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Field of the Cloth of Gold
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The Field of the Cloth of Gold, oil painting of circa 1545 in the Royal Collection at Hampton Court
The two young monarchs who met at the Field of the Cloth of Gold: left Francis I of France (reigned 1515–1547) (portrait by Jean Clouet, Louvre Museum, Paris); right Henry VIII of England (reigned 1509–1547) (portrait after Hans Holbein the Younger, Royal Collection, Windsor Castle)
Location of the Field of the Cloth of Gold in modern Pas-de-Calais
The Field of the Cloth of Gold (French: Camp du Drap d'Or) was a site in Balinghem – between Ardres in France and Guînes in the then-English Pale of Calais – that hosted a summit from 7 to 24 June 1520, between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France.
The summit was arranged to increase the bond of friendship between the two kings following the Anglo-French treaty of 1514. These two monarchs would meet again in 1532 to arrange Francis's assistance in pressuring Pope Clement VII to pronounce Henry's first marriage as illegitimate. Under the guidance of English Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, the chief nations of Europe sought to outlaw war forever among Christian nations.
The site is indicated by a commemorative plaque on the D231 road (Route de Marquise) at 50°51′08″N 1°55′22″E / 50.8523°N 1.9229°E / 50.8523; 1.9229Coordinates: 50°51′08″N 1°55′22″E / 50.8523°N 1.9229°E / 50.8523; 1.9229. Though now in France, Balinghem was at the time regarded as part of England. This was probably the main reason for it as the choice of meeting place; being English territory but surrounded by France renders it as close to neutral territory as was practicable.
Contents
1 Background
2 The meeting
3 Consequences
4 List of participants
4.1 For King Henry VIII
4.2 For Queen Catherine of Aragon
4.3 Commissioners
4.3.1 Commissioners to oversee followers of French King
4.3.2 Commissioners to give orders to the gentlemen
4.3.3 Commissioners to give orders to the foot soldiers
4.4 Other attendees
4.4.1 At the embracing of the two kings
4.5 Order of procession
4.6 Attendants of King Francis I
4.6.1 At meeting of two kings
4.6.2 English attendants of English King
4.6.2.1 County representatives
5 In popular culture
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
Cardinal Wolsey
Two entities had started to emerge as powers in Western Europe at this time: France, under Francis I, and the Habsburg Empire, under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Kingdom of England, still a lesser power, was being courted as an ally by the two major powers. The 1518 Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between major European powers, to help resist the Ottoman expansion into southeastern Europe, had just been signed. Henry also held meetings with Charles V a month before the Field of Cloth of Gold in the Netherlands and again afterwards at Calais, Henry's only possession on the Continent.
Both Henry and Francis wished to be seen as Renaissance princes. Renaissance thinking held that a strong prince could choose peace from a place of strength. The meeting was designed to show how magnificent each court was, and how this could be a basis for mutual respect and peace between nations that were traditional enemies. Henry and Francis were also similar figures of similar age and dashing reputations, so there was almost certainly a mutual curiosity.
Everything was arranged to provide equality between the two groups. The meeting place was at the very edge of the English territory around Calais. The valley where the first meeting took place was landscaped to provide areas of equal elevation for the two national parties. The whole event was planned and executed by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a charismatic, eloquent master diplomat who as a papal legate had immense power in the name of the pope (Leo X at the time of the meeting). Included among the English guests were Thomas More, and Anne Boleyn's mother and sister.[1]
An earlier meeting between the kings of England and France presaged this one. From 27 to 30 October 1396, Charles VI of France and Richard II of England had met at Ardres near Calais to treat for peace during the Hundred Years' War. The scale, splendour and pageantry was comparable to the later Field of Cloth of Gold meeting held on the same site in 1520.[2]
The meeting[edit]
Henry VIII embarking in Dover.
Each king tried to outshine the other, with dazzling tents and clothes, huge feasts, music, jousting and games. The tents and the costumes displayed so much cloth of gold, an expensive fabric woven with silk and gold thread, that the site of the meeting was named after it.
The most elaborate arrangements were made for the accommodation of the two monarchs and their large retinues; and on Henry's part especially no efforts were spared to make a great impression in Europe with this meeting. Before the castle of Guînes, a temporary palace covering an area of nearly 12,000 square yards (10,000 m2), was erected for the reception of the English king.[3] The palace was in four blocks with a central courtyard; each side was 328 feet (100 m) long. The only solid part was the brick base about 8 feet (2 m) high.[4] Above the brickwork, the 30-foot (10 metre) high walls were made of cloth or canvas on timber frames, painted to look like stone or brick. One further aspect of King Henry's retinue was the presence of two royal monkeys covered in gold leaf; these were known to have been gifts from the Ottoman Sultan Selim I and brought much laughter and merriment from Francis I as contemporary Cardinal Wolsey recounts, "The French King was overcome with much curiosity playing with those little knaves that did all they could to steal and pester his advisers, yet he willed them to be present at every banquet". The slanting roof was made of oiled cloth painted to give the colour of lead and the illusion of slates. Contemporaries commented especially on the huge expanse of glass, which made visitors feel they were in the open air. Chronicle descriptions make it clear the decorations, carved and painted had martial iconography;
The foregate of the same palace or place with great and mighty masonry by sight was arched, with a Tower on every side of the same portered by great craft, and inbatteled was the gate and Tower, and in the fenesters, and windows, were images resembling men of warre redie to cast great stones: also the same gate or Tower was set with compassed images of ancient Princes, as Hercules, Alexander and other, by entrayled worke, richly limned with gold and Albyn colours, .... also the tower of the Gate as seemed was built by great masonry, ... for the sundrie countenances of every Image that their appeared, some shooting, some casting, some ready to strike, and firing of gonnes, which shewed very honourably.
—  Grafton's Chronicle, or Chronicle at Large 1569[5]
The building was decorated in the most sumptuous fashion and furnished with a profusion of golden ornaments.[3] Red wine flowed from the two fountains outside. The chapel was served by 35 priests. Composer Jean Mouton was most likely in charge of the musical production by Francis I; the French royal chapel had one of the finest choirs in Europe, and contemporary accounts indicated that they "delighted their hearers."[6] The wooden ceiling for one of the tents may later have been installed in the New Chapel at Ightham Mote where, with its colours faded, one with appropriate features can still be seen.[7] Musical production on the English side was probably led by composer William Cornysh the Younger, master of the Royal Chapel for Henry VIII.[8]
Some idea of the size of Henry's following may be gathered from the fact that in one month 2200 sheep and other viandes in a similar proportion were consumed. In the fields beyond the castle, 2800 tents were erected for less distinguished visitors.[3]
Journeying from Calais, Henry reached his headquarters at Guînes on 4 June 1520, and Francis took up his residence at Ardres. After Cardinal Wolsey, with a splendid train, had visited the French king, the two monarchs met at the Val d'Or, a spot midway between the two places, on 7 June.[3]
The following days were taken up with tournaments, in which both kings took part.[3] There were banquets in which the kings entertained each other's queens. The many other entertainments included archery displays and wrestling between Breton and Cornish wrestlers.
Wrestling at the Field of the Cloth of Gold (Tapestry, c. 1520)
Wolsey said Mass and the two sovereigns separated on 24 June, Corpus Christi. The painting depicts a dragon flying overhead and this could be interpreted to mean that the Mass itself was interrupted by a mysterious event thought to be a dragon or salamander flying over the congregation. The superstitious would have viewed this as a great portent, but it was probably a firework accidentally or deliberately set off. Alternatively the dragon in the painting could be interpreted as symbolic. The sermon was read by Richard Pace, an intimate friend of Erasmus. Wolsey gave a general indulgence for all present.
Consequences[edit]
This meeting made a great impression on contemporaries, but its political results were very small.[3] While the carefully established rules of the tournament stated that the two kings would not compete against each other, Henry surprisingly challenged Francis in a wrestling match, but it turned sour for Henry when he quickly lost.[9]
Relations between the two countries worsened soon after the event when Cardinal Wolsey arranged an alliance with Charles V, who declared war on France later that year commencing the Italian War of 1521–26.
