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Monoculture
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For computers running identical software, see Monoculture (computer science). For the sociological concept, see Monoculturalism.
Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time. Polyculture, where more than one crop is grown in the same space at the same time, is the alternative to monoculture.[1] Monoculture is widely used in both industrial farming and organic farming and has allowed increased efficiency in planting and harvest.
Continuous monoculture, or monocropping, where the same species is grown year after year,[2] can lead to the quicker buildup of pests and diseases, and then rapid spread where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen. The practice has been criticized for its environmental effects and for putting the food supply chain at risk. Diversity can be added both in time, as with a crop rotation or sequence, or in space, with a polyculture.
Diversity of crops in space and time; monocultures and polycultures, and rotations of both.[3]
Diversity in time
Low
Higher
Cyclic Dynamic (non-cyclic)
Diversity in space Low Monoculture, one species in a field Continuous
monoculture,
monocropping
Crop rotation
(rotation of monocultures)
Sequence of monocultures
Higher Polyculture, two or more species
intermingled in a field
Continuous
polyculture
Rotation of polycultures Sequence of polycultures
Oligoculture has been suggested to describe a crop rotation of just a few crops, as is practiced by several regions of the world.[4]
The term monoculture is frequently applied for other uses to describe any group dominated by a single variety, e.g. social monoculturalism, or in the field of musicology to describe the dominance of the American and British music-industries in Western pop music, or in the field of computer science to describe a group of computers all running identical software.
A monocultivated potato field
Contents
[hide]
1 Land use
1.1 Forestry
1.2 Lawns and animals
1.3 Disease
1.4 Polyculture
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Land use[edit]
The term is used in agriculture and describes the practice of planting the same cultivar over an extended area. Each cultivar has the same standardized planting, maintenance and harvesting requirements resulting in greater yields and lower costs.
It also is beneficial because a crop can be tailor-planted for a location that has special problems – like soil salt or drought or a short growing season.[citation needed]
When a crop is matched to its well-managed environment, a monoculture can produce higher yields than a polyculture.[5] In the last 40 years, modern practices such as monoculture planting and the use of synthesized fertilizers have reduced the amount of additional land needed to produce food.[6] However, planting the same crop in the same place each year depletes the nutrients from the earth that the plant relies on and leaves soil weak and unable to support healthy plant growth.[7][8] Because soil structure and quality is so poor, farmers are forced to use chemical fertilizers to encourage plant growth and fruit production. These fertilizers, in turn, disrupt the natural makeup of the soil and contribute further to nutrient depletion. Monocropping also creates the spread of pests and diseases, which have to be treated with yet more chemicals. The effects of monocropping on the environment are severe when pesticides and fertilizers make their way into ground water or become airborne, creating pollution.[7][8]
Forestry[edit]
In forestry, monoculture refers to the planting of one species of tree.[9] Monoculture plantings provide great yields[citation needed] and more efficient harvesting than natural stands of trees. Single-species stands of trees are often the natural way trees grow, but the stands show a diversity in tree sizes, with dead trees mixed with mature and young trees. In forestry, monoculture stands that are planted and harvested as a unit provide limited resources for wildlife that depend on dead trees and openings, since all the trees are the same size; they are most often harvested by clearcutting, which drastically alters the habitat. The mechanical harvesting of trees can compact soils, which can adversely affect understory growth.[10] Single-species planting of trees also are more vulnerable when infected with a pathogen, or are attacked by insects,[11] and by adverse environmental conditions.[12]
Lawns and animals[edit]
Examples of monoculture include lawns and most fields of wheat or corn. The term is also used where a single breed of farm animal is raised in large-scale concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). In the United States, The Livestock Conservancy was formed to protect nearly 200 endangered livestock breeds from going extinct, largely due to the increased reliance on just a handful of highly specialized breeds.
Disease[edit]
Crops used in agriculture are usually single strains that have been bred for high yield and resistant to certain common diseases. Since all plants in a monoculture are genetically similar, if a disease strikes to which they have no resistance, it can destroy entire populations of crops. Polyculture, which is the mixing of different crops, reduces the likelihood that one or more of the crops will be resistant to any particular pathogen. Studies have shown planting a mixture of crop strains in the same field to be effective at combating disease.[13] Ending monocultures grown under disease conditions by introducing crop diversity has greatly increased yields. In one study in China, the planting of several varieties of rice in the same field increased yields of non-resistant strains by 89% compared to non-resistant strains grown in monoculture, largely because of a dramatic (94%) decrease in the incidence of disease, making pesticides less necessary.[14] There is currently a great deal of international worry about the wheat leaf rust fungus, that has already decimated wheat crops in Uganda and Kenya, and is starting to make inroads into Asia as well.[15] As much of the world's wheat crops are very genetically similar following the Green Revolution, the impacts of such diseases threaten agricultural production worldwide.
In Ireland, exclusive use of one variety of potato, the "lumper", led to the great famine. It was inexpensive food to feed the masses. Potatoes were propagated vegetatively with little to no genetic variation. When Phytophthora infestans arrived from the Americas in 1845 to Ireland, the lumper had no resistance to the disease leading to the nearly complete failure of the potato crop across Ireland. Had the farmers used multiple varieties of potato, the famine may not have occurred.
