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Division of Korea
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The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line
Detail of the DMZ
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The division of Korea between North and South Korea occurred after World War II, ending the Empire of Japan's 35-year rule over Korea in 1945. The United States and the Soviet Union each occupied a portion of the country, with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel.
With the onset of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent and unified Korea. In 1948, UN-supervised elections were held in the US-occupied south only. Syngman Rhee won the election while Kim Il-sung was appointed as the leader of North Korea. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula.
The subsequent Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) up to the present day.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
1.1 Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)
1.2 End of World War II
2 Post–World War II
2.1 US occupation of South Korea
2.2 Soviet occupation of North Korea
2.3 UN intervention and the formation of separate governments
3 Korean War
4 Armistice
5 Post-armistice relations
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Historical background[edit]
Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)[edit]
Main article: Korea under Japanese rule
When the Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of Japan, and was annexed by Japan in 1910. The Korean Emperor Gojong was removed. In the following decades, nationalist and radical groups emerged, mostly in exile, to struggle for independence. Divergent in their outlooks and approaches, these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1][2] The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition.[3]
End of World War II[edit]
Main article: World War II
In November 1943, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan's colonies, and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force. In the declaration after this conference, Korea was mentioned for the first time. The three powers declared that they were, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent."[4][5] Roosevelt floated the idea of a trusteeship over Korea, but did not obtain agreement from the other powers. Roosevelt raised the idea with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Stalin did not disagree, but advocated that the period of trusteeship be short.[6][7]
At the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe. On August 8, 1945, three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe, and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.[8] Soviet troops advanced rapidly, and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea. On August 10, 1945 two young officers – Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he "almost surely" would have chosen a different line.[9][10] The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone.[11] To the surprise of the Americans, the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan.[12]
Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north-east of the country, and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan.[13] On August 24, the Red Army reached Pyongyang.[12]
General Abe Nobuyuki, the last Japanese Governor-General of Korea, had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand-over of power. Throughout August, Koreans organized people's committee branches for the "Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence" (CPKI, 조선건국준비위원회), headed by Lyuh Woon-hyung, a left-wing politician. On September 6, 1945, a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short-lived People's Republic of Korea.[14][15]
Post–World War II[edit]
South Korean citizens protest Allied trusteeship in December 1945
In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union, the US, the Republic of China, and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead-up to independence. Many Koreans demanded independence immediately; however, the Korean Communist Party, which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party, supported the trusteeship.[16][17]
A Soviet-US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration, but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship.[18] Meanwhile, the division between the two zones deepened. The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics, and a transfer of population between North and South.[19] In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit.[20] At the final meeting of the Joint Commission in September 1947, Soviet delegate Terentii Shtykov proposed that both Soviet and US troops withdraw and give the Korean people the opportunity to form their own government. This was rejected by the US.[21]
US occupation of South Korea[edit]
Main article: United States Army Military Government in Korea
Lyuh Woon-hyung giving a speech in the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence in Seoul on August 16, 1945
With the American government fearing Soviet expansion, and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum, the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times.[3]
On September 7, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs, and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which had operated from China, sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge, but he refused to meet with them.[22] Likewise, Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People's Republic of Korea and its People's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December.[23]
In September 1946, thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government. This uprising was quickly defeated, and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly.
The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US, became the most prominent politician in the South. Rhee pressured the American government to abandon negotiations for a trusteeship and create an independent Republic of Korea in the south.[24] On July 19, 1947, Lyuh Woon-hyung, the last senior politician committed to left-right dialogue, was assassinated by a right-winger.[25]
The occupation government conducted a number of military campaigns against left-wing insurgents. Over the course of the next few years, between 30,000[26] and 100,000 people were killed.[27]
Soviet occupation of North Korea[edit]
Further information: Soviet Civil Administration and Provisional People's Committee for North Korea
Welcome celebration for the Red Army in Pyongyang on 14 October 1945
When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang, they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man-sik.[28] The Soviet Army allowed these "People's Committees" (which were friendly to the Soviet Union) to function. Colonel-General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration, taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions.
In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People's Committee was formed under Kim Il-sung, who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria. Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government. In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land-reform program: land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers.[29] Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people's committees, a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes. Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land, thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land. The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam. Official American sources stated: "From all accounts, the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed, but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power."[30] The farmers responded positively; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south, where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government. According to the U.S. military government, 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees.[31]
Key industries were nationalized. The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south, as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north.
