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Dodger Stadium
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Dodger Stadium
Chavez Ravine,[1]
Blue Heaven on Earth[2]
Dodger Stadium in 2006
Address
1000 Vin Scully Avenue[3][4]
Location
Los Angeles, California
Coordinates
34°4′25″N 118°14′24″W / 34.07361°N 118.24000°W / 34.07361; -118.24000Coordinates: 34°4′25″N 118°14′24″W / 34.07361°N 118.24000°W / 34.07361; -118.24000
Public transit
Dodger Stadium Express
connecting to Union Station[5]
Owner
Guggenheim Baseball Management
Operator
Los Angeles Dodgers
Type
Stadium
Capacity
56,000[6]
Record attendance
57,099 (Dodgers Home Opener, April 13, 2009)[7]
Field size
Left Field – 330 ft (101 m)
Medium Left-Center – 360 ft (110 m)
True Left-Center – 375 ft (114 m)
Center Field – 395 ft (120 m)
True Center Field – 400 ft (122 m)
True Right-Center – 375 ft (114 m)
Medium Right-Center – 360 ft (110 m)
Right Field – 330 ft (101 m)
Backstop – 55 ft (17 m)
Surface
Santa Ana Bermuda Grass
Construction
Broke ground
September 17, 1959
Built
1959–1962
Opened
April 10, 1962
55 years ago
Construction cost
US$23 million
(US$182 million in 2017 dollars[8])
Architect
Praeger-Kavanagh-Waterbury
Structural engineer
William Simpson & Associates Inc.[9]
Services engineer
SA Bogen Engineers[10]
General contractor
Vinnell Corporation[11][12]
Tenants
Los Angeles Dodgers (MLB) (1962–present)
Los Angeles Angels (MLB) (1962–1965)
Website
Dodger Stadium
Dodger Stadium, occasionally called by the metonym Chavez Ravine, is a baseball park located in the Elysian Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, the home field of the Los Angeles Dodgers, the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise. Opened 55 years ago on April 10, 1962, it was constructed in less than three years at a cost of US$23 million, financed by private sources.[11]
Dodger Stadium is currently the oldest ballpark in MLB west of the Mississippi River, and third-oldest overall, after Fenway Park in Boston (1912) and Wrigley Field in Chicago (1914) and is the largest MLB stadium by seat capacity. Often referred to as a "pitcher's ballpark", the stadium has seen twelve no-hitters, two of which were perfect games.
The stadium hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1980, as well as games of nine World Series (1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, and 2017). It also hosted the semifinals and finals of the 2009 and 2017 World Baseball Classics. It also hosted exhibition baseball during the 1984 Summer Olympics.
The stadium hosted a soccer tournament on August 3, 2013 featuring four clubs, the hometown team Los Angeles Galaxy, and Europe's Real Madrid, Everton, and Juventus.
For the first time at Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks played a regular season game on January 25, 2014 as part of the NHL Stadium Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Construction
1.2 Frank McCourt era
1.3 New ownership and further renovation
2 Features
2.1 Design
2.2 Location
2.3 Seating
2.4 Center field dimension and playing surface
3 Historic events
3.1 1963 World Series
3.2 1988 National League Championship Series
3.3 No-hitters in Dodger Stadium
3.4 Home Runs out of Dodger Stadium
4 Notable events
4.1 Sports
4.1.1 Baseball
4.1.2 Soccer
4.1.3 Hockey
4.1.4 Cricket
4.1.5 Olympics
4.2 Concerts
4.3 In Music video
4.4 In Film and TV
4.5 Other events
5 Dodger Stadium Express transit routes
5.1 Union Station route
5.2 South Bay route
6 See also
7 Notes
8 General references
9 External links
History[edit]
Construction[edit]
In the mid-1950s, Brooklyn Dodgers team president Walter O'Malley had tried to build a domed stadium in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, but was unable to reach an agreement with city officials for the land acquisition, and eventually reached a deal with the city of Los Angeles. The land for Dodger Stadium was purchased from local owners and inhabitants in the early 1950s by the city of Los Angeles using eminent domain with funds from the Federal Housing Act of 1949. The city had planned to develop the Elysian Park Heights public housing project, which included two dozen 13-story buildings and more than 160 two-story townhouses, in addition to newly rebuilt playgrounds and schools, and a college.
Before construction could begin on the housing project, the local political climate changed greatly when Norris Poulson was elected mayor of Los Angeles in 1953. Proposed public housing projects such as Elysian Park Heights lost most of their support as they became associated with socialist ideals. Following protracted negotiations, the city purchased the Chavez Ravine property back from the Federal Housing Authority at a drastically reduced price, with the stipulation that the land be used for a public purpose. It was not until June 3, 1958, when Los Angeles voters approved a "Taxpayers Committee for Yes on Baseball" referendum, that the Dodgers were able to acquire 352 acres (1.42 km2) of Chavez Ravine from the city. While Dodger Stadium was under construction, the Dodgers played in the league's largest capacity venue from 1958 through 1961 at their temporary home, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which could seat in excess of 90,000 people.
Los Angeles-based Mike Davis, in his seminal work on the city, City of Quartz, describes the process of gradually convincing Chavez Ravine homeowners to sell. With nearly all of the original Spanish-speaking homeowners initially unwilling to sell, developers resorted to offering immediate cash payments, distributed through their Spanish-speaking agents. Once the first sales had been completed, remaining homeowners were offered increasingly lesser amounts of money, to create a community panic of not receiving fair compensation, or of being left as one of the few holdouts. Many residents continued to hold out despite the pressure being placed upon them by developers, resulting in the Battle of Chavez Ravine, an unsuccessful ten-year struggle by the residents to maintain control of their property.
Dodger Stadium was the first Major League Baseball stadium since the initial construction of the original Yankee Stadium to be built using 100% private financing, and the last until AT&T Park in San Francisco opened in 2000. Ground was broken for Dodger Stadium on September 17, 1959. The top of local ridges were removed and the soil was used to fill in Sulfur and Cemetery Ravines to provide a level surface for a parking lot and the stadium. A local elementary school (Palo Verde) was simply buried and sits beneath the parking lot northwest of third base.[13] A total of 8 million cubic yards of earth were moved in the process of building the stadium. 21,000 precast concrete units, some weighing as much as 32 tons, were fabricated onsite and lowered into place with a specially built crane to form the stadium's structural framework. The stadium was originally designed to be expandable to 85,000 seats by expanding the upper decks over the outfield pavilions; the Dodgers have never pursued such a project.
Dodger Stadium was also the home of the Los Angeles Angels (now Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) from 1962 through 1965. To avoid constantly referring to their landlords, the Angels called the park Chavez Ravine Stadium (or just "Chavez Ravine"), after the geographic feature in which the stadium sits.
Frank McCourt era[edit]
Dodger Stadium seat removal, 2005 offseason.
