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World War II casualties
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Soviet soldiers killed during the Toropets–Kholm Offensive, January 1942. Officially, roughly 8.7 million Soviet soldiers died in the course of the war, including millions of POWs.
The killing of Jews at Ivanhorod, Ukraine in 1942. A woman tries to shield a child with her body as Einsatzgruppen men aim their rifles.
Bodies of American soldiers on the beach of Tarawa. The Marines secured the island after 76 hours of intense fighting. There were over 6,000 US, Japanese and Korean dead in total.
World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total casualties. Over 60 million people were killed, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion).[1] Statistics of military wounded are available for the major combatants. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. World War II fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total deaths ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million.[2] The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million, including 19 to 28 million from war-related disease and famine. Military deaths from all causes totalled 21 to 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available.
Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet WW2 fatalities.[3] According to Russian government figures, USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million[4][5] including 8.5 million due to war related famine and disease.[6] In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.[7] Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office (Germany) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe.[8][9][10] The People's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million,[11] while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification of casualties
2 Human losses by country
2.1 Total deaths
2.2 Nazi Germany
2.3 USSR
2.4 Holocaust deaths
2.4.1 Jewish deaths
2.4.2 Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces
2.5 Japanese war crimes
2.6 Oppression in the Soviet Union
2.7 Military casualties by branch of service
2.8 Commonwealth military casualties
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Classification of casualties
Polish military officers executed by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre, exhumation photo taken by the Polish Red Cross delegation in 1943.
Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II.[13] The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable."[14] The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease.
The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.[15][16] The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.
Human losses by country
Total deaths
Death toll of World War II & military wounded by country
(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)
The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes
Country
Total population
1/1/1939
Military
deaths from all causes
Civilian deaths due to
military activity and crimes against humanity
Civilian deaths due to
war-related famine and disease
Total
deaths
Deaths as % of
1939 population
Military
wounded
AlbaniaA 1,073,000[17] 30,000[18] 30,000 2.80 NA
AustraliaB 6,968,000[17] 39,700[19] 700[20] 40,400 0.58 39,803[21]
Austria (German-controlled)C 6,653,000[17] Included with Germany Included with Germany (see table below)S3 Included with Germany
BelgiumD 8,387,000[17] 12,000[22] 76,000[22] 88,000 1.05 55,513[23]
BrazilE 40,289,000[17] 1,000[24] 1,000[25] 2,000 0.00 4,222[26]
BulgariaF 6,458,000[17] 18,500[24] 3,000[27] 21,500 0.33 21,878[28]
Burma (British colony)G 16,119,000[17] 2,600[29] 250,000[29] 252,600 1.57 NA
CanadaH 11,267,000[17] 42,000[30] 1,600[31] 43,600 0.38 53,174[32]
China I (1937–1945) 517,568,000[17] 3,000,000[33]
to 3,750,000+[34] 7,357,000[35]
to 8,191,000[36] 5,000,000
to 10,000,000 15,000,000[37]
to 20,000,000[37] 2.90 to 3.86 1,761,335[38]
CubaJ 4,235,000[17] 100[39] 100 0.00 NA
Czechoslovakia (in postwar 1945–1992 borders)K 14,612,000[40] 46,000[41]
to 35,000[42] 294,000[41] to
320,000[42] 340,000 to 355,000 2.33 to 2.43 8,017[43]
DenmarkL 3,795,000[17] 6,000[44] 6,000 0.16 2,000[45]
Dutch East IndiesM 69,435,000[17] 11,500[46][47] 300,000[48] 2,400,000[49]
to 4,000,000[50] 3,000,000
to 4,000,000 4.3 to 5.76 NA
EgyptMA 16,492,000[17] 1,100[51] 1,100 0.00 NA
Estonia (within 1939 borders)N 1,134,000[17] 34,000 (in both Soviet & German armed forces)[52] 49,000[53] 83,000 7.3 NA
EthiopiaO 17,700,000[17] 15,000[54] 85,000 100,000[54] 0.56 NA
FinlandP 3,700,000[17] 83,000[55] to 95,000[56] 2,000[57] 85,000 to 95,000 2.30 to 2.57 50,000[58]
FranceQ (including colonies) 41,680,000[57] 210,000[57] 390,000[57] 600,000 1.44 390,000[59]
French IndochinaR 24,664,000[17] 1,000,000
to 2,000,000[60] 1,000,000
to 2,200,000 4.05 to 8.11 NA
GermanyS 69,300,000[61] 4,440,000[62] to 5,318,000[63][64] 1,500,000S2
to 3,000,000S1 6,900,000
to 7,400,000 (see table below)S3 7,300,000[65]
GreeceT 7,222,000[17] 35,100[66] 171,800[66] 300,000[67]
to 600,000[66] 507,000
to 807,000 7.02 to 11.17 47,290[68]
GuamTA 22,800[69] 1,000[70]
to 2,000[71] 1,000
to 2,000 4.39 to 8.77 NA
HungaryU (figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938–41) 9,129,000[69] 200,000[72] 264,000[73] 464,000 5.08 89,313[74]
IcelandV 118,900[75] 200[76] 200 0.17 NA
IndiaW 377,800,000[77] 87,000[78] 2,100,000[79] 2,200,000 .005 64,354[80]
IranX 14,340,000[81] 200[82] 200 0.00 NA
IraqY 3,698,000[83] 500[82] 200[84] 700 0.01 NA
IrelandZ 2,960,000[85] Irish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces 100[86] 100 0.00 NA
Italy (in postwar 1947 borders)AA 44,394,000[87] 319,200[88] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[89][90] 153,200[91] 492,400 to 514,000 1.11 to 1.16 225,000[92]-320,000[93] (incomplete data)
JapanAB 71,380,000[94] 2,100,000[95] to
2,300,000[96] 550,000[97] to
800,000[98] 2,500,000[99]
to 3,100,000[100] 3.50 to 4.34 326,000[101]
Korea (Japanese colony)AC 24,326,000[69] Included with Japanese military 483,000[102]
to 533,000[103] 483,000
to 533,000 1.99 to 2.19 NA
Latvia (within 1939 borders)AD 1,994,500[69] 30,000[104](in both Soviet and German Armies) 220,000[105] 250,000 12.5 NA
Lithuania (within 1939 borders)AE 2,575,000[94] 25,000[106](in both Soviet and German Armies) 345,000[107] 370,000 14.36 NA
LuxembourgAF 295,000[94] Included with German & Belgian military 5,000[57] 5,000 1.69 NA
Malaya & SingaporeAG 5,118,000[69] 100,000[108] 100,000 1.95 NA
Malta (British)AH 269,000[69] Included with U.K. 1,500[109] 1,500 0.55 NA
MexicoAI 19,320,000[110] 100[111] 100 0.00 NA
MongoliaAJ 819,000[112] 300[113] 300 0.04 NA
Nauru (Australian)AK 3,400[69] 500[114] 500 14.7 NA
NepalAL 6,087,000[69] Included with British Indian Army NA
NetherlandsAM 8,729,000[69] 6,700[115] 187,300[115] 16,000[115] 210,000 2.41 2,860[116]
Newfoundland (British)AN 320,000[117] 1,100[118] (included with the U.K. & Canada) 100[119] 1,200 0.03 (included with the/ U.K. & Canada)
New ZealandAO 1,629,000[69] 11,700[120] 11,700 0.72 19,314[121]
NorwayAP 2,945,000[122] 2,000[57] 8,200[123] 10,200 0.35 364[124]
Papua and New Guinea (Australian)AQ 1,292,000[69] 15,000[125] 15,000 1.16 NA
Philippines (U.S. Territory)AR 16,000,303[126] 57,000[127] 164,000[128] 336,000[128] 557,000 3.48 NA
Poland (within 1939 borders)AS 34,849,000[129] 240,000[130] 5,620,000[131]
to 5,820,000[132] 5,900,000[133]
to 6,000,000[134] 16.93 to 17.22 766,606[135]
Portuguese TimorAT 480,000[69] 40,000[136]
to 70,000[136] 40,000
to 70,000 8.33 to 14.58 NA
Romania (in postwar 1945 borders)AU 15,970,000[57] 300,000[41] 200,000[41] 500,000[41] 3.13 332,769[137]
Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian)AV 3,800,000[138] 36,000[139] and 50,000[140] 36,000–50,000 0.09–1.3 NA
South AfricaAW 10,160,000[141] 11,900[142] 11,900 0.12 14,363[143]
South Pacific Mandate (Japanese)AX 127,000[144] 10,000[145] 10,000 7.87 [146]
Soviet Union (within 1946–91 borders[147])AY 188,793,000[148][149] 8,668,000[150][151][152] to 11,400,000[153][154][155][156] 4,500,000[157] to 10,000,000[158][159][160] 8,000,000 to 9,000,000[161][162][163] 20,000,000[164] to 27,000,000[165][166][167][168][169] (see table below)AY4 14,685,593[170]
SpainAZ 25,637,000[171] Included with the German Army Included with France,see footnote NA
SwedenBA 6,341,000[172] 100[173] 2,000[174] 2,100 0.03 NA
SwitzerlandBB 4,210,000[175] 100[176] 100 0.00 NA
ThailandBC 15,023,000[177] 5,600[178] 2,000[178] 7,600 0.05 NA
TurkeyBD 17,370,000[179] 200[180] 200 0.00 NA
United KingdomBE including British Colonies 47,760,000[181] 383,700[182] 67,200[183] 450,900 0.94 376,239[184]
United StatesBF 131,028,000[185] 407,300BF1 12,100BF2 419,400 0.32 671,801[186]
YugoslaviaBG 15,490,000[187] 300,000[188]
to 446,000[189] 581,000[189] to 1,400,000[188] 1,027,000[189] to 1,700,000[188] 6.63 to 10.97 425,000[190]
Other nationsBH 300,000,000 NA
Approx. totals 2,300,000,000[1] 21,000,000
to 25,500,000 29,000,000
to 30,500,000 19,000,000
to 28,000,000 70,000,000
to 85,000,000 3.0 to 3.7 NA
Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes.
