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Motorboat
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"Powerboat" redirects here. For other uses, see Powerboat (disambiguation).
For the novel, see Speedboat (novel).
Not to be confused with Motor ship.
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A motorboat with an outboard motor
A motorboat, speedboat, or powerboat is a boat which is powered by an engine. Some motorboats are fitted with inboard engines, others have an outboard motor installed on the rear, containing the internal combustion engine, the gearbox and the propeller in one portable unit.
An inboard-outboard contains a hybrid of an and an outboard, where the internal combustion engine is installed inside the boat, and the gearbox and propeller are outside.
There are two configurations of an inboard, V-drive and direct drive. A direct drive has the powerplant mounted near the middle of the boat with the propeller shaft straight out the back, where a V-drive has the powerplant mounted in the back of the boat facing backwards having the shaft go towards the front of the boat then making a V towards the rear. The V-drive has become increasingly popular due to wakeboarding and wakesurfing.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
Lazzara 80 Sky Lounge enclosed bridge
Contents
1 History
1.1 Invention
1.2 Expansion
2 Hull Type
3 Racing
4 Motorsailers
5 Military Application
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Invention[edit]
Model of the first motor boat constructed by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in 1886
Although the screw propeller had been added to an engine (steam engine) as early as the 18th century in Birmingham, England, by James Watt, boats powered by a petrol engine only came about in the later part of the 19th century with the invention of the internal combustion engine.
The earliest boat to be powered by a petrol engine was tested on the Neckar River by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in 1886, when they tested their new "longcase clock" engine. It had been constructed in the former greenhouse (converted into a workshop) in Daimler's back yard.[1] The first public display took place on the Waldsee in Cannstatt, today a suburb of Stuttgart, at the end of that year.[2] The engine of this boat had a single cylinder of 1 horse power. Daimler's second launch in 1887 had a second cylinder positioned at an angle of 15 degrees to the first one, and was known as the "V-type".
The first successful motor boat was designed by the Priestman Brothers in Hull, England, under the direction of William Dent Priestman. The company began trials of their first motorboat in 1888.[3] The engine was powered with kerosene and used an innovative high-tension (high voltage) ignition system. The company was the first to begin large scale production of the motor boat, and by 1890, Priestman's boats were successfully being used for towing goods along canals.[4]
Another early pioneer was Mr. J. D. Roots, who in 1891 fitted a launch with an internal combustion engine and operated a ferry service between Richmond and Wandsworth along the River Thames during the seasons of 1891 and 1892. [5]
The eminent inventor Frederick William Lanchester recognized the potential of the motorboat and over the following 15 years, in collaboration with his brother George, perfected the modern motorboat, or powerboat. Working in the garden of their home in Olton, Warwickshire, they designed and built a river flat-bottomed launch with an advanced high-revving engine that drove via a stern paddle wheel in 1893. In 1897, he produced a second engine similar in design to his previous one but running on benzene at 800 r.p.m. The engine drove a reversible propeller. An important part of his new engine was the revolutionary carburettor, for mixing the fuel and air correctly. His invention was known as a "wick carburetor", because fuel was drawn into a series of wicks, from where it was vaporized. He patented this invention in 1905.[5]
The Daimler Company began production of motor boats in 1897 from its manufacturing base in Coventry. The engines had two cylinders and the explosive charge of petroleum and air was ignited by compression into a heated platinum tube. The engine gave about six horse-power. The petrol was fed by air pressure to a large surface carburettor and also an auxiliary tank which supplied the burners for heating the ignition tubes. Reversal of the propeller was effected by means of two bevel friction wheels which engaged with two larger bevel friction wheels, the intermediate shaft being temporarily disconnected for this purpose. It was not until 1901 that a safer apparatus for igniting the fuel with an electric spark was used in motor boats.[5]
Expansion[edit]
Dorothy Levitt won the first Harmsworth Cup, driving the Napier motor yacht in 1903
Interest in fast motorboats grew rapidly in the early years of the 20th century. The Marine Motor Association was formed in 1903 as an offshoot of the Royal Automobile Club. Motor Boat & Yachting was the first magazine to address technical developments in the field and was brought out by Temple Press, London from 1904. Large manufacturing companies, including Napier & Son and Thornycroft began producing motorboats.[4]
The first motorboating competition was established by Alfred Charles William Harmsworth in 1903. The Harmsworth Cup was envisioned as a contest between nations, rather than between boats or individuals. The boats were originally to be designed and built entirely by residents of the country represented, using materials and units built wholly within that country.[6]
The first competition, held in July 1903, at Cork Harbour in Ireland, and officiated by the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland and the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, was a very primitive affair, with many boats failing even to start.[6] The competition was won by Dorothy Levitt in a Napier launch designed to the specifications of Selwyn Edge. This motorboat was the first proper motorboat designed for high speed.[3] She set the world's first water speed record when she achieved 19.3 mph (31.1 km/h) in a 40-foot (12 m) steel-hulled, 75-horsepower Napier speedboat fitted with a three-blade propeller. As both the owner and entrant of the boat, "S. F. Edge" was engraved on the trophy as the winner.[7]
John Hacker's 1911 Kitty Hawk was the fastest boat in the world between 1911 and 1915
An article in the Cork Constitution on 13 July reported "A large number of spectators viewed the first mile from the promenade of the Yacht Club, and at Cork several thousand people collected at both sides of the river to see the finishes."[8][9][10][11] Levitt was then commanded to the Royal yacht of King Edward VII where he congratulated her on her pluck and skill, and they discussed the performance of the motorboat and its potential for British government despatch work.[12][13]
France won the race in 1904, and the boat Napier II set a new world water speed record for a mile at almost 30 knots (56 km/h), winning the race in 1905.
The acknowledged genius of motor boat design in America, was the naval architect John L. Hacker. His pioneering work, including the invention of the V-hull and the use of dedicated petrol engines revolutionized boat design from as early as 1908, when he founded the Hacker Boat Co. In 1911, Hacker designed the Kitty Hawk, the first successful step hydroplane which exceeded the then-unthinkable speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) and was at that time the fastest boat in the world. The Harmsworth Cup was first won by Americans in 1907.[6] The US and England traded it back and forth until 1920. From 1920-1933, Americans had an unbroken winning streak. Gar Wood won this race eight times as a driver and nine times as an owner between 1920 and 1933.
