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P&O Cruises
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This article is about P&O Cruises' United Kingdom operations. For P&O Cruises' Australian operations, see P&O Cruises Australia.
P&O Cruises
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Transportation
Predecessor
P&O
Founded
1837
Headquarters
Southampton, UK
Area served
United Kingdom
Key people
Josh Weinstein (President, Carnival UK)
Paul Ludlow (Senior Vice President, P&O Cruises)
David Dingle (Chairman, Carnival UK)
Christopher Edgington (Vice President of Marketing, P&O Cruises)
Products
Cruises
Parent
Carnival Corporation & plc
Website
P&O Cruises
Footnotes / references
P&O House Flag
P&O Cruises is a British cruise line based at Carnival House in Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. Originally a constituent of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, P&O Cruises is the oldest cruise line in the world, having operated the world's first commercial passenger ships in the early 19th century. It is the sister company of, and retains strong links with, P&O Cruises Australia. P&O Cruises was de-merged from the P&O group in 2000, becoming a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises plc, which subsequently merged with Carnival Corporation in 2003, to form Carnival Corporation & plc. P&O Cruises currently operates seven cruise ships and has a 2.4% market share of all cruise lines worldwide.[1] Its most recent vessel, flagship Britannia, joined the fleet in March 2015.[2]
Contents
1 History of P&O passenger services
1.1 19th century
1.2 20th century
1.3 21st century
2 Golden Cockerel
3 Fleet
3.1 Current fleet
3.2 Future fleet
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History of P&O passenger services[edit]
Strathaird of 1932 at Fremantle Harbour c.1950.
Oriana of 1960 at Vava'u, Tonga in 1985.
Canberra of 1961 in the Azores in 1984.
Oriana of 1995 at Las Palmas, Gran Canaria in 2003
Britannia of 2015 in La Rochelle, France in 2015, bearing the line's new Union Flag livery
19th century[edit]
P&O Cruises originates from 1822, with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company, which began life as a partnership between Brodie McGhie Willcox, a London ship broker, and Arthur Anderson, a sailor from the Shetland Isles. The company first operated a shipping line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. In 1837, the company won a contract to deliver mail to the Peninsula, with its first mail ship, RMS Don Juan, departing from London on 1 September 1837. The ship collected mail from Falmouth four days later, however it hit rocks on the homeward bound leg of the trip. The company’s reputation survived only because all objects including mail were rescued.
In 1840, the company acquired a second contract to deliver mail to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. At the time, the company had no ships available to use on the route, so agreed to merge with the Liverpool based Transatlantic Steamship Company, acquiring two ships, the 1,300-ton Great Liverpool and the newly built 1,600-ton Oriental.
P&O first introduced passenger services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, and have led to P&O Cruises being recognised as the world's oldest cruise line. The company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople and underwent rapid expansion in the later half of the 19th century, with its ships becoming larger and more luxurious. Notable ships of the era include the SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built with a total steel superstructure, and the SS Valetta built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.
20th century[edit]
In 1904 the company advertised its first cruise on the 6,000-ton Vectis, a ship specially fitted out for the purpose of carrying 150 first-class passengers. Ten years later the company merged with the British India Steam Navigation Company, leaving the fleet with a total of 197 ships. In the same year the company had around two-thirds of its fleet relinquished for war service. However, the company was fortunate and only lost 17 ships in the First World War, with a further 68 lost in subsidiary companies. A major event in the company’s history took place in December 1918, when P&O purchased 51% of the Orient Steam Navigation Company, which had been previously operating jointly with P&O on the Australian mail contract. During the 1920s, P&O and Orient Line took delivery of over 20 passenger liners, allowing them to expand their operations once again. Cruises began operating once again in 1925, when Ranchi’s maiden voyage was a cruise to Norway. During 1929, P&O offered 15 cruises, some aboard Viceroy of India, the company’s first turbo-electric ship.