The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses. For example, Michael Strank is included with American not Czechoslovak war dead.
Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided. For example, German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust.
The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses.
Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited.
Nazi Germany
Main article: German casualties in World War II
[hide] Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria.[11][12]^S3
Country
Population
1939
Military
deaths
Civilian deaths due to
Allied Strategic Bombing
Civilian deaths due to
Nazi persecution
Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans
Total
deaths
Deaths as
% of 1939
population
Austria 6,653,000[17] 250,000[191] to 261,000[63] 24,000[191][192] 100,000[193] 370,000[193] 5.56
Germany (within 1937 borders)[194] 69,300,000[61] 3,760,000[191] to 4,456,000[63] 353,000(1942 borders)[195] to 410,000[191][196] 300,000[197] to 500,000[198][199] 400,000[200] to 1,225,000[191] 5,700,000[201] 8.23
Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe[202] 7,423,000[203] 430,000[204] to 538,000[63] 200,000[205] to 886,000[206] 738,000[63][205] to 1,316,000[207] 9.96 to 17.76
Foreign nationals in western Europe 215,000[208] 63,000[63] 63,000[63] 29.3
Approx. Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000[209] to 5,318,000[63] 353,000[195] to 434,000[210] 400,000[211][198] to 600,000[198][199][211] 600,000[212] to 2,111,000[213] 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86
German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000[214][215]
USSR
Main article: World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead[13]^AY4
Soviet Republic
Population 1940 (within 1946–91 borders)
Military deaths
Civilian deaths due to
military activity and crimes against humanity
Civilian deaths due to
war related famine and disease
Total
Deaths as % of 1940 population
Armenia 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6%
Azerbaijan 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1%
Belarus 9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3%
Estonia 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6%
Georgia 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3%
Kazakhstan 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7%
Kyrgyzstan 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8%
Latvia 1,890,000 30,000 190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7%
Lithuania 2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7%
Moldova 2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9%
Russia 110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7%
Tajikistan 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8%
Turkmenistan 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7%
Ukraine 41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3%
Uzbekistan 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4%
Unidentified – 165,000 130,000 295,000
Total USSR 194,090,000 10,600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 26,600,000 13.7%
The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow, 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. pp. 21–35. Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates.
The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources. Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million.[216][217]
According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 to 1940: the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million; Lithuania 2.440 million; Latvia 1.951 million; Estonia 1.122 million; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million; less transfers out of (392,000) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi–Soviet population transfers; the Anders Army (120,000); the First Polish Army (1944–45) (26,000) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region (1,392,000) which was returned to Poland in 1945.[216][218][219]
Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of (622,000). The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho-Ukraine 725,000; the Tuvan People's Republic 81,000; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944–47 518,000. The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944–47 (1,529,000) and the post war emigration to the west (451,000)[216][220][221] According to Viktor Zemskov, 3/4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939–40[222]
Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ. According to Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews, Romanians, Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war[223][4] The Polish government-in-exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million[224]
Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million, about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated. The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944–47.[225]
Figures for Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland. Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[226] The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945.
According to Erlikman, in addition to the war dead, there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression. (200,000 executed; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died)[227]
Holocaust deaths
Further information: The Holocaust and Holocaust victims
Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust.
Jewish deaths
The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.[228] Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.[229]
Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:
In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers, 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps (500,000 Belzec; 150,000 Sobibor; 850,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 1,100,000 Auschwitz; 80,000 Majdanek).[230] Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps, including Romanian Transnistria, at 3.0 million.[231]
In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million.[231]
Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000.[231]
Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead.[232]
The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.[229] The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.
Country
Pre-war Jewish population[229] in 1933
Low estimate deaths[229]
High estimate deaths.[229]
Low %
High %
Average %
Austria 191,000 (see footnote) 50,000 65,000 26.2% 34.0% 30.1%
Belgium 60,000 (see footnote) 25,000 29,000 41.7% 48.3% 45.0%
Czech Republic[233] 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7% 85.1% 84.4%
Denmark 8,000 60 116 0.8 % 1.5% 1.1%
Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6% 43.5% 38.0%
France 260,000 (see footnote) 75,000 77,000 28.8% 29.6% 29.2%
Germany 566,000 (see footnote) 135,000 142,000 23.9% 25.1% 24.5%
Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8% 91.8% 86.3%
Hungary (borders 1940)[234] 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2% 78.5% 73.9%
Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5% 18.8% 16.1%
Latvia 95,000 70,000 72,000 73.7% 75.8% 74.7%
Lithuania 155,000 130,000 143,000 83.9% 92.3% 88.1%
Luxembourg 3,500 1,000 2,000 28.6% 57.1% 42.9%
Netherlands 112,000 (see footnote) 100,000 105,000 89.3% 93.8% 91.5%
Norway 1,700 800 800 47.1% 47.1% 47.1%
Poland (borders 1939) 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83.1% 92.3% 87.7%
Romania (borders 1940) 441,000 121,000 287,000 27.4% 65.1% 46.3%
Slovakia 89,000 60,000 71,000 67.4% 79.8% 73.6%
Soviet Union (borders 1939) 2,825,000 700,000 1,100,000 24.8% 38.9% 31.9%
Yugoslavia 68,000 56,000 65,000 82.4% 95.6% 89.0%
Total 9,067,000 4,869,860 5,894,716 50.4% (avg.) 59.7% (avg.) 55.1% (avg.)
The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940. In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, 12,000 in Belgium, 30,000 in France, 2,000 in Denmark, 5,000 in Italy, and 2,000 in Norway[235]
Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939–41.[236] The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220,000.[73]According to Martin Gilbert. The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200,000 not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.[237]
Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933. By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees.[235] In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation.[238] However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler.[239]
Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.[240]
Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders, which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.[240][241]
According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy, and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya[242]
Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces
See also: The Holocaust in Ukraine
Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.[243][244]
Donald L. Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people.[245]
According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy.[246]
R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons.[247]
Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions, deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews.[248]
German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis.[249]
Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews.[250]
Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000.[245][251] Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead.[252] Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish victims".[253] In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans".[254]
The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates".[255]
Country
Pre-war Roma population
Low estimate victims
High estimate victims
Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250
Belgium 600 350 500
Czech Republic[233] 13,000 5,000 6,500
Estonia 1,000 500 1,000
France 40,000 15,150 15,150
Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000
Greece ? 50 50
Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000
Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000
Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500
Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000
Luxembourg 200 100 200
Netherlands 500 215 500
Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000
Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000
Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000
Soviet Union (borders 1939) 200,000 30,000 35,000
Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000
Total 947,500 130,565 285,650
Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed.[256] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000.[257][258]
Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million[259] including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war.[260]
Ethnic Poles: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II."[261] They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war."[262] However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation[263] (see World War II casualties of Poland).
Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death.[264] Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll.[265] The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found".[266] Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated".[267][268] According to Paul Robert Magocsi, between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine.[269] Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews (in pre-war borders).[270] Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million (4.0 million Ukrainians, 2.5 million Belarusians, and 1.7 million Russians).[271] A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians (including Jews): 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures.[272]
Homosexuals: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps.[273]
Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy,[274] about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses,[275] and an unknown number of Freemasons[276] perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."[277] During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.[278]
Serbs: The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism.[279] The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941–45, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone.[280] According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac.[281] According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons.[282] See also World War II persecution of Serbs.
Japanese war crimes
Main article: Japanese war crimes
Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.
R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.
Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country: China 400,000; French Indochina 30,000; Philippines 27,300; Netherlands 25,000; France 14,000; Britain 13,000; British Colonies 11,000; US 10,700; Australia 8,000.[16][283]
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000.[284]
Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584. Detailed by country: China 270,000; Netherlands 8,500; Britain 12,433; Canada 273; Philippines 20,000; Australia 7,412; New Zealand 31; and the United States 12,935.[284]
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[285]
There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease.[286][287]
Oppression in the Soviet Union
The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages.[288] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.[289] Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.[290] The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941–1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives.[291] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era.[292][293] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.[294][295] Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB.[296] Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre.[297] Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941–1945.[298] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.[299]
In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[226] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[300] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[301]
The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R., 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.[302]
The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.[303]
Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war).
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842.[304] In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.[305]
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000;Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000.[306]
A total of 2,230,500[307] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.[308]
Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069).[309] However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.[310]
Military casualties by branch of service
Country
Branch of service
Number served
Killed/missing
Wounded
Prisoners of war Captured
Percent killed
Germany Army[311] 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9
Germany Air Force (including infantry units)[311] 2,500,000 433,000 17.3
Germany Navy[311] 1,200,000 138,000 11.5
Germany Waffen SS[311] 900,000 314,000 34.9
Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces[311] 231,000
Germany Total (incl. conscripted foreigners) 18,200,000 5,318,000 6,035,000 11,100,000 29.2
Japan[312][313] Army (1937–1945) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2
Japan Navy (1941–1945) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8
Japan POW dead after Surrender.[314][315][316] 381,000
Japan Imperial Japan Total 8,400,000 2,121,955 94,500 40,000 25.3
Italy Army 3,040,000 246,432 8.1
Italy Navy 259,082[317] 31,347 12.0
Italy Air Force 130,000[318] 13,210 10.2
Italy Partisan forces 80,000[319] to 250,000[320][321] 35,828 14 to 44
Italy RSI forces 520,000[322] 13,021 to 35,000 2.5 to 6.7
Italy Total Italy 3,430,000[323][324] 319,207[325] to 341,000 320,000 1,300,000[326] 9.3 to 9.9
Soviet Union (1939–40) All branches of service[327] 136,945 205,924
Soviet Union (1941–45) All branches of service[328] 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,050,000 25.1
Soviet Union Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below)[329] 500,000
Soviet Union Civilians in POW camps (see note below)[330] 1,000,000 1,750,000
Soviet Union Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units[331] 400,000
Soviet Union Total Soviet Forces 34,476,700 10,725,345 14,915,517 5,750,000 31.1
British Empire and Commonwealth[332][333][334] All branches of service 17,843,000 580,497 475,000 318,000 3.3
United States[335] Army[336] 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 124,079[336][337] 2.8
United States Air Force (included with Army)[336] (3,400,000) (88,119) (17,360) 2.5
United States Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 3,848[338] 1.5
United States Maritime Service 215,000 9,400 12,000 663[339] 4.5
United States Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 2,274[340][341] 3.7
United States Coast Guard[342] 241,093 1,917 0.8
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps[343] 2,600 8[344] 0.3
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps[345] 3
United States Total U.S. Armed Forces 16,353,639 407,316 671,846 130,201[346][347] 2.5
Germany
The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown;[348] 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.[349]
Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) however in fact died in Soviet custody".[350]
Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war.[351]
USSR
Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million.[331] There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland.[352]
The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths.[353] 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[354][355][356] Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.[357] Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.[358]
Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).[327]
The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.[359]
The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead).[354][360]
Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.[361]
British Commonwealth
Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).[362]
Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies (383,786); India-(British colonial administration) (87,032), Australia (40,464); Canada (45,383); New Zealand (11,929); South Africa (11,903).[363]
Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone(according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606).[364][365]
Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).[333][366][367]
Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).[333][366][367]
The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[368]
U.S.