A motorboat has one engine or more that propel the vessel over the top of the water. Boat engines vary in shape, size and type. Engines are installed either inboard or outboard. Inboard engines are part of the boat construction, while outboatboard engines are secured to the transom and hangs off the back of the boat. Motorboat engines run on gasoline or diesel fuel. Engines come in various types. Engines vary in fuel type such as: gasoline, diesel, gas turbine, rotary combustion or steam. Motorboats are commonly used for recreation or racing. Boat racing is a sport where drivers and engineers compete for fastest boat. The American Powerboat Association (APBA) splits the sport into categories. The categories include: inboard, inboard endurance, professional outboard, stock outboard, unlimited outboard performance craft, drag, modified outboard and offshore. Engines and hulls categorize racing. The two types of hull shape are runabout and hydroplane. Runabout is a v-shape and hydroplane is flat and stepped.[14] The type of hull used depends on the type of water the boat is in and how the boat is being used. Hulls can be made of wood, fiberglass or metal but most hulls today are fiberglass.[15]
High performance speedboats can reach speeds of over 50 knots.[16] Their high speed and performance can be attributed to their hull technology and powerful engine. With a more powerful and heavier engine, an appropriate hull shape is needed.[17] High performance boats include yachts, HSIC (high speed interceptor craft) and racing powerboats.
A V-type hull helps a boat cut through the water. A deep V-hull helps keep the boat’s bow down at low speeds, improving visibility. V-hulls also improve a boat’s speed and maneuvering capabilities. They stabilize a boat in rough conditions.
Hull Type[edit]
The type of hull depends on the usage and type of water that the boat is being used in. Types of hulls include displacement hulls, vee-bottom hulls, modified vee-bottom hulls, deep-vee hulls and trim tabs for vee-bottom hulls. Hulls can be made of different materials. The three main materials are wood, reinforced fiberglass and metal. Wood hulls may be made of planks or plywood. Fiberglass hulls are reinforced with balsa wood. Metal hulls are either aluminum or steel.[15]
Racing[edit]
Powerboat racing engine categories for inboard and outboard engines range from 7.5 cu in to 60 cu in. Categories range from 44 cu in to 450 cu in for inboard only. The two types of motorboat races are speed races and predicted-log race. Speed races involve boats with powerful engines competing for quickest time and take place on freshwater bodies of water on a closed course. Races are marked by buoys. For unlimited hydroplanes the race distance ranges from 5 miles to 30 miles. Hydroplanes are drag raced. Predicted-log races involve slow cabin cruisers. Predicted-log races is a competition of planning and carrying out a sea voyage. The contestants evaluate different factors and variables that they will encounter along the way. The contestant with the least error at the end of the race is the winner. [14]
Motorsailers[edit]
Some motorboats are also sailboats. Motorsailers are adaptable and can both sail and motor in all conditions. They tend to be inefficient in certain conditions where either a sail-only or motor-only boat would be ideal. [18]
Military Application[edit]
A fast craft is a vessel capable of speeds over 30 knots. HSICs (High Speed Interceptor Craft) however, trump fast craft with speeds of over 50 knots. HSICs are usually either custom or law enforcement craft. Law enforcement use these extremely fast boats to catch criminals such as smugglers or drug traffickers who use fast craft as well. The military have started to use HSICs to stop international threats such as pirates, militias, terrorists and weapons traffickers. Originally HSICs were not meant to carry large weapons. Now that the military is using them, they are being built with heavy machine guns. The boats have to be fitted with robust weight control and at the same time have heavy amour. HSICs must do without propellers to account for cavitation and vibrations. Instead HSICs use surface drivers or water jets.
Gallery[edit]
A 2010 Hacker-Craft triple cockpit Runabout
2004, 22 ft Spencer Runabout
1928 Chris Craft Cadet
1929 Richardson Croisette, 29 foot, Chrysler Ace engine
A motorboat pulling a waterskiier
See also[edit]
Cabin cruiser
Electric boat
Go-fast boat
Launch (boat)
Motor launch
Outboard motor
Powerboating
Runabout
Sterndrive
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1303725-1-1303019-1-0-0-0-0-1-11694-614318-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html?TS=1302091862634 Daimler AG homepage on Daimler Gedächtnis Stätte in English
Jump up ^ Reuß, H.-J. Automobil und Motorschiff haben dieselben Wurzeln. In: Hansa, issue 2/2011, p. 20–21, Schiffahrts-Verlag Hansa, Hamburg 2011, ISSN 0017-7504
^ Jump up to: a b "Catalogue of the naval and marine engineering collection in the London Science museum". Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
^ Jump up to: a b "Motorboat" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c Bernard B. Redwood. "A Short History of Motor Boating".
^ Jump up to: a b c [1]
Jump up ^ "Where it all began!".
Jump up ^ The British International Harmsworth Trophy
Jump up ^ Hydroplane History, From Rowboats to Roostertails – A Brief History of Unlimited Hydroplane Racing, [1986] by Fred Farley, APBA Unlimited Historian
Jump up ^ Hydroplane History – Duby Looks Back 25 Years [1987], One speed record that still stands by Larry Paladino
Jump up ^ Scarf and Goggles, Dorothy Levitt – The Fastest Girl on Water. Profile of Levitt's Motor Yachting races.
Jump up ^ The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times (London, England),Saturday, November 17, 1906; pg. 309; Issue 2373. The Sensational Adventures of Miss Dorothy Levitt, - Champion Lady Motorist of the World. Available at British Library, British Newspapers, [2] Search for Dorothy Levitt
Jump up ^ Autosport, The Nostalgia Forum, Historical Research, Complete transcription of The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times (London, England), Saturday, November 17, 1906; pg. 309; Issue 2373. The Sensational Adventures of Miss Dorothy Levitt, - Champion Lady Motorist of the World
^ Jump up to: a b Wagnalls (2017). "Motorboat Racing". World Book: 1.
^ Jump up to: a b West, James (1975). Modern Powerboats. International Marine Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ Lardy, Kate (2018). "Boat International".
Jump up ^ Annati, Massimo (2007). "When Speed Matters". Military Technology. 2007: 123–130.
Jump up ^ Pike, David (1976). Motorsailers. Stanford Maritime Limited.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of motorboat at Wiktionary
Media related to Motorboats at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Upper motor neuron lesion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Upper motor neuron lesion
The motor tract.
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB
27852
[edit on Wikidata]
An upper motor neuron lesion (also known as pyramidal insufficiency) occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s).[1]
Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Symptoms
2 Corticospinal/pyramidal tract
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Symptoms[edit]
Changes in muscle performance can be broadly described as the upper motor neuron syndrome. These changes vary depending on the site and the extent of the lesion, and may include:
Muscle weakness. A pattern of weakness in the extensors (upper limbs) or flexors (lower limbs),[2] is known as 'pyramidal weakness'
Decreased control of active movement, particularly slowness
Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in muscle tone
Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance to movement is followed by a lesser resistance
Babinski sign is present, where the big toe is raised (extended) rather than curled downwards (flexed) upon appropriate stimulation of the sole of the foot. The presence of the Babinski sign is an abnormal response in adulthood. Normally, during the plantar reflex, it causes plantar flexion and the adduction of the toes. In Babinski's sign, there is dorsiflexion of the big toe and abduction of the other toes. Physiologically, it is normally present in infants from birth to 12 months. The presence of the Babinski sign after 12 months is the sign of a non-specific upper motor neuron lesion.