The P&O Group left the Second World War with a loss of 156 ships including popular liners such as Viceroy of India, Cathay, Oronsay and Orcades. By the late 1940s commercial aviation was beginning to take hold of the industry so newer ships became larger and faster, allowing the sailing time to Australia to be cut from five to four weeks. In 1955 P&O and Orient Lines ordered what were to be their last passenger liners — the Canberra and Oriana. These fast ships bought the Australian run down another week to just three, with Oriana recording a top speed of just over 30 knots during trials. During 1961, P&O bought out the remaining stake in Orient Lines and renamed its passenger operations as P&O-Orient Lines. The decreasing popularity of line voyages during the 1960s and 1970s meant that cruising became an important deployment for these ships in-between line voyages. In 1971 the company reorganised its 100 subsidiaries and 239 ships into several operating divisions, one of which was The Passenger Division which began with 13 ships. The 1962 comedy film, Carry On Cruising, based on the original story by Eric Barker, listed P&O-Orient in its credits. The first Carry On film in colour, it used footage of P&O's cruise ship S.S. Oronsay as well as mock-up scenes shot at Pinewood studios.
The 1970s was a grim time for the passenger liner as many young liners were sold for scrap. Princess Cruises was acquired in 1974 which allowed the almost new Spirit of London to be transferred to the Princess fleet. This left Canberra and Oriana to serve the UK market on their own, with Arcadia deployed in Australia and Uganda offering educational cruises. In 1977, P&O re-branded its passenger division, creating P&O Cruises and P&O Cruises Australia. In February 1979 Kungsholm, a former Swedish American Line vessel, was acquired from Flagship Cruises and after a major refit was renamed Sea Princess. Operating out of Australia, she replaced Arcadia that was then sold to Taiwanese ship breakers. In spring 1982 Oriana replaced Sea Princess in Australia, leaving Sea Princess to be transferred to the UK. When Canberra returned from the Falklands War, Sea Princess was switched to the Princess fleet in 1986 leaving just the Canberra for the UK market. With Canberra's withdrawal becoming ever more imminent, P&O ordered its first new ship for the British market, the 69,153-ton Oriana, delivered in 1995. Canberra ran alongside her for two years until she was scrapped in 1997. Canberra was replaced by Star Princess, renamed Arcadia. She became the first ship in the P&O fleet to be dedicated for adults only, a role that would be continued by various ships thereafter.
21st century[edit]
In April 2000, Aurora, a half-sister ship to Oriana, entered service for P&O Cruises. In February 2000, it was announced that all cruise ship operations, including P&O Cruises, were to be de-merged from the P&O group, forming a new independent company, P&O Princess Cruises plc. The company operated the P&O Cruises, Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises Australia, AIDA Cruises and later A'Rosa Cruises and Ocean Village fleets. In 2003, P&O Princess merged with Carnival Corporation, to form Carnival Corporation & plc.[3] In 2003, Arcadia was transferred to the new Ocean Village brand. At the same time, Oceana (ex Ocean Princess) and her sister the Adonia (ex Sea Princess) were transferred to the P&O fleet. Following the merger with Carnival Corporation, Oceana remained with P&O Cruises and Adonia was transferred back to Princess Cruises in 2005, when she was replaced by the new Arcadia, a newbuild originally intended for Holland America Line, and later Cunard Line. Another former Princess ship, Artemis, joined the fleet in 2005, and left in 2011 to be replaced by yet another former Princess ship, the second Adonia.
P&O Cruises continued to expand its fleet with the addition of the 116,017-ton Ventura in 2008, and her near-twin sister Azura in 2010. In January 2014, the line introduced a new fleet-wide livery, based on the Union Flag, to emphasise their British heritage,[4] shortly after which, a new 143,730-ton flagship, Britannia, joined the fleet in 2015.[2] In September 2016, it was announced that P&O Cruises would build a new 180,000-ton ship in 2020,[5] and in January 2018, it was announced that a twin sister would follow in 2022.[6] These ships would be the UK's first to be powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG), shipping’s most advanced fuel technology, with the intention of reducing air emissions.[7] In May 2018, it was announced that the first of the two ships would be called Iona.[8]
Adonia left the fleet in March 2018,[9] and in June 2018, it was announced that Oriana would follow in August 2019.[10]
Golden Cockerel[edit]
Oriana holds the Golden Cockerel trophy for the fastest ship in the P&O Cruises fleet.[11] Previously held by Oriana of 1960, it passed to Canberra upon the retirement of Oriana in 1986. On the final cruise of Canberra in 1997, the Golden Cockerel was handed over to the new Oriana, when both ships were anchored off Cannes.
Fleet[edit]
Current fleet[edit]
Ship
Built
Builder
In service for
P&O Cruises
Gross tonnage
Flag[12]
Notes
Image
Oriana 1995 Meyer Werft 1995–present 02 69,153 Bermuda Refitted in 2016. Due to leave the fleet in August 2019.[10]
Aurora 2000 Meyer Werft 2000–present 03 76,152 Bermuda Refitted in 2014.