Many of today's livestock production systems rely on just a handful of highly specialized breeds. By focusing heavily on a single trait (output), other traits like fertility, disease resistance, vigor, and mothering instincts are sacrificed. In the early 1990s a few Holstein calves were observed to grow poorly and died in the first 6 months of life. They were all found to be homozygous for a mutation in the gene that caused Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency. This mutation was found at a high frequency in Holstein populations worldwide. (15% among bulls in the US, 10% in Germany, and 16% in Japan.) By studying the pedigrees of affected and carrier animals the source of the mutation was tracked to a single bull that was widely used in the industry. Note that in 1990 there were approximately 4 million Holteins in the US making the affected population around 600,000 animals.[16]
Polyculture[edit]
Main article: Polyculture
The environmental movement seeks to change popular culture by redefining the "perfect lawn" to be something other than a turf monoculture, and seeks agricultural policy that provides greater encouragement for more diverse cropping systems. Local food systems may also encourage growing multiple species and a wide variety of crops at the same time and same place. Heirloom gardening and raising heritage livestock breeds have come about largely as a reaction against monocultures in agriculture.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Biodiversity
Crop diversity
Genetically modified organism
Gros Michel bananas
Heirloom plant
Kil'ayim (prohibition)
Neglected and underutilized crop
Permaculture
Seed bank
Three Sisters
Great French Wine Blight
Crop rotation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Crop Ecology".
Jump up ^ "Crop Science - ICSC2004".
Jump up ^ "Ecological Theories, Meta-Analysis, and the Benefits of Monocultures". Retrieved 2015-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Denison, R.: Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture. (eBook and Hardcover)".
Jump up ^ Cardinale, Bradley J.; Matulich, Kristin L.; Hooper, David U.; Byrnes, Jarrett E.; Duffy, Emmett; Gamfeldt, Lars; Balvanera, Patricia; O’Connor, Mary I.; Gonzalez, Andrew (2011-03-01). "The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems". American Journal of Botany. 98 (3): 572–592. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21613148. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000364.
Jump up ^ G. Tyler Miller; Scott Spoolman (24 September 2008). Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Cengage Learning. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-0-495-55671-8. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Haspel, Tamar (9 May 2014). "Monocrops: They’re a problem, but farmers aren’t the ones who can solve it.". New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b What Is Monocropping: Disadvantages Of Monoculture In Gardening
Jump up ^ Monoculture Forestry
Jump up ^ http://www.umich.edu/~nre301/forestry-02.doc
Jump up ^ Richardson, Edited by David M. (2000). Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge, U.K. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Forestry".
Jump up ^ Zhu, Youyong (June 2000). "Genetic diversity and disease control in rice". International Weekly Journal of Science. 406: 718–722. Retrieved 17 August 2000. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Genetic Diversity and Disease Control in Rice".
Jump up ^ Vidal, John (2009-03-19). "'Stem rust' fungus threatens global wheat harvest". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
Jump up ^ Williams, J.L. (2015-10-22). "The Value of Genome Mapping for the Genetic Conservation of Cattle". The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
External links[edit]
Look up monoculture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Monoculture and disease
Modern Agriculture: Ecological impacts and the possibilities for truly sustainable farming
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Beats Pill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article reads like a press release or a news article or is largely based on routine coverage or sensationalism. Please expand this article with properly sourced content to meet Wikipedia's quality standards, event notability guideline, or encyclopedic content policy. (March 2017)
Beats Pill is a brand of portable Bluetooth speakers produced by Beats Electronics. The Pill was released in 2013. The devices include 3.5mm audio input and output jacks and charges over a Micro USB port.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and functionality
2 Promotion
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
Design and functionality[edit]
Serving as one of the company's first self-developed products after the end of its exclusive manufacturing deal with Monster Cable Products,[1] the Beats Pill was designed by Robert Brunner's studio Ammunition Design Group, and carries a capsule-based design roughly 7.7 inches (20 cm) in length. Its appearance is characterized by curved surfaces and a gloss finish. The speaker contains minimal controls; the logo serves as a multi-purpose button for starting and stopping tracks, and the only other buttons are volume keys and the power button.[2][3]
The Pill uses Bluetooth to connect to a device (such as a smartphone), and also supports near-field communication for device pairing. It also includes 3.5mm audio input and output jacks. The Pill charges over a Micro USB port, and comes with a USB AC adapter. The device also includes a microphone so it can be used as a speakerphone.[2][3] The Pill is also an aptX-certified device.[4] In 2013, updated versions of the Pill, Beats Pill 2.0, were released. The new models have longer battery life, a port for charging other USB devices, the ability to pair Pills together with near-field communication (NFC) to play the same audio either individually, or handling left and right stereo channels respectively, character stands, and a new, larger "XL" version.[5]
The Beats Pill+, was unveiled in October 2015, as the first revision to the product released under Apple Inc. ownership. The Pill+ is slightly larger than the previous model, and carries a refreshed design with top-mounted volume controls and a Beats logo button. The Pill's speaker hardware was redesigned to improve sound quality. The Pill+ uses Apple's Lightning connector instead of USB, and can charge supported iOS products from its battery—which has an increased capacity rated for 12 hours of use on a single charge. The Pill+ has a companion mobile app for iOS and Android devices; the app will be able to pair multiple speakers (NFC is no longer used), allow multiple users to alternate playing music on a single Pill ("DJ mode"), and display battery capacity.[6][7]
On June 3, 2015, Apple Inc. voluntarily recalled all Beats Pill XL models, citing that in rare cases, the battery may overheat and combust.[8][9]
Promotion[edit]
Playing off its design, initial marketing for the Pill used the tagline "Just what the doctor ordered".[2] As with other Beats products, the Pill was promoted primarily through celebrity endorsements and product placements in pop music videos, such as Britney Spears' "Work Bitch", where the speaker is used as a ball gag on a dancer in a BDSM-themed scene.[10] In April 2013, a limited edition, Nicki Minaj-branded pink version of the Pill was released, as introduced in her video for "High School".[11]
