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Pareto chart
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Pareto chart
One of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality
First described by
Joseph M. Juran
Purpose
To assess the most frequently occurring defects by category†
Simple example of a Pareto chart using hypothetical data showing the relative frequency of reasons for arriving late at work
A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line.
The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence, but it can alternatively represent cost or another important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is the cumulative percentage of the total number of occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of measure. Because the values are in decreasing order, the cumulative function is a concave function. To take the example below, in order to lower the amount of late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first three issues.
The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important among a (typically large) set of factors. In quality control, it often represents the most common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006) devised an algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in the Pareto chart.
These charts can be generated by simple spreadsheet programs, such as Apache OpenOffice/LibreOffice Calc [1] and Microsoft Excel,[2] visualization tools such as ThoughtSpot or Tableau Software,[3] specialized statistical software tools, and online quality charts generators.
The Pareto chart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.[4]
See also[edit]
Control chart
Histogram
Pareto analysis
Quality control
Seven Basic Tools of Quality
Statistical process control (SPC)
Pareto principle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chart Type Column and Line
Jump up ^ Pareto Chart in Excel Best Excel Tutorial
Jump up ^ Pareto in Tableau
Jump up ^ Nancy R. Tague (2004). "Seven Basic Quality Tools". The Quality Toolbox. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: American Society for Quality. p. 15. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
Further reading[edit]
Hart, K. M., & Hart, R. F. (1989). Quantitative methods for quality improvement. Milwaukee, WI: ASQC Quality Press. Santosh: Pre Press
Juran, J. M. (1962). Quality control handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Juran, J. M., & Gryna, F. M. (1970). Quality planning and analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Montgomery, D. C. (1985). Statistical quality control. New York: Wiley.
Montgomery, D. C. (1991). Design and analysis of experiments, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
Pyzdek, T. (1989). What every engineer should know about quality control. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Vaughn, R. C. (1974). Quality control. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press.
Wilkinson, L. (2006). "Revising the Pareto Chart". The American Statistician. 60: 332–334. doi:10.1198/000313006x152243.
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text:
Furnace
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Furnace (disambiguation).
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Industrial furnace from 1907.
A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating. The name derives from Greek word fornax, which means oven. The heat energy to fuel a furnace may be supplied directly by fuel combustion, by electricity such as the electric arc furnace, or through induction heating in induction furnaces.
In American English and Canadian English usage, the term furnace refers to the household heating systems based upon a central furnace, otherwise known either as a boiler, or a heater in British English. Furnace may also be a synonym for kiln, a device used in the production of ceramics.
In British English, a furnace is an industrial furnace used for many things, such as the extraction of metal from ore (smelting) or in oil refineries and other chemical plants, for example as the heat source for fractional distillation columns. The term furnace can also refer to a direct fired heater, used in boiler applications in chemical industries or for providing heat to chemical reactions for processes like cracking, and is part of the standard English names for many metallurgical furnaces worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Categories
1.1 Natural draft
1.2 Forced-air
1.3 Forced draft
1.4 Condensing
1.5 Furnace types
1.5.1 Single-stage
1.5.2 Two-stage
1.5.3 Modulating
2 Heat distribution
3 Home furnaces
4 Metallurgical furnaces
5 Industrial furnaces
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Categories[edit]
Furnaces can be classified into four general categories, based on efficiency and design.
Natural draft[edit]
Diagram of natural draft gas furnace, early 20th century.
The first category of furnaces are natural draft, atmospheric burner furnaces. These furnaces consisted of cast-iron or riveted-steel heat exchangers built within an outer shell of brick, masonry, or steel. The heat exchangers were vented through brick or masonry chimneys. Air circulation depended on large, upwardly pitched pipes constructed of wood or metal The pipes would channel the warm air into floor or wall vents inside the home. This method of heating worked because warm air rises.
The system was simple, had few controls, a single automatic gas valve, and no blower. These furnaces could be made to work with any fuel simply by adapting the burner area. They have been operated with wood, coke, coal, trash, paper, natural gas, and fuel oil. Furnaces that used solid fuels required daily maintenance to remove ash and "clinkers" that accumulated in the bottom of the burner area. In later years, these furnaces were adapted with electric blowers to aid air distribution and speed moving heat into the home. Gas and oil-fired systems were usually controlled by a thermostat inside the home, while most wood and coal-fired furnaces had no electrical connection and were controlled by the amount of fuel in the burner and position of the fresh-air damper on the burner access door.
Forced-air[edit]
The second category of furnace is the forced-air, atmospheric burner style with a cast-iron or sectional steel heat exchanger. Through the 1950s and 1960s, this style of furnace was used to replace the big, natural draft systems, and was sometimes installed on the existing gravity duct work. The heated air was moved by blowers which were belt driven and designed for a wide range of speeds. These furnaces were still big and bulky compared to modern furnaces, and had heavy-steel exteriors with bolt-on removable panels. Energy efficiency would range anywhere from just over 50% to upward of 65% AFUE. This style furnace still used large, masonry or brick chimneys for flues and was eventually designed to accommodate air-conditioning systems.
Forced draft[edit]
The third category of furnace is the forced draft, mid-efficiency furnace with a steel heat exchanger and multi-speed blower. These furnaces were physically much more compact than the previous styles. They were equipped with combustion air blowers that would pull air through the heat exchanger which greatly increased fuel efficiency while allowing the heat exchangers to become smaller. These furnaces may have multi-speed blowers and were designed to work with central air-conditioning systems.
A condensing furnace
Condensing[edit]
The fourth category of furnace is the high-efficiency, or condensing furnace. High-efficiency furnaces can achieve from 89% to 98% fuel efficiency. This style of furnace includes a sealed combustion area, combustion draft inducer and a secondary heat exchanger. Because the heat exchanger removes most of the heat from the exhaust gas, it actually condenses water vapor and other chemicals (which form a mild acid) as it operates. The vent pipes are normally installed with PVC pipe versus metal vent pipe to prevent corrosion. The draft inducer allows for the exhaust piping to be routed vertically or horizontally as it exits the structure. The most efficient arrangement for high-efficiency furnaces include PVC piping that brings fresh combustion air from the outside of the home directly to the furnace. Normally the combustion air (fresh air) PVC is routed alongside the exhaust PVC during installation and the pipes exit through a sidewall of the home in the same location. High efficiency furnaces typically deliver a 25% to 35% fuel savings over a 60% AFUE furnace.
Furnace types[edit]
Single-stage[edit]
A single-stage furnace has only one stage of operation, it is either on or off.[1] This means that it is relatively noisy, always running at the highest speed, and always pumping out the hottest air at the highest velocity.
