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Euthyphro
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Henri Estienne's 1578 edition of Euthyphro, parallel Latin and Greek text.
Euthyphro (/ˈjuːθɪfroʊ/; Ancient Greek: Εὐθύφρων, translit. Euthyphrōn; c. 399–395 BC), by Plato, is a Socratic dialogue whose events occur in the weeks before the trial of Socrates (399 BC), between Socrates and Euthyphro.[1] The dialogue covers subjects such as the meaning of piety and justice.
Contents
1 Background
2 The argument
3 Piety defined
3.1 First definition
3.2 Second definition
3.3 Third definition
3.4 Fourth definition
4 Euthyphro's response
5 Final definition
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The Euthyphro dialogue occurs near the court of the archon basileus (king magistrate), where Socrates and Euthyphro encounter each other; each man is present at the court for the preliminary hearings to possible trials (2a).
Euthyphro has come to present charges of murder against his own father who, after arresting one of his workers for killing a slave from the family estate on Naxos Island, tied him and threw him in a ditch where he died of exposure to the elements without proper care and attention (3e–4d) while Euthyphro's father awaited to hear from the exegetes (cf. Laws 759d) about how to proceed. Socrates is astonished by Euthyphro's confidence in being able to prosecute his own father for the serious charge of manslaughter, despite the fact that Athenian Law allows only relatives of the dead man to file suit for murder. (Dem. 43 §57) Euthyphro dismisses the astonishment of Socrates, which confirms his overconfidence in his own critical judgment of matters religious and ethical.
In an example of Socratic irony, Socrates says that Euthyphro obviously has a clear understanding of what is pious or holy (τὸ ὅσιον to hosion) and impious or unholy (τὸ ἀνόσιον to anosion).[2] Because he is facing a formal charge of impiety, Socrates expresses the hope to learn from Euthyphro, all the better to defend himself in the trial, as he himself is being accused of religious transgressions.
Euthyphro says that what lies behind the charge of impiety presented against Socrates, by Meletus and the others, is Socrates' claim that he is subjected to a daimon, (divine sign) which warns him of various courses of action. (3b) From the perspective of some Athenians, Socrates expressed scepticism of the accounts about the Greek gods, which he and Euthyphro briefly discuss, before proceeding to the main argument of their dialogue: the definition of "piety". Moreover, Socrates further expresses critical reservations about such divine accounts that emphasise the cruelty and inconsistent behaviour of the Greek gods, such as the castration of the early sky-god Uranus, by his son Cronus; a story Socrates said is difficult to accept. (6a–6c)
After claiming to know and be able to tell more astonishing divine stories, Euthyphro spends little time and effort defending the conventional, Greek view of the gods. Instead, he is led to the true task at hand, as Socrates forces him to confront his ignorance, by pressing Euthyphro for a definition of "piety"; yet, Socrates finds flaw with each definition of "piety" proposed by Euthyphro.(6d ff.)
At the dialogue's conclusion, Euthyphro is compelled to admit that each of his definitions of "piety" has failed, but, rather than correct his faulty logic, he says that it is time for him to leave, and excuses himself from their dialogue. To that end, Socrates concludes the dialogue with Socratic irony: Since Euthyphro was unable to define "piety", Euthyphro has failed to teach Socrates about piety. Therefore, from his dialogue with Euthyphro, Socrates received nothing helpful to his defense against a formal charge of impiety. (15c ff.)
The argument[edit]
A Roman bust of Socrates (Louvre)
Socrates asks Euthyphro to offer him a definition of piety or holiness. The purpose of establishing a clear definition is to provide a basis for Euthyphro to teach Socrates the answer to the question: "What is piety?" Ostensibly, the purpose of the dialogue is to provide Socrates with a definitive meaning of "piety", with which he can defend against the charge of impiety in the pending trial.
Socrates seeks a definition of "piety" that is a universal (universally true), against which all actions can be measured to determine whether or not the actions are pious. That, to be universal, the definition of "piety" must express the essence of the thing defined (piety), and be defined in terms of genus, species, and the differentiae.
Hence, the Euthyphro dialogue is technically important for the dialectics of theology, ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics. Indeed, Plato's approach in this dialogue is anachronistic, because it is unlikely that Socrates was a master metaphysician; nonetheless, Aristotle's expositional treatment of metaphysics[citation needed] is rooted in the Platonic dialogues, especially in the Euthyphro.
Piety defined[edit]
Ostensibly in order to better defend himself in an upcoming trial for being an impious citizen of Athens, Socrates asks Euthyphro for a clear definition of piety (holiness); he offers Socrates four definitions.
First definition[edit]
Euthyphro's first definition of piety is what he is doing now, that is, prosecuting his father for manslaughter (5d). Socrates rejects Euthyphro's action, because it is not a definition of piety, and is only an example of piety, and does not provide the essential characteristic that makes pious actions pious.
Second definition[edit]
Euthyphro's second definition: Piety is what is pleasing to the gods. (6e–7a) Socrates applauds this definition, because it is expressed in a general form, but criticizes it saying that the gods disagree among themselves as to what is pleasing. This means that a given action, disputed by the gods, would be both pious and impious at the same time – a logical impossibility. Euthyphro argues against Socrates' criticism, by noting that not even the gods would disagree, among themselves, that someone who kills without justification should be punished. Yet Socrates argues that disputes would still arise – over just how much justification actually existed; hence, the same action could be pious and impious; again, Euthyphro's definition cannot be a definition of "piety".
Third definition[edit]
To overcome Socrates' objection to his second definition of piety, Euthyphro amends his definition. (9e)
Euthyphro's third definition of piety is: "What all the gods love is pious, and what they all hate is impious." In reply, Socrates poses the question that would eventually become known in philosophy as the Euthyphro dilemma: "Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious? Or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?". Euthyphro seems unsure as to what the question means and so Socrates applies a dialectic technique: an analogy, to clarify his question (10a). He persuades Euthyphro to agree that when we call a thing "carried", it simply because it is being carried by someone and not because it possesses an inherent characteristic, which could be called "carried". That is, "being carried" is not an essential trait of the thing being carried but a condition, a state of that the object is currently in. He then moves to what we call "beloved" (φιλούμενόν filoumenon). Is something "beloved" in and of itself (like being big or red), or does it become beloved when it is loved by someone? Clearly, the answer is again the latter, something becomes beloved when it is loved. So then, continues Socrates, something beloved by the gods (θεοφιλές theofiles) becomes so because it is loved by them, to which Euthyphro agrees and Socrates moves to the conclusion that reveals his contradiction: What is beloved by the gods cannot be pious. Euthyphro seems to be taken aback so Socrates reminds him the definitions he gave previously (10e). He had said that something is loved by the gods because it is pious, which means that their love follows from something inherent in the pious. And yet they just agreed that what is beloved is put in that state as a result of being loved. So piety cannot belong to what is beloved by the gods since according to Euthyphro it does not acquire its characteristics by something (the act of being loved) by has then a priori, in contrast to the things that are beloved that are put in this state through the very act of being loved. It seems therefore that Euthyphro's third argument is flawed.