Battle deaths (including POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents)[336] were 292,131: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy 36,950; Marine Corps 19,733; and Coast Guard 574 (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations).[336][369]
During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany).[370]
During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action.[371] During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.[372]
Commonwealth military casualties
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015[373] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.
See also
World War II casualties of Poland
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
German casualties in World War II
Equipment losses in World War II
World War I casualties
List of wars and disasters by death toll
Footnotes
^A Albania
No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses.[18]
Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200, these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust.[240]
^B Australia
The Australian War Memorial[19] reports 39,648 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47.
According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed, died of wounds or died as POW; wounded or injured in action were 23,477, these figures exclude non-battle casualties, such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes.[374][375]
The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world,[376] are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships.
The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and 26,363 POWs.[367]
^C Austria
Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany.[377]
Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids. The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. "For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing" raids.[193]
^D Belgium
Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included (8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included (32,200 deaths due to military operations, 3,400 executed, 8,500 political deportees, 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims).[378]
Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties.[379]
^E Brazil
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510,[380] Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492.[25]
Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.[25]
^F Bulgaria
Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths[381]
There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia[382]
A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties:Military deaths: 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.[383] Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians."[383]
^G Burma
Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action, 1,500 other deaths, 715 missing, 2,000 wounded and 800 POW[29]
Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.[29]
Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway.[384]
^H Canada
The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths. An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K.[30]
Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 (24,525 Army, 17,397 Air Force, 2,168 Navy.)[385]
The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.[386]
^I China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.
John W. Dower has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain 'millions' of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union." Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million.[50]
According to Rana Mitter "the death toll on China is still being calculated, but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million"[387] Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 civilian deaths, Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million.[388]
An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that "a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937–1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000"[37] This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 =(1,073,496 killed; 237,319 wounded; 71,050 captured by Japanese; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids; 426,249 wounded in air raids), military casualties at 6,750,000 in 1937–1943 (1,500,000 killed; 3,000,000 wounded; 750,000 missing; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness, etc.[389] In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded[389]
The official Chinese government (communist) statistic for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937–1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded.[11]
Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China's population losses in the Second Sino-Japanese War . He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured.[390]
Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were: killed 1,319,958; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126,[391] An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are "unreasonably low" and "highly suspect"[392]
R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead in 1937–45 is 19,605,000.[393] Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist, and 432,000 collaborator forces.Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs).Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River flood); political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.
Werner Gruhl estimates China's total war losses at 15,554,000, Civilians :12,392,000 including (8,191,000) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000.[36]
^J Cuba
Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners.[25]
^K Czechoslovakia
According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939 (within post war 1945–1992 borders) was 14,612,000.[40] The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war.
Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons, 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians.[41]
A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties:[42]
35,000 Military deaths: including: killed during 1938 occupation (171); Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic Axis forces (7,000); Czechs in German forces (5,000), partisan losses 10,000 and (5,000) POWs.
320,000 Civilian deaths: (10,000) in bombing and shelling; (22,000) executed; (285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews, 8,000 Roma); and (3,000) forced laborers in Germany.[42]
^L Denmark
The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids, resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including (2,000 merchant seamen, 63 serving with Allied forces, 600 in German camps, 400 workers in Germany). In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the Germany military.[44]
^M Dutch East Indies
The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age."[394]
John W. Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia.[50]
Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans.[395]
A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944–45, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished.[49]
Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign[396]
Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died.[397]
The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies, of whom 13,567 died.[397]
^MA Egypt
Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields.[398]
^N Estonia
Estonia's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression.[53][399]
Soviet occupation 1940–41 dead and missing of 43,900 including (7,800) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union; (6,000) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union; (24,000) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and (1,100) persons who went missing)[400]
Losses during the 1941–1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in Germany. (800) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities, (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,000) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45. (10,000) Estonians were war dead in the Germany armed forces and (1,000) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets.[401] Included in the above figures is the genocide of (243) Roma people and (929) Jews[402][403]
After the reoccupation by the USSR, 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944–53.[404][405]
Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons (7.3% of the population).[53][406]
^O Ethiopia
Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces.[54]
Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000.[407]
The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead. The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign[408]
These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935–41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935–41.[409] However, R.J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s–1941 "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'Timewatch'", which aired January 17, 1992.[410]
^P Finland
Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union, as well as action against German forces in 1944–45. Winter War (1939–40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941–44 were 58,715, and 1,036 in 1944–45 in the Lapland War.[55]
The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish war dead. The war dead database 1939–1945 includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS-men who died while serving in the German army.The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery. That was sometimes done if the deceased was, for example, an ammunition worker, air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war. Some parishes continued burying in second world war military cemeteries up to the 1980s.[56]
Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War.[411]
During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat.
1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS and 256 were killed in action.[412]
Civilian war dead were 2,000,[57] due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II.
^Q France
French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces (1939–40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940–45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany.[413] Civilian losses of 390,000 include:(60,000 killed in bombardments, 60,000 in land fighting, 30,000 murdered in executions, 60,000 political deportees, 40,000 workers in Germany, 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide (Jews & Roma) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine,)[413]
The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000.[414] They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France; regular soldiers and members of the resistance.[415]
Vadim Erlikman a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.[416]
752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942–43.[417]
R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.[247]
^R French Indochina
John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation.[312]
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.[395]
Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944–45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million.[60]
^S Germany The following notes summarize German casualties, the details are presented in German casualties in World War II.
German population
The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png was 69.3 million persons[61]
Foreign nationals of German ancestry in the countries of East-Central Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war. According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons (249,500 Baltic states & Memel; 380,000 Danzig; 1,371,000 Poland (1939 Borders) [14]; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia; 623,000 Hungary; 536,800 Yugoslavia; and 786,000 Romania).[418][419] These German estimates are disputed. A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses". He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions.[420]
Total German war dead
(1949)The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,483,000; (3,250,000)military; (500,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,533,000) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe[421]
(1953) The German economist de:Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000; (3,100,000)military; (600,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (800,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland ( 300,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution, (1,200,000) increase in natural deaths due to the war. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.[422]
(1956) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = (3,760,000)military; (430,000)civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,260,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.[423]
(1961) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead: (military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe); (430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders); (300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews); (expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe) These figures do not include Austria.[424] The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids[191]
(1984) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png. (3,800,000)military and (3,100,000) civilians.[61]
(1991) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead (4,300,000 military dead; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland). These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe[425]
(1998) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead. These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940.[426]
(2005) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 = (3,100,000 soldiers killed; 1,200,000 soldiers missing; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.)[427]
German military casualties
(1945)The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW) as of January 31, 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead, 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded.[428]
(1946)The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000.[429]
(1947)The combined staff of the U.K., Canada and the U.S. prepared "A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933–1945". They estimated German casualties up until April 30, 1945 at 2,230,324 dead, 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies.[430][431]
(1960) The West German government issued figures of the war losses. Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 (3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png; 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria.)[191]
(1974) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1 million in the USSR.[432]
(1985) The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war, they do not compile figures of the total war dead. By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead.[431] The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) reported the same figures in 2005[427]
(1993) The Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000[214] According to Krivosheev 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity (356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit)[433]
(2000) Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office[434] provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt). The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 (4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe, 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations). The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service.[63] The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II. In a separate study Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men including (1.0 million)in the USSR[435]
Civilian Casualties
^S1 Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s reported about 2,950,000 civilian war dead: 434,000 air raid dead (410,000 Germany,24,000 Austria[436] 300,00 deaths due to Nazi racial, religious and political persecution not including victims of the Nazi euthanasia program.[437] Austrian sources put the number of victims of the Nazis at 100,000;[438] 2,111,000 Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe.[439][440] The German government still maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished during the flight and expulsions from Eastern Europe.[441]
^S2 Recent research indicates about 1,550,000 civilian war dead: 353,000 000 air raid dead[442] 300,000 00 deaths due to Nazi racial, religious and political persecution in Germany[443] and 100,000 in Austria;.[438] German government sources reported 200,000 victims of the Nazi euthanasia program[444] Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe were 600,000 according to a report by the German Federal Archive[445]
Civilian casualties in air raids
(1945–47) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths.
