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Employment Non-Discrimination Act
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The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is legislation proposed in the United States Congress that would prohibit discrimination in hiring and employment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity by employers with at least 15 employees.
ENDA has been introduced in every Congress since 1994 except the 109th. Similar legislation has been introduced without passage since 1974.[1] The bill gained its best chance at passing after the Democratic Party gained the majority after twelve years of Republican majorities in the 2006 midterm elections. In 2007, gender identity protections were added to the legislation for the first time. Some sponsors believed that even with a Democratic majority, ENDA did not have enough votes to pass the House of Representatives with transgender inclusion and dropped it from the bill, which passed the House and then died in the Senate. President George W. Bush threatened to veto the measure. LGBT advocacy organizations and the LGBT community were divided over support of the modified bill.
In 2009, following Democratic gains in the 2008 elections, and after the divisiveness of the 2007 debate, Rep. Barney Frank introduced a transgender-inclusive version of ENDA. He introduced it again in 2011, and Sen. Jeff Merkley introduced it in the Senate. On November 7, 2013, Merkley's bill passed the Senate with bipartisan support by a vote of 64–32. President Barack Obama supported the bill's passage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Evidence of employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity
2 Provisions
3 Legislative activity
3.1 110th Congress
3.2 111th Congress
3.3 112th Congress
3.4 113th Congress
3.5 114th Congress onwards
4 Arguments
4.1 In favor of ENDA
4.2 In opposition to ENDA
5 Legislative history
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Evidence of employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity[edit]
Main article: LGBT employment discrimination in the United States
In states that have anti-discrimination policies in place, LGBT complaints are equivalent to the number of complaints filed based on sex and fewer than the number of complaints filed based on race.[2][3][4]
The Williams Institute estimates the number of LGBT employees as follows: 7 million private sector employees, 1 million state and local employees, and 200,000 employees of the federal government. Thirty percent of state and local LGBT employees live in California and New York. In comparison, less than half of one half of one percent of LGBT state and local employees live in Montana, North Dakota and Wyoming combined.[5] As one might expect, many of the documented complaints of discrimination by state and local governments against LGBT employees are in California and New York. Surveys that seek to document discrimination on the basis of perceived sexual orientation and/or gender identity are often conducted with a pool of self identified LGBT people, making it difficult to ascertain the impact of this type of discrimination on non-LGBT individuals.
One source of evidence for hiring discrimination against openly gay men comes from a field experiment that sent two fictitious but realistic resumes to roughly 1,700 entry-level job openings. The two resumes were very similar in terms of the applicant's qualifications, but one resume for each opening mentioned that the applicant had been part of a gay organization in college. The results showed that applicants without the gay signal had an 11.5 percent chance of being called for an interview; openly gay applicants had only a 7.2 percent chance. The callback gap varied widely according to the location of the job. Most of the overall gap detected in the study was driven by the Southern and Midwestern states in the sample – Texas, Florida, and Ohio. The Western and Northeastern states in the sample (California, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and New York) had only small and statistically insignificant callback gaps.[6]
Transgender people may experience higher rates of discrimination than the LGBT population. A survey of transgender and gender non-conforming people conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality found 90 percent of respondents experienced harassment, mistreatment, or discrimination on the job or took actions like hiding who they are to avoid it.[7] In comparison, a review of studies conducted by the Williams Institute in 2007 found that transgender people experienced employment discrimination at a rate 15 to 57 percent.[8]
In a survey conducted by Harris Interactive, 38 percent of LGBT people report incomes less than $35,000, compared to 33 percent of all U.S. adults over age 18.[9]
Provisions[edit]
The current version of the bill under consideration in Congress prohibits private employers with more than 15 employees from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Religious organizations are provided an exception, broader than that found in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[10] Non-profit membership-only clubs, except labor unions, are similarly exempt.
All versions of the bill, irrespective of the military's changing policies with respect to service by open gays and lesbians, have provided an exclusion for the military as an employer of members of the armed forces, though not as an employer of civilians.[11]
Since the 111th Congress, the legislation has included language to prevent any reading of the law as a modification of the federal definition of marriage established in the Defense of Marriage Act (1995).[12] Since the 110th Congress, a related provision aimed at non-marital legal relations like civil unions and domestic partnerships prevents requiring an employer to treat unmarried and married couples similarly.[13]
Legislative activity[edit]
Senate vote on Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996.[14]
Both yes
One yes, one didn't vote
One yes, one no
Both no
On May 14, 1974, the fifth anniversary of the Stonewall Rebellion, Reps. Bella Abzug (D-NY) and Ed Koch (D-NY) introduced H.R. 14752, the "Equality Act", which would have added sexual orientation and gender identity to the protected classes specified in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thus prohibiting discrimination in employment and access to public accommodations and facilities.[15] The bill died in June 1974 but was reintroduced in the 115th United States Congress on May 2, 2017.[16]
In the early 1990s, supporters of the legislation decided to focus on employment. Rep. Gerry Studds introduced the Employment Non-Discrimination Act on June 23, 1994.[17] The legislation failed in 1994 and 1995.[18] In 1996, the bill failed on a 49–50 vote in the Senate and was not voted on in the House.[19][20] Its level of support in the Senate may have represented an attempt by some to compensate for their recent support of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages.[citation needed] These early versions of ENDA did not include provisions to protect transgender people from discrimination[21] and ENDA was not introduced in the 109th Congress.