At that juncture of their dialogue, Euthryphro does not understand what makes his definition of "piety" a circular argument; he agrees with Socrates that the gods like an action because it is pious. Socrates then argues that the unanimous approval of the gods is merely an attribute of "piety", that divine approval is not a defining characteristic of "piety". That divine approval does not define the essence of "piety", does not define what is "piety", does not give an idea of "piety"; therefore, divine approval is not a universal definition of "piety".
Linguistic note
Socrates argument is convoluted not only because of its structure but because of the language used, and is said to have "reduced translators to babble and driven commentators to despair".[3] The text presents the argument through a distinction between the active and the passive voice, as for example when Socrates asks about the difference between a "carried thing" (φερόμενον) and "being carried" (φέρεται), both using the word "carried" in the English translation.
Fourth definition[edit]
In the second half of the dialogue, Socrates suggests a definition of "piety", which is that "piety is a species of the genus 'justice'" (12d),[4] but he leads up to that definition with observations and questions about the difference between species and genus, starting with the question:
... Are you not compelled to think that all that is pious is just?
Yet, Socrates later says that the information provided in his question to Euthyphro is insufficient for a clear definition of "piety", because piety belongs to those actions we call just, that is, morally good; however, there are actions, other than pious actions, which we call just (12d); for example, bravery and concern for others. Socrates asks: What is it that makes piety different from other actions that we call just? We cannot say something is true, because we believe it to be true. We must find proof.
Euthyphro's response[edit]
In response, Euthyphro says that piety is concerned with looking after the gods (12e), but Socrates objects, saying that "looking after", if used in its ordinary sense (with which Euthyphro agrees) would imply that when one performs an act of piety one thus makes one of the gods better – an example of hubris, a dangerous human emotion frowned upon by the Greek gods. (13c) In turn, Euthyphro responds that "looking after" involves service to others, and Socrates asks: What is the end product of piety? Euthyphro replies with his earlier (third) definition, that: Piety is what is loved by all the gods. (14b)
Final definition[edit]
Euthyphro then proposes a fifth definition: "Piety is an art of sacrifice and prayer". He proposes the notion of piety as a form of knowledge, of how to do exchange: Giving gifts to the gods, and asking favours in return. (14e) Socrates presses Euthyphro to say what benefit the gods perceive from human gifts – warning him that "knowledge of exchange" is a species of commerce. (14e) Euthyphro objects that the gifts are not a quid pro quo, between man and deity, but are gifts of "honour, esteem, and favour", from man to deity. (15a) In other words, Euthyphro admits that piety is intimately bound to the likes of the gods. The dialogue has come full circle, and Euthyphro leaves Socrates without a clear definition of "piety" as he faces a trial for impiety (ἀσέβεια asebeia).
See also[edit]
Divine command theory
Euthyphro dilemma
Dialectic
Socratic dialogues
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ a Greek given name meaning "Right-minded, sincere"; entry "εὐθύφρων" attempt to establish a definitive meaning for the word piety in Liddell, Scott, & Jones, An English–Greek Lexicon.
Jump up ^ Stephanus page 5d: λέγε δή, τί φῂς εἶναι τὸ ὅσιον καὶ τί τὸ ἀνόσιον.
Jump up ^ Cohen, S. Marc (1971). "Socrates on the Definition of Piety: Euthyphro 10A–11B". Journal of the History of Philosophy. 9: 4.
Jump up ^ Stephanus page 12d: μόριον γὰρ τοῦ δικαίου τὸ ὃσιον.
References[edit]
R. E. Allen: Plato's "Euthyphro" and the Earlier Theory of Forms. London 1970, ISBN 0-7100-6728-3.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Euthyphro
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Euthyphro
Plato, Euthyphro (Original Greek Text)
Translated by Woods & Pack, 2007
Bundled with Socrates' Defense (aka Apology), Crito, and the death scene from Phaedo
Translated by Jowett, 1891 at the Classics Archive
G. Theodoridis, 2017: full-text translation
Euthyphro public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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United States Department of the Interior
Seal of the U.S. Department of the Interior
Flag of the U.S. Department of the Interior

Main Interior Building
Agency overview
Formed
March 3, 1849; 168 years ago (1849-03-03)
Type
Department
Headquarters
Main Interior Building
1849 C Street NW
Washington, D.C., U.S.
38°53′37.11″N 77°2′33.33″W / 38.8936417°N 77.0425917°W / 38.8936417; -77.0425917
Employees
70,003 (2012)[1]
Annual budget
$20.7 billion (2013)[2]
Agency executives
Ryan Zinke, Secretary
David L. Bernhardt, Deputy Secretary
Website
www.DOI.gov
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is the United States federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, territorial affairs, and insular areas of the United States. About 75% of federal public land is managed by the department, with most of the remainder managed by the United States Department of Agriculture's United States Forest Service.[3]
The Department is administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior, who is a member of the Cabinet of the President. The current Secretary is Ryan Zinke. The Inspector General position is currently vacant, with Mary Kendall serving as acting Inspector General.[4][5]
Despite its name, the Department of the Interior has a different role from that of the interior ministries of other nations, which are usually responsible for police matters and internal security. In the United States, national security and immigration functions are performed by the Department of Homeland Security primarily and the Department of Justice secondarily.
The Department of the Interior has often been humorously called "The Department of Everything Else" because of its broad range of responsibilities.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation of the department
1.2 Early and later years of the department
2 American Indians
3 Operating units
4 Controversy
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Formation of the department[edit]
A department for domestic concern was first considered by the 1st United States Congress in 1789, but those duties were placed in the Department of State. The idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James Polk. The 1846–48 Mexican–American War gave the proposal new steam as the responsibilities of the federal government grew. Polk's Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, became a vocal champion of creating the new department.[citation needed]
In 1849, Walker stated in his annual report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. He noted that the General Land Office had little to do with the Treasury and also highlighted the Indian Affairs office, part of the Department of War, and the Patent Office, part of the Department of State. Walker argued that these and other bureaus should be brought together in a new Department of the Interior.[citation needed] A bill authorizing its creation of the Department passed the House of Representatives on February 15, 1849, and spent just over two weeks in the Senate. The Department was established on March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. 395), the eve of President Zachary Taylor's inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was delayed by Democrats in Congress who were reluctant to create more patronage posts for the incoming Whig administration to fill. The first Secretary of the Interior was Thomas Ewing.