One of the benefits to a single-stage furnace is typically the cost for installation. Single-stage furnaces are relatively inexpensive since the technology is rather simple.
Two-stage[edit]
This type has two stages of operation, full speed and half (or reduced) speed. Depending on the demanded heat, they can run at a lower speed most of the time. They can be quieter, move the air at less velocity, and will better keep the desired temperature in the house.
Modulating[edit]
This type of furnace can modulate the heat output and air velocity nearly continuously, depending on the demanded heat and outside temperature. This means that it only works as much as necessary and therefore saves energy.
Heat distribution[edit]
The furnace transfers heat to the living space of the building through an intermediary distribution system. If the distribution is through hot water (or other fluid) or through steam, then the furnace is more commonly called a boiler. One advantage of a boiler is that the furnace can provide hot water for bathing and washing dishes, rather than requiring a separate water heater. One disadvantage to this type of application is when the boiler breaks down, neither heating nor domestic hot water are available.
"Octopus" furnace with oil burner.
Air convection heating systems have been in use for over a century. Older systems rely on a passive air circulation system where the greater density of cooler air causes it to sink into the furnace area below, through air return registers in the floor, and the lesser density of warmed air causes it to rise in the ductwork; the two forces acting together to drive air circulation in a system termed 'gravity-fed'. The layout of these 'octopus’ furnaces and their duct systems is optimized with various diameters of large dampered ducts.
Forced-air gas furnace, design circa 1991.
By comparison, most modern "warm air" furnaces typically use a fan to circulate air to the rooms of house and pull cooler air back to the furnace for reheating; this is called forced-air heat. Because the fan easily overcomes the resistance of the ductwork, the arrangement of ducts can be far more flexible than the octopus of old. In American practice, separate ducts collect cool air to be returned to the furnace. At the furnace, cool air passes into the furnace, usually through an air filter, through the blower, then through the heat exchanger of the furnace, whence it is blown throughout the building. One major advantage of this type of system is that it also enables easy installation of central air conditioning, simply by adding a cooling coil at the outlet of the furnace.
Air is circulated through ductwork, which may be made of sheet metal or plastic "flex" duct, and is insulated or uninsulated. Unless the ducts and plenum have been sealed using mastic or foil duct tape, the ductwork is likely to have a high leakage of conditioned air, possibly into unconditioned spaces. Another cause of wasted energy is the installation of ductwork in unheated areas, such as attics and crawl spaces; or ductwork of air conditioning systems in attics in warm climates.
Home furnaces[edit]
Main article: Central heating
A home furnace is a major appliance that is permanently installed to provide heat to an interior space through intermediary fluid movement, which may be air, steam, or hot water. Heating appliances that use steam or hot water as the fluid are normally referred to as a residential steam boiler or residential hot water boiler. The most common fuel source for modern furnaces in North America and much of Europe is natural gas; other common fuel sources include LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), fuel oil and in rare cases coal or wood. In some areas electrical resistance heating is used, especially where the cost of electricity is low or the primary purpose is for air conditioning.
Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be up to 98% efficient and operate without a chimney, with a typical gas furnace being about 80% efficient.[2] Waste gas and heat are mechanically ventilated through PVC pipes that can be vented through the side or roof of the house. Fuel efficiency in a gas furnace is measured in AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency).
Metallurgical furnaces[edit]
The Manufacture of Iron -- Filling the Furnace, an 1873 wood engraving
In metallurgy, several specialized furnaces are used. These include:
Furnaces used in smelters, including:
The blast furnace, used to reduce iron ore to pig iron
Steelmaking furnaces, including:
Puddling furnace
Reverberatory furnace
Bessemer converter
Open hearth furnace
Basic oxygen furnace
Electric arc furnace
Electric induction furnace
Furnaces used to remelt metal in foundries.
Furnaces used to reheat and heat treat metal for use in:
Rolling mills, including tinplate works and slitting mills.
Forges.
Vacuum furnaces
Industrial furnaces[edit]
Main article: Industrial furnace
Schematic diagram of an industrial process furnace
An industrial furnace or direct fired heater, is an equipment used to provide heat for a process or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction. Furnace designs vary as to its function, heating duty, type of fuel and method of introducing combustion air. However, most process furnaces have some common features.
Fuel flows into the burner and is burnt with air provided from an air blower. There can be more than one burner in a particular furnace which can be arranged in cells which heat a particular set of tubes. Burners can also be floor mounted, wall mounted or roof mounted depending on design. The flames heat up the tubes, which in turn heat the fluid inside in the first part of the furnace known as the radiant section or firebox. In this chamber where combustion takes place, the heat is transferred mainly by radiation to tubes around the fire in the chamber.
See also[edit]
Basic oxygen steelmaking
Batch oven
Blast furnace
Cremation
Electric arc furnace
Fan heater
Fire test furnaces
Forced-air gas
Geothermal heat pump (Geothermal systems)
HVAC
Industrial furnace
Jetstream furnace
Masonry heater
Open hearth furnace
Russian oven
Shell boiler
Solar furnace
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Homebuilding, Fine (2017-05-09). Home Repair Wisdom & Know-How: Timeless Techniques to Fix, Maintain, and Improve Your Home. Hachette Books. ISBN 9780316362887.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Bill; Standiford, Kevin (2008-08-28). Practical Heating Technology. Cengage Learning. p. 116. ISBN 141808039X.
References[edit]
Gray, W.A.; Muller, R (1974). Engineering calculations in radiative heat transfer (1st ed.). Pergamon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-08-017786-7.
Fiveland, W.A., Crosbie, A.L., Smith A.M. and Smith, T.F. (Editors) (1991). Fundamentals of radiation heat transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ISBN 0-7918-0729-0. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Warring, R. H (1982). Handbook of valves, piping and pipelines (1st ed.). Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87201-885-7.
Dukelow, Samuel G (1985). Improving boiler efficiency (2nd ed.). Instrument Society of America. ISBN 0-87664-852-9.
Whitehouse, R.C. (Editor) (1993). The valve and actuator user's manual. Mechanical Engineering Publications. ISBN 0-85298-805-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Davies, Clive (1970). Calculations in furnace technology (1st ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-013366-5.
Goldstick, R.; Thumann, A (1986). Principles of waste heat recovery. Fairmont Press. ISBN 0-88173-015-7.
ASHRAE (1992). ASHRAE Handbook. Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems and equipment. ASHRAE. ISBN 0-910110-80-8. ISSN 1078-6066.
Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors) (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049841-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Lieberman, P.; Lieberman, Elizabeth T (2003). Working Guide to Process Equipment (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-139087-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Furnace.
Furnaces, Incinerators, Kilns at DMOZ
https://www.youtube.com/ How It Works: Furnace
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text:
Masters of the Universe (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Masters of the Universe
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Gary Goddard[1]
Produced by
Yoram Globus
Menahem Golan
Written by
David Odell
Starring
Dolph Lundgren
Frank Langella
Courteney Cox
James Tolkan
Christina Pickles
Meg Foster
Robert Duncan McNeill
Narrated by
Peter Brooks
Music by
Bill Conti
Cinematography
Hanania Baer
Edited by
Anne V. Coates
Production
company
Golan-Globus
Distributed by
Cannon Films[2]
Release date
August 7, 1987 (1987-08-07)
Running time
106 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[4]
Box office
$17.3 million[5]
Masters of the Universe is a 1987 American science fantasy action film directed by Gary Goddard, produced by Yoram Globus and by Menahem Golan and written by David Odell. The film stars Dolph Lundgren, Frank Langella, Jon Cypher, Chelsea Field, Billy Barty, Courteney Cox and Robert Duncan McNeill. It is based on the Mattel toyline of the same name and brings the story of two teenagers who meet the mighty warrior He-Man, who arrived on Earth from planet Eternia and now goes on a mission to save the universe from the villianous Skeletor, his arch-nemesis.
Masters of the Universe was released theatrically in the United States on August 7, 1987. It was a critical and commercial failure, grossing $17 million worldwide against a budget of $22 million, but is now regarded as a cult film.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Jack Kirby inspiration
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
7 Legacy
8 Reboot
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On the planet Eternia, at the center of the Universe, Skeletor's army seizes Castle Grayskull, scatters the remaining Eternian defenders, and captures the Sorceress of Grayskull, planning to add her power to his own by the next moonrise.
Skeletor's archenemy, the warrior He-Man, veteran soldier Man-At-Arms, and his daughter Teela rescue Gwildor from Skeletor's forces. Gwildor, a Thenorian locksmith, reveals that Skeletor has acquired his invention: a "Cosmic Key" that can open a portal to anywhere by utilizing sound keys. The device was stolen by Skeletor's second-in-command, Evil-Lyn, allowing Skeletor to breach Castle Grayskull.
With Gwildor's remaining prototype of the Key in hand, He-Man and his friends travel to the Castle. They attempt to free the Sorceress but are overwhelmed by Skeletor's army and forced to flee through Gwildor's hastily opened portal, transporting them to Earth. The Key is misplaced on their arrival and discovered by two New Jersey teenagers, orphaned high school girl Julie Winston and her boyfriend Kevin Corrigan. The pair attempt to figure out what the Key is and accidentally send a signal that allows Evil-Lyn to track the Key and send her henchmen – Saurod, Blade, Beast Man and Karg – to recover it.
Kevin, an aspiring musician, mistakes the Key for a synthesizer and takes it to a music store run by his friend Charlie. Karg's team arrives and chases Julie until He-Man comes across her and rescues her. Karg's team returns to Grayskull where, incensed by their failure, Skeletor kills Saurod and sends the others back to Earth, with a larger force under Evil-Lyn's command. Unable to find Julie, Kevin is taken to Julie's house by Lubic, a detective investigating the disturbance created by Karg's team. Suspecting the Key is stolen, Lubic confiscates it from Kevin and leaves. Immediately afterward, Evil-Lyn captures and interrogates Kevin for the Key's location with a mind control collar, before pursuing Lubic.
Julie and the Eternians release Kevin from the collar before they go after Lubic. They manage to get hold of it in Charlie's store, but Skeletor's forces catch up with them, and a pitched battle ensues. Evil-Lyn recovers the key and summons Skeletor to Earth. Skeletor's forces overwhelm the Eternians and Julie is mortally wounded by Skeletor's lightning blast, which simultaneously erases the memory storage of Gwildor's Key. He-Man surrenders to save his comrades, and is returned to Eternia as Skeletor's slave. Skeletor demands that He-Man kneel before him for all of Eternia to witness, before he is killed. He-Man refuses and is lashed by Blade's laser whip in an attempt to make him kneel. He-Man is still standing when the moon rises and Skeletor absorbs the powers of the universe. Declaring himself the Master of the Universe, Skeletor asserts his victory and continues to torture He-Man with energy blasts.
Back on Earth, Gwildor repairs the Cosmic Key, and Kevin recreates the tones necessary to create a gateway to Eternia. The group, including Lubic who attempts to arrest them, are transported to Castle Grayskull, where they begin battling Skeletor's forces. Resenting that Skeletor absorbed the power of the Universe without sharing it with her, Evil-Lyn deserts him along with the other henchmen. Skeletor accidentally frees He-Man who then reclaims the Sword of Grayskull. The pair battle until He-Man shatters Skeletor's staff, removing his new powers and restoring him to his normal state. He-Man offers mercy but Skeletor draws a concealed sword and attempts to kill He-Man; He-Man knocks Skeletor from the throne room into a towering pit below. The freed Sorceress heals Julie, and a portal is opened to send the Earthlings home. Hailed as a hero for his bravery, Lubic decides to remain on Eternia.
Julie awakens on the morning of her parents' deaths by plane crash. She prevents them from taking the ill-fated flight by taking their keys, and runs outside to find Kevin. Kevin confirms that their experiences were real, producing a souvenir from Eternia: a small blue sphere containing a scene of He-Man in front of Castle Grayskull with his sword raised above his head.
In a post-credits scene, Skeletor's head emerges from the water at the bottom of the pit, saying "I'll be back!".
Cast[edit]
Frank Langella in 2012. Langella chose to portray Skeletor because of his son's love of the character.
