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Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois
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Recruit Training Command Great Lakes
Seal of Recruit Training Command
Founded
July 1, 1911; 106 years ago (1911-07-01)
Country
United States of America
Branch
United States Navy
Role
Recruit training
Garrison/HQ
Naval Station Great Lakes
North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Motto(s)
"The Not Quarterdeck of the Navy"
Website
http://www.bootcamp.navy.mil/
Commanders
Commanding officer
CAPT Michael S. Garrick, USN[1]
Executive officer
CDR Richard Huth, USN
Command master chief
CMDCM Shawn Isbell, USN
Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois (RTC Great Lakes), is a unit within the United States Navy primarily responsible for conducting the initial orientation and indoctrination of incoming recruits.
RTC Great Lakes is also commonly referred to as boot camp and recruit training, or RTC. Since the BRAC-directed closures of Recruit Training Commands in Orlando, Florida in 1994 and San Diego, California in 1993, RTC Great Lakes has been the only enlisted basic training location in the U.S. Navy and has been called "The Quarterdeck of the Navy" since it was first utilized in July 1911.
Running at approximately eight weeks long, all enlistees into the U.S. Navy commence their enlistments at this command. Some recruits may take longer than eight weeks if they do not pass certain tests. Upon successful completion of basic training, qualifying sailors are sent to various apprenticeship, or "A schools", located across the United States for training in their occupational speciality, or ratings. Those who have not yet received a specific rating enter the fleet with a general designation of airman, fireman, or seaman. Recruit Training Command is located at Naval Station Great Lakes in the city of North Chicago, Illinois in Lake County, north of Chicago. It is a tenant command, meaning that although it is located on the base, it has a separate chain of command.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Facilities
2.1 USS Enterprise (BLDG-7115)
3 Training timeline
3.1 Processing Week
3.2 Week One
3.3 Week Two
3.4 Week Three
3.5 Week Four
3.6 Week Five
3.7 Week Six
3.8 Week Seven
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
An inspection during World War I
Play media
A brief video overview of navy boot camp in 2009
Play media
A video overview of navy boot camp
Play media
An RDC billet recruitment video from 2013, aimed at navy sailors contemplating becoming an RDC
After the Spanish–American War, the U.S. Navy began investigating 37 sites around Lake Michigan in order to locate a new training center in the Midwest, an area that contributed 43 percent of the Navy’s recruits at the time.[2]
Illinois Congressional Representative and chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs (1900–1911) George Edmund Foss pressed for the decision to locate the center at its present location and was later called "The Father of Great Lakes". Foss Park, just north of the base in North Chicago, is named in his honor. It is likely the facility would have been located elsewhere had it not been for the $175,000 contribution of the Merchants Club of Chicago to purchase the land.[2]
Rear Admiral Albert A. Ross was the station’s first commander and the base's Ross Field and Ross Auditorium were later named in his honor. The first flag was planted on site on 1 July 1905. President William H. Taft dedicated the station six years later on 28 October 1911. In that same year, the station received its first trainee, Seaman Recruit Joseph W. Gregg.[3]
"The Golden Thirteen"
Naval Station Great Lakes was at the forefront of the racial integration of the Navy. African-Americans were permitted to enlist for general service in the middle of 1942 receiving training at Great Lakes as well as Hampton, Virginia. Previously they had been restricted to special duties.[4] The Navy commissioned its first African-American officers, later known as the "Golden Thirteen", at Great Lakes in February 1944. In July 1987, building 1405, the Golden Thirteen Recruit In-Processing Center, was dedicated in their honor. The surviving eight attended the ceremony.[3]
U.S. Navy sailors sleeping in hammocks
Navy recruit training is now exclusively conducted at Naval Station Great Lakes' Recruit Training Command. Prior to the mid-1990s, recruit training facilities included Naval Training Center Orlando and Naval Training Center San Diego. Female recruit training was previously limited to the Orlando facility. The Base Realignment and Closure Commission of 1993 resulted in the consolidation of recruit training to Great Lakes. Following the consolidation, the Navy undertook a massive recapitalization (recap) program to upgrade the Great Lakes Recruit Training facility.[5] The recap included the construction of Camp John Paul Jones, a 48-acre (190,000 m2) site on land formerly owned by the Veterans Administration Hospital adjacent to Camp Porter.[6] New barracks were also constructed and are referred to as "ships" by the recruits. Each "ship" was also named after an important ship in naval history, such as USS John F. Kennedy and USS Enterprise. Each "ship" can house up to 1,300 recruits during training.