The "United ENDA" coalition protests the removal of gender identity from the 2007 bill at San Francisco City Hall.
110th Congress[edit]
House vote on Sexual Orientation Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 by congressional district.[22]
Democratic aye
Republican aye
Abstention or no representative seated
Democratic no
Republican no
In the 110th United States Congress there were two versions of the bill, both of which provided employment protections similar to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[23] Reps. Barney Frank, Chris Shays, Tammy Baldwin, and Deborah Pryce introduced H.R. 2015 on April 24, 2007. It included gender identity within its protections. It defined gender identity as "gender-related identity, appearance, or mannerisms or other gender-related characteristics of an individual, with or without regard to the individual's designated sex at birth." It allowed employers to require adherence "to the same dress or grooming standards for the gender to which the employee has transitioned or is transitioning."[24]
When that bill died in committee, Frank introduced H.R. 3685 on September 27, 2007, which did not include gender identity and contained exemptions concerning employer dress codes. It was endorsed by the Education and Labor Committee on October 18 and the House of Representatives passed it on November 7, 2007, by a vote of 235 to 184, with 14 members not voting.[25] Frank introduced a separate piece of legislation to prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of gender identity.[26]
Some LGBT activist organizations refused to support H.R. 3685 because of its failure to cover gender identity.[27][28] An exception was the Human Rights Campaign, which received wide criticism from the LGBT community for supporting a non-inclusive ENDA.[29] The LGBT activist organizations that refused to support H.R. 3685 argued that not including transgender people undermined the underlying principle of ENDA.[30] They claimed that failure to include gender identity/expression weakened the protection for the portion of the LGBT population that most needed its protections: gender non-conforming people, who they claimed are discriminated against in greater numbers than their gender-conforming compatriots.[citation needed] Others argued that this was ENDA's best chance of passing Congress in thirty years, that civil rights victories have historically been incremental, that concerns about the legislation's protections were unfounded, and that forgoing a chance to provide immediate workplace protections to millions of lesbians, gays and bisexuals was politically and morally wrong.[31]
111th Congress[edit]
On June 24, 2009, Frank introduced H.R. 3017 to ban workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity,[32] with 114 original cosponsors, up from 62 cosponsors for the trans-inclusive bill of 2007."[32] The lead Republican cosponsor was Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL).[33] Republican Main Street Partnership members Mark Kirk (R-IL), Mike Castle (R-DE), Todd Russell Platts (R-PA), Judy Biggert (R-IL), and Leonard Lance (R-NJ) were among the original cosponsors.[34] The bill was referred to the House Education and Labor Committee, which held a hearing on the legislation on September 23, 2009.[35] At the end of the 111th Congress, H.R. 3017 had 203 cosponsors in the House.[36]
On August 5, 2009, Sen. Jeff Merkley introduced ENDA legislation (S. 1584) that included gender identity,[37] with 38 original cosponsors including Sens. Ted Kennedy (D-MA), Susan Collins (R-ME), Olympia Snowe (R-ME) and Chris Dodd (D-CT).[38] Sen. Merkley said "It's certainly possible that this could be passed by year's end, though the [congressional] schedule is very crowded."[39] As of March 13, 2010, S. 1584 had 45 co-sponsors and was pending before the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee,[37] which held a hearing on the legislation on November 5, 2009.[40]
112th Congress[edit]
On April 6, 2011, Frank introduced an ENDA bill (H.R. 1397) in the House to ban workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[41]
On April 14, 2011, Sen. Jeff Merkley introduced an ENDA bill (S. 811) in the Senate.[42] The bill had 39 original cosponsors. On June 19, 2012, the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions held a hearing on the bill, the first such hearing to include testimony by a transgender witness.[43]
Senate vote on the Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013.[44]
Both yes
One yes, one didn't vote
One yes, one no
One no, one didn't vote
Both no
113th Congress[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013 (H.R. 1755; 113th Congress)
On April 25, 2013, Representative Jared Polis (D-CO) introduced an ENDA bill in the House (H.R. 1755) and Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) introduced an ENDA bill in the Senate (S. 815).[45]
On July 10, 2013, the Senate Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Committee approved ENDA by a 15–7 vote. Senator Lamar Alexander (R-TN) announced he would offer three amendments when the Senate takes up the measure.[46]
A cloture vote succeeded in the Senate on November 4, 2013, with 61 voting in favor and 30 against, allowing the Senate to schedule a vote.[47][48] Republican Senators Kelly Ayotte (NH), Susan Collins (ME), Orrin Hatch (UT), Dean Heller (NV), Mark Kirk (IL), Rob Portman (OH), and Pat Toomey (PA) voted for cloture,[49] joining 52 of 53 Democratic senators and both independent senators.[50] Senators Claire McCaskill (D-MO) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) supported the legislation, but were unable to attend the cloture vote.[51][52]
After rejecting by a vote of 43–55 an amendment by Senator Toomey to expand the religious exemptions[53] and accepting by unanimous voice vote an amendment by Senator Portman to prevent government retaliation against religious institutions,[54] the Senate approved ENDA on November 7, 2013, on a 64–32 vote.[44][55] Arizona Republicans Jeff Flake and John McCain unexpectedly[53] joined Sen. Murkowski and the seven Republicans who had supported three days earlier. Both independents and 52 of 53 Democrats again supported the measure, with McCaskill present but Pennsylvania Senator Bob Casey, who supported the bill's passage,[56] absent.
