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Prevention of HIV/AIDS
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Know Aids – No Aids road sign in Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010
AIDS Clinic, McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010
HIV prevention might refer to practices done to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. HIV prevention practices may be done by individuals to protect "their own health" and the health of those in their community, or may be instituted by governments or other organizations as "public health policies".
Contents
[hide]
1 Prevention strategies
1.1 Pharmaceutical
1.2 Social strategies
1.3 Advertising and campaigns
1.4 Sexual contact
1.5 Before exposure
1.6 After exposure
1.7 Follow-up care
1.8 Mother-to-child
1.9 Vaccination
1.10 Gene therapy
1.11 Legal system
1.12 Quality in prevention
2 History
2.1 1980s
2.2 From 2003
2.3 From 2011
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Prevention strategies[edit]
Pharmaceutical[edit]
Some commonly considered pharmaceutical interventions for the prevention of HIV might include the use of:
Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Postexposure prophylaxis
Circumcision (see also Circumcision and HIV)[1]
Antiretroviral drugs
Condoms
Low dead space syringes
Of these, the only universally medically proven method for preventing the spread of HIV during sexual intercourse is the correct use of condoms, and condoms are also the only method promoted by health authorities worldwide. For HIV-positive mothers wishing to prevent the spread of HIV to their children during birth, antiretroviral drugs have been medically proven to reduce the likelihood of the spread of the infection. Scientists worldwide are currently researching other prevention systems.[citation needed]
Increased risk of contracting HIV often correlates with infection by other diseases, particularly other sexually transmitted infections. Medical professionals and scientists recommend treatment or prevention of other infections such as herpes, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus, syphilis, gonorrhea, and tuberculosis as an indirect way to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Often doctors treat these conditions with pharmaceutical interventions.[citation needed]
As of September 2013, condoms are available inside prisons in Canada, most of the European Union, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, and the US state of Vermont (on September 17, 2013, the Californian Senate approved a bill for condom distribution inside the state's prisons, but the bill was not yet law at the time of approval).[2]
Social strategies[edit]
Social strategies do not require any drug or object to be effective, but rather require persons to change their behaviors to gain protection from HIV. Some social strategies which people consider include:
Sex education
LGBT sex education
Needle-exchange programmes
Safe injection sites
Safe sex
Serosorting
Sexual abstinence
Immigration regulation
Each of these strategies has widely differing levels of efficacy, social acceptance, and acceptance in the medical and scientific communities.[citation needed]
Populations which receive HIV testing are less likely to engage in behaviors with high risk of contracting HIV,[3] so HIV testing is almost always a part of any strategy to encourage people to change their behaviors to become less likely to contract HIV.
Over 60 countries impose some form of travel restriction, either for short- or long-term stays, for people infected with HIV.[4]
Advertising and campaigns[edit]
Persuasive messages delivered through health advertising and social marketing campaigns which are designed to educate people about the danger of HIV/AIDS and simple prevention strategies are also an important way of preventing HIV/AIDS. These persuasive messages have successfully increased people's knowledge about HIV. More importantly, information sent out through advertising and social marketing also proves to be effective in promoting more favorable attitudes and intentions toward future condom use, though they did not bring significant change in actual behaviors except those were targeting at specific behavioral skills.[5][6]
In the mean time, research in health communication also found that importance of advocating critical skills and informing available resources are higher for people with lower social power, but not necessarily true for people with more power. African American audiences need to be educated about strategies they could take to efficiently manage themselves in health behaviors such as mood control, management of drugs, and proactive planning for sexual behaviors. However, these things are not as important for European Americans.[6]
Sexual contact[edit]
Consistent condom use reduces the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission by about 80% over the long-term.[7] Where one partner of a couple is infected, consistent condom use results in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person below 1% per year.[8] Some data support the equivalence of female condoms to latex condoms, but the evidence is not definitive.[9] The use of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of transmission because it causes vaginal and rectal irritation.[10] A vaginal gel containing tenofovir, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, when used immediately before sex, reduces infection rates by roughly 40% among African women.[11] Celum, C; Baeten, JM (February 2012). "Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence.". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 25 (1): 51–7. PMC 3266126  . PMID 22156901. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef. </ref>
Circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa reduces the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men between 38 and 66% over two years.[12] Based on these studies, the World Health Organization and UNAIDS both recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007.[13] Whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed[14][15] and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined.[16][17][18] For men who have sex with men there is some evidence that the penetrative partner has a lower chance of contracting HIV.[19] Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may result in more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects.[20] Women who have undergone female genital cutting have an increased risk of HIV.[21]
Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk in high-income countries.[22] Evidence for a benefit from peer education is equally poor.[23] Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior.[24] A substantial minority of young people continue to engage in high-risk practices despite HIV/AIDS knowledge, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.[25] It is not known if treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.[26]
Before exposure[edit]
Early treatment of HIV-infected people with antiretrovirals protected 96% of partners from infection.[27][28] Pre-exposure prophylaxis with a daily dose of tenofovir with or without emtricitabine is effective in a number of groups, including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.[11]
Universal precautions within the health-care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.[29] Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor and harm reduction strategies such as needle-exchange programmes and opioid substitution therapy appear effective in decreasing this risk.[30]
Needle exchange programs (also known as syringe exchange programs) are effective in preventing HIV among IDUs and in the broader community.[31] Pharmacy sales of syringes and physician prescription of syringes have been also found to reduce HIV risk.[32] Supervised injection facilities are also understood to address HIV risk in the most-at-risk populations.[33] Multiple legal and attitudinal barriers limit the scale and coverage of these "harm reduction" programs in the United States and elsewhere around the world.[33]
The American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a study in partnership with the Thailand Ministry of Public Health to ascertain the effectiveness of providing people who inject drugs illicitly with daily doses of the antiretroviral drug tenofovir as a prevention measure. The results of the study revealed a 48.9% reduced incidence of the virus among the group of subjects who received the drug, in comparison to the control group who received a placebo. The principal investigator of the study stated in the Lancet medical journal: "We now know that pre-exposure prophylaxis can be a potentially vital option for HIV prevention in people at very high risk for infection, whether through sexual transmission or injecting drug use."[34]
After exposure[edit]
A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis.[11] The use of the single agent zidovudine reduces the risk of subsequent HIV infection fivefold following a needle stick injury.[11] Treatment is recommended after sexual assault when the perpetrators are known to be HIV positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown.[35] Current treatment regimens typically use lopinavir/ritonavir and lamivudine/zidovudine or emtricitabine/tenofovir and may decrease the risk further.[11] The duration of treatment is usually four weeks[36] and is associated with significant rates of adverse effects (for zidovudine about 70% including: nausea 24%, fatigue 22%, emotional distress 13%, and headaches 9%).[37]
Follow-up care[edit]
Strategies to reduce recurrence rates of HIV have been successful in preventing reinfection. Treatment facilities encourage those previously treated for HIV return to ensure that the infection is being successfully managed. New strategies to encouraging retesting have been the use of text messaging and email. These methods of recall are now used along with phone calls and letters.[38]
Mother-to-child[edit]
Programs to prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to children can reduce rates of transmission by 92-99%.[30][39] This primarily involves the use of a combination of antivirals during pregnancy and after birth in the infant but also potentially include bottle feeding rather than breastfeeding.[39][40] If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe mothers should avoid breast-feeding their infants; however, exclusive breast-feeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.[41] If exclusive breast feeding is carried out the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.[42]
Vaccination[edit]
As of 2012, no effective vaccine for HIV or AIDS is known.[43] A single trial of the vaccine RV 144 found a partial efficacy rate around 30% and has stimulated optimism in the research community regarding developing a truly effective vaccine.[44] Further trials of the vaccine are ongoing.[45][46]
Gene therapy[edit]
Certain mutations on the CCR5 gene have been known to make certain people unable to catch AIDS. Modifying the CCR5 gene using gene therapy can thus make people unable to catch it either.[47][48]
Legal system[edit]
Laws criminalizing HIV transmission have not been found an effective way to reduce HIV risk behavior, and may actually do more harm than good. In the past, many U.S. states criminalized the possession of needles without a prescription, even going so far as to arrest people as they leave private needle-exchange facilities.[49] In jurisdictions where syringe prescription status presented a legal barrier to access, physician prescription programs had shown promise in addressing risky injection behaviors.[50] Epidemiological research demonstrating that syringe access programs are both effective and cost-effective helped change state and local laws relating to needle-exchange program (NEP) operations and the status of syringe possession more broadly.[51] As of 2006, 48 states in the United States authorized needle exchange in some form or allowed the purchase of sterile syringes without a prescription at pharmacies.[52]