The new all-you-can-eat buffet in the right-field pavilion
At the conclusion of the 2005 season, the Los Angeles Dodgers made major renovations during the subsequent off-season.[citation needed]
The largest of these improvements was the replacement of nearly all the seats in the stadium. The seats that were removed had been in use since 1975 and helped give the stadium its unique "space age" feel with a color palette of bright yellow, orange, blue, and red. The new seats are in the original (more muted) 1962 color scheme consisting of yellow, light orange, turquoise, and sky blue. 2,000 pairs of seats were made available for purchase at $250, with the proceeds going to charity.
The baseline seating sections have been converted into retro-style "box" seating, adding leg room and a table. Other repairs were made to the concrete structure of the stadium. These improvements mark the second phase of a multi-year improvement plan for Dodger Stadium.
Between 2003 and 2005, Dodger Stadium upgraded with LED video displays. The large main video display measures 27 feet high by 47 feet wide.[14]
In 2008, the Dodgers announced a $412 million project to build a Dodger museum, shops, and restaurants around Dodger Stadium. In a press release, the team described the various features of the renovation as follows:
Dodger Way – A tree-lined entrance will lead to a landscaped grand plaza where fans can gather beyond center field. The plaza will connect to a promenade that features restaurants, shops and the Dodger Experience museum showcasing the history of the Dodgers in an interactive setting.
Green Necklace – The vibrant street setting of Dodger Way links to a beautiful perimeter around Dodger Stadium, enabling fans to walk around the park, outdoors yet inside the stadium gates. This Green Necklace will transform acres of parking lots into a landscaped outdoor walkway connecting the plaza and promenade to the rest of the ballpark.
Top of the Park – The Green Necklace connects to a large scale outdoor plaza featuring breathtaking 360° views spanning the downtown skyline and Santa Monica Bay, the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains, and the Dodger Stadium diamond.[15]
In the 2008–2009 offseason, the upper levels of the stadium were supposed to be renovated to match the repairs and improvements made to the field level. The improvements were to include the removal of the trough urinals in the men's restrooms, new concession stands and earthquake retrofitting to the concrete structure. It was also to include the replacement of the outfield scoreboards and monitors with new HD monitors. Due to the 2009 World Baseball Classic hosted at Dodger Stadium, these renovations were put on hold. The divorce of Frank and Jamie McCourt, as well as a weak economy, were the reasons for the postponement.[16]
To pay for an outstanding loan with the Dodgers former owner News Corporation, former owner Frank McCourt used Dodger Stadium as collateral to obtain a $250 million loan.[17]
In 2008, the Los Angeles City Council voted unanimously to give the Dodger Stadium area bounded by Academy Rd, Lookout Dr. and Stadium Way its own zip code, 90090 (as of July 2009). This also gives the area a new name, Dodgertown. The signs from the former Dodgertown spring training facility in Vero Beach, Florida will likely be integrated into the $500 million project.[18]
New ownership and further renovation[edit]
Dodger Stadium during a postgame "fireworks night" promotion. Notice the new HD screens in place of the old rectangular video board and scoreboard.
Tommy Lasorda's Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in the right field concourse at Dodger Stadium. The restaurant is a product of the minor 2014 renovations to Dodger Stadium.
Following the sale of the Dodgers in 2012, the team brought in the architect, urban planner, and stadium specialist Janet Marie Smith to lead renovations efforts to the 50-year-old stadium.[19][20] Renovations to Dodger Stadium began in the winter of 2012. Both video boards were replaced with High Definition screens, and new clubhouses and weight rooms were installed. The restrooms, concession stands, sound system and batting cages were also improved and renovated.
Dodgers owner Guggenheim Partners internally discussed moving the Dodgers to a new stadium at a Downtown Los Angeles site proposed by the Anschutz Entertainment Group to allow an NFL team to build a stadium at the Dodger Stadium site. Guggenheim Partners also considered allowing an NFL team to build a stadium next to Dodger Stadium.[21] The NFL eventually chose to build a stadium in Inglewood.
The extensive renovations to Dodger Stadium were ready for the 2013 season and included new HD hexagonal video boards, a new sound system, wider concourses, more standing room viewing areas, improved restrooms and a children's playground amongst others.[22]
Between the 2013 and 2014 seasons, more renovations were put in place. Dodger Stadium was the beneficiary of improvements such as wider concourses in the pavilions, new restaurants "Think Blue Bar-B-Que" and "Tommy Lasorda's Trattoria", dedicated team store buildings replacing the tents that previously served as team stores, bullpen overlooks with overlook bars, and tree relocation at the top of the stadium.[23]
Features[edit]
Design[edit]
Stairs to upper deck
Dodger Stadium was one of the last baseball-only facilities built before the dawn of the multi-purpose stadium. It was built near the convergence of several freeways near downtown Los Angeles, with an expansive parking lot surrounding the stadium. With the construction of many new MLB ballparks in recent years, it is now the third-oldest park still in use, and the oldest on the West Coast.
Dodger Stadium offered several innovative design features. One of these was a covered and screened section of dugout-level seats behind home plate. Dodger owner Walter O'Malley was inspired to incorporate this feature into the Dodger Stadium design after having seen it at Tokyo's Korakuen Stadium during the Brooklyn Dodgers' postseason goodwill tour of Japan in 1956. The original dugout seating area was replaced by more conventional box seating in a 1999 renovation, but this feature has been replicated at Progressive Field in Cleveland and Angel Stadium of Anaheim.
Two of Dodger Stadium's most distinctive features are the wavy roof atop each outfield pavilion and the top of a 10-story elevator shaft bearing the Dodger logo rising directly behind home plate at the top of the uppermost seating level.
Terraced landscaping in parking lot
A unique terraced-earthworks parking lot was built behind the main stands, allowing ticketholders to park at roughly the level of their seats, minimizing use of ramps once inside. The stadium was also designed to be earthquake-resistant, an important consideration in California, and it has withstood several serious earthquakes.
Dodger Stadium was originally equipped with two large Fair Play electronic scoreboard units above the left- and right-field pavilions. The right-field board displayed in-game information. The left-field board displayed scores of out-of-town games and other messages. Smaller auxiliary scoreboards were installed at field level on the box seat fences beyond the first- and third-base dugouts during the inaugural 1962 season. The left-field message board was replaced by a Mitsubishi Electric Diamond Vision video board in 1980. The field-level auxiliary scoreboards were replaced by larger units installed on the facade of the Loge (second) seating level in 1998; these, in turn, were replaced by a video ribbon in 2005. Field-level out-of-town scoreboards were installed on the left- and right-field walls in 2003.
Strobe lights were added in 1999; they flash when the Dodgers take the field, after a Dodger home run, and after a Dodger win.