Early and later years of the department[edit]
Many of the domestic concerns the Department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other Departments. Other agencies became separate Departments, such as the Bureau of Agriculture, which later became the Department of Agriculture. However, land and natural resource management, American Indian affairs, wildlife conservation, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior.[citation needed]
As of mid-2004, the Department managed 507 million acres (2,050,000 km²) of surface land, or about one-fifth of the land in the United States. It manages 476 dams and 348 reservoirs through the Bureau of Reclamation, 410 national parks, monuments, seashore sites, etc. through the National Park Service, and 544 national wildlife refuges through the Fish and Wildlife Service. Energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28% of the nation's energy production.[citation needed]
American Indians[edit]
Within the Interior Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs handles some federal relations with Native Americans, while others are handled by the Office of Special Trustee. The current acting Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin.
The Department has been the subject of disputes over proper accounting for Native American Trusts set up to track the income and distribution of monies that are generated by the Trust and specific Native American lands, which the government leases for fees to companies that extract oil, timber, minerals, and other resources. Several cases have sought an accounting of such funds from departments within the Interior and Treasury (such as the Minerals Management Service), in what has been a 15-year-old lawsuit. Some Native American nations have also sued the government over water-rights issues and their treaties with the US. In 2010 Congress passed the Claims Settlement Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-291), which provided $3.4 billion for the settlement of the Cobell v. Salazar class-action trust case and four Native American water rights cases.[7]
The $3.4 billion will be placed in a still-to-be-selected bank and $1.4 billion will go to individuals, mostly in the form of checks ranging from $500 to $1,500. A small group, such as members of the Osage tribe who benefit from huge Oklahoma oil revenues, will get far more, based on a formula incorporating their 10 highest years of income between 1985 and 2009. As important, $2 billion will be used to buy trust land from Native American owners at fair market prices, with the government finally returning the land to tribes. Nobody can be forced to sell.[8]
Operating units[edit]
The hierarchy of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Assistant Secretary for Policy, Management, and Budget
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and International Affairs
Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance
Office of International Affairs
Office of Native Hawaiian Relations
Office of Restoration and Damage Assessment
Office of Policy Analysis
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Budget, Finance, Performance and Acquisition
Office of Budget
Office of Financial Management
Office of Planning and Performance Management
FBMS Program Management Office
Office of Acquisition and Property Management
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Human Capital & Diversity
Office of Human Resources
Office of Occupational Safety and Health
Office of Strategic Employee and Organizational Development
Office of Youth, Partnerships and Service
Office of Civil Rights
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technology, Information and Business Services
Office of Collaborative Action and Dispute Resolution
Office of Valuation Services
Interior Business Center
Office of Hearings and Appeals
Office of Facilities and Administrative Services
Office of the Chief Information Officer
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Safety, Resource Protection and Emergency Services (DAS-PRE)
Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
Office of Law Enforcement and Security (OLES)
Office of Wildland Fire
Office of Aviation Services (OAS)
Interagency Borderland Coordinator
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Natural Resources Revenue Management
Office of Natural Resources Revenue
Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks
National Park Service
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Management
Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)
Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
Office of Human Capital Management (OHCM)
Office of Planning and Policy Analysis (OPPA)
Office of Facilities, Environmental and Cultural Resources (OFECR)
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Economic Development
Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development (IEED)
Office of Indian Gaming (OIG)
Office of Self-Governance (OSG)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Office of Indian Services (OIS)
Office of Field Operations (OFO)
Office of Justice Services (OJS)
Office of Trust Services (OTS)
Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)
Office of External Affairs
Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs (OCLA)
Office of Public Affairs (OPA)
Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA)
Office of Regulatory Management (ORM)
Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management
Bureau of Land Management
Office of Surface Mining
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
Assistant Secretary for Water and Science
United States Geological Survey
Bureau of Reclamation
Assistant Secretary for Insular Areas
Office of Insular Affairs
Solicitor
Office of the Solicitor (SOL)
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
Office of General Counsel
Assistant Inspector General for Investigations
Office of Investigations
Assistant Inspector General for Audits, Inspections, and Evaluations
Office of Audits, Inspections, and Evaluations
Assistant Inspector General for Management
Office of Management
Associate Inspector General for External Affairs
Associate Inspector General for Whistleblower Protection
Strategy Management Office
Associate Inspector General for Communications
Chief Information Officer
Special Trustee for American Indians
Federal Executive Boards
Interior Museum
National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC)
Controversy[edit]
Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall was implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal of 1921. He was convicted of bribery in 1929, and served one year in prison, for his part in the controversy. A major factor in the scandal was a transfer of certain oil leases from the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy to that of the Department of the Interior, at Fall's behest.
Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt—already facing criticism related to his alleged hostility to environmentalism and his support of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interests, and for banning The Beach Boys from playing a 1983 Independence Day concert on the National Mall out of concerns of attracting "an undesirable element"—resigned abruptly after a September 21, 1983, speech in which he said about his staff: "I have a black, a woman, two Jews and a cripple. And we have talent."[9] Within weeks of making this statement, Watt submitted his resignation letter.[9][10]
Under the Administration of President George W. Bush, the Interior Department's maintenance backlog climbed from $5 billion to $8.7 billion, despite Bush's campaign pledges to eliminate it completely. Of the agency under Bush's leadership, Interior Department Inspector General Earl Devaney has cited a "culture of fear" and of "ethical failure." Devaney has also said, "Simply stated, short of a crime, anything goes at the highest levels of the Department of Interior."[11]
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Environmental policy of the United States
America's Great Outdoors Initiative
Texas General Land Office
References[edit]
Jump up ^ FY 2014 Interior Budget in Brief - Appendix O
Jump up ^ FY 2014 Interior Budget in Brief - Appendix A
Jump up ^ GAO, "Federal Land Management: Observations on a Possible Move of the Forest Service into the Department of the Interior", February 11, 2009
Jump up ^ "About the Inspector General". U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Oversight: The Office of the Inspector General for the Department of the Interior". Committee on Natural Resources. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "History", National Park Service web page. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Mary C., "Obama Hails Passage of Settlement for Native Americans, Black Farmers", The Huffington Post, 30 November 2010. Accessed 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Warren, James, "A Victory for Native Americans?", The Atlantic, 7 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b 556. James G Watt, US Secretary of the Interior., "Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations" (1988) via bartleby.com and Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ RMOA - Document
Jump up ^ "Bush legacy leaves uphill climb for U.S. parks", Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Crimes Against Nature by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (2004)
Utley, Robert M. and Barry Mackintosh; The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History; Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C.; 1989
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of the Interior.