List of participants[edit]
A record of the list of participants survives in at least two places: in the Rutland Papers[10] and in the Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of King Henry VIII,[11] catalogued as Letters indented specifying, in accordance with the treaty of 12 March 1519, the number and rank of the lords, ladies and gentlemen to attend the King and Queen at the interview with Francis I. The latter source lists the following:
For King Henry VIII[edit]
"For the King: The cardinal of York, with 300 servants, of whom 12 shall be chaplains and 50 gentlemen, with 50 horses; one archbishop with 70 servants, of whom 5 shall be chaplains and 10 gentlemen, with 30 horses; 2 dukes, each with 70 servants, 5 to be chaplains and 10 gentlemen, with 30 horses. 1 marquis with 56 servants, 4 to be chaplains and 8 gentlemen; 26 horses. 10 earls, each with 42 servants, 3 to be chaplains and 6 gentlemen; 20 horses. 5 bishops, of whom the bishop of Winchester shall have 56 servants, 4 to be chaplains and 8 gentlemen; 26 horses;—each of the others, 44 servants, 4 to be chaplains and 6 gentlemen; 20 horses. 20 barons, each to have 22 servants, 2 to be chaplains and 2 gentlemen; 12 horses. 4 knights of the order of St. George, each to have 22 servants, 2 to be chaplains and 2 gentlemen; 48 horses. 70 knights, including Sir William Mathew, grandson of Sir David Ap Mathew of Wales. Each knight to have 12 servants, one to be a chaplain; 8 horses. Councillors of the long robe; viz., the King's secretary, the vice-chancellor, the dean of the Chapel, and the almoner, each to have 12 servants, one a chaplain, and 8 horses. 12 King's chaplains, each with 6 servants and 3 horses. 12 serjeants-at-arms, each with 1 servant and two horses. 200 of the King's guard with 100 horses. 70 grooms of the chamber, with 150 servants and 100 horses among them; 266 officers of the house, with 216 servants and 70 horses; 205 grooms of the stable and of the armories, with 211 horses. The earl of Essex, being earl marshal, shall have, beside the number above stated, 130 servants and 100 light horses. Sum total of the King's company, 3,997 persons and 2,087 horses".
For Queen Catherine of Aragon[edit]
"For the Queen: 1 duchess, with 4 women, 6 servants and 12 horses; 10 countesses, with 3 women and 4 servants, and 8 horses each; 12 baronesses, with 2 women, 3 servants and 6 horses each. 20 knights' ladies, with 1 woman, 2 servants and 4 horses each; 14 ladies, with 1 woman, 2 servants and 3 horses each; 6 ladies of the chamber, with 1 servant and 2 horses each; 1 earl, with 42 servants, 3 to be chaplains and 9 gentlemen; horses 20. 3 bishops, to have 44 servants, 4 to be chaplains and 6 gentlemen; horses 60. 4 barons, with 22 servants, 2 to be chaplains and 2 gentlemen; horses 48. 30 knights, with 12 servants, 1 to be a chaplain; horses 240; 6 chaplains with 3 servants and 2 horses each. Grooms 50, officers of the King's chamber, with 20 servants and 30 horses; officers of the King's stable 60, with 70 horses. Sum total of the Queen's company, 1,175 persons and 778 horses.
Commissioners[edit]
"Names of those appointed to attend the king of England at the Congress:
Commissioners to oversee followers of French King[edit]
Commissioners appointed to oversee those who shall accompany the king of France:—The earl of Essex, Lord Abergavenny, Sir Edw. Ponynges, Sir Rob. Wingfield.
Commissioners to give orders to the gentlemen[edit]
Commissioners to give orders to the gentlemen:—Sir Edw. Belknapp, Sir Nich. Vaux, Sir John Peche, Sir Maurice Berkeley.
Commissioners to give orders to the foot soldiers[edit]
Commissioners to give orders to the foot soldiers:—Sir Weston Browne, Sir Edw. Ferrers, Sir Rob. Constable, Sir Ralph Egerton, Sir Thomas Lucy, Sir John Marney.
Other attendees[edit]
At the embracing of the two kings[edit]
To ride with the king of England at the embracing of the two kings:—The Legate, archbishop of Canterbury, dukes of Buckingham and Suffolk, marquis of Dorset. Bishops:—Durham, Armagh, Ely, Chichester,[12] Rochester, Exeter, Hereford. Earls:—Stafford, Northumberland, Westmoreland, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Devonshire, Kent, Wiltshire, Derby, Kildare. Barons:—Maltravers, Montagu, Herbert, the grand prior of St. John of England, Roos, Fitzwalter, Hastings, Delaware, Dacre, Ferrers, Cobham, Daubeney, Lumley, Sir Henry Marney, Sir Wm. Sandys, Thomas Boleyn, Lord Howard.
Order of procession[edit]
The servants of the king of England shall march next their King, preceded by the nobles and gentlemen of the Legate, who shall follow the gentlemen of the other lords. The King's guard to follow him in their accustomed places.
Attendants of King Francis I[edit]
At meeting of two kings[edit]
The names of those who will be with the French king when he meets the king of England: the king of Navarre; dukes of Alençon, Bourbon, Vendosme and Lorraine; count of Saint Pol; prince de la Roche Suryon; count of Dreux and Rhetel, Sieur Dorval and governor of Champaigne; count of Benon, sieur de la Tremoille, first Chamberlain, admiral of Guyenne and governor of Burgundy; count of Estampes and Caravats, sieur de Boysy, grand master and governor of the Dauphin; Bonnyvet, admiral of France, Lautrec, La Palisse and Chastillon, marshals; count of Guyse, brother of the duke of Lorraine; the bastard of Savoy, count of Villars and Beaufort, governor of Provence; count de Laval; mons. de Chasteaubriant; count of Harcourt; princes of Orange and Tallemont; mons. de Nevers; mons d'Esparrox, lieutenant of Guyenne, and count of Montfort; Mess. de Lescun and Montmorency; le Grand Escuyer; counts de la Chambre, Tonnerre, Brienne, Joigny, Bremie and Mont Reuel; mons. d'Albret. The other knights of the Order. The king's household, 200 gentlemen; St. Vallier and the grand seneschal of Normandy, captains. 400 archers of the guard, and 4 captains; 100 Swiss, De Florenges, captain; maîtres d'hôtel, pannetiers, valets, &c.; gentlemen of the council and of the finances. The other pensioners will remain in their houses. Francis will bring with him the above company, if the king of England thinks it suitable; but if not, he will diminish it. These noblemen will only have with them about 200 horses.
English attendants of English King[edit]
Noblemen's names that shall accompany the French (sic) (English?) king at the meeting at Calais. The King's Council. My lord Cardinal. The Privy Seal. The bishops of Lincoln, Norwich, Hereford and Rochester. The dukes of Norfolk and Buckingham. The marquis Dorset. The earls of Surrey, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Derby, Northumberland, Essex and Wiltshire. The lords of St. John, Burgevenny, Devonshire, Montague, Mounteagle, Cobham, Ferys, Fitzwalter, Dudley, Dacres of the South, Darcy, Conyers, Audeley, Broke and Fitzwarren. The deans of the Chapel and of Paul's. The archdeacon of Richmond. The dean of Salisbury. Dr. Syxtyne. Dr. Clark. The abbots of Glastonbury, Westminster, Bury and Winchecombe. All knights and others of the King's council. The secretaries in Latin, French and English. The clerks of the Privy Seal and Signet. The heralds. The officers of the household. The minstrels.
County representatives[edit]
Bedford:—Sir John St. John, Wm. Gascoyn, Robt. Spenser, Lenthorp, Wm. Fitzjeffrey, Geo. Harvy.
Buckingham:—Sir Andrew Windsor, Sir Rauf Verney, junr., John Cheynye, Sir Wm. Hampden, John Gyfford.
Warwick:—Lord Dudley, Sir Gilbert Talbot, junr., Geo. Throgmorton, Sir Edward Belknap, Edw. Gryvill, Sir John Burdute, Sir Thos. Lucy, Sir Edw. Ferys, Edw. Conway.
Lincoln:—Lord Willoughby, Sir Christopher Willoughby, Sir John Husey, Sir Geoffrey Paynell, Sir Miles Bushe, Sir Rob. Scheffeld, Sir Wm. Tirwytt, Wm. Askew, Geo. Fitzwilliam, Sir Rob. Dymocke, Wm. Hansard.