Hall of retired numbers
In addition to those of Don Drysdale, Sandy Koufax, and Don Sutton, the retired numbers of Pee Wee Reese, Jackie Robinson, Duke Snider, Tommy Lasorda, Walter Alston, Roy Campanella and Jim Gilliam are mounted on the club level facade near the left field foul pole. On April 15, 2017, to mark the 70th anniversary of Robinson's major league debut, the Dodgers unveiled a bronze statue of the player in the stadium's left-field plaza. The 800-pound sculpture depicts Robinson sliding into home plate as a rookie.[24]
The Dodgers devote significant resources to the park's maintenance. For example, it is repainted every year, and a full-time crew of gardeners maintain the site. No plans are in the works to replace it. Renovations were made in 1999 and again in 2004 that initially added additional field level seats, particularly behind home plate where previously the only person seen there was scout Mike Brito, in his trademark Panama hat, tracking pitch speeds with a radar gun. After some criticism of the sightlines with these new seats, they were replaced with box seats.
Location[edit]
View of downtown and the Palos Verdes Peninsula
Dodger Stadium and
the Los Angeles skyline, 1987
Think Blue sign in the mountains north of Dodger Stadium, an homage to the nearby Hollywood Sign.
Built on top of the historic Los Angeles neighborhood of Chavez Ravine in Solano Canyon,[25] the stadium overlooks downtown Los Angeles and provides views of the city to the south, the green tree-lined hills of Elysian Park to the north and east, and the San Gabriel Mountains beyond the outfield pavilions. Due to dry summers in Southern California, rainouts at Dodger Stadium are rare. Prior to 1976, the Dodgers were rained out only once, against the St. Louis Cardinals, on April 21, 1967, ending a streak of 737 consecutive games without a postponement. On April 12, 1976, the second home rainout ended a streak of 724 straight games. April 19–21, 1988 saw three consecutive rainouts, the only time consecutive games have been rained out at Dodger Stadium.[26] No rainouts occurred between April 21, 1988 and April 11, 1999 – a major league record of 856 straight home games without a rainout.[26] That record has since been broken, with no rainouts since April 17, 2000, 1,373 consecutive games through September 25, 2016.[27]
Seating[edit]
Dodger Stadium is the only current MLB park (excluding the most recently built parks) that has never increased its capacity. It has historically held 56,000 fans, due to a conditional-use permit limiting its capacity. Every time the Dodgers add seats, they always remove an equal number of seats in the upper deck or in the pavilion to keep the capacity the same.[28] Through the sale of standing room only tickets, the Dodgers' 2009 home opener drew 57,099 fans, the largest crowd in stadium history. Following a number of incidents in the early 1970s in which fans showered Cincinnati Reds left fielder Pete Rose with beer, bottles, cups, and trash, the sale of beer was discontinued in both pavilions. Beer sales were reinstated in the right field pavilion in 2008, when that section was converted into the All You Can Eat Pavilion. Fans seated in that section can eat unlimited hot dogs and peanuts and also have access to free soft drinks. There is a charge for beer.[29]
With the retirement of the original Yankee Stadium and Shea Stadium in 2008, the park claimed the title of being the largest capacity stadium in the Majors.
As of 2010, there are a total of 2,098 club seats and 68 luxury suites. Both of these amounts will increase once the renovations are complete.
Due to renovations made in the 2012–2013 offseason, the current maximum capacity of Dodger Stadium is less than 56,000, although the team's president, Stan Kasten, refuses to provide an exact number.[30] A 53,393 attendance is considered a sellout.[31][32] The high water mark since the renovations is 56,800 in Games 3,4 and 5 of the 2008 NLDS.[33] The team's 2013 media guide and website still report the capacity as 56,000.[6][34] The record attendance for the Dodgers was in the 2007 season, with 3.86 million in total attendance.[35]
Center field dimension and playing surface[edit]
Dodger Stadium in 2002
For various reasons, Dodger Stadium has long enjoyed a reputation as a pitchers' park. At first, the relatively deep outfield dimensions were a factor, with the power alleys being about 380 feet. Home plate was moved 10 feet toward center field in 1969, but that move also expanded foul ground by 10 feet, a tradeoff which helped to offset the increased likelihood of home runs caused by the decreased field dimensions. Also, during evening games, as the sun sets, the surrounding air cools quickly due to the ocean climate, becoming more dense. As a result, deep fly balls that might otherwise be home runs during the day instead often remain in play becoming outs. The park has been home to 12 no-hitters, while players have hit for the cycle just twice in Dodger Stadium.
Recently, Dodger Stadium has been more neutral with respect to home runs.[36] The stadium does depress doubles and triples quite a bit, due to its uniform outfield walls and relatively small "corners" near the foul poles. However, the extremely short outfield walls near the foul poles also make some balls that would bounce off the wall in other parks go for home runs. With some expansion of the box seat area and the removal of significant foul territory, the ballpark has become more neutral, favoring neither pitchers nor hitters. Baseball-Reference's Park Factor measurement of 102 for the 2006 and 2007 seasons is evidence of this.
Although the distance to center field has been marked at 395 feet since 1973, it is still actually 400 feet (120 m) to center, as has been the case since 1969. The two 395-foot signs erected in 1973 are to the left and right of dead center.[28] However, curvature of the fence between the posted distance signs is not exactly radial from home plate, thus the distance from home plate directly to center field is most likely 5 feet farther than the posted 395 feet (120 m).[37] As of 2012, distance to center field is indicated 395 feet (120 m), and is located virtually exactly at the center field point.
With the opening of Citi Field and the demolition of Shea Stadium in 2009, Dodger Stadium became the only stadium with symmetrical outfield dimensions remaining in the National League and only one of four total in Major League Baseball. The other three symmetrical fields are Kansas City's Kauffman Stadium, Toronto's Rogers Centre, and Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, all in the American League.
Pitchers such as Sandy Koufax, Don Drysdale, Don Sutton, Fernando Valenzuela, and Orel Hershiser became superstars after arriving in Los Angeles. The pitcher's edge is also evident in the fact that 12 no-hitters have been thrown in the stadium, including two perfect games (by the Dodgers' Sandy Koufax in 1965, and by Dennis Martínez of the former Montreal Expos in 1991). Bo Belinsky threw the first ever no-hitter in Dodger Stadium on May 5, 1962 while pitching for the Los Angeles Angels (that club referred to the park as "Chavez Ravine".)
The park's significant advantage was eroded somewhat since 1969, in general because MLB rules were changed after the "Year of the Pitcher" to lower the maximum height of the pitcher's mound, and more specifically because the Dodgers moved the diamond about 10 feet (3 m) towards center field. This also gave the fielders more room to catch foul balls, so there was some tradeoff. Following the 2004 season, the stadium underwent a renovation which significantly reduced the amount of foul territory. Seats were added which were closer to home plate than the pitcher's mound, the dugouts were moved 20 feet closer to the field, and previously open space down the foul lines was filled with new seats.
Historic events[edit]
1963 World Series[edit]
The Dodgers won the 1963 World Series over the New York Yankees, sweeping the Yankees by winning game 4 by a score of 2-1. Through the 2016 season, this remains the only time the Dodgers ever clinched a World Series at home.
1988 National League Championship Series[edit]
Until 1988, Dodger Stadium had never hosted a seventh game of a postseason series. The Dodgers won Game 7 of the 1988 National League Championship Series over the New York Mets, 6-0.
