Donald_McMonagle
mw-redirect
Donald McMonagle

values:
/wiki/William_Readdy
mw-redirect
William Readdy

values:
/wiki/Kenneth_Reightler
mw-redirect
Kenneth Reightler

values:
/wiki/Gregory_Harbaugh
mw-redirect
Gregory Harbaugh

values:
/wiki/Bruce_Melnick
mw-redirect
Bruce Melnick

values:
/wiki/Mario_Runco
mw-redirect
Mario Runco

values:
/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_Disaster
mw-redirect
Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster

values:
/wiki/4_star_rank
mw-redirect
4 star rank

values:
/wiki/U.S._Air_Force
mw-redirect
U.S. Air Force

values:
/wiki/U.S._Strategic_Command
mw-redirect
U.S. Strategic Command

values:
/wiki/Heike_Walpot
mw-redirect
Heike Walpot

values: Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum (page does not exist)

values: Vladimir Karashtin (page does not exist)

values: Aleksandr Yablontsev (page does not exist)

values: Cristiano Batalli Cosmovici (page does not exist)

values: Charles R. Chappell (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/James_Halsell
mw-redirect
James Halsell

values:
/wiki/Charles_Precourt
mw-redirect
Charles Precourt

values:
/wiki/Richard_Searfoss
mw-redirect
Richard Searfoss

values:
/wiki/Terrence_Wilcutt
mw-redirect
Terrence Wilcutt

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Bursch
mw-redirect
Daniel Bursch

values:
/wiki/Bernard_Harris
mw-redirect
Bernard Harris

values:
/wiki/Ronald_Sega
mw-redirect
Ronald Sega

values:
/wiki/Nancy_Currie
mw-redirect
Nancy Currie

values:
/wiki/Janice_Voss
mw-redirect
Janice Voss

values: Jean-Marc Gasparini (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Scott_Horowitz
mw-redirect
Scott Horowitz

values:
/wiki/Kevin_Kregel
mw-redirect
Kevin Kregel

values:
/wiki/Charles_E._Brady,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Charles E. Brady, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Michael_Gernhardt
mw-redirect
Michael Gernhardt

values:
/wiki/John_Grunsfeld
mw-redirect
John Grunsfeld

values:
/wiki/Wendy_Lawrence
mw-redirect
Wendy Lawrence

values:
/wiki/Jerry_Linenger
mw-redirect
Jerry Linenger

values:
/wiki/Richard_Linnehan
mw-redirect
Richard Linnehan

values:
/wiki/Michael_Lopez-Alegria
mw-redirect
Michael Lopez-Alegria

values:
/wiki/Scott_Parazynski
mw-redirect
Scott Parazynski

values:
/wiki/Winston_Scott
mw-redirect
Winston Scott

values: Michael McKay (astronaut) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Joe_F._Edwards,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Joe F. Edwards, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Dominic_Gorie
mw-redirect
Dominic Gorie

values:
/wiki/Susan_L._Kilrain
mw-redirect
Susan L. Kilrain

values:
/wiki/Frederick_Sturckow
mw-redirect
Frederick Sturckow

values:
/wiki/Kathryn_Hire
mw-redirect
Kathryn Hire

values:
/wiki/Carlos_Noriega
mw-redirect
Carlos Noriega

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency
mw-redirect
Russian Federal Space Agency

values:
/wiki/Mark_Kelly_(astronaut)
mw-redirect
Mark Kelly (astronaut)

values:
/wiki/William_Cameron_McCool
mw-redirect
William Cameron McCool

values:
/wiki/David_McDowell_Brown
mw-redirect
David McDowell Brown

values:
/wiki/Michael_J._Massimino
mw-redirect
Michael J. Massimino

values:
/wiki/Sergey_Alexandrovich_Volkov
mw-redirect
Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov

values:
/wiki/Zhang_Xiaoguan
mw-redirect
Zhang Xiaoguan

values:
/wiki/Space_program_of_China
mw-redirect
Space program of China

values:
/wiki/Mikhail_Korniyenko
mw-redirect
Mikhail Korniyenko

values:
/wiki/George_Zamka
mw-redirect
George Zamka

values:
/wiki/Tracy_Caldwell
mw-redirect
Tracy Caldwell

values:
/wiki/Paolo_A._Nespoli
mw-redirect
Paolo A. Nespoli

values:
/wiki/Eric_A._Boe
mw-redirect
Eric A. Boe

values:
/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Ronald J. Garan, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Terry_W._Virts,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Terry W. Virts, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Michael_R._Barratt
mw-redirect
Michael R. Barratt

values:
/wiki/Stephen_G._Bowen
mw-redirect
Stephen G. Bowen

values:
/wiki/B._Alvin_Drew
mw-redirect
B. Alvin Drew

values:
/wiki/Timothy_L._Kopra
mw-redirect
Timothy L. Kopra

values:
/wiki/Karen_L._Nyberg
mw-redirect
Karen L. Nyberg

values:
/wiki/Nicole_P._Stott
mw-redirect
Nicole P. Stott

values: Marvin Edward 'Ted' Gow (page does not exist)

values: Yaroslav 'Yarko' Pustovyi (page does not exist)

values: Wayne 'Terry' Wong (page does not exist)