Official website
Department of the Interior in the Federal Register
The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History
Sex, Drug Use and Graft cited in Interior Department New York Times, September 10, 2008
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Agencies under the United States Department of the Interior
Headquarters: Main Interior Building
Ryan Zinke, Secretary of the Interior
David L. Bernhardt, Deputy Secretary of the Interior
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
General Land Office
Bureau of Reclamation
Fish and Wildlife Service
Geological Survey
Office of Surface Mining
Interior Business Center
National Park Service
Office of Insular Affairs
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Smithsonian Institution
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
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Foreign Agricultural Service
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Rural Utilities Service
Food and Nutrition Service
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text:
V-twin engine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the two-cylinder V engine. For the Soviet V-2 tank engine from World War II, see Kharkiv model V-2. For other uses, see V2 (disambiguation).
Harley-Davidson Road King 45° transversely mounted V-twin.
A V-twin engine, also called a V2 engine, is a two-cylinder internal combustion engine where the cylinders are arranged in a V configuration. Although widely associated with motorcycles, V-twin engines are also produced for the power equipment industry and are often found in riding lawnmowers, small tractors and electric generators.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Configurations
2.1 Crankshaft configuration
2.2 V angles
3 Orientations
3.1 Transverse crankshaft mounting
3.2 Longitudinal crankshaft mounting
4 Automobile use
5 Commercial use
6 See also
7 References
8 See also
9 External links
History[edit]
Gottlieb Daimler's 1889 V-twin engine
Gottlieb Daimler built a V-twin engine in 1889. It was used as a stationary powerplant and to power boats.[1] It was also used in Daimler's second automobile, the 1889 Stahlradwagen ("steel-wheeled car").[2] The engine was also manufactured under licence in France by Panhard et Levassor.[3]
Princeps V-Twin (Nov 1902)
In November 1902 the Princeps AutoCar Co (UK) advertised a V-twin engined motorcycle,[4] and in 1903 V-Twins were produced by other companies, including the 90 degree XL-ALL[5] (made by Eclipse Motor & Cycle Co in the UK). Also, in 1903, Glenn Curtiss in the United States, and NSU in Germany began building V-twin engines for use in their respective motorcycles.[6] Peugeot, which had used Panhard-built Daimler V-twins in its first cars,[3][7] made its own V-twin engines in the early 20th century. A Norton motorcycle powered by a Peugeot V-twin engine won the first Isle of Man Tourist Trophy twin-cylinder race in 1907.[7]
Configurations[edit]
Crankshaft configuration[edit]
"Fork & blade" connecting rods
Most V-twin engines have a single crankpin, which is shared by both connecting rods. The connecting rods may sit side-by-side with offset cylinders, or they may be "fork & blade" items with cylinders in the same plane without an offset.
Some notable exceptions include the Moto Guzzi 500cc (with 120° V angle and 180° crank pin offset) that Stanley Woods rode to win the 1935 Isle of Man TT;[8] the 1983 Honda Shadow 750, claimed as being the first V-twin with an offset-dual-pin crankshaft;[9] and the 1987 Suzuki VX 800, 45° V angle with 45° crank pin offset in USA and 75° crank pin offset for the rest of the world.[10]
V angles[edit]
Generally, any two-cylinder engine with its two cylinders arranged more than 0° and less than 180° apart is referred to as a V-twin. Although Ducati uses the name "L-twin" for its 90° twin engine (with its front cylinder nearly horizontal and the rear cylinder almost vertical), there is no technical distinction between V-twin and L-twin engines; and these are merely names used by convention.
A 90° V-twin will, with a correct counterweight, yield perfect primary balance,[11] although its firing intervals are uneven. A V-twin with an angle of less than 90° is more compact and has more even firing intervals, but has significantly poorer mechanical balance. Offset crankpins are sometimes used to reduce the resulting vibration.[11]
V angle
Examples
18° Matchless Silver Arrow
20° Daimler engine used in 1889 Stahlrad motor car[2]
42° Indian Powerplus, Chief, Scout
45° Crocker Motorcycles
Harley-Davidson
Sokół 1000
Suzuki VX 800; Boulevard C50, M50, S50, S83
Honda VT1100 Shadow
Kurogane Type 95
47.5° Vincent Rapide Series A
48° Yamaha MT-01, XV1600, XV1700
49° Indian Thunder Stroke 111, Chief, Chieftain [12]
50° AJS S3
BSA Model E, G14, Y13
Husqvarna Motorcycles
Brough Superior SS100 (JAP engine)
Kawasaki Vulcan 1500, 1600
Matchless Model X
Victory Motorcycles
Vincent Rapide Series B, C
52° Honda:
VT400-VT800 Shadow
VTX Series
Transalp
Deauville
NT650/Hawk GT
XRV750 Africa Twin
Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 & 2000
54° Suzuki Boulevard:
C109R
M90
M109R
55° Kawasaki Vulcan 750, 800, 900
56.25° S&S X-Wedge Engine
60° Britten V1000
Harley-Davidson VRSC
Highland Motorcycles
Aprilia RSV Mille, Tuono (Rotax engines)
Yamaha XV250, XVS250, XV1300
70° Suzuki RGV250(VJ23)
Yamaha XVS650
72° Moto Morini 350, 500
Buell 1125R (Rotax engine)
Voxan
75° Hyosung GT250, GV250
KTM 1190 RC8
Yamaha TR1, Virago, XVS1100
77° Aprilia RXV/SXV
80° Honda CX series
Rotax 810, 660, 490
87° Moto Morini Corsaro 1200
90° Aprilia:
RS250
SL 750 Shiver
NA 850 Mana
Bimota V Due
Briggs & Stratton
Cagiva
Ducati
Folan 290
Gilera GP 800
Hesketh V1000
Honda:
VT250F Integra
VT250 Spada
VTR250 Interceptor
VTR1000
RC51
XL1000V
VT125 Shadow
XL125V Varadero
Hyosung GT650, GV650
Kawasaki Prairie 650, V-Force
Mazda
Moto Guzzi
Suzuki:
RGV250 (VJ21&VJ22)
SV650
SV1000
TL1000*
V-Strom
120° 1934 Moto Guzzi 500cc
170° Zündapp KS750[13]
Orientations[edit]
The terms longitudinal engine and transverse engine are most often used to refer to the crankshaft orientation,[14][15] however, some sources, most prominently Moto Guzzi, use the terminology in the opposite way.