No-hitters in Dodger Stadium[edit]
(*-Perfect game)
Date
Pitcher
Team
Opponent
Box score
May 5, 1962 Bo Belinsky Angels Orioles [1]
June 30, 1962 Sandy Koufax Dodgers Mets [2]
May 11, 1963 Sandy Koufax Dodgers Giants [3]
September 9, 1965* Sandy Koufax Dodgers Cubs [4]
July 20, 1970 Bill Singer Dodgers Phillies [5]
June 29, 1990 Fernando Valenzuela Dodgers Cardinals [6]
July 28, 1991* Dennis Martínez Expos Dodgers [7]
Aug. 17, 1992 Kevin Gross Dodgers Giants [8]
April 8, 1994 Kent Mercker Braves Dodgers [9]
July 14, 1995 Ramón Martínez Dodgers Marlins [10]
June 18, 2014 Clayton Kershaw Dodgers Rockies [11]
August 30, 2015 Jake Arrieta Cubs Dodgers [12]
Home Runs out of Dodger Stadium[edit]
Five home runs have been hit completely out of Dodger Stadium. Outfielder Willie Stargell of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit two of those home runs. Stargell hit a 507-foot home run off the Dodgers' Alan Foster on August 6, 1969 that completely cleared the right field pavilion and struck a bus parked outside the stadium. Stargell then hit a 470-foot home run off Andy Messersmith on May 8, 1973 that landed on the right field pavilion roof and bounced into the parking lot. Dodger catcher Mike Piazza hit a 478-foot home run off Frank Castillo of the Colorado Rockies on September 21, 1997 that landed on the left field pavilion roof and skipped under the left field video board and into the parking lot. On May 22, 1999, St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire cleared the left field pavilion with a 483-foot home run off the Dodgers' Jamie Arnold and most recently, on May 12, 2015, Giancarlo Stanton of the Miami Marlins hit a 478-foot home run over the left-field roof off Mike Bolsinger.[38]
Dodger Stadium hosts the 2009 World Baseball Classic. The top of a ten-story elevator shaft bears the World Baseball Classic logo.
Notable events[edit]
Sports[edit]
Dodger Stadium has also staged other sporting events such as boxing, a basketball game featuring the Harlem Globetrotters and a ski-jumping exhibition, as well as the baseball competition of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games.
Baseball[edit]
In 1992, baseball games from April 30 to May 3 were postponed due to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Three consecutive days of double headers were held later in the season.
Soccer[edit]
Dodger Stadium hosted a soccer doubleheader on August 3, 2013, part of the 2013 International Champions Cup, featuring Real Madrid of Spain, Everton of England, Juventus of Italy and Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer in a tournament semifinal. The field dimensions were from the third base side to right field; temporary grass was covered on the pitcher's mound and the infield. The tournament was a semifinal and Real Madrid defeated Everton 2-1 and Los Angeles Galaxy defeated Juventus 3-1.
Date
Winning Team
Result
Losing Team
Tournament
Spectators
August 3, 2013 Los Angeles Galaxy 3–1 Juventus 2013 International Champions Cup 40,681
Real Madrid 2–1 Everton
Hockey[edit]
Dodger Stadium hosted a National Hockey League game between the Los Angeles Kings and the Anaheim Ducks on January 25, 2014 as a part of the NHL's Stadium Series. The Ducks won the game 3-0 in front of 54,099 fans. In addition rock band KISS played songs before and during intermission of the event.
Cricket[edit]
On November 15, 2015, Dodger Stadium hosted the third and final game of the Cricket All-Stars Series 2015, featuring many retired cricket players from around the world and led by great cricket legends Sachin Tendulkar and Shane Warne. Warne's Warriors defeated Sachin's Blasters by 4 wickets to win the series 3-0. The ends were named after Sandy Koufax and Don Sutton, two Hall of Fame pitchers for LA Dodgers.
Olympics[edit]
The stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 1991 U.S. Olympic Festival.
During the 2028 Summer Olympics, the stadium will host Baseball and Softball. [39]
Concerts[edit]
Many of the world's top rock, pop and electronic bands have performed at Dodger Stadium, including acts such as The Cure, KISS, The Rolling Stones, The Beatles, Bee Gees, Elton John, Simon and Garfunkel, David Bowie, Genesis, Eric Clapton, Depeche Mode (2 Nights), U2 (2 Nights), Dave Matthews Band and Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band.
The Beatles played there on August 28, 1966. This was their second-to-last show on what turned out to be their last tour
Elton John played two sold-out concerts here on October 21 & 22, 1975.
The Bee Gees performed at the stadium during their Spirits Having Flown Tour. Among the 60,000 fans were Cary Grant, Barbra Streisand, Rod Stewart, Olivia Newton-John, Karen Carpenter, Jack Nicholson and Harry Wayne Casey of KC & The Sunshine Band.
The Jacksons performed six sold-out concerts at Dodger Stadium on November 30 and December 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9, 1984 during their Victory Tour in front of 360.000 of attendance.
David Bowie performed at the stadium during his Sound+Vision Tour on May 26, 1990.
U2 played two sold-out concerts at the stadium during their Zoo TV Tour on October 30 & 31, 1992.
Dodger Stadium was also the site of "Encore - the Three Tenors", a 1994 concert reuniting internationally renowned tenors Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti, conducted by Zubin Mehta. An estimated 1.3 billion viewers worldwide watched the televised performance.[40] The recording of that event, The Three Tenors in Concert 1994, went platinum in the United States[41] and double platinum in the United Kingdom.[42]
On October 31, 1998, American rock group KISS began their Psycho Circus Tour at Dodger Stadium. This was the first tour with 3D visual effects.
The Police played at Dodger Stadium on their reunion tour on June 23, 2007.
Madonna played at Dodger Stadium on November 6, 2008 during her Sticky & Sweet Tour. Two special surprise guests joined her onstage. Britney Spears joined her during "Human Nature" and Justin Timberlake appeared onstage during "4 Minutes". The concert was played for the sold-out crowd of 43,919 people. The gross revenue was $5,858,730.
As part of his Out There tour, Paul McCartney played a concert at the stadium on August 10, 2014. It was his first concert at the stadium since playing there with the Beatles on August 28, 1966.
AC/DC performed on September 28, 2015
As part of the Not in This Lifetime... tour, Guns N' Roses played two concerts at the stadium on August 18–19, 2016. The Cult were the opening act for those two shows.[43]
Beyoncé played one sold out show as part of The Formation World Tour on September 14, 2016. She played for 47,440 fans. The show grossed an impressive $6,736,700.[44]
Dodger Stadium hosted the Classic West concerts on July 15 and 16, 2017. The first night featured the Eagles (in their first full concert since the January 2016 death of founding member Glenn Frey - his place was taken by his son Deacon and country artist Vince Gill), with support acts The Doobie Brothers and Steely Dan. The second night was headlined by Fleetwood Mac, supported by Earth, Wind & Fire and Journey.