Soviet forces departed in 1948.[32]
UN intervention and the formation of separate governments[edit]
South Korean demonstration in support of the U.S.-Soviet Joint Commission in 1946
South Korean general election on May 10, 1948
With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947. The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement. At that time, the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR.[33] The UN passed a resolution on November 14, 1947, declaring that free elections should be held, foreign troops should be withdrawn, and a UN commission for Korea, the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK), should be created. The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding, arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections. In the absence of Soviet co-operation, it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only.[34][35] This was in defiance of the report of the chairman of the Commission, K. P. S. Menon, who had argued against a separate election.[36] Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right-wing candidates, but they were overruled.[37]
The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans, who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country. General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948.[20] In April, Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country. South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion. Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate, 70% of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops.[38] The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War.[39]
In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang. The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south, as did other politicians and parties.[40][41] The conference called for a united government and the withdrawal of foreign troops.[42] Syngman Rhee and General Hodge denounced the conference.[42] Kim Koo was assassinated the following year.[43]
On May 10, 1948 the south held a general election. It took place amid widespread violence and intimidation, as well as a boycott by opponents of Syngman Rhee.[44] On August 15, the "Republic of Korea" (Daehan Minguk) formally took over power from the U.S. military, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. In the North, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk) was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister.
On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea".[45] However, none of the members of UNTCOK considered that the election had established a legitimate national parliament. The Australian government, which had a representative on the commission declared that it was "far from satisfied" with the election.[44]
Unrest continued in the South. In October 1948, the Yeosu–Suncheon Rebellion took place, in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government.[46] In 1949, the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents. The majority of the Bodo League's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership.[47] The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War. On December 24, 1949, South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists.[48]
Korean War[edit]
Main article: Korean War
This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea, triggering the Korean War. The United Nations intervened to protect the South, sending a US-led force. As it occupied the south, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea attempted to unify Korea under its regime, initiating the nationalisation of industry, land reform, and the restoration of the People's Committees.[49]
While UN intervention was conceived as restoring the border at the 38th parallel, Syngman Rhee argued that the attack of the North had obliterated the boundary. Similarly UN Commander in Chief, General Douglas MacArthur stated that he intended to unify Korea, not just drive the North Korean forces back behind the border.[50] However, the North overran 90% of the south until a counter-attack by US-led forces. As the North Korean forces were driven from the south, South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel on 1 October, and American and other UN forces followed a week later. This was despite warnings from the People's Republic of China that it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel.[51] As it occupied the north, the Republic of Korea, in turn, attempted to unify the country under its regime, with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination.[52] As US-led forces pushed into the north, China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south.
In 1951, the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel, and both sides began to consider an armistice. Rhee, however, demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership.[53] The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel, but the United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side, which was militarily defensible.[54] The UN position, formulated by the Americans, went against the consensus leading up to the negotiations.[55] Initially, the Americans proposed a line that passed through Pyongyang, far to the north of the front line.[56] The Chinese and North Koreans eventually agreed to a border on the military line of contact rather than the 38th parallel, but this disagreement led to a tortuous and drawn-out negotiating process.[57]
Armistice[edit]
The division between the Koreas today is clearly visible from space with a higher amount of light emitted into space from the South than the North
The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally. Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force.[58] Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country, the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S., and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South.[59]
As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved, the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea.
The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice. Since 1953, members of the Swiss[60] and Swedish[61] armed forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ. Poland and Czechoslovakia were the neutral nations chosen by North Korea, but North Korea expelled their observers after those countries embraced capitalism.[62]
Post-armistice relations[edit]
Main articles: Korean conflict and North Korea–South Korea relations
Since the war, Korea has remained divided along the DMZ. North and South have remained in a state of conflict, with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country. Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification.[63]
On April 27, 2018 North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in met in the Demilitarized Zone. The Panmunjom Declaration signed by both leaders called for the end of longstanding military activities near the border and the reunification of Korea.[64]
See also[edit]
Korea portal
List of border incidents involving North Korea
Korean conflict
Korean reunification
North Korea–South Korea relations
History of North Korea
History of South Korea
Partition of Vietnam
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 31–37. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 156–160. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ "Cairo Communique, December 1, 1943". Japan National Diet Library. December 1, 1943.