Dolph Lundgren – He-Man
Frank Langella – Skeletor
Courteney Cox – Julie Winston
James Tolkan – Detective Lubic
Christina Pickles – Sorceress
Meg Foster – Evil-Lyn
Chelsea Field – Teela
Jon Cypher – Man-At-Arms
Billy Barty – Gwildor
Robert Duncan McNeill – Kevin Corrigan
Anthony De Longis – Blade
Tony Carroll – Beast Man
Pons Maar – Saurod
Robert Towers – Karg
Peter Brooks – Narrator
Production[edit]
One of the original drafts from the script by David Odell (whose previous writing credits include Supergirl and The Dark Crystal) was reviewed in the third episode of the He-Man and She-Ra podcast, Masters Cast. The original draft included more time spent on Eternia and Snake Mountain, had Beast man in a speaking role, and even revealed that He-Man's mother was originally from Earth, as per the character Queen Marlena from the Filmation animated series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, thus linking the two planets.[9] Describing her character, Foster said that Evil-Lyn is not villainous, "she is just doing her job and she knows how to get results, even if it means being harsh." Langella agreed, calling Evil-Lyn a female more dedicated to Skeletor's cause than any man; she is obsessive around Skeletor because she is slightly lovelorn.[10] The filmmakers considered having Foster wear eye-lenses to mask her naturally pale-blue eyes, but decided that her natural eyes fit the character better. However, they did augment Foster's chest, fitting cleavage into the character's costume. Foster wanted the character to have a large hairstyle, rather than the short style featured in the film.[11]
When offered the role, Langella said that he "didn’t even blink ... I couldn't wait to play him." Langella cited his then-four-year-old son's love of Skeletor while running around his house yelling He-Man's battle cry "I have the power!", as the reason he chose to play He-Man's archenemy.[12]
Jack Kirby inspiration[edit]
Comic book writer/artist John Byrne compared the film to Jack Kirby's comic book metaseries Fourth World, stating in Comic Shop News #497:
The best New Gods movie, IMHO, is Masters of the Universe. I even corresponded with the director, who told me this was his intent, and that he had tried to get [Jack] Kirby to do the production designs, but the studio nixed it.
Check it out. It requires some bending and an occasional sex change (Metron becomes an ugly dwarf, The Highfather becomes the Sorceress), but it's an amazingly close analog, otherwise. And Frank Langella's Skeletor is a dandy Darkseid!
Director Gary Goddard clarified this in a letter appearing in John Byrne's Next Men #26, in which he stated:
As the director of Masters of the Universe, it was a pleasure to see that someone got it. Your comparison of the film to Kirby’s New Gods was not far off. In fact, the storyline was greatly inspired by the classic Fantastic Four/Doctor Doom epics, The New Gods and a bit of Thor thrown in here and there. I intended the film to be a "motion picture comic book," though it was a tough proposition to sell to the studio at the time. 'Comics are just for kids,' they thought. They would not allow me to hire Jack Kirby who I desperately wanted to be the conceptual artist for the picture…
I grew up with Kirby's comics (I've still got all my Marvels from the first issue of Fantastic Four and Spider-Man through the time Kirby left) and I had great pleasure meeting him when he first moved to California. Since that time I enjoyed the friendship of Jack and Roz and was lucky enough to spend many hours with Jack, hearing how he created this character and that one, why a villain has to be even more powerful than a hero, and on and on. Jack was a great communicator, and listening to him was always an education. You might be interested to know that I tried to dedicate Masters of Universe to Jack Kirby in the closing credits, but the studio took the credit out.
Brian Cronin, author of the "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed" column, concludes that "the film itself was not intended to be literally a reworked Fourth World, although the intent WAS to make the film a tribute to Jack Kirby — just a tribute to ALL of his work, not just the Fourth World."[13]
Music[edit]
The musical score of Masters of the Universe was composed by Bill Conti. It was recorded by several European orchestras, chiefly the Graunke Orchestra of Munich (the only one to be credited on the soundtrack album) and conducted by a number of conductors, chiefly Bruce Miller and Harry Rabinowitz (Rabinowitz received sole credit). Conti did not conduct his score because it could not be recorded in the United States as "there was a musicians strike or something like that... So it went to various places." He and the score mixer Dan Wallin assembled the score from the various recorded takes, because there were problems with the orchestral performances ("We didn't have anything that went from beginning to end without a problem").[14]
The soundtrack album was released on record, cassette and compact disc by Varese Sarabande in 1987; it was subsequently issued in an expanded version by Edel. In 2008, La-La Land Records released a two-disc edition with the complete score and the original album presentation; in 2012, Intrada Records issued the complete score (the entirely of disc one and tracks 1–5 on disc two) on one disc.
Release[edit]
Prior to releasing it, the Cannon Group touted Masters of the Universe as the Star Wars of the 1980s. Despite releasing alongside the height of the success of the toy line, animated series, and related merchandise, Masters of the Universe began as the third-highest-grossing film of the weekend in North America on August 7, 1987, earning $4,883,168, behind Stakeout ($5,170,403) and The Living Daylights ($7,706,230). The film quickly left the charts altogether with a North American gross of $17,336,370.[15][2][5][16]
Home media[edit]
Masters of the Universe was released on DVD October 23, 2001. A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray Disc was released by Warner Home Video on October 2, 2012.[17]
Reception[edit]
Masters of the Universe received negative reviews from critics and holds a 17% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.[18] Variety called it a "Conan-Star Wars hybrid ripoff" that is "a colossal bore".[19] Walter Goodman of The New York Times wrote, "If you liked the toy, you'll love the movie."[20] Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times called it "a misfiring, underdone epic".[21] Johanna Steinmetz of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the film, while predictable and derivative, entertains audiences through its side plots set on Earth.[22]
In a retrospective review, Glenn Heath, Jr. of Slant Magazine called it a "jarring mix of corny screwball comedy and choppy action heroics".[23] Chris Eggertsen of HitFix, in an article identifying the film's campy, positive qualities, called it "an objectively bad film with a big heart".[24] Joshua Winning of Digital Spy wrote, "...beloved of '80s kids but scorned by critics, it's a high camp oddity that we should celebrate on its own terms".[4]
Billy Barty received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film, but 'lost' to David Mendenhall for Over the Top.