A commercial for the Pill for RadioShack featuring Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams was released in mid-2013; reprising the music video for "Blurred Lines".[12] The ad was the subject of complaints in the United Kingdom, as some viewers felt the ad was distasteful; however, the Advertising Standards Authority ruled in October 2013 that "taken as a whole, the ad did not show sustained, overtly sexual or provocative behaviour".[13]
Following the August 2014 acquisition of Beats by Apple, a new ad was released featuring the Pill characters, in which Siri refuses to invite them to attend a party being held by Dr. Dre to celebrate the deal.[14]
Reception[edit]
The Beats Pill was met with mixed reviews; while praise was received for its hardware design, ease-of-use, and the levels of volume it could produce, the Pill was primarily criticized for its audio quality and price. PC magazine in particular criticized its handling of bass, concluding that "[it] offers a unique form factor and doubles as a good speakerphone, but it simply doesn't offer good enough sound quality to justify its $200 price tag. While you might get a reasonably loud and clear listening experience on one track, the next might pop distractingly and force you to tweak the volume just because it has slightly more bass."[3] Wired felt that the Pill's difficulty with bass was ironic, given that the Beats by Dr. Dre headphones had emphasized the low-end as its "sonic signature".[15]
CNET was similarly mixed, noting unique features such as its "striking design", NFC support, the ability to serve as a pass-through device for other audio systems, and its "relatively detailed sound (notice the use of the word "relatively") with respectable bass compared with other tiny speakers in its class." However, connectivity issues were noticed with devices running iOS 6, and its review score was later revised from 3.5 to just 3 out of 5, citing the introduction of competing products offering equivalent or better sound quality and a lower price than the Pill.[4]
With the new Pill+ however, reviewers show better favor to the sound quality of the speaker. The Verge has called it a "refinement on the recognizable Beats Pill look" instead of a "radical redesign". It also says that the new Pill+ is the best sounding speaker from the Pill lineup.[16] Similarly, Wired magazine points out that the sound of the new speaker is "much, much improved.[17]
See also[edit]
Loudspeaker
Loudspeaker enclosure
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Beats By Dre Debuts First Post-Monster Cable Products". Billboard. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dr. Dre's Beats Unveils A Portable Speaker Shaped Like A Pill". Fast Company. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Beats by Dre Pill review". PC Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beats Pill review: Mini Bluetooth speaker with some pop". CNET. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Beats pops two new Pills and wireless Studio headphones for the holidays". Digital Trends. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Beats Pill Speaker Gets an Apple-Flavored Redesign". Wired. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Beats' new Pill+ Bluetooth speaker charges with Apple Lightning cable". CNET. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apple recalls Beats Pill XL speakers over battery fire safety risks". The Guardian. June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Beats Pill XL Speaker Recall Program - Apple Support". www.apple.com.
Jump up ^ "Five product plugs in Britney Spears new 'Work Bitch' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nicki Minaj Teams With Beats by Dre". BET. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Twerking the Hand That Feeds You: Beats Tees Off on Miley Cyrus". Adweek. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines ad for portable speakers banned on U.K. television before 7:30 p.m." National Post. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Siri won't let Beats into Dr. Dre's party in bizarre new ad". The Verge. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Beats Pill: Is there a doctor in the house?". Wired. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Beats' Pill+ is its best speaker ever". The Verge. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "THE BEATS PILL GETS AN APPLE-FLAVORED REDESIGN". Wired.com.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beats_Pill&oldid=804044863"
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I'll Make a Man Out of You
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This article is about the Disney song. For the World War I recruiting song, see I'll Make a Man of You.
"I'll Make a Man Out of You"
Song by Donny Osmond
from the album Mulan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack
Released
June 2, 1998 (1998-06-02)
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
3:21
Label
Walt Disney
Songwriter(s)
Matthew Wilder
David Zippel
Producer(s)
Matthew Wilder
"I'll Make a Man out of You" is a song written by composer Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel for Walt Disney Pictures' 36th animated feature film Mulan (1998). Appearing on the film's soundtrack Mulan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack, "I'll Make a Man Out of You" is performed by American singer Donny Osmond as the singing voice of Captain Li Shang in lieu of American actor BD Wong, who provides the character's speaking voice. The song also features appearances by Lea Salonga as Mulan, Eddie Murphy as Mushu, and Harvey Fierstein, Jerry Tondo and Wilder himself as Yao, Chien-Po and Ling, respectively. Murphy's line, however, is the only one to be spoken instead of sung.
"I'll Make a Man Out of You" was written to replace the song "We'll Make a Man of You" after the film's original songwriter Stephen Schwartz departed from the project in favor of working on DreamWorks' The Prince of Egypt (1998). Prior to Mulan, Osmond had auditioned for the role of Hercules in Disney's Hercules (1997), a role for which he was ultimately turned down by the directors because they felt that he sounded too old. Disney eventually cast Osmond as the singing voice of Shang because his singing voice is similar to Wong's speaking voice. An up-tempo military-style song, "I'll Make a Man Out of You" is performed by Shang during a rigorous training montage in which his young, inexperienced soldiers attempt to justify their worth. The song's title is considered ironic because Mulan, who relies on intelligence, ultimately proves more competent than her male comrades, including Captain Li Shang, who takes a liking to her.
"I'll Make a Man Out of You" has received mostly positive reviews from film and music critics, some of whom dubbed it the film's best song, while praising Osmond's performance. Critics have also drawn comparisons between the song and Disney's Hercules, while likening Mulan's role and transformation to actress Demi Moore's performance as Lieutenant Jordan O'Neil in the film G. I. Jane (1997). The song has since appeared on several "best of" Disney songs lists, including those of Total Film and the New York Post. Discussed by film critics, film historians, academic journalists and feminists, the song has gone on to be recorded and covered in several different languages—namely Mandarin, Cantonese and Spanish—by entertainers Jackie Chan and Cristian Castro, respectively.
