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Josh Radnor
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Josh Radnor
Radnor at the 2013 Comic-Con
Born
Joshua Radnor
(1974-07-29) July 29, 1974 (age 43)
Columbus, Ohio
Residence
Los Angeles, California
Alma mater
Kenyon College (BA)
Tisch School of the Arts (MFA)
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2000–present
Joshua Radnor (born July 29, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Ted Mosby on the popular Emmy Award-winning CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. He made his writing and directorial debut with the 2010 comedy drama film Happythankyoumoreplease, for which he won the Sundance Film Festival Audience Award and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize.
In 2012, he wrote, directed and starred in his second film, Liberal Arts, which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.[1] In 2014, Radnor portrayed Isaac in the Broadway play Disgraced, which earned a Tony Award for Best Play nomination. He then starred as Dr. Jedediah Foster on the PBS American Civil War drama series Mercy Street. He is set to star in the upcoming musical series "Rise".
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Music videos
4.4 Stage
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Radnor was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Carol Radnor (née Hirsch), a high school guidance counselor, and Alan Radnor, a medical malpractice lawyer. Radnor has two sisters, Melanie Radnor and Joanna Radnor Vilensky. He grew up in Bexley, Ohio, a small city near Columbus. Radnor attended Orthodox Jewish day schools (including the Columbus Torah Academy) and was raised in Conservative Judaism.[2][3][4] Radnor went to Bexley High School, and later Kenyon College, where his school's theater department presented him with the Paul Newman Award and during which he spent a semester (Spring 1995) training at the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. He graduated from Kenyon with a Bachelor of Arts in drama in 1996.[5] Radnor received his Master of Fine Arts degree in acting from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts in 1999.[5][6] Radnor participated in an Israel experience program in Tzfat with Livnot U'Lehibanot in 1997.[2]
Career[edit]
Radnor and Ben Lee performing
Radnor was cast as the lead in The WB series Off Centre. However, the role was re-cast with Eddie Kaye Thomas before the first episode aired.[7] In 2002, he made his Broadway debut in the stage version of The Graduate, succeeding Jason Biggs, opposite Kathleen Turner and Alicia Silverstone. In 2004, Radnor starred in The Paris Letter alongside his future How I Met Your Mother co-star, Neil Patrick Harris.[8] From 2005 to 2014, Radnor starred in How I Met Your Mother, his biggest role to date.
In July 2008, he starred opposite Jennifer Westfeldt in the premiere of the play Finks,[9] written by Joe Gilford and directed by Charlie Stratton for New York Stage and Film. Radnor made his directorial debut with the film Happythankyoumoreplease, where he was both the writer and star of the 2010 comedy-drama.[10]
His second directorial effort, Liberal Arts, starring himself and Elizabeth Olsen, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2012.[11] Radnor appeared in the Broadway production of Disgraced, which opened October 23, 2014 at the Lyceum Theatre.[12][13]
In October 2016, Radnor also confirmed he is in a band, Radnor and Lee, with Australian musician Ben Lee. Their debut album, Radnor & Lee has been released on 10th november 2017.[14] He is set to direct the sci-fi thriller film The Leaves.[15]
Personal life[edit]
In 2008, Radnor told the Los Angeles Times, "I do Transcendental Meditation, and part of the reason I chose my house is that I thought it would be a great place to meditate."[16]
Radnor is an outspoken opponent of pornography. In a 2016 interview, he said, "I'm not a porn addict, though I believe the addiction is real. I didn't grow up in any kind of repressive, super religious environment. I never felt I was in danger of eternal damnation or anything... I do believe porn is a huge problem that has to be confronted. The battle, though, is ultimately an internal one. Each person has to decide for themselves whether to have this thing in their lives or not. I value love and connection and friendship and community. I want to encourage more creativity, joy, and peace in my life. Porn is opposed to all of that. I stand strong with anyone choosing to get porn out of their lives."[17]