In the House, on September 17, 2014, Representative Polis filed a discharge petition, that, if signed by a majority of the House membership, would force a vote on the version of ENDA with a narrow religious exemption.[57] By September 22, it had been endorsed by 190 of the 218 that constitute a majority.[58] On December 3, 2014 6 of the 8 Republican co-sponsors asked House Speaker John Boehner to allow a vote on the legislation "as part of any available legislative vehicle including the National Defense Authorization Act" before the end of the 113th Congress.[59] Later that day, the House Rules Committee voted 7 to 3 against adding ENDA as an amendment to the 2015 defense authorization bill.[60]
114th Congress onwards[edit]
From the 114th Congress onwards, efforts to pass non-discrimination legislation has focused on the broader Equality Act which focuses on additional protections including in housing and the jury system as well as employment.
Arguments[edit]
In favor of ENDA[edit]
Political proponents of the law intend it to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees have been discriminated against by their employers because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. Currently, these employees are unable to find protection in the courts because sexual orientation is not considered to be a suspect class by the federal courts and by many U.S. states. Proponents argue that such a law is appropriate in light of the United States Constitution's guarantees of equal protection and due process to all. Advocates argue that homosexuality is not a "choice" but a personal identity, a claim supported by the American Psychology Association (APA), and that all working people have a right to be judged by the quality of their work performance and not by completely unrelated factors.[61] According to a study published in 2001 by the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law, reports of discrimination based on sexual orientation are roughly equal to those on race or gender.[62] The APA also states that there is significant discrimination against homosexuals in the workforce.[61]
The Congressional Budget Office in 2002 estimated that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's complaint caseload would rise by 5 to 7% as a result of the proposed law.[63] Assessments of the impact of comparable state policies also show a minimal impact on caseload.[64] Regarding constitutionality, the act incorporates language similar to that of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[23] which has consistently been upheld by the courts.
In 1994, Barry Goldwater, a hero among the conservative and libertarian movements, became honorary chairman of a drive to pass a federal law preventing job discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[65]
In opposition to ENDA[edit]
Ed Vitagliano, director of research for the American Family Association (AFA), expressed concern about the impact of anti-discrimination laws on religious organizations. He cited a lack of clarity around whether the narrow exemption would apply to support staff and lay employees in addition to churches and clergy.[66]
The Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) has claimed that the legislation would have a negative impact on school children by eliminating schools' ability to avoid hiring transgender teachers. It said that "If ENDA passes, students and children in daycare centers all across the nation will be subjected to individuals experimenting with their gender identities."[67]
Some Libertarians argue that laws against private sector discrimination are acts of coercion that infringe on employers' property rights and freedom of association.[68]
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops said ENDA goes beyond prohibiting unjust discrimination and poses several problems. It notes, for example, that the bill: (1) lacks an exception for a "bona fide occupational qualification," which exists for every other category of discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, except for race; (2) lacks a distinction between homosexual inclination and conduct, thus affirming and protecting extramarital sexual conduct; (3) supports the redefinition of marriage, as state-level laws like ENDA have been invoked in state court decisions finding marriage discriminatory or irrational; (4) rejects the biological basis of gender by defining "gender identity" as something people may choose at variance with their biological sex; and (5) threatens religious liberty by punishing as discrimination the religious or moral disapproval of same-sex sexual conduct, while protecting only some religious employers.[69]
In June and July 2014, several pro-LGBT advocacy groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union, National Center for Lesbian Rights, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Transgender Law Center, and Lambda Legal, announced they were withdrawing support for the 113th Congress version of ENDA because of their concerns about the breadth of its religious exemption in relation to the ruling in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc..[70]
Legislative history[edit]
Congress
Short title
Bill number(s)
Gender identity included?
Date introduced
Sponsor(s)
# of cosponsors
Latest status
103rd Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1994 H.R. 4636 No June 23, 1994 Gerry Studds
(D-MA) 137 Died in the House Subcommittee on Select Education and Civil Rights
S. 2238 No July 29, 1994 Ted Kennedy
(D-MA) 30 Died in the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources
104th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1995 H.R. 1863 No June 15, 1995 Gerry Studds
(D-MA) 142 Died in the House Subcommittee on the Constitution
S. 932 No June 15, 1995 Jim Jeffords
(R-VT) 30 Died in the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources
S. 2056 No September 5, 1996 Ted Kennedy
(D-MA) 3 Failed in Senate (49–50)
105th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1997 H.R. 1858 No June 10, 1997 Christopher Shays
(R-CT) 140 Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
S. 869 No June 10, 1997 Jim Jeffords
(R-VT) 34 Died in the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources
106th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1999 H.R. 2355 No June 24, 1999 Christopher Shays
(R-CT) 173 Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
S. 1276 No June 24, 1999 Jim Jeffords
(R-VT) 36 Died in the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
107th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2001 H.R. 2692 No July 31, 2001 Christopher Shays
(R-CT) 193 Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2002 S. 1284 No July 31, 2001 Ted Kennedy
(D-MA) 44 Died in the Senate
108th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2003 H.R. 3285 No October 8, 2003 Christopher Shays
(R-CT) 180 Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
S. 1705 No October 2, 2003 Ted Kennedy
(D-MA) 43 Died in the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
110th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2007 H.R. 2015 Yes April 24, 2007 Barney Frank
(D-MA) 184 Died in the House Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
H.R. 3685 No September 27, 2007 Barney Frank
(D-MA) 9 Passed the House (235–184), died in the Senate
111th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2009 H.R. 3017 Yes June 24, 2009 Barney Frank
(D-MA) 203 Died in the Judiciary, House Administration, Education and Labor, and Oversight and Government Reform committees. Hearings held September 23, 2009 in Education and Labor committee.