Removal of legal barriers to operation of NEPs and other syringe access initiatives has been identified as an important part of a comprehensive approach to reducing HIV transmission among injection drug users (IDUs).[51] Legal barriers include both "law on the books" and "law on the streets," i.e., the actual practices of law enforcement officers,[53][54] which may or may not reflect the formal law. Changes in syringe and drug-control policy can be ineffective in reducing such barriers if police continue to treat syringe possession as a crime or participation in NEP as evidence of criminal activity. [55] Although most NEPs in the US are now operating legally, many report some form of police interference.[56]
Research elsewhere has shown similar misalignment between "law on the books" and "law on the streets". For example, in Kyrgyzstan, although sex work, syringe sales, and possession of syringes are not criminalized and possession of a small amount of drug has been decriminalized, gaps remain between these policies and law enforcement knowledge and practice.[57][58][59] To optimize public health efforts targeting vulnerable groups, law enforcement personnel and public health policies and practices should be closely aligned. Such alignment can be improved through policy, training, and coordination efforts.[59]
Quality in prevention[edit]
The EU-wide ‘Joint Action on Improving Quality in HIV Prevention’, is seeking to increase the effectiveness of HIV prevention in Europe by using practical quality assurance (QA) and quality improvement (QI) tools.[60]
History[edit]
1980s[edit]
The Centers for Disease Control was the first organization to recognize the pandemic which came to be called AIDS.[61] Their announcement came on June 5, 1981 when one of their journals published an article reporting five cases of pneumonia, caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, all in gay men living in Los Angeles.[62][63]
In May 1983, scientists isolated a retrovirus which was later called HIV from an AIDS patient in France.[64] At this point, the disease called AIDS was proposed to be caused by HIV, and people began to consider prevention of HIV infection as a strategy for preventing AIDS.
In the 1980s, public policy makers and most of the public could not understand that the overlap of sexual and needle-sharing networks with the general community had somehow lead to many thousands of people worldwide becoming infected with HIV.[61] In many countries, leaders and most of the general public denied both that AIDS and the risk behaviors which spread HIV existed outside of concentrated populations.[61]
In 1987, the United States FDA approved AZT as the first pharmaceutical treatment for AIDS.[65] Around the same time, ACT UP was formed, with one of the group's first goals being to find a way to get access to pharmaceutical drugs to treat HIV.[66] When AZT was made publicly available, it was extremely expensive and unaffordable to all but the most wealthy AIDS patients.[67] The availability of medicine but the lack of access to it sparked large protests around FDA offices.[68][69]
From 2003[edit]
In 2003, Swaziland and Botswana reported nearly four out of 10 people were HIV positive.[70] Festus Mogae, president of Botswana, admitted huge infrastructure problems to the international community and requested foreign intervention in the form of consulting in health care setup and antiretroviral drug distribution programs.[71] and from this began to be personally involved in HIV issues worldwide. In Swaziland, the government chose not to immediately address the problem in the way that international health agencies advised, so many people died.[72] In world media, the governments of African countries began to similarly be described as participating in the effort to prevent HIV actively or less actively.
There came to be international discussion about why HIV rates in Africa were so high, because if the cause were known, then prevention strategies could be developed. Previously, some researchers had suggested that HIV in Africa was widespread because of unsafe medical practices which somehow transferred blood to patients through procedures such as vaccination, injection, or reuse of equipment. In March 2003, the WHO released a statement that almost all infections were, in fact, the result of unsafe practices in heterosexual intercourse.[73]
In response to the rising HIV rates, Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo, speaking on behalf of the Vatican, said that not only was the use of condoms immoral, but also that condoms were ineffective in preventing HIV.[74] The cardinal was highly criticized by the world health community, who were trying to promote condom use as a way to prevent the spread of HIV.[75]
In 2001, the United States began a war in Afghanistan related to fighting the Taliban. The Taliban, however, had opposed local opium growers and the heroin trade; when the government of Afghanistan fell during the war, opium production was unchecked. By 2003, the world market had an increase in the available heroin supply; in former Soviet states especially, an increase in HIV infection was due to injection drug use. Efforts were renewed to prevent HIV related to sharing needles.[76][77][78][79]
From 2011[edit]
In July 2011, it was announced by the WHO and UNAIDS that a once-daily antiretroviral tablet could significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission in heterosexual couples.[80] These findings were based on the results of two trials conducted in Kenya and Uganda, and Botswana.