Radnor is an avid Cloud Cult fan. He collaborated with the band to make the film The Seeker in 2016. Radnor explained, "What's true for me about a lot of music, but especially true for Cloud Cult's music, is that it stirs up the thing that's already in you and calls it out. If this film is able to do that, I'll sleep well at night."[18]
Radnor is a registered Democrat.[19]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Not Another Teen Movie Tour Guide
2008 The Negotiating Table WGA Negotiator Short film
2010 Happythankyoumoreplease Sam Wexler Also director and writer
2012 Liberal Arts Jesse Fisher Also director and writer
2013 Afternoon Delight Jeff Boyardee
2013 The Galapagos Affair: Satan Came to Eden John Garth (voice) Documentary
2016 The Seeker Father
2017 F*cking People In post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Welcome to New York Doug Episode: "The Crier"
2002 Law & Order Robert Kitson Episode: "Access Nation"
2002 The Court Dylan Hirsch 3 episodes
2003 ER Keith Episode: "The Advocate"
2003 Six Feet Under Will Jaffe Episode: "The Trap"
2003 Miss Match Andrew Gilbert Episode: "I Got You Babe"
2005 Judging Amy Justin Barr Episode: "Too Little, Too Late"
2005–2014 How I Met Your Mother Ted Mosby 208 episodes
2007–09 Family Guy Ted Mosby (voice) 2 episodes
2016–17 Mercy Street Dr. Jedediah Foster 12 episodes
2018 Rise Lou Mazzuchelli Upcoming series
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
Notes
2016 "Let Me Be Your Girl" Rachael Yamagata Director[20]
Stage[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Location
2002 The Graduate Benjamin Braddock Plymouth Theatre[21]
2004 The Paris Letter Sam Arlen / Young Sandy Kirk Douglas Theater
2011 She Loves Me Georg Nowack Roundabout Theatre Company[21]
2014–2015 Disgraced Isaac Lyceum Theatre
2016 The Babylon Line Aaron Port Lincoln Center
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Work
Award
Result
2010 Happythankyoumoreplease Sundance Film Festival Audience Award Won
2010 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Award Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2012 Sundance Film Festival".
^ Jump up to: a b Spence, Rebecca (March 12, 2008). "Radnor: Not Your Average TV Star". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Josh Radnor on Talmud and 'Liberal Arts'". Forward.com. September 13, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Josh Radnor: Heart versus head - 'its a big theme of my life'". The Jewish Chronicle. October 4, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Josh Radnor: How I Met Your Mother on CBS". CBS.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-03.
Jump up ^ "NYU Graduate Acting Alumni". Retrieved December 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Josh Radnor Biography". TV.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Theater Review: The Paris Letter". The New York Times. December 16, 2004.
Jump up ^ Cotter, James (July 26, 2008). "article". Times Herald. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Angelo, Megan (February 27, 2011). "How I Met Your City, the Real One". The New York Times'.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 23, 2011). "Josh Radnor, Elizabeth Olsen Teaming for Indie 'Liberal Arts' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sobel, Jon (June 10, 2014). "Josh Radnor to Appear in Pulitzer Winner 'Disgraced' on Broadway This Fall". Classicalite.com.
Jump up ^ "'Disgraced' Broadway". Playbill. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Sam (August 19, 2017). "Josh Radnor From 'How I Met Your Mother' And Ben Lee Continue Bromance With New Song". Music Feeds.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (June 21, 2016). "'How I Met Your Mother' Star Josh Radnor Directing Sci-Fi Drama 'The Leaves'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Sachs, Mark. "Plenty of spots to meet". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Porn Kills Love Q&A: Filmmaker/Actor Josh Radnor". Fightthenewdrug.org. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "» Cloud Cult Made a Gorgeous One-Hour Movie with Josh Radnor". Paste. April 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.starpulse.com/interview-how-i-met-josh-radnor-1847878772.html
Jump up ^ Nicole Evatt (October 10, 2016). "Allison Janney clowns around in Rachael Yamagata's new video". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Josh Radnor". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Radnor.