In Music video[edit]
Fleetwood Mac's music video for the song "Tusk" was recorded and filmed at the empty stadium in 1979.
In Film and TV[edit]
The ending of the 1985 film Better Off Dead takes place at Dodger Stadium.
The baseball scenes from the first Naked Gun film were filmed at Dodger Stadium, although the team represented in the film was the California Angels. (The Angels played their first few seasons at "Chavez Ravine" while Angels Stadium was being built.)
This was the starting point of a popular reality show, The Amazing Race in its fourth season.
The parking lot of Dodger Stadium was used in the 2001 movie The Fast and the Furious, in which Brian O'Conner (played by actor Paul Walker) drifts his 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse around the parking lot.
Dodger Stadium was used as the model for Metropolis's baseball stadium in the 2006 film Superman Returns. The end of the airplane rescue scene was filmed at Dodger Stadium, and a CGI backdrop for the city was added behind the outfield.
The stadium also appeared in the 2003 film The Core during the scene where the space shuttle takes an unexpected crash landing.
In a scene from the 2007 film Transformers, an empty Dodger Stadium is depicted being hit by the Autobot Jazz's protoform, which crashes through the upper deck and lands in the outfield. Though empty, the stadium's lights are on.
In the closing scene of the 2012 film Rock of Ages, Dodger Stadium is seen hosting a concert for the rock band Arsenal, fronted by Stacee Jaxx (played by Tom Cruise).
Other events[edit]
Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass at Dodger Stadium on September 16, 1987.
Dodger Stadium Express transit routes[edit]
Los Angeles Metro operates two Dodger Stadium Express routes that transports fans to and from the Stadium during home games. The service is operated using funding from the Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Committee and Metro ExpressLanes.
Union Station route[edit]
Buses on the Union Station route run non-stop between Union Station and Dodger Stadium. Service to the stadium begins operating 90 minutes before the start of the game, with departures every 10 minutes until the 3rd Inning. Buses stop at Center Field and Top Deck. Return service continues until 45 minutes after the final out or 20 minutes after post-game events, with buses departing as they fill.[45]
South Bay route[edit]
Buses on the South Bay route operate between the South Bay and Dodger Stadium along the Harbor Transitway, making stops at Slauson, Manchester, Harbor Freeway, Rosecrans, and Harbor Gateway Transit Center. Service to the stadium begins operating 2 hours before the start of the game, with departures every 20 minutes until the start of the game. Buses stop at Right Field. Return service begins at the end of the 7th inning and continues until 45 minutes after the final out or 20 minutes after post-game events, with buses departing as they fill.[45]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Los Angeles portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dodger Stadium History". Dodgers.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dodger Stadium's New Signage Creates "Blue Heaven" Atmosphere". SignWeb.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken (January 29, 2016). "Road to Dodger Stadium to be renamed Vin Scully Avenue". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dilbeck, Steve (January 29, 2016). "Council votes unanimously to rename street Vin Scully Avenue". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dodger Stadium Express". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "2014 Dodger Season Tickets Go on Sale" (Press release). Major League Baseball Advanced Media. September 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stacie Wheeler (22 January 2012). "50 Years of Dodger Stadium". Dodgers Way. FanSided. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017. Record attendance: 57,099 (April 13, 2009) (Giants)
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ William M. Simpson Orange County Register
Jump up ^ Engineering News-Record. New York City: McGraw-Hill. 178 (2): 62. 1967. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Dodger Stadium Construction Facts". O'Malley Seidler Partners. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Frueholz, Gary (10 June 2004). "Dodger Stadium: Alhambra’s Connection to Dodger Stadium" (PDF). Dilbeck Real Estate. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Map--Diagram of proposed Dodger Stadium in Chavez Ravine – 1957." Los Angeles Examiner, 23 September 1957. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll44/id/91758 Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Daktronics on Display at Dodger Stadium". All Business.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Dylan; Shaikin, Bill (April 25, 2008). "Stadium Makeover Is Unveiled". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Roderick, Kevin (November 2, 2009). "Dodger Stadium Work on Hold". LA Observed. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry M. (May 12, 2005). "Dodgers to Stay in Place for 25 Years". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Zavis, Alexandra (October 8, 2008). "'Dodgertown' Could Be Home Base". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Maddaus, Gene (August 6, 2012). "Dodgers Hire Janet Marie Smith, Star Stadium Designer, To Renovate Dodger Stadium". LA Weekly. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith is best known as the driving force behind the massively influential Oriole Park at Camden Yards. She is also responsible for Turner Field in Atlanta and the most recent renovations at Fenway Park.
Jump up ^ "Not Everyone Shares Roger Goodell's Positive Sentiments Regarding L.A. Stadium Situation". Yahoo! Sports. March 19, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dodger Stadium Renovation Details". TrueBlueLA. January 8, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2014 Dodger Stadium renovations: The secret of their access". January 7, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Daniel. "MLB celebrates Jackie Robinson Day". MLB.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Masters, Nathan. "Chavez Ravine: Community to Controversial Real Estate". KCET. KCETLink Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dodger Stadium". Baseball Statistics. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dodger Stadium rainouts are very rare". Retrieved April 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowry, Phillip (2005). Green Cathedrals. New York City: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1562-1.
Jump up ^ Paulas, Rick (18 May 2011). "An MLB guide to all you can eat". ESPN. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Shaikin, Bill (August 10, 2013). "Dodgers take aim at 4-million home attendance". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Dodgers/status/378406052506529792
Jump up ^ Montano, Al (July 25, 2013). "Cincinnati 5, Dodgers 2: Reds Cool Off L.A.". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN200810120.shtml
Jump up ^ "2013 Los Angeles Dodgers Media Guide". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. p. 1. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shaikin, Bill (July 22, 2010). "Dodgers' Attendance Isn't Always What It Seems". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "MLB Park Factors". ESPN. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Clem's History of Dodger Stadium Dimensions
Jump up ^ "Giancarlo Stanton hits a ball out of Dodger Stadium". New York Post. May 12, 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://la24-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/pdf/LA2024-canditature-part2_english.pdf
Jump up ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (24 March 1996). "The Three Tenors Juggernaut". New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – "Three Tenors, The"". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "British certifications – Placido Domingo". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2015-07-08. Enter Placido Domingo in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "The Cult to Open Both Dodger Stadium Shows". gunsnroses.com. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/ballpark/transportation/index.jsp?content=express
General references[edit]
Clem's Baseball: Source for dimensions
Ballpark Digest Visit to Dodger Stadium
Dodger Stadium history and facts
Official Website of former Dodger owner Walter O'Malley
Los Angeles Times: Stadium Makeover is Unveiled
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dodger Stadium.
Stadium site on dodgers.com
Los Angeles Sports Council
Dodger Stadium Review and Photos
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[show]Events and tenants
Preceded by
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Preceded by
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Preceded by
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[show]
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Jacob Black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jacob Black
Twilight character
Jacob Black as portrayed by Taylor Lautner in New Moon.