The Partners PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) trial was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation[81] and conducted by the International Clinical Research Center at the University of Washington. The trial followed 4758 heterosexual couples in Kenya and Uganda, in which one individual was HIV positive and the other was HIV negative.[80] The uninfected (HIV negative) partner was given either a once-daily tenofovir tablet, a once-daily combination tablet of tenofovir and emtricitabine, or a placebo tablet containing no antiretroviral drug. These couples also received counselling and had access to free male and female condoms. In couples taking tenofovir and tenofovir/emtricitabine, there was a 62% and 73% decrease, respectively, in the number of HIV infections as compared to couples who were receiving the placebo.[80]
A similar result was observed with the TDF2 trial, conducted by the United States Centers for Disease Control in partnership with the Botswana Ministry of Health.[82] The trial followed 1200 HIV negative men and women in Francistown, Botswana, a city known to have one of the world's highest HIV infection rates.[82] Participants received either a once-daily tenofovir/emtricitabine combination tablet or a placebo. In those taking the antiretroviral treatment, there was found to be a 63% decrease in the risk of acquiring HIV, as compared to those receiving the placebo.[80]
The HIV-1 virus has proved to be tenacious, inserting its genome permanently into victims' DNA, forcing patients to take a lifelong drug regimen to control the virus and prevent a fresh attack. Now, a team of Temple University School of Medicine researchers have designed a way to "snip out" the integrated HIV-1 genes for good.
This is one important step on the path toward a permanent cure for AIDS. This is the first successful attempt to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells.
In a study published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Dr. Khalili and colleagues detail how they created molecular tools to delete the HIV-1 proviral DNA. When deployed, a combination of DNA-snipping enzyme called a nuclease and targeting strand of RNA called a guide RNA (gRNA) hunt down the viral genome and excise the HIV-1 DNA. From there, the cell's own gene repair machinery takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together – resulting in virus-free cells.[citation needed]
Since HIV-1 is never cleared by the immune system, removal of the virus is required in order to cure the disease. The same technique could theoretically be used against a variety of viruses. The research shows that these molecular tools also hold promise as a therapeutic vaccine; cells armed with the nuclease-RNA combination proved impervious to HIV infection.
See also[edit]
Relationship between education and HIV/AIDS
AIDS education and training centers
TeachAIDS
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b S Burris; D Finucane; H Gallagher & J Grace (1996). "The legal strategies used in operating syringe exchange programs in the United States." (PDF). Am J Public Health. 86 (8): 1161–6. PMC 1380633  . PMID 8712281. doi:10.2105/ajph.86.8_pt_1.1161. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
Jump up ^ Chris Barrish (10 June 2006). "To stop AIDS 'breeding ground' needle exchange a must, many say". The News Journal. pp. A1, A5. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-10. Note: this article contains a picture of the interior of a "shooting gallery"
Jump up ^ Burris, S., Blankenship, K. M., Donoghoe, M., Sherman, S., Vernick, J. S., Case, P.; et al. (2004). "Addressing the 'Risk Environment' for Injection Drug Users: The Mysterious Case of the Missing Cop.". Milbank Quarterly. 82: 125–156. SSRN 937013  . doi:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00304.x. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Beletsky L, Burris S, Macalino GE (2005). "Attitudes of Police Officers Towards Syringe Access, Occupational Needle-Sticks, and Drug Use: A Qualitative Study of One City Police Department in the United States.". Int’l. J. Drug Pol’y. 16 (4): 267–274. SSRN 872756  . doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.01.009.
Jump up ^ Beletsky L, Grau LE, White E, Bowman S, Heimer R (2011). "The roles of law, client race and program visibility in shaping police interference with the operation of US syringe exchange programs.". Addiction. 106 (2): 357–365. PMC 3088513  . PMID 21054615. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03149.x. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
Jump up ^ Beletsky L, Grau LE, White E, Bowman S, Heimer R (2011). "The roles of law, client race and program visibility in shaping police interference with the operation of US syringe exchange programs.". Addiction. 106 (2): 357–365. PMC 3088513  . PMID 21054615. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03149.x. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
Jump up ^ CIS News (2009). "Kyrgyzstan takes an official course towards humanization of its policy towards drug users".
Jump up ^ Eurasian Harm Reduction Network (2011). "Implementation of the political declaration and plan of action on international cooperation towards an integrated and balanced strategy to counter the world drug problem". Eurasian Harm Reduction Network.
^ Jump up to: a b Beletsky L, Thomas R, Smelyanskaya M, et al. (2012). "Policy reform to shift the health and human rights environment for vulnerable groups: the case of Kyrgyzstan’s Instruction 417". Journal of Health and Human Rights. 14 (2): e1–e15. PMID 23568946.