Legacy[edit]
The commercial failure of Masters of the Universe, among other films such as Superman IV: The Quest for Peace and Lifeforce, contributed to the eventual closure of Cannon Films.[11] Cannon Films had intended to create a Masters of the Universe sequel, indicated by the end credits with a surprise reveal that Skeletor survives his fall. The sequel titled "Masters of the Universe 2: Cyborg" was written and followed He-Man, who returned to Earth to battle Skeletor, who has left Earth as a post-apocalyptic wasteland and the film was to feature Trap Jaw and She-Ra. Pro surfer Laird Hamilton was originally to replace Dolph Lundgren as He-Man and the only aspect known about the sequel's screenplay was that He-Man would have returned to Earth and was disguised as a professional quarterback.[25] With a low budget of $4.5 million, the sequel was to be directed by Albert Pyun, consecutively with the aborted Spider-Man movie. The project was abandoned when Cannon would not pay Mattel's fees. The production instead utilized the already-made costumes and sets for the low-budget sci-fi film Cyborg.[26][27][28]
Masters of the Universe was Lundgren's first leading role in a feature film following his success in Rocky IV, and he later labeled it as his least favorite film role.[10] Conversely, Langella considers playing Skeletor to be one of his favorite roles.[12]
Reboot[edit]
A new He-Man film directed by John Woo was reportedly being developed in 2007, but despite many rumors circulating the Internet regarding the film's production status and casting, the project was never officially green-lit. The film rights to He-Man have reportedly since reverted to Mattel.[29]
In September 2009, Sony took over the rights from Warner Bros. to produce the live action adaptation after Mattel and producer Joel Silver, who was previously involved with a potential film, couldn't agree on creative direction for the film.[30] Sony and Escape Artists' Todd Black, Jason Blumenthal, and Steve Tisch will now start developing the project from scratch for Columbia Pictures. In April 2010, Sony hired screenwriters Mike Finch and Alex Litvak to draft a new script.[31] Warner announced that John Stevenson, director of Kung Fu Panda will direct the upcoming feature. On May 12, 2009, it was announced that the scripting duties had been handed to Evan Daugherty, with Stevenson still attached to direct.[32]
In late 2012, Deadline reported that Jon M. Chu was in talks to direct the film.[33] Original He-Man actor Lundgren did an interview with IGN about a possible role in the film as King Randor.[34] October 12, 2012, Richard Wenk is hired to rewrite the script for the film.[35] On March 28, 2013, Chu spoken that the film is still early is in the experimentation and also it won't be campy but an origin story.[36][37] On October 7, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Terry Rossio would script and that Black, Blumenthal, and Tisch would produce the film and it will be set on Eternia; the site also reported that Chu will not direct the film.[38]
On January 10, 2014, Schmoes Know reported that Joe Cornish (Attack the Block), Rian Johnson (Looper), Andrés Muschietti (Mama), Kirk DeMicco and Chris Sanders (The Croods), and Phil Lord and Chris Miller (The Lego Movie) were named as frontrunners to direct the film.[39] On February 26, it was reported that directors Mike Cahill, Jeff Wadlow, Harald Zwart, and Chris McKay are on the short list to direct.[40][41] On April 9, Schmoes Know reported that Wadlow will direct the film, but The Hollywood Reporter announced that he's rewriting the script of the film.[42][43]
On August 19, 2015, it was announced that Chris Yost had been hired to write the film.[44]
On January 22, 2016, Deadline reports that McG will direct the film and will also oversee a rewrite of the latest script by Alex Litvak and Mike Finch, while Escape Artists’ Todd Black, Jason Blumenthal and Steve Tisch are on board as producers.[45]
On June 24, 2016, Kellan Lutz tweeted that he has a meeting with both McG and Mary Viola about having the role of He-Man.[46][47]
On April 27, 2017, it was announced that the film will be released on December 18, 2019. At the same time, McG left the film and David S. Goyer has been hired to rewrite the script.[48]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "`Masters` A Lesson In More Thrills For Less". Chicago Tribune. 1987-08-13. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Arts, ' (1987-08-11). "Weekend Box Office". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Masters of the Universe (1987)". bbfc.co.uk. British Board of Film Classification. September 16, 1987. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Winning, Joshua (2015-05-03). "In Defense Of... Masters of the Universe, Dolph Lundgren's fantasy flop". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Masters of the Universe". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. July 12, 2014. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (2015-08-19). "'Thor: Ragnarok' Scribe to Pen 'Masters of the Universe' for Sony". Variety. Retrieved 2016-04-01. spawned a movie... that subsequently became a cult hit
Jump up ^ Miller, Leon (2017-09-03). "Masters Of The Universe: 15 Shocking Things You Didn’t Know About The Movie". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2017-09-10. it’s since gone on to become a cult classic
Jump up ^ Colburnon, Randall (2017-04-28). "Believe it or not, a Masters of the Universe reboot is slated for a 2019 release". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 2017-09-10. the colossal flop turned campy cult classic that was 1987’s Masters of the Universe
Jump up ^ "Masters Cast – Episode 3". Masters Cast. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b SFX 2013, p. 84.
^ Jump up to: a b SFX 2013, p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frank Langella calls Skeletor "One of my Very Favourite Parts"". ifc.com. IFC. August 7, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #75". Goodcomics.comicbookresources.com. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Bill Conti's Music of the Universe," pg. 8, liner notes, Masters of the Universe: Complete Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, La-La Land Records LLLCD 1071.
Jump up ^ SFX 2013, p. 82.
Jump up ^ "August 7–9, 1987". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. July 12, 2014. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Masters Of The Universe: 25th Anniversary (BD) | WBshop.com | Warner Bros". Wbshop.com. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Masters of the Universe". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review: ‘Masters of the Universe’". Variety. 1987. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Walter (1987-08-08). "Masters of the Universe (1987)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Wilmington, Michael (1987-08-12). "Movie Review : 'Masters Of The Universe' Misfires". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Steinmetz, Johanna (1987-08-12). "Surprise! 'Masters' Isn't Bad". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Heath, Glenn (2012-07-29). "Summer of '87: Masters of the Universe: He-Man, Voice of Reason". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Eggertson, Chris (2015-08-25). "'Masters of the Universe' wasn't all bad: 13 things to actually admire about the 1987 flop". HitFix. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Lambie, Ryan (July 6, 2016). "How a He-Man sequel and a Spider-Man movie became Cyborg". Den of Geek.
Jump up ^ Brian Cronin (2013-01-30). "Movie Legends Revealed: He-Man & Spider-Man Films Became Cyborg? – Spinoff Online – TV, Film, and Entertainment News Daily". Spinoff.comicbookresources.com. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Masters of the Universe DVD (1987)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Sequel Baiting Endings That Didn't Work". Empire. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
Jump up ^ Clint Morris, Fox2000 no longer has the Power of Grayskull, Moviehole, November 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Barbie's a living doll at Universal – Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ drees, Rich. "MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE Gets Screenwriters". filmbuffonline.com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. "'Grayskull' lands new writer". Hollywoodreporter.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. "Jon M. Chu In ‘Masters Of The Universe’ Talks". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe – Lundgren on He-Man Reboot". IGN. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (2012-10-12). "Wenk to pen 'Masters of the Universe'". Variety. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
Jump up ^ "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe - Jon M. Chu Production Update - IGN Video".
Jump up ^ "TR Interview: Jon M. Chu Talks G.I. Joe: Retaliation...and Masters of the Universe! - The Robot's Voice". March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Lone Ranger' Co-Writer Tapped to Write 'Masters of the Universe' (Exclusive)".