1- The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded.[446]
2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded[447]
3- The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000. Regarding overall losses they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944–45, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944–45 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks"[448]
(1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png (410,000 civilians, 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front). There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories( 26,000 civilians, 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front)[449][450][451]
Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000. Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system. He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible. The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward.[195]
Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign
The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland.[191] However, there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only.[452]
Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution
The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews)[427][453]
A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons.[454]
Expulsion and flight of ethnic Germans The following notes summarize German expulsion casualties, the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans. The figures for these losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958.[455] German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000.[456] English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s.[457][458][459][460][461][462][463][464][465][466]
(1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions.(1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany File:Oder-neisse.gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)[467]
(1954–1961) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons, broken out as follows: 2,000,000 Poland (in post war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 225,600 Czechoslovakia; 69,000 Yugoslavia; 40,000 Romania; 6,000 Hungary.These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study.[468]
(1958) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war, post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, broken out as follows: Germany in 1937 borders File:Oder-neisse.gif 1,339,000; Poland in 1939 borders [15] 185,000; Danzig 83,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Romania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.[191][469]
(1965), The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions, broken out as follows: 367,392 Poland(in post war borders); 18,889 Sudetenland; 64,779 Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland. There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing. The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987.[470][471][472][473][474]
(1966)The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders File:Oder-neisse.gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)[440][475]
(1974)A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. (400,000 in Poland (in post war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia.) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps. They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease, this has been disputed by historian Ingo Haar who believes that total losses are between 500,000 and 600,000[476] This report was kept secret and not published until 1989.[477]
(1985) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows: (870,000Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder–Neisse line; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders [16]; 40,000 Danzig; 220,000 Czechoslovakia; 106,000 Yugoslavia; 75,000 Romania; 84,000 Hungary; 33,000 Baltic States; 310,000 USSR)[478]
The German government currently maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. In 2006 Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.[479]
A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500, they did not provide details of the figure[480] The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions, they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen.[481]
The German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to the expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive.[476][482][483][484][485][486][487][488]
German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions. They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure. The Hahn's believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. The Hahn's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses. Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps.[482]
German historian Rüdiger Overmans published a study of German military casualties, this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths.[489] Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions. Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support, he maintains that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures, he believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions. According to Overmans the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe, also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated.[483][484][490]
German historian Ingo Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2.0 million expulsion deaths in a 2006 article in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.[476] Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons. His own research indicates that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000, he maintains that deaths due to disease, hunger and other conditions are already included in these numbers.[487][488][491][492]
The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000, they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.[493]
A joint Czech–German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable.[494]
Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 ( in Poland only) that was disclosed in 1989. According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor, and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany.[495]
Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing .[496] According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000–250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000–60,000 perished.[497]
Post war increase in natural deaths
German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war. Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany[422] The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths in 1939–46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons, the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons, a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths.[61] In Allied-occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47. The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.[498]
^T Greece
The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages.[499][500]
The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Military dead 35,077, including: 13,327 killed in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Royal Forces in the Middle East, and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian deaths 171,845, including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps (including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing; 3,500 merchant marine dead; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war[66]
A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition[67]
Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non-Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.[501]
In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians, the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta. According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions. Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons (14% of the population) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees.[502]
^TA Guam
Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two. The local Chamorro people were granted U.S. citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950.
According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10, 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle.[503] However, Japanese sources reported 40–50 of the local population killed.[504]
Between 1,000[70] to 2,000[71] Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10, 1941 until August 10, 1944, including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam (1944).[71]
^U Hungary
Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses.
Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20,000–25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service.[72] About 200,000 were from Hungary in the 1938 borders and 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia.[73]
Civilian dead within the borders of present-day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations[73]The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200,000 not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.[237]
^V Iceland
Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.[76]
^W India
India which was a British Colony during World War II included the present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj.
The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission,[505]
Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War. Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.[506]
The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489.[367] Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[285]
The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing.[29]
Bengal famine of 1943
Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in [the Bengal famine of 1943] range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."[79]
John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943.[507]
Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate.[508]
^X Iran
Losses during allied occupation in 1941.[82]
^Y Iraq
Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941.[82]
According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 150–180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogrom in 1941.[84]
^Z Ireland
Although neutral, an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State's citizens volunteered in the British military service. Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow, and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany.[86][509][509]
^AA Italy
The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957, they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy: military dead and missing 291,376 (204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including in air raids 61,432 (42,613 post armistice).[510] A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.[511]
Military war dead
Confirmed dead were 159,957 (92,767 pre-armistice, 67,090 post armistice)[512]
Missing and presumed dead(including POWs) were 131,419 (111,579 pre-armistice, 19,840 post armistice)[513]
Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia
10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078.[514]
Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice);
Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice);
USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice);
other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice).[515]
Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.[516]
Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews.[247]
According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya[242]
Updated studies (2010) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence, p. 4 have revised the military deaths to 319,207, of which 246,432 belonged to the Army, 31,347 to the Navy, 13,210 to the Air Force, 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic. The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions (ethnic Italians in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Dodecanese) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 (mainly the Julian March, Istria and Zara/Zadar; a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included). Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures.
With regards to the Partisan casualties, a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.
With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties, it should be pointed out that the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the Black Brigades, 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,900 X MAS personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (excluding the aabove-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti", 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani, 550 members of the Italian SS, and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment.
This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 (excluding colonial troops).
. According to the official history of the Italian Army (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941) [Operations in East Africa: (June 1940 – November 1941)], Rome, Stato Maggiore Esercito, Ufficio storico) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941, 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa, excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts. After that date, in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3,700 killed in the battle of Gondar, plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes. This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000. According to the Italian Army official history (USSME, La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale, tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375)), the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed (not counting the officers, who were Italian) in the battle of Sidi Barrani, where they were both destroyed. There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards.
^AB Japan
Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 1937–1945 range from at least 2.5 million[507] to 3.237 million[517]
According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead(1937–45) totaled 3.1 million persons including 2.3 million soldiers and Army/Navy civilian employees, 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan. These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans.[12]
Military dead
According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war(1937–45) numbered approximately 2,121,000; broken down as follows:[518]
Key: Location, Army dead, Navy dead, (Total dead)
Japan Proper: 58,100, 45,800, (103,900)
Bonin Islands: 2,700, 12,500, (15,200)
Okinawa: 67,900, 21,500, (89,400)
Formosa (Taiwan): 28,500, 10,600, (39,100)
Korea: 19,600, 6,900, (26,500)
Sakhalin, the Aleutian, and Kuril Islands: 8,200, 3,200, (11,400)
Manchuria: 45,900, 800, (46,700)
China (inc. Hong Kong): 435,600, 20,100, (455,700)
Siberia: 52,300, 400, (52,700)
Central Pacific: 95,800, 151,400, (247,200)
Philippines: 377,500, 121,100, (498,600)
French Indochina: 7,900, 4,500, (12,400)
Thailand: 6,900, 100, (7,000)
Burma (inc. India): 163,000, 1,500, (164,500)
Malaya & Singapore: 8,500, 2,900, (11,400)
Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 900, 1,500, (2,400)
Sumatra: 2,700, 500, (3,200)
Java: 2,700, 3,800, (6,500)
Lesser Sundas: 51,800, 1,200, (53,000)
Borneo: 11,300, 6,700, (18,000)
Celebes: 1,500, 4,000, (5,500)
Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400)
New Guinea: 112,400, 15,200, (127,600)
Bismarck Archipelago: 19,700, 10,800, (30,500)
Solomon Islands: 63,200, 25,000, (88,200)

Total: 1,647,200, 473,800, (2,121,000)
Overall, perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat, but from starvation and disease.[519] In some cases this figure was potentially even higher, up to 80% in the Philippines[520] and a staggering 97% in New Guinea.[521]
According to John W. Dower, the Japanese source Showa Shi – 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead in 1937–1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War at 185,467.[507]
In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21, 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded[522][523] These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel. The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions.[522] The details of these figures are as follows:[524][523]
Army
China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded.
vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded.
vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded.
vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded.
French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded.
Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded.
other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded
Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded
Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded.
Navy
Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing.
Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing.
Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing.
The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935–1945 were 1,687,738(1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy)[525]
The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.
According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 (250,000 from 1931–41 and 2,315,878 in 1942–45)[526]
John W. Dower Dower maintains that "only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation".[507] According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets. Japanese figures as of 12/31/1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands, while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead.[527] According to Dower "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied(non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities.[527][528]
The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. The details of these losses are as follows: 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR.[529]
According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union. After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria, 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands. An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia.[530]
The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces).[531]
Civilian Dead
The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead, 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured. These figures include the casualties in Tokyo (東京 ) 97,031 dead, 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured; in Hiroshima (広島) 86,141 dead, 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured, in Nagasaki (長崎) 26,238 dead, 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured.[532][533][534] According to John W. Dower, an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000, a figure which includes dead, missing and injured.[527]
A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 (± 10,000) in Hiroshima and 70,000 (± 10,000) in Nagasaki.[535] According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was "lost and not discovered until twenty years later", they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945.[536] The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons.[537] The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his War Without Mercy.[538]
According to the World Nuclear Association, "In Hiroshima, of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months. In Nagasaki, out of a population of 174,000, 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months. Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures. About 15 square kilometers (over 50%) of the two cities was destroyed. It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths, or of the further deaths in military personnel, which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions." They noted that "To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation-induced cancers, which amounted to some 400 within 30 years, and which may ultimately reach about 550. (Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later.)"[539]
The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths (within two to four months), in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons, and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons. They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts, as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure. The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed; entire families perished, leaving no one to report deaths; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities[540]
The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing.
1-Summary Report (July 1946) Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. Of these, approximately 330,000 were fatalities.[541]
2-United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing.[542]
3-The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Summary report (1947) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war.[543]
4-The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured, the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30%.[544]
5-Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000, with an equal number injured; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate. [545]
John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign.[527] However American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42,000, they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign[546][547]
War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.[548]
^AC Korea
American researcher R. J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel, "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated."[549]
Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000[550]
John W. Dower has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".[551]
^AD Latvia
Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 220,000 (35,000 in military operations; 110,000 executed, 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German. POW deaths 3,000.)[105]
^AE Lithuania
Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 345,000 (25,000 in military operations; 230,000 executed, 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German. POW deaths 4,000.)[107]
^AF Luxembourg
Total war dead were 5,000[552] which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army.
^AG Malaya and Singapore
The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States. Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore.
According to John W. Dower "Malayan officials after the war claimed, possibly with exaggeration, that as many as 100,000 residents, mostly Chinese, may have been killed by the Japanese; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma-Siam railway, 25,000 were reported to have died.[553]
According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942. In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war[554]
^AH Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta (World War II)[109] Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission
^AI Mexico
Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners.[111] A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths.