A Moto Guzzi Technical Services representative tried to explain to LA Times columnist Susan Carpenter that Moto Guzzi engines are "called 'transverse' because the engine is mounted with the crankshaft oriented front to back instead of left to right."[16] In spite of this, it could be assumed that those who call V-twin motorcycle engines "transverse" when they are mounted with the crankshaft front-to-back and the cylinders sticking out the sides are saying that to them, the engine's axis is the line passing from one cylinder to the other, at a right angle to the crankshaft, rather than going by the crankshaft's axis.[17] Highly technical sources, such as V. Cossleter's Motorcycle Dynamics, or Gaetaeno Cocco's Motorcycle Design and Technology are careful not simply to use the terms "longitudinal engine" or "transverse engine," but rather to specify that they mark the engine's orientation based on the crankshaft, and so they will say "transverse crankshaft engine" or "longitudinal crankshaft engine",[14][18] or, conversely, "transversely mounted cylinders" in referenced to the classic BMW orientation, with a longitudinal crankshaft and cylinders at a right angle to the axis of the frame.[19]
Transverse crankshaft mounting[edit]
Honda 90° transversely mounted V-twin.
The engine can be mounted in transverse crankshaft position as on Harley-Davidsons, Ducatis and many recent Japanese motorcycles. This layout produces a twin cylinder motorcycle engine that is little or no wider than a single.[20] A narrower engine can be mounted lower in the frame with handling benefits.[citation needed] A disadvantage of this configuration for air-cooled engines is that the two cylinders receive different air-flows and cooling of the rear cylinder tends to be restricted.[21] Cooling problems are somewhat mitigated by having all "four" sides of each cylinder exposed to air flow. This differs from a parallel-twin cylinder engine which has a distinct front, back, and sides, but the inside of each cylinder is not exposed to airflow as the cylinders are typically joined together with a cam chain running up through the block in-between the cylinders.[citation needed]
Some transverse V-twins use a single carburettor in the middle of the V-angle to feed both cylinders. While this allows an economy of parts, it creates further cooling problems for the rear cylinder by placing its hot exhaust port and pipe at the back of the cylinder, where it may be exposed to less cooling airflow.
Some cooling strategies of transverse-crankshaft 90° V-twins
This air-cooled Ducati Monster 620 has a transverse crankshaft 90° V-twin with one cylinder lying horizontally, and one vertically, so that the rearward, vertical cylinder's air flow is less obstructed by the one in front.
Honda's VTR250 is similar, but the engine is not leaning forward, thus each cylinder is about 45° from vertical. The rear cylinder's air flow is blocked, but note this is a water-cooled engine, so what most matters is that the radiator is out in front with good air flow.
As the Ducati models get larger engines, they gain oil-, and then water-cooling, as in this Monster S4R S. Like the VTR250, the radiators are out in front, but the basic engine orientation retains the cooling advantages of the Monster 620.
Longitudinal crankshaft mounting[edit]
Moto Guzzi Jackal with a longitudinally mounted 90° V-twin.
The longitudinal crankshaft two-cylinder V as seen on Moto-Guzzis and some Hondas is less common. This orientation is suited to shaft drive, eliminating the need for a 90° bevel gear at the transmission end of the shaft. A longitudinal crankshaft engine fits neatly into a typical motorcycle frame, leaving ample room for the transmission, and cooling is facilitated by cylinder heads and exhausts protruding into the air stream.[22] Longitudinal crankshaft mounting is associated with a torque reaction that tends to twist the motorcycle to one side on sharp acceleration or when opening the throttle in neutral and in the opposite direction on sharp deceleration. Many modern motorcycle manufacturers correct for this effect by rotating flywheels or alternators in the opposite direction to that of the crankshaft.[23][24]
Automobile use[edit]
BSA made a V-twin car starting in 1921, then introduced a three-wheeler in 1929.[25]
V-twin engines, adapted from motorcycles, were featured in Morgan three-wheelers made from 1911 to 1939. Morgan introduced a new Morgan 3-Wheeler in 2011. A number of Morgan-inspired models are produced today including the Triking Cyclecar, which uses a Moto-Guzzi V-twin;[26] the Ace Cycle Car, which uses a V-twin Harley-Davidson engine;[27] and the JZR which uses engines from the Honda CX series.[28]
Mazda made 356 cc and 571 cc V-twins beginning in 1960 for the Mazda R360.[29][30]
V-twin engines installed in automobiles
JAP water-cooled V-twin engine installed in front of the radiator of a 1934 Morgan Super Sports three-wheeled cyclecar.
Air-cooled Mazda V-twin engine installed in the back of a Mazda R360 kei car.
Commercial use[edit]
Commercial equipment such as pressure washers, lawn and garden tractors, tillers, generators and water pumps use V-twin engines when that equipment is large enough to need more power, usually in excess of 16 horsepower, than can be provided by a single-cylinder engine. These V-twin engines have horizontal or vertical crankshafts, usually have 90-degree cylinder angles, and are usually forced-air–cooled. The V-twin configuration gives these engines a smaller footprint and less vibration, in the absence of balancing shafts, than other two-cylinder configurations.[citation needed]
Manufacturers of such engines include Briggs & Stratton with its Vanguard, Professional and Intek V-twin Series,[31] Honda with its V-twin series engines,[32] Kawasaki with its FD, FH, FS, and FX series,[33] Subaru with its EH series,[34] Tecumseh with its OV691EA and TVT691 engines,[35] and Kohler.[36]
See also[edit]
Flat-twin
Motorcycle engine
List of motorcycles by type of engine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Genta, Giancarlo (1997). Motor Vehicle Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 26. ISBN 9810229119. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Posthumus, Cyril (1977) [1977]. "Fathers of Invention". The story of Veteran & Vintage Cars. John Wood, illustrator (Phoebus 1977 ed.). London: Hamlyn / Phoebus. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-600-39155-8. But the engine, now fitted lower, in front of the rear axle, had progressed to become a narrow vee-twin with cylinders at 20°, and giving an estimated 1.6hp at 700 rpm.
