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Sunday
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For other uses, see Sunday (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sundae.
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Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries, as a part of the weekend and weeknight.
For most observant Christians, Sunday is observed as a day of worship and rest, holding it as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. In some Muslim countries and Israel,[citation needed] Sunday is the first work day of the week. According to the Hebrew calendars and traditional Christian calendars, Sunday is the first day of the week.[1] However, according to the International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601, Sunday is the seventh and last day of the week.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Position in the week
2.1 ISO 8601
2.2 Culture and languages
3 Sunday in Christianity
3.1 Pagan correspondence
3.2 Christian usage
3.3 Modern practices
4 Common occurrences on Sunday
4.1 In government and business
4.2 In media
4.3 In sports
5 Astrology
6 Named days
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Sources
10 Further reading
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
A depiction of Máni, the personified moon, and his sister Sól, the personified sun, from Norse mythology (1895) by Lorenz Frølich.
Sunday is named after the Sun
The name "Sunday", the day of the Sun, is derived from Hellenistic astrology, where the seven planets, known in English as Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon, each had an hour of the day assigned to them, and the planet which was regent during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. During the 1st and 2nd century, the week of seven days was introduced into Rome from Egypt, and the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.
Germanic peoples seem to have adopted the week as a division of time from the Romans, but they changed the Roman names into those of corresponding Teutonic deities. Hence, the dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag).
The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai, which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag, Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the Ancient Greek heméra helíou.[3] The p-Celtic Welsh language also translates the Latin "day of the sun" as dydd Sul.
In most Indian languages, the word for Sunday is Ravivāra or Adityavāra or its derived forms — vāra meaning day, Aditya and Ravi both being a style (manner of address) for Surya i.e. the Sun and Suryadeva the chief solar deity and one of the Adityas. Ravivāra is first day cited in Jyotisha, which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day. In the Thai solar calendar of Thailand, the name ("Waan Arthit") is derived from Aditya, and the associated colour is red.
In Russian the word for Sunday is Воскресенье (Voskreseniye) meaning "Resurrection".[4] In other Slavic languages the word means "no work", for example Polish: Niedziela, Ukrainian: Недiля, Belorussian: Нядзеля, Croatian: nedjelja, Serbian and Slovenian: Nedelja, Czech: Neděle, and Bulgarian: Неделя.
The Modern Greek word for Sunday, Greek: Κυριακή, is derived from Greek: Κύριος (Kyrios, Lord) also, due to its liturgical significance as the day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, i.e. The Lord's Day.
Position in the week[edit]
ISO 8601[edit]
The international standard ISO 8601 for representation of dates and times, states that Sunday is the seventh and last day of the week.[5] This method of representing dates and times unambiguously was first published in 1988.
Culture and languages[edit]
Main article: Names of the days of the week § Numbered days of the week
In the Judaic, some Christian, as well as in some Islamic tradition, Sunday has been considered the first day of the week. A number of languages express this position either by the name for the day or by the naming of the other days. In Hebrew it is called יום ראשון yom rishon, in Arabic الأحد al-ahad, in Persian and related languages یکشنبه yek-shanbe, all meaning "first". In Greek, the names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday ("Δευτέρα", "Τρίτη", "Τετάρτη" and "Πέμπτη") mean "second", "third", "fourth", and "fifth" respectively. This leaves Sunday in the first position of the week count. The current Greek name for Sunday, Κυριακή (Kyriake), means "Lord's Day" coming from the word Κύριος (Kyrios), which is the Greek word for "Lord". Similarly in Portuguese, where the days from Monday to Friday are counted as Segunda-feira, Terça-feira, Quarta-feira, Quinta-feira and Sexta-feira, while Sunday itself similar to Greek has the name of "Lord's Day" (Domingo). In Vietnamese, the working days in the week are named as: "Thứ Hai" (second day), "Thứ Ba" (third day), "Thứ Tư" (fourth day), "Thứ Năm" (fifth day), "Thứ Sáu" (sixth day), "Thứ Bảy" (seventh day). Sunday is called "Chủ Nhật", a corrupted form of "Chúa Nhật" meaning "Lord's Day." Some colloquial text in the south of Vietnam and from the church may still use the old form to mean Sunday.
In Italian, Sunday is called "Domenica", which also means "Lord's Day" (from Latin "Dies Dominica"). One finds similar cognates in French, where the name is "Dimanche", as well as Romanian ("Duminică") and Spanish and Portuguese ("Domingo").
Slavic languages implicitly number Monday as day number one, not two.
Polish
Slovak
Czech
Bulgarian
Russian
literal or derived meaning
Monday
poniedziałek pondelok pondělí понеделник понедельник (day) after not working
Tuesday
wtorek utorok úterý вторник вторник second (day)
Wednesday
środa streda středa сряда среда middle (day)
Thursday
czwartek štvrtok čtvrtek четвъртък четверг fourth (day)
Friday
piątek piatok pátek петък пятница fifth (day)
Saturday
sobota sobota sobota събота суббота sabbath
Sunday
niedziela nedela neděle неделя not working (day)
Russian воскресение (Sunday) means "resurrection (of Jesus)" (that is the day of a week which commemorates it). In Old Russian Sunday was also called неделя "free day" or "day with no work", but in the contemporary language this word means "week". Hungarian péntek (Friday) is a Slavic loanword, so the correlation with "five" is not evident to Hungarians. Hungarians use Vasárnap for Sunday, which means "market day".
In the Maltese language, due to its Siculo-Arabic origin, Sunday is called "Il-Ħadd", a corruption of "wieħed" meaning "one". Monday is "It-Tnejn" meaning "two". Similarly Tuesday is "It-Tlieta" (three), Wednesday is "L-Erbgħa" (four) and Thursday is "Il-Ħamis" (five).
In Armenian, Monday is (Yerkoushabti) literally meaning 2nd day of the week, Tuesday (Yerekshabti) 3rd day, Wednesday (Chorekshabti) 4th day, Thursday (Hingshabti) 5th day. Saturday is (Shabat) coming from the word Sabbath or Shabbath in Hebrew, and "Kiraki" coming from the word "Krak" meaning "fire" is Sunday, "Krak" describing the sun by fire. Apostle John also refers to the "Lord's Day" (in Greek, Κυριακή ἡμέρα, "kyriake hemera" i.e. the day of the Lord) in Rev. 1:10, which is another possible origin of the Armenian word for Sunday.
However, in many European countries calendars almost always show Monday as the first day of the week,[6] which follows the ISO 8601 standard.
In the Persian calendar, Sunday is the second day of the week. However, it is called "number one" as counting starts from zero; the first day - Saturday - is denoted as 00.
Sunday in Christianity[edit]
Pagan correspondence[edit]
In Roman culture, Sunday was the day of the Sun god. In paganism, the sun was a source of life, giving warmth and illumination to mankind. It was the center of a popular cult among Romans, who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed.[dubious – discuss]
The opportunity to spot in the nature-worship of their heathen neighbors a symbolism valid to their own faith was not lost on the Christians. One of the Church fathers, St. Jerome, would declare: "If pagans call [the Lord's Day] [...] the 'day of the sun,' we willingly agree, for today the light of the world is raised, today is revealed the sun of justice with healing in his rays."[7]