^AJ Mongolia
Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (200) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria (72) campaigns.[113]
^AK Nauru
During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands, where 463 died. The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946.[114]
^AL Nepal
Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War. The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army.[555]
Gurkha casualties can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.[506]
^AM Netherlands
In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) issued a report of war losses. They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands, not including the Dutch East Indies.
Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany.
Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps,
20,400 killed by acts of war, 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 27,000 workers in Germany,
3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths
in the Dutch famine of 1944. Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 "indirect war casualties",
which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940–1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the
Dutch Merchant Marine[115]
The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.[556]
^AN Newfoundland
Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war.[118]
The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,[557]
Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942.[119]
^AO New Zealand
The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671[120]
The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.[367]
^AP Norway
According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200[123]
Military(Norwegian & Allied Forces) 2,000 (800 Army, 900 Navy and 100 Air).[123]
Civilians 7,500 (3,600 Merchant seaman, 1,500 resistance fighters, 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed)[123]
In German Armed Forces 700[123]
^AQ Papua New Guinea
Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.[125]
^AR Philippines
Philippines military losses were 57,000 including 7,000 KIA in 1941–42 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 1942–45 and 42,000 POWs(out of 98,000).[558]
According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos[128]
Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops, Scouts, Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March.[559]
^AS Poland
Total Polish war dead
In 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles[560] (including "Direct War Losses" −543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" −506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000).[561] Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews (including 1,860,000 Polish Jews) in the extermination camps in Poland, in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos.[560]
In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning Warld War II losses. According to him, between 2.35 and 2.9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed, in addition to about two million ethnic Poles. He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German, Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity.[562]
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that at least 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German occupation policies and the war.[563]
Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations, (1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation).[564] Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population.[565][566]
Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust, 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943–44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians.[567]
Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present-day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[568][569] Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[226] Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.[570]
The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the USSR.[571] The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles, not including other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarussians). They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war.[566][572]
Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941)
In August 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[560]
In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940–41. The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible "probably did not exceed 100,000", and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists.[562]
Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[300]
In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[573]
An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.[574]
Polish military casualties
Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war.[566] Polish military casualties. Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, in addition 17,000–19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died in German POW camps.[575] The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned.[575]
The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000–130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000–17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters.[566][576] The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online.[577]
During the war, 2,762,000[578] Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces,[579] these men were conscripted in violation of international law.[580] The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimates 200,000–210,000 Polish citizens, including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940–41 during the occupation of the eastern regions. The (IPN) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht, 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West.[561]
^AT Timor
Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000.[136] However, another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000.[581]
^AU Romania
Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians[582]
Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000. Total killed were 93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity.[583]
Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead,[240] the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania[584]
^AV Ruanda Urundi
The Ruzagayura famine from October 1943 to December 1944 was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo.By the time the famine ended between 36,000[585] and 50,000[586] people died of hunger in the territory. Several hundred thousand people also emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to British Uganda.[587][588]
As Ruanda [Rwanda] was not occupied nor its food supply cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943, which is attributed to war.[589]
^AW South Africa
The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission,[590]
The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589.[367]
^AX South Pacific Mandate
This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities.[591]
John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000[527]
^AY Soviet Union
The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million[5][592][593] The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing in 1941–45 at 8,668,400[354][355] These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west.[594][595][596] The total population loss of 26.6 million is an estimate based on a demographic study, it is not an exact accounting of the war dead.[597] The figures of 26.6 million total war dead and 8.668 million military dead are cited by the Russian government for the losses in the war.[598]
According to the Russian demographer Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars. He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million. Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia.[599]Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million,he maintained that the official figure of 26.6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war.[600] Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born during the war. Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war. The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics[599] The figure of 26.6 million war dead is for the territory of the Soviet Union in the 1946–91 borders, including the population of the annexed territories, (the eastern regions of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina, and the Zakarpattia Oblast[601]
Military war deadThe official figure of 8.668 million war dead includes (5.226,800 killed in action, 555,500 non-combat deaths, 1,102,800 died in hospital of wounds and 1,783,300 missing and POW dead.)[602] The official report on the casualties maintains that these figures include the deaths of the forces in the field units of the Army and Navy and does not include civilian support forces in rear areas, conscripted reservists killed or captured before being listed on active strength, militia units, and Soviet partisan dead.[603] The official figure of 8.668 million war dead is disputed by some historians who maintain that POW deaths, deaths in hospital of wounded and sick personnel and deaths of those convicted of offenses by the military are understated. Western historians estimate 3.3 million dead out of 5.7 million total Soviet POW captured.[604] Historian Viktor Zemskov estimated total military dead at 11.5 million[605] A recent study by Christian Hartmann put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million[606] S. N. Mikhalev estimated total military irrecoverable losses at 13.7 million including 10.922 million with the combat forces in the field.[607]The figure of 8.7 million war dead is based on the field reports of the Red Army and Navy. An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base listing the names of the individual war dead and missing. S.A. Il'enkov, an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense, maintained, "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000".[608] Il'Enkov maintains that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel.[609] There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totalled 136,945: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), and the Winter War with Finland in 1939–40 (126,875).[610] The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online.[611] There were 994,300 Soviet military personnel convicted of offenses during the war. (422,700 sent to penal battalions,135,000 executed and 436,600 imprisoned)[612][613]
Civilian war dead The official total of civilian war dead in the occupied regions is 13.7 million including (7.4 million killed, 2.2 million forced laborers and 4.1 million due to overwork,hunger or disease.[614] The figure of forced laborers may include reservists captured as POW's who are not included in the official military figures. In addition to these losses a Russian demographic study of the wartime population indicated an increase of 1.3 million in infant mortality caused by the war and that 9–10 million of the 26.6 million total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of living conditions in the USSR, including the region that was not occupied.[615] Viktor Zemskov maintained that the Russian government has exaggerated Soviet civilian losses. Zemeskov believed that the official figure of 18 million civilian war dead was inflated by manipulating the number of natural deaths,underestimating the military losses and by including missing persons evacuated to the rear with the deaths in the occupied territories. According Zemskov the actual civilian dead directly related to the war was 4.5 million, including about 3 million victims of German atrocities and the partisan war,200,000 forced laborers,the remaining balance caused by acts of war such as the siege of Leningrad. He also believed that an additional 4.0 million civilians died of famine and disease due to the worsening of living conditions.[600]Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead. Martin Gilbert put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders; and an additional 1.5 million in the annexed territories, bringing total Jewish Holocaust losses to 2.5 million.[616]Civilian deaths in the penal system in 1941–45 increased because of wartime shortages. According to data from the Soviet archives there 1,061,578 deaths in the penal system. (621,637 in the Gulag, 312,259 in Labor Colonies, 85,533 in prisons and 42,149 judicial executions)[617] These figures do not include the special settlements. According to an unofficial estimate 2.2 million persons from ethnic minorities were deported to special settlements in 1941–45 of whom 300,000 died.[618]
^AZ Spain
There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.[619]
R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.[247]
^BA Sweden
During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat.[173]
33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.
During the war, Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed.[620]
^BB Switzerland
The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties.[621][622]
^BC Thailand
Military deaths included: 108 dead in the French–Thai War (1940–41)[623] and 5,559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion (1941), or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942–45.[624]
Allied bombing in 1944–45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths.[625]
Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war.[626]
^BD Turkey
The Refah tragedy (Turkish: Refah faciası) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II, when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey, carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said, Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine. Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard, only 32 survived.[180]
^BE United Kingdom and Colonies
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies,not including India which was reported separately, figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947[627]
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection (including foreign nationals) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour.[628]
Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in French, David (2000). Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924630-0. online
The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the U.K. war losses, excluding colonies. This report (HMSO 6832) listed:[333][629]
Total war dead of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624);
Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard (1,206) and Civilians (60,595).
The total still missing on 2/28/1946 were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18);
Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0).
These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia.
Colonial forces are not included in these figures.
There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures.
Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard.
The preliminary 1945 data for U.K. colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115.[367]
UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces.[630] UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade. The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army, and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing.[631] Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War. Included with U.K. casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany. There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland (17); Czechoslovakia (5); Netherlands (1); Free French (7); Yugoslavia (2); Belgium (3); Greece (3); Norway (2). Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons. Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy.[632]
^BF United States
American military dead#^BF1
Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274 (234,874 battle, 83,400 nonbattle),[335] Navy 62,614,[335] Marine Corps 24,511,[335] and the Coast Guard 1,917.[633][634]
Deaths in battle were 292,131. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 234,874,[335] Navy 36,950,[335] Marine Corps 19,733,[335] and Coast Guard 574.[109][633] These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats.
The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes.[336]
U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war: Europe–Atlantic 183,588 (Army ground forces 141,088, Army Air Forces 36,461, and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039); Asia–Pacific 108,504 (Army ground forces 41,592, Army Air Forces 15,694, Navy/Coast Guard 31,485, Marine Corps 19,733); unidentified theaters 39 (Army).[336][369] Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs (1,124 in Europe and 12,935 in Asia).[369] The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online: the U.S. Army,[336] the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Marine Corps.[635]
U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 from the Philippines and 165 from Puerto Rico (see p. 118).[336]
The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives.[636]
American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing.[637]
American civilian dead #^BF2
According to the Usmm.org, 9,521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war (8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds). In 1950, the United States Coast Guard put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 (845 due to enemy action, 37 in prison camps, and 4,780 missing), excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters.[638][639][640]
The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org.[638][641]
During World War II the Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare, border patrols, and courier services. During World War II CAP's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles, found 173 enemy U-boats, attacked 57, hit 10 and sank two, dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict.[642] By the end of the war, 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty.[643]
According to U.S. War Department figures, 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war (13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe). A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown".[347][644][645]
During World War II, 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.[646]
The official U.S report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10.[503] However, another source reported 13 "civilians" killed during in the battle[647] and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8–23, 1941.[648] 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943.