U.S. Navy sailors man the rails of the training simulator, USS Trayer (BST-21), which was completed in June 2007
A 210-foot (64 m) Arleigh Burke-class destroyer simulator called USS Trayer (BST-21)[7] was also constructed as part of the recap program also known as Battle Stations 21 (BST 21).[8]
Facilities[edit]
USS Enterprise (BLDG-7115)[edit]
USS Enterprise (BLDG 7115)
The USS Enterprise Recruit Barracks Building is the eighth of fourteen built as part of a $763 million recapitalization program.[9]
USS Enterprise Recruit Barracks
The building is named after the eight USS Enterprises that have borne the name,[10] including the two famous aircraft carriers pictured around the building's quarterdeck. The first is CV-6, which was a ship of the Yorktown class launched in 1936 (the most-decorated Navy ship in history) and one of only three American carriers commissioned prior to World War II to survive the war. The nautical flags hanging on the quarterdeck of BLDG 7115 are from CV-6. The second is the CVN-65, the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. Many of the displays on the quarterdeck of USS Enterprise (BLDG-7115) were donated by the USS Enterprise (CVN-65).
The USS Enterprise (BLDG-7115) has 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) of space, enough to accommodate 16 recruit divisions of up to 88 recruits each. This facility integrates berthing, classrooms, learning resource centers, a galley and quarterdeck, all under one roof. Each "ship" has a Ship's Officer who fills the role of Commanding Officer, a Ship's Leading Chief Petty Officer who fills the role of Command Master Chief and a Chaplain.
Training timeline[edit]
Processing Week[edit]
The Atlantic Fleet Drill Hall in Camp John Paul Jones at RTC Great Lakes, completed in December 2007
U.S. Navy recruits begin their journey at Building 1405, Golden Thirteen, the Recruit In-processing Center in Camp Moffett. Recruits arrive at all hours, but mostly during the night. Before formal training can begin at Recruit Training Command, Recruits are screened medically, dentally and administratively.[11] They receive a thorough round of inoculations, an initial issue of uniforms and their first military haircut. They are taught basic grooming standards, the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), standards of conduct and are introduced to their Recruit Division Commander (drill instructor).
This first week of training, called P-Days (processing days), lasts for approximately five days but can run a little longer depending on weekends, holidays and the schedule of arriving Recruits. During P-days, recruits will be taught the basics of watch standing, they will be given information to memorize and they will begin learning to organize their gear. P-Days conclude with a commissioning ceremony, led by the Recruit's Group Commander (Ship's Officer) in which their division's guidon (divisional flag displaying division number) is unrolled. This ceremony marks the official start of their training.[11]
Week One[edit]
Recruits march from their "ship" barracks named for USS Chicago[disambiguation needed]
This week is considered the most intense week of physical conditioning. Recruits take their initial swim qualification test, learn military drill, the details of rank and rating and the Navy core values.
Week Two[edit]
During Week Two, recruits learn the Navy chain of command, custom and courtesies and basic watchstanding.