A similar consideration may have influenced the choice of the Christmas date on the day of the winter solstice, whose celebration was part of the Roman cult of the sun.[dubious – discuss][8] In the same vein, Christian churches have been built and are still being built (as far as possible) with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East. Much later, St. Francis would sing in his famous canticle: "Be praised, my Lord, through all your creatures, especially through my lord Brother Sun, who brings the day; and you give light through him. And he is beautiful and radiant in all his splendor! Of you, Most High, he bears the likeness."
Christian usage[edit]
See also: Sabbath in Christianity
The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight-day nundinal cycle, a market week, but in the time of Augustus in the 1st century AD, a seven-day week also came into use.
Justin Martyr, in the mid 2nd century, mentions "memoirs of the apostles" as being read on "the day called that of the sun" (Sunday) alongside the "writings of the prophets." [9]
On 7 March 321, Constantine I, Rome's first Christian Emperor (see Constantine I and Christianity), decreed that Sunday would be observed as the Roman day of rest:[10]
On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country, however, persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain-sowing or vine-planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.[11]
Despite the official adoption of Sunday as a day of rest by Constantine, the seven-day week and the nundial cycle continued to be used side-by-side until at least the Calendar of 354 and probably later.[12]
In 363, Canon 29 of the Council of Laodicea prohibited observance of the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday), and encouraged Christians to work on the Saturday and rest on the Lord's Day (Sunday).[13] The fact that the canon had to be issued at all is an indication that adoption of Constantine's decree of 321 was still not universal, not even among Christians. It also indicates that Jews were observing the Sabbath on the Saturday.
Modern practices[edit]
Some Christian denominations, called "Sabbatarians", observe a Saturday Sabbath. The name "Sabbatarian" has also been claimed by Christians, especially Protestants, who believe Sunday must be observed with just the sort of rigorous abstinence from work associated with "Shabbat". Christians in the Seventh-day Adventist, Seventh Day Baptist, and Church of God (Seventh-Day) denominations, as well as many Messianic Jews, have maintained the practice of abstaining from work and gathering for worship on Saturdays (sunset to sunset) as did all of the followers of God in the Bible.
For most Christians the custom and obligation of Sunday rest is not as strict. A minority of Christians do not regard the day they attend church as important, so long as they attend. There is considerable variation in the observance of Sabbath rituals and restrictions, but some cessation of normal weekday activities is customary. Many Christians today observe Sunday as a day of church-attendance.
In Roman Catholic liturgy, Sunday begins on Saturday evening. The evening Mass on Saturday is liturgically a full Sunday Mass and fulfills the obligation of Sunday Mass attendance, and Vespers (evening prayer) on Saturday night is liturgically "first Vespers" of the Sunday. The same evening anticipation applies to other major solemnities and feasts, and is an echo of the Jewish practice of starting the new day at sunset. Those who work in the medical field, in law enforcement, and soldiers in a war zone are dispensed from the usual obligation to attend Church on Sunday. They are encouraged to combine their work with attending religious services if possible.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Sunday begins at the Little Entrance of Vespers (or All-Night Vigil) on Saturday evening and runs until "Vouchsafe, O Lord" (after the "prokeimenon") of Vespers on Sunday night. During this time, the dismissal at all services begin with the words, "May Christ our True God, who rose from the dead ...." Anyone who wishes to receive Holy Communion at Divine Liturgy on Sunday morning is required to attend Vespers the night before (see Eucharistic discipline). Among Orthodox Christians, Sunday is considered to be a "Little Pascha" (Easter), and because of the Paschal joy, the making of prostrations is forbidden, except in certain circumstances. Leisure activities and idleness, being secular and offensive to Christ as it is time-wasting, is prohibited[dubious – discuss].
Some languages lack separate words for "Saturday" and "Sabbath" (e. g. Italian, Portuguese). Outside the English-speaking world, Sabbath as a word, if it is used, refers to the Saturday (or the specific Jewish practices on it); Sunday is called the Lord's Day e. g. in Romance languages and Modern Greek. On the other hand, English-speaking Christians often refer to the Sunday as the Sabbath (other than Seventh-day Sabbatarians); a practice which, probably due to the international connections and the Latin tradition of the Roman Catholic Church, is more widespread among (but not limited to) Protestants. Quakers traditionally referred to Sunday as "First Day" eschewing the pagan origin of the English name, while referring to Saturday as the "Seventh day".[14]
The Russian word for Sunday is "Voskresenie," meaning "Resurrection day." The Greek word for Sunday is "Kyriake" (the "Lord's Day"). The Czech, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian, Ukrainian and Belarusian words for Sunday ("neděle," "niedziela," "nedelja", "nedjelja," "недеља", "неділя" and "нядзеля" respectively) can be translated as "without acts (no work)."
Common occurrences on Sunday[edit]
In government and business[edit]
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Further information: Sunday shopping
In the United States and Canada, most government offices are closed on both Saturday and Sunday. A few will be open on Saturdays and a very small number will be open on Sunday. In major cities like San Francisco and Washington, DC, for example, a few branches of the US Postal Service are open on Sunday as well as Saturday; and a few branches of federal banks are also open on Saturday and Sunday.
Many private sector retail businesses open later and close earlier on Sunday. Business offices that are neither retail nor manufacturing outlets, such as corporate headquarters, are typically closed on both Saturday and Sunday. Large manufacturing plants, by contrast, typically operate one to three shifts every day of the week.
Many countries, particularly in Europe such as Sweden, France, Germany and Belgium, but also in other countries such as Peru, hold their national and local elections on a Sunday, either by law or by tradition.
In media[edit]
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Many American and British daily newspapers publish a larger edition on Sundays, which often includes color comic strips, a magazine, and a coupon section; may only publish on a Sunday, or may have a "sister-paper" with a different masthead that only publishes on a Sunday.
North American Radio stations often play specialty radio shows such as Casey Kasem's countdown or other nationally syndicated radio shows that may differ from their regular weekly music patterns on Sunday morning and/or Sunday evening. In the United Kingdom, there is a Sunday tradition of chart shows on BBC Radio 1 and commercial radio; this originates in the broadcast of chart shows and other populist material on Sundays by Radio Luxembourg when the Reithian BBC's Sunday output consisted largely of solemn and religious programmes. However, BBC Radio 1's chart show moved to Fridays in July 2015.[15]
Period and/or older-skewing television dramas, such as Downton Abbey, Call the Midwife, Lark Rise to Candleford and Heartbeat are commonly shown on Sunday evenings in the UK; the first of these was Dr Finlay's Casebook in the 1960s.[16] Similarly, Antiques Roadshow has been shown on Sundays on BBC1 since 1979[17] and Last of the Summer Wine was shown on Sundays for many years until it ended in 2010.[18]
Many American, Australian and British television networks and stations also broadcast their political interview shows on Sunday mornings.
In sports[edit]