6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs.[649]
^BG Yugoslavia
The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million (300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians). This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II[188][650][651] Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2.1 million[652] However, the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović who put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons.[653][654][655][656] The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead, but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths. The number of persons who emigrated after the war (ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west) are rough estimates.[653][654][656]
The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war-related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census".[654]
A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000, which included losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 "Quislings and collaborators"(see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators)[657] Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews. Losses by each Yugoslav republic were: Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.[653]
Bogoljub Kočović, a Yugoslav statistician, calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000.[656]
Jozo Tomasevich, Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable".[658]
The losses of Yugoslav collaborators
Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500,000–600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war, these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of Democide[659]Jozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed. According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles "have been more moderate in their estimates", putting the death toll at "about 200,000".[660] Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that "It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations, although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research"[661]
The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows
A. Military operations between the occupying military forces and their quisling collaborators against the Yugoslav resistance.[189]
B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch.[189] One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war, many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Bleiburg repatriations.[189]
D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs.[189] According to Yad Vashem "During their four years in power, the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide, exterminating over 500,000, expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism. The Ustasa also killed most of Croatias Jews, 20,000 Gypsies and many thousands of their political enemies."[662] According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz-Birkenau". [663] The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps.[664] The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children.[665] The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established[citation needed] Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac[665]
Some 40,000 Roma were murdered.[666] Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122.[667]
E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease.[189]
F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade.[189]
G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties.[189]
^BH Other Nations
Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed[668]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Council for Reparations from Germany, Black Book of the Occupation (in Greek and German), Athens 2006, p. 126" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi Empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273; ISBN 978-0-521-67408-9.
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS, COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec. 12, 2009". Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945, Transaction 2007; ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8, p. 102
^ Jump up to: a b Támas Stark. Hungary's Human Losses in World War II. Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91-86624-21-0 p.33
^ Jump up to: a b c d Támas Stark. Hungary’s Human Losses in World War II. Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91-86624-21-0 p.59
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?". Visindavefur.hi.is. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
^ Jump up to: a b Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. JSTOR 27646746. – p. 19
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 498
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Farhud". U.S. Holocaust Museum. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939–1945". Csn.ul.ie. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence.
Jump up ^ (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941)"
Jump up ^ (USSME, La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale, tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375))
Jump up ^ Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica. Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45, Rome, 1957
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito
^ Jump up to: a b c "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986; ISBN 0-394-75172-8, pp. 297–99 (includes 1,740,995 dead 1937–45 and 380,000 surrendered Japanese who were unaccounted for after the war)
Jump up ^ Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30. (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)
Jump up ^ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8, pp. 297–99 (including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa,)
Jump up ^ Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30(500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas, figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)
Jump up ^ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986; ISBN 0-394-75172-8, p. 299 (According to Dower, Japanese war dead are "at least 2.5 million")
Jump up ^ Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30 (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ R. J. Rumell, Statistics of democide Table 3.1
Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007; ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8, p. 19
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 28 footnotes 6&7 (Killed: 10,000 with Soviets and 15,000 with Germans; 3,000 POW deaths,2,000 partisans)
^ Jump up to: a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 28
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 29, footnote 5&6 (Killed: 15,000 with Soviets and 5,000 with Germans. POW deaths 4,000, 1,000 partisans)
^ Jump up to: a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 29
Jump up ^ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, (1986); ISBN 0-394-75172-8, p. 296
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed; 2002); ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.p.492
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 540
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 74
^ Jump up to: a b "United States State Department Background notes Nauru". State.gov. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands" (PDF). Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved March 4, 2016. 1945 population
^ Jump up to: a b Higgins, Jenny (2007). "Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII". Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Sinking of the SS Caribou
^ Jump up to: a b "Auckland War Museum, World War Two Hall of Memories". Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 112–14
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Bjij, V. Lal and Kate Fortune. The Pacific Islands – An Encyclopedia, p. 244
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Company. p. 566. ISBN 9780786412044.
^ Jump up to: a b c Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8, pp. 143-44
Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, D.C., 1954 p. 103 (population on 1/1/1939)
Jump up ^ Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, (140,000 Regular forces and 100,000 resistance fighters)
Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, p. 9
Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, p. 9
Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War).Styczeń 1993; ISBN 83-232-0511-6, p. 683
Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War), Styczeń 1993; ISBN 83-232-0511-6, p. 683
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor"". Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-03. (accessdate: October 13, 2010.)
Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995; ISBN 1-85409-267-7, p. 216
Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.14
Jump up ^ Belgian 1946 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. pp. 92–3.
Jump up ^ United Nations 1948 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. p. 94.
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.22
Jump up ^ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 p. 29 (10,000 civilian dead on Saipan)
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9, pp. 52-53 (the 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers in 1939–1945.)
Jump up ^ R. W. Davies. Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press 2005. p. 77. ISBN 052145770X. 1939 population 188.8 million( 168.5 in pre-war territory and 20.3 in annexed territories)
Jump up ^ Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; ISBN 0415101948 p.429. (1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million)
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p.121 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. F., ed. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-280-7. page 85 (8,8668,000, including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing)
Jump up ^ "Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-28. (8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing)
Jump up ^ Hartmann, Christian (2013). Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-966078-0. 11.4 million
Jump up ^ Ian Dear. Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press 1995. p. 290. ISBN 0198662254. (10 million military dead)
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 20-21(10,600,000, including 2.6 million POW)
Jump up ^ S. N. Mikhalev, Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie, Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet, 2000; ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Pages 18–21. S. N. Mikhalev, Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: A Statistical Investigation; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (In Russian) (10.922 million total dead and missing)
Jump up ^ Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War(in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Ian Dear. Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press 1995. p. 290. ISBN 0198662254. (10 million civilian dead)
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 20-21(10,000,000)
Jump up ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей -Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles. Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 pp. 124–27 ( 10,242,000 including 7,420,000 killed by intentional acts of violence ,2,164,000 as forced labor for Germany and 658,000 in siege of Leningrad)
Jump up ^ Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; ISBN 0415101948 p.429.
Jump up ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей -Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles. Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Pages 127 and 158 (6.6 to 7.1 million deaths due to famine and disease including 4.1 million in German occupied USSR and 2.5–3.2 million deaths in area not occupied by Germany)
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 20-21(5,500,000 famine and disease deaths plus repression 1.4 million deaths (200,000 executed,1.2 million deaths in Gulag and Special Settlements)
Jump up ^ Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War(in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war
Jump up ^ Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993. ISBN 0415101948 pp. 434–436 (26.6 million war dead includes a decline in natural deaths of 3.0 million and a 1.3 million increase in infant mortality)
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 20-21(26,500,000)
Jump up ^ R. W. Davies. Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press 2005. pp. 77–79. ISBN 052145770X. Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million, which included 20.3 million annexed territories
Jump up ^ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309 (26.6 million)
Jump up ^ "Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-28. (26 to 27 million)
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swedish Volunteer Corps". Svenskafrivilliga.com. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p.9
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
Jump up ^ Aerospace Power Journal. Summer 2000. The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–1096, p1057n:
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "SS_Refah, Graces Guide". Retrieved 2015-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 39". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., page 44. Figures include civilians killed in the Battle of Britain, Siege of Malta (World War II), and civilians interned by enemy nations.
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. 156
^ Jump up to: a b c d I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford, 2005; ISBN 0-19-280670-X, p. 290
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4 In Cap.17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses (pp. 744–750)
Jump up ^ Clodfelder, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.78 (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
Jump up ^ "Austria facts and Figures Page 44">Austria facts and Figures p. 44
^ Jump up to: a b c Austria facts and Figures p. 44
Jump up ^ File:DR1937.1.png
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Overy, The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 (2013) pp. 304–7 (Overy noted that "No doubt this does not include all those who were killed or died of wounds, but it does include uniformed personnel, POWs, and foreign workers, and it applies to the Greater German area". Using the United States Strategic Bombing Survey data Overy calculated an average monthly death toll of 18,777 from September 1944 to January 1945, taking this monthly average he estimated losses of 57,000 from February to April 1945 to which he adds an additional 25,000 killed in Dresden for total deaths of 82,000 from February to April 1945. The figures up until the end of January 1945 of 271,000 and the 82,000 from February to April 1945 give an overall figure of 353,000 air war deaths. Overy summarizes: "Detailed reconstruction of deaths caused by the Royal Air Force bombing from February to May 1945, though incomplete, suggests a total of at least 57,000. If casualties inflicted by the American air forces are assumed to be lower, since their bombing was less clearly aimed at cities, an overall death toll of 82,000 is again statistically realistic. In the absence of unambiguous statistical evidence, the figure of 353,000 gives an approximate scale consistent with the evidence".)
Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956
Jump up ^ Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] pp.31–33 (figure includes 170,000 German Jews). The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead.
^ Jump up to: a b c Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] pp.31–33 (they give figure of 300,00 German deaths due to racial, religious and political persecution including 170,000 Jews. Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program
^ Jump up to: a b Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. 2003 report by German Federal Archive puts the dead toll in the Nazi euthanasia program at over 200,000
Jump up ^ German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 P.41(100,000 during wartime flight; 200,000 in USSR as forced labor and 100,000 in internment camps)
Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)
Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 p.228(Overmans uses the German description "Deutsche nach Abstammung" German according to ancestry
Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.79 (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78
^ Jump up to: a b German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 P.53(38,000 during wartime flight; 5,000 in USSR as forced labor and 160,000 in internment camps)
Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.79 (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, pp. 78–79
Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 333
Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
^ Jump up to: a b "Austria facts and Figures Page 44">Austria facts and Figures p. 44 The Austrian government estimates 100,000 victims of Nazi persecution including 65,000 Jews.
Jump up ^ German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 pp. 53–54
Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, pp. 78–79
^ Jump up to: a b Krivosheev, G. F., ed. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-280-7. page 278
Jump up ^ "Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII-by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz". Feldgrau.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9, p.118
Jump up ^ "НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922–1991" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Jump up ^ 'Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 pp.82–84
Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke: V 3-kh Tomakh: Tom 2. 1940–1959 [The Population of Russia in the 20th century: volume 2]
Jump up ^ 'Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 pp.82–84
Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke: V 3-kh Tomakh: Tom 2. 1940–1959 [The Population of Russia in the 20th century: volume 2]
Jump up ^ Zmeskov, Viktor. "Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан (Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens)". Социологические исследования. 1995. Retrieved 10 May 2017. более чем на 3/4 состояла из «западников» и менее чем на 1/4 — из «восточников»
Jump up ^ S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton, 1981. pp.238–240)
Jump up ^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 1939–1941
Jump up ^ Eberhardt,, Piotr. "Political Migrations on Polish Territories 1939–1950," (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI, 1994 p. 46
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow, 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. pp. 21–35.
Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 pp. 242–244
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-231-11200-9, p. 421.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews New Viewpoints 1973 p. 767.
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^ Jump up to: a b Since the Czech Republic as political entity exists only since 1969/1993, this political name stands for Czech part (Czech lands – during the war divided into so-called Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and Sudetenland) of then-occupied Czechoslovakia.
Jump up ^ "File:Hungary 1938–1947.png – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 pp. 23
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^ Jump up to: a b Martin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust, 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 pp. 184, 244
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 p. 244
Jump up ^ Post-war map of Romania
^ Jump up to: a b Martin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust, 1988; ISBN 0-688-12364-3, p. 244
Jump up ^ A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990; ISBN 1-85043-251-1
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^ Jump up to: a b Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-231-11200-9 Google Books
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^ Jump up to: a b c d R. J. Rummel. Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. Transaction 1992; ISBN 1-56000-004-X, p. 13
Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, Basic Books 2010, pp. 411–12
Jump up ^ Hellmuth Auerbach: Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg.): Legenden, Lügen, Vorurteile. Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte. Dtv, Neuauflage 1992, ISBN 3-423-04666-X, Page. 161.
Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003; ISBN 3534151585, p. 153
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Jump up ^ Hanock, Ian. "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview" Stone, D. (ed.) (2004) The Historiography of the Holocaust. Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Ian. Jewish Responses to the Porajmos – The Romani Holocaust, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota.
Jump up ^ Danger! Educated Gypsy, p. 243, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2010
Jump up ^ Niewyk, Donald L. and Francis Nicosia. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-231-11200-9, p. 422.
Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Mentally and Physically Handicapped: Victims of the Nazi Era Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939–1945 (Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar. Einführung von Harald Jenner)
Jump up ^ Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar [1]
Jump up ^ R. J. Rummel. Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. Transaction 1992 ISBN 1-56000-004-X. Table A
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. "POLISH VICTIMS". CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. "Polish Resistance and Conclusions". CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Tomasz Szarota 1945">Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 page 32. Foreword by Janusz Kurtyka. (Digital copy: Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; ISBN 5-86789-023-6. M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among the civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945, pp. 124–31 (in Russian; these losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including Polish territories annexed in 1939–40).
Jump up ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University Press (2006), pp. 225–27; ISBN 0-521-81144-9
Jump up ^ Bohdan Wytwycky,The Other Holocaust: Many Circles of Hell The Novak Report, 1980
Jump up ^ Niewyk, Donald L. (2000) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-231-11200-9, p. 49
Jump up ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 633. ISBN 9780802078209.
Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003; ISBN 3534151585, pp. 109, 128, 153
Jump up ^ Michael Berenbaum (ed.), A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, New York University Press, 1990; ISBN 1-85043-251-1
Jump up ^ Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles (In Russian). Saint-Petersburg, 1995; ISBN 5-86789-023-6. M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945, pp. 124–31.
The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust?"". Ushmm.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Jehovah's Witnesses"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime", ushmm.org; accessed March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Blacks During the Holocaust"". Ushmm.org. January 6, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Non-Jewish Resistance" Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C." Ushmm.org. January 6, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Croatia" profile, Yad Vashem, Shoah Resource Center.
Jump up ^ "Jasenovac". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs
Jump up ^ Vladimir Dedijer, History of Yugoslavia, McGraw-Hill Inc. (USA), 1975; ISBN 0-07-016235-2, p. 582
Jump up ^ R. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 [2]
^ Jump up to: a b Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)
^ Jump up to: a b Ian Dear & MRD Foot, The Oxford Companion to World War II (2001) p. 443
Jump up ^ Van Waterford, Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II, McFarland & Co., 1994; ISBN 0-89950-893-6, pp. 141–46 (figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden
Jump up ^ Bernice Archer, The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945: a patchwork of internment. London, New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. ISBN 962-209-910-6, p. 5
Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon, Glasnost and the Gulag: New information on Soviet forced labour around World War II. Soviet Studies Vol 44. 1992-6
Jump up ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will
Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty, "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence," (with Gabor T. Rittersporn, and V. N. Zemskov), American Historical Review, 98:4, Oct. 1993
Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 p. 175
Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty, Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence, (with Gabor T. Rittersporn, and V. N. Zemskov), American Historical Review, 98:4, Oct. 1993
Jump up ^ Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data-Not the Last Word Europe-Asia Studies Volume 51, Issue 2, 1999
Jump up ^ Robert Conquest, "Excess deaths and camp numbers: Some comments", Soviet Studies Volume 43, Issue 5, 1991
Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde, Red Holocaust, Routledge, 2009; ISBN 0-415-77757-7
Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009; ISBN 0-415-77757-7, pp. 76–77
Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009; ISBN 0-415-77757-7, p. 59
Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009; ISBN 0-415-77757-7, p 179 (Rosefielde's figures were derived by estimating the population from 1939 to 1945 using hypothetical birth and death rates; he then compares this 1945 estimated population to the actual ending population in 1945. The difference is 31.0 million excess deaths of which 23.4 million are attributed to the war and 7.6 million to Soviet repression)
Jump up ^ Michael Haynes. A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press, 2003; ISBN 0745319300, pp. 62–89.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999 ISBN 0-674-07608-7 p. 372
Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)
Jump up ^ "Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations" (PDF). White Book. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Haynes. A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press, 2003; ISBN 0745319300, pp. 214–15.
Jump up ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will, p. 123
Jump up ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will, p. 119
Jump up ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will, pp. 123–57
Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953, McFarland & Company, 1997; ISBN 0-7864-0336-5, p. 133
Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953, McFarland & Company, 1997; ISBN 0-7864-0336-5, p. 148. The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements.
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203. ISBN 5-224-01515-4. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Mark, Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America's Role in Their Repatriation, University of Illinois Press, 1982; ISBN 0-252-00897-9
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 pp. 333–335
^ Jump up to: a b John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986; ISBN 0-394-75172-8, p. 297
Jump up ^ Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. p. 254
Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986; ISBN 0-394-75172-8, p. 363 (According to John W. Dower, the "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender")
Jump up ^ "Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN:THE OCCUPATION: MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36". History.army.mil. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
Jump up ^ Nimmo, William. Behind a curtain of silence: Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956, Greenwood 1989; ISBN 978-0-313-25762-9, pp. 116–118 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R.
Jump up ^ Giuseppe Fioravanzo, La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale, Volume XXI – L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto, Tomo II: Evoluzione organica dal 10.6.1940 al 8.9.1943, Historical Branch of the Italian Navy, 1975, pp. 346–364
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ La nostra guerra 1940–1945
Jump up ^ Resistenzialismo versus resistenza.
Jump up ^ The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945.
Jump up ^ Vincitori e vinti, books.google.it; accessed March 4, 2016.(in Italian)
Jump up ^ "Italians in WWII". Storiaxxisecolo.it. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy, to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure.
Jump up ^ Italian Ministry of Defence, Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro, 2010
Jump up ^ 600,000 POWs of Allies; 50,000 POWs of Russians; 650,000 POWs of Germans [4]
^ Jump up to: a b G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, pp. 51–80
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, pp. 85–87
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, pp. 230–238
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, pp. 13–14
^ Jump up to: a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, pp. 20–21
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
^ Jump up to: a b c d Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939–1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832
Jump up ^ The UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated February 26, 2010" (PDF). Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL (June 1, 1953). "Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946"". U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II. U.S Department of the Army. pp. 5–8. Retrieved 11 January 2015 – via Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library.
Jump up ^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs)
Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs)
Jump up ^ http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html
Jump up ^ http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20V%20-%20Victory%20and%20Occupation%20%20PCN%2019000262800_5.pdf US Marine Corps History
Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs)
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd Ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 584
Jump up ^ https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx History of the PHSCC
Jump up ^ http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/public-health-service-commissioned-corps/2/ The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps: Two centuries and counting
Jump up ^ http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey
Jump up ^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs) (incl. 14,072 dead while POWs)
^ Jump up to: a b https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan (figure does not include an additional c.19,000 civilians interned)
Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg, 2000; ISBN 3-486-56531-1, p. 335
Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Oldenbourg 2000; ISBN 3-486-56531-1, pp. 236, 239
Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000; ISBN 3-486-56531-1, p. 289
Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; ISBN 5-86789-023-6, p. 109
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 20
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill, 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, p. 85
^ Jump up to: a b c "G. F. Krivosheev. Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001; ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176". Lib.ru. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, pp. 85–86
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, p. 236
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, p. 86
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p. 21
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997; ISBN 1-85367-280-7, p. 91
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 p. 236
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, pp. 13–14
Jump up ^ Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. pp. 253–54
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
Jump up ^ Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939–1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832
Jump up ^ Grant, Reg. "World War II: Europe". Page 60.
^ Jump up to: a b UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The Times on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here
Jump up ^ "The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Direct.gov.uk. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, pp. 584–91
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p 585
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. pp. 584–585
Jump up ^ Kara Allison Schubert Carroll, Coming to grips with America: The Japanese American experience in the Southwest. 2011 ISBN 1-2440-3111-9. p.184
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
Jump up ^ Beaumont, Joan (2001). Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Volume VI. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554118-9.
Jump up ^ Long, Gavin (1963). The Final Campaigns. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
Jump up ^ McKernan, Michael. Strength of a Nation: Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II, Crows Nest NSW, Allen & Unwin; ISBN 1-74114-714-X, p. 393.
Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000; ISBN 3-486-56531-1, p. 335
Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951, pp. 44–45
Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000; ISBN 3-486-56531-1, p. 230
Jump up ^ Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993; ISBN 0-8160-2971-7, p. 255
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 582
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 512
^ Jump up to: a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, pp. 38–39
Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007; ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8, p. 112
Jump up ^ "Service Files of the Second World War – War Dead, 1939–1947". Library and Archived Canada. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Times on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here.