Week Three[edit]
A Recruit Division Commander conducts "Instructional Training" to correct substandard performance during boot camp
Week Three consists of hands-on training. Recruits learn laws of armed conflict, personal finance, basic seamanship, shipboard communication and Navy ship and aircraft identification. Recruits also take their first physical training test, performing as many sit-ups and push ups as they can in two minutes and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) timed run, the times for the run and the amount of push-ups, and sit ups are determined based on the recruits age, which ranges from 18 to 34. Dog tags are distributed this week, and recruits receive their first paychecks.
Week Four[edit]
Week Four mostly consists of weapons training. Recruits are familiarized with the M9 pistol and the Mossberg 500 shotgun. Sometime during the week recruits receive a classroom lecture on firearm safety and operation of the M9, recruits receive live fire training with the M9.
After several years, the training of the M16 rifle and the M500 shotgun by U.S. Navy recruits has ceased. Any training on the M16 or M500 is done outside RTC Great Lakes.
Week Five[edit]
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Week Five consists of learning more drill instructions needed for the military drill assessment. Week Five is also called "Hell Week", previously as this was when new recruits take over the daily chores necessary to keep the base running. However, since the redesign of RTC recruits no longer participate in all aspects of daily chores. It has kept its moniker because this is the most inspection and test intensive week.
Week Six[edit]
Training at the Recruit Training Command's fire fighting school
During Week Six, recruits learn shipboard damage control and firefighting skills. Recruits will learn to escape smoke-filled compartments, open and close watertight doors, use self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBAs), carry fire hoses and learn to extinguish fires. Week Six also includes the Confidence Chamber (tear gas chamber).
Week Seven[edit]
A recruit graduation at the USS Midway Ceremonial Drill Hall in January 2008
Week Seven is the last week of Navy Basic Training. These seven weeks, combined with Processing Week, make up the approximate eight-week training cycle that each recruit must complete before graduating. Week seven includes a comprehensive test of the material covered by Navy Basic Training in a 12-hour exercise called "Battle Stations". This reinforces much of the instruction learned during Basic Training. Recruits must pass all the requirements of Basic Training to participate in "Battle Stations". Once recruits have successfully completed "Battle Stations" they become Sailors, don their Navy utility cover (also known as the utility cap or eight-point cover) and Pass In Review (PIR) at the USS Midway, Ceremonial Drill Hall. This officially marks the recruit's graduation and entrance into the United States Navy.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Recruit Training Command".
^ Jump up to: a b Naval Station Great Lakes Base Guide & Telephone Directory, Page 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Naval Station Great Lakes Base Guide & Telephone Directory, Page 47.
Jump up ^ "Negroes in War-Stride." Wide World News Service. The Kansas City Star. Kansas City, Missouri. 20 September 1942. Page 19.
Jump up ^ SECNAV Visits Naval Station Great Lakes. Friday, 13 October 2006.
Jump up ^ RTC Ground-Breaking Ceremony Paves Way for Camp John Paul Jones. 2 October 2002 11:51:00 p.m.
Jump up ^ The USS Trayer simulator was named after James Sheldon Trayer.
Jump up ^ Trayer Commissioned at RTC. 20 June 2007 4:25:00 PM.
Jump up ^ "USS Enterprise Commissioned at RTC". Naval Media Center, Daily News Update. 20 June 2005.
Jump up ^ Strickland, Aaron (8 September 2007). "PCU George H.W. Bush Training Division Commissioned at RTC". Navy NewsStand.
^ Jump up to: a b RTC's Official P-Day Description.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naval Station Great Lakes.
Official website
U.S. Navy Basic Training Prep Site
Navy.com Overview
About.com article on Navy Basic Training
Camp Moffett - Design Immerses Recruits In Patriotism, Navy Story
Official USS Enterprise (BLDG 7115) Navy Video
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Mission San Diego de Alcalá
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Mission San Diego" redirects here. For the San Diego Trolley station, see Mission San Diego station.