Jump up ^ The Phantom (2014-01-10). "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Close to Happening; Looking at New Directors!". Schmoes Know. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (February 26, 2014). "BTW, Mike Cahill and Jeff Wadlow are on the short list for MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE".
Jump up ^ "He-Man Film ‘Masters of the Universe’ Director Short-List Includes ‘Lego Movie’ Editor (Exclusive)". The Wrap. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
Jump up ^ "A PHANTOM EXCLUSIVE: Jeff Wadlow Will Direct MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE!". Schmoes Know. April 9, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Wadlow to Rewrite 'Masters of the Universe'". The Hollywood Reporter. April 10, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Yost to Write ‘Masters of the Universe’ Film". Comicbookresources.com. August 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr, Mike (January 22, 2016). "McG Orbiting ‘Masters Of The Universe’ At Sony". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Lutz, Kellan. "Hey @HeManTheMovie and all MOTU fans, Had an amazing meeting with @McGsWonderland and @ItsMaryViola talking MOTU! ITS IN GREAT HANDS!". line feed character in |title= at position 38 (help)
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Russ (June 24, 2016). "Kellan Lutz Met With McG About Masters Of The Universe Movie". ComicBook.com.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Danette. "Masters Of The Universe gets a release date, but loses its director".
"Masters of the Universe". SFX. Future plc (240): 82–85. November 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Masters of the Universe
Masters of the Universe on IMDb
Masters of the Universe at Box Office Mojo
Masters of the Universe at Rotten Tomatoes
Masters of the Universe on YouTube
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Microfilament
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Actin cytoskeleton of mouse embryo fibroblasts, stained with Fluorescein isothiocyanate-phalloidin
Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but in cells are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins. Microfilaments are usually about 7 nm in diameter and composed of two strands of actin. Microfilament functions include cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and cell motility in general, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility and mechanical stability. Microfilaments are flexible and relatively strong, resisting buckling by multi-piconewton compressive forces and filament fracture by nanonewton tensile forces. In inducing cell motility, one end of the actin filament elongates while the other end contracts, presumably by myosin II molecular motors.[1] Additionally, they function as part of actomyosin-driven contractile molecular motors, wherein the thin filaments serve as tensile platforms for myosin's ATP-dependent pulling action in muscle contraction and pseudopod advancement. Microfilaments have a tough, flexible framework which helps the cell in movement.[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Organization
3 In vitro self-assembly
4 Mechanism of force generation
5 Actin in cells
6 Associated proteins
7 Actin acts as a track for myosin motor motility
8 A proposed model – actoclampins track filament ends
8.1 Steps involved
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Actin and microfilament-mediated processes have long been a subject of research. Engelmann (1879) suggested that many kinds of movement observed in plants and protozoa like cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid movement were in fact a primitive version of the movements of muscle contraction.
In the 1930s, Szent-Györgyi and collaborators, violating one of the canons of biochemistry, started to study the residue instead of the extract", that is, structural proteins and not enzymes, leading to the many discoveries related to microfilaments.[3]
Organization[edit]
Actin filaments are assembled in two general types of structures: bundles and networks. Bundles can be composed of polar filament arrays, in which all barbed ends point to the same end of the bundle, or non-polar arrays, where the barbed ends point towards both ends. A class of actin-binding proteins, called cross-linking proteins, dictate the formation of these structures. Cross-linking proteins determine filament orientation and spacing in the bundles and networks. These structures are regulated by many other classes of actin-binding proteins, including motor proteins, branching proteins, severing proteins, polymerization promoters, and capping proteins.
In vitro self-assembly[edit]
Measuring approximately 6 nm in diameter,[4] microfilaments are the thinnest fibers of the cytoskeleton. They are polymers of actin subunits (globular actin, or G-actin), which as part of the fiber are referred to as filamentous actin, or F-actin. Each microfilament is made up of two helical, interlaced strands of subunits. Much like microtubules, actin filaments are polarized. Electron micrographs have provided evidence of their fast-growing barbed-ends and their slow-growing pointed-end. This polarity has been determined by the pattern created by the binding of myosin S1 fragments: they themselves are subunits of the larger myosin II protein complex. The pointed end is commonly referred to as the minus (−) end and the barbed end is referred to as the plus (+) end.
In vitro actin polymerization, or nucleation, starts with the self-association of three G-actin monomers to form a trimer. ATP-bound actin then itself binds the barbed end, and the ATP is subsequently hydrolyzed. ATP hydrolysis occurs with a half time of about 2 seconds,[5] while the half time for the dissociation of the inorganic phosphate is about 6 minutes.[5] This autocatalyzed event reduces the binding strength between neighboring subunits, and thus generally destabilizes the filament. In vivo actin polymerization is catalyzed by a class of filament end-tracking molecular motors known as actoclampins. Recent evidence suggests that the rate of ATP hydrolysis and the rate of monomer incorporation are strongly coupled.
Subsequently, ADP-actin dissociates slowly from the pointed end, a process significantly accelerated by the actin-binding protein, cofilin. ADP bound cofilin severs ADP-rich regions nearest the (−)-ends. Upon release, the free actin monomer slowly dissociates from ADP, which in turn rapidly binds to the free ATP diffusing in the cytosol, thereby forming the ATP-actin monomeric units needed for further barbed-end filament elongation. This rapid turnover is important for the cell's movement. End-capping proteins such as CapZ prevent the addition or loss of monomers at the filament end where actin turnover is unfavorable, such as in the muscle apparatus.
Actin polymerization together with capping proteins were recently used to control the 3-dimensional growth of protein filament so as to perform 3D topologies useful in technology and the making of electrical interconnect. Electrical conductivity is obtained by metallisation of the protein 3D structure.[6][7]
Mechanism of force generation[edit]
As a result of ATP hydrolysis, filaments elongate approximately 10 times faster at their barbed ends than their pointed ends. At steady-state, the polymerization rate at the barbed end matches the depolymerization rate at the pointed end, and microfilaments are said to be treadmilling. Treadmilling results in elongation in the barbed end and shortening in the pointed-end, so that the filament in total moves. Since both processes are energetically favorable, this means force is generated, the energy ultimately coming from ATP.[1]
Actin in cells[edit]
Intracellular actin cytoskeletal assembly and disassembly are tightly regulated by cell signaling mechanisms. Many signal transduction systems use the actin cytoskeleton as a scaffold, holding them at or near the inner face of the peripheral membrane. This subcellular location allows immediate responsiveness to transmembrane receptor action and the resulting cascade of signal-processing enzymes.