First appearance
Twilight
Last appearance
Breaking Dawn
Created by
Stephenie Meyer
Portrayed by
Taylor Lautner
Information
Nickname(s)
Jake
Species
Lycanthrope
Gender
Male
Occupation
Protector of La Push
Title
Beta/Alpha's Second (New Moon and Eclipse), Alpha/Leader (Breaking Dawn)
Family
Billy Black (father),
Sarah Black (mother, deceased),
Rachael and Rebecca (older twin sisters),
Ephraim Black (great-grandfather, deceased),
Quil Ateara V (second cousin)
Significant other(s)
Renesmee Cullen (imprinted)
Nationality
American
Jacob "Jake" Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer. He is described as an attractive Native American of the Quileute tribe in La Push, near Forks, Washington. In the second book of the series, he discovers that he can shapeshift into a wolf. For the majority of the series, Jacob competes with Edward Cullen for Bella Swan's love. In the films Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn: Part 1, and Breaking Dawn: Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Role in the books
2.1 Twilight Saga
2.2 New Moon
2.3 Eclipse
2.4 Breaking Dawn
3 Characterization
3.1 Physical appearance
3.2 Personality and abilities
4 Film portrayal
5 Team Jacob
6 References
7 External links
Concept and creation[edit]
According to Stephenie Meyer, Jacob was originally meant to be a device through which Bella could learn Edward's secret in Twilight. Meyer, her agent, and her editor all liked the character so much that they decided to give him a larger role in the following book, New Moon, with Meyer referring to the character as, "my favorite gift that New Moon gave to me."[1]
"Jacob was my first experience with a character taking over—a minor character developing such roundness and life that I couldn't keep him locked inside a tiny role....From the very beginning, even when Jacob only appeared in chapter six of Twilight, he was so alive. I liked him. More than I should for such a small part."
Meyer has said that after Jacob started emerging as a prominent character in New Moon.
Role in the books[edit]
Twilight Saga[edit]
Jacob is given a small role in the first book of the series. He is introduced as the son of Billy Black, an old Swan family friend. When Bella uses him to get information on Edward Cullen and his family, Jacob tells her Quileute legends and introduces her to the idea that Edward is a vampire. Bella comes to like Jacob, and he develops a crush on her.[2]
New Moon[edit]
In New Moon, Jacob's character is used as a device to help Bella emerge from her months-long depression, brought on by her distress over Edward's departure. The friendship between the two characters grows strong, but Jacob also develops romantic feelings for Bella that she does not reciprocate. It is revealed that, as a member of the Quileute tribe, Jacob is descended from an ancient line of "shapeshifters" that assume wolf form. In their backstory, the Quileutes are vampires' mortal enemies as the vampires are to them. When Jacob undergoes his first transformation into a wolf, it is in response to Paul one of the pack becomes enraged when he was slapped by Bella causing him to transform prematurely and then attempts to attack her. Jacob noticing this rushes outside to defend Bella he jumps high over her and changes form in midair. Jacob rushes at Paul first and bites and pushes him. Jacob is shown in this scene to be very talented even when this was his first transformation at attacking and countering Paul as he is able to hit him before he has a chance to attack. A scene shows him tackling Paul causing him to crash into a boat rack. He and Paul later arrive at Emily Young house. Soon, he becomes busy patrolling the forest with his pack, searching for vampires in the area. When Bella is caught by the vampire Laurent alone in a clearing, she is saved by Jacob and the wolf pack, who chase and kill Laurent. Sam first emerges from the woods, Laurent noticing more emerge runs an away. Sam closes in on him but is struck back by Laurent just before he was about to tackle him. He later claims that Laurent was nothing but a simple kill. During the chase, Laurent is cornered by part of the pack while Jacob goes for the kill. Jacob and his friends are able to cover a range of 1.67 miles in just 1 minute meaning they are able to run at nearly or close to 100 mph at full run.
Jacob serves as a rescue for Bella and a foil to Edward on multiple occasions in the narrative. When Bella, who has taken increasingly dangerous risks to feel closer to Edward, impulsively jumps off a cliff and almost drowns, Jacob rescues her. After Edward mistakenly believes she has died and plans to kill himself, Bella and Edward's sister, Alice Cullen, rush to Italy to prevent his suicide, leaving Jacob hurt and resentful. Jacob is disgusted by Edward's return and by Bella's willingness to take Edward back after he left her. Jacob reminds Edward of his tribe's treaty with the Cullen family, which states that the Cullens are not allowed to bite humans. Bella interrupts and points out that she wants to become a vampire, therefore it is not Jacob's problem. Though this angers Jacob, who attempts to start a fight with Edward. Edward decides to leave with her then Jacob grabs him and says "you don't speak for her" causing Edward to uppercut punch him into the air causing him to transform and attempts to kill Edward but is stopped immediately by Bella as she says "You can't harm each other without harming me." Jacob now feeling full of guilt and knowing that he would not harm her due to him still having a tremendous crush on her and her being his best and closest friend to kill Edward decides to accept her wish but he is feeling hurt by her decision which he then runs away.[3]
Eclipse[edit]
In Eclipse, Jacob, enraged that Bella plans to become a vampire, attempts to distance himself by not returning her phone calls and refusing to see her. Later, during the scene when Jacob visits Bella and Edward to discuss the vampire Victoria's return, he tells Bella that he misses her and wishes that they could remain friends. With Edward's approval, Bella begins to visit Jacob on a regular basis. On one of these visits, Jacob tells Bella that he is in love with her and that he wants her to choose him over Edward. Bella is caught off guard by his confession and tells him she only thinks of him as a friend. He forcibly kisses her, and she reacts by punching him in the face. This breaks her hand, though it does not affect Jacob because he is a werewolf and doesn't get hurt easily. This act later enrages Edward, and the two get into a heated argument in front of Bella's house. They come extremely close to a physical fight, until Bella pushes Edward always and pleads for them to stop. Edward, still fuming with rage, tells Jacob that if Bella gives him the word, he will harm him. Bella's father comes outside at that moment, and demands to know what's going on. Jacob admits that he kissed Bella, and she broke her hand punching him. Jacob apologizes and leaves.