Oceana 2000 Fincantieri 2002–present 04 77,499 Bermuda Previously Ocean Princess for Princess Cruises. Refitted in 2017.
Arcadia 2005 Fincantieri 2005–present 05 84,342 Bermuda Previously intended for Holland America Line and Cunard Line. Refitted in 2017.
Ventura 2008 Fincantieri 2008–present 07 116,017 Bermuda Refitted in 2018.
Azura 2010 Fincantieri 2010–present 06 115,055 Bermuda Refitted in 2015.
Britannia 2015 Fincantieri 2015–present 143,730 United Kingdom Flagship. Largest cruise ship ever built for P&O Cruises and the UK market.[2]
Future fleet[edit]
Ship
Built
Builder
In service for
P&O Cruises
Gross Tonnage[13]
Flag
Notes
Iona 2020 Meyer Werft 2020 07 183,900 TBC Will be both the largest cruise ship ever built for P&O Cruises and the UK market, and the first to run on liquefied natural gas.[8]
Unnamed 2022 Meyer Werft 2022 06 183,900 TBC Will be the joint-largest cruise ship ever built for P&O Cruises and the UK market.[6]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "2018 Worldwide Cruise Line Market Share". Cruise Market Watch. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "USA: Fincantieri Receives Order from Carnival Corps to Build New Cruise Ship". Shipbuilding Tribune. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Carnival cruises towards P&O deal". BBC. 25 October 2002. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "P&O Cruises reveals new Union Flag livery". Travel Weekly. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "P&O Cruises announces order for biggest ever ship". Travel Weekly. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "P&O Orders New Ship for 2022 Delivery". Cruise Industry News. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Carnival Corporation to Build Three New LNG-Powered Cruise Ships with Meyer Werft and Meyer Turku". Carnival Corporation & plc. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "P&O Cruises Reveals Name of New Ship: Iona". Cruise Critic. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "P&O Respond And Apologise To Guests After News Of Selling Ship". Cruise. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oriana to leave P&O Cruises fleet in August 2019". Travel Weekly. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oriana refit in focus". P&O Cruises. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vessel Database". FleetMon. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cruise ship orderbook". Cruise Industry News. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
References[edit]
P&O:The Fleet - Miles Cowsill, John Hendy, William Mayes 2000 ISBN 1-871947-54-5
Howarth, David; Howarth, Stephen (1995). The Story of P & O: Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (2nd ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297789651.
Cruise Ships - William Mayes 2005 ISBN 0-9547206-1-X
Artemis Last Cruise
External links[edit]
United Kingdom portal
Nautical portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to P&O Cruises.
P&O Cruises Official Website
P&O Cruises Australia Website
The Last Ocean Liners (trade routes and ships of P&O-Orient Lines in the 1950s, 60s and 70s)
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Cruise brands and operational groups of Carnival Corporation & plc
North America
Carnival
Carnival Cruise Line
Fathom Cruise Lines
Holland America Group
Holland America Line
Princess Cruises
Seabourn Cruise Line
Europe Asia Australia
(EAA)
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Former
Carnival Air Lines
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Ships of the P&O Cruises fleet
Current fleet
Arcadia
Aurora
Azura
Britannia
Oceana
Oriana
Ventura
Former
Adonia (1998)
Adonia (2011)
Arcadia (1953)
Arcadia (1988)
Artemis
Canberra (1960)
Carthage (1931)
Chusan (1949)
Corfu (1931)
Devanha (1905)
Himalaya (1948)
Iberia (1954)
Oceana (1887)
Oriana (1959)
Oronsay (1950)
Orsova (1953)
Ravenna (1880)
Sardinia (1902)
Spirit of London (1972)
Strathaird (1932)
Strathmore (1935)
Strathnaver (1931)
Valetta (1889)
Viceroy of India (1929)
Victoria (1965)
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Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O)
Parent company
DP World
Divisions and
subsidiaries
Current
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P&O Ferrymasters
P&O Maritime Services
Former
Bovis Homes Group
Pandoro Ltd
P&O Bank
P&O Containers Ltd
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P&O Cruises Australia
P&O Estates
P&O European Ferries
P&O Irish Sea
P&O Nedlloyd
P&O North Sea Ferries
P&O Ports Ltd
P&O Portsmouth
P&O Princess Cruises
P&O Scottish Ferries
P&O Stena Line
Acquisitions
British-India Steam Navigation Company
Coast Lines
European Ferries Group Ltd
General Steam Navigation Company
New Zealand Shipping Company
Orient Steam Navigation Company
Overseas Containers Ltd
Union Steamship Company of New Zealand
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Du Pont family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Du Pont family
Motto: "Rectitudine sto"
(Stand upright)
Ethnicity
French American
Current region
Delaware and Pennsylvania, U.S.