^ Jump up to: a b Ling, Peter J. (1990). America and the Automobile: Technology, Reform and Social Change, 1893-1923. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-7190-3808-1. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
Jump up ^ Motor Cycling, November 12th, 1902
Jump up ^ "The Evolution of the Motor Cycle", Motor Cycle magazine, June 1st, 1922, pp700-706
Jump up ^ de Cet, Mirco, ed. (2002). The Illustrated Directory of Motorcycles. St. Paul, MN USA: Salamander Books. pp. 117, 340. ISBN 0-7603-1417-9. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Mick (2000). Mick Walker's European Racing Motorcycles. Tyne & Wear, UK: Redline Books. p. 92. ISBN 0-9531311-3-0. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
Jump up ^ Garson, Paul (2005-03-20). "I Coulda Had a V-8.... so I Did". Motorcycle.com. Verticalscope. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2010-04-18. By 1934 Guzzi offered a range of 175, 250 and 500cc models including full touring machines. The next year they raised the ante once again, challenging the all-vanquishing Norton at the legendary Isle of Man TT, basically a course the British racer owned lock, stock and single barrel thanks to a phenomenal rider, Scotsman Jim Guthrie. Moto Guzzi went to a Brit for riding skills, one Stanley Woods. They gave him a new racer featuring a 120-degree V-twin with offset cranks firing at 180 degrees with bevel gears and shafts driving the SOHC, good enough for 44 hp at 7500 rpm and 112 mph, on equal standing with the Norton. It had an ace up its sleeve so to speak in that it incorporated a type of pivoted-fork rear suspension while the frontend was a springer, a design that had never won a Senior TT due to its handling deficiencies, or so was thought. Guzzi had done some tweaking in that department as well. It also came equipped with a massive twin-leading shoe front brake, a 4-speed gearbox, and alloy wheels, another innovation to cut down unsprung weight. When the dust had settled and the calculations determined, the wreath of victory went to Woods and Moto Guzzi, leaving Norton as they say, gobsmacked. Not only that, the Guzzi had smashed the track lap record. The next day Moto Guzzi was world famous. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ "Honda: 1983 Shadow 750". Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Suzuki VX800". Cycle World: 36–37. July 1990. At some point in the motorcycle's development, the company changed the crankpin offset from 45 to 75 degrees in hope of creating a smoother-running motor. But just as production began, American Suzuki engineers decided that the new offset resulted is less mid-range power as well as a too-sanitized exhaust note, one that didn't sound very V-Twin-like. Presto, now the US models come with the 45-degree offset, while the rest of the world gets the 75-degree staggered crankpins.
^ Jump up to: a b Vittore Cossalter. "Shaking forces of twin engines". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
Jump up ^ http://www.indianmotorcycle.com/en-gl/press-releases/pages/03-11-13-thunder-stroke-111-launch.aspx?WT.ac=IND-engl-page-camp_press_releases
Jump up ^ Gantriis, Peter; Von Wartenberg, Henry (2008). The Art of BMW: 85 Years of Motorcycling Excellence. MotorBooks International. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-76033-315-0. The Zundapp (sic) was powered by an air-cooled 170-degree V-twin that was very similar in design that was very similar in design to the BMW boxer twins
^ Jump up to: a b Cossalter, Vittore (2006). Motorcycle Dynamics (Second ed.). Lulu.com. pp. 291–294. ISBN 978-1-4303-0861-4.
Jump up ^ Foale, Vittore. Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design: the art and science (Second ed.). Tony Foale. pp. 11–6. ISBN 978-84-933286-3-4.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Susan (2007-07-25), "Chaps aren't de rigueur, but a helmet, yes", ASK THROTTLE JOCKEY, According to my source at Moto Guzzi Technical Services, "The Guzzi engine is a 90-degree 'L' twin, actually, because the cylinders are oriented at 90 degrees, instead of a typical V twin that has a smaller angle ( 60-degree, 77-degree, etc.). It is called 'transverse' because the engine is mounted with the crankshaft oriented front to back instead of left to right. Because of this you cannot run a chain or belt drive directly to the rear wheel like in most motorcycles. This is why you have a separate gearbox that bolts to the engine and transfers the power to the rear wheel via the drive shaft. This is how it is done on the Moto Guzzi and a BMW.
Jump up ^
Coombs, Matthew; Haynes, John; Shoemark, Pete (2002), Motorcycle Basics (2nd ed.), Haynes, p. 1•31, ISBN 978-1-85960-515-8, The transversely mounted [cylinder] V-twin, as used to good effect for many years by Moto Guzzi, slots easily into the frame, and has excellent cooling as both heads are stuck out into the wind. It also provides the perfect set-up for using shaft drive.
Holmstrom, Darwin (2001), The Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles, Alpha Books, ISBN 978-0-02-864258-1, Ducati's engines, which are longitudinal (they are positioned lengthwise in the frame) most obviously display the "L" configuration, but Moto Guzzi's engines, which are transverse (arranged croswise in the frame), are also at 90 degrees.
New 2009 Moto Guzzi V7 Classic Honors Historic Roots, Moto Guzzi Spa, archived from the original on May 27, 2009, retrieved 2009-04-29, Just as importantly, the V7 became an instant technology trendsetter thanks to its innovative transverse, air-cooled V-twin engine with shaft drive.
Out of history, on to the road., Moto Guzzi Spa, archived from the original on March 26, 2009, retrieved 2009-04-29, We could, of course write a book about Moto Guzzi’s transverse V-Twin.
Grubb, Jake (March 1975), "Easy Riders Grand Touring Motorcycles for '75", Popular Mechanics, Hearst Magazines, 143 (3), p. 82, ISSN 0032-4558, retrieved 2009-04-29, Ducati 750 Sport with its clip-on handlebars and racing setup, is for those who want to do their touring stretched out prone! Engine is a longitudinal V-twin. ..The unique 90∘longitudinal engine produces enormous low and mid-range torque...Moto Guzzi 850T...An 850-cc 90° transverse V-twin engine...
Jump up ^ Cocco, Gaetano (2004), Motorcycle design and technology, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, pp. 117 ff, ISBN 978-0-7603-1990-1
Jump up ^ Heritage/History: Design/Technology (PDF), BMW Motorrad, archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007, ...the boxer had three unique innovations that would remain throughout its years in development:The engine design included transversely mounted cylinders, which were cooled by exposure to the passing air.
Jump up ^ Cocco, Gaetano (2004). "Chapter 11 The Engine". Motorcycle Design and Technology. St. Paul, MN USA: MotorBooks International. p. 117. ISBN 0-7603-1990-1. Retrieved 2013-05-28. In some construction layouts the transverse width is the same as a single-cylinder engine, which allows very narrow frames and bodywork with small frontal areas.