Increased deep tendon reflex (DTR)
Pronator drift [3]
Corticospinal/pyramidal tract[edit]
These are the neural tracts which descend in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, carrying signals for voluntary movement of skeletal muscle. From their origin in the primary motor cortex, these nerves pass via the corona radiata to gather in the internal capsule before crossing over to the opposite side (decussation) in the medullary pyramids and proceeding down the spinal cord to meet lower motor neurons in the anterior grey column.
Diagnosis[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
Treatment[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
See also[edit]
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
Lower motor neuron lesion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James D. Fix (1 October 2007). Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-7817-7245-7. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "upper motor neurone signs" . GPnotebook.
Jump up ^ "The Precise Neurological Exam". Retrieved 2009-11-28.
External links[edit]
http://www.med.yale.edu/caim/cnerves/cn7/cn7_13.html
http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch3/s8ch3_34.htm
[hide]
v
t
e
Cerebral palsy and other syndromes (G80–G83, 342–344)
Paresis and plegia NOS
Paralysis
Quadriplegia
Triplegia
Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis
Paraplegia/Diplegia
Monoplegia
Flaccidity vs. spasticity
Upper motor neuron lesion: Pseudobulbar palsy
Spastic diplegia
Spastic paraplegia
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Lower motor neuron lesion: Bulbar palsy
Flaccid paralysis
Specific types
Cerebral palsy
Cauda equina syndrome
Locked-in syndrome
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Two-front war
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In military terminology, a two-front war is a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts. It is usually executed by two or more separate forces simultaneously or nearly simultaneously, in the hope that their opponent will be forced to split their fighting force to deal with both threats, therefore reducing their odds of success. Where one of the contending forces is surrounded, the fronts are called interior lines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancient times
2 Seven Years' War
3 Napoleonic Wars
4 World War I
5 World War II
6 Israeli-Arab Wars
7 Cold War
8 Metaphorical usage
Ancient times[edit]
One of the earliest examples of a two-front war occurred in the third century BC, when the Roman Republic fought the First Macedonian War contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage. Also, after the consolidation of the Roman Empire's frontier in the reign of Augustus, the Roman forces had to contend with multiple enemies in its frontiers: in the Rhine, Danube and Mesopotamia, with various examples of emperors (such as Septimius Severus and Aurelian) who marched their armies from one side of the empire to another to face them. In the later period, after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the surviving part, the Byzantine Empire had to face invaders coming from both west and east and simultaneously trying to preserve its territories in Italy.
Seven Years' War[edit]
During the Seven Years' War, the Kingdom of Great Britain invaded New France, creating a two-front war with France.
Napoleonic Wars[edit]
During the Napoleonic Wars, France repeatedly fought on multiple fronts. For example, France fought the Spanish and Anglo-Portuguese army in the Peninsular War while fighting the Russian Empire at the same time during its invasion of Russia. Their main adversaries the British were also engaged on multiple fronts at various times, having also to contend with the United States starting with the War of 1812 in Canada, the Chesapeake Bay, and Louisiana.
World War I[edit]
During World War I, Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm II fought a two-front war against French, British, Belgian, and (later) American forces on the Western Front while simultaneously fighting the Russians on the Eastern Front. Russia’s participation ended in the First World War, when the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918. Germany had foreseen such a scenario, and developed the Schlieffen Plan in order to counteract being surrounded by its enemies.[citation needed] Under the Schlieffen Plan, German forces would invade France via Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (the idea to go through the Netherlands was abandoned because of the country's neutrality), quickly capturing Paris and forcing France to sue for peace. The Germans would then turn their attention to Russia in the east before the Tsar could mobilize his massive forces. Due to several factors however, the Germans failed to achieve the plan's aims.
World War II[edit]
The most famous example of a two-front war was the European theatre during World War II, when Hitler's Nazi Germany had to confront the Western Allies on the west and the Soviet Union to the east. The Germans were unable to repel either of the advances on the two fronts and eventually lost the war. While there were other contributing factors, such as the insufficiency of the Wehrmacht for a long war and the abandonment of blitzkrieg tactics because of fuel shortages and a rising need to defend territory, the two-front war was an important factor in deciding when the German military would be forced to surrender.
The Allies, especially the United States, also fought a two-front war, splitting their forces between the European theatre against Nazi Germany and the Pacific War against the Japanese Empire, which was fighting in both Asia and the Pacific.
The Axis Powers had the opportunity to force the Soviet Union into a two-front war by means of a Japanese attack on the Soviet Far East, but the Japanese decided against doing so because of their defeats in the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts. While Germany and the United States remained respective threats, the Soviets and Japanese did not fight each another until the August 9 Soviet–Japanese War, three months after the surrender of Germany. Japan thus fought a two-front war as well and split its forces between China in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the United States in the Pacific Theatre. The Soviet Union later invaded Manchuria, worsening the situation for Japan.
In the case of the United States, the Pacific Theatre was primarily a naval and air effort despite losing ships during the 1941 Pearl Harbor Attack while ground forces were used in Europe. Like in Japan, most ground troops were fighting China, and the Pacific Theatre was also primarily a naval and aerial battle. It was also the first time the United States ever fought a two-front war.
Israeli-Arab Wars[edit]
In the 1948 Israeli-Arab War, the Israelis fought the Egyptians to the south and the Jordanians and Syria in the east and the north. Israel again fought two-front wars in the Six-Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973.
Cold War[edit]
A major rationale for the American 600-ship Navy plan in the 1980s was to threaten the Soviet Union with a two-front war, in Europe and the Pacific Ocean, in the event of hostilities.[citation needed]
Metaphorical usage[edit]
The term is often used metaphorically. An example is when a moderate politician faces political "attacks" from those to his left and those to his right.
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Monetary inflation
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For increases in the general level of prices, see inflation.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A supply and demand diagram, illustrating
the effects of an increase in demand
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Monetary inflation is a sustained increase in the money supply of a country (or currency area). Depending on many factors, especially public expectations, the fundamental state and development of the economy, and the transmission mechanism, it is likely to result in price inflation, which is usually just called "inflation", which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services.[1][2]
There is general agreement among economists that there is a causal relationship between monetary inflation and price inflation. But there is neither a common view about the exact theoretical mechanisms and relationships, nor about how to accurately measure it. This relationship is also constantly changing, within a larger complex economic system. So there is a great deal of debate on the issues involved, such as how to measure the monetary base and price inflation, how to measure the effect of public expectations, how to judge the effect of financial innovations on the transmission mechanisms, and how much factors like the velocity of money affect the relationship. Thus there are different views on what could be the best targets and tools in monetary policy.
However, there is a general consensus on the importance and responsibility of central banks and monetary authorities in setting public expectations of price inflation and in trying to control it.
Keynesian economists believe the central bank can sufficiently assess the detailed economic variables and circumstances in real time in order to control monetary policy in detail. These economists favor monetary policies that attempt to even out the ups and downs of business cycles and economic shocks in a precise fashion.