Earlier spellings
Du Pont de Nemours
Etymology
Du Pont, "Of the bridge"
Place of origin
France
Members
Sieur Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont
John Eleuthère du Pont
Gov. Pierre S. du Pont IV
Connected families
Astor family
Rockefeller family
Roosevelt family
Vanderbilt family
Traditions
Roman Catholics
Reformed (see Huguenots)
Episcopalians
Estate(s)
Nemours Mansion and Gardens (Wilmington)
Louviers (Wilmington)
The Du Pont family is an American family descended from Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (1739–1817). Since the 19th century, the Du Pont family has been one of the richest families in America.[1]
Many former Du Pont family estates have been opened to the public as museums, gardens, or parks, such as Nemours Mansion and Gardens, Longwood Gardens, and Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library. The family's first American estate, located at Hagley Museum and Library, has been designated a National Historic Landmark. In recent years, the family has continued to be known for its association with political and business ventures, as well as philanthropic efforts on behalf of various organizations such as The Jockey Club,[2] the Philadelphia Orchestra,[3] the Delaware Art Museum, and the Grand Opera House.[4]
Two family members were the subjects of well-publicized criminal cases. Heir John Eleuthère du Pont was convicted of murdering wrestling coach Dave Schultz in 1996[5] and heir Robert H. Richards IV was convicted of raping his 3-year-old daughter in 2009.[6]
The family is depicted in the 2014 biographical film Foxcatcher with Steve Carell playing John Eleuthère du Pont and Vanessa Redgrave playing Jean du Pont, the wife of William du Pont, Jr.
The family fortune as of 2016 was $14.3 billion with over 3,500 living members around the world, most of whom are only marginally related.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Spelling of the name
3 Alphabetical list of selected descendants of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4 Family tree
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours was the son of a Parisian watchmaker and a member of a Burgundian Huguenot family, and descendant of a minor noble family on his mother's side. He and his sons, Victor Marie du Pont and Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, emigrated from France in 1800 to the United States and used the resources of their Huguenot heritage to found one of the most prominent of American families, and one of its most successful corporations, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, initially established by Éleuthère Irénée as a gunpowder manufacturer.
In 1802, Éleuthère Irénée du Pont established a gunpowder mill on the banks of the Brandywine River near Wilmington, Delaware. The location provided all the necessities to operate the mill: a water flow sufficient to power it, available timber (mainly willow trees) that could be turned into charcoal fine enough to use for gunpowder, close proximity to the Delaware River to allow for shipments of sulfur and saltpeter, the other ingredients used in the manufacture of gunpowder. There were also nearby stone quarries to provide needed building materials.[7]
Over time the Du Pont company grew into the largest black powder manufacturing firm in the world. The family remained in control of the company up through the 1960s[8] and family trusts still own a substantial amount of the company's stock. This and other companies run by the Du Pont family employed up to 10 percent of Delaware's population at its peak.[9] During the 19th century, the Du Pont family maintained their family wealth by carefully arranged marriages between cousins[10] which, at the time, was the norm for many families.
The family played a large part in politics during the 18th and 19th centuries and assisted in negotiations for the Treaty of Paris and the Louisiana purchase. Both T. Coleman and Henry A. du Pont served as U.S. senators, and Pierre S. du Pont, IV served as Governor of Delaware.