Jump up ^ http://www.qualityaction.eu/
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael H Merson, Jeffrey O’Malley, David Serwadda, Chantawipa Apisuk (6 August 2007). "The history and challenge of HIV prevention" (PDF). The Lancet. online: 7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60884-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Anonymous (1981). "Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (30): 250–52.
Jump up ^ Sepkowitz, Kent A. (7 June 2001). "AIDS — The First 20 Years". NEJM. Massachusetts Medical Society. 344 (23): 1764–72. PMID 11396444. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ F. Barré-Sinoussi; J. C. Chermann; F. Rey; M. T. Nugeyre (20 May 1983). "Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 220 (4599): 868–871. JSTOR 1690359. PMID 6189183. doi:10.1126/science.6189183.
Jump up ^ Brown, James (20 March 1987). "AEGiS-FDA: Approval of AZT". aegis.com. AIDS Education Global Information System. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "ACT UP 1987 Wall Street Action - List of Demands". actupny.org. March 1987. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "ACT UP/ NY Chronology 1989". actupny.org. 2003. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Police Arrest AIDS Protesters Blocking Access to FDA Offices". Los Angeles Times. 11 Oct 1988.
Jump up ^ Loth, Renee (12 October 1988). "AIDS Protests close FDA Headquarters". Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Rory (3 January 2003). "Swaziland has world's highest Aids rate". The Guardian. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Boseley, Sarah (11 July 2003). "Bush vows to join Africa's war on Aids". The Guardian. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bogus Aids cures flood Swaziland - News - Mail & Guardian Online". mg.co.za. Mail & Guardian. 30 December 2003. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ de Santis, Dominique (14 March 2003). "Expert group stresses that unsafe sex is primary mode of transmission of HIV in Africa". who.int. World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Johnston, B (14 October 2003). "Cardinal wants health warnings on 'unreliable' condoms". The Daily Telegraph. I simply wished to remind the public, seconding the opinion of a good number of experts, that when the condom is employed as a contraceptive, it is not totally dependable, and that the cases of pregnancy are not rare. In the case of the AIDS virus, which is around 450 times smaller [sic] than the sperm cell, the condom's latex material obviously gives much less security.
Jump up ^ Stanford, Peter (22 April 2008). "Obituary: Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo". The Guardian. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Parfitt, T. (2003). "Drug addiction and HIV infection on rise in Tajikistan". The Lancet. 362 (9391): 1206–1211. PMID 14570036. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14560-6.
Jump up ^ Griffin, N.; Khoshnood, K. (2010). "Opium Trade, Insurgency, and HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan: Relationships and Regional Consequences". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 22 (3 Suppl): 159S–167S. PMID 20566549. doi:10.1177/1010539510374524.
Jump up ^ Catherine A. Hankins; Samuel R. Friedman; Tariq Zafar; Steffanie A. Strathdee (2002). "Transmission and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in war settings: implications for current and future armed conﬂicts". AIDS. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 16: 2245–2252. ISSN 0269-9370. doi:10.1097/00002030-200211220-00003.
Jump up ^ Todd, C. S.; Abed, A. M. S.; Strathdee, S. A.; Scott, P. T.; Botros, B. A.; Safi, N.; Earhart, K. C. (2007). "HIV, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B Infections and Associated Risk Behavior in Injection Drug Users, Kabul, Afghanistan". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (9): 1327–1331. PMC 2857281  . PMID 18252103. doi:10.3201/eid1309.070036.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "UNAIDS and WHO hail new results showing that a once-daily pill for HIV-negative people can prevent them from acquiring HIV". unaids.org. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "HIV & AIDS Information :: The efficacy of PrEP - The Partners PrEP trial". aidsmap.com. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "HIV & AIDS Information :: The efficacy of PrEP - The TDF2 trial". aidsmap.com. 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
External links[edit]
AVERT's layman guide to HIV prevention
UNAIDS operational guidelines for organizations promoting HIV prevention
The US government's Centers for Disease Control's Division of HIV and AIDS Prevention
CDC 2009 Compendium of Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Interventions