Jump up ^ Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990), "World War II and Korea", South Korea: A Country Study, GPO, Washington, DC: Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002), Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 20, ISBN 0-691-11847-7
Jump up ^ Walker, J Samuel (1997). Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8078-2361-9.
Jump up ^ Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. Basic Books. p. 5. ISBN 9780465031238.
Jump up ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 306. ISBN 9780742567177. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 18.
Jump up ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. Hawaìi studies on Korea. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. ISBN 9780742567139. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 53–57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Bluth, Christoph (2008). Korea. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-07456-3357-2.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 59–60, 65. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Melbourne: Hardie Grant. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-74379-393-0.
Jump up ^ Hart-Landsberg, Martin (1998). Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy. Monthly Review Press. pp. 71–77.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 49, 55–57. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Arthur Millet, The War for Korea, 1945–1950 (2005).
Jump up ^ Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings, Korea: The Unknown War, Viking Press, 1988, ISBN 0-670-81903-4.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947. Princeton University Press, 1981, 607 pages, ISBN 0-691-09383-0.
Jump up ^ Allan R. Millet, The War for Korea: 1945–1950 (2005) p. 59.
Jump up ^ Gbosoe, Gbingba T. (2006). Modernization of Japan. iUniverse. p. 212. ISBN 9780595411900. Retrieved 2015-10-06. Although Soviet occupation forces were withdrawn on December 10, 1948, [...] the Soviets had maintained ties with the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea [...]
Jump up ^ Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. pp. 100–101.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Melbourne: Hardie Grant. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-74379-393-0.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211–212. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ "Ghosts of Cheju". Newsweek. 2000-06-19. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211, 507. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Melbourne: Hardie Grant. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-74379-393-0.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. pp. 48, 496. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Melbourne: Hardie Grant. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-74379-393-0.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ "439 civilians confirmed dead in Yeosu-Suncheon Uprising of 1948 New report by the Truth Commission places blame on Syngman Rhee and the Defense Ministry, advises government apology". The Hankyoreh. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gov't Killed 3,400 Civilians During War". The Korea Times. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ 두 민간인 학살 사건, 상반된 판결 왜 나왔나?'울산보도연맹' – '문경학살사건' 판결문 비교분석해 봤더니.... OhmyNews (in Korean). 2009-02-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. p. 112.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 281–282. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 139,180. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Hardie Grant Books. pp. 187–188.
Jump up ^ Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Hardie Grant Books. p. 188.
Jump up ^ Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Hardie Grant Books. pp. 188–189.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 189–193. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ "NNSC in Korea" (PDF). Swiss Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Korea". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Winchester, Simon (2015). Pacific: The Ocean of the Future. William Collins. p. 185.
Jump up ^ Feffer, John (June 9, 2005). "Korea's slow-motion reunification". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Adam (27 April 2018). "The full text of North and South Korea's agreement, annotated" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
References[edit]
Oberdorfer, Don. The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History. Addison-Wesley, 1997, 472 pages, ISBN 0-201-40927-5
Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947. Princeton University Press, 1981, 607 pages, ISBN 0-691-09383-0
Hoare, James; Daniels, Gordon (February 2004). "The Korean Armistice North and South: The Low-Key Victory [Hoare]; The British Press and the Korean Armistice: Antecedents, Opinions and Prognostications [Daniels]". The Korean Armistice of 1953 and its Consequences: Part I (PDF) (Discussion Paper No. IS/04/467 ed.). London: The Suntory Centre (London School of Economics).