The family has also played an important role in historic preservation and land conservation, including helping to found the National Trust for Historic Preservation, preserving President James Madison's home Montpelier, and establishing numerous museums such as Winterthur and the Delaware Museum of Natural History. The Brandywine Conservancy founded by family member George Alexis Weymouth owns around 2,350 acres (951 ha) of land in Pennsylvania and Delaware, and owns permanent conservation easements on an additional 37,000 acres (14,973 ha).[11][12] In 2013, Lammot du Pont Copeland's Mt. Cuba Center contributed over $20 million to purchase land for donation to the federal government to form the First State National Historical Park.[13]
Beginning with William du Pont, Jr. and his sister, Marion duPont Scott, many members of the Du Pont family have been involved in the breeding and racing of thoroughbred racehorses, as well as establishing racehorse venues and training tracks.[14]
Spelling of the name[edit]
The stylings "du Pont" and "Du Pont" for the family name have both been widely used in published writings. In many publications, the styling is "du Pont" when quoting an individual's full name and "Du Pont" when speaking of the family as a whole, although some individual Du Ponts have chosen to style it differently, such as Samuel Francis Du Pont. The name of the chemical company founded by the family is today styled solid as "DuPont" in the short form (but the long form is styled as E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company); the stylings "Du Pont" and "DuPont" for the company's short name coexisted in the 20th century, but the latter is now consistently used in the company's branding. The solid styling "duPont" is less common, but the Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children uses it, as does the duPont Registry. William S. Dutton's mid-20th-century history of the family business[15] uses "Du Pont" both for the family mentioned generally and for the company's short name but "du Pont" in an individual's full name (for example, "Éleuthère Irénée du Pont", "Henry du Pont", "Alfred Victor du Pont", "Lammot du Pont"); for example, "when he [Lammot du Pont] went to General Henry du Pont with the proposal that the Du Ponts manufacture dynamite, he was answered by a blunt and unqualified 'No!'"[15]:116) The first page of Dutton's monograph[15]:3 contains the following footnote about the surname's styling (the mention of "Samuel Dupont" here refers to the 18th-century Parisian watchmaker, not to his 19th-century descendant): "Samuel Dupont used this form of the family name [i.e., Dupont], but beginning in 1763 his son signed himself 'Du Pont.' Later, he added 'de Nemours' to his name to prevent confusion with two other Duponts in the French Chamber of Deputies. Du Pont, in English, is pronounced with the accent on the second syllable. In French, neither syllable is accented."[15]:3
French orthographic tradition for the styling of de (or its inflected forms) as a surname particle, in either nobiliary or non-nobiliary form, is discussed at Nobiliary particle § France. In non-nobiliary form, the prevalent French styling of the name is "Dupont", and thus the choice by Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours to begin styling himself so during the monarchical era hints at social ambition. But the influence of French orthography and prerevolutionary class structure on how English orthography styles surnames today is outweighed by how families and individuals so named style themselves.
Alphabetical list of selected descendants of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Below is an alphabetical listing of selected notable members of the family. It is followed by a listing of their families in order of descent. The listing is intended only to illustrate the relationships among the notable members of the family and is not a complete genealogy. The only family groupings and lines of descent shown are those necessary to illustrate relationships for notable members of the family. By 1942 there were believed to be 705 direct descendants of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, and in the 21st century there are well more than 2,000 living members of the family.
Alexis Felix du Pont (1879–1948)
Alexis Felix du Pont, Jr. (1905–1996)
Alexis Irénée du Pont (1816–1857)
Alfred Irénée du Pont (1864–1935)
Alfred Victor Philadelphe du Pont (1798–1856)
Amy Elizabeth du Pont (1875–1962)
Benjamin Franklin du Pont (born 1964)
Charles Irénée du Pont (1797–1869)
Charles Irénée du Pont, II (1859–1902)
Coleman Dupont Donaldson (1922–2009)
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont (1771–1834)
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, II (1829–1877)
Eleuthère I. du Pont
Ethel du Pont (1916–1965)
Éleuthère Paul du Pont (1887–1950)
Francis Gurney du Pont (1850–1904)
Francis Irénée du Pont (1873–1942)
George Alexis Weymouth (1936-2016)
Henry du Pont (1812–1889)
Henry Algernon du Pont (1838–1926)
Henry Francis du Pont (1880–1969)
Jane du Pont Lunger (1914–2001)
John Éleuthère du Pont (1938–2010)
Irénée du Pont (1876–1963)
Lammot du Pont I (1831–1884)
Lammot du Pont II (1880–1952)
Marion duPont (1894–1983)
Louise Evelina du Pont Crowninshield (1877–1958)
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (1739–1817)
Pierre S. du Pont (1870–1954)
Pierre S. "Pete" du Pont, IV (born 1935)
Richard Chichester du Pont (1911–1943)
Samuel Francis Du Pont (1803–1865)
Thomas Coleman du Pont (1863–1930)
Victor Marie du Pont (1767–1827)
Victorine du Pont Homsey (1900–1998)
William du Pont (1855–1928)
William du Pont Jr. (1896–1965)
William du Pont III (1952–pres.)