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Major League Baseball usually schedules all Sunday games in the daytime except for the nationally televised Sunday Night Baseball matchup. Certain historically religious cities such as Boston and Baltimore among others will schedule games no earlier than 1:35 PM to ensure time for people who go to religious service in the morning can get to the game in time.
In the United States, professional American football is usually played on Sunday, although Saturday (via Saturday Night Football), Monday (via Monday Night Football), and Thursday (via Thursday Night Football or Thanksgiving) see some professional games. College football usually occurs on Saturday, and high-school football tends to take place on Friday night or Saturday afternoon.
In the UK, some club and Premier League football matches and tournaments usually take place on Sundays. Rugby matches and tournaments usually take place in club grounds or parks on Sunday mornings. It is not uncommon for church attendance to shift on days when a late morning or early afternoon game is anticipated by a local community.
One of the remains of religious segregation in the Netherlands is seen in amateur football: The Saturday-clubs are by and large Protestant Christian clubs, who were not allowed to play on Sunday. The Sunday-clubs were in general Catholic and working class clubs, whose players had to work on Saturday and therefore could only play on Sunday.
In Ireland, Gaelic football and hurling matches are predominantly played on Sundays, with the first (used to be second) and fourth (used to be third) Sundays in September always playing host to the All-Ireland hurling and football championship finals, respectively.
Professional golf tournaments traditionally end on Sunday.
In the United States and Canada, National Basketball Association and National Hockey League games, which are usually played at night during the week, are frequently played during daytime hours - often broadcast on national television.
Most NASCAR Sprint Cup and IndyCar events are held on Sundays. Formula One World Championship races are always held on Sundays regardless of timezone/country, while MotoGP holds most races on Sundays, with Middle Eastern races being the exception on Saturday. All Formula One events and MotoGP events with Sunday races involve qualifying taking place on Saturday.
Astrology[edit]
Sunday is associated with the Sun and is symbolized by ☉.
Named days[edit]
Advent Sunday
Black Sunday
Bloody Sunday
Cold Sunday
Easter Sunday represents the resurrection of Christ
Gaudete Sunday is the third Sunday of Advent.
Gloomy Sunday
Good Shepherd Sunday is the fourth Sunday of Easter.
Laetare Sunday is the fourth Sunday of Lent.
Low Sunday, first Sunday after Easter, is also known as the Octave of Easter, White Sunday, Quasimodo Sunday, Alb Sunday, Antipascha Sunday, and Divine Mercy Sunday.
Passion Sunday, the fifth Sunday of Lent as the beginning of Passiontide (since 1970 for Roman Catholics in the ordinary form of the rite, the term remains only official among the greater title of the Palm Sunday, which used to be also the "2nd Sunday of Passiontide")
Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter.
Selection Sunday
Septuagesima, Sexagesima and Quinquagesima Sunday are the last three Sundays before Lent. Quinquagesima ("fiftieth"), is the fiftieth day before Easter, reckoning inclusively; but Sexagesima is not the sixtieth day and Septuagesima is not the seventieth but is the sixty-fourth day prior. The use of these terms was abandoned by the Catholic Church in the 1970 calendar reforms (the Sundays before Lent are now simply "Sundays in ordinary time" with no special status). However, their use is still continued in Lutheran tradition: for example, "Septuagesimae".
Shavuot is the Jewish Pentecost, or 'Festival of Weeks'. For Karaite Jews it always falls on a Sunday.
Stir-up Sunday is the last Sunday before Advent.
Super Bowl Sunday
Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost.
Whitsunday "White Sunday" is the day of Pentecost.
See also[edit]
After Saturday Comes Sunday
Blue laws
Saint Kyriake
Sol Invictus
Sunday Christian
Sunday (computer virus)
Sunday Island
Sunday league football
Sunday Morning
Sunday night blues
Sunday roast
Sunday school
Sunday shopping
Surya
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cf., e.g., Matt. 28:1 at https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew.
Jump up ^ "Monday shall be identified as calendar day [1] of any calendar week, and subsequent calendar days of the same calendar week shall be numbered in ascending sequence to Sunday (calendar day [7])." Further discussion: UK National Physical Laboratory: "Which is the first day of the week? And which is week 1 of the year? (FAQ - Time)": |http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/faqs/which-is-the-first-day-of-the-week-and-which-is-week-1-of-the-year-(faq-time) (Archive here: https://archive.is/SMEAx)
Jump up ^ Barnhart (1995:778).
Jump up ^ "ДНИ НЕДЕЛИ - СЛАВЯНСКАЯ СЕДЬМИЦА". Retrieved 2013-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Monday shall be identified as calendar day [1] of any calendar week, and subsequent calendar days of the same calendar week shall be numbered in ascending sequence to Sunday (calendar day [7])." Further discussion: UK National Physical Laboratory: "Which is the first day of the week? And which is week 1 of the year? (FAQ - Time)": |http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/faqs/which-is-the-first-day-of-the-week-and-which-is-week-1-of-the-year-(faq-time) (Archive here: https://archive.is/SMEAx)
Jump up ^ J. R. Stockton. "Calendar Weeks". Retrieved 2010-01-05.
Jump up ^ St. Jerome, Pasch.: CCL 78, 550, as quoted in: CCC 1166.
Jump up ^ Owen Chadwick (1998). A History of Christianity. St. Martin's Press. p. 22.
Jump up ^ Martyr, Justin, First Apology, 67.3 .
Jump up ^ Zerubavel, Eviatar (1989). The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. University of Chicago Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780226981659.
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church: Vol. II: From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great A.D. 311–600 (New York: Charles Scribner, 1867) page 380 note 1.
Jump up ^ The Chronography of 354, Part 6: The calendar of Philocalus A–G is the seven day week and A–H is the nundial cycle.
Jump up ^ "Canon 29 of the Council of Laodicea". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Guide to Quaker Calendar Names". Iowa Yearly Meeting (Conservative) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Retrieved 30 March 2017. In the 20th Century, many Friends began accepting use of the common date names, feeling that any pagan meaning has been forgotten. The numerical names continue to be used, however, in many documents and more formal situations."
Jump up ^ Savage, Mark (24 March 2015). "Radio 1 chart show moving to Friday afternoons". Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ The Kaleidoscope British Independent Television Drama Research Guide 1955-2010 and The Kaleidoscope BBC Television Drama Research Guide 1936-2011, Kaleidoscope Publishing
Jump up ^ "Search Results - BBC Genome". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ The British Television Comedy Research Guide 1936-2011, Kaleidoscope Publishing, 2011
Sources[edit]
Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7
Further reading[edit]
Bacchiocchi, Samuele. From Sabbath to Sunday: a historical investigation of the rise of Sunday observance in early Christianity (Pontifical Gregorian University, 1977)
Cotton, John Paul. From Sabbath to Sunday: a study in early Christianity (1933)
Kraft, Robert A. "Some Notes on Sabbath Observance in Early Christianity." Andrews University Seminary Studies (1965) 3: 18-33. online
Land, Gary. Historical Dictionary of the Seventh-day Adventists] (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)
González, Justo. "A Brief History of Sunday: From the New Testament to the New Creation" (Eerdmans, 2017)
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sunday
Leselidze
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sunday.
"Sunday". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Sunday". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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Radio Luxembourg (English)