External links[edit]
South Korean Ministry of Unification (Korean and English)
North Korean News Agency (Korean and English)
Korea Web Weekly (English)
NDFSK (Mostly Korean; some English)
Koreascope (Korean and English)
Rulers.org, has list of Post-World War II US and Soviet administrators (English)
Korean Unification Studies
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text:
Who Wants to Live Forever
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Single by Queen
from the album A Kind of Magic
Released
15 September 1986
Format
Vinyl record (7"/12")
Recorded
1986
Genre
Rock
Length
5:15 (album version)
4:55 (Greatest Hits II CD edit)
4:01 (single version)
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Producer(s)
Queen
David Richards
Queen singles chronology
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
(1986) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1986) "I Want It All"
(1989)
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
(1986) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1986) "I Want It All"
(1989)
"Who Wants to Live Forever" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It is the sixth track on the album A Kind of Magic, released in June 1986, and was written by lead guitarist Brian May for the soundtrack to the film Highlander.[1] The song peaked at No. 24 in the UK charts.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Music video
3 Personnel
4 Cover versions
5 Tributes
6 Funeral music
7 Dune version
7.1 Track listing
7.1.1 Remixes
7.2 Music video
8 Sarah Brightman version
8.1 Track listing
8.1.1 CD single
8.1.2 Maxi CD single
8.1.3 12" vinyl
9 Edyta Górniak version
9.1 Track listing
10 References
11 External links
Recording[edit]
The song is used to frame the scenes in the film where Connor MacLeod must endure his beloved wife Heather MacLeod growing old and dying while he, as an Immortal, remains forever young. (It was later used in the episodes "The Gathering", "Revenge is Sweet", "The Hunters", "Line of Fire", and "Leader of the Pack" of the Highlander television series).
Brian May wrote the song in the backseat of his car after seeing a 20-minute first cut of the scene of Heather's death.[3]
In the film, Freddie Mercury provides all the main vocals, while May sings lead vocals on the first verse on the album version, before Mercury finally takes over for most of the rest of the song, with May singing "But touch my tears with your lips" during Mercury's verse and then the final line of the song, "Who waits forever anyway?". An instrumental version of the song, titled "Forever", was included as a bonus track on the CD version of the album. This instrumental featured only a piano, with keyboard accompaniment during the chorus sections. The piano track was recorded solely by May. Queen was backed up by an orchestra, with orchestrations by the co-composer of the film's score, Michael Kamen.[1] Since its release, the song has been covered by a number of artists.
Music video[edit]
The video was directed by David Mallet and filmed in a (now demolished) warehouse at Tobacco Wharf at London's East End in September 1986.[4] It featured the National Philharmonic Orchestra with forty choirboys and hundreds and hundreds of candles which remain lit throughout filming as well as Mercury wearing a tuxedo suit.[4] It is the only Queen video to feature bass guitarist John Deacon playing a white Double bass. According to Roger Taylor in an interview for Queen's Greatest Video Hits II, he was drunk during the filming.
An alternate version with clips from the film Highlander (which the song appears in) appears on the video single with "A Kind of Magic" in October 1986 and later as a hidden music video on the Queen Greatest Video Hits II DVD in November 2003.[4]
Personnel[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Freddie Mercury – lead and backing vocals
Brian May – lead and backing vocals, synthesiser, electric guitar, orchestral arrangements
Roger Taylor – drum machine, backing vocals
Michael Kamen – orchestral arrangements, conductor
National Philharmonic Orchestra – strings, brass and percussion
Cover versions[edit]
Luciano Pavarotti called Giorgia for his charity concert Pavarotti & Friends where she performed the song. The recorded Live-CD was released in 1995.[5]
Sarah Brightman covered this track on her 1997 album, Timeless.[6]
Polish singer Edyta Górniak recorded a cover called "Nieśmiertelni" in 2003, released on Moja i Twoja muzyka, RMF FM compilation album.
The Ten Tenors recorded a version on their album Here's to the Heroes, released in 2006.
Rock Star: INXS finalist, MiG Ayesa covered the song on his debut album MiG in 2007.
Katharine McPhee covered this song on the "Queen" themed week on American Idol's fifth season.
Eva Avila covered this song on the "1980's" themed week on Canadian Idol's fourth season.
In 2007, the song was covered by the band Gregorian on their album Masters of Chant Chapter VI.
Kady Malloy covered this song during "80's" week on American Idol's seventh season.
Jonathan Ansell covered this song for his 2nd album Forever, released in 2008
Rhydian Roberts covered this song on his debut album Rhydian, released on 24 November 2008.
Katherine Jenkins covered this song on her seventh album Believe, released on 26 October 2009.
Stacey Solomon performed the song on the sixth series of The X Factor.
David Garrett covered this song for his eighth album David Garrett, released in 2009.
During the 2009-2010 figure skating season, Chinese figure skating pair Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo performed their technical program to an instrumental version of the song. They included it at the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won gold
Kitty Brucknell performed the song on series eight of The X-Factor.