Contents
1 Background
2 Context and use in Mulan
3 Music and lyrics
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Accolades and recognition
5 Covers and parodies
6 Credits and personnel
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
The directors cast American singer Donny Osmond as the singing voice of Shang because he and BD Wong share similar voices; Osmond had auditioned for the role of Hercules in Disney's Hercules, for which he was turned down because he sounded "too old".
"I'll Make a Man Out of You" was written by composer Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel, who were hired to write the songs for Mulan because, according to co-director Tony Bancroft, "Disney was trying to find different songwriters that ... would give kind of different sound to each of the songs." While Zippel, a Broadway lyricist, was recruited because the directors were impressed by the songwriter's work on Disney's Hercules (1997), at the time Wilder, a pop singer and record producer, was best known for his hit single "Break My Stride".[1] Bancroft believes that, although the songwriters "had two different sensibilities ... I think the blend [of their styles] worked well together, especially on ['I'll Make a Man Out of You']".[1]
Originally, songwriter Stephen Schwartz, who had just recently worked as a lyricist opposite composer Alan Menken on Disney's Pocahontas (1995) and The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), was slated to write the lyrics for Mulan, but he was replaced by Zippel "at the last moment."[2] Schwartz had written a song called "We'll Make a Man of You" for "when Mulan is trying to learn to be a soldier".[3] The song was eventually replaced by Wilder and Zippel's "I'll Make a Man Out of You" when Schwartz was forced to resign from Mulan by Disney executives Peter Schneider and Michael Eisner because the songwriter had also agreed to write the songs for rival film studio DreamWorks' animated feature film The Prince of Egypt (1998).[4] According to The Musical Theater of Stephen Schwartz: From Godspell to Wicked and Beyond, Schwartz believed that he would have been able to work on both films simultaneously, but ultimately chose The Prince of Egypt instead because he felt pressured by Disney.[5]
Before Mulan, American singer Donny Osmond had auditioned for the lead role in Hercules, a role for which he was ultimately not cast because the directors felt that his voice sounded "too old" and "too deep" for the character.[6] Osmond later revealed in an interview with People that he was so embarrassed by his Hercules audition that he had nearly considered ending his singing career prematurely.[7] A few months later, Disney contacted Osmond with interest in casting him as the singing voice of Shang after comparing his audition tapes to BD Wong and determining that both actors have "very similar voices."[8] In one scene, Osmond's character, Shang, is hit in the stomach while singing "I'll Make a Man Out of You". In order to sound as realistic as possible, Osmond punched himself in the stomach several times while recording the song.[9]
Context and use in Mulan[edit]
"I'll Make a Man Out of You" is performed by Captain Li Shang during Mulan's training montage,[10] which has also been identified as the film's "boot camp sequence."[11] The scene explores Shang's attempt to train his newly recruited squadron of incompetent soldiers in the hopes of ultimately transforming into a skilled army.[12] Occupying a significant portion of the film's plot, Shang promises to turn his team of "rag-tag recruits" into men.[13][14] The musical number is used to "compress dramatic time or narrate" in a more compelling way than had solely dialogue been used.[15] The scene begins with Shang shooting an arrow into the top of a tall pole and challenging all of his soldiers to retrieve it, each of whom fail until Mulan eventually succeeds. According to the book Into the Closet: Cross-Dressing and the Gendered Body in Children's Literature and Film by Victoria Flanagan, Mulan is successful in retrieving the arrow because she uses "an ingenuity that is based upon her ability to incorporate aspects of femininity into her masculine performance."[16] By the end of the scene, all of the soldiers have improved dramatically and the results of their practice and training are finally revealed.[17] In what Joshua and Judges author Athalya Brenner called "a humorous reversal toward the end of the movie," Mulan and her male comrades disguise themselves as concubines in order to infiltrate the palace and rescue the emperor while "I'll Make a Man Out of You" reprises in the background.[18]
Screenshot of Mulan (left), disguised as "Ping", being reprimanded by Shang (right) during the "I'll Make a Man Out of You" sequence due to her incompetence.