Essex:—The Earl of Essex, Lord FitzWalter, Sir Henry Marny, Sir John Raynysford, Sir Thos. Tyrell, Sir Ric. Lewys, Sir Roger Wentworth, Wm. Pirton, Sir Whitstan Browne, John Marnye.
Sussex:—The Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Surrey, Lord Matravers, Sir Thos. West, Lord Dacre, Sir David Owen, Sir Godard Oxynbridge, Wm. Ashbornham, Sir Edw. Lewkenor, Sir John Dawtry.
Berkshire:—Sir Geo. Forster, Sir Thos. Fetyplace, Sir Wm. Essex, Sir Richard Weston, Hen. Bridges, John Cheyny, Ric. Noreys, Ric. Hampden.
Hertford:—Lord Barnesse, Sir Edw. Benstede, Thos. Clyfford.
Gloucester:—The Duke of Buckingham, Sir Maurice Barkeley, William Denys, Sir Wm. Kyngston, Sir Christopher Baynham, Sir John Hungerford, Sir Edw. Wadham, Sir John Brydges.
Cornwall:—Lord Broke, Sir John Arundell, Sir Pers Eggecombe, Sir Roger Graynefeld,[13] Sir John Trevenyan.
Suffolk:—Sir Thos. Bolayn, Sir Rob. Brandon, Sir Rob. Drury, Sir Ant. Wyngfeld, Sir Wm. Walgrave, Sir Ric. Wentworth, Sir John Shelton, Sir Arthur Hopton, Sir Rob. Courson, Sir John Audley, Thos. Felton, _ Branzton, Sir Wm. Sidney.
Stafford:—Sir John Feryes, Sir Loys Bagot, Sir John Gifford, Sir John Asheton, John Egyrton, Sir John Braycot, Sir John Stanley, John Blount.
Devonshire:— Lord Fitzwaren, Sir William Courtney, Sir Edm. Owen, Sir John Basset, Sir Nic. Kyrkeham, Sir Edw. Pomery.
Oxford:—Sir Adryan Fortesku, Sir Edw. Chamberlayn, Sir Wm. Rede, Walter Bulstrode, Sir John Daunce.
Shropshire:—The Earl of Shrewsbury, Sir Ric. Laykyn, Sir Thos. Blount, Sir Thos. Leyghton, Sir Rob. Corbett, Sir Thos. Cornwall.
Somerset:—The Earl of Wiltshire, Sir John Trevelian, Sir Nicholas Wadham, Sir John Rodney, Sir Ric. Ware, _ Strangwyshe, Lord Daubenye.
Dorset.—Hen. Strangwyshe, Giles Strangwyshe, John Horsey, Sir Thos. Trenchard.
Wilts:—Sir Edward Hungerford, Sir John Seymour, Sir Edw. Darell, Sir John Dakers, Sir John Newport, Sir Maurice Barow, Sir John Scrope, Sir Thos. Long.
York:—The Earl of Northumberland, Lord Darcy, Lord Lumeley, Sir John Constable, Sir Rob. Constable, lord Conyers, Sir Geo. Fitzhew, Sir Rauf Ellerkar, Sir Wm. Gaskoyn, Sir Ric. Tempest, Sir Wm. Skargill, Sir Guy Wolstrope, Sir Rauf Evers, Sir Wm. Evers, Sir Wm. Bulmer, Sir John Bulmer, Sir Edw. Pekeryng.
Westmoreland:—Sir Thos. Parre.
Hereford:—Lord Ferrers, Sir Cornewall.
Hants:—Lord Audeley, Sir Wm. Sandes, Sir John Lyle, Wm. Pownd, John Pawlet, junr., Sir John Lye, Sir Geo. Putenham, Sir Wm. Gyfford, Rob. Walop, Arthur Plantagenet, Sir Maurice Barow.
Kent:—Lord Bargeveny, Lord Cobham, Lord Clynton, Sir Edw. Ponynges, Sir Wm. Scot, Sir John Pechie, Sir Edw. Guldeford, Sir Hen. Guyldeford, Thos. Cheynye, Sir Rauf Seyntleger, Sir John Darell, Raynold Pymp, Sir John Scott, Sir Wm. Crowner, Sir John Fogge, Sir John Norton.
Leicester:—The Lord Marquis, Lord Hastyngs, Sir John Digby, Sir Edw. Feldyng, Sir Ric. Sacheverell, Lord John Gray, Lord Leonard Gray, Lord Richard Gray, Sir Wm. Skevyngton, Sir John Villers, _ Hasylrygge.
Cambridge:—Sir Wm. Findern, Sir Rob. Coton, Sir Rauf Chamberlain, Sir Giles Alyngton.
Northampton:—Sir Nic. Vaux, Sir Wm. Parre, Sir Thos. Lucy, Thos. Empson.
Nottingham:—Sir Wm. Parpoynt, Sir Thos. Sutton, Sir Brian Stapleton, Robt. Clyfton, Humphrey Hersy, Rowland Dygby, John Beron, Sir Wm. Meryng, Sir Hen. Willoughby.
Norfolk:—Lord Edmund Howard, Sir Ph. Calthorp, Sir Robt. Clere, Sir John Haydon, Sir Thos. Wodehows, Sir Thos. Wyndham, Wm. Paston, Sir Robt. Lovell, John Shelton, Sir Thos. Benyngfeld, Nic. Appylyerd, Edw. Knyvet.
Derby:—Sir Henry Sacheverell, Sir John Montgomery, Sir Godfrey Fulgeham, Thos. Cokyn.
Middlesex:—The Lord of Saint John's, Sir Thos. Lovell.
Surrey:—Sir Henry Wyat, Sir Matthew Brown, Sir John Ywardby, Sir Edw. Bray.
Cheshire:—Sir John Warberton, Sir Wm. Both, Sir John Warren, Sir Geo. Holford, Sir John Lye of Bagley, Sir Wm. Brereton.
In popular culture[edit]
G. P. R. James, the British novelist, dramatized the meeting in his second novel, Darnley: or, The Field of the Cloth of Gold (1830).
The Showtime Series The Tudors dramatized the meeting in its first season (2007).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jerdan, Rutland Papers, Camden Society (1842), 28–29.
Jump up ^ "Image of St Michael", Richard II's Treasure, Institute of Historical Research, Royal Holloway College, University of London, 2007, retrieved 2018-09-26 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Field of the Cloth of Gold". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
Jump up ^ Hall, Edward, Chronicle, (1809), 605.
Jump up ^ Grafton, Richard, Grafton's Chronicle, or Chronicle at Large 1569, vol. 2, London (1809), 303–304: Hall, Edward, Chronicle, (1809), 605.
Jump up ^ Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance, p. 291. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
Jump up ^ Nicholson, N. & Fawcett, E. Ightham Mote. National Trust (1994)
Jump up ^ "HOASM: William Cornysh 'junior'". www.hoasm.org.
Jump up ^ Karen Watts, Tournaments at the court of King Henry VIII
Jump up ^ Jerdan, William (ed.), Rutland Papers: Original Documents Illustrative of the Courts and Times of Henry VII and Henry VIII Selected from the Private Archives of His Grace the Duke of Rutland, London, 1842, pp.28–49; corrected and amended, but omits listings by county
Jump up ^ Brewer, J. S. (editor), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 3: 1519–1523, March 1520, 21–30, R. T. 137, Letters indented specifying, in accordance with the treaty of 12 March 1519, the number and rank of the lords, ladies and gentlemen to attend the King and Queen at the interview with Francis I, Institute of Historical Research, 1867
Jump up ^ The Field of Cloth of Gold by Glenn Richardson, Appendix A – while contemporary references are made to the Bishop of Chester, there was not Bishop of Chester until 1541. Therefore it is most likely that it was the Bishop of Chichester who attended the Field of Cloth of Gold.
Jump up ^ son of Thomas Grenville (died 1513)
Further reading[edit]
Eyewitness descriptions appear in Edward Hall's Chronicle and Richard Grafton's Chronicle at Large.
Mattingly, Garrett. "An Early Nonaggression Pact," Journal of Modern History," March 1938, Vol. 10 Issue 1, 1–30 in JSTOR
Richardson, Glenn. Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I & Charles V (2002) 246pp
Richardson, Glenn (2014). The Field of Cloth of Gold. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-3001-4886-0. 288pp
Russell, J.G. (1969). Field of Cloth of Gold: men and manners in 1520. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-6207-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field of Cloth of Gold.