Later on, Jacob's shapeshifter wolf pack and the Cullen family join forces to defeat Victoria and the army of newborn vampires she has created. The wolf pack have agreed to meet at their house. They are in their wolf form as they don't trust the Cullen's enough to be in their human form as they possibly believe this to be a plot to destroy the pack. Carlisle greets them and tells how they should accurately and successfully attack a newborn. Sam telepathically asks what a newborn is and what the difference is between them and the newborn. He tells them that the newborns are a fresh breed of vampires that were humans forcibly turned with a combination of both human and vampire strength with most of their human element relying on intelligence. Carlisle tells them that they should never let a single one get their arms around them as they are strong enough to crush their bodies. He also says that they should never go for the "obvious" kill as they can get outnumbered easily and lose most of the pack. As the Cullen's demonstrate their tactics to the wolves on how they deal with newborns, Jacob also in his wolf form comes up to Bella. He nudges close to her as he still has a crush on her. She tells Jacob that if they join this attack many of them could get hurt or even killed. In response Jacob places his head in front of her and she pets him. Suddenly Edwards sees this and Jacob looks at him with a disgusted and annoyed look and walks off. The night before the battle, Edward and Jacob are alone with Bella on the top of a mountain. They are there, in a secluded spot, to protect her from Victoria and her blood-hungry army. It is night, and a blizzard beats at their tent. Bella is freezing to death, huddled in a blanket hold and shivering violently. Edward watches on with despair, as he can do nothing to help because his vampire skin is ice-cold. Jacob, being a werewolf, is never cold and has very a warm body. Because of his enhanced senses he can hear Bella's teeth chattering as he claims that he "can't sleep with all that teeth chattering going on." He moves forward to lay down with Bella, knowing his body heat would keep her warm. Edward shoves him away, outraged, and says he will not go near her. Jacob demands that Edward lets him go. Bella, hardly conscious, pleads for them not to fight. Jacob insists that Bella needs his warmth, and reluctantly Edward lets him crawl into the blankets with her. She cuddles into his warmth, still hardly conscious. Bella stops shaking and chattering. She falls asleep in his arms. While she is sleeping, Edward and Jacob begin to talk quietly. As the night wears on, their private conversation softens and the two become closer.
Right before the battle the next morning, Jacob overhears Edward and Bella discussing their engagement. He did not know about this, because Bella was trying to keep it a secret until the battle was over, for she knew he'd be reckless with his anger. Jacob is outraged, and refuses to believe that Bella truly loves Edward more than him. He threatens suicide by hoping he'd be killed in the battle. He is about to run off to join the soon-to-be-battle. Bella, in an attempt to stop him from getting killed, demands to be kissed by him. Jacob doesn't hesitate, and he kisses her passionately. Then, he leaves for the battle and Bella feels relieved to know that he no longer wants to be killed while fighting. After he is gone, she comes to the realization that she does love Jacob.
In the battle, Jacob fights ferociously and savagely. He is in his wolf form as is the rest of the pack. He kills many vampires and together, with the Cullens, they defeat Victoria's newborn army. The battle is over, but one newborn vampire who had remained hidden the whole time, emerges from hiding. Leah, one of the wolves, immediately attacks. The enemy vampire wraps his arms around her neck and tries to strangle her, but Jacob lunges forward and knocks him off. They engage in a brief but vicious fight. Jacob falls and the vampire crushes his body with violent force. At once the vampire is pulled off by the other wolves and killed. Jacob is now back in human form. He is writhing on the ground naked and in extreme agony. Carlisle, the doctor vampire, announces that the bones in the right half of his body are crushed. The other wolves, now back in their human form too, stare in horror as Carlisle continues to inspect him. He tells the others that Jacob is healing from but at an extremely low rate and says that he needs to re-align Jacobs bones in order to speed up his healing. Leah is full of guilt and shame, and insists that she "had him" [the vampire]. Sam tells her to shut up. Sam suggested that they bring Jacob back to Billy's house so he start helping Jacob. Then, they haul Jacob off the ground and carry him off.
At Jacob's house, Bella overhears Jacob screaming in pain as Carlisle re-aligns him. One of the pack tells Bella that Carlisle is doing this to speed up Jacobs healing. He is in bed with a high fever. Bella is worried and apologizes to him, wishing he'll get better soon. She also admits that it was a mistake to kiss him, and tries to tell him that even if she does love him, he has to accept that it is Edward who truly lies in her heart. Then she leaves, and Jacob his angered and deeply hurt.
The epilogue is written from Jacob's point of view; angry and heartbroken at Bella's decision to become a vampire. He runs away in his wolf form to escape his pain.[4]
Breaking Dawn[edit]
Jacob returns after an absence of several weeks to attend Bella and Edwards's wedding in Breaking Dawn. Though described as being still visibly pained by her decision, he tells Bella that he wants her to be happy. However, when Bella inadvertently informs him that she and Edward plan to have sex before she becomes a vampire, Jacob becomes enraged because he is said to know that Edward's strength could kill her. When Bella and Edward return from their honeymoon, Jacob becomes the narrator of the story for several chapters, during which he learns that she is pregnant with Edward's half-vampire, half-human child and has become desperately weak. When Jacob informs the pack of Bella's pregnancy, their leader Sam Uley plans an attack on the Cullens in order to kill Bella and, thereby, her unborn child because of the threat he believes the child presents. Jacob, who feels that the Cullens are innocent, disobeys Sam's command and separates himself from the pack. Fulfilling his birthright as an Alpha wolf, he is joined in a new pack by Seth and Leah Clearwater, who aid Jacob in protecting the Cullens. After the birth of Renesmee Carlie Cullen, Edward and Bella's daughter, Renesmee, Jacob immediately "imprints" - an involuntary response in which a wolf finds his soulmate - on Renesmee. As a result, Jacob is completely over Bella. They remain close friends. The enmity between Jacob and the Cullens is also dispelled, and he and Edward come to view each other as brothers after Jacob emotionally bonds with Edward's newborn baby.[5]
Characterization[edit]
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Physical appearance[edit]
Werewolf form: Jacobs wolf form is that of a large russet brown wolf. He has equivalent abilities to his brothers. He is shown to be very intelligent in both reasoning and coordinating others.
Human form: Jacob, being a werewolf has a massive physique. He is able to lift heavy objects that no human is capable of picking up, for example a dirt bike he easily picked up from his father's truck. He still has his werewolf senses. He only uses this form to prevent humans from seeing his true form.
Personality and abilities[edit]
Bella describes Jacob as a "happy person" who extends his happiness to the people around him. As Jacob's character emerges in New Moon, he is shown to be cheery, passionate, and adventurous, but hot-headed. Jacob is also able to shape-shift at will into a giant wolf, and sometimes when angered he will involuntarily phase. His body temperature is warmer than a human's body should be, reaching about 108.9 °F (42.7 °C), which allows him to withstand very cold weather. In human form, his body heals within seconds, he possesses superhuman strength and speed, has a high durability rate, sharp senses and free running abilities. In wolf-form he can communicate with his wolf pack telepathically, has enhanced superhuman strength and speed and a substantial size increase. While in wolf-form, his teeth can cut through the granite-hard bodies of a vampire with ease. Members of Quileute wolf-pack do age if they do not phase for long time, which was pointed out when they were talking about the tribe's history, as long as they phase from every now and again they don't age with Jacob's body physically grown to the equivalent of a 25-year-old in Breaking Dawn but stopping after that. Jacob is the strongest of the pack. Once they begin phasing, a Quileute shape-shifter may "imprint" - a method of finding one's soulmate - on someone, and will act as whatever the imprintee needs, whether it be an older sibling, friend, protector, or lover. Jacob imprints on Edward and Bella's daughter, Renesmee in Breaking Dawn.