Jump up ^ Dean, Paul (May 2005). Edwards, David, ed. "Service: Oil miser". Cycle World. Newport Beach, CA USA: Hachette Filipacchi Media. 44 (5): 160. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2013-05-26. An air-cooled big-bore V-twin in particular can get very hot, especially the rear cylinder, which is not exposed to as much cooling air as the front.
Jump up ^ Coombs, Matthew; Haynes, John; Shoemark, Pete (2002), Motorcycle Basics (2nd ed.), Haynes, p. 1•31, ISBN 978-1-85960-515-8
Jump up ^ Friedman, Art; Trevitt, Andrew; Cherney, Andrew; Elvidge, Jamie; Brasfield, Evans (April 2000). "Sport Cruisers Comparison - Seven Sport-Cruiser Motorcycles". Motorcycle Cruiser. Source Interlink Media. "Take a Spin" section, paragraph 4. Archived from the original on 2010-05-02. Retrieved 2010-09-10. Though the Valkyrie also has a longitudinal crankshaft, this torque reaction has been eliminated by making some of the components, such as the alternator, spin the opposite direction of the engine. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ Battisson, Stephen (1997). "Developing the V6 - Taming The Beast". The Laverda V6. Stephen Battisson. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-09-10. By arranging the rest of the engine internals to rotate in the opposite direction to the crankshaft their forces are cancelled out without having to resort to the weight, complexity and friction associated with two crankshafts. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ Bobbitt, Malcolm (2004). Three Wheelers - Those were the days. Veloce Publishing Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-903706-81-7.
Jump up ^ "Triking". 3wheelers.com. Retrieved 2010-08-21. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ "Ace Cycle Car". Retrieved 2008-11-27.
Jump up ^ "JZR Vehicles". 3wheelers.com. Retrieved 2010-09-10. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ Adolphus, David Traver. "Hemmings Motor News: 1964 Mazda R360". Hemmings Motor News. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2010-08-21. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ "1962 Mazda R-360 Coupe "De Luxe"". The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum. Retrieved 2010-08-21. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ "Briggs & Stratton Riding Mower Engines". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Honda V-TWIN SERIES ENGINES". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Kawasaki ENGINE SERIES". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Subaru Robin". Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Tecumseh Power" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Kohler Engines". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
See also[edit]
List of motorcycles by type of engine
External links[edit]
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Billy Vera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Billy Vera
Birth name
William Patrick McCord
Born
(1944-05-28) May 28, 1944 (age 73)
Riverside, California, U.S.
Genres
R&B, pop, rock
Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter, actor, music historian
Instruments
Vocals, Guitar, Piano
Years active
1962–present
Labels
Atlantic, Alfa, Macola, Capitol, Rhino, Unidisc, Pool Party, Classic World
Associated acts
Judy Clay
Nona Hendryx
Website
www.billyvera.com
Billy Vera (born William Patrick McCord;[1] May 28, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, author and music historian. He has been a singer and songwriter since the 1960s, his most successful record being "At This Moment", a US number 1 hit in 1987. He continues to perform with his group Billy Vera & The Beaters, and won a Grammy Award in 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
1.1 1960s
1.2 1970s thru 1990s
1.3 2000s and 2010s
2 Discography
2.1 Chart singles
2.2 Albums
2.3 TV show theme songs
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Vera was born in Riverside, California, and is the son of the radio and television announcer Bill McCord. His mother, singer Ann Ryan, was a member of the Ray Charles Singers backing Perry Como on his TV show and his hit records.
1960s[edit]
He began his recording career in 1962 as a member of the Resolutions followed by the regional hit "My Heart Cries"/"All My Love" as Billy Vera & the Contrasts. He went on to a songwriting career in the 1960s, writing for Barbara Lewis, Fats Domino, The Shirelles and Ricky Nelson. He also wrote the garage band classic "Don't Look Back", performed by the Remains and later covered by Robert Plant.
In 1967 Vera, with Chip Taylor, penned "Storybook Children" and brought it to Atlantic Records. The groundbreaking decision to place former gospel singer Judy Clay with Vera in a white-black duet to record the song was a commercial and artistic success.[2] The duo became big favorites at Harlem's Apollo Theater and their follow-up, "Country Girl-City Man" also charted. He had a solo hit single later that same year with the Bobby Goldsboro penned "With Pen in Hand", which was also the name of his next album.
1970s thru 1990s[edit]
The 1970s were a slow period for Vera but 1979 began with his song "I Really Got the Feeling," a number 1 hit for Dolly Parton. During that decade he served as conductor for many oldies acts, including the Shirelles and Ronnie Spector as well as fronting the band at the 1972 Reunion concert of Dion & the Belmonts. Before moving to Los Angeles in 1979, he played many New York area clubs with his band which included Ben Beckley on drums, Tommy Wolk on bass, John Levanthal on guitar, and Joe Renda on keyboards.
Living in Los Angeles and writing songs for Warner Bros. Records, Vera and his old friend, bass player Chuck Fiore decided to put together a band to play the local club scene. Modeling their band on Ray Charles's 1950s band, The Beaters were born. They featured a horn section, as well as a pedal steel guitar, along with drums, piano, Fiore's bass, and Vera on guitar and vocals. As a result of the buzz the band generated from their now-legendary Monday midnight shows at the Troubadour, they were offered a recording contract by Alfa Records, a major Japanese record company that had recently opened an American office in Los Angeles. They recorded the band live,[3] at the Roxy and in 1981 yielded the minor hits "I Can Take Care of Myself," which reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S., and "At This Moment", which (initially) charted at number 79. Both songs were credited as Billy & The Beaters.
The band's record deal evaporated when Alfa Records closed its U.S. offices in July 1982, but Vera and the Beaters continued to play the clubs of Southern California. In 1985, a producer from the television show Family Ties was in the audience and heard the band play "At This Moment". The song was featured in 1985 as a backdrop for romantic interludes between characters Alex (Michael J. Fox) and Ellen (Tracy Pollan). Viewers responded by clamoring for the song, and in 1986, Rhino Records released By Request: The Best of Billy Vera & the Beaters, which featured the song. The single became a number one hit on its re-release,[4] reaching the top in January 1987, and remained on the charts for 15 weeks.