Henry E.I du Pont (1927-2002.)
Martha Anne Caroline Verge du Pont (Muffin) (1928–2017)
Martha Ann "Charlotte" du Pont-McCartney (1942–pres.)
John du Pont Jr. (1944–pres.)
Sophie Madeline du Pont-McCartney (1990-pres.)
Martha Quinn Caroline du Pont (1930–pres.)
Martha Ann Caroline du Pont-Sessions (1940–pres.)
Dr. Katherine du Pont McCartney Livingston (1969–pres.)
Dr. John Peter McCartney Jr. (1972–pres.)
Dr. Elizabeth Charlotte McCartney-Winterbourne (1966–pres.)
Eliza Harrington-McCartney (1978–pres.)
John Rixey du Pont (1980–pres.)
Family tree[edit]
The following list is not a complete genealogy, but is ordered by descent to show the familial relationships between members of the du Pont family throughout history.
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
Victor Marie du Pont Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
Charles I. du Pont Samuel Francis Du Pont Alfred V. du Pont Henry du Pont Alexis Irénée du Pont
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont II Lammot du Pont I Antoine Biderman du Pont Henry A. du Pont Eugene du Pont Francis Gurney du Pont
Alfred I. du Pont Pierre S. du Pont Irénée du Pont Lammot du Pont II William du Pont Antoine Biderman du Pont, Jr. T. Coleman du Pont Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield Henry Francis du Pont Eugene du Pont, Jr. Amy Elizabeth du Pont Francis Irénée du Pont A. Felix du Pont E. Paul du Pont
Esther D. du Pont Pierre S. du Pont III Marion duPont Scott William du Pont, Jr. Victorine du Pont Homsey Ethel du Pont A. Felix du Pont, Jr. Lydia Chichester du Pont Richard Chichester du Pont Alice du Pont Mills
Pierre S. du Pont IV John Eleuthère du Pont William du Pont III
Ben duPont Eleuthère I. du Pont
See also[edit]
Bellevue State Park (Delaware)
Brandywine Creek State Park
Delaware Museum of Natural History
Hagley Museum and Library
Longwood Gardens
Louviers (Wilmington, Delaware)
Lower Louviers and Chicken Alley
Mt. Cuba Center
Nemours Mansion and Gardens
Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Du Pont family". forbes.com. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lunger Estate Makes Major Contribution to Equine Research". The Jockey Club. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Duvoisin, Marc (28 January 1996). "Family's Reach Influenced Business, Politics And Arts The Du Pont Family Can Take Some Credit For The Creation Of Longwood Gardens, The Atomic Bomb And Nylon Hosiery". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Nagengast, Larry. "The Past, Present and Future of DuPont". Delaware Today. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "John E. du Pont, Heir Who Killed an Olympian, Dies at 72". 10 December 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2016 – via The New York Times.
Jump up ^ CNN, By Kevin Conlon and Stephanie Gallman. "Du Pont heir convicted of rape spared prison - CNN.com". cnn.com. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Happy Trails". americanroads.net. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "DuPont Co.'s 19 leaders since 1802". Wilmington News Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Gross, Scott. "Delaware's dilemma: A fading DuPont". Wilmington News Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin by Richard Conniff, From the August 2003 issue, published online August 1, 2003
Jump up ^ Bauers, Sandy (25 July 2002). "Conservancy gains easement Winterthur's pastoral beauty is now protected". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Jeff. "The Brandywine Conservancy: Preserving Nature, Art, and History" (PDF). Wilmington News Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Delaware's First State National Monument". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center". University of Vermont. Archived from the original on 27 December 2001. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dutton, William S. (1942), Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years, Charles Scribner's Sons, LCCN 42011897.
Bibliography[edit]
Gates, John D. (1979). The du Pont Family. New York: Doubleday & Company. ISBN 0-385-13043-0.
Duke, Marc. (1976). The du Ponts, Portrait of a Dynasty. New York: Saturday Review Press, E.P. Dutton & Co. ISBN 0-8415-0429-6.
Dutton, William S. (1942). Du Pont, One Hundred and Forty Years. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
du Pont, Pierre S. (1942). Genealogy of the Du Pont Family 1739-1942. Wilmington: Hambleton Printing & Publishing.