Jonathan and Charlotte performed a cover of this song in Italian on their 2012 album Together following their second-place finish on the 2012 season of Britain's Got Talent.
In 2013, Il Divo, recorded from "A Musical Affair" album, and included a strong 'power ballad' version of the song in Italian and English. For the French version of the album, they recorded the song with Anggun.
Lillie McCloud performed the song on the second part of the second live show of The X Factor U.S. season 3 (2013).
The Tenors featuring violinist Lindsey Sterling on their 2015 album "Under One Sky". The song was shot as a music video with the Tenors as vampires in the Anne Rice tradition.
On July 1, 2016, Anathema performed a cover of the song at the STARMUS Festival in Tenerife, which Brian May was also present at.
Tributes[edit]
Seal performed a live version of this song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992, noting that the song made him cry when he first heard it.[7]
In 2005, the song was covered by Breaking Benjamin on the album Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen. It is also included on their greatest hits album Shallow Bay.[8]
Closing the Isle of Wight Festival in England on 12 June 2016, Queen + Adam Lambert performed the song as a tribute to the victims of the mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida earlier that day.[9]
Funeral music[edit]
In a 2005 poll conducted by digital television station Music Choice on what song Britons would most like played at their funeral, the song was voted the fifth most popular.[10]
Dune version[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Single by Dune
from the album Forever
Released
23 October 1996
Format
CD single
Genre
Classical music
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Dune singles chronology
"Million Miles From Home"
(1996) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1996) "Nothing Compares 2 U"
(1997)
"Million Miles From Home"
(1996) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1996) "Nothing Compares 2 U"
(1997)
German band Dune released their cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever", from their album Forever, as a single in October 1996.
Dune's version of "Who Wants to Live Forever" sold more than 500,000 copies in Germany. The single peaked at No. 3 in the Austrian singles charts, No. 9 in the Swiss Charts, No. 12 in the Dutch Charts and No. 59 in the Swedish charts.
Track listing[edit]
Who Wants to Live Forever (Sixtysix Radio Mix) (3:54)
Who Wants to Live Forever (South Bound Mix) (3:58)
Highland Trilogy: One Day in Glencoe (4:49)
Highland Trilogy: Valley of Tears (4:58)
Highland Trilogy: In the Air, Part 2 (10:29)
Remixes[edit]
Released: 4 December 1996
Who Wants to Live Forever (Komakino Remix) (5:32)
Who Wants to Live Forever (Future Breeze Remix) (7:03)
In the Air, Part 1 (5:13)
Music video[edit]
The music video of "Who Wants to Live Forever" was directed by Matt Broadley.[11] It was shot in the Scottish Highlands.
Sarah Brightman version[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Single by Sarah Brightman
from the album Timeless
Released
1997
Format
CD single
Genre
Operatic pop
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Producer(s)
Frank Peterson
Sarah Brightman singles chronology
"Just Show Me How to Love You"
(1997) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1997) "Tu Quieres Volver"
(1997)
"Just Show Me How to Love You"
(1997) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1997) "Tu Quieres Volver"
(1997)
Soprano Sarah Brightman released her cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever", from her album Timeless/Time to Say Goodbye, as a single in 1997 (See 1997 in music). The single peaked at No. 45 in the UK singles chart.
Track listing[edit]
CD single[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever" (Album version)
"Who Wants to Live Forever" (Xenomania club mix)
Maxi CD single[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"A Question of Honour"
"Heaven Is Here"
"I Loved You"
12" vinyl[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever (Trouser Enthusiasts 'Cybernetic Odalisque' Mix)"
"Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Club Mix)"
"Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Dub Mix)"
"Who Wants to Live Forever (X-Citing Mix)
Edyta Górniak version[edit]
"Nieśmiertelni"
Single by Edyta Górniak
Released
2003
Format
CD single
Genre
R&B
Label
Pomaton EMI
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Producer(s)
Edyta Górniak
Edyta Górniak singles chronology
"Impossible"
(2003) "Nieśmiertelni"
(2003) "The Story So Far"
(2003)
"Impossible"
(2003) "Nieśmiertelni"
(2003) "The Story So Far"
(2003)
Polish singer Edyta Górniak released a cover of the song in 2003 called "Nieśmiertelni" (Immortals). She recorded the cover with Polish lyrics for the cover compilation album RMF FM – Moja i Twoja muzyka by Polish radio station RMF FM. It was released as a promo radio single by Pomaton EMI. The image on the cover was shot by photographer Robert Wolański.