Josh Radnor on IMDb
Josh Radnor at the Internet Broadway Database
Josh Radnor Bio at CBS – How I Met Your Mother
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 163963201
LCCN: no2008091471
GND: 140568042
SUDOC: 126039135
MusicBrainz: 8af7fcc2-7984-4856-a711-110d9337c9b8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Radnor&oldid=818329724"
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UEFA European Championship awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
At the end of each UEFA European Championship tournament, several awards are attributed to the players and teams which have distinguished from the rest, in different aspects of the game.
Contents
1 Awards
2 Player of the Tournament
3 Golden Boot
4 Young Player of the Tournament
5 Man of the Match Award
6 Team of the Tournament
6.1 All-time Euro XI
7 References
Awards[edit]
There are currently five post-tournament awards, and one given during the tourney:[1]
the Player of the Tournament for best player, first awarded in 1996;
the Golden Boot (currently commercially termed adidas Golden Boot) for most prolific goal scorer;
the Silver Boot (currently commercially termed adidas Silver Boot) for second-most prolific goal scorer;
the Bronze Boot (currently commercially termed adidas Bronze Boot) for third-most prolific goal scorer;
the Young Player of the Tournament (currently commercially termed as SOCAR Young Player of the Tournament) for best under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year, first awarded in 2016;
the Man of the Match Award for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament, first awarded in 1996;
the Team of the Tournament for best combined team of players at the tournament.
Player of the Tournament[edit]
The Player of the Tournament award is presented to the best player at each edition of the UEFA European Championship since 1996.
Edition
Player
England 1996 Matthias Sammer
Belgium and Netherlands 2000 Zinedine Zidane
Portugal 2004 Theodoros Zagorakis
Austria and Switzerland 2008 Xavi
Poland and Ukraine 2012 Andrés Iniesta
France 2016 Antoine Griezmann
Golden Boot[edit]
The Golden Boot award goes to the top goalscorer of each edition of the UEFA European Championship.
If there is more than one player with the same number of goals, since 2008 the tie-breaker goes to the player who has contributed the most assists. If there is still more than one player, the tie-breaker since goes to the player who has played the least amount of time.
Edition
Golden Boot
Silver Boot
Bronze Boot
Player
Goals
Player
Goals
Player
Goals
France 1960 Milan Galić
François Heutte
Valentin Ivanov
Dražan Jerković
Viktor Ponedelnik 2 N/A N/A
Spain 1964 Ferenc Bene
Dezső Novák
Jesús María Pereda 2
Italy 1968 Dragan Džajić 2
Belgium 1972 Gerd Müller 4
Yugoslavia 1976 Dieter Müller 4
Italy 1980 Klaus Allofs 3
France 1984 Michel Platini 9
West Germany 1988 Marco van Basten 5
Sweden 1992 Dennis Bergkamp
Tomas Brolin
Henrik Larsen
Karl-Heinz Riedle 3
England 1996 Alan Shearer 5
Belgium and Netherlands 2000 Patrick Kluivert
Savo Milošević 5
Portugal 2004 Milan Baroš 5
Austria and Switzerland 2008 David Villa 4
Poland and Ukraine 2012[2] Fernando Torres 3 goals, 1 assist (189 minutes) Mario Gomez 3 goals, 1 assist (282 minutes) Alan Dzagoev 3 goals, 0 assist (253 minutes)
France 2016[3] Antoine Griezmann 6 goals, 2 assists (555 minutes) Cristiano Ronaldo 3 goals, 3 assists (625 minutes) Olivier Giroud 3 goals, 2 assists (456 minutes)
Young Player of the Tournament[edit]
The Young Player of the Tournament award is presented to the best player in the tournament who is at most 22 years old. For the UEFA Euro 2016, this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1994. The award was first given out in 2016.
Edition
Player
France 2016 Renato Sanches
Man of the Match Award[edit]
The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 1996.