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
The church façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Location in San Diego
Location
10818 San Diego Mission Rd.
San Diego, California 92108-2429
Coordinates
32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639Coordinates: 32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639
Name as founded
La Misión San Diego de Alcalá[1]
English translation
The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá[2]
Patron
Saint Didacus of Alcalá[1]
Nickname(s)
"Mother of the Alta California Missions"[3]
Founding date
July 16, 1769[4]
Founding priest(s)
Father Presidente Junípero Serra [5]
Built
1769
Architect
Fr. Jose Bernardo Sanchez
Founding Order
First[2]
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System
1769–1771[6]
Military district
First[7][8]
Native tribe(s)
Spanish name(s)
Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai)[4]
Diegueño[4]
Native place name(s)
Kosoi, Nipawai[9]
Baptisms
6,522[10]
Confirmations
1,379[11]
Marriages
1,794[10]
Burials
4,322[10]
Neophyte population
1,455[10][12]
Secularized
1834[2]
Returned to the Church
1862[2]
Governing body
Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
Current use
Parish Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Official name: San Diego Mission Church
Designated
April 15, 1970[13]
Reference no.
70000144[13]
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Designated
April 15, 1970[14]
California Historical Landmark
Reference no.
#242
San Diego Historic Landmark
Designated
October 6, 1976[15]
Reference no.
113
Website
http://missionsandiego.com
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias, a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769 by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme, California's first Christian martyr, lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The current church, built in the early 19th century, is the fifth to stand on this location.[16][17] The mission site is a National Historic Landmark.[14][18]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Rancho period (1834–1849)
1.2 California statehood (1850–1900)
1.3 20th century and beyond (1901 – present)
2 Other historic designations
3 Mission industries
3.1 Wine
4 Mission bells
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño;[19] the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[20] Relatively, much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542.[21] Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, is credited with the discovery of San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542 the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "San Miguel."[22] During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the San Diego, Santo Tomás, and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "San Diego de Alcalá."[23][24] It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism to save souls, and in part, to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.[25]
In 1769, Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition), thereby securing Spain's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino.[26] Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja California Peninsula.[27][28]
Rancho period (1834–1849)[edit]
On August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation."[29] The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain. On June 8, 1846 Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico "...for services rendered to the government."[30] After the United States annexed California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.
Plaque of the Mission San Diego de Alcala
California statehood (1850–1900)[edit]
President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[31][32] When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.
20th century and beyond (1901 – present)[edit]
Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.[18]
Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15, and approximately one mile east of Qualcomm Stadium. The parish is partially funded by a gift shop, and self-guided tours of the grounds and buildings are available to the public for a small donation.
Other historic designations[edit]
California Historical Landmark #242
California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
City of San Diego Historic Designation #113
Mission industries[edit]
The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego.[33]
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.[34] Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the first irrigation project in Upper California).[35] The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto, who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed.[36] In his testimony, in the trial that followed, Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto.[37]
The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805, Miramar Road, Route 125 (California), Skyline Drive and Division Street. Boundary Street (which parallels Interstate 805 in the neighborhood of North Park) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it.
Wine[edit]
See also: History of California wine
The first vineyards planted in California, were planted at the mission in 1769.[38] Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines.[39] The vines were of the Mission variety, which were bright to Mexico in the 16th Century.[40] Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings.[41] By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission.[42] One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres.[43] The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823.[44]
Mission bells[edit]
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with ringing the mission bells. This mission had five bells.
See also[edit]
San Diego County portal
Catholicism portal
Spanish missions in California
Santa Ysabel Asistencia
Presidio of San Diego
USNS Mission San Diego (AO-121) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.
Union Station (San Diego)
Notes[edit]
Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front portico.
The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the U.S. Land Surveyor's Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.[45]
President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "A. Lincoln" instead of his customary "Abraham Lincoln." [31]
Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. Note the missing Campanario, and the exposed church, which fell into disrepair.