Track listing[edit]
Nieśmiertelni (3:26)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Who Wants To Live Forever UltimateQueen.co.uk
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
Jump up ^ Georg Purvis (28 August 2012). Queen: The Complete Works. Titan. p. 935. ISBN 978-1-78116-287-3. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Queen Promo Videos: Who Wants To Live Forever Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 11 November 2011
Jump up ^ "Giorgia in concerto ad Ancona con Dietro le Apparenze Tour 2012". La Prima Web - Eventi Marche. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarah Brightman: Time to Say Goodbye Allmusic. Retrieved 30 August 2011
Jump up ^ The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert: Who Wants To Live Forever Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 20 August 2011
Jump up ^ Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen Allmusic. Retrieved 30 August 2011
Jump up ^ "Isle of Wight Festival: Queen pay tribute to Orlando shooting victims". BBC. 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Angels 'favourite funeral song'". BBC News. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Credits - Matt Broadley". mattbroadley.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official YouTube videos: original music video, at Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with Seal
Lyrics at Queen official website
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"We Will Rock You" (Live)
The Game
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
"Save Me"
"Play the Game"
"Another One Bites the Dust"
"Need Your Loving Tonight"
Flash Gordon
"Flash"
Hot Space
"Under Pressure" (with David Bowie)
"Body Language"
"Las Palabras de Amor"
"Calling All Girls"
"Staying Power"
"Back Chat"
The Works
"Radio Ga Ga"
"I Want to Break Free"
"It's a Hard Life"
"Hammer to Fall"
A Kind of Magic
"One Vision"
"A Kind of Magic"
"Princes of the Universe"
"Friends Will Be Friends"
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"One Year of Love"
The Miracle
"I Want It All"
"Breakthru"
"The Invisible Man"
"Scandal"
"The Miracle"
Innuendo
"Innuendo"
"I'm Going Slightly Mad"
"Headlong"
"I Can't Live with You"
"The Show Must Go On"
"These Are the Days of Our Lives"
Made in Heaven
"Heaven for Everyone"
"A Winter's Tale"
"I Was Born to Love You"
"Too Much Love Will Kill You"
"Let Me Live"
"You Don't Fool Me"
Queen Rocks
"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)"/"Tie Your Mother Down"
Greatest Hits III
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
Non-album singles
"Thank God It's Christmas"
"Another One Bites the Dust (Small Soldiers Remix)"
"We Will Rock You" (with Five)
"We Are the Champions" (with Robbie Williams)
"Flash (Vanguard Mix)"
"Another One Bites the Dust (The Miami Project Remixes)"
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (with The Muppets)
Other songs
"See What a Fool I've Been"
"Death on Two Legs"
"Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon"
"I'm in Love with My Car"
"'39"
"Sweet Lady"
"Seaside Rendezvous"
"The Prophet's Song"
"Good Company"
"Sheer Heart Attack"
"Is This the World We Created...?"