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Dr Finlay's Casebook

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Sunday morning talk shows

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Run to the Playoffs

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Protestantism in the Netherlands

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First-day Sabbath

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Catholicism in the Netherlands

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Black Sunday (disambiguation)

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Bloody Sunday (disambiguation)

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Easter Sunday

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Selection Sunday

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Karaite Jews

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After Saturday Comes Sunday

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Kyriaki (martyr)

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Sunday Island (disambiguation)

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Sunday Morning (disambiguation)

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First Apology

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Harper Collins

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values: Тхьаумафэ – Adyghe

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ady
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondag
Sondag – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonntag
Sonntag – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ab
display: none;

values: الأحد (يوم) – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo
Domingo – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: ܚܕܒܫܒܐ – Aramaic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values:
https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenge
Demenge – Arpitan
frp
frp
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingu
Domingu – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values: ГьатІан (анкьил къо) – Avaric

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interlanguage-link interwiki-av
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: রবিবার – Bangla

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahat
Ahat – Banjar
bjn
bjn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Йәкшәмбе – Bashkir

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Нядзеля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo
Domingo – Central Bikol
bcl
bcl
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: གཟའ་ཉི་མ། – Tibetan

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedjelja
Nedjelja – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Гарагай нэгэн – Russia Buriat

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diumenge
Diumenge – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Вырсарникун – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominggo
Dominggo – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damenggo
Damenggo – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ch
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

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https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumenica
Dumenica – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dydd_Sul
Dydd Sul – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

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https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunndaag
Sunndaag – Pennsylvania German
pdc
pdc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonntag
Sonntag – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κυριακή – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values: Таргочи – Erzya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-myv
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo
Domingo – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingu
Domingu – Extremaduran
ext
ext
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igande
Igande – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ee
display: none;

values: یکشنبه – Persian

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display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimanche
Dimanche – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snein
Snein – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenie
Domenie – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
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Jedoonee – Manx
gv
gv
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display: none;

values:
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Pazar – Gagauz
gag
gag
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interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

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Domingo – Galician
gl
gl
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display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-glk
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 – Gothic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-got
display: none;

values:
https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitar
Aitar – Goan Konkani
gom
gom
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interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: Нарн өдр – Kalmyk

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interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahadi
Lahadi – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: रविवार – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedjelja
Nedjelja – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundio
Sundio – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo
Domingo – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minggu
Minggu – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica
Dominica – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenica
Domenica – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: יום ראשון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minggu
Minggu – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapaat
Sapaat – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ಭಾನುವಾರ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedzela
Niedzela – Kashubian
csb
csb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Жексенбі – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dy%27_Sul
Dy' Sul – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumapili
Jumapili – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Вежалун – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimanch
Dimanch – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Жекшемби – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljhad
Aljhad – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: АлхӀат – Lak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ວັນອາທິດ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonndeg
Sonndeg – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

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display: none;

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display: none;

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display: none;

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display: none;

values: रविवार – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahad
Ahad – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaik
Akaik – Minangkabau
min
min
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: Таргоши – Moksha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf
display: none;