Critics have observed ways in which the scene explores Mulan's growth and transformation as the character evolves from a clumsy, inexperienced recruit into one of the army's most skilled soldiers, in spite of her gender. According to the book Literacy, Play and Globalization: Converging Imaginaries in Children's Critical and Cultural Performances, the montage depicts Mulan's gender as "an obstacle to overcome."[19] Author Phyllis Frus wrote in her book Beyond Adaptation: Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works, "The need for inexperienced young men to go through a rigorous training results in a sequence common to many films," and that the scene "show's the challenges Ping/Mulan faces due to her" inexperience.[17] As observed by Juanita Kwok in the book Film Asia: New Perspectives on Film for English, the irony of the scene lies within the fact that "Mulan proves herself more competent than any of the men."[20] The author also observed that the scene's first refrain accompanies shots of Shang, while its second "coincides with Mulan climbing to the top of the pole."[21] Additionally, while the earlier, all-female musical number "Honor to Us All" "functions as an account of the constructedness of female gender," "I'll Make a Man Out of You" "juxtaposes and makes explicit the contention that gender is a cultural product," according to Johnson Cheu, author of Diversity in Disney Films: Critical Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Disability.[22] The Representation of Gender in Walt Disney's "Mulan" believes that the song emphasizes desirable masculine traits, namely "discipline ... tranquility, celerity, strength and fearlessness,"[23] while Shang, according to Putting the Grail Back into Girl Power: How a Girl Saved Camelot, and why it Matters, "views [femininity] as comparable to weakness."[24] In her article Disney's "Mulan"—the "True" Deconstructed Heroine?, Lisa Brocklebank argued the song explores themes such as othering, ostracism and abjection.[25]
Critics have drawn similarities between the "I'll Make a Man Out of You" sequence and Hercules' training montage in Disney's Hercules (1997), as well as actress Demi Moore's role as Lieutenant Jordan O'Neil in the film G. I. Jane (1997).[10] In the book Ways of Being Male: Representing Masculinities in Children's Literature, author John Stephens wrote that although both Mulan and Hercules depict "the active male body as spectacle," Mulan's is less "straight-forward" due to the character's gender.[21] Michael Dequina of The Movie Report observed that "Mulan's transformation is highly reminiscent of Demi Moore's in last year's Disney drama G.I. Jane, but Mulan oneups that film's hour-long toughening process by efficiently covering the same ground during a single, rousing musical number."[26]
Music and lyrics[edit]
I'll Make a Man Out of You
A twenty-nine second sample of "I'll Make a Man Out of You".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Written in common time at a tempo of 110 beats per minute and starting out in the key of E minor,[27] "I'll Make a Man Out of You" has been identified as a "heroic power ballad"[28] and anthem[29] that features an upbeat, "thumping" rhythm.[30][31] The Disney Song Encyclopedia described the song as a "rhythmic military song."[32] Beginning with "a military-style drum" introduction,[21] "I'll Make a Man Out of You", which is immediately preceded by the emotional ballad "Reflection" on the film's soundtrack album, "breaks up the slower pace of the songs," according to Filmtracks.com.[33] Similar to the song "A Girl Worth Fighting For", the "ironically titled"[34] "I'll Make a Man Out of You" "play[s] off Mulan's secret" because Shang is unaware that she is actually a girl, as observed by Jeffrey Gantz of The Phoenix.[35] Johnson Cheu, author of Diversity in Disney Films: Critical Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Disability, received the song as a counterpart to the all-female musical number "Honor to Us All".[22] Going into the last verse, the song's key shifts up to F minor and later towards the end, "the backing track falls into silence and [Osmond's] vocals come to the fore."[36] Osmond's vocal range spans one octave, from D3to F4.[37] Beginning with two verses, followed by a bridge, a refrain, a final verse and repeated choruses,[38] the song is a total of three minutes and twenty-one seconds in length.[39]
Entertainment Weekly identified the number as the film's "rambunctious peak."[40] According to Victoria Flanagan, author of Into the Closet: Gender and Cross-dressing in Children's Fiction: Cross-Dressing and the Gendered Body in Children's Literature and Film, "I'll Make a Man Out of You" is "a playful parody of conventional masculinity."[16] The lyric "I'll make a man out of you" is constantly repeated and reinforced by Shang.[35] According to author John Stephens of Ways of Being Male: Representing Masculinities in Children's Literature, the song's lyrics "initially define masculinity in opposition to femininity,"[21] with its first verse beginning, "Let's get down to business/To defeat the Huns/Did they send me daughters/When I asked for sons?"[27] Its chorus reads, "You must be swift as the coursing river/With all the force of the great typhoon/With all the strength of a raging fire/Mysterious as the dark side of the moon" which,[12] according to Ways of Being Male: Representing Masculinities in Children's Literature, "essentializes masculinity by asserting that it embodies the speed, strength and power of the natural world, and yet contains this within an aura of tranquility and mystery."[21] According to Beyond Adaptation: Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works, these lyrics "add a hint of darkness as they celebrate male prowess" by suggesting that one who has "acquired fiery strength" is also "untamed as the moon's dark side."[17] The song has been noted by the New York Post for its "slew of one-liners from supporting characters."[41] According to The Phoenix, Osmond performs the song's lyrics with "grit."[35] Meanwhile, the singer is backed up by a macho-sounding choir repeatedly chanting "Be a man!"[12][42]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan covered the song in Mandarin and Cantonese for the film's Chinese and special edition releases; Chan's rendition has been met with generally positive reviews.