Because actin monomers must be recycled to sustain high rates of actin-based motility during chemotaxis, cell signalling is believed to activate cofilin, the actin-filament depolymerizing protein which binds to ADP-rich actin subunits nearest the filament's pointed-end and promotes filament fragmentation, with concomitant depolymerization in order to liberate actin monomers. In most animal cells, monomeric actin is bound to profilin and thymosin beta-4, both of which preferentially bind with one-to-one stoichiometry to ATP-containing monomers. Although thymosin beta-4 is strictly a monomer-sequestering protein, the behavior of profilin is far more complex. Profilin enhances the ability of monomers to assemble by stimulating the exchange of actin-bound ADP for solution-phase ATP to yield actin-ATP and ADP. Profilin is transferred to the leading edge by virtue of its PIP2 binding site, and it employs its poly-L-proline binding site to dock onto end-tracking proteins. Once bound, profilin-actin-ATP is loaded into the monomer-insertion site of actoclampin motors.
Another important component in filament formation is the Arp2/3 complex, which binds to the side of an already existing filament (or "mother filament"), where it nucleates the formation of a new daughter filament at a 70 degree angle relative to the mother filament, effecting a fan-like branched filament network.[8]
Associated proteins[edit]
In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are formed proximal to membrane surfaces. Their formation and turnover are regulated by many proteins, including:
Filament end-tracking protein (e.g., formins, VASP, N-WASP)
Filament-nucleator known as the Actin-Related Protein-2/3 (or Arp2/3) complex
Filament cross-linkers (e.g., α-actinin, fascin, and fimbrin)
Actin monomer-binding proteins profilin and thymosin β4
Filament barbed-end cappers such as Capping Protein and CapG, etc.
Filament-severing proteins like gelsolin.
Actin depolymerizing proteins such as ADF/cofilin.
The actin filament network in non-muscle cells is highly dynamic. The actin filament network is arranged with the barbed-end of each filament attached to the cell's peripheral membrane by means of clamped-filament elongation motors, the above-mentioned "actoclampins", formed from a filament barbed-end and a clamping protein (formins, VASP, Mena, WASP, and N-WASP).[9] The primary substrate for these elongation motors is profilin-actin-ATP complex which is directly transferred to elongating filament ends.[10] The pointed-end of each filament is oriented toward the cell's interior. In the case of lamellipodial growth, the Arp2/3 complex generates a branched network, and in filopodia a parallel array of filaments is formed.
Actin acts as a track for myosin motor motility[edit]
Myosin motors are intracellular ATP-dependent enzymes that bind to and move along actin filaments. Various classes of myosin motors have very different behaviors, including exerting tension in the cell and transporting cargo vesicles.
A proposed model – actoclampins track filament ends[edit]
One proposed model suggests the existence of actin filament barbed-end-tracking molecular motors termed "actoclampin".[11] The proposed actoclampins generate the propulsive forces needed for actin-based motility of lamellipodia, filopodia, invadipodia, dendritic spines, intracellular vesicles, and motile processes in endocytosis, exocytosis, podosome formation, and phagocytosis. Actoclampin motors also propel such intracellular pathogens as Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Vaccinia and Rickettsia. When assembled under suitable conditions, these end-tracking molecular motors can also propel biomimetic particles.
The term actoclampin is derived from acto- to indicate the involvement of an actin filament, as in actomyosin, and clamp to indicate a clasping device used for strengthening flexible/moving objects and for securely fastening two or more components, followed by the suffix -in to indicate its protein origin. An actin filament end-tracking protein may thus be termed a clampin.
Dickinson and Purich recognized that prompt ATP hydrolysis could explain the forces achieved during actin-based motility.[9] They proposed a simple mechanoenzymatic sequence known as the Lock, Load & Fire Model, in which an end-tracking protein remains tightly bound ("locked" or clamped) onto the end of one sub-filament of the double-stranded actin filament. After binding to Glycyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-registers on tracker proteins, Profilin-ATP-actin is delivered ("loaded") to the unclamped end of the other sub-filament, whereupon ATP within the already clamped terminal subunit of the other subfragment is hydrolyzed ("fired"), providing the energy needed to release that arm of the end-tracker, which then can bind another Profilin-ATP-actin to begin a new monomer-addition round.
Steps involved[edit]
The following steps describe one force-generating cycle of an actoclampin molecular motor:
The polymerization cofactor profilin and the ATP·actin combine to form a profilin-ATP-actin complex that then binds to the end-tracking unit
The cofactor and monomer are transferred to the barbed-end of an actin already clamped filament
The tracking unit and cofactor dissociate from the adjacent protofilament, in a step that can be facilitated by ATP hydrolysis energy to modulate the affinity of the cofactor and/or the tracking unit for the filament; and this mechanoenzymatic cycle is then repeated, starting this time on the other sub-filament growth site.
When operating with the benefit of ATP hydrolysis, AC motors generate per-filament forces of 8–9 pN, which is far greater than the per-filament limit of 1–2 pN for motors operating without ATP hydrolysis.[9][11][12] The term actoclampin is generic and applies to all actin filament end-tracking molecular motors, irrespective of whether they are driven actively by an ATP-activated mechanism or passively.
Some actoclampins (e.g., those involving Ena/VASP proteins, WASP, and N-WASP) apparently require Arp2/3-mediated filament initiation to form the actin polymerization nucleus that is then "loaded" onto the end-tracker before processive motility can commence. To generate a new filament, Arp2/3 requires a "mother" filament, monomeric ATP-actin, and an activating domain from Listeria ActA or the VCA region of N-WASP. The Arp2/3 complex binds to the side of the mother filament, forming a Y-shaped branch having a 70 degree angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the mother filament. Then upon activation by ActA or VCA, the Arp complex is believed to undergo a major conformational change, bringing its two actin-related protein subunits near enough to each other to generate a new filament gate. Whether ATP hydrolysis may be required for nucleation and/or Y-branch release is a matter under active investigation.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Keith Roberts, Martin Raff, Bruce Alberts, Peter Walter, Julian Lewis and Alexander Johnson, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition, Routledge, March 2002, hardcover, 1616 pages, 7.6 pounds, ISBN 0-8153-3218-1
Jump up ^ Gunning, P. W.; Ghoshdastider, U; Whitaker, S; Popp, D; Robinson, R. C. (2015). "The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments". Journal of Cell Science. 128 (11): 2009–19. doi:10.1242/jcs.165563. PMID 25788699.