values: Ням гараг – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: တနင်္ဂနွေ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondag
Zondag – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values: आइतवार – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: आइतबाः – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values: КӀиран – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundag
Sundag – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenge
Dimenge – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values: ରବିବାର – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshanba
Yakshanba – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
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text:
Linear A
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Linear A
Type
Undeciphered (presumed syllabic and ideographic)
Languages
'Minoan' (unknown)
Time period
MM IB to LM IIIA
2500–1450 B.C.[1]
Status
Extinct
Child systems
Linear B, Cypro-Minoan syllabary[2]
Sister systems
Cretan hieroglyphs
Direction
Left-to-right
ISO 15924
Lina, 400
Unicode alias
Linear A
Unicode range
U+10600–U+1077F
Final Accepted Script Proposal
This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.
Linear A is one of two currently undeciphered writing systems used in ancient Greece (Cretan hieroglyphic is the other). Linear A was the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization. It was discovered by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. It is the origin of the Linear B script, which was later used by the Mycenaean civilization.
In the 1950s, Linear B was largely deciphered and found to encode an early form of Greek. Although the two systems share many symbols, this did not lead to a subsequent decipherment of Linear A. Using the values associated with Linear B in Linear A mainly produces unintelligible words. If Linear A uses the same or similar syllabic values as Linear B, then its associated language, dubbed "Minoan", appears unrelated to any known language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Script
1.1 Signary
2 Corpus
2.1 Crete
2.2 Outside Crete
2.2.1 Other Greek islands
2.2.2 Mainland Greece
3 Chronology
4 Discovery
5 Theories regarding language
5.1 Hurrian
5.2 Greek
5.3 Anatolian languages
5.3.1 Luwian
5.3.2 Lycian
5.4 Phoenician
5.5 Indo-Iranian
5.6 Tyrrhenian
5.7 A distinct, otherwise unknown branch of Indo-European
5.8 Attempts at decipherment of single words
6 Unicode
7 See also
7.1 Notes
8 References
8.1 Citations
8.2 Sources
9 Further reading
10 External links
Script[edit]
Linear A has hundreds of signs, believed to represent syllabic, ideographic, and semantic values in a manner similar to Linear B. While many of those assumed to be syllabic signs are similar to ones in Linear B, approximately 80% of Linear A's logograms are unique;[3][4] the difference in sound values between Linear A and Linear B signs ranges from 9% to 13%.[5] It primarily appears in the left-to-right direction, but occasionally appears as a right-to-left or boustrophedon script.
An interesting feature is that of how numbers are recorded in the script. The highest number that has been recorded is 3000, but there are special symbols to indicate fractions and weights.
Signary[edit]
Linear A: signary and numbering according to E. Bennett. Reading of signs is based on Linear B analogs.
*01-*20
*21-*30
*31-*53
*54-*74
*76-*122
*123-*306
DA
*01
QI
*21
SA
*31
WA
*54
*76
*123
RO
*02
*21f
*34
*55
KA
*77
*131a
PA
*03
*21m
TI
*37
PA3
*56
QE
*78
*131b
TE
*04
MI?
*22
E
*38
JA
*57
WO2?
*79
*131c
*05
*22f
PI
*39
SU
*58
MA
*80
*164
NA
*06
*22m
WI
*40
TA
*59
KU
*81
*171
DI
*07
MU
*23
SI
*41
RA
*60
*82
*180
A
*08
*23m
KE
*44
O
*61
*85
*188
S
*09
NE
*24
*45
JU
*65
*86
*191
*10
RU
*26
*46
TA2
*66
TWE
*87
*301
*11
RE
*27
*47
KI
*67
*100/
*102
*302
ME
*13
I
*28
*49
TU
*69
*118
*303
QA2
*16
*28b
PU
*50
*70
*120
*304
ZA
*17
*29
DU
*51
MI
*73
*120b
*305
ZO
*20
NI
*30
*53
ZE
*74
*122
*306
Corpus[edit]
Linear A incised on tablets found in Akrotiri, Santorini.
Linear A tablet, Chania Archaeological Museum.
Linear A tablet from the palace of Zakros, Archeological Museum of Sitia.
Linear A has been unearthed chiefly on Crete, but also at other sites in Greece, as well as Turkey and Israel. The extant corpus, comprising some 1427 specimens totalling 7362–7396 signs, if scaled to standard type, would fit easily on two sheets of paper.[6]
Crete[edit]
According to Ilse Schoep, the main discoveries of Linear A tablets have been at three sites on Crete:[7]
Haghia Triadha in the Mesara with 147 tablets; Zakro/Zakros, a port town in the far east of the island with 31 tablets; and Khania/Chania, a port town in the northwest of the island with 94 tablets.
Discoveries have been made at the following locations on Crete[8]:
Apoudoulou
Archanes
Arkalochori
Armenoi
Chania
Gournia
Hagia Triada (largest cache)
Kardamoutsa
Kato Simi (also spelled Kato Syme)
Knossos
Kophinas
Larani
Mallia
Mochlos (also spelled Mokhlos)
Mount Juktas (also spelled Iouktas)
Myrtos Pyrgos
Nerokourou
Palaikastro
Petras
Petsophas
Phaistos
Platanos
Poros, Heraklion
Prassa
Pseira
Psychro (also spelled Psykhro)
Pyrgos Tylissos*Sitia
Skhinias
Skotino cave
Traostalos
Troulos (or Trulos)
Vrysinas
Zakros
Outside Crete[edit]
Prior to 1973, only one Linear A tablet was known to be found outside Crete (on Kea).[9] Since then, other locations yielded inscriptions.
According to Finkelberg, most—if not all—inscriptions found outside Crete were made locally. This is indicated by such factors as the composition of the material on which the inscriptions were made.[9] Also, close analysis of the inscriptions found outside Crete indicates the use of a script that is somewhere in between Linear A and Linear B, combining the elements of both.
Other Greek islands[edit]
Kea[8]
Kythera[8]
Melos[8]
Samothrace[8]
Thera[8]
Mainland Greece[edit]
Mycenae[8]
Tiryns[8]
Hagios Stephanos, Laconia[8][10]
Chronology[edit]
See also: Chronology of Linear B
Linear A became eminent during the Middle Minoan Period, specifically from 1625-1450 B.C. It was a contemporary and possible child of Cretan hieroglyphs and the ancestor of Linear B. The sequence and the geographical spread of Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A and Linear B, the three overlapping, but distinct writing systems on Bronze Age Crete and the Greek mainland can be summarized as follows:[11]
Writing system
Geographical area
Time span[a]
Cretan Hieroglyphic Crete c. 2100 – 1700 BC
Linear A Aegean islands (Kea, Kythera, Melos, Thera), and Greek mainland (Laconia) c. 2500 – 1450 BC
Linear B Crete (Knossos), and mainland (Pylos, Mycenae, Thebes, Tiryns) c. 1450 – 1200 BC
Discovery[edit]
See also: Discovery of Linear B