"I'll Make a Man Out of You" has been met with mostly positive reviews from both film and music critics. Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic wrote, "there hasn't been a single chorus in all of post-Mulan pop music that has managed to rival the roaring power in the refrain."[12] Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net reviewed "I'll Make a Man Out of You" as "a stirring, testosterone filled piece," describing the scene as "amusing."[43] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song "has a comparable infectious punch," concluding, "it's the only song in the movie that escapes Disneyfied blandness."[40] Jeff Vice of the Deseret News observed that Wong and Osmond's "voices sound eerily similar."[8] Tom Henry of The Blade enjoyed Osmond's delivery, describing the singer's performance as "solid."[44] Lloyd Paseman of The Register-Guard called "I'll Make a Man Out of You" a favorite of his.[45] While exploring "The History of Movie Training Montages", Chris Giblin of Men's Fitness opined, "Mulan served as proof that the fitness montage can work amazingly well in movies for kids." Giblin continued, "it has the best lyrics of any serious fitness/sports montage song. Overall, a very strong montage."[46] Disney.com itself cites "I'll Make a Man Out of You" as a "song that was so epic, so legendary, that it requires an out loud sing along anytime we hear it."[28]
Despite dubbing the film's songs its "weak link," TV Guide wrote that the musical numbers are "crafted with a knowing, almost camp wink that's totally in keeping with the subtext of the film," concluding that "I'll Make a Man Out of You" sounds like a Village People song.[47] Writing for The Seattle Times, Moira Macdonald criticized Wilder and Zippel's songs as "forgettable," calling "I'll Make a Man Out of You" "annoying."[30] The Phoenix's Jeffrey Gantz wrote that "Donny Osmond shows some grit, but he's still the voice of the Whitebread West."[35] Amazon.ca's Jason Verlinde commented, "Unfortunately, the voice of Donny Osmond, relegated to anthems such as 'I'll Make a Man Out of You' doesn't really enhance the story line".[29]
Accolades and recognition[edit]
Total Film ranked "I'll Make a Man Out of You" twenty-ninth on its list of the "30 Best Disney Songs".[36] Similarly, M ranked the song twentieth on its list of the "Top 20 Disney Songs of All Time". Author Stephanie Osmanski cited "Did they send me daughters when I asked for sons?" as her favourite lyric.[48] Gregory E. Miller of the New York Post cited I'll Make a Man Out of You" as one of "The best (and the most underrated) Disney songs," writing, "Captain Shang’s battle-preparation anthem is the movie’s most quotable, with a memorable chorus and a slew of one-liners from supporting characters."[41] PopSugar ranked the song the nineteenth "Catchiest Disney Song".[49] On Empire's list of the twenty "Most Awesome Training Montages In Cinema History", "I'll Make a Man Out of You" was ranked 14th. The author identified it as "a solid training montage in which Mulan and her friends go from hapless duffers to fearless warriors in just over two minutes."[50] Similarly, Men's Fitness also ranked "I'll Make a Man Out of You" among the greatest training montages in film history.[46] Stephen Fiorentine of Sneaker Report wrote that "Training montages aren’t limited to just live-action movies. With movies like Mulan and Hercules, Disney mastered the art of the montage in their animated films."[51]
Covers and parodies[edit]
When Mulan was released in China, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan was hired to dub the voice of Shang and record "I'll Make a Man Out of You" in Mandarin and Cantonese.[52] The special edition DVD release of Mulan features a music video of Chan performing the song. The video also depicts Chan performing martial arts-inspired choreography. Positively received, Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net called Chan's rendition "a fun addition for Chan fans,"[43] while Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News wrote that he performed the song "very ably."[53] Mexican singer Cristian Castro, who voiced Shang in the film's Latin American release,[54] recorded "I'll Make a Man Out of You" in Spanish, titled "Hombres de Acción serán hoy".[55][56]
In July 2013, a parody of the song was uploaded to YouTube titled "I'll Make a Mann Out Of You". The video uses the song with animation made in Source Filmmaker in which the Soldier from Team Fortress 2 motivates his fellow RED teammates against the BLU team.[citation needed] In October 2014, a parody of "I'll Make a Man Out of You" was uploaded to YouTube entitled "I'll Make a 'Mon Out of You".[57] A mashup of Mulan and the popular Pokémon franchise, the video features Digimon Gatomon attempting to masquerade as Pokémon Meowth in lieu of Mulan, while Ash occupies the role of Shang as his trainer, according to Smosh. Another parody of the song, based on the Dragon Ball franchise was uploaded to YouTube by TeamFourStar.[58]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the website Discogs.[59]
Donny Osmond – lead vocals
Lea Salonga, Eddie Murphy, Harvey Fierstein, Jerry Tondo and Matthew Wilder – additional vocals
Matthew Wilder – songwriting and producing
David Zippel – songwriting
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Disney Sing-Along on YouTube (on Disney's official channel)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Treason laws in the United States
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In the United States, there are both federal and state laws prohibiting treason.[1] It was defined in Article III, Section 3 of the United States Constitution. Most state constitutions include similar definitions of treason, specifically limited to levying war against the state, "adhering to the enemies" of the state, or aiding the enemies of the state, and requiring two witnesses or a confession in open court.[2] However, fewer than thirty people have ever been charged with treason under these laws.[3]
Constitutionally, citizens of the United States owe allegiance to at least two sovereigns. One is the United States, and the other is their state. They can therefore potentially commit treason against either, or against both.[4] At least fourteen people have been charged with treason against various states; at least six were convicted, five of whom were executed. However, no person has ever been executed for treason against the federal government.[5]
While treason is a criminal matter under federal and state laws, it may be considered a civil matter under tribal law.[6] The Indian Civil Rights Act limits sentences for crimes by tribal courts to no more than one year in jail and a $5,000 fine.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal
2 State
2.1 Alabama
2.2 Arkansas
2.3 California
2.4 Colorado
2.5 Delaware
2.6 Florida
2.7 Georgia
2.8 Idaho
2.9 Illinois
2.9.1 Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith
2.10 Louisiana
2.11 Maine
2.12 Massachusetts
2.13 Minnesota
2.14 Mississippi
2.15 Missouri
2.15.1 Joseph Smith and others
2.16 Nevada
2.17 North Carolina
2.17.1 John Sevier
2.18 North Dakota
2.19 Oregon
2.20 Rhode Island
2.20.1 Thomas Dorr
2.21 South Carolina
2.22 South Dakota
2.23 Tennessee
2.24 Texas
2.25 Vermont
2.26 Virginia
2.26.1 Raid on Harper's Ferry
2.27 Washington
2.28 West Virginia
2.29 Wisconsin
3 Tribal law
4 See also
5 References
Federal[edit]
Definition: In Article III, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, treason is specifically limited to levying war against the US, or adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Conviction requires two witnesses or a confession in open court.[2]
Penalty: U.S. Code Title 18: Death,[8] or not less than 5 years imprisonment and not more than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (minimum fine of $10,000, if not sentenced to death).[9][10]
State[edit]
Alabama[edit]
Definition: The constitution of Alabama defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.[11]
Penalty: Not less than 10 years and not more than 99 years imprisonment (eligible for parole after lesser of one-half of sentence or 15 years) or life imprisonment (eligible for parole after 10 years).