H.R. 2981 Yes June 19, 2009 Barney Frank
(D-MA) 12 Died in the House Judiciary Committee
S. 1584 Yes August 5, 2009 Jeff Merkley
(D-OR) 45 Died in the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee Hearings held November 5, 2009.
112th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2011 H.R. 1397 Yes April 6, 2011 Barney Frank
(D-MA) 171 Died in the Education and the Workforce, House Administration, Oversight and Government Reform, and Judiciary committees.
S. 811 Yes April 14, 2011 Jeff Merkley
(D-OR) 43 Died in the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions committee. Hearings held June 12, 2012.
113th Congress Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013 H.R. 1755 Yes April 25, 2013 Jared Polis
(D-CO) 205 Referred to the Education and the Workforce, House Administration, Oversight and Government Reform, and Judiciary committees.
S. 815 Yes April 25, 2013 Jeff Merkley
(D-OR) 56 Passed in Senate (64–32), died in the House.
From the 114th Congress onwards, efforts to pass non-discrimination legislation has focused on the broader Equality Act which focuses on additional protections including in housing and the jury system as well as employment.
See also[edit]
Equality Act of 2015
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ 111th and 112th Congresses: "In this Act, the term 'married' refers to marriage as such term is defined in section 7 of title 1, United States Code (commonly known as the 'Defense of Marriage Act')."
Jump up ^ 112th Congress: "Nothing in this Act shall be construed to require a covered entity to treat an unmarried couple in the same manner as the covered entity treats a married couple for purposes of employee benefits."
Jump up ^ S 2056 – Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996 – Voting Record
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Jump up ^ H.R. 3685
Jump up ^ H.R. 3685 (110th): Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2007 (On Passage of the Bill)
^ Jump up to: a b Civil Rights Act of 1964
Jump up ^ Weiss, Jillian Todd. (April 26, 2007) The text of ENDA Transgender Workplace Diversity Blog. Accessed October 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Final Vote Results For HR 3685
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Jump up ^ Harmon, Andrew (August 5, 2009). "ENDA Possible by Year's End". The Advocate. Retrieved August 5, 2009. As Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives, Merkley successfully managed the enactment of Oregon's state version of ENDA, the Oregon Equality Act. Teigen, Kristin (August 5, 2009). "Senator Jeff Merkley Introduces the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)". BlueOregon. Mandate Media. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Johnson, Chris (September 17, 2014). "Discharge petition filed for ENDA with narrowed religious exemption". Washington Blade. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
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External links[edit]
H.R. 3017: The Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2009 on GovTrack
A page on ENDA on the website of the Human Rights Campaign, endorsing ENDA
A scientific examination of ENDA by the American Psychological Association
Transcript of the 2002 Senate Hearings on ENDA
A 2005 analysis by the Arizona Human Rights Foundation discusses ENDA's history, the corporate response to it, religious issues and gender identity inclusion issues
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Land of Goshen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coordinates: 30°52′20″N 31°28′39″E / 30.87222°N 31.47750°E / 30.87222; 31.47750
See also: Goshen (disambiguation)
The Land of Goshen (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן or ארץ גושן Eretz Gošen) is named in the Bible as the place in Egypt given to the Hebrews by the pharaoh of Joseph (Genesis 45:9-10), and the land from which they later left Egypt at the time of the Exodus. It was located in the eastern Delta of the Nile.
Contents
1 Meaning of the name
2 Goshen in Egypt
3 Identification
4 References
5 External links
Meaning of the name[edit]
If the Septuagint reading "Gesem" is correct, the word, which in its Hebrew form has no known meaning, may mean "cultivated"—comparing the Arabic root j-š-m, "to labor". Egyptologists have suggested a connection with the Egyptian word qas, meaning "inundated land" because Goshen was apparently the same region, called by the Greeks the "Arabian nome," which had its capital at Phakousa representing the Egyptian Pa-qas (Brugsch, Geog., I, 298), the name of a town, with the determinative for "pouring forth".[1] Donald Redford, while not disputing the location of Goshen, gives a different origin for the name, deriving it from "Gasmu," the rulers of the Bedouin Qedarites who occupied the eastern Delta from the 7th century BC, but John Van Seters thinks this unlikely.[2]
Goshen in Egypt[edit]
Goshen
According to the Joseph narrative in the Book of Genesis, the sons of Jacob (Israel) who were living in Hebron, experienced a severe famine that lasted seven years. Word was that Egypt was the only kingdom able to supply food, and thus the sons of Jacob (Israel) journeyed there to buy goods. In the second year of famine,[3] the Vizier of Egypt, Joseph,[4][5] invited the sons of Israel to live in Egyptian territory. They settled in the country of Goshen.[6] Goshen is described as the best land in Egypt, suitable for both crops and livestock. It has been suggested that this location may have been somewhat apart from Egypt, because Genesis 46:34 states, "Ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians." After the death of Joseph and those of his generation, the following generations of Israelites had become populous in number. The Egyptians feared potential integration or takeover, so they enslaved the Israelites and took away their human rights.