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I Am Australian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Am Australian" (or "We are Australian") is a popular Australian song written in 1987 by Bruce Woodley of The Seekers and Dobe Newton of The Bushwackers. Its lyrics are filled with many historic and cultural references, such as to the "digger", Albert Namatjira and Ned Kelly, among others. Its popularity has allowed it to join the ranks of other patriotic songs considered as alternatives to the Australian national anthem, "Advance Australia Fair". It is commonly taught in primary schools.[1]
Over the years since the song's release, there have been calls for it to become Australia's national anthem, notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Festivities
2 Appeals
2.1 Salvation Army
2.2 Telstra
2.3 Bushfire
3 Cover versions
3.1 1997
3.1.1 Chart performance
3.2 2014
3.2.1 Chart performance
4 Other recorded versions
5 References
Festivities[edit]
"I Am Australian" is popular at celebrations such as Australia Day and New Year's Day, as it celebrates the diversity of Australian society.[citation needed]
"I Am Australian" is often sung by Australian fans at numerous sporting events. It was sung by The Seekers at the 1994 AFL Grand Final.[3]
It was often played at citizenship ceremonies from 2008 until 2012 when the Copyright Tribunal ruled that this was an infringement and ordered the Federal Government to pay Bruce Woodley $149,743.34 in compensation.[4]
It was one of the final numbers performed at the 2016 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo hosted at Etihad Stadium in Melbourne. It was sung primarily by Australian military personnel with backing vocals and musical accompaniment by the combined acts of the Tattoo.[citation needed]
Appeals[edit]
Salvation Army[edit]
In 1996 the Salvation Army used the song in TV advertisements for its Red Shield Appeal, raising funds to help people in need.[citation needed]
Telstra[edit]
In October 2003, in conjunction with the sponsorship of the 2003 Rugby World Cup, Australian telecommunications giant Telstra launched a new campaign centered on the song remixed and performed by Lo-Tel. It is often mistakenly credited to Rai Thistlethwayte, as the vocalists sound very similar. Telstra had bought the rights to the song a number of years before. The campaign was produced by advertising company Young and Rubicam.[5][6][7]
In aid of the Farmhand Foundation's Drought Relief Appeal, Telstra released a CD of the Lo-Tel remix that sold for $6. A total of $100,000 was raised from the profits ($4.05 per CD) generated from the sale of the CD. The actual published copy of the CD credits "Performed by: Rai Thistlewayte & other artists" and "Music re-arranged by: Rai Thistlewayte"
In 2008, Telstra used a different version of the song recorded by the Sydney band, Botanics, for advertising their mobile coverage of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
Bushfire[edit]
In 2009 two additional verses were added to show remembrance during the official National Day of Mourning for the victims of the Black Saturday bushfires.[8] Woodley performed the song along with his daughter Clare and Kinglake fire survivors Merelyn and David Carter during the memorial service at the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne on 22 February.[9][10]
Cover versions[edit]
1997[edit]
"I Am Australian"
Single by Judith Durham, Russell Hitchcock & Mandawuy Yunupingu
from the album Always There
Released
January 1997
Format
CD Single
Recorded
1997
Label
EMI Australia
Songwriter(s)
Bruce Woodley and Dobe Newton
"I Am Australian" was released in 1997 by trio Judith Durham (of The Seekers), Russell Hitchcock (from Air Supply) and Yothu Yindi's Mandawuy Yunupingu. EMI Australia released the single and it reached number 17 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.[11]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1997)
Peak
position
Australian ARIA Singles Chart 17
2014[edit]
"I Am Australian"
Single by Dami Im, Jessica Mauboy, Justice Crew, Nathaniel Willemse, Samantha Jade and Taylor Henderson featuring John Foreman
Released
24 January 2014 (2014-01-24)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
January 2014
Length
3:36
Label
Sony
Songwriter(s)
Bruce Woodley and Dobe Newton
Dami Im singles chronology
"Alive"
(2013) Alive2013 "I Am Australian"
(2014) I Am Australian2014 "Jolene (Acoustic)"
(2014) Jolene (Acoustic)2014
Jessica Mauboy singles chronology
"Beautiful"
(2013) Beautiful2013 "I Am Australian"
(2014) I Am Australian2014 "Never Be the Same"
(2014) Never Be the Same2014
Justice Crew singles chronology
"Everybody"
(2013) Everybody2013 "I Am Australian"
(2014) I Am Australian2014 "Que Sera"
(2014) Que Sera2014
Nathaniel Willemse singles chronology
"You"
(2013) You2013 "I Am Australian"
(2014) I Am Australian2014 "You're Beautiful"
(2014) You're Beautiful2014
Samantha Jade singles chronology
"Soldier"
(2013) Soldier2013 "I Am Australian"
(2014) I Am Australian2014 "Up!"