Field of the Cloth of Gold on In Our Time at the BBC
Nichols, John Gough, ed., The Chronicle of Calais, Camden Society (1846), 19–29, 77–90 documents and eyewitness accounts
Hall, Edward, Chronicle. London (1809), 605–620, eyewitness description of the Field and tournaments.
Jerdan, William, Rutland Papers. Camden Society (1842), 28–49, transcripts of original documents and roll of attendants at the Field in June 1520.
Detailed description of the image from Alecto Historical Editions – Publications Group
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Buick Regal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Buick Regal
Overview
Manufacturer
General Motors
Also called
Opel Insignia (Europe)
Vauxhall Insignia (UK)
Holden Commodore (ZB) (Australasia)
Model years
North America
1973–2004
2011–present
China
1999–present
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size (D)
Layout
FR layout (1973–1987)
FF layout (1988–present)
F4 layout (2008–present)
Chronology
Predecessor
Buick Skylark (1972)
The Buick Regal is an upscale mid-sized automobile that was first introduced by Buick for the 1973 model year. North American production ended in 2004 and began again in 2011. For the 2011 model year, Buick re-introduced the Regal to the North American market, positioned as an upscale sports sedan.[1] Production and sales in China have continued since 1999.[2]
For certain model years between 1973 and 2004, the Regal shared bodies and powertrains with the similar Buick Century. The two most recent generations (2011–present) are North American market versions of the Opel Insignia, known as the Vauxhall Insignia in the UK.
Contents
[hide]
1 First generation (1973–1977)
2 Second generation (1978–1987)
2.1 Somerset Limited Edition
2.2 Grand National, Turbo-T, T-Type, and GNX
3 Third generation (1988–1996)
3.1 Engines
4 Fourth generation (1997–2004)
4.1 Engines
4.2 Regal LS and GS performance
4.3 Regal LSX and GSX (SLP Performance)
4.4 Joseph Abboud Edition
4.5 China
5 Fifth generation (2011–2017)
5.1 Development
5.2 Marketing
5.3 Production
5.4 Trim Levels
5.4.1 CXL
5.4.2 CXL Turbo
5.4.3 GS
5.4.4 Sport Touring Edition
5.4.5 eAssist
5.5 2014 Update
6 Sixth generation (2018–present)
6.1 Regal Sportback
6.2 Regal TourX
6.3 GS
7 Sales
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
First generation (1973–1977)[edit]
First generation
1973 Buick Regal sedan
Overview
Also called
Buick Century Regal
Model years
1973–1977
Assembly
United States: Flint, Michigan (Buick City)
Framingham, Massachusetts (Framingham Assembly)
Fremont, California (Fremont Assembly)
Lakewood Heights, Georgia (Lakewood Assembly)
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door coupe
4-door sedan
Layout
FR layout
Platform
A-body
Related
Buick Century
Chevrolet El Camino
Chevrolet Malibu
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Oldsmobile Cutlass
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
Pontiac Grand Am
Pontiac Grand Prix
Powertrain
Engine
231 cu in (3.8 L) Buick V6 (gasoline)
350 cu in (5.7 L) Buick V8 (gasoline)[3]
455 cu in (7.5 L) Buick V8 (gasoline)[3]
Transmission
3-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 350 automatic[3]
3-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 400 automatic[3]
Dimensions
Wheelbase
112 in (2,800 mm) (coupe)[3]
116 in (2,900 mm) (sedan)[3]
Length
212 in (5,400 mm) (coupe)[3]
216 in (5,500 mm) (sedan)[3]
Height
53.3 in (1,350 mm) (coupe)[3]
54.1 in (1,370 mm) (sedan)[3]
1973 Buick Regal coupe
1976 Buick Regal sedan (front view)
1976 Buick Regal sedan (rear view)
Buick had been the first GM division to bring a personal luxury car to market with its full-size 1963 Riviera, but was otherwise slow to react to the developing lower-priced mid-size personal luxury market, which Pontiac created with the 1969 Grand Prix and Chevrolet with the Monte Carlo the following year, 1970. At the same time, Oldsmobile added a formal notchback coupé to its intermediate line, the Cutlass Supreme, in 1970 and that model soon became Olds' best selling intermediate. Buick did not get its own personal luxury coupe until the GM intermediates were redesigned in 1973, the so-called "Colonnade" cars that eliminated hardtop models completely. In a curious name swap, the Skylark name was dropped from Buick's intermediate line and instead the Century nameplate, last used in the 1950s, was revived for them.
A highly trimmed, two-door coupe, the first Regal shared its front and rear styling with its Century parent with distinctions amounting to differing grilles and taillight lenses. The Regal shared the same "Colonnade" pillared hardtop roofline (a hardtop with B-pillars (center pillars) but frameless doors unlike a sedan body) and greenhouse (window area) with the Grand Prix, Monte Carlo, and Cutlass Supreme as well as the lower-priced Buick Century Luxus coupe. Like its corporate cousins, the Regal (and Luxus) featured the newly fashionable opera windows, which were small fixed rear-side windows surrounded by sheetmetal, instead of the traditional roll-down windows.
For the first year in 1973, the Regal nameplate was only used for Buick's version of the GM intermediate personal luxury coupe, but the following year gained a sedan companion (there was no Regal station wagon).
Regal interiors were generally more luxurious than lesser Century models with woodgrain trim on dashboard and door panels, along with door-pull straps and bench seats with center armrests with cloth, velour, or vinyl upholstery. Optionally available throughout the run was a 60/40 split bench seat with armrest. For 1976–77, the Regal coupe was available with the S/R option that included reclining bucket seats with corduroy upholstery.
The model lasted five years with minimal changes, although there was a fairly substantial facelift in 1976 (for the coupe only—sedans stayed with original 1973 sheetmetal through 1977), which incorporated the recently legalized square headlights (horizontally mounted on coupes, and vertically on sedans—much like the mid-1960s Pontiacs). The Regal coupe sold reasonably well, although it lagged behind the Monte Carlo and Cutlass Supreme which had become the best-selling cars in America by 1976. Regal sedans and all Century models had far fewer takers.
The Regal was most commonly powered by Buick's 350 in³ V8, which was standard equipment on all models in 1973 and 1974 and optional on coupes but remained standard on sedans from 1975 to 1977, and the larger 455 in³ V8 was optional in 1973 and 1974 only. Starting in 1975, Regal coupes came standard with Buick's resurrected 231 cu in (3.8 L) V6 engine previously offered on the Skylark from 1964 to 1967; the engine's tooling had been sold to Kaiser Motors for use in Jeep models (Kaiser was purchased by American Motors in 1970 and Jeep became an AMC division) and sold back to GM by AMC in 1974. In 1975 and 1976, the Century and Regal were the only mid-sized cars in America to offer V6 engines. The bolt pattern for this vehicle is 5×4 3⁄4 inches (120.7 mm).
The Century designation was quietly dropped from the Regal in 1975.
Second generation (1978–1987)[edit]
Second generation
1987 Buick Regal Grand National
Overview
Model years
1978–1987
Assembly
Flint, Michigan, United States
Lakewood Heights, Georgia, United States
Arlington, Texas, United States
Framingham, Massachusetts, United States
Fremont, California, United States
Pontiac, Michigan, United States
Kansas City, Missouri (Leeds), United States
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door coupe
4-door sedan
4-door station wagon
Layout
FR layout
Platform
A-body (1978–1981)
G-body (1981–1987)
Related
Buick Century
Chevrolet El Camino
Chevrolet Malibu
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Oldsmobile Cutlass
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
Pontiac Bonneville
Pontiac Grand Am
Pontiac Grand Prix
Pontiac Le Mans
Powertrain
Engine
196 cu in (3.2 L) Buick V6
231 cu in (3.8 L) Buick V6
252 cu in (4.1 L) Buick V6
260 cu in (4.3 L) Oldsmobile Diesel V6
265 cu in (4.3 L) Pontiac V8
301 cu in (4.9 L) Pontiac V8
305 cu in (5.0 L) Chevrolet V8
307 cu in (5.0 L) Oldsmobile V8
350 cu in (5.7 L) Oldsmobile Diesel V8
Transmission
3-speed manual
3-speed THM200 automatic
4-speed THM200-4R automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
108 in (2,743.2 mm)
A downsized Regal appeared for 1978 with Buick's new 196 cu in (3.2 L) V6 engine as standard equipment and a new version of the venerable 231 cu in (3.8 L) V6 as an option (which became standard in 1980). Initially a 3-speed manual transmission was standard but this was later replaced by an automatic. This model lasted 10 years. The base model was equipped with softer-riding luxury suspension, and did not offer a manual transmission in later years.