Approximately four hundred and thirty years later,[7] Moses was called to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, from Goshen to Succoth,[8] the first waypoint of the Exodus. They pitched at 41 locations crossing the Nile Delta, to the last station being the plains of Moab.[9]
Identification[edit]
Pithom
Raamses
On
Locations of Pithom, Raamses and On (Heliopolis) in northern Egypt
In 1885 E.H. Naville identified Goshen as the 20th nome of Egypt, located in the eastern Delta, and known as "Gesem" or "Kesem" during the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (672-525 BC). It covered the western end of the Wadi Tumilat, the eastern end being the district of Succoth, which had Pithom as its main town, extended north as far as the ruins of Piramesse (the "land of Rameses"), and included both crop land and grazing land.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "www.Bibler.org - Dictionary - Goshen". 2012-10-08.
Jump up ^ Donald Redford, "Perspective on the Exodus", pp.139-140, quoted in John Van Seters, "The Geography of the Exodus," in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller (Sheffield Academic Press, 1997) fn.37, p.269
Jump up ^ Genesis 45:11
Jump up ^ Mehler, S. From Light Into Darkness: The Evolution of Religion in Ancient Egypt, (ISBN 978-1-931882-49-1), 2005, p. 133
Jump up ^ Joseph may also have been Co-regent with the Pharaoh as indicated by Genesis 44:18 - Josephus. The Antiquities of the Jews, Book II, 7.1.168
Jump up ^ Genesis 46:34,47:27
Jump up ^ Ex.12:40-41, Gal. 3:17
Jump up ^ Numbers 33:5
Jump up ^ numbers 22:1,33:48-50
Jump up ^ John Van Seters, "The Geography of the Exodus," in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller (Sheffield Academic Press, 1997) P. 267-269, ISBN 978-1850756507
External links[edit]
Macalister, R. A. Stewart (1911). "Goshen, a division of Egypt settled by the Israelites between Jacob's immigration and the Exodus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Goshen&oldid=852226508"
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Help
Category:Twenty One Pilots songs
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This category contains songs by Twenty One Pilots.
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Pages in category "Twenty One Pilots songs"
The following 30 pages are in this category, out of 30 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
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Doubt (Twenty One Pilots song)
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Fairly Local
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Goner (Twenty One Pilots song)
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Heathens (song)
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The Judge (Twenty One Pilots song)
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Ode to Sleep (Twenty One Pilots song)
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Polarize (Twenty One Pilots song)
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Ride (Twenty One Pilots song)
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Semi-Automatic (Twenty One Pilots song)
Stressed Out
T
Tear in My Heart
The Run and Go (song)
Trees (Twenty One Pilots song)
Truce (Twenty One Pilots song)
W
We Don't Believe What's on TV
We Don't Believe What's on TV (song)
We Don't Believe What's on TV (Twenty One Pilots song)
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text:
Cephalopod ink
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula, showing the location of the ink sac
Cephalopod ink is a dark pigment released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses),[1] are able to release ink.
The ink is released from the ink sacs (located between the gills) and is dispersed more widely when its release is accompanied by a jet of water from the siphon. Its dark colour is caused by its main constituent, melanin. Each species of cephalopod produces slightly differently coloured inks; generally, octopuses produce black ink, squid ink is blue-black, and cuttlefish ink is a shade of brown.
A number of other aquatic molluscs have similar responses to attack, including the gastropod clade known as sea hares.
Contents
[hide]
1 Inking behaviours
2 Physical properties
3 Chemical composition
4 Protective mechanisms
5 Use by humans
6 References
7 External links
Inking behaviours[edit]
I was much interested, on several occasions, by watching the habits of an Octopus or cuttle-fish ... they darted tail first, with the rapidity of an arrow, from one side of the pool to the other, at the same instant discolouring the water with a dark chestnut-brown ink.
Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle
Two distinct behaviours have been observed in inking cephalopods. The first is the release of large amounts of ink into the water by the cephalopod in order to create a dark, diffuse cloud (much like a smoke screen) that can obscure the predator's view, allowing the cephalopod to make a rapid retreat by jetting away.