Archaeologist Arthur Evans named the script "Linear" because its characters consisted simply of lines inscribed in clay, in contrast to the more pictographic characters in Cretan hieroglyphs that were used during the same period.[12]
Several tablets inscribed in signs similar to Linear A were found in the Troad. While their status is disputed, they may be imports, as there is no evidence of Minoan presence in the Troad. Classification of these signs as a unique Trojan script (proposed by contemporary Russian linguist Nikolai Kazansky) is not accepted by other linguists.
Theories regarding language[edit]
Linear A incised on a vase, also found in Akrotiri.
It is difficult to evaluate a given analysis of Linear A as there is little point of reference for reading its inscriptions. The simplest approach to decipherment may be to presume that the values of Linear A match more or less the values given to the deciphered Linear B script, used for Mycenaean Greek.[13]
Hurrian[edit]
The idiom written with Minoan Linear A appears to show the typical morphological features of an agglutinative language that differ significantly from those of Mycenaean Greek written with Linear B. The Linear B texts display, as expected, the characteristics of an inflectional language precisely as much as the forms transliterated with the Greek alphabet. This striking distinction leads to the conclusion that any Indo-European or Semitic language can be excluded as a likely candidate for the Linear A idiom (cf. Peter G. van Soesbergen, Minoan Linear A, Volume I: Hurrians and Hurrian in Minoan Crete, Part I, Brave New Books, Amsterdam 2016, 122-125). From 1980 Van Soesbergen opted for Hurrian as the most likely candidate for the vernacular written with Linear A, because Hurrian was not only an agglutinative language, but also the predominant language of the Empire of Mitanni (with its vassal states Alalakh and Aleppo in North-Syria), contemporary with Linear A in Crete and the greatest military power next to Egypt as well as its principal rival for control of the Levant until the rise of the Hittite Empire under Suppiluliuma I (cf. his Mycenaean Seminar The significance of onomastic data from Linear A and B texts, Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, May 1980). He identified Linear A sequences with both Hurrian lexical terms and many Hurrian onomastics. More decisive is the evidence of typical grammatical forms with specific suffixes in Linear A that can only be interpreted as Hurrian. His view was elaborated in his PhD thesis The onomastics of the 'Minoan Linear A' and 'Linear B' documents and their historical significance (University of Sheffield 1987) and his monographs on Minoan Linear A, Vol. I: Hurrians and Hurrian in Minoan Crete, Parts I-II, Amsterdam 2016. He also published a complete corpus of all Linear A texts: Minoan Linear A, Vol. II: Corpus of transliterated Linear A texts, Part I: Arkhanes - Kea, and Part II: Khania - Zakros, Amsterdam 2016.
Greek[edit]
In 1957, Bulgarian scholar Vladimir I. Georgiev published his Le déchiffrement des inscriptions crétoises en linéaire A ("The decipherment of Cretan inscriptions in Linear A") stating that Linear A contains Greek linguistic elements.[14] Georgiev then published another work in 1963, titled Les deux langues des inscriptions crétoises en linéaire A ("The two languages of Cretan inscriptions in Linear A"), suggesting that the language of the Hagia Triada tablets was Greek but that the rest of the Linear A corpus was in Hittite-Luwian.[14][15] In December 1963, Gregory Nagy of Harvard University developed a list of Linear A and Linear B terms based on the assumption "that signs of identical or similar shape in the two scripts will represent similar or identical phonetic values"; Nagy concluded that the language of Linear A bears "Greek-like" and Indo-European elements.[16]
Anatolian languages[edit]
Since the late 1950s, some scholars have suggested that Linear A language could be an Anatolian language.[17]
Luwian[edit]
Palmer (1958) put forward a theory, based on Linear B phonetic values, suggesting that Linear A language could be related closely to Luwian.[17] The theory , however, failed to gain universal support for the following reasons:
There is no remarkable resemblance between Minoan and Hitto-Luwian morphology.
None of the existing theories of the origin of Hitto-Luwian peoples and their migration to Anatolia (either from the Balkans or from the Caucasus) are related to Crete.
There was a lack of direct contact between Hitto-Luwians and Minoan Crete; the latter was never mentioned in Hitto-Luwian inscriptions. Small states located along the western coast of ancient Asia Minor were natural barriers between Hitto-Luwians and Minoan Crete.
Obvious anthropological differences between Hitto-Luwians and the Minoans may be considered as another indirect testimony against this hypothesis.
There are recent works focused on the Luwian connection, not in terms of the Minoan language being Anatolian, but rather in terms of possible borrowings from Luwian, including the origin of the writing system itself.[18]
Lycian[edit]
In an article from 2001, Professor of Classics (Emerita) at Tel Aviv University, Margalit Finkelberg, demonstrated a "high degree of correspondence between the phonological and morphological system of Minoan and that of Lycian" and proposed that "the language of Linear A is either the direct ancestor of Lycian or a closely related idiom."[19]
Phoenician[edit]
In 2001, the journal Ugarit-Forschungen published the article "The First Inscription in Punic — Vowel Differences in Linear A and B" by Jan Best, claiming to demonstrate how and why Linear A notates an archaic form of Phoenician.[20] This was a continuation of attempts by Cyrus Gordon in finding connections between Minoan and West Semitic languages.
Indo-Iranian[edit]
Another recent interpretation, based on the frequencies of the syllabic signs and on complete palaeographic comparative studies, suggests that the Minoan Linear A language belongs to the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages.[21] Studies by Hubert La Marle include a presentation of the morphology of the language, avoid the complete identification of phonetic values between Linear A and B, and also avoid comparing Linear A with Cretan Hieroglyphs.[21] La Marle uses the frequency counts to identify the type of syllables written in Linear A, and takes into account the problem of loanwords in the vocabulary.[21] However, the La Marle interpretation of Linear A has been rejected by John Younger of Kansas University showing that La Marle has invented erroneous and arbitrary new transcriptions based on resemblances with many different script systems at will (as Phoenician, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Hieroglyphic Hittite, Ethiopian, Cypro-Minoan, etc.), ignoring established evidence and internal analysis, while for some words he proposes religious meanings inventing names of gods and rites.[22] La Marle rebutted in "An answer to John G. Younger's remarks on Linear A" in 2010.[23]