"Ride the Wild Wind"
"Delilah"
"Made in Heaven"
"Mother Love"
"Let Me in Your Heart Again"
"Love Kills"
"There Must Be More To Life Than This"
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Sarah Brightman
Studio albums
The Trees They Grow So High (Early One Morning)
The Songs That Got Away
As I Came of Age
Sings the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber
Dive
Fly
Timeless (Time to Say Goodbye)
Eden
La Luna
Harem
Symphony
A Winter Symphony
Dreamchaser
Compilations
Surrender
The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection
The Very Best of 1990–2000
Classics
Encore
The Harem Tour
Love Changes Everything
Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman
Diva: The Singles Collection
Amalfi – Sarah Brightman Love Songs
Bella Voce
Rarities Volume 1
Rarities Volume 2
Rarities Volume 3
Gala – The Collection
Live albums
and videos
Sarah Brightman: In Concert
A Gala Christmas in Vienna
One Night in Eden
La Luna: Live in Concert
Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman
The Harem World Tour: Live from Las Vegas
Diva: The Video Collection
Symphony: Live in Vienna
Dreamchaser in Concert
Singles
"I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper"
"The Adventures of the Love Crusader"
"My Boyfriend's Back"
"Him"
"Rhythm of the Rain"
"Unexpected Song"
"All I Ask of You"
"Doretta's Dream"
"Anything But Lonely"
"Something to Believe In"
"Amigos Para Siempre"
"Captain Nemo"
"The Second Element"
"A Question of Honour"
"How Can Heaven Love Me"
"Heaven Is Here"
"Time to Say Goodbye"
"Just Show Me How to Love You"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"Tú Quieres Volver"
"There for Me"
"Eden"
"Deliver Me"
"So Many Things"
"The Last Words You Said"
"Scarborough Fair"
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
"Harem"
"It's a Beautiful Day"
"Free"
"I Will Be with You (Where the Lost Ones Go)"
"Running"
"Pasión"
"I Believe in Father Christmas"
"Angel"
"One Day Like This"
Tours
"A Timeless Evening with Sarah Brightman" (UK and Germany) 1997
"One Night in Eden Tour" 1999
"La Luna World Tour" 2000–2001
"Harem World Tour" 2004–2005
"The Symphony World Tour" 2008–2009 (North America, Asia)
"Sarah Brightman in Concert" 2009 (Mexico and South America)
"Sarah Brightman in Concert with Orchestra" 2010 (Japan, Korea and Macau)
"Dreamchaser World Tour" 2013-2014
"Gala - An Evening With Sarah Brightman" 2016 (Japan, South Korea, Turkey and Mexico)
Related articles
Discography
Soyuz TMA-18M
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Edyta Górniak
Studio albums
Dotyk (1995)
Edyta Górniak (1997)
Perła/Invisible (2002)
E·K·G (2007)
Zakochaj się na Święta w kolędach (2008)
My (2012)
Concert albums
Live '99 (1999)
Compilation albums
Złota Kolekcja – Dotyk (2004, 2010)
Commercial singles
"Once In A Lifetime – To nie ja" (1994)
"Love Is on the Line" (1996)
"To Atlanta" (1996)
"When You Come Back to Me" (1997)
"Anything" (1998)
"One and One" (1999)
"Impossible" (2003)
"Lunatique" (2005)
"Sexuality" (2006)
"To nie tak, jak myślisz" (2008)
"Teraz – tu" (2011)
"On the Run" (2011)
"Oj... kotku" (2011)
"Nie zapomnij" (2012)
"Consequences" (2012)
"Co tylko chcesz" (2012)
"Sens-Is" (2013)
"Your High" (2014)
"Glow On" (2014)
"Oczyszczenie" (2015)
"Grateful" (2016)
"Andromeda" (2017)
Musicals
"Metro" (1991)
"Do grającej szafy grosik wrzuć" (1993)
"Blues Minus" (1993)
"Nie opuszczaj mnie" (1994)
Soundtracks
"Pajęczarki" (1993)
"Pocahontas" – Polish version (1995)
"Mulan" – Polish version (1998)
"Ogniem i mieczem" (1998)
"The Dragon Hill" – Polish version (2003)
"To nie tak jak myślisz kotku" (2008)
"Pokaż kotku co masz w środku" (2011)
Related articles
Discography
[show]
v
t
e
Highlander
Films
Highlander
Highlander II: The Quickening
Highlander III: The Sorcerer
Highlander: Endgame
Highlander: The Source
Highlander: The Search for Vengeance
Television
Highlander: The Animated Series
Highlander: The Series
episodes
season 1
2
3
4
5
6
Highlander: The Raven
episodes
Comics
Highlander
Highlander: Way of the Sword
Video games
Highlander
Highlander: The Last of the MacLeods
The Game
Cast and characters
Connor MacLeod
Duncan MacLeod
Amanda Darieux
Heather MacLeod
Juan Sánchez Villa-Lobos Ramírez
Tessa Noël
Darius
Hugh Fitzcairn
Charlie DeSalvo
Maurice Lalonde
Anne Lindsey
Richie Ryan
Joe Dawson
Nick Wolfe
The Kurgan
James Horton
Four Horsemen
Ahriman
Concepts/world
The Immortals
The Quickening
The Watchers
Seacouver
Music
A Kind of Magic
"Princes of the Universe"
"One Year Of Love"
"A Kind of Magic"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Related
Clan MacLeod
Laura l'immortelle
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