1978–1979 Buick Regal
1980 Buick Regal
1982–1987 Buick Regal
The 1978 Regal could be equipped with a 3.8 L Turbocharged V-6 engine with automatic transmission and the sedan model was dropped, once again leaving Regals exclusively as coupes with the Century nameplate applied to bread-and-butter sedans and station wagons. Non-turbo versions were offered with either a 2-bbl or a 4-bbl carburetor. The Buick LeSabre was also available with the turbocharged engine. The only other turbocharged cars available in the U.S. market in 1978 were imports from Mercedes-Benz, Porsche and Saab. The Turbo Regal also included a firm handling suspension with larger tires and sport wheels.
A major facelift in 1981 gave the Regal a much more aerodynamic profile, helping make it possible for the car to compete on the NASCAR racing circuit. The sloping hood and nose of the car made it the favorite of several NASCAR teams. Richard Petty drove one to victory in the 1981 Daytona 500, and the car won a majority of the 1981 and 1982 seasons races and won the NASCAR manufacturers title in 1981 and 1982. V8s for street use were still available, but had shrunk to 265 cu in (4.3 L) (1980 and 1981 only, Pontiac built), and the V6 was rapidly gaining popularity. In 1982, a new Century appeared on the front-wheel drive A-body, but the former rear-wheel drive Century sedan and wagon were not discontinued. These models were simply rebadged as Regals, and for the first time the name appeared on a full model lineup. The wagon was discontinued after 1983, and the sedan dropped from the lineup the next year. From 1986 to 1987, the 5.0 L 307 V8 was available as an option. The 3.8 2-bbl V6 was standard. The 200-4R overdrive transmission was an option with either engine.
Somerset Limited Edition[edit]
In 1980, the Regal was offered in a special Somerset Limited Edition trim which featured unique tan and dark blue designer exterior paint, wire wheel covers, sport mirrors, and chrome Somerset badging. The interior had tan and blue plush velour upholstery, brushed chrome trim, and additional Somerset badging.
A Somerset Limited Edition model was also offered on the restyled 1981 Regal. It had unique dark sandstone and camel exterior paint, sport mirrors, and turbine wheels. The interior plush velour upholstery was camel with dark brown piping.
Grand National, Turbo-T, T-Type, and GNX[edit]
In 1982, the Regal Grand National debuted, which was named for the NASCAR Winston Cup Grand National Series (the "Grand National" term was part of the Cup series nomenclature until 1986). Buick had won the Manufacturers Cup in 1981 and 1982, and wanted to capitalize on its success: "What wins on Sunday, sells on Monday". These 1982 cars were not painted black, which may confuse those not familiar with them. All started out as charcoal gray Regals that were shipped off to a subcontractor for finishing.
Originally intended for a run of 100 units, Cars and Concepts of Brighton, Michigan, retrofitted 215 Regals with the GN package. Most obvious was the light silver gray firemist paint added to each side. Red pinstripes and billboard shadow lettering proclaiming "Buick" were applied. The wheel opening moldings and rocker panel moldings were blacked out using black vinyl tape. Finally, a front air dam and rear spoiler were installed. On the inside, special "Lear-Siegler" seats were installed. These seats are fully adjustable and were covered with silver brandon cloth with black vinyl inserts. The front seat had Buick's "6" emblem embroidered onto them. Also, a special clock delete plate was added to the instrument panel which contained the yellow and orange "6" logo and the words "Grand National Buick Motor Division".)
The 1982 GN came with a naturally aspirated 4.1 L V6 engine with 125 hp (93 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 205 lb⋅ft (278 N⋅m) of torque at 2,000 rpm. Of the 215 Regal Grand Nationals produced in 1982, at least 35 were based on the Buick Regal Sport coupe package with the turbocharged 3.8 V6 engine with 175 hp (130 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) of torque at 2,600 rpm. There were only 2,022 Sport coupes produced in 1982, and the number of cars with both the GN and Sport coupe packages is estimated to be fewer than 50.
For 1983, there was no Grand National. The Sport coupe model was renamed the T-Type; 3,732 were produced (190 hp (140 kW) at 1,600 rpm and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque at 2,400 rpm). The T-Type had been used on other Buicks, starting with the Riviera in 1981 (in 1979 and 1980, it was the S Type). The 1983 Regal T-Type featured tube headers, Hydro-Boost II brakes, 200-4R 4-speed overdrive trans and 3.42 rear axle (7.5").[4]
Buick Regal T-Type
In 1984 the Grand National returned in all black paint. The turbocharged 3.8 L became standard and was refined with sequential fuel injection, distributor-less computer controlled ignition, and boasted 200 hp (150 kW) at 4,400 rpm and 300 lb⋅ft (407 N⋅m) of torque at 2,400 rpm. Only 5,204 turbo Regals were produced that year, only 2,000 of which were Grand Nationals. Because this was the first year production of the computer controlled sequential fuel injection and distributor-less ignition, this is often considered the year and model that started the development of the legendary intercooled Grand Nationals. The performance of this package was well ahead of its time and the "little V6" easily kept up with the bigger V8s. Quarter mile (~400 m) performance was listed at 15.9 seconds at stock boost levels of 10 psi (0.69 bar), while for the same year, the Chevrolet Camaro was listed at 17.0 and the Chevrolet Corvette at 15.2 seconds.[5] Soon, performance enthusiasts determined the modifications that worked and the Grand Nationals easily broke into the 13-second territory. All Grand Nationals had the Lear Siegler-made cloth/leather interior which was only available for this year. An estimated 200 of the 1984 Grand Nationals were produced with the T-Top option which makes these the rarest of the Grand Nationals.
In 1986, a modified engine design with air-air intercooling boosted the performance even further to a specified 235HP at 4,000 rpm and 330 lb-ft torque at 2,400 rpm. The Grand Nationals (quantity 5,512) and T-Types (quantity 2,384) were both produced in 1986. For 1987, performance reached 245 hp (183 kW) and 355 lb⋅ft (481 N⋅m) of torque. Buick dropped the T-Type package for Regal in 1987 and opted for a "T" sport package instead. There were only 7,896 turbo Regals produced in 1986. In 1987, when turbo Regals reached their peak in popularity, a total of 27,590 turbo Regals were produced through December, with those models produced between September and December of that year window stickered as "1987½ Buick Grand National" vehicles.
1987 Regal turbo-T Limited with rare blackout trim package
In 1987, a lightweight WE4 (turbo T) option was offered. Only 1,547 of this variant were produced. The differences between a WE4 and the Grand National were the interior trim package, wheels, exterior badging, aluminum bumper supports, and aluminum rear brake drums as opposed to the Grand National's cast iron, making the WE4 a lighter and faster car. The rear spoiler was only available as a dealer installed option. Nineteen eighty-seven was the only year that the LC2 turbo option was available on any Regal, making it possible to even see a Limited with a vinyl landau roof and a power bulge turbo hood. Turbo Regal Limiteds were one of the rarest models of turbo Regals produced second only to the GNX at 1,035 turbo Limiteds. Turbo Regal Limiteds could be ordered with many options with most having chrome external trim but for $35 could have been built with the full black-out trim option making them extremely rare. Limiteds were treated to a very luxurious interior with plush carpeting and optional bench pillow seats and a column shift. The 1987 model would be the end of the manufacture of the RWD "G-Body" Regal, but GM had to extend the build of the Grand National to meet customer demand into December.