The second response to a predator is to release pseudomorphs ("false bodies"), smaller clouds of ink with a greater mucus content, which allows them to hold their shape for longer. These are expelled slightly away from the cephalopod in question, which will often release several pseudomorphs and change colour (blanch) in conjunction with these releases. The pseudomorphs are roughly the same volume as and look similar to the cephalopod that released them, and many predators have been observed attacking them mistakenly, allowing the cephalopod to escape (this behaviour is often referred to as the "blanch-ink-jet manoeuvre").[citation needed]
Furthermore, green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings that have been observed mistakenly attacking pseudomorphs released by Octopus bocki have subsequently ignored conspecific octopuses.[2]
However, many cephalopod predators (for instance moray eels) have advanced chemosensory systems, and some anecdotal evidence[3] suggests that compounds (such as tyrosinase) found in cephalopod ink can irritate, numb or even deactivate such apparatus. Unfortunately, few controlled experiments have been conducted to substantiate this. Cephalopod ink is nonetheless generally thought to be more sophisticated than a simple "smoke screen"; the ink of a number of squid and cuttlefish has been shown to function as a conspecific chemical alarm.[4]
Octopuses have also been observed squirting ink at snails or crabs approaching their eggs.[4]
Numerous cuttlefish species add a coat of ink to their eggs, presumably to camouflage them from potential predators.[5]
Physical properties[edit]
Sepia officinalis ink forms a polidisperse suspension composed by spheric particles with a size between 80 and 150 nm (measured by TRPS and SEM). The particles have a density of 1.27 g cm−3, which may be due to the amount of metals that has in its composition (4.7% in weight).[6]
Chemical composition[edit]
Cephalopod ink contains a number of chemicals in a variety of different concentrations, depending on the species. However, its main constituents are melanin and mucus. It can also contain, among other things, tyrosinase, dopamine and L-DOPA,[7] as well as small amounts of free amino acids, including taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and lysine.[4]
Protective mechanisms[edit]
Cephalopod inking in the sea hare Aplysia californica provides protection from spiny lobsters, a major predator of sea hares, by means of three mechanisms:[8]
chemical deterrence,
sensory disruption, and
phagomimicry.
The typical defence response of the sea hare to a predator is the release of chemicals such as free amino acids, ink from the ink gland and opaline from the opaline gland. Chemical deterrence involves the release of toxic chemicals that are noxious to predators and rapidly dissuades them from feeding. Ink creates a dark, diffuse cloud in the water that disrupts the sensory perception of the predator by acting as a smoke screen and as a decoy. The opaline, which affects the senses dealing with feeding, causes the predator to instinctively attack the cloud of chemicals as if it were indeed food.[8][9]
Use by humans[edit]
Arròs negre owes its dark colour to squid ink
Cephalopod ink has, as its name suggests, been used in the past as ink; indeed, the Greek name for cuttlefish, and the taxonomic name of a cuttlefish genus, Sepia, is associated with the brown colour of cuttlefish ink (for more information, see sepia). Modern use of cephalopod ink is generally limited to cooking, where it is used as a food colouring and flavouring, for example in pasta and sauces. For this purpose it is generally obtainable from fishmongers or gourmet food suppliers. The ink is extracted from the ink sacs during preparation of the dead cephalopod, usually squid, and therefore contains no mucus.
Recent studies have shown that cephalopod ink is toxic to some cells, including tumor cells.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roger T. Hanlon, John B. Messenger: Cephalopod Behaviour, page 2. Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-64583-2
Jump up ^ Roy L. Caldwell (2005), "An Observation of Inking Behavior Protecting Adult Octopus bocki from Predation by Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Hatchlings" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pacific_science/v059/59.1caldwell.pdf
Jump up ^ G.E. MacGinitie, N. MacGinitie (1968) Natural History of Marine Animals, Pages 395-397, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Charles D. Derby (2007), "Escape by Inking and Secreting: Marine Molluscs Avoid Predators Through a Rich Array of Chemicals and Mechanisms" http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/213/3/274.pdf
Jump up ^ Roper, Clyde F. E.; Jereb, P (2005). Cephalopods of the World: Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae, and Spirulidae). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Soto-Gómez, Diego; Pérez-Rodríguez, Paula; López-Periago, J. Eugenio; Paradelo, Marcos. "Sepia ink as a surrogate for colloid transport tests in porous media". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 191: 88–98. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.05.005.
Jump up ^ http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/Facts/cephalopods/inking.cfm
^ Jump up to: a b Derby, Charles D.; Kicklighter, Cynthia E.; Johnson, P. M. & Xu Zhang (29 March 2007). "Chemical Composition of Inks of Diverse Marine Molluscs Suggests Convergent Chemical Defenses" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2007 (33): 1105–1113. doi:10.1007/s10886-007-9279-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Inman, Mason (29 March 2005). "Sea Hares Lose Their Lunch". Sciencemag.org. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Book: Cephalopoda
An article on harvesting squid ink
hide
v
t
e
Cephalopod anatomy
Shell
Shell types
External shells: Ammonoid shell
Argonautid eggcase
Nautiloid shell
Orthocone
Internal shells: Belemnoid guard
Cirrate shell
Cuttlebone
Gladius (pen)
Spirula shell
Stylet
External features
Aperture
Apex
Callus
Lirae
Periostracum
Sculpture
Spire
Sutures
Umbilicus
Internal features
Body chamber
Camerae
Nacre
Phragmocone
Septa
Siphuncle
Whorls

Mantle and funnel
External anatomy
Dermal structures
Fins (wings)
Flotation devices ("secondary fins")
Funnel–mantle locking apparatus
Tail
Internal anatomy
Branchial hearts
Ctenidia (gills)
Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)
Ink sac and ink
Needham's sac
Nephridia ("kidneys")
Nidamental glands
Osphradium
Pericardial glands
Head and limbs
Brachial crown
Arms
Hectocotylus
Tentacles
Carpus
Dactylus
Manus
Suckers and hooks
Buccal region
Aptychus
Beak
Odontophore
Radula
Spadix and antispadix
Occipital region
Nuchal crest (occipital crest)
Nuchal folds (occipital folds)
Occipital membrane
Olfactory organ
Nuchal organ
Other parts
Eyes
Statocysts
General
Chromatophores
Photophores
Nervous system
Squid giant axon
Squid giant synapse
Developmental stages: Spawn → Paralarva (Doratopsis stage) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult • Egg fossils • Protoconch (embryonic shell)
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text:
Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Do You Remember the First Time?"