Followers of the monetarist school think that Keynesian style monetary policies produce a lot of overshooting, time-lag errors and other unwanted effects, sometimes making things even worse. They doubt the central bank's capacity to analyse economic problems in real time and its ability to influence the economy with correct timing and the right monetary policy measures. So monetarists advocate less intrusive and complex monetary policies, like inflation targeting or a constant growth rate of money supply.
Some followers of Austrian School economics advocate either the return to free markets in money, called free banking, or a 100% gold standard and the abolition of central banks.
Currently, most central banks follow a monetarist or Keynesian approach, or more often a mix of both. There is a trend of central banks towards the monetarist approach, with inflation targeting.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Quantity theory
2 Modern Monetary Theory
3 Austrian view
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Quantity theory[edit]
Main article: Quantity Theory of Money
The monetarist explanation of inflation operates through the Quantity Theory of Money, M V = P T {\displaystyle MV=PT} where M is Money Supply, V is Velocity of Circulation, P is Price level and T is Transactions or Output. As monetarists assume that V and T are determined, in the long run, by real variables, such as the productive capacity of the economy, there is a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and inflation.
The mechanisms by which excess money might be translated into inflation are examined below. Individuals can also spend their excess money balances directly on goods and services. This has a direct impact on inflation by raising aggregate demand. Also, the increase in the demand for labour resulting from higher demands for goods and services will cause a rise in money wages and unit labour costs. The more inelastic the aggregate supply in the economy, the greater the impact on inflation.
The increase in demand for goods and services may cause a rise in imports. Although this leakage from the domestic economy reduces the money supply, it also increases the supply of money on the foreign exchange market thus applying downward pressure on the exchange rate. This may cause imported inflation.
Modern Monetary Theory[edit]
See also: Modern Monetary Theory
Modern Monetary Theory, like all derivatives of the Chartalist school, emphasize that in nations with monetary sovereignty, a country is always able to repay debts that are denominated in its own currency. However, under modern-day monetary systems, the supply of money is largely determined endogenously. But exogenous factors like government surpluses and deficits play a role and allow government to set inflation targets. Yet, adherents of this school note that monetary inflation and price inflation are distinct, and that when there's idle capacity, monetary inflation can cause a boost in aggregate demand which can, up to a point, offset price inflation.[3]
Austrian view[edit]
See also: Austrian School § Inflation
The Austrian School maintains that inflation is any increase of the money supply (i.e. units of currency or means of exchange) that is not matched by an increase in demand for money, or as Ludwig von Mises put it:
In theoretical investigation there is only one meaning that can rationally be attached to the expression Inflation: an increase in the quantity of money (in the broader sense of the term, so as to include fiduciary media as well), that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the need for money (again in the broader sense of the term), so that a fall in the objective exchange-value of money must occur.[4]
Given that all major economies currently have a central bank supporting the private banking system, money can be supplied into these economies by means of bank credit (or debt).[5] Austrian economists believe that credit growth propagates business cycles (see Austrian Business Cycle Theory).
See also[edit]
Inflationism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael F. Bryan, On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation", clevelandfed.org
^ Jump up to: a b Jahan, Sarwat. "Inflation Targeting: Holding the Line". International Monetary Funds, Finance & Development. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Éric Tymoigne and L. Randall Wray, "Modern Money Theory 101: A Reply to Critics," Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No. 778 (November 2013).
Jump up ^ The Theory of Money and Credit, Mises (1912 [1981], p. 272)
Jump up ^ The Economics of Legal Tender Laws, Jörg Guido Hülsmann (includes detailed commentary on central banking, inflation and FRB)
External links[edit]
Money and Inflation
Monetary Inflation / Quantity Theory
ECB: M3 and CPI
Charts of commodity prices and monetary aggregates
Money and Commodity prices
Bank of England: The Lag from Monetary Policy Actions to Inflation: Friedman Revisited
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monetary_inflation&oldid=832049941"
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Water cribs in Chicago
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William E. Dever Crib (left) connected via a footbridge to the Carter H. Harrison Crib (right) off North Avenue Beach northeast of downtown Chicago.
The water cribs in Chicago are structures built to house and protect offshore water intakes used to supply the City of Chicago with drinking water from Lake Michigan. Water is collected and transported through tunnels located close to 200 feet beneath the lake, varying in shape from circular to oval, and ranging in diameter from 10 to 20 feet. The tunnels lead from the cribs to one of two water purification plants located onshore, the Jardine Water Purification Plant (the world's largest) and the Eugene Sawyer Water Purification Plant, where the water is then treated before being pumped to all parts of the city as well as 118 suburbs.
The city has had nine permanent cribs of which six are still standing and two are in active use.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current and former water cribs
2 Two-Mile Crib
3 Four-Mile Crib
4 68th Street Crib / Edward F. Dunne Crib
5 Carter H. Harrison Crib / William E. Dever Crib
6 Wilson Avenue Crib
7 References
Current and former water cribs[edit]
Name
Year Built
Location
Coordinates
Status
68th Street Crib 1892 2.3 mi. east of 59th Street Harbor
(built adjacent to the Edward F. Dunne Crib) 41°47′10″N 87°31′54″W / 41.78611°N 87.53167°W / 41.78611; -87.53167 Inactive[1]
Dever !William E. Dever Crib 1935 2.6 mi. east of North Avenue Beach
(built adjacent to the Carter H. Harrison Crib) 41°54′59″N 87°34′23″W / 41.91639°N 87.57306°W / 41.91639; -87.57306 Active[1]
Dunne !Edward F. Dunne Crib 1909 2.3 mi. east of 59th Street Harbor
(built adjacent to the 68th Street Crib) 41°47′10″N 87°31′54″W / 41.78611°N 87.53167°W / 41.78611; -87.53167 Active[1]
Four-Mile Crib 1891 3.3 mi. east of Monroe Harbor 41°52′22″N 87°32′45″W / 41.87278°N 87.54583°W / 41.87278; -87.54583 Scheduled for demolition[2]
Harrison !Carter H. Harrison Crib 1900 2.6 mi. east of North Avenue Beach
(built adjacent to the William E. Dever Crib) 41°54′59″N 87°34′23″W / 41.91639°N 87.57306°W / 41.91639; -87.57306 Unusable due to tunnel collapse in 1998[1]
Lake View Crib 1896 1.9 mi. east of former Montrose Boulevard 41°57′52″N 87°36′06″W / 41.96444°N 87.60167°W / 41.96444; -87.60167 Demolished in 1924[3][4][5]
Lawrence Avenue Crib 1915 0.3 mi. east of former Montrose Boulevard 41°58′13″N 87°38′48″W / 41.97028°N 87.64667°W / 41.97028; -87.64667 Abandoned; surrounded by Lincoln Park landfill.[6]
Two-Mile Crib 1865 2.0 mi. east of Chicago Avenue 41°53′50″N 87°37′11″W / 41.89722°N 87.61972°W / 41.89722; -87.61972 Demolished
Wilson Avenue Crib 1918 2.1 mi. east of Montrose Point 41°57′58″N 87°35′28″W / 41.96611°N 87.59111°W / 41.96611; -87.59111 Scheduled for demolition[2][7]
Two-Mile Crib[edit]
Diagram depicting construction of the lake tunnel to connect the Two-Mile Crib to onshore water works.