For the final year, 1987, Buick introduced the limited production GNX, for "Grand National Experimental", at $29,900. Made in partnership with McLaren Performance Technologies/ASC, Buick produced only 547 GNs with the interior trim package, that were then sent off to McLaren and upgraded into the Buick GNX. Buick underrated the GNX at 276 hp (280 PS; 206 kW) @ 4400 rpm and a very substantial 360 lb⋅ft (488 N⋅m) @ 3000 rpm of torque (actual output is 300 bhp (304 PS; 224 kW) and 420 lb⋅ft (569 N⋅m).[6] This was created to be the "Grand National to end all Grand Nationals." Changes made included a special Garrett AiResearch T-3 turbocharger with a ceramic-impeller blowing through a more efficient and significantly larger capacity intercooler with a "Cermatel (ceramic-aluminum) coated" pipe connecting the intercooler to the engine. A GNX specific E-EPROM, low-restriction exhaust with dual mufflers, reprogrammed turbo Hydramatic 200-4R transmission with a custom torque converter and transmission cooler, and unique differential cover/panhard bar included more of the performance modifications. Exterior styling changes include vents located on each front fender, 16 inch black mesh style wheels with VR-speed rated tires, and deletion of the hood and fender emblems. The interior changes of the GNX included a serial number on the dash plaque and a revised instrument cluster providing analog Stewart-Warner gauges, including an analog turbo boost gauge. Performance was measured faster than the Ferrari F40 and the Porsche 930 with a quarter mile time of 12.7 seconds at 113.1 mph (182 km/h) (0.3 and 0.8 seconds quicker, 2.9 and 13.3 mph faster) and a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.6 seconds (0.4 and 0.3 seconds quicker, respectively).[7] GNX #001 is the 1986 prototype currently owned by Buick and sometimes makes appearances at car shows around the US. The GNX used a unique torque arm that was mounted to a special, GNX only, rear differential cover, for increased traction. The torque arm rear suspension alters the suspension geometry, making the body lift while planting the rear tires down, resulting in increased traction.
The stealthy appearance of the all-black GNX and Grand National (and the resemblance of its grill to his helmet's mouthpiece), coupled with the fact that the Grand National was initially released during the popularity of Star Wars movies, earned it the title "Darth Vader's Car". Car and Driver covered the GNX model's introduction with the headline "Lord Vader, your car is ready." Due to the six cylinder engine, the Buick make, and the black paint Grand Nationals were sometimes referred to as the "Dark Side". The "Dark Side" contrasted with the more common V8 Mustangs and Camaros that were popular at the time.
Third generation (1988–1996)[edit]
Third generation
1988–1989 Buick Regal Limited coupe
Overview
Model years
1988–1996
Assembly
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada (GM Canada)
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door coupe
4-door sedan
Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive
Platform
W-body
Related
Chevrolet Lumina
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
Pontiac Grand Prix
Powertrain
Engine
2.8 L X V6
3.1 L X V6
3.8 L Buick V6
Transmission
4-speed automatic
1988–92: 4T60
1993–96: 4T60-E
Dimensions
Wheelbase
107.5 in (2,730 mm)
Length
1988–89 2dr: 192.2 in (4,882 mm)
1990–91 2dr: 191.6 in (4,867 mm)
1992–94 2dr: 193.6 in (4,917 mm)
1995–96 2dr: 193.9 in (4,925 mm)
1990–91 4dr: 194.6 in (4,943 mm)
1992–94 Custom & GS 4dr: 194.8 in (4,948 mm)
1992–94 Limited 4dr: 196 in (4,978 mm)
1995 4dr: 193.7 in (4,920 mm)
1996 4dr: 194.1 in (4,930 mm)
Width
72.5 in (1,842 mm)
Height
Sedan: 54.5 in (1,384 mm)
Coupe: 53 in (1,346 mm)
1988–1989 Buick Regal GS coupe
1990–1994 Buick Regal GS sedan
1991 Buick Regal Limited coupe
1995–1996 Buick Regal coupe
1996 Buick Regal sedan
A new Regal appeared in 1988 on the GM W platform; this generation ran with few changes for nine years. Though the new Regal returned to Buick's original concept in being offered only as a coupe and in being aimed once again squarely at the personal luxury buyer, it departed from tradition in being the first front-wheel drive model, and in having no serious performance option or edition. Neither a V8 engine nor a turbocharged V6 was offered; the only engine offered in 1988 was the Chevrolet 2.8L V6, producing 125 hp (93 kW). In 1990, owing to the declining personal luxury car market, the Regal was again offered as a four-door sedan (as were the Cutlass Supreme and Grand Prix the same year, the latter offered as a sedan for the first time).
The Regal was initially offered in base Custom and upscale Limited trim lines. In 1989, the Gran Sport trim line was introduced, featuring aluminum wheels, body side cladding and a console mounted shifter attached to a 4-speed automatic. For 1990, the Regal gained the option of the Buick 3.8 V6. The 3800 V6 was unique to the Regal, differentiating it from the mechanically similar Chevrolet Lumina, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme and Pontiac Grand Prix. Anti-lock brakes were made standard on all but the base Custom cars in 1992, and the grille was redesigned again for 1993. Along with the new look came an electronically controlled automatic transmission and LeSabre-like rear lights and bumper.
In 1994, a driver's side airbag was added, along with standard ABS on all models, standard power windows, and 20 hp (15 kW) more in the base engine due to a revised intake manifold and cylinder head. The Limited coupe was deleted; only the Custom and Gran Sport (GS) coupes remained. Dual airbags were new for 1995 along with a new interior. In 1996, the larger 3.8 L V6 engine gained 35 hp (26 kW). Although 1996 was the last year of this model, production of the 1996 model continued into 1997 as the replacement model was late.
Engines[edit]
1988–1989 2.8 L (170 in³) Chevrolet LB6 MFI V6, 125 hp (93 kW) and 160 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m)
1989–1993 3.1 L (191 in³) Chevrolet LH0 MFI V6, 140 hp (104 kW) and 180 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m)
1994–1996 3.1 L (191 in³) Chevrolet L82 SFI V6, 160 hp (119 kW) and 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m)
1990–1995 3.8 L (231 in³) Buick L27 V6, 170 hp (127 kW) and 220 lb⋅ft (300 N⋅m)
1996 3.8 L (231 in³) Buick L36 V6, 200 hp (149 kW) and 225 lb⋅ft (305 N⋅m)
Fourth generation (1997–2004)[edit]
Fourth generation
1997–2004 Buick Regal GSE
Overview
Also called
别克君威 (Buick Regal)
Chevrolet Lumina (Philippines)
Model years
North America: 1997–2004
China: 1999–2008
Argentina: 2000–2006
Philippines: 2005–2006
Assembly
Canada: Oshawa, Ontario, GM Canada
China: Shanghai, Shanghai GM
Body and chassis
Class
Midsize (EPA)
Body style
4-door sedan
Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive
Platform
W-body 2nd Gen
Related
Buick Century
Chevrolet Impala
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Oldsmobile Intrigue
Pontiac Grand Prix
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L L34 I4 (China)
2.5 L LB8 V6 (China)
3.0 L LW9 V6 (China)
3.8 L 3800 Series II V6
Transmission
5-speed manual (China, 2.0 L only)
4-speed 4T60-E automatic
4-speed 4T65-E automatic
4-speed 4T65-E HD automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
109.0 in (2,769 mm)
Length
196.2 in (4,983 mm)
Width
72.7 in (1,847 mm)
Height
56.6 in (1,438 mm)
Chronology
Successor
Buick LaCrosse
See also: Buick Century § 1997–2005
1997–2004 Buick Regal sedan
In 1997, the Century and the Regal once again became versions of the same car, only offered as a four-door sedan, and sitting on a revised W platform that was shared with the Oldsmobile Intrigue, the Pontiac Grand Prix, the Chevrolet Lumina and Chevrolet Monte Carlo. Differences between the Regal and Century were mostly cosmetic. As the upmarket version, the Regal offered larger engines and fancier trim, and once again boasted a newer version of the 3.8 L V6. While the Century was mainly a reliable, economy-minded car based upon the W-body, the Regal was fitted with many amenities, including heated leather seats (optional on the Century), a Monsoon 8-speaker surround sound system, dual climate control, and expansive interior space. Few changes occurred during this version's seven-year run. It offered 5-passenger seating on all trim levels like the Pontiac Grand Prix and Oldsmobile Intrigue (formerly Cutlass Supreme), unlike their predecessors that had optional 6-passenger seating and the Buick Century (formerly built on the A platform) which had standard 6-passenger seating.