values: Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhukov (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Aydyn_Aimbetov
mw-redirect
Aydyn Aimbetov

values:
/wiki/Scaled_Composites_SpaceShipOne
mw-redirect
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne

values:
/wiki/R._Shane_Kimbrough
mw-redirect
R. Shane Kimbrough

values:
/wiki/Jose_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(astronaut)
mw-redirect
Jose Hernández (astronaut)

values: Steve Johnson (astronaut pilot) (page does not exist)

values: Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Aleksandr_Misurkin
mw-redirect
Aleksandr Misurkin

values:
/wiki/Timothy_Peake
mw-redirect
Timothy Peake

values:
/wiki/Serena_M._Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n
mw-redirect
Serena M. Auñón

values: Zhang Lu (astronaut) (page does not exist)

values: Association of Spaceflight Professionals

values: Aleksey Khomenchuk (page does not exist)

values: Sergey Kud'-Sverchkov (page does not exist)

values: Svyatoslav Morozov (page does not exist)

values: Sergei Zhukov (cosmonaut) (page does not exist)

values: Sergei Kud'-Sverchkov (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Elena_Serova
mw-redirect
Elena Serova

values: Michael "Sooch" Masucci (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Tyler_N._Hague
mw-redirect
Tyler N. Hague

values:
/wiki/Christina_M._Hammock
mw-redirect
Christina M. Hammock

values:
/wiki/Anne_C._McClain
mw-redirect
Anne C. McClain

values:
/wiki/Jessica_U._Meir
mw-redirect
Jessica U. Meir

values:
/wiki/Mukhtar_Aimakhanov
mw-redirect
Mukhtar Aimakhanov

values:
/wiki/Robert_Behnken
mw-redirect
Robert Behnken

values:
/wiki/Douglas_Hurley
mw-redirect
Douglas Hurley

values:
/wiki/Ansari_X_PRIZE
mw-redirect
Ansari X PRIZE

values:
/wiki/John_Bennett_Herrington
mw-redirect
John Bennett Herrington

values:
/wiki/Brian_Feeney_(engineer)
mw-redirect
Brian Feeney (engineer)

values:
/wiki/2014_Virgin_Galactic_crash
mw-redirect
2014 Virgin Galactic crash

values:
/wiki/Serena_Aunon
mw-redirect
Serena Aunon

values:
/wiki/Randy_Bresnik
mw-redirect
Randy Bresnik

values: AXE Apollo Space Academy (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Non-profit_organization
mw-redirect
Non-profit organization

values: Truax Engineering, Inc. (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Groups
mw-redirect
NASA Astronaut Groups

values:
/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_nationality
mw-redirect
List of astronauts by nationality

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm

values:
/wiki/National_Space_Agency
mw-redirect
National Space Agency

values: Office of Commercial Space Transportation

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=128

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tass.ru/info/2161502

values:
nofollow
http://www.astronaut.ru/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://applicants.mars-one.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.waypoint2space.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.citizensinspace.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.mercury13.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines

values: Template talk:Spaceflight lists and timelines

values: Comparison of Asian national space programs

values: Timeline of rocket and missile technology

values: Apollo 7 photographed in flight by ALOTS (68-HC-641).jpg

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/List_of_manned_spacecraft
mw-redirect
List of manned spacecraft

values: List of human spaceflights, 2011–present

values: List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations

values: List of unmanned spaceflights to Salyut space stations

values: List of International Space Station expeditions

values: List of spaceflights to the International Space Station

values: List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station

values: List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station

values: List of International Space Station spacewalks

values: List of International Space Station visitors

values:
/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity
mw-redirect
Extra-vehicular activity

values: List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999

values: Discovery and exploration of the Solar System

values: List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies

values: List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces

values: List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System

values: Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

values: List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit

values: List of satellites which have provided data on Earth's magnetosphere

values:
/wiki/List_of_NRO_Launches
mw-redirect
List of NRO Launches

values: List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches

values: List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches

values: List of communication satellite companies

values: Comparison of communication satellite operators

values: Timeline of first orbital launches by country

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

values: Advisory Committee on the Future of the United States Space Program

values: Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry

values: President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy

values: Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee

values: List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA

values:
/wiki/NASA_spin-off_technologies
mw-redirect
NASA spin-off technologies

values: Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

values: Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory

values: Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

values: Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager

values: List of surface features of Mars seen by Opportunity

values: Space Communications and Navigation Program

values: Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex

values: Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex

values: Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex

values: NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-abovebelow
3
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

values: European contribution to the International Space Station

values: ESA Astronaut Class 2009 patch Vincent Gibaud.jpg

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_selection
mw-redirect
List of astronauts by selection

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test

values: China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Icelandic-language sources (is)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2008

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Списък на астронавти по селекция – Bulgarian

values: Liste der Raumfahrer nach Auswahlgruppen – German

values: Liste des astronautes par année de sélection – French

values: Kosmonautu uzskaitījums pēc iesaukuma – Latvian

values: Senarai angkasawan mengikut tahun pemilihan – Malay

values: 選考年別の宇宙飛行士の一覧 – Japanese

values: د ستورمزلو لړليک د غوراوي د کال له مخې – Pashto

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection rootpage-List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection skin-vector action-view