Before "At This Moment," Vera had a small career in movies and television including appearances in The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai, Late for Dinner, The Doors and soap opera Days of Our Lives. "At This Moment" propelled his movie career as he and the Beaters were featured prominently in the Bruce Willis movie Blind Date. He appeared in one episode of a TV series, Wiseguy and had several other roles on shows such as Baywatch, Boy Meets World, and a recurring role as Duke on Beverly Hills, 90210 as well as nine appearances on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. These roles would lead him into singing theme songs for TV shows, such as Empty Nest and The King of Queens, as well as voice acting on Cartoon Network cartoons. He served as band leader on Rick Dees' short-lived late-night talk show Into the Night on ABC in 1990.
During that period, Vera co-produced three Lou Rawls albums with his friend Michael Cuscuna, for Blue Note Records, including At Last, which reached number 1 on the Billboard jazz chart. Vera also produced Rawls's final album, Rawls Sings Sinatra, which remained on the jazz chart for over six months.[5] Rawls recorded seven of Vera's songs, including "If I Were A Magician" (1989), "Room With A View" and "You Can't Go Home". In 1990, Vera's tune "Papa Come Quick (Jody & Chico)" was included on Bonnie Raitt's album, Luck Of The Draw. Vera also recorded as a duo with Nona Hendryx on the 1992 album You Have To Cry Some Time.[2]
2000s and 2010s[edit]
Currently the Beaters are still playing the Southern California club scene, and Vera continues his work as a music historian. He has helped produce, archive, and write liner notes for over 200 reissue albums and sets, from artists such as Little Richard, Sam Cooke, Louis Jordan, Ray Charles, Louis Prima, among others.[citation needed]
Vera has been the voice for AM/PM Mini Mart commercials since 1999 and is one of the top voice-over artists in Los Angeles. "At This Moment" was included on Michael Bublé's number one album, Crazy Love. Vera's CD Hopeless Romantic: The Best Of Billy Vera & The Beaters, was issued on Shout Factory Records, and The Billy Vera Story was released on Rock Beat Records. With his old friend Evie Sands, Billy recorded "Queen of Diamonds/Jack of Hearts," a CD featuring songs by their early mentor Chip Taylor.[citation needed]
In 2015, Vera released Billy Vera: Big Band Jazz, a tribute to the black songwriters of the 1920s, 30s and 40s. It was issued on Varese-Sarabande Records, and Vera has appeared with a big 18 piece band in New York City, Hollywood and at various jazz festivals.[6]
Vera also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the corner of Vine Street and Yucca Street, right in front of the Capitol Records Building in Hollywood. He won a 2013 Grammy Award for Best Album Notes for the Ray Charles box set Singular Genius: The Complete ABC Singles".[7]
Book publishing came calling and in 2016 his first effort, Vintage Neon: Los Angeles, 1979, featuring photographs from Vera's nocturnal hunts for old neon signs was released. His second book, a memoir entitled Harlem to Hollywood was released in 2017. Reviews hailed it as "an astounding story...the purest treatise on the subject ever produced." Award winning documentarian Alan Swyer has directed a documentary on Billy Vera, also titled Harlem to Hollywood due out this year.
Discography[edit]
Chart singles[edit]
Year
Single
Chart Positions
US Pop[8]
US AC
US
R&B[9]
US
Country[10]
CAN
CAN AC
NL
1967 "Storybook Children"
Billy Vera & Judy Clay 54 - 20 - - 15 -
1968 "Country Girl - City Man"
Billy Vera & Judy Clay 36 - 41 - - - -
"When Do We Go"
Billy Vera & Judy Clay 107 - - - - - -
"With Pen in Hand" 43 25 - - 12 - -
"I've Been Loving You Too Long" 121 - - - - - -
1969 "The Bible Salesman" 112 - - - - - -
1981 "I Can Take Care of Myself"
Billy & The Beaters 39 - - - - - -
"At This Moment"
Billy & The Beaters 79 - - - - - -
1987 "At This Moment"
Billy Vera & The Beaters (reissue) 1 1 70 42 1 1 26
"She Ain't Johnnie" - - - 93 - - -
1988 "Between Like and Love" - 9 - - 70 6 -
1992 "Something Like Never Before" - - - - - - 53
Albums[edit]
Storybook Children (with Judy Clay, Atlantic, 1968)
With Pen In Hand (Atlantic, 1968)
Out Of The Darkness (Midsong International, 1977)
Billy & the Beaters (Alfa, 1981) (US #118)
Billy Vera (Alfa, 1982)
The Billy Vera Album (Macola, 1977 - re-released 1987)
By Requestː The Best of Billy Vera and the Beaters (Rhino, 1987) (US #17, CAN #13)
Retro Nuevo (Billy & the Beaters, Capitol, 1988)
You Have To Cry Sometime (with Nona Hendryx, Shanachie, 1992)
Out of the Darkness (Unidisc, 1994)
Oh What a Night (Billy & the Beaters, Pool Party, 1996)
Not For Sale (Billy Vera, Chance, 1999)
Something Like Nothing Before (Classic World Productions, 2002)
At This Moment: A Retrospective (Varese-Sarabande, 2002)
Hopeless Romantic: The Best of Billy Vera & the Beaters (Shout! Factory, 2008)
The Billy Vera Story (Rock Beat, 2011)
Big Band Jazz (Billy Vera, Varese-Sarabande, 2015)
TV show theme songs[edit]
"Life Goes On", Empty Nest (TV series)
"Answers", Roomies (TV series)
"You've Got Me", Baja Oklahoma (TV movie)
"Baby All My Life I Will Be Driving Home To You", The King of Queens
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Copyright Encyclopedia, "If I don't think of you"
^ Jump up to: a b Biography by Bill Dahl at Allmusic.com. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Pete (10 May 1981). "Zebop!' A Zinger". Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ DeKnock, Jan (29 January 1987). "Billy Vera Beaters Hold Off Madonna". The Day (New London). Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Haygood, Wil (7 January 2006). "Lou Rawls, The Voice Wrapped In Silk". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Sorensen, Big Jay. "This Week In History: The Monkees, Stevie Wonder, & Billy Vera", CBS New York (January 16, 2016).
Jump up ^ Ives, Brian. "Woody Guthrie, Ray Charles Collections and Bjork Album Win GRAMMYS", CBS Pittsburgh (February 10, 2013).
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 743. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-1995. Record Research. p. 461.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1994). Top Country Singles 1944-1993. Record Research. p. 393.
External links[edit]
Billy Vera on IMDb
Billy Vera's website
Billy Vera on MySpace
interview on Just My Show
Billy Vera Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2010)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 87514084
LCCN: n92019367
ISNI: 0000 0000 6639 9481
GND: 134581857
MusicBrainz: b64512f0-7027-4f7a-b684-bedf6971288a
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Vera&oldid=806782529"
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