(2014) Up!2014
Taylor Henderson singles chronology
"Borrow My Heart"
(2013) Borrow My Heart2013 "I Am Australian"
(2014) I Am Australian2014 "When You Were Mine"
(2014) When You Were Mine2014
"I Am Australian" was covered in 2014 by Dami Im, Jessica Mauboy, Justice Crew, Nathaniel Willemse, Samantha Jade and Taylor Henderson, with John Foreman on piano.[12] Sony Music Australia released their cover as a single on 24 January 2014, as part of Sydney's Australia Day celebrations.[12]
On recording the song, the artists' said: [13]
Jessica Mauboy: “WOW…. what a song. What an honour. I love Australia Day and I am so thrilled to be a part of this recording. It was such an amazing experience recording the song I and cannot wait to sing it again live on beautiful Sydney Harbour.”
Samantha Jade: “I just love this song. It really embodies the Australian spirit of inclusivity and it sends out a message that no matter where you were born or what colour your skin is, we all enjoy celebrating being Australian.”
Justice Crew: “What an honour it is to be a part of this recording. We used to sing this song at school assembly and now to be a part of the special Sony Music recording with some of the best singers in the country is such a buzz.”
Nathaniel: “Being born in South Africa and then moving to Australia at 6 years old, to now being a part of this very patriotic and special day is amazing. To be singing one of the most iconic songs of Australia and to be releasing it amongst other featured incredible artists is a privilege and an absolute honour and I am so grateful to be a part of it.”
Dami Im: “What a unique and wonderful collaboration to be a part of. ‘I Am Australian’ is such a patriotic song that represents togetherness and the Australian spirit and what better way to celebrate this than through music.”
Taylor Henderson: “It is such an amazing experience to work alongside the Sony family on such a special release. A year ago I was a proud Australian singing this song with my family and now to be a part of this official recording with my name alongside the other amazing talents on the record is such an honour. This song is so typically Australian and I am so proud to be a part of it.”
A live video is available for the Take 40! website site of the artists singing the song on floating stage in the middle of Sydney harbour[14]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2014)
Peak
position
Australian ARIA Singles Chart 51 [15]
Other recorded versions[edit]
1996 Stewart Peters
1999 The Goanna Gang
1999 Aussie Bush Band
2003 Jeff Turner
2006 Travis Collins
2006 Bruce McCumstie
2008 Lazy Harry
2009 Dobe Newton
2009 Yabu Band
2011 The Bushwackers
2011 Danny Elliott
2012 Brian Sutton
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.bungareeps.vic.edu.au/uploads/1/0/3/0/10300962/i_am_australian.pdf
Jump up ^ Grant McArthur (February 11, 2011). "Jeff Kennett wants national anthem change". The Advertiser. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v22SPtCFck8
Jump up ^ "Playing "I Am Australian" Song Without Appropriate Rights Costs Commonwealth $150,000". TimeBase. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Y&R gets bite of Telstra mobile". B&T. 5 November 2003.
Jump up ^ "Telstra plays patriot games at the Cup". B&T. 27 November 2003.
Jump up ^ "Lee accepts $100,000 Farmhand donation from Telstra". Outbackclub - Lee Kernaghan. Archived from the original on 24 July 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2005.
Jump up ^ "Promising to remember". Melbourne Herald Sun. 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris (23 February 2009). "National tribute to Victoria's bushfire victims". Adelaide Independent Weekly.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, John (23 February 2009). "United in Sorrow". Melbourne Herald Sun.