External links[edit]
Dominick Dunne's "Maternal Instinct" - Lisa Dean, greatgrandaughter of Lammont du Pont - murder for hire
Occom Partners, Pierre S. duPont, V
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Inverted question and exclamation marks
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"¡" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Temherte slaq.
¿ ¡
Inverted question mark
Inverted exclamation mark
Punctuation
apostrophe ’ '
brackets [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩
colon :
comma , ، 、
dash ‒ – — ―
ellipsis … ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ
exclamation mark !
full stop, period .
guillemets ‹ › « »
hyphen ‐
hyphen-minus -
question mark ?
quotation marks ‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " "
semicolon ;
slash, stroke, solidus / ⧸ ⁄
Word dividers
interpunct ·
space
General typography
ampersand &
asterisk *
at sign @
backslash \
basis point ‱
bullet •
caret ^
dagger † ‡ ⹋
degree °
ditto mark ”
equals sign =
inverted exclamation mark ¡
inverted question mark ¿
komejirushi, kome, reference mark ※
multiplication sign ×
number sign, pound, hash #
numero sign №
obelus ÷
ordinal indicator º ª
percent, per mil % ‰
pilcrow ¶
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plus-minus, minus-plus ± ∓
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section sign §
tilde ~
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Inverted question marks (¿) and exclamation marks (Commonwealth English) or exclamation points (American English) (¡) are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences (or clauses), respectively, in written Spanish and sometimes also in languages which have cultural ties with Spanish, such as in older standards of Galician (now it is optional and not recommended)[citation needed] and the Waray language.[1] They can also be combined in several ways to express the combination of a question and surprise or disbelief. The initial marks are normally mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the common marks (?, !) used in most other languages. Unlike the ending marks, which are printed along the baseline of a sentence, the inverted marks (¿ and ¡) descend below the line.
Inverted marks were originally recommended by the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy) in 1754, and adopted gradually over the next century.[citation needed]
On computers, inverted marks are supported by various standards, including ISO-8859-1, Unicode, and HTML. They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish-speaking countries, or via alternative methods on other keyboards.
Contents
1 Usage
2 History
3 Mixtures
4 Computer usage
4.1 Encodings
4.2 Input methods
4.2.1 Microsoft Windows
4.2.2 macOS
4.2.3 LaTeX
4.3 Use in filenames
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Usage[edit]
Main article: Spanish orthography
The inverted question mark (¿) is a punctuation mark written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows. It is a rotated form of the standard symbol "?" recognized by speakers of languages written with the Latin alphabet. In most languages, a single question mark is used, and only at the end of an interrogative sentence: "How old are you?" This was once true of the Spanish language.
The inverted question mark was adopted long[specify] after the Real Academia's decision, published in the second edition of the Ortografía de la lengua castellana (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754[2] recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish—e.g. "¿Cuántos años tienes?" ("How old are you?"). The Real Academia also ordered the same inverted-symbol system for statements of exclamation, using the symbols "¡" and "!". This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences. "Do you like summer?" and "You like summer." are translated respectively as "¿Te gusta el verano?" and "Te gusta el verano." (There is not always a difference between the wording of a yes–no question and the corresponding statement in Spanish.) These new rules were slowly adopted; there exist nineteenth-century books in which the writer does not use either opening symbol, neither the "¡" nor the "¿".
In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol inverted question mark, for example: "Si no puedes ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?" ("If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?")
Some writers omit the inverted question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as: "Quién viene?" ("Who comes?"). This is the criterion in Catalan.[3] Certain Catalan-language authorities, such as Joan Solà, insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity.
Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda (1904–1973), refuse to use the inverted question mark.[4] It is common in Internet chat rooms and instant messaging now to use only the single "?" as an ending symbol for a question, since it saves typing time. Multiple closing symbols are used for emphasis: "Por qué dices eso??", instead of the standard "¿Por qué dices eso?" ("Why do you say that?"). Some may also use the ending symbol for both beginning and ending, giving "?Por qué dices eso?" Given the informal setting, this might be unimportant; however, teachers see this as a problem, fearing and claiming that contemporary young people are inappropriately and incorrectly extending the practice to academic homework and essays. (See Internet linguistics § Educational perspective)
History[edit]
This article is missing information about how inverted punctuation came about in the languages of Spain. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (October 2014)
In 1668, John Wilkins proposed using the inverted exclamation mark "¡" as a symbol at the end of a sentence to denote irony. He was one of many, including Desiderius Erasmus, who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark, but Wilkins' proposal, as was true of the other attempts, failed to take hold.[5][6]
Mixtures[edit]
Although it has now become rare, it is correct usage in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening inverted exclamation mark ("¡") and end it with a question mark ("?"), or vice versa, for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as: ¡Y tú quién te crees? ("Who do you think you are?!"). Normally, four signs are used, always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side (nested) (¿¡Y tú quién te crees!?, ¡¿Y tú quién te crees?![7])
Unicode 5.1 also includes U+2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG, which is an inverted version of the interrobang (also known as a "gnaborretni"), a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in just one glyph.
Computer usage[edit]
Encodings[edit]
"¡" and "¿" are both located within the Unicode Common block, and are both inherited from ISO-8859-1. "¡" has Unicode code point U+00A1 (decimal entity reference ¡) and HTML named entity reference ¡. "¿" has Unicode code point U+00BF (decimal entity reference ¿) and has HTML named entity reference ¿. In both cases, the "i" in the named entity reference is an initialism for "inverted".[8]
Input methods[edit]
The ¡ character is accessible using AltGr+1 on a modern US-International keyboard. It is also available using a standard US keyboard by switching to the US-International keyboard layout.
Microsoft Windows[edit]
"¿" is available in all keyboard layouts for Spanish-speaking countries.
Users of English (US) keyboards under Microsoft Windows can obtain the inverted question mark "¿" using the Alt code method by holding down the Alt key and pressing 0191 or any multiple of 256 + 168 on the number pad and the inverted exclamation mark "¡" with number pad code 0161 or 173. In Microsoft Word, the inverted question and exclamation marks can be typed by holding down the Ctrl, Alt, and shift keys while typing a normal question or exclamation mark, or by typing either mark at the start of the sentence whilst in the Spanish language mode.
Windows users with a US keyboard layout are able to switch to the US-International layout. Among other changes, this converts the Alt key to the right of the space bar into the Alt Gr (graphics) key. (The left Alt key remains unchanged.) When the right Alt key is held down and other keys are pressed, the combination produces other characters not found on the standard US keyboard. For instance, the keystroke right Alt+1 produces an inverted exclamation mark, while right Alt+/ yields the inverted question marks.
macOS[edit]
On the macOS platform (or when using the "US International"/us-intl keyboard layout on Windows and Linux), "¡" and "¿" can be entered by pressing Alt/⌥ Option+1 and ⇧ Shift+Alt/⌥ Option+/ respectively. With a compose key, for example, <LEFT SHIFT> + <RIGHT CTRL>, they can be entered by pressing the compose key and ! or ? twice. And for AZERTY keyboards, the shortcut is: fn + alt + ! (number 8).
LaTeX[edit]
In LaTeX documents, the "¿" is written as ?` (question mark, backtick) or \textquestiondown, and "¡" as !` (exclamation point, backtick) or \textexclamdown. (This may require including "\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}" at the top of the document.) XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX have full Unicode support, and literal ¿ and ¡ characters may be input.
Use in filenames[edit]
In Windows, an inverted question mark is valid in a file or directory name, whereas the normal question mark is a reserved character which cannot be so used.
See also[edit]
Spanish orthography
Interrobang
References[edit]
Jump up ^ De Veyra, Vicente I. (1982). "Ortograpiya han Binisaya". Kandabao: Essays on Waray language, literature, and culture.
Jump up ^ "Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica" (PDF). Real Academia Española.
Jump up ^ Institut d'Estudis Catalans (1996), "Els signes d'interrogació i d'admiració (Acord de l'11 de juny de 1993)", Documents de la Secció Filològica, III, pp. 92–94, archived from the original on 2011-09-06
Jump up ^ Pablo Neruda, "Antología Fundamental". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. (556 KB), (June 2008). ISBN 978-956-16-0169-7. p. 7 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Keith Houston (24 September 2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-393-24154-9.
Jump up ^ Popova, Maria. "Ironic Serif: A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark". Brain Pickings. Retrieved 1 Sep 2014.
Jump up ^ RAE's [1] (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Character entity references in HTML 4, W3C. [year missing]
External links[edit]
Upside Down Question Mark
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