UEFA European Championship
Most Man of the Match wins
Wins
1996 England Hristo Stoichkov
David Seaman
Matthias Sammer
Karel Poborsky 2
2000 Belgium / Netherlands Erik Mykland
Thierry Henry
Luis Figo
Zinedine Zidane
Francesco Totti 2
2004 Portugal Michael Ballack
Ruud van Nistelrooy
Milan Baroš
Theodoros Zagorakis
Zinedine Zidane 2
2008 Austria / Switzerland Wesley Sneijder
David Villa
Andrei Arshavin 2
2012 Poland / Ukraine Andres Iniesta
Andrea Pirlo 3
2016 France Dimitri Payet
Antoine Griezmann
Cristiano Ronaldo
Renato Sanches
Eden Hazard
Andres Iniesta
Granit Xhaka 2

Total awards
As of 10 July 2016
Rank
Player
Country
MoM
WC with awards
1
Andres Iniesta Spain 6 2008, 2012, 2016
2
Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 5 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016
3
Zinedine Zidane France 4 1996, 2000, 2004
Andrea Pirlo Italy 2004, 2008, 2012
5
Luis Figo Portugal 3 1996, 2000, 2004
Team of the Tournament[edit]
The Team of the Tournament is a team of the best performers at each respective UEFA European Championship edition. From 1960 until 1992, only 11 players were chosen. In 1996, this was increased to 18 players, and in 2000 it was increased to 22 players. From 2004 until 2012, 23 players were chosen. In 2016, the format was changed back to 11 players.[4]
Edition
Goalkeepers
Defenders
Midfielders
Forwards
France 1960
(11 player squad) Lev Yashin Vladimir Durković
Ladislav Novák Igor Netto
Josef Masopust
Valentin Ivanov
Dragoslav Šekularac
Bora Kostić Slava Metreveli
Milan Galić
Viktor Ponedelnik
Spain 1964
(11 player squad) Lev Yashin Feliciano Rivilla
Dezső Novák
Ferran Olivella Ignacio Zoco
Amancio Amaro
Valentin Ivanov
Jesús María Pereda Ferenc Bene
Flórián Albert
Luis Suárez
Italy 1968
(11 player squad) Dino Zoff Mirsad Fazlagić
Giacinto Facchetti
Bobby Moore
Albert Shesternyov Dragan Džajić
Angelo Domenghini
Sandro Mazzola
Ivica Osim Geoff Hurst
Luigi Riva
Belgium 1972
(11 player squad) Yevhen Rudakov Revaz Dzodzuashvili
Paul Breitner
Murtaz Khurtsilava
Franz Beckenbauer Herbert Wimmer
Uli Hoeneß
Günter Netzer Jupp Heynckes
Gerd Müller
Raoul Lambert
Yugoslavia 1976
(11 player squad) Ivo Viktor Ján Pivarník
Ruud Krol
Franz Beckenbauer
Anton Ondruš Jaroslav Pollák
Rainer Bonhof
Dragan Džajić
Antonín Panenka Zdeněk Nehoda
Dieter Müller
Italy 1980
(11 player squad) Dino Zoff Claudio Gentile
Karlheinz Förster
Gaetano Scirea
Hans-Peter Briegel Jan Ceulemans
Marco Tardelli
Bernd Schuster
Hansi Müller Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
Horst Hrubesch
France 1984
(11 player squad) Harald Schumacher João Pinto
Karlheinz Förster
Morten Olsen
Andreas Brehme Fernando Chalana
Jean Tigana
Michel Platini
Frank Arnesen Rudi Völler
Alain Giresse
West Germany 1988
(11 player squad) Hans van Breukelen Giuseppe Bergomi
Frank Rijkaard
Ronald Koeman
Paolo Maldini Ruud Gullit
Jan Wouters
Giuseppe Giannini
Lothar Matthäus Marco van Basten
Gianluca Vialli
Sweden 1992
(11 player squad) Peter Schmeichel Jocelyn Angloma
Laurent Blanc
Andreas Brehme
Jürgen Kohler Stefan Effenberg
Ruud Gullit
Thomas Häßler
Brian Laudrup Marco van Basten
Dennis Bergkamp
England 1996
(18 player squad)[5] David Seaman
Andreas Köpke Radoslav Látal
Laurent Blanc
Marcel Desailly
Matthias Sammer