While treating Jacob in Eclipse, Carlisle takes a blood sample and runs some tests on it. He discovers that he has 24 pairs of chromosomes, one more than a human. A distinction is made in Breaking Dawn between the old world Children of the Moon ("true werewolves") and this shape-shifting Quileute tribe. The former are held to be a more ferocious and territorial type, with a transformative venomous bite and who involuntarily phase as do traditional werewolves on the full moon. The latter are implied as being blessed with the supernatural ability to shapeshift into other giant animals or "spirits of nature".
Film portrayal[edit]
Taylor Lautner
Taylor Lautner played the part of Jacob Black in the film adaptation of Twilight.[6] Due to major physical changes in the character of Jacob between Twilight and New Moon, director Chris Weitz considered replacing Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray "the new, larger Jacob Black."[7] In an attempt to keep the role, Lautner stated, "I have been working out. I've been working out since the day we finished filming Twilight. I just weighed myself today; I've put on 19 pounds... [and] I'm guaranteeing Weitz 10 more [pounds] by filming."[8] Lautner would continue to play the role of Jacob in New Moon,[9] and all the subsequent films. He also did his own stunts.
Team Jacob[edit]
Many fans of the Twilight franchise, particularly teenagers, have debated whether Edward or Jacob is the better match for Bella. Both sides of the debate have coalesced around informal "teams" of followers, whether "Team Jacob" or "Team Edward". In a poll done by Novel Novice Twilight and appearing on NNT News in 2008, Team Jacob got 2,641 votes and Team Edward got 5,130 votes. A poll done by Top7 with over 43,000 votes had Jacob trailing Edward by around 3,000 votes.[10]
Lautner portrayed a diehard Edward supporter in a December 12, 2009 sketch lampooning Twilight fans on Saturday Night Live.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "New Moon Story". www.StephenieMeyer.com. Stepheniemeyer.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York City: Little, Brown. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2006). New Moon. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York: Little, Brown. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-316-16019-3.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2007). Eclipse. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York: Little, Brown. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-316-16020-9.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2008). Breaking Dawn. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York: Little, Brown. p. 756. ISBN 978-0-316-06792-8.
Jump up ^ "'Twilight' to film one or two days in LaPush". www.peninsuladailynews.com. 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
Jump up ^ Larry Carroll (2008-12-15). "'New Moon' Casting News: Michael Copon, Ben Barnes Push For Roles In 'Twilight' Sequel". MTV. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
Jump up ^ Larry Carroll (2008-12-18). "'Twilight' Exclusive: Taylor Lautner Talks About His Campaign To Stay On 'New Moon'". MTV. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Lautner to Reprise His Role as Jacob in New Moon" (Press release). Summit Entertainment. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Top Twilight Characters" Archived 2011-07-12 at the Wayback Machine.. Top7. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (December 14, 2009). "Taylor Lautner On 'SNL' Recap: Defending Taylor Swift, Joining Team Edward And More". Hollywood Crush, MTV.
External links[edit]
Twilight portal
Fictional characters portal
Stephenie Meyer Official website
Jacob Black on Facebook
Jacob Black on IMDb
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text:
Food group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Grains, the largest food group in many nutrition guides, includes oats, barley and bread. Cookies, however, are categorized as sugar.
Vegetables, the second largest food group in many nutrition guides, come in a wide variety of shapes, colors and sizes.
A food group is a collection of foods that share similar nutritional properties or biological classifications. Nutrition guides typically divide foods into food groups and recommend daily servings of each group for a healthy diet. In the United States for instance, USDA has described food as being in from 4 to 11 different groups.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 The most common food groups
2 Uncommon food groups
3 See also
4 References
The most common food groups[edit]
Dairy, also called milk products and sometimes categorized with milk alternatives or meat, is typically a smaller category in nutrition guides.[2][3][4] Examples of dairy products include milk, butter, ghee, yogurt, cheese, cream and ice cream, is typically a very small category in nutrition guides, if present at all, and is sometimes listed apart from other food groups.[2][3] The categorization of dairy as a food group with recommended daily servings has been criticized by, for example, the Harvard School of Public Health. The HSPH points out that "research has shown little benefit, and considerable potential for harm, of such high dairy intakes. Moderate consumption of milk or other dairy products—one to two servings a day—is fine, and likely has some benefits for children. But it’s not essential for adults, for a host of reasons."[5]
Fruits, sometimes categorized with vegetables, include apples, oranges, bananas, berries and lemons. Fruits contain carbohydrates, mostly in the form of sugar as well as important vitamins and minerals.
Grains, beans and legumes, sometimes categorized as cereals, is often the largest category in nutrition guides.[2][3][4] Examples include wheat, rice, oats, barley, bread and pasta. An example of beans would be baked beans and soy beans, while an example of legumes would be lentils and chickpeas. Grains are a good source of starch and are often categorized with other starchy food such as potatoes.
Meat, sometimes labeled protein and occasionally inclusive of legumes and beans, eggs, meat analogues and/or dairy, is typically a medium- to smaller-sized category in nutrition guides.[2][3][4] Examples include chicken, fish, turkey, pork and beef.
Confections, also called sugary foods and sometimes categorized with fats and oils, is typically a very small category in nutrition guides, if present at all, and is sometimes listed apart from other food groups.[2][3] Examples include candy, soft drinks, and chocolate.
Vegetables, sometimes categorized with fruit and occasionally inclusive of legumes, is typically a large category second only to grains, or sometimes equal or superior to grains, in nutrition guides.[2][3][4] Examples include spinach, carrots, onions, peppers, and broccoli.
Water is treated in very different ways by different food guides. Some exclude the category,[4] others list it separately from other food groups,[2] and yet others make it the center[6] or foundation[7] of the guide. Water is sometimes categorized with tea, fruit juice, vegetable juice and even soup,[8] and is typically recommended in plentiful amounts.
Uncommon food groups[edit]
The number of "common" food groups varies depending on who is defining them. Canada's Food Guide, which has been in continual publication since 1942 and is the second most requested government document (after the income tax form) in Canada, recognizes only four official food groups, listing the remainder of foods as "another". Some of these "others" include:
Alcohol is listed apart from other food groups and recommended only for certain people in moderation by Harvard's Healthy Eating Pyramid and the University of Michigan's Healing Foods Pyramid,[9][7] while Italy's food pyramid includes a half-serving of wine and beer.[10]
See also[edit]
Table of food nutrients
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nestle, Marion (2013) [2002]. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. University of California Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-520-27596-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating - Enjoy a Variety of Foods Every Day". Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The eatwell plate". National Health Service. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "USDA's MyPlate". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Healthy Eating Plate & Healthy Eating Pyramid". 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eine runde Sache: Der neue DGE-Ernährungskreis". Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (in German). Retrieved 11 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Healing Foods Pyramid™ 2010". University of Michigan Health System. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Recommendations for healthy, tasty eating and drinking for adults" (PDF). Swiss Society for Nutrition. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Healthy Eating Pyramid". Harvard School of Public Health. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Piramide Alimentare Italiana". Istituto di Scienza dell'Alimentazione (in Italian). Università di Roma. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
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