A treason conviction also results in loss of voting rights for life without the possibility of voting restoration.[12]
Arkansas[edit]
Definition: Arkansas legislation defines treason similarly to the United States Constitution, limiting it to "levying war against the state" or giving "aid and comfort" to the enemies of the state. Also similarly, conviction requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.[13]
Penalty: Death,[14] or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[13]
California[edit]
Definition: Treason against the state of California is defined similarly to the United States Constitution. The California Constitution states that "treason against the State consists only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. A person may not be convicted of treason except on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in open court."[15] This is reiterated in Section 37 of the California Penal Code.[16]
Penalty: Death,[17] or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[18]
Colorado[edit]
Penalty: Death,[19] or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
Delaware[edit]
Definition: The constitution of Delaware defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.[20]
Florida[edit]
Penalty: Not less than 5.5 years and not more than 30 years imprisonment (minimum sentencing guidelines).
Georgia[edit]
Penalty: Death, or by imprisonment for life or for not less than 15 years.[21][22]
Idaho[edit]
The state constitution of Idaho specifically disallows gubernatorial respite or reprieve for a conviction for treason.[23]
Illinois[edit]
Penalty: Not less than 6 years and not more than 30 years imprisonment.
Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith[edit]
Death of Joseph Smith while awaiting trial for treason against Illinois
After escaping custody on charges of treason against Missouri and fleeing to Illinois, Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith were charged with treason in Illinois, which at that time was a capital offense. Augustine Spencer swore out a warrant alleging that the Smith brothers had committed treason by "calling out the Legion to resist the force under the command of the Governor." On June 24, 1844, a warrant was issued charging that "Joseph Smith, late of the county aforesaid, did, on or about the nineteenth day of June. A. D. 1844, at the county and state aforesaid, commit the crime of treason against the government and people of the State of Illinois."[24]
Bail could not be granted for a charge of treason, so Smith was placed in jail where he was accompanied by his brother, Hyrum Smith, and other associates. On June 27, Smith and Hyrum were killed by a mob in jail while they were awaiting trial.[25]
Louisiana[edit]
Penalty: Death,[26] or life imprisonment. In Louisiana, all life imprisonment sentences exclude the possibility of parole.[27]
Maine[edit]
Definition: The state constitution of Maine defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.[28]
Massachusetts[edit]
Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving not less than 15 years and not more than 25 years.
Minnesota[edit]
Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 17 years.
Mississippi[edit]
Penalty: Death or life imprisonment.[29]
Missouri[edit]
Definition: Treason is defined in the constitution of the State of Missouri.[30]
Penalty: Not less than 10 years and not more than 30 years imprisonment (eligible for parole after serving one-half of sentence) or life imprisonment (eligible for parole after serving 30 years).
Joseph Smith and others[edit]
Joseph Smith and five others were charged with treason under Missouri law in 1838, spending over five months in prison, but escaped while awaiting trial.[31] Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith were later charged with "treason against the government and people of the State of Illinois."[24]
Nevada[edit]
Penalty: Not less than 2 years and not more than 10 years imprisonment (if imprisonment is imposed).
North Carolina[edit]
Article I, Section 29, of the State Constitution is similar to Article III, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, limiting the legal definition of "treason" to levying war against the State or giving "aid and comfort" to the enemies of the State. Conviction requires two witnesses to the act itself, or a confession in open court.[4]
John Sevier[edit]
John Sevier, then governor of the State of Franklin and later the first governor of the State of Tennessee, was charged with treason against the State of North Carolina in October, 1788. After being transported to North Carolina, he was freed. The charge was never brought to trial.[32]
North Dakota[edit]
Penalty: Not more than 20 years imprisonment.
Oregon[edit]
Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 25 years.
Rhode Island[edit]
Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 20 years.
Thomas Dorr[edit]
Thomas Wilson Dorr was convicted of treason against Rhode Island in 1844 for leading an uprising against the state government, and sentenced to life imprisonment.[33] Dorr served twelve months of his sentence. He was released in 1845 after the Rhode Island state legislature passed an Act of General Amnesty. In January 1854 the legislature passed an act annulling the verdict of the Rhode Island Supreme Court.[34]
South Carolina[edit]
Penalty: Death or not more than 30 years imprisonment (if committed during time of war) or not more than 20 years imprisonment (if not committed during time of war).[35]
South Dakota[edit]
Definition: The state constitution of South Dakota defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.[36]
Tennessee[edit]
Tennessee has repealed its treason law.[37] However, a person convicted of treason can never be eligible to vote in Tennessee.[38][39]
Texas[edit]
Penalty: Not less than 1 year and not more than 20 years imprisonment.
Vermont[edit]
Definition: levying war or conspiring to levy war against the state, or adhering to the enemy. This definition, in Title 13, Chapter 75, § 3401 of Vermont Statutes, echoes the definition found in the United States Constitution.
Penalty: Death by electrocution. Vermont criminal law maintains the death penalty specifically for treason. No other crime is punishable by the sentence of death. The method of execution is specified as electrocution.[40] Vermont's electric chair, last used in 1954, is stored in the Vermont History Center in Barre, Vermont.[41]
Virginia[edit]
Penalty: Not less than 20 years imprisonment or life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 15 years (if imprisonment is imposed).