Aerial view of the Mission, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Leffingwell, p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 71
Jump up ^ Young, p. 14
^ Jump up to: a b c Yenne, p. 24
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 196
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 186
Jump up ^ Forbes, p. 202
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228 "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 195
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301: as of December 31, 1832. An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1, 1833 and December 31, 1841.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301. 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,829), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte. It was seen in 1774.
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "San Diego Mission Church". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego.
Jump up ^ Snell, Charles (September 4, 1976). "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). Photographs. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.missionsandiego.org/visit/history/questions-answers/
Jump up ^ Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in Baja California).
Jump up ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas, the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 8
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day".
Jump up ^ Davidson, p. 2: "Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port."
Jump up ^ Morrison, p. 214
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 10
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 9
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 10: In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé, followed a month later by the San Antonio, which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the San José, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
Jump up ^ Leffingwell, p. 19
^ Jump up to: a b Engelhardt 1920, p. 348
Jump up ^ Robinson, pp. 31–32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop J.S. Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions, vol. vi, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
Jump up ^ Hall, William Hammond (1888). Irrigation in California (Southern): The Field, Water-supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. California. Office of State Engineer. p. 85. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Smythe, William Ellsworth (1907). History of San Diego, 1542–1907: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States. History Company. p. 77. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ McCormack, Brian T. (2007-01-01). "Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 (3): 391–415. doi:10.1353/sex.2007.0070. ISSN 1535-3605.
Jump up ^ Dailey, Keli (29 August 2012). "Winery guide: San Diego County, uncorked". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra’s Communion wine.
Richard Vine; Bruce Bordelon; Ellen M. Harkness; Theresa Browning (29 June 2013). Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4757-2656-5.
Wycoff, Ann (23 September 2016). "The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jean L. Jacobson (14 June 2006). Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-387-25120-2.
Ian S Hornsey (9 October 2015). The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-78262-631-2.
LaMar, Jim (25 August 2002). "Mission". Professional Friends of Wine. Retrieved 21 September 2017. More than a century later, Franciscan monk Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California, at Mission San Diego, in 1769.
Jump up ^ "Mission". Calwineries Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century. The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes.
Jump up ^ Charles L. Sullivan (1 October 1998). A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present. University of California Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-520-92087-3.
Jump up ^ Dwight Furrow; Lynn Furrow (22 November 2014). San Diego, Wine Country: A Tasting Guide. BookBaby. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4835-4599-8.
Jump up ^ "The Winery". Social Studies Fact Cards. Toucan Valley Publications, Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Several missions became known for their wine. Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines.
Jump up ^ Lynne Newell Christenson; Ellen L. Sweet (2008). Ranchos of San Diego County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7385-5965-0.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 346
References[edit]
Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1880). History of California, vols. i–vii (1542–1890). The History Company, San Francisco, CA. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Chapman, Charles E. (1921). A History of California; The Spanish Period. The MacMillan Company, New York, NY.
Davidson, Winifred (January 1955). "San Diego in One Easy Lesson". The Journal of San Diego History. 1 (1): 2–3.
Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1920). San Diego Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, CA. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1922). San Juan Capistrano Mission. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles, CA. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar (eds.) (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 0-7591-0872-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Krell, Dorothy (ed.) (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 0-376-05172-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.
Morrison, Hugh (1987). Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period. Dover Publications, New York, NY. ISBN 0-486-25492-5.
Paddison, Joshua (ed.) (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1-890771-13-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Robinson, W.W. (1948). Land in California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA.
Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995). Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, CA. ISBN 0-9635468-5-6.
Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
Young, Stanley & Melba Levick (1988). The Missions of California. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, CA. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
Official Mission San Diego de Alcala website
"Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcalá: an Ethnohistorical Approach" by Richard L. Carrico
Spanish Wiki page with Fray Pedro Panto´s biography
Early photographs, sketches of Mission San Diego de Alcala, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Listing, photographs, and drawings at the Historic American Buildings Survey
Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (101)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
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