The Two-Mile Crib was constructed as part of a scheme by Ellis S. Chesbrough in 1865, to help with the purification of the water because of damage caused by the city dumping sewage into the lake. Construction of the crib began in May 1864, miners and workers worked 24 hours a day and six days a week. The total completion of the project was in March 1867 and cost the city $380,784.[8] Purified water was pumped to the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station which still stands to this day on North Michigan Avenue.
Four-Mile Crib[edit]
The Four-Mile Crib was put into service in 1891 to help with the problem of getting uncontaminated water to Chicago and various neighborhoods. To deal with this, a new crib was built even farther than the Two-Mile Crib. The brick alone cost $472,890.93, but the total project cost was $1,526,143.68. This crib was special, as there was a steam heating plant installed in 1898. This kept the crib at a temperature of 70 degrees and allowed plant workers to reside there during the winter, who helped to stop the formation of ice. In 1932, the Bureau of Lighthouses reported that a submarine cable had been laid and two rooms had been added on to the crib.[9]
68th Street Crib / Edward F. Dunne Crib[edit]
The 68th Street Crib was built in 1892 two miles offshore the eastern end of 68th Street. A cement hexagon-shaped crib with a brick structure atop, it originally supplied two tunnels, a 20-foot diameter tunnel to the Jardine Water Purification Plant and a 10-foot diameter tunnel to the South Water Purification Plant (later renamed to the Eugene Sawyer Water Purification Plant). The crib was equipped with a navigational warning light atop a steel-skeleton lighthouse and a fog bell that tolled every 12 seconds when needed.
The Edward F. Dunne Crib was built in 1909. Named after Chicago Mayor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne, who was in office at the time crib plans were approved, the 110-foot diameter circular crib stands in 32 feet of water and houses a 60-foot diameter interior well connected to two new tunnels. The Dunne Crib is situated 50 feet from the 68th Street Crib and accessible by a steel footbridge, allowing one set of keepers to service both cribs.[10][11][12]
During the construction of the tunnel to the Edward F. Dunne Crib, a temporary crib known as the Intermediate Crib was built along the tunnel route, 7,500 feet from shore. On the morning of January 20, 1909, a fire broke out on the Intermediate Crib in a wooden barracks which housed tunnel workers. Approximately 70 men perished in the fire or drowned attempting to escape it. Survivors took refuge on floating cakes of ice and were rescued by boat.[13][14][15]
Carter H. Harrison Crib / William E. Dever Crib[edit]
Carter H. Harrison Crib in 1910
The Carter H. Harrison Crib replaced the Two-Mile Crib in 1900, which was later replaced by the William E. Dever Crib built alongside it in 1935. As the demand increased for water this meant that the Harrison Crib continued in service until 1997. In 1998 the tunnels leading from the Harrison Crib to shore were drained for inspection, a process that was surrounded by controversy.[16] Some experts feared that pumping the tunnels dry would result in a catastrophic collapse, while others guaranteed that collapse was not possible. Portions of the tunnel did in fact collapse. City lawyers soon filed suit against the engineers and contractors. The suit charged that the engineers, Alvord, Burdick & Howson, were negligent for advising the city that it was safe to drain the tunnels. It also charged that Luedtke Engineering Co., of Michigan, did the work in a way that caused the collapse. As a result, the city spent $5.3 million to fill in a portion of the tunnel under Lake Shore Drive to prevent a possible additional collapse.
Wilson Avenue Crib[edit]
Wilson Avenue Crib
The Wilson Avenue Crib is located approximately two miles east of Montrose Point. Work on the 90-foot diameter crib began in 1915 and was completed May 1, 1918 after a delay to correct an out-of-plumb structure due to settling. The superstructure is rough-hewn granite block atop a steel caisson enclosing a 40-foot diameter inner well chamber.[17][18]
Originally supplying eight miles of water tunnels, the crib has since been designated as a standby crib and is scheduled for demolition in the city's 2015-19 Capital Improvement Program.[2][18][19]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water Cribs in Chicago.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2014 DWM Capital Plan" (PDF). City of Chicago. DWM. 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). City of Chicago. City of Chicago. 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Engineer's Report. Tunnel and Crib Construction". Annual Report of the Dept. of Public Works. Chicago, IL: Chicago Dept. of Public Works. 20: 15–18. 1896. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lake Front, Grossepoint to Calumet Harbor, ILL". Survey of Northern and Northwestern Lakes. War Department Corps of Engineers. Bulletin No. 25: Pg. 207. April 1916. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "93. LAKE VIEW CRIB". Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Chrzastowski, Michael J. (15–17 October 2008). "9 The Water-Intake Cribs". "Make No Little Plans": Field Trip Guidebook for the American Shore & Beach Preservation Association 2008 National Conference (PDF). Chicago. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wilson Avenue Crib, IL". lighthousefriends.com. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Tunnels and Water System of Chicago: Under the Lake and Under the River". Archived from the original on January 1, 1970.
Jump up ^ Lighthouse Friends. "Four Mile Crib, IL".
Jump up ^ "68th Street Crib (Dunne Crib), IL". lighthousefriends.com. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "68th Street Crib-Dunne Crib". TheLighthouseHunters.com. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "68th St. & Dunne Water Intake Cribs". Seeing The Light. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Currey, J. Seymour (1912). Chicago: its History and its Builders, a Century of Marvelous Growth, Volume 3. Chicago: S. J. Clarke. p. 150.
Jump up ^ Murfin, Patrick. "Scores Killed in Forgotten Chicago Water Crib Fire". Heretic, Rebel, a Thing to Flout. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "George W. Jackson Crib Fire". Chicagology.com. Chicago Examiner. 21 January 1909. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lake Shore Drive Mess Born In Tunnel Vision". Chicago Tribune. 1998-02-01. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Wilson Avenue Crib, IL". lighthousefriends.com. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wilson Avenue - one of Chicago's Water Intake Crib Lights". The Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association Blog. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Water intake cribs one of city's best-kept secrets". nwitimes.com. The Times. Aug 20, 2000. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cribs_in_Chicago&oldid=807752079"
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Clare in the Community
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Clare in the Community
Genre
Sitcom
Running time
28 mins
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Language(s)
English
Home station
BBC Radio 4
Created by
Harry Venning
Written by
Harry Venning,
David Ramsden
Produced by
Katie Tyrell (series 1-8, Es)
Alexandra Smith (series 9,CW,10-11)
Original release
26 November 2004 – present
No. of series
11
No. of episodes
68
Clare in the Community is a British comic strip in The Guardian newspaper, written by Harry Venning. The title is a play on words relating to care in the community. The strip has been successfully adapted for radio on BBC Radio 4, starring Sally Phillips as Clare.[1]
Clare is a social worker with all the right jargon who likes to sort out other people's problems while ignoring her own. She is white, middle class and heterosexual - but doesn't like to be reminded of it. She is a control freak but both her personal and professional lives are out of control.