Raid on Harper's Ferry[edit]
John Brown was charged with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, along with conspiracy and first-degree murders after he led his raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859. In Virginia v. John Brown, he was found guilty on all three charges. He was consequently hanged.[42] John Anthony Copeland, Jr., Edwin Coppie (also known as Edwin Coppock), Shields Green and Aaron Dwight Stevens were also charged, convicted and hanged for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and other crimes.[43][44][45][46] Albert Hazlett and John E. Cooke were charged with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and found not guilty of treason, but were convicted of other crimes.[47]
Washington[edit]
Definition: The state constitution and statutory law of Washington define treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.[48][49]
Penalty: Death,[50] life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 20 years, or any term of years. Treason is a "Class A" felony under sentencing guidelines, and current guidelines provide for a maximum sentence of life in prison and/or a $50,000 fine.[51]
West Virginia[edit]
Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 10 years or not less than 3 years and not more than 10 years imprisonment (latter sentence able to be imposed at discretion of jury or court if defendant pleads guilty).
Wisconsin[edit]
Penalty: Life imprisonment with or without the possibility of parole (eligible in 20 years, if sentenced to life with parole).
Tribal law[edit]
The U.S. federal government recognizes tribal nations as "domestic dependent nations." Tribal sovereignty is a form of parallel sovereignty within the U.S. constitutional framework, constrained by but not subordinate to other sovereign entities.[52]
There is at least one case of punishment for treason under tribal law. In 1992, the Tonawanda Band of Seneca convicted several members of treason, stripped their tribal membership, and sentenced them to permanent banishment from the Tonawanda Reservation for attempting to overthrow the traditional government.[53][54]
See also[edit]
Article Three of the United States Constitution
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Stimson, Frederic Jesup (1908). The Law of the Federal and State Constitutions of the United States: With an Historical Study of Their Principles, a Chronological Table of English Social Legislation, and a Comparative Digest of the Constitutions of the Forty-six States. Boston Book Company. p. 183. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Podger, Pamela J. (9 December 2001). "Few ever charged or convicted of treason in U.S. history / Many Americans fought for other religious, political, cultural beliefs". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Orth, John V.; Newby, Paul M. (2013). The North Carolina State Constitution (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780199300655. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Larson, Carlton F. W.; Larson, Carlton F. W. (17 February 2017). "Five myths about treason". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilkins, David E.; Wilkins, Shelly Hulse (2017). Dismembered: Native Disenrollment and the Battle for Human Rights. University of Washington Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780295741598.
Jump up ^ Deer, Sarah; Garrow, Carrie E. (2004). Tribal Criminal Law and Procedure. Rowman Altamira. p. 357. ISBN 9780759115200. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Capital Punishment at the Federal Level - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org". deathpenalty.procon.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Popeo, Daniel J.; Andrews, Cory L. (27 May 2010). "Statement of the Washington Legal Foundation to the United States Sentencing Commission" (PDF). Washington Legal Foundation. p. 7. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddex, Robert (2005). State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781452267371.
Jump up ^ "Felon Voting Quiz - Felon Voting - ProCon.org". felonvoting.procon.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Arkansas - Capital Murder with 10 Aggravating Circumstances, and Treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org". deathpenalty.procon.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arkansas Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE 1 :: DECLARATION OF RIGHTS (Section 18)". Justia Law. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "California Code, Penal Code - PEN § 37". Findlaw. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "California Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "The History of Capital Punishment in California". www.cdcr.ca.gov. State of California. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Colorado Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddex, Robert (2005). State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781452267371.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Georgia - Treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org". deathpenalty.procon.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddex, Robert (2005). State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 103. ISBN 9781452267371.
^ Jump up to: a b Bentley, Joseph I. (1992), "Smith, Joseph: Legal Trials of Joseph Smith", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1346–1348, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140 ;Oaks & Hill (1975, p. 18).
Jump up ^ Joseph I. Bentley, "Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith", in Daniel H. Ludlow (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992).
Jump up ^ "Louisiana Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Nellis, Ashley (22 September 2010). "Throwing Away the Key: The Expansion of Life Without Parole Sentences in the United States" (PDF). Federal Sentencing Reporter. University of California Press. 23 (1): 28. ISSN 1053-9867. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddex, Robert (2005). State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 161. ISBN 9781452267371.
Jump up ^ "Mississippi - Capital Homicide with 8 Aggravating Circumstances, Treason, and Aircraft Piracy - Death Penalty - ProCon.org". deathpenalty.procon.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddex, Robert (2005). State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 214. ISBN 9781452267371.
Jump up ^ Bushman, Richard Lyman (2007). Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (Reprint ed.). Vintage. pp. 349–549. ISBN 9781400077533. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones Jr, James B. (2015). Hidden History of Tennessee Politics. Arcadia Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 9781625853745. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Past Americans Charged With Treason". Fox News. Associated Press. 17 December 2001. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rhode Island Governors". Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Code of Laws - Title 25 - Chapter 7 - Treason; Sabotage". www.scstatehouse.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-5-801". LexisNexis. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-29-204". LexisNexis. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-29-105". LexisNexis. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vermont - Abolishment of the death penalty except for treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org". deathpenalty.procon.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Picard, Ken (22 June 2005). "Killing Time". Seven Days. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Avalon Project - Life, Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown; 1859". avalon.law.yale.edu. Lillian Goldman Law Library,. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Muddy Boots". muddyboots76.blogspot.com. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Mackey, Thomas C. (2014). A Documentary History of the American Civil War Era: Volume 3, Judicial Decisions, 1857-1866. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 220–221. ISBN 9781621900238. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Brown Papers held by Jefferson County Circuit Clerk's Office". www.wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddex, Robert (2005). State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 415. ISBN 9781452267371.
Jump up ^ "RCW 9.82.010. Defined—Penalty". app.leg.wa.gov. Washington State Legislature. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Washington Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 Washington State Adult Sentencing Guidelines Manual" (PDF). Washington State Caseload Forecast Council. 12 December 2016. pp. 15, 133. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
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