This period held the fastest Buick since the days of the 1991-1996 Roadmaster, the Buick Regal GS. This car was now supercharged instead of turbocharged, and produced 240 hp (180 kW) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque. When introduced in 1997, Buick advertised the Regal as the "car for the supercharged family". Buick also released two other model types, the LSE and the GSE. The LSE stayed with the 200 hp (150 kW) engine with upgrades and the GSE stayed with the 240 hp (180 kW) supercharged engine with upgrades. Also, in 2000 Buick came out with a concept GSX that had an intercooled 3.8 L, but was supercharged rather than turbocharged. It had 295.24 hp (220.16 kW)
The North American Regal was replaced in 2005 by the Buick LaCrosse, also built on the W platform. The final 2004 Buick Regal rolled off the assembly line on June 1, 2004.[2]
Engines[edit]
1997–2004 3.8 L L36 Series II V6
1997–2004 3.8 L L67 Series II supercharged V6
Regal LS and GS performance[edit]
The 3800 Series II L67 Supercharged engine in a 1998 GS
The Regal LS from the factory had a 1/4 mile (~400 m) elapsed time (ET) of 15.8 seconds and could do 0-60 mph in under 8 seconds. The supercharged Regal GS had a 1/4 mile ET of 14.9 seconds, and acceleration to 60 mph (100 km/h) took 6.7 seconds.[8] The Regal GS, equipped with the supercharged 3.8 liter V6 engine (L67) produced 240 hp (180 kW) & 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque. The Regal GS's PCM has programming that activates torque management to reduce wheel spin at launch. The Regal LS was EPA rated at 19/30 MPG city/freeway while the supercharged Regal GS was EPA rated at 18/27 MPG city/freeway.
Regal LSX and GSX (SLP Performance)[edit]
SLP Performance offered dealer-installed options and dealer supplied accessories for both LS and GS models.
The three power train packages, referred to as stages, added between 15-30 HP. Performance tires, handling and braking, and lowering options were offered along with interior and exterior cosmetic options.[9]
Joseph Abboud Edition[edit]
From 2001 to 2004 Buick offered a Joseph Abboud appearance package on both the GS and LS models. This package included either a solid taupe or two-tone taupe/chestnut leather seats, two-tone leather wrapped steering wheel, leather shifter handle and boot, 16" aluminum wheels; and Joseph Abboud signature emblems on the front doors, floor mats, front seat head rests, and taillights.
China[edit]
1999–2008 Buick Regal (China)
Buick Regal rear (China)
General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) established a joint venture in 1997 called Shanghai GM, and had begun assembling the Buick Regal in Shanghai, China in April 1999.[10][11][12]
The Regal has sold well in the Chinese market as a large, relatively luxurious model, despite its high price, costing more than the North American version. The Chinese market Regal has slightly different frontal sheetmetal compared to the North American version and different engines including the 2.0 L L34, the 2.5 L LB8 V6 and the 3.0 L LW9 V6. Gearbox choices were a 4 speed automatic for V6 models while four cylinder variants are paired with a 5 speed manual gearbox. V6 models had a set of black dashboard gauges while the four cylinder models had white dashboard gauges. These models also had slightly different names: the entry-level model was the New Century, with more upscale models carrying the GL and GLX names. Later, G and GS models were added. Production for this generation ended in November 2008 in China being replaced the Opel Insignia based Regal.
Fifth generation (2011–2017)[edit]
Fifth generation
2011 Buick Regal CXL
Overview
Also called
Opel Insignia
Vauxhall Insignia
Chevrolet Vectra
Holden Insignia
Production
2008–2017
Model years
China: 2009–2017
North America: 2011–2017
Assembly
China: November 2008–2017 (Shanghai General Motors)
Germany: 2009–February 2011 (Opel Rüsselsheim Assembly)[13]
Canada: Oshawa, Ontario February 2011–2017 (General Motors Canada)
Designer
Mark Adams
Malcolm Ward
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size
Body style
4-door sedan
Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive
Platform
Epsilon II
Related
Buick LaCrosse
Chevrolet Malibu
Cadillac XTS
Saab 9-5
Powertrain
Engine
1.6 L Family 1 I4 (turbo gasoline) (China Only)
2.0 L LTD I4 (gasoline) (China Only)
2.0 L LDK I4 (turbo gasoline)
2.0 L LHU I4 (turbo gasoline)
2.0 L LTG I4 (turbo gasoline)
2.4 L LE5 I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L LAF I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L LEA I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L LUK I4 (gasoline)
Transmission
6-speed Hydra-Matic 6T40 automatic
6-speed Hydra-Matic 6T50 automatic
6-speed Hydra-Matic 6T70 automatic
6-speed Aisin AF40 automatic
6-speed Aisin F40 manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
107.8 in (2,738 mm)
Length
190.2 in (4,831 mm)
Width
73.1 in (1,857 mm)
Height
58.4 in (1,483 mm)
Curb weight
3,600 lb (1,600 kg) (2011 CXL)
3,671 lb (1,665 kg) (2011 CXL Turbo)
Chronology
Predecessor
Buick LaCrosse
See also: Opel Insignia
Buick Regal
The fifth-generation Buick Regal is a four-door, five-passenger, midsized sedan with a front engine, front-wheel drive layout.[14] GM says that the Regal is helping General Motors attract new, younger customers to the Buick brand. According to GM published information, more than 41% of Regal buyers in the US are coming from non-General Motors brands, and more than 60% of CXL Turbo buyers are under the age of 55.[15]
Development[edit]
The fifth generation Buick Regal rides on GM's Epsilon II platform and is mostly identical to the Opel Insignia. It first went into production in Rüsselsheim, Germany, in 2008.[16][17] The Shanghai GM twin of the Insignia was introduced in China as Buick Regal in December, 2008 for the 2009 model year.
GM originally planned to sell a modified version of the Opel Insignia in North America as the second generation Saturn Aura, but changed strategy after deciding to discontinue the Saturn brand.[18]
The Regal utilizes unibody construction with galvanized steel front fenders, hood, roof and door panels and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) bumper covers.[16]
The North American Regal weighs about 13 pounds more than an equivalent Opel Insignia due to increased structural support in the B-pillar necessary to meet U.S. rollover standards.[19]
Marketing[edit]
GM revealed the fifth generation Regal to North American dealers on October 14, 2009, and introduced the Regal to the public in November, 2009 at the LA Auto Show.[20] Sales of the Regal began in February 2010. In North America, the Regal is positioned below the larger, more expensive LaCrosse and above the Verano compact sedan which debuted late in calendar year 2011.
Production[edit]
Chinese variant of the Regal
Production of the Shanghai GM variant of the Regal began in November 2008 and ended in July 2017.
North American production at General Motors of Canada's Oshawa, Ontario, assembly plant was confirmed on November 25, 2009, and production began at Oshawa Car Assembly in February 2011.[21][22] The initial production for the North American market was done together with its Opel twin the Opel Insignia in the Adam Opel AG's Rüsselsheim, Germany assembly plant from 1 March 2010 to 25 March 2011 (33,669 cars in 2010 and 12,637 in 2011).[23][24]
Trim Levels[edit]
CXL[edit]
The Regal debuted in North America with a single engine, the 2.4L DOHC I4 engine and was rated at 182 hp (136 kW) and 172 pound-feet (233 N⋅m) of torque. The 2.4L engine is mated to a GM Hydra-Matic 6T45 six-speed
The 2011 Regal produced in North America was offered in one trim level, called CXL, and was offered with two engine choices and seven option packages. Buick had planned to offer a lower-level trim called CX with cloth seats and a higher level trim called CXS, but those trim levels have not yet been offered.[25]
CXL Turbo[edit]
The CXL Turbo comes equipped with a turbocharged 2.0L direct-injected Ecotec DOHC I4 rated at 220 hp (164 kW) and 258 pound-feet (350 N⋅m) of torque, mated to either an Aisin AF40 6-speed automatic or a 6-speed manual transmission, making the Regal Turbo the first Buick model to be offered with a manual transmission since the Buick Skyhawk ended production in 1989. The 2.0L turbo is the first direct-injected turbocharged production car capable of running on any blend of gasoline or E85 ethanol.[26]
GS[edit]
2011 Buick Regal GS
At the 2010 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, GM showed a concept GS version of the Regal based on the Opel Insignia OPC and the Vauxhall Insignia VXR. The concept featured a 2.0L, 270 hp (200 kW), 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) high-output DOHC I4 turbocharged Ecotec engine, a 6-speed manual transmission and all-wheel drive.