Tyrrhenian[edit]
Italian scholar Giulio M. Facchetti attempted to link Linear A to the Tyrrhenian language family comprising Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian. This family is reasoned to be a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean substratum of the 2nd millennium BC, sometimes referred to as Pre-Greek. Facchetti proposed some possible similarities between the Etruscan language and ancient Lemnian, and other Aegean languages like Minoan.[24] Michael Ventris who, along with John Chadwick, successfully deciphered Linear B, also believed in a link between Minoan and Etruscan.[25] The same perspective is supported by S. Yatsemirsky in Russia.[26]
A distinct, otherwise unknown branch of Indo-European[edit]
According to Gareth Alun Owens, Linear A represents the Minoan language, which Owens classifies as a distinct branch of Indo-European potentially related to Greek, Sanskrit, Hittite, Latin, etc.[27][28] At "The Cretan Literature Centre", Owens stated:
″Beginning our research with inscriptions in Linear A carved on offering tables found in the many peak sanctuaries on the mountains of Crete, we recognise a clear relationship between Linear A and Sanskrit, the ancient language of India. There is also a connection to Hittite and Armenian. This relationship allows us to place the Minoan language among the so-called Indo-European languages, a vast family that includes modern Greek and the Latin of Ancient Rome. The Minoan and Greek languages are considered to be different branches of Indo-European. The Minoans probably moved from Anatolia to the island of Crete about 10,000 years ago. There were similar population movements to Greece. The relative isolation of the population which settled in Crete resulted in the development of its own language, Minoan, which is considered different to Mycenaean. In the Minoan language (Linear A), there are no purely Greek words, as is the case in Mycenaean Linear B; it contains only words also found in Greek, Sanskrit and Latin, i.e. sharing the same Indo-European origin."[29]
Attempts at decipherment of single words[edit]
Some researchers suggest that a few words or word elements may be recognized, without (yet) enabling any conclusion about relationship with other languages. In general, they use analogy with Linear B in order to propose phonetic values of the syllabic sounds. John Younger, in particular, thinks that place names usually appear in certain positions in the texts, and notes that the proposed phonetic values often correspond to known place names as given in Linear B texts (and sometimes to modern Greek names). For example, he proposes that three syllables, read as KE-NI-SO, might be the indigenous form of Knossos.[30] Likewise, in Linear A, MA+RU is suggested to mean wool, and to correspond both to a Linear B pictogram with this meaning, and to the classical Greek word μαλλός with the same meaning (in that case a loan word from Minoan).[3]
Unicode[edit]
Main article: Linear A (Unicode block)
The Linear A alphabet (U+10600–U+1077F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.
Linear A[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1060x 𐘀 𐘁 𐘂 𐘃 𐘄 𐘅 𐘆 𐘇 𐘈 𐘉 𐘊 𐘋 𐘌 𐘍 𐘎 𐘏
U+1061x 𐘐 𐘑 𐘒 𐘓 𐘔 𐘕 𐘖 𐘗 𐘘 𐘙 𐘚 𐘛 𐘜 𐘝 𐘞 𐘟
U+1062x 𐘠 𐘡 𐘢 𐘣 𐘤 𐘥 𐘦 𐘧 𐘨 𐘩 𐘪 𐘫 𐘬 𐘭 𐘮 𐘯
U+1063x 𐘰 𐘱 𐘲 𐘳 𐘴 𐘵 𐘶 𐘷 𐘸 𐘹 𐘺 𐘻 𐘼 𐘽 𐘾 𐘿
U+1064x 𐙀 𐙁 𐙂 𐙃 𐙄 𐙅 𐙆 𐙇 𐙈 𐙉 𐙊 𐙋 𐙌 𐙍 𐙎 𐙏
U+1065x 𐙐 𐙑 𐙒 𐙓 𐙔 𐙕 𐙖 𐙗 𐙘 𐙙 𐙚 𐙛 𐙜 𐙝 𐙞 𐙟
U+1066x 𐙠 𐙡 𐙢 𐙣 𐙤 𐙥 𐙦 𐙧 𐙨 𐙩 𐙪 𐙫 𐙬 𐙭 𐙮 𐙯
U+1067x 𐙰 𐙱 𐙲 𐙳 𐙴 𐙵 𐙶 𐙷 𐙸 𐙹 𐙺 𐙻 𐙼 𐙽 𐙾 𐙿
U+1068x 𐚀 𐚁 𐚂 𐚃 𐚄 𐚅 𐚆 𐚇 𐚈 𐚉 𐚊 𐚋 𐚌 𐚍 𐚎 𐚏
U+1069x 𐚐 𐚑 𐚒 𐚓 𐚔 𐚕 𐚖 𐚗 𐚘 𐚙 𐚚 𐚛 𐚜 𐚝 𐚞 𐚟
U+106Ax 𐚠 𐚡 𐚢 𐚣 𐚤 𐚥 𐚦 𐚧 𐚨 𐚩 𐚪 𐚫 𐚬 𐚭 𐚮 𐚯
U+106Bx 𐚰 𐚱 𐚲 𐚳 𐚴 𐚵 𐚶 𐚷 𐚸 𐚹 𐚺 𐚻 𐚼 𐚽 𐚾 𐚿
U+106Cx 𐛀 𐛁 𐛂 𐛃 𐛄 𐛅 𐛆 𐛇 𐛈 𐛉 𐛊 𐛋 𐛌 𐛍 𐛎 𐛏
U+106Dx 𐛐 𐛑 𐛒 𐛓 𐛔 𐛕 𐛖 𐛗 𐛘 𐛙 𐛚 𐛛 𐛜 𐛝 𐛞 𐛟
U+106Ex 𐛠 𐛡 𐛢 𐛣 𐛤 𐛥 𐛦 𐛧 𐛨 𐛩 𐛪 𐛫 𐛬 𐛭 𐛮 𐛯
U+106Fx 𐛰 𐛱 𐛲 𐛳 𐛴 𐛵 𐛶 𐛷 𐛸 𐛹 𐛺 𐛻 𐛼 𐛽 𐛾 𐛿
U+1070x 𐜀 𐜁 𐜂 𐜃 𐜄 𐜅 𐜆 𐜇 𐜈 𐜉 𐜊 𐜋 𐜌 𐜍 𐜎 𐜏
U+1071x 𐜐 𐜑 𐜒 𐜓 𐜔 𐜕 𐜖 𐜗 𐜘 𐜙 𐜚 𐜛 𐜜 𐜝 𐜞 𐜟
U+1072x 𐜠 𐜡 𐜢 𐜣 𐜤 𐜥 𐜦 𐜧 𐜨 𐜩 𐜪 𐜫 𐜬 𐜭 𐜮 𐜯
U+1073x 𐜰 𐜱 𐜲 𐜳 𐜴 𐜵 𐜶
U+1074x 𐝀 𐝁 𐝂 𐝃 𐝄 𐝅 𐝆 𐝇 𐝈 𐝉 𐝊 𐝋 𐝌 𐝍 𐝎 𐝏
U+1075x 𐝐 𐝑 𐝒 𐝓 𐝔 𐝕
U+1076x 𐝠 𐝡 𐝢 𐝣 𐝤 𐝥 𐝦 𐝧
U+1077x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 10.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
See also[edit]
Aegean numbers
Cypro-Minoan syllabary
Phaistos Disc
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Beginning date refers to first attestations, the assumed origins of all scripts lie further back in the past.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Haarmann 2008, pp. 12–46.
Jump up ^ Palaima 1997, pp. 121–188.
^ Jump up to: a b Younger, John (2000). "Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription: 7b. The Script". University of Kansas.
Jump up ^ Packard 1974, Chapter 1: Introduction.
Jump up ^ Owens 1999, pp. 23–24 (David Packard, in 1974, calculated a sound-value difference of 10.80% ± 1.80%; Yves Duhoux, in 1989, calculated a sound-value difference of 14.34% ± 1.80% and Gareth Owens, in 1996, calculated a sound-value difference of 9–13%).
Jump up ^ Younger, John (2000). "Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription: 5. Basic Statistics". University of Kansas. Younger: "if there are 4002 characters (font Times, pitch 12, no spaces) on an 8 1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper with 1 inch margins, all extant Linear A would take up 1.84 pages." (14.34 pages for Linear B).
Jump up ^ Schoep 1999, pp. 201–221.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Cacciafoco, Francesco Perono (January 2014). "Linear A and Minoan. The Riddle of Unknown Origins": 3–4. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Finkelberg 1998, pp. 265–272.
Jump up ^ Book review by Daniel J. Pullen (Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009) of W. D. Taylour, R. Janko, Ayios Stephanos: Excavations at a Bronze Age and Medieval Settlement in Southern Laconia. British School at Athens, 2008. "Its location on the Laconian coast, easily accessible from Kythera, undoubtedly encouraged early contacts with Crete whether directly or indirectly (see the Linear A sign catalogued in chapter 11)."
Jump up ^ Olivier 1986, pp. 377f.
Jump up ^ Robinson 2009, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Younger, John (2000). "Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription". University of Kansas. See "1. List of Linked Files" for a comprehensive list of known texts written in Linear A.
^ Jump up to: a b Nagy 1963, p. 210 (Footnote #24).
Jump up ^ Georgiev 1963, pp. 1–104.
Jump up ^ Nagy 1963, pp. 181–211.
^ Jump up to: a b Palmer 1958, pp. 75–100.
Jump up ^ Marangozis, John (2006). An introduction to Minoan Linear A. LINCOM Europa.