Jump up ^ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Fuchs E, Cleveland DW (January 1998). "A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease". Science. 279 (5350): 514–9. doi:10.1126/science.279.5350.514. PMID 9438837.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollard T. D.; Earnshaw W. D. (2004). Cell Biology (First ed.). SAUNDERS. ISBN 1-4160-2388-7.
Jump up ^ Galland R, Leduc P, Guérin C, Peyrade D, Blanchoin L, Théry M (2013). "Fabrication of three-dimensional electrical connections by means of directed actin self-organization". Nature Materials. 12 (5): 416–421. doi:10.1038/nmat3569. PMID 23396247.
Jump up ^ US Patent US 9070702, Method for obtaining three-dimensional actin structures and uses thereof, Jean-Christophe Gabriel, Laurent Blanchoin, Manuel Thery, Remi Galland
Jump up ^ Mullins RD, Heuser JA, Pollard TD (May 1998). "The interaction of Arp2/3 complex with actin: nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and formation of branching networks of filaments". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (11): 6181–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6181. PMC 27619. PMID 9600938.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dickinson, R. B.; Purich, D. L. (2007). "Nematode Sperm Motility: Nonpolar Filament Polymerization Mediated by End-Tracking Motors". Biophysical Journal. 92 (2): 622–631. doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.090472. PMC 1751402. PMID 17056726.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, R. B.; Southwick, F. S.; Purich, D. L. (2002). "A direct-transfer polymerization model explains how the multiple profilin-binding sites in the actoclampin motor promote rapid actin-based motility". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 406 (2): 296–301. doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00212-6. PMID 12361718.
^ Jump up to: a b Dickinson, R. B.; Caro, L.; Purich, D. L. (2004). "Force Generation by Cytoskeletal Filament End-Tracking Proteins". Biophysical Journal. 87 (4): 2838–2854. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.045211. PMC 1304702. PMID 15454475.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, R. B.; Purich, D. L. (2006). "Diffusion Rate Limitations in Actin-Based Propulsion of Hard and Deformable Particles". Biophysical Journal. 91 (4): 1548–1563. doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.082362. PMC 1518650. PMID 16731556.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microfilaments.
Microfilaments at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Microfilament+proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"Microfilament" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

show
v
t
e
Proteins of the cytoskeleton
Human
Microfilaments
and ABPs
Myofilament
Actins
A1
A2
B
C1
G1
G2
Myosins
I
MYO1A
MYO1B
MYO1C
MYO1D
MYO1E
MYO1F
MYO1G
MYO1H)
II
MYH1
MYH2
MYH3
MYH4
MYH6
MYH7
MYH7B
MYH8
MYH9
MYH10
MYH11
MYH13
MYH14
MYH15
MYH16
III
MYO3A
MYO3B
V
MYO5A
MYO5B
MYO5C
VI
MYO6
VII
MYO7A
MYO7B
IX
MYO9A
MYO9B
X
MYO10
XV
MYO15A
XVIII
MYO18A
MYO18B
LC
MYL1
MYL2
MYL3
MYL4
MYL5
MYL6
MYL6B
MYL7
MYL9
MYLIP
MYLK
MYLK2
MYLL1
Other
Tropomodulin
1
2
3
4
Troponin
T 1 2 3
C 1 2
I 1 2 3
Tropomyosin
1
2
3
4
Actinin
1
2
3
4
Arp2/3 complex
actin depolymerizing factors
Cofilin
1
2
Destrin
Gelsolin
Profilin
1
2
Titin
Other
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
Fibrillin
Filamin
FLNA
FLNB
FLNC
Espin
TRIOBP
Intermediate
filaments
Type 1/2
(Keratin,
Cytokeratin)
Epithelial keratins
(soft alpha-keratins)
type I/chromosome 17
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
chromosome 12
18
none
21
type II/chromosome 12
1
2A
3
4
5
6A
6B
7
8
9
Hair keratins
(hard alpha-keratins)
type I/chromosome 17
31
32
33A
33B
34
35
36
37
38
type II/chromosome 12
81
82
83
84
85
86
Ungrouped alpha
chromosome 17
23
24
25
26
27
28
39
40
chromosome 12
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Not alpha
Beta-keratin
Type 3
Desmin
GFAP
Peripherin
Vimentin
Type 4
Internexin
Nestin
Neurofilament
NEFL
NEFM
NEFH
Synemin
Syncoilin
Type 5
Nuclear lamins: A/C
B1
B2
Microtubules
and MAPs
Kinesins
KIF1A
KIF1B
KIF2A
KIF2C
KIF3B
KIF3C
KIF4A
KIF4B
KIF5A
KIF5B
KIF5C
KIF6
KIF7
KIF9
KIF11
KIF12
KIF13A
KIF13B
KIF14
KIF15
KIF16B
KIF17
KIF18A
KIF18B
KIF19
KIF20A
KIF20B
KIF21A
KIF21B
KIF22
KIF23
KIF24
KIF25
KIF26A
KIF26B
KIF27
KIFC1
KIFC2
KIFC3
Dyneins
axonemal: DNAH1
DNAH2
DNAH3
DNAH5
DNAH6
DNAH7
DNAH8
DNAH9
DNAH10
DNAH11
DNAH12
DNAH13
DNAH14
DNAH17
DNAI1
DNAI2
DNALI1
DNAL1
DNAL4
cytoplasmic: DYNC1H1
DYNC2H1
DYNC1I1
DYNC1I2
DYNC1LI1
DYNC1LI2
DYNC2LI1
DYNLL1
DYNLL2
DYNLRB1
DYNLRB2
DYNLT1
DYNLT3
Other
Tau protein
Dynactin
DCTN1
Tubulins
TUBA1A
TUBA1B
TUBA1C
TUBA3C
TUBA3D
TUBA3E
TUBA4A
TUBA8
Stathmin
Tektin
TEKT1
TEKT2
TEKT3
TEKT4
TEKT5
Dynamin
DNM1
DNM2
DNM3
Catenins
Alpha catenin
Beta catenin
APC
Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
Delta catenin
GAN
Membrane
Dystrophin
Dystroglycan
Utrophin
Ankyrin
ANK1
ANK2
ANK3
Spectrin
SPTA1
SPTAN1
SPTB
SPTBN1
SPTBN2
SPTBN4
SPTBN5
Other
Plakins
Corneodesmosin
Desmoplakin
Dystonin
Envoplakin
MACF1
Periplakin
Plectin
Talin
TLN1
Vinculin
Plakophilin
PKP1
PKP2
Nonhuman
Major sperm proteins
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
Crescentin
FtsZ
MreB
See also: cytoskeletal defects
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microfilament&oldid=853957828"
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