The production GS leaves most of the concept specifications intact, but is front-wheel drive. The GS features Buick's Interactive Drive Control System with GS mode, a choice of an FGP Germany F40-6 six-speed manual or Aisin AF-40 (G2) six-speed automatic transmission, high performance brakes with Brembo front calipers and high performance strut (HiPerStrut) front suspension. 19 inch wheels will be standard and 20 inch forged aluminum wheels will be available. The GS is expected to accelerate from zero to 60 miles per hour in under seven seconds. The production version is equipped with GS-only high-output version of the Ecotec 2.0L turbo engine with 270 hp (201 kW) and 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) of torque. The GM LHU engine used in the GS trim makes 135 hp per liter - Buick’s highest specific output ever.[27] The GS went on sale in fall 2011 as a 2012 model.[28][29]
The Shanghai GM variant of Regal GS went on sale in China on September 15, 2011. This car has been localized. The output of the 2.0L Turbo SIDI engine is 162 kW (217 hp), which is about 40 kW less than the production US-model. The Torque is 350 newton metres (258 lb⋅ft). and the top speed is claimed as 232 km/h. The car is only offered in this case as a front-wheel-drive. There exist also some interior and exterior differences between the American and Chinese models.[30][31]
Sport Touring Edition[edit]
For 2016, the Regal added a new Sport Touring Edition which included unique 18" aluminum black pocket wheels and a rear lip spoiler.
eAssist[edit]
2012 Buick Regal with optional eAssist hybrid system
Beginning in 2011, Buick began offering the eAssist system in the Regal, The 2012 model year Regal is the second GM vehicle to offer eAssist after the 2012 Buick LaCrosse. The eAssist system is standard in the LaCrosse, but the eAssist powertrain is optional in the Regal.
The eAssist system adds a lithium-ion battery housed in the trunk, along with regenerative braking, engine stop/start, fuel cut-off, grille louvres that close at speed, underbody panels and low-rolling resistance tires. The eAssist system adds up to 15 hp (11 kW) to the standard 2.4L Ecotec engine during acceleration. Fuel economy for the Regal with eAssist is estimated at 26 mpg‑US (9.0 L/100 km; 31 mpg‑imp) city, 37 mpg‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg‑imp) highway.[32]
2014 Update[edit]
2014 Buick Regal eAssist
GM revealed an updated 2014 Regal at the 2013 New York Auto Show. Changes include a revised interior and exterior, a boost in performance for the CXL Turbo up to 258 hp (192 kW) and 295 lb·ft (400 N·m) of torque, and an available all-wheel drive option offered for the 2.0L engine/6-speed automatic transmission equipped vehicles. Changes for the GS include revised interior and exterior, a drop in power to match that of the CXL Turbo, and available an all-wheel drive option offered for the 2.0L / six-speed automatic transmission equipped vehicles. The six-speed manual transmission is still offered, but only in the front-wheel drive variant. Buick's VentiPorts have reappeared starting with 2014 models, a styling feature unique to Buick dating back to 1949.
Several new safety features were added for the 2014 year, which include forward collision warning, lane-departure warning, blind-spot monitoring, rear cross-traffic alert, and a following-distance indicator. The foregoing are all part of a Driver Confidence package, while collision preparation, which pre-loads the brake system ahead of an imminent collision, and adaptive cruise control are available separately.[33]
Shanghai GM Regal Engines (Petrol)
Engine model
Type
Displacement
Power
Torque
Year
1.6T
I4 1,598 cc 179 PS (132 kW; 177 hp) at 5,800 rpm 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) at 2,200–5,400 rpm 2008–2017
2.0
1,998 cc 147 PS (108 kW; 145 hp) at 6,200 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,600 rpm
2.0T SIDI
1,998 cc 220 PS (162 kW; 218 hp) at 5,300 rpm 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–4,000 rpm
2.4
2,384 cc 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) at 6,400 rpm 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm 2008–2010
2.4 SIDI
2,384 cc 186 PS (137 kW; 183 hp) at 6,200 rpm 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm 2011–2017
Sixth generation (2018–present)[edit]
Sixth generation
Overview
Also called
别克君威 (Buick Regal; China)
Opel Insignia (Europe)
Vauxhall Insignia (United Kingdom)
Holden Commodore (ZB) (Australia)
Production
2017–present
Model years
2018–present
Designer
Mark Adams
Malcolm Ward
Body and chassis
Body style
4-door sedan (China)
4-door fastback (sportback)
5-door wagon[34]
Layout
FF/F4
Platform
E2XX platform
Related
Buick LaCrosse
Chevrolet Impala
Chevrolet Malibu
Rear view
2018 Buick Regal TourX
On April 4, 2017, an all-new sixth generation Buick Regal was introduced at its Design Dome in Warren, Michigan as a 2018 model in both fastback and station wagon versions. Buick Regal began sales in China on July 21, 2017.[35] Similar to the previous generation, it is related to the Opel and Vauxhall Insignia sold in Europe and Holden ZB Commodore in Australia, and like the previous generation, the vehicles were developed and are produced in Germany.
Regal Sportback[edit]
The fastback version of the Regal, now branded as Regal Sportback, is the replacement for the Regal sedan. Its design has a sedan-like feature based on its appearance. It has grown larger in size, and is around 300 to 500 pounds lighter than the previous Regal.[36] It carries two versions of the LTG 2.0 L Turbocharged inline-4 engine. Front-wheel drive models produce 250 hp (186 kW) @ 5400 rpm and 260 lb⋅ft (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm, while the all-wheel drive model produces 250 hp (186 kW) @ 5500 and 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) @ 3000 rpm, respectively.[37]
Regal TourX[edit]
The station wagon variant, named Regal TourX, was also introduced and went on sale at the same time as the hatchback, marking the first time since the demise of the Roadmaster in 1996 that Buick had a station wagon in its lineup. The TourX competes against the Volvo V60 Cross Country, Audi A4 Allroad, Subaru Outback, and BMW 3 Series wagon, and offers up to 73.5 cubic feet of storage space behind the front seats, but only comes in all-wheel drive, along with a LTG turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder producing an estimated 250 hp (186 kW) and 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) mated with an eight-speed automatic transmission.[34] The TourX is not available in Canada.
GS[edit]
The 2018 GS is the performance version of sixth generation Regal. This generation of GS sports a 3.6 liter LGX V6 engine producing 310hp, signals return of V6 usage in a mid-size Buick after a hiatus of 13 years. This V6 engine makes GS the most powerful production Buick, (along with third generation LaCrosse).
Sales[edit]
Calendar year
United States
China
Canada
2009 N/A 79,930 N/A
2010 12,326 79,358 820
2011 40,144 78,844 2,846
2012 26,383 85,440 1,767
2013 18,685 86,050 740
2014 22,560 111,245 816
2015 19,504 110,637 968
2016 19,833 69,300 841
2017 11,559 662
See also[edit]
Buick Gran Sport
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Tan, Paul (2008-11-05). "New Buick Regal for China based on Insignia". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Driven Media Sdn Bhd. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2011-05-29. The new Opel Insignia (badged as a Vauxhall in the UK) is now in China, badged as a Buick. The Insignia is wearing the Buick Regal badge...
Jump up ^ Kranz, Rick (2011-05-18). "Buick will get rebadged, redesigned Astra, report says". autonews.com. Crain Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-05-30. With Saturn's demise, Buick was selected to market a few rebadged Opel cars. For example, the current Insignia is marketed here as the Buick Regal, a key vehicle in the brand's turnaround.
Jump up ^ Lassa, Todd (November 2009). "2011 Buick Regal". motortrend.com. MotorTrend Magazine, Source Interlink Media. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2011-05-30. Retrieved 2011-05-30. The 2.4 comes with a GM Hydra-Matic 6T45 six-speed automatic, while the turbo comes with an Aisin AF40 six-speed automatic.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buick Regal.
Buick Regal official website - Canada
Buick Regal Official US Website
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