The Vampire Diaries episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 7
Directed by
Darren Genet
Written by
Rebecca Sonnenshine
Production code
2J7857
Original air date
November 13, 2014
Guest appearance(s)
Colin Ferguson (Tripp Fell)
Penelope Mitchell (Liv Parker)
Marguerite MacIntyre (Liz Forbes)
Chris Brochu (Luke Parker)
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe (Jo Laughlin-Parker)
Marco James (Liam Davis)
Chris Wood (Kai Parker)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get" Next →
"Fade Into You"
The Vampire Diaries (season 6)
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes
"Do You Remember the First Time?" is the 7th episode of the sixth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series' 118th episode overall. "Do You Remember the First Time?" was originally aired on November 13, 2014, on The CW. The episode was written by Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Darren Genet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Feature music
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Elena (Nina Dobrev) meet for the first time since he came back but Damon's hope that Elena will remember their love when she sees him gets lost when she says she does not remember or feel anything about him. Damon visits Alaric (Matt Davis) at the hospital trying to find a way to uncompel Elena but there is no way since Alaric is now a human. Jo (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe) joins them and invites Alaric as her date to the hospital fundraiser, where Elena will also be with Liam (Marco James).
Damon decides to go to the fundraiser so he can see Elena but he is surprise seeing her there with Liam. He introduces himself as Elena's ex and Liam is confused since Elena told him that Damon was dead. Damon compels Liam to leave them alone and Damon asks Elena to dance. While dancing, Damon tries to make Elena remember by telling her some of their moments together but it does not work. Elena admits that she wants to remember and asks Damon to keep telling her about their memories together.
Elena and Damon get at the borders, the last place where she and Damon were together. Damon tells her about the last day before he dies, when they blew up the Grill to save the town from the Travelers but Elena still cannot remember anything. Elena decides to cross the borders in order for the compulsion to wear off. Her memories start to come back but Damon runs and gets her before she dies. Later on, Liam visits Elena at her dorm to inform her about more mysterious things going on with the girl that should die at the corn maze and he tells her that if she will not tell him on her own her secrets he will find out on his own.
Matt (Zach Roerig) captures Tripp (Colin Ferguson) and brings him outside the borders of Mystic Falls. Along with Stefan (Paul Wesley) and Enzo (Michael Malarkey), they keep him tied and they try to get information from him about other vampire hunters. He tells them that they know about Caroline (Candice Accola) and Stefan goes to her dorm to warn her. While being there, Liz (Marguerite MacIntyre) calls her to tell her that Tripp's men got her and they are threatening to kill her if they will not get him back. They arrange to trade Tripp to Liz at the borders. The exchange happens but the moment Tripp crosses the borders dies, making everyone realize that Enzo had turned him into a vampire before the exchange.
Jo and Alaric return at her place and after telling him at the fundraiser about her dysfunctional family and that she had put her magic away for safety, she now tells him that her brother tried to kill her few years back and she lost her spleen because of that attack. Meanwhile, back at the hospital, Caroline and Stefan discuss about Caroline's feelings about him and Stefan apologizes to her about his behavior but Caroline seems to not want to do anything with him anymore.
In 1994, Kai (Chris Wood) tries to fix the ascendant so he and Bonnie (Kat Graham) be able to do the spell again and get back to present. Bonnie tells him that she will not help him get out, she hits him, takes all the pieces of the ascendant and runs away. She tries to put the pieces back together so she can leave on her own but she cannot find the last piece. Kai appears with the last piece and Bonnie tries to get away from him but he captures her and they both go back to where they can do the spell. Kai tells Bonnie that he regrets what he did to his family to convince her that he has changed. Bonnie agrees to do the spell but instead of the two of them go back home, Bonnie puts her magic in her teddy bear and sends it back leaving her and Kai trapped in 1994.
The episode ends with Damon finding Bonnie's teddy bear, making him realize that Bonnie is still alive.
Feature music[edit]
In the episode "Do You Remember the First Time?" we can hear the songs:[1]
"Another Love" by Tom Odell
"The Hardest Part" by Nina Nesbitt
"MSK" by Yellowcard
"Belong" by Cary Brothers
"Two Weeks" by Grizzly Bear
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "Do You Remember the First Time?" was watched by 1.54 million; slightly down by 0.05 from the previous episode.[2]
Reviews[edit]
"Do You Remember the First Time?" received positive reviews.