Paolo Maldini Didier Deschamps
Steve McManaman
Paul Gascoigne
Rui Costa
Karel Poborský
Dieter Eilts Alan Shearer
Hristo Stoichkov
Davor Šuker
Youri Djorkaeff
Pavel Kuka
Belgium and Netherlands 2000
(22 player squad)[5] Francesco Toldo
Fabien Barthez Lilian Thuram
Laurent Blanc
Marcel Desailly
Alessandro Nesta
Fabio Cannavaro
Paolo Maldini
Frank de Boer Patrick Vieira
Zinedine Zidane
Luís Figo
Rui Costa
Edgar Davids
Demetrio Albertini
Pep Guardiola Thierry Henry
Patrick Kluivert
Nuno Gomes
Raúl
Francesco Totti
Savo Milošević
Portugal 2004
(23 player squad)[6] Petr Čech
Antonios Nikopolidis Ashley Cole
Sol Campbell
Ricardo Carvalho
Traianos Dellas
Olof Mellberg
Giourkas Seitaridis
Gianluca Zambrotta Frank Lampard
Michael Ballack
Luís Figo
Maniche
Pavel Nedvěd
Theodoros Zagorakis
Zinedine Zidane Wayne Rooney
Milan Baroš
Henrik Larsson
Jon Dahl Tomasson
Ruud van Nistelrooy
Angelos Charisteas
Cristiano Ronaldo
Austria and Switzerland 2008
(23 player squad)[7] Gianluigi Buffon
Iker Casillas
Edwin van der Sar José Bosingwa
Philipp Lahm
Carlos Marchena
Pepe
Carles Puyol
Yuri Zhirkov Hamit Altıntop
Luka Modrić
Marcos Senna
Xavi
Konstantin Zyryanov
Michael Ballack
Cesc Fàbregas
Andrés Iniesta
Lukas Podolski
Wesley Sneijder Andrey Arshavin
Roman Pavlyuchenko
Fernando Torres
David Villa
Poland and Ukraine 2012
(23 player squad)[8] Gianluigi Buffon
Iker Casillas
Manuel Neuer Gerard Piqué
Fábio Coentrão
Philipp Lahm
Pepe
Sergio Ramos
Jordi Alba Steven Gerrard
Daniele De Rossi
Xavi
Andrés Iniesta
Sami Khedira
Sergio Busquets
Mesut Özil
Andrea Pirlo
Xabi Alonso Mario Balotelli
Cesc Fàbregas
Cristiano Ronaldo
Zlatan Ibrahimović
David Silva
France 2016
(11 player squad)[9] Rui Patrício Joshua Kimmich
Jérôme Boateng
Pepe
Raphaël Guerreiro Toni Kroos
Joe Allen
Antoine Griezmann
Aaron Ramsey
Dimitri Payet Cristiano Ronaldo
All-time Euro XI[edit]
Buffon
Lahm
Puyol
Beckenbauer
Maldini
Zidane
Pirlo
Iniesta
Ronaldo
Van Basten
Henry
In June 2016, ahead of UEFA Euro 2016 in France, UEFA published an All-time Euro XI; the winning team was chosen based on votes cast on EURO2016.com and Twitter. The application featured the 50 players who have made the greatest impact at EURO final tournaments. Nominees had to meet at least two of the following four criteria:[10]
Appeared in at least a semi-final
Featured in a Team of the Tournament
Finished a EURO tournament as top scorer
Produced an iconic EURO moment
Goalkeeper
Gianluigi Buffon
Defenders
Paolo Maldini
Franz Beckenbauer
Carles Puyol
Philipp Lahm
Midfielders
Andrés Iniesta
Andrea Pirlo
Zinedine Zidane
Forwards
Cristiano Ronaldo
Thierry Henry
Marco van Basten
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2016 at a glance". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Late surge earns Torres adidas Golden Boot". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "European Championships - UEFA Teams of Tournament". RSSSF. 14 August 2004. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Euro report" (PDF). UEFA.
Jump up ^ "All-Star Squad Revealed". UEFA. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 5 July 2004.
Jump up ^ "Spain dominate Team of the Tournament". UEFA. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament". UEFA. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