Jump up ^ Finkelberg, Margalit, "The Language of Linear A: Greek, Semitic, or Anatolian?", in: Drews, Robert (ed.), Greater Anatolia dnt eh Ind-Hittite Language Family, Journal of Indo-European Studies, Monograph 38, Washington, DC, 2001.
Jump up ^ Dietrich & Loretz 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c La Marle, Hubert. Linéaire A, la première écriture syllabique de Crète. Paris: Geuthner, 4 Volumes, 1997–1999, 2006; Introduction au linéaire A. Geuthner, Paris, 2002; L'aventure de l'alphabet: les écritures cursives et linéaires du Proche-Orient et de l'Europe du sud-est à l'Âge du Bronze. Paris: Geuthner, 2002; Les racines du crétois ancien et leur morphologie: communication à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2007.
Jump up ^ Younger, John (2009). "Linear A: Critique of Decipherments by Hubert La Marle and Kjell Aartun". University of Kansas. According to Younger, La Marle "assigns phonetic values to Linear signs based on superficial resemblances to signs in other scripts (the choice of scripts being already prejudiced to include only those from the eastern Mediterranean and northeast Africa), as if 'C looks like O so it must be O.'"
Jump up ^ La Marle, Hubert (September 2010). "An answer to John G. Younger's remarks on Linear A". Academia.edu.
Jump up ^ Facchetti & Negri 2003.
Jump up ^ Chadwick 1967, p. 34: "The basic idea was to find a language which might not be related to Minoan. Ventris' candidate was Etruscan; not a bad guess, because the Etruscans, according to ancient tradition, came from the Aegean to Italy.".
Jump up ^ Yatsemirsky 2011.
Jump up ^ Owens 2007, pp. 3–4: "Η έρευνα απέδειξε ότι η μινωική γλώσσα σχετίζεται με την ελληνική περισσότερο από κάθε άλλη ινδοευρωπαϊκή γλώσσα, χωρίς να αποτελεί μια άλλη ελληνική διάλεκτο αλλά ένα χωριστό παρακλάδι της ινδοευρωπαϊκής οικογένειας...υπάρχουν λέξεις που εντοπίζονται και στην ελληνική γλώσσα αλλά και σε άλλες, όπως τη σανσκριτική και τη χεττιτική, τη λατινική, της ίδιας οικογένειας.".
Jump up ^ Owens 1999, pp. 15–56.
Jump up ^ "The Language of the Minoans". Crete Gazette. 2006.
Jump up ^ Younger, John (2000). "Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription: 10c. Place Names". University of Kansas.
Sources[edit]
Chadwick, John (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39830-4.
Dietrich, Manfried; Loretz, Oswald (2001). In Memoriam: Cyrus H. Gordon. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 3-934628-00-1.
Facchetti, Giulio M.; Negri, Mario (2003). Creta Minoica: Sulle tracce delle più antiche scritture d'Europa (in Italian). Firenze: L.S. Olschki. ISBN 88-222-5291-8.
Finkelberg, Margalit (1998). "Bronze Age Writing: Contacts between East and West". In E. H. Cline and D. Harris-Cline. The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18–20 April 1997. Liège 1998 (PDF). Aegeum. 18. pp. 265–272.
Georgiev, Vladimir I. (1963). "Les deux langues des inscriptions crétoises en linéaire A". Linguistique Balkanique (in French). 7 (1): 1–104.
Haarmann, Harald (2008). "The Danube Script and Other Ancient Writing Systems: A Typology of Distinctive Features". The Journal of Archaeomythology. 4 (1): 12–46.
Nagy, Gregory (1963). "Greek-Like Elements in Linear A". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. Harvard University Press (4): 181–211.
Olivier, J. P. (1986). "Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium B.C". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 377–389. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977.
Owens, Gareth (1999). "The Structure of the Minoan Language" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 27 (1–2): 15–56.
Owens, Gareth Alun (2007). "Η Δομή της Μινωικής Γλώσσας ["The Structure of the Minoan Language"]" (PDF) (in Greek). Heraklion: TEI of Crete –Daidalika.
Packard, David W. (1974). Minoan Linear A. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02580-6.
Palaima, Thomas G. (1997) [1989]. "Cypro-Minoan Scripts: Problems of Historical Context". In Duhoux, Yves; Palaima, Thomas G.; Bennet, John. Problems in Decipherment. Louvain-La-Neuve: Peeters. pp. 121–188. ISBN 90-6831-177-8. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Palmer, Leonard Robert (1958). "Luvian and Linear A". Transactions of the Philological Society. 57 (1): 75–100. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1958.tb01273.x.
Robinson, Andrew (2009). Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956778-2.
Schoep, Ilse (1999). "Tablets and Territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB Political Geography through Undeciphered Documents". American Journal of Archaeology. 103 (2): 201–21. doi:10.2307/506745. JSTOR 506745 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Yatsemirsky, Sergei A. (2011). Opyt sravnitel'nogo opisaniya minoyskogo, etrusskogo i rodstvennyh im yazykov [Tentative Comparative Description of Minoan, Etruscan and Related Languages] (in Russian). Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury. ISBN 978-5-9551-0479-9.
Further reading[edit]
Best, Jan G. P. (1972). Some Preliminary Remarks on the Decipherment of Linear A. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
Marangozis, John (2006). An introduction to Minoan Linear A. LINCOM Europa.
Montecchi, Barbara (January 2010). "A Classification Proposal of Linear A Tablets from Haghia Triada in Classes and Series". Kadmos. 49 (1): 11–38. doi:10.1515/KADMOS.2010.002.
Nagy, Gregory (October 1965). "Observations on the Sign-Grouping and Vocabulary of Linear A". American Journal of Archaeology. 69 (4): 295–330. doi:10.2307/502181.
Palmer, Ruth (1995). "Linear A Commodities: A Comparison of Resources" (PDF). Aegeum. 12.
Thomas, Helena. Understanding the transition from Linear A to Linear B script. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Supervisor: Professor John Bennet. Thesis (D. Phil.). University of Oxford, 2003. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 311–338).
Woodard, Roger D. (1997). Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510520-6. (Review)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linear A.
Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription by John Younger (Last Update: 20 February 2010).
Linear A Research by Hubert La Marle
DAIDALIKA – Scripts and Languages of Minoan and Mycenaean Crete
Omniglot: Writing Systems & Languages of the World
Mnamon: Antiche Scritture del Mediterraneo (Antique Writings of the Mediterranean)
GORILA Volume 1
Interpretation of the Linear A Scripts by Gia Kvashilava
Aum Sign in Crete
Ugarit-Forschungen, Band 32
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Doric hexapolis

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List of kings of Macedonia

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Hellenic calendars

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Ancient Greek wedding customs

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