Contents
[hide]
1 TV pilot
2 Radio series
3 Cast
4 Episodes
4.1 Series one
4.2 Series two
4.3 Series three
4.4 Series four
4.5 Series five
4.6 Series six
4.7 Series seven
4.8 Series eight
4.9 Edinburgh special
4.10 Series nine
4.11 Christmas With...
4.12 Series ten
4.13 Series eleven
5 References
6 External links
TV pilot[edit]
In 2002 ITV commissioned a sitcom based on Harry Venning's comic strip. Two episodes were commissioned and a pilot episode, written by Harry Venning and David Ramsden and starring Julia Sawalha in the title role, was produced by Tiger Aspect. The pilot wasn't picked up for a full series and has never been broadcast.
Radio series[edit]
In 2004 a radio sitcom, co-written by David Ramsden and produced by Katie Tyrrell, was made for BBC Radio 4, starring Sally Phillips as Clare. Repeats have also been broadcast on BBC7 (now Radio 4 Extra). Series 1 to 5 have been released on CD by BBC Audio. Series 6 was broadcast in 2010. Series 7 was Broadcast in 2011.
The first series won the Bronze Comedy Award at the 2005 Sony Radio Awards
The series occasionally 'breaks the fourth wall', with references to (for instance) a comic strip in the Guardian's social-work supplement which (the somewhat humourless) Clare doesn't understand, an old schoolmate of Brian's named Richard Lumsden who wanted to be an actor but was never heard of again, and Nina Conti (as Nali) being given the line "It's not like I'm a ventriloquist." The series regularly makes references to other comedies, such as Clare mimicking the catchphrase of Mrs. Doyle from Father Ted and Brian imitating Tony Hancock from "The Blood Donor" episode.
Clare often brings home her work problems which is just one of the main reasons why her relationship with Brian struggles. They often attend couples-counselling classes. Clare not only wears the trousers in their relationship but her self-centred neglect of Brian stresses him out. He often talks to his disconcerting friend and fellow schoolteacher Simon about her.
Clare's fellow social workers are often involved in her storylines. These include the rich yet unhygienic gay man Ray; Megan, Clare's Scottish mother-of-one former student. Helen, the laziest of the workers, is played by three actresses over the series; in series 6 team leader, Irene, a black lesbian, is replaced by Libby, "an Aussie and a lesbo--and proud of both".
Although having a son Clare leaves her child duties primarily to her husband Brian and Nali. Despite their child both continue to argue and have problems in their relationship. In series 9 Clare leaves Brian only to return to him in the series finale after her love interest has shown little knowledge of remembering who she is.
Simon Elmes called it "an instant hit, capturing the PC tone of our times".[2] The Stage reviewed series 8 positively, praising the first episode as "a brilliant opener", and after the series finale calling it "the best comedy on radio" and Phillips "the mistress of comic timing".[3][4]
Cast[edit]
Character
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Series 4
Series 5
Series 6
Series 7
Series 8
Series 9
Series 10
Series 11
Clare Barker Sally Phillips
Megan Whardby Nina Conti
Helen Golightly Gemma Craven Liza Tarbuck Pippa Haywood
Brian Harris Alex Lowe
Ray Bishop Richard Lumsden
Irene Ellen Thomas
Simon Burrows Andrew Wincott Philip Pope Andrew Wincott
Nali "Ramsbottom" Jakovlivicz Nina Conti
Libby Prentice Sarah Kendall
Joan Hastings Sarah Thom
Mrs Singh Nina Wadia
Cilla Yeboah Gbemisola Ikumelo
Episodes[edit]
Series one[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
1
1 "Babysitter" 26 November 2004 (2004-11-26)
Clare is tricked into looking after Helen's difficult teenage son, but after an awkward start they become friends.
2
2 "Adoption" 3 December 2004 (2004-12-03)
A couple moves into the flat above, and Clare and Brian are kept awake by noisy sex.
3
3 "Glad to be Ray" 10 December 2004 (2004-12-10)
Clare feels that Ray is too insular and wonders why she has never been invited to his flat. She drops round uninvited when an opportunity arises.
4
4 "Last Words" 17 December 2004 (2004-12-17)
Clare uses the funeral of one of her clients, a cantankerous old woman, as a reason to take the afternoon off. Simon asks Megan out, but Brian's intervention ensures their first date is also their last.
5
5 "Combat Zone" 24 December 2004 (2004-12-24)
Clare and Brian get stranded in a rough part of town when their car runs out of petrol.
6
6 "Stage Fright" 31 December 2004 (2004-12-31)
Brian writes a play for his school drama club which suspiciously resembles his own life: the study of a misunderstood man in a relationship with a cold, unreasonable woman and seeks sympathy from a young Scottish woman.
Series two[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
7
1 "Past Caring" 4 November 2005 (2005-11-04)
Clare meets a glamorous old acquaintance who seems to know her but Clare cannot recall her; Clare's workmates go out for Brian's birthday meal.
8
2 "Relax" 11 November 2005 (2005-11-11)
Brian takes Clare on holiday hoping to pop the question. Clare however does not think the Sparrowhawk centre can function without her and finds ways to phone in to check. Unfortunately Brian chooses a place with no signal.
9
3 "Meet the Press" 18 November 2005 (2005-11-18)
Clare is delighted to be asked to do an interview for Woman's Hour; Brian has trouble with an unscrupulous pupil who was disappointed she did not get the lead in the school play.
10
4 "Brian Come Home" 25 November 2005 (2005-11-25)
Brian storms out after an argument and moves in with Simon. Irene accompanies Ray to a seance in an effort for him to contact his late mother.
11
5 "Mean Streets" 2 December 2005 (2005-12-02)
Clare and her workmates help count homeless people, but it becomes competitive. Brian organises the stag-do for Simon involving a stripper.
12
6 "Doolah's Choice" 9 December 2005 (2005-12-09)
Helen seems to walk out on Simon on the eve of her wedding so she can meet an old flame. Clare has her "whale music" prepared for Megan when she gives birth.
Series three[edit]
At the start of the series, Clare and Brian have 'removed themselves from the property chain' and are staying at Simon's flat. Megan's daughter Brenda is now almost a year old.
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
13
1 "Letter from America" 18 December 2006 (2006-12-18)
Clare has a pen friendship with a death row prisoner in the US. He learns all about her relationship and work life. Guest appearance by Roy Hudd.