Stephanie Flasher from TV After Dark gave a B+ rating to the episode saying that it was a nice one, especially for the fans of Damon and Elena. "Bittersweet trip down the couple's history and an epic rain kiss. Finally, Caroline and Stefan have the feelings conversation and Alaric gets his groove back now that he's a human again. And the music was good."[3]
Rebecca Jane Stokes of Den of Geek rated the episode with 4/5 saying that it was a sweet episode and that Stefan finally found out about Caroline's feelings. "The show did what it does best this week. It married romance and longing with the deliberate if piecemeal doling out of key plot points."[4]
Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation rated the episode with 7.9/10 saying that the episode "forced Damon and Elena to explore the new status of their relationship in another slow drawn out episode. However, it was made interesting by not relying on flashbacks, but let them be in the moment."[5]
Sara Ditta of Next Projection rated the episode with 7.2/10 saying that the episode "satisfied because of its tempered tone. The drama wasn’t taken overboard, and viewers could relate to each of our main characters who tried to grasp on to friendships and relationships that had already fallen apart."[6]
Leigh Raines from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 3.5. "All in all, a decent episode, with minor developments but not enough."[7]
Caroline Preece of Den of Geek gave a good review to the episode saying that the show has improved greatly since it stopped paying attention only to Damon and Elena's relationship. "The Damon/Elena storyline is still a frustrating mess, but it’s also not the only thing on the show anymore – and that gives viewers no longer interested in Elena’s love life a reason to come back. Just that simple thing is what fans have been asking for and, now that we have it, it’s glorious."[8]
Lindsay Sperling from We Got This Covered gave a mixed review to the episode saying that this episode was the first filler one for season six. "This season of The Vampire Diaries is arguably already better than the last two combined, but there’s a limit to the amount of Elena and Damon drama that fans should have to endure. Either let them be together, or let them move on. [...] There were a few notable plot twists in [the episode] despite the overwhelming feeling that nothing really happened to move the story along."[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 7: "Do You Remember the First Time?" Music". TV Fanatic. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 14, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Flasher, Stephanie (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries 6×07 "Do You Remember the First Time?" REVIEW". TV After Dark. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stokes, Rebecca Jane (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries: Do You Remember The First Time? Review". Den of Geek. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dominique, Ashley (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries: "Do You Remember The First Time" Review". Geeked Out Nation. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ditta, Sara (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries, "Do You Remember The First Time?" (6.7) – TV Review". Next Projection. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Raines, Leigh (November 13, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 7 Review: Do You Remember the First Time?". TV Fanatic. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Preece, Caroline (November 18, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries season 6 episode 7 review: Do You Remember The First Time?". Den of Geek. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Lindsay (November 13, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries Review: "Do You Remember The First Time?" (Season 6, Episode 7)". We Got This Covered. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
External links[edit]
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb
Afterbuzz's discussion about "Do You Remember the First Time?" on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
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The Vampire Diaries
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Night of the Comet"
"Friday Night Bites"
"Family Ties"
"You're Undead to Me"
"Lost Girls"
"Haunted"
"162 Candles"
"History Repeating"
"The Turning Point"
"Bloodlines"
"Unpleasantville"
"Children of the Damned"
"Fool Me Once"
"A Few Good Men"
"There Goes the Neighborhood"
"Let the Right One In"
"Under Control"
"Miss Mystic Falls"
"Blood Brothers"
"Isobel"
"Founder's Day"
Season 2
"The Return"
"Brave New World"
"Bad Moon Rising"
"Memory Lane"
"Kill or Be Killed"
"Plan B"
"Masquerade"
"Rose"
"Katerina"
"The Sacrifice"
"By the Light of the Moon"
"The Descent"
"Daddy Issues"
"Crying Wolf"
"The Dinner Party"
"The House Guest"
"Know Thy Enemy"
"The Last Dance"
"Klaus"
"The Last Day"
"The Sun Also Rises"
"As I Lay Dying"
Season 3
"The Birthday"
"The Hybrid"
"The End of the Affair"
"Disturbing Behavior"
"The Reckoning"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
"Ghost World"
"Ordinary People"
"Homecoming"
"The New Deal"
"Our Town"
"The Ties That Bind"
"Bringing Out the Dead"
"Dangerous Liaisons"
"All My Children"
"The Departed"
Season 4
"Growing Pains"
"Memorial"
"The Rager"
"The Five"
"The Killer"
"We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes"
"My Brother's Keeper"
"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
"After School Special"
"Catch Me If You Can"
"A View to a Kill"
Season 5
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"True Lies"
"Original Sin"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
"Monster's Ball"
"Handle with Care"
"Death and the Maiden"
"Dead Man on Campus"
"The Cell"
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
"500 Years of Solitude"
"The Devil Inside"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"No Exit"
"Gone Girl"
"While You Were Sleeping"
"Rescue Me"
"Resident Evil"
"Man on Fire"
"What Lies Beneath"
"Promised Land"
"Home"
Season 6
"I'll Remember"
"Yellow Ledbetter"
"Welcome to Paradise"
"Black Hole Sun"
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
"Fade Into You"
"I Alone"
Season 7
"Gods and Monsters"
Season 8
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Characters
Elena Gilbert
Katherine Pierce
Stefan Salvatore
Damon Salvatore
Related
Awards and nominations
Novel series
L. J. Smith
Original Vampires
The Originals
episodes
season 1
2
3
4
characters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Remember_the_First_Time%3F_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=764951885"
Categories:
2014 American television episodes
The Vampire Diaries (season 6) episodes
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