Jump up ^ "Judith Durham, Russell Hitchcock & Mandawuy Yunupingu – I Am Australian". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes – Music – I Am Australian (feat. John Foreman) – Single by Various Artists". iTunes Store. Apple. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "I am Australian 2014". Spotlight Report. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "I am Australian". Take 40! Australian. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Dami Im, Jessica Mauboy, Justice Crew, Nathaniel, Samantha Jade & Taylor Henderson feat.John Foreman". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
[show]
v
t
e
Judith Durham
Discography
Studio albums
For Christmas with Love (1968)
Gift of Song (1970)
Climb Ev'ry Mountain (1971)
Judith Durham and The Hottest Band in Town (1973)
Judith Durham and The Hottest Band in Town Volume 2 (1974)
Let Me Find Love (1994)
Mona Lisas (1996)
Future Road (1997)
The Australian Cities Suite (2008)
Up Close and Personal (2009)
Epiphany (2011)
It's Christmas Time (2013)
Live albums
The Hot Jazz Duo (1979)
25 Year Reunion Celebration (1993)
1968 BBC Farewell Spectacular (1999)
Live in Concert (2002)
Live in London (2014)
Extended plays
Judy Durham (1963)
Compilation albums
Australia's Own Judith Durham (1971)
Here Am I (1972)
The Silver Jubilee Album (1993)
A Carnival of Hits (1994)
Colours of My Life (2011)
The Platinum Album (2013)
Notable singles
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"
"A World of Our Own" (with The Seekers)
"Georgy Girl (with The Seekers)
"I Am Australian" (with Russell Hitchcock and Mandawuy Yunupingu)
"Advance Australia Fair"
Honours and Awards
Australian of the Year (1967)
Medal of the Order of Australia (1995)
ARIA Hall of Fame (1995)
Centenary Medal (2001)
Officer of the Order of Australia (2014)
Victorian of the Year (2014)
Related articles
The Seekers
[show]
v
t
e
Dami Im
Discography
Studio albums
Dami Im
Heart Beats
Classic Carpenters
Singles
"Alive"
"I Am Australian"
"Jolene (Acoustic)"
"Super Love"
"Gladiator"
"Smile"
"Sound of Silence"
"Fighting for Love"
"Hold Me in Your Arms"
Promotional singles
"Heart Beats Again"
Movie soundtracks
"Beauty in the World"
Concert tours
Yesterday Once More Tour
Related articles
The X Factor Australia
season 5
season 5 finalists
Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016
[show]
v
t
e
Jessica Mauboy
Discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Studio albums
and singles
Been Waiting
"Running Back"
"Burn"
"Been Waiting"
"Because"
"Up/Down"
"Let Me Be Me"
Get 'Em Girls
"Get 'Em Girls"
"Saturday Night"
"What Happened to Us"
"Inescapable"
"Galaxy"
Beautiful
"To the End of the Earth"
"Pop a Bottle (Fill Me Up)"
"Beautiful"
"Never Be the Same"
"Can I Get a Moment?"
"The Day Before I Met You"
Live albums
The Journey
Soundtrack albums
The Sapphires: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The Secret Daughter: Songs from the Original TV Series
The Secret Daughter Season Two: Songs from the Original 7 Series
Extended plays
iTunes Session
Other singles
"Everyone"
"Gotcha"
"Waltzing Matilda"
"Something's Got a Hold on Me"
"I Am Australian"
"Sea of Flags"
"Spirit of the Anzacs"
"This Ain't Love"
"Where I'll Stay"
"Fallin'"
Concert tours
To the End of the Earth Tour
Films
Bran Nue Dae
The Sapphires
Television
Australian Idol (season 4)
The Secret Daughter
Related articles
Young Divas
Book
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Justice Crew
Discography
Studio albums
Live by the Words
Singles
"And Then We Dance"
"Friday to Sunday"
"Dance with Me"
"Boom Boom"
"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)"
"Best Night"
"Everybody"
"I Am Australian"
"Que Sera"
"Rise & Fall"
"I Love My Life"
"Good Time"
Featured singles
"Where You From?"
Related articles
Australia's Got Talent
series four
Sony Music Australia
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Nathaniel Willemse
Studio albums
Yours (2015)
Singles
"Vertigo"
“You Are the One”
"You"
"I Am Australian"
"You’re Beautiful"
"Live Louder"
"Flava"
"Always Be Yours"
"Jungle Boogie"
Other charting singles
"The Scientist"
"Red"
Related articles
Australian Idol (season 4)
The X Factor (Australian season 4)
Sony Music Australia
DNA Songs
[show]
v
t
e
Samantha Jade
Discography
Studio albums
Samantha Jade
Nine
Singles
"Step Up"
"Turn Around"
"What You've Done to Me"
"Firestarter"
"Soldier"
"Up!"
"Sweet Talk"
"Shake That"
"Always"
"Hurt Anymore"
Related articles
The X Factor
season 4
season 4 finalists
Jive Records
Sony Music Australia
INXS: Never Tear Us Apart
[show]
v
t
e
Taylor Henderson
Discography
Studio albums
Taylor Henderson
Burnt Letters
Singles
"Borrow My Heart"
"I Am Australian"
"When You Were Mine"
"Already Gone"
"Host of Angels"
"Light Up the Dark"
Related articles
Australia's Got Talent
series 4
The X Factor Australia
season 5
season 5 finalists
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Australian&oldid=804481779"
Categories:
Australian patriotic songs
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Hidden categories:
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