14
2 "Merry Christmas Mrs Lawrence" 25 December 2006 (2006-12-25)
On Christmas Day, Clare pensively visits her granddad's grave (from all accounts it seems he was the only family member Clare really loved), then goes to fetch her granny from an old people's home en route to Christmas dinner with her parents. Guest appearances by Phil Davis and Brigit Forsyth.
15
3 "Brenda's Birthday" 1 January 2007 (2007-01-01)
Megan's old friend Gordon comes to help celebrate Brenda's first birthday. Clare organises the entertainment and is outraged at seeing a Punch and Judy show appear. With Lewis Macleod.
16
4 "We Need to Talk About Brian" 8 January 2007 (2007-01-08)
Brian's diary from his student days turns up during a round of 'de-cluttering.' Although he had already met Clare, there are numerous references to his "Dark Lady". Is he hiding something?
17
5 "The Redcap" 15 January 2007 (2007-01-15)
Will a former military police officer be tough enough for social work? Clare and her colleagues have bought a ridiculous leaving present for their colleague Peggy.
18
6 "Clare's Last Stand" 22 January 2007 (2007-01-22)
Clare and the day-centre team are due for a relaxing day at a conference--until Clare's arch-enemy Peggy reappears with a challenge that Clare can't pass up.
Series four[edit]
Irene has been promoted to team leader which causes resentment between her and Clare. Brian and Clare make frequent trips to couples-counselling and have also been trying for a baby.
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
19
1 "Mother of All Mothers" 16 January 2008 (2008-01-16)
Clare and Brian are trying for a baby, but Clare's mother arrives instead of happier news.
20
2 "A Game of Two Slavs" 23 January 2008 (2008-01-23)
A relationship counsellor suggests that Clare and Brian take each other out to some events to share their interests. Brian takes Clare to a football game and she takes him into work.
21
3 "And The Winner Is" 30 January 2008 (2008-01-30)
Clare wins the 'Social Worker of the Year' award... in her dreams. Irene breaks up with her husband Stanley leaving Brian to console him.
22
4 "Carry On up the Amazon" 6 February 2008 (2008-02-06)
Helen's son is supposed to be travelling during his gap year. So why does Clare find him living in a squat? Meanwhile, Brian interviews for a lodger.
23
5 "My Funny Valentine" 13 February 2008 (2008-02-13)
Brian is amazed that Clare has not only remembered Valentine's Day, but even booked a restaurant...but she hasn't.
24
6 "The Long Goodbye" 20 February 2008 (2008-02-20)
Brian has a life-changing experience when a bullet grazes his head and contemplates giving up teaching. This is the last appearance of Gemma Craven as Helen.
Series five[edit]
Clare and Brian now have a son, Thomas—and a full-and-total-time nanny for him, the east-European Nali (also played by Nina Conti). Helen is now played by Liza Tarbuck.
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
25
1 "Name Calling" 18 February 2009 (2009-02-18)
Clare and her colleagues give a leaving present to their longest-serving workmate. The Sparrowhawk group decide to protest about the funding cuts from the local council with slogans and T-shirts.
26
2 "Too Cool For School" 25 February 2009 (2009-02-25)
Clare meets a group of new friends in the pub and bores Brian and her co-workers with how cool they are; Clare and Megan visit a young girl who has been off school.
27
3 "Girls on Film" 4 March 2009 (2009-03-04)
Clare has a new student social-worker from a privileged background to take under her wing; the Sparrowhawk Family Centre has the documentary-makers in.
28
4 "It's Good to Talk" 11 March 2009 (2009-03-11)
An old university friend of Clare's gets in touch to say something important. Brian works out the mathematics behind his relationship with Clare.
29
5 "Garden Party" 18 March 2009 (2009-03-18)
Clare arranges a petition to save the Sparrowhawk Family Centre, and throws a garden party to get to know her new neighbours. Brian tries to share his feelings with Simon.
30
6 "The 1864 Mining Disaster" 25 March 2009 (2009-03-25)
A firebrand MP comes to the Sparrowhawk Family Centre's fundraiser and Ray brings his guitar hoping to entertain.
Series six[edit]
Clare's position at the Family Centre is now challenged by Irene's replacement, Libby (Sarah Kendall), and Brian harbours erotic fantasies about Nali. In this series Simon is played by Philip Pope.
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
31
1 "Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire" 31 May 2010 (2010-05-31)
Clare deceives Libby about the closing date for the team-manager post; Brian obsesses about Nali.
32
2 "Luck of the Irish" 7 June 2010 (2010-06-07)
Clare is convinced she has no heritage of interest. However when told that she has Irish ancestry she becomes enthusiastic for all aspects of her new-found cultural background.
33
3 "Some Others Do 'Ave 'Em" 14 June 2010 (2010-06-14)
Clare is back on the social-work frontline as a vomiting bug hits her colleagues, while Brian and Nali take baby Thomas out for the day. Helen attends a police liaison meeting and asks the police commissioner some challenging questions. Guest appearances by Doreen Mantle and Rosemary Leach.
34
4 "Clare v God" 21 June 2010 (2010-06-21)
Clare takes an instant dislike to the Reverend Dish--a meddling do-gooder if ever there was one. But Megan quite likes him. Meanwhile Helen has discovered speed dating.
35
5 "In The Dog House" 28 June 2010 (2010-06-28)
A stray dog who comes home with Brian catches a burglar (guest appearance by Paterson Joseph), but the burglar is a match for even Clare in manipulativeness.
36
6 "The Crush" 5 July 2010 (2010-07-05)
Clare meets an attractive single father at an infants' music group. Surely she will be loyal to Brian? Meanwhile Nali gives a talk to an unruly class at Brian's school of which he is most grateful.
Series seven[edit]
Brian is eventually forgiven for his infidelity with Nali's sister and Clare accepts his proposal of marriage, while Nali enters Conservative politics. Andrew Wincott returns as Simon.
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
37
1 "The Prisoner" 23 September 2011 (2011-09-23)
In today's Big Society there are plenty of challenges out there for an involved, caring social worker. Or even Clare. The shock of Brian's infidelity still hasn't worn off, and Nali could be an even more serious inside threat than Clare realised. Clare is arrested and put into a prison cell and finds support from a Woman Police Officer.
38
2 "To Kill a Mocking Bird" 30 September 2011 (2011-09-30)
Clare ends her relationship with Brian and is surprised by her colleagues' reaction to the news especially Megan who sees this as a chance to ask Brian out. Meanwhile Brian and Simon find humane ways to put an injured bird out of its misery.
39
3 "Rude Girl" 7 October 2011 (2011-10-07)
Clare feels that she may be out of touch with today's young people's language so asks the young heating engineer Daniel for some trendy, hip, streetwise phrases to use. Meanwhile Brian's attempts at romantic gestures (with Clare) fail to impress.