Jump up ^ Rana Mitter, Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013; ISBN 061889425X, p. 5
Jump up ^ Rana Mitter, Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013; ISBN 061889425X, p. 381
^ Jump up to: a b Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. p.251-52
Jump up ^ 卞修跃., 抗日战争时期中国人口损失问题研究(1937–1945). Bianxiu Yue, Research on Anti-Japanese War of China's population loss problems (1937–1945) Beijing 2012 ISBN 9787516902059 (in Chinese)
Jump up ^ I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford, 2005; ISBN 0-19-280670-X, p. 221
Jump up ^ Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. p.250
Jump up ^ R. J. Rummel. China's Bloody Century. Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X. Table 5A
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Jump up ^ "United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1946, p. 15". Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Major Chas. S. Nichols Jr., USMC Henry I. Shaw Jr. "Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific". Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Major Chas. S. Nichols Jr., USMC Henry I. Shaw Jr. (1955). Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific. Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 260. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 578
Jump up ^ "R.J. Rummel "Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900" Transaction 1998; ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 (Chapter 3)". Hawaii.edu. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 p. 143
Jump up ^ John W. Dower, War Without Mercy 1986; ISBN 0-394-75172-8, p. 47
Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. p. 107
Jump up ^ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy 1986; ISBN 0-394-75172-8, p. 296
Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945, Transaction 2007; ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8, p. 91
Jump up ^ "History Of The Nepalese Army". Nepalarmy.mil.np. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Netherlands War Graves Foundation". Ogs.nl. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland". Cdli.ca. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Company. p. 566. ISBN 9780786412044.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Maj. Richard M., (U.S. Army, retired) (28 October 2002). "Bataan, Corregidor, and the Death March: In Retrospect"
^ Jump up to: a b c Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, p. 32
^ Jump up to: a b Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, pp. 29–30
^ Jump up to: a b Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, Historia Polski 1918–1945 [History of Poland: 1918–1945], pp. 694–697. Kraków 2009, Wydawnictwo Literackie, ISBN 978-83-08-04125-3.
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Polish Victims". Ushmm.org. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
Jump up ^ [10] Meeting line between the German and the Soviet Army after their joint invasion of Poland in September 1939
Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War).Styczeń 1993 ISBN 83-232-0511-6 p.683
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com
Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)
Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. p. 119
Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, D.C., 1954, p. 187
Jump up ^ Andreev, E. M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; ISBN 5-02-013479-1, p. 78.
Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid-1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946–1991
Jump up ^ Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych, Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947.(the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken, not religion)
Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak, Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI, 1994
Jump up ^ "go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page". Project In Posterum. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York, 1987
^ Jump up to: a b T. Panecki, Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny, 1995, no. 1–2, pp. 13–18
Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, p. 20
Jump up ^ "Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation". Straty.pl. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
Jump up ^ Nürnberg Document No. 3568. Data from this document is listed in Martin Brozat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik Fischer Bücheri 1961. p. 125
Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958
Jump up ^ Schimitzek, Stanislaw, Truth or Conjecture? Warsaw 1966
Jump up ^ Ruas, Óscar Vasconcelos, "Relatório 1946–47", AHU
Jump up ^ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow 1971, p. 294
Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995; ISBN 1-85409-267-7, pp. 216–17
Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7, p. 314
Jump up ^ Belgian 1946 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. pp. 92–3.
Jump up ^ United Nations 1948 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. p. 94.
Jump up ^ Catharine Newbury The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda: 1860–1960 Columbia University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-231-06257-5 pp. 157–158
Jump up ^ Linden, Jan Church and revolution in Rwanda, Manchester University Press 1977; ISBN 0-8419-0305-0, p. 207
Jump up ^ Alexander De Waal, Famine crimes: politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa Indiana Univ. Press, 1999; ISBN 0-253-21158-1, p. 30
Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.
Jump up ^ Poyer, Lin; Falgout, Suzanne; Carucci, Laurence Marshall. The Typhoon of War: Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War Univ of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2001; ISBN 0-8248-2168-8
Jump up ^ Andreev, E.M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; ISBN 5-02-013479-1
Jump up ^ Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note – World War II – Europe Asia Studies, July 1994
Jump up ^ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note, Europe Asia Studies vol 55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309
Jump up ^ "Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994" (PDF). Retrieved 28 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–27
Jump up ^ Andreev, EM; Darski, LE; Kharkova, TL (11 September 2002). "Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes". In Lutz, Wolfgang; Scherbov, Sergei; Volkov, Andrei. Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-85320-5.
Jump up ^ Министерство обороны Российской Федерации, MOD Russian Federation. "On Question of war Losses (in Russian)". MOD Russian Federation. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b L.L. Rybakovsky. Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian), Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000, № 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War(in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9, p.53
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p.121 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) pp.299–308 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
Jump up ^ Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War(in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Hartmann, Christian (2013). Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-966078-0.
Jump up ^ Mikhalev, S. N (2000). Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 A Statistical Investigation). Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). pp. 18–23 ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. (In Russian)
Jump up ^ S. A. Il’enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7 (22), Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001, pp. 73–80; ISBN 978-5-89710-005-7 (The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion); in Russian; available at the New York Public Library)
Jump up ^ Il'Enkov, S. A. (June 1996). "Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces' wartime irrevocable losses, 1941–1945". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 9 (2)
Jump up ^ G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p.110 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "OBD Memorial". Obd-memorial.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
Jump up ^ Mikhalev, S. N (2000). Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 A Statistical Investigation). Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). pp. 18–23 ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. (In Russian)
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4.p.92 (the 1993 Russian edition listed "about 400,000 sent to penal sub-units")
Jump up ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, p.226 ISBN 9780521811446
Jump up ^ Andreev, EM; Darski, LE; Kharkova, TL (11 September 2002). "Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes". In Lutz, Wolfgang; Scherbov, Sergei; Volkov, Andrei. Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-85320-5.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2
Jump up ^ Michael Haynes. A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press, 2003; ISBN 0745319300, pp.2014–15
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; ISBN 5-93165-107-1, p.21
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 515
Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget, p. 9
Jump up ^ "Aerospace Power Journal (Summer 2000): The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich". Airpower.maxwell.af.mil. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Aerospace Power Journal (Summer 2000): The Bombing of Zurich by Jonathan E. Helmreich". Airpower.maxwell.af.mil. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sorasanya Phaengspha (2002) The Indochina War: Thailand Fights France. Sarakadee Press.
Jump up ^ Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–96, p. 1057n: "Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, and 4,942 soldiers. (Defense Ministry of Thailand, In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle [in Thai], Bangkok: Krom phaenthi Thahanbok, 1947). With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December [1941] battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states [Burma], almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases."
Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An OSS document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by M. R. Seni Pramoj (a typescript entitled 'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under Papers on World War II, at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."
Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese-occupied countries during 1942–45 (p 72n) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina (see above) between 1943–44.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., page 44.
Jump up ^ UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951
Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood. "Colonies, Colonials and World War Two". BBC. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cyprus Veterans Association World War II". Cyprusveterans.com.cy. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood, World War II Colonies and Colonials. Savannah Press 2013; ISBN 978-0951972076, p. 15
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Coast Guard History". Uscg.mil. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, pp. 584–91
Jump up ^ "US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II". History.navy.mil. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives Casualties from World War II
Jump up ^ "American Battle Monuments Commission". Abmc.gov. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariners in "ocean-going service" during World War II have Veteran Status. They may be entitled to a gravestone, flag for their coffin, and burial in a National Cemetery". Usmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "American Merchant Marine at War". Usmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Summary of Merchant Marine Personnel Casualties in World War II, US Coast Guard, Washington: Government Printing Office, July 1, 1950, p. VII
Jump up ^ "U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II". Usmm.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Civil Air Patrol". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved April 4, 2008. With the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the decision was made in 2002 for the United States Air Force to move CAP "operational" mission activities from the Air Force's operations directorate (HAF/A3) to the Air Force's newly created homeland security directorate...
Jump up ^ "CAP History and Organization" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Center for Internee Rights, Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002; ISBN 1-56311-838-6
Jump up ^ The annual death rate in 1942–1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5%. There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians in 1942–45.
The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942–45. The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior "The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description" gave the annual death rate in 1942–1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7%. There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to 110,000 American civilians of Japanese ancestry interned in the U.S. in 1942–45. The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole in 1942–45 was about 1.1% per annum.
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 552
Jump up ^ Roger Mansell Captured: The Forgotten Men of Guam
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 552
Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1204-6, p. 580
Jump up ^ Robert Goralski, World War II Almanac, 1939–1945: a political and military record, New York, p. 428
Jump up ^ Sir John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War, HarperCollins 1997, pp. 204–05
Jump up ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, p. 733
^ Jump up to: a b c Danijela Nadj (1993). Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims. Zagreb: Croatian Information center. ISBN 0-919817-32-7. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c U.S. Bureau of the Census. The Population of Yugoslavia (eds. Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell), Washington, p. 23
Jump up ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses
^ Jump up to: a b c Kočović, Bogoljub Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji, 1990; ISBN 86-01-01928-5, pp. 172–89
Jump up ^ Danijela Nadj (1993). Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims-The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia. Zagreb: Croatian Information center. ISBN 0-919817-32-7. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, In Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses. p. 737
Jump up ^ Statistics of Democide (1997).
Jump up ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, p. 729
Jump up ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, p. 746
Jump up ^ "Croatian President Mesic Apologizes for Croatian Crimes Against the Jews during the Holocaust". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
Jump up ^ "JASENOVAC". USHMM. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Jasenovac"". Ushmm.org. Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Silberman, F. (2013). Memory and Postwar Memorials: Confronting the Violence of the Past. Springer. p. 79.
Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972; ISBN 0-465-01611-1, p. 184
Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988; ISBN 0-688-12364-3, p. 244
Jump up ^ Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, George Lauderbaugh. Latin America in World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (September 11, 2006), p. 83
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualties of World War II.
The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names
Videos showing the recovery of numerous Soviet and German bodies from mass graves in the Stalingrad area nowadays
Newsreports on the discovery of a WWII era mass grave of German soldiers on the French Riviera in 2006
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