40
4 "Debt of Honour" 14 October 2011 (2011-10-14)
Clare is being plagued by Brian's marriage proposals and her driving lessons lead to an unexpected encounter with someone with a criminal past who seems to show his appreciation for giving him a lift. However he overhears how Clare could "murder" Brian. There is also an unveiling of a piece of public art at the Sparrowhawk Family Centre.
41
5 "Heroes" 21 October 2011 (2011-10-21)
Clare has a new student worker Bradley Bigg, the working class singer-songwriter who made an impression on her as a teenager, Brian breaks some bad news to Nali, and Helen enthusiastically adopts the role of health and safety officer.
42
6 "Basic Attraction" 28 October 2011 (2011-10-28)
Clare and Brian are finally about to get married though one particular woman is determined that the wedding should not take place. Brian decides to do something about his single status for one last night.
Series eight[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
43
1 "Hot Desk" 2 January 2013 (2013-01-02)
Clare and her colleagues have to move offices. Brian's authority at school is undermined by a trendy teenage poet.
44
2 "On Expenses" 9 January 2013 (2013-01-09)
With society collapsing all around her, Clare is appalled to be stuck indoors bean-counting. Then the Sparrowhawk Family centre's expenses do not add up. Meanwhile Brian attempts to get the decorating done.
45
3 "Fifty Shades of Ray" 16 January 2013 (2013-01-16)
Clare and her colleagues are worried that Ray has a serious illness so Clare agrees to go on a battle reenactment trip with him. Brian often uses the internet to watch ...."football".
46
4 "Nanny State" 23 January 2013 (2013-01-23)
Clare meets her ex-nanny Nali in a cafe hoping that she will come back to work for her.
47
5 "The Scapegoat" 30 January 2013 (2013-01-30)
Clare plays along with the team's method of privately insulting clients, unaware that a client can hear her. Brian is looking forward to being head of the department.
48
6 "The Parent Trap" 6 February 2013 (2013-02-06)
Clare finally becomes team leader (in Libby's absence) and is keen to see the fruits of Megan's football sessions. Ray believes he is a father and that the now-adult wants to meet him; Brian's mother (Hannah Gordon) visits...and stays...and stays...
Edinburgh special[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
49
1 "In Treatment" 27 August 2013 (2013-08-27)
Clare and Brian decide to try relationship counselling. The male counselor seems very fond of Clare and dismissive of Brian. Recorded in the BBC tent at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2013.
Series nine[edit]
Joan Hastings becomes a regular character (introduced in series 8, episode 6) as Megan's maternity cover.
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
50
1 "Stand By Your Man" 8 January 2014 (2014-01-08)
Clare returns to work after mysteriously fleeing her honeymoon. Brian still tries to fit in with other couples.
51
2 "In Blog We Trust" 15 January 2014 (2014-01-15)
Clare becomes convinced that Sparrowhawk Centre is the home of a blogger called `The Secret Social Worker'. Brian goes on a date in an attempt to move on.
52
3 "Away Day Wey Hey" 22 January 2014 (2014-01-22)
Clare and the rest of the Sparrowhawk team are forced to take part in a team-building away day, much to Clare's disapproval. However she reveals something about her childhood.
53
4 "Driven to Extremes" 29 January 2014 (2014-01-29)
Clare is facing a disciplinary tribunal after a seemingly straightforward job goes awry and finds a helping hand from Joan.
54
5 "Panic Room" 5 February 2014 (2014-02-05)
Clare is forced to confront an old phobia after a regular home visit takes an unusual turn. Fortunately, Helen is on hand to help. In the pub Brian meets someone to do the quiz with. Megan and Joan realise they both enjoy reciting platitudes.
55
6 "Come Dine With Me" 12 February 2014 (2014-02-12)
Clare finally finds time for romance, while Brian finds a cheap flat comes with unusual conditions and Nali has a memorable first day at her new job.
Christmas With...[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
56
1 "Christmas With Clare Barker" 29 December 2014 (2014-12-29)
Part 4 of 6 "Christmas With..." seasonal comedy programmes. Other episodes involve Damien Trench (In and Out of the Kitchen) and Ed Reardon (Ed Reardon's Week). Clare goes into work over the Christmas period leaving Brian and Nali to play various games together one of which involves a mistletoe.
Series ten[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
57
1 "My Kinda Town" 10 July 2015 (2015-07-10)
Clare gets involved with a devious TV producer who is making a documentary about the Sparrowhawk estate.
58
2 "Family Values" 17 July 2015 (2015-07-17)
A family funeral reveals some uncomfortable truths for the Barker family.
59
3 "Sisters" 24 July 2015 (2015-07-24)
Clare is forced to cooperate with her estranged sister.
60
4 "Things That Go Bump In the Day" 31 July 2015 (2015-07-31)
The Sparrowhawk team are forced to work together to overcome a little problem they discover in the office.
61
5 "This Is A Man's World" 7 August 2015 (2015-08-07)
Nali's ex-husband arrives unexpectedly and Clare takes it upon herself to intervene.
62
6 "Party On" 14 August 2015 (2015-08-14)
The Sparrowhawk team hold a leaving do, and take the opportunity to reminisce.
Series eleven[edit]
No.
Episode No.
Title
Original airdate
63
1 "Fight Them On The Beaches" 15 November 2016 (2016-11-15)
Clare organises a day out at the seaside for some elderly residents of the estate.
64
2 "Hell On Wheels" 22 November 2016 (2016-11-22)
Clare helps raise awareness about disability, while Nali has plans to become an internet sensation.
65
3 "Unfaithful" 29 November 2016 (2016-11-29)
Clare and Brian are having some couples counselling, which rapidly goes off-course.
66
4 "Momento" 6 December 2016 (2016-12-06)
Riots have broken out on the Sparrowhawk estate and ruined the team's family fun day. In all the chaos, Clare has lost her memory and is roaming the streets.
67
5 "Joan Alone" 13 December 2016 (2016-12-13)
Joan's birthday offers Clare a really good example of why it's so important to be aware of loneliness and isolation in the community. With added morris dancing.
68
6 "You Take The High Road" 20 December 2016 (2016-12-20)
Clare and Libby find themselves stranded a long way from an important speaking engagement.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stoker, Gill (2004). "Clare in the Community". British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Elmes, Simon (2009). And Now on Radio 4: A Celebration of the World's Best Radio Station. Random House. p. 132.
Jump up ^ Petty, Moira (4 January 2013). "Radio review: The Eustace Diamonds; The Reluctant Spy; Second Body; Clare in the Community". The Stage.
Jump up ^ Petty, Moira (18 February 2013). "Radio review". The Stage.
External links[edit]
Latest strips online
BBC Radio 4 homepage
Harry Venning's Clare website
The British Comedy Guide
Radio Times episode guide
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clare_in_the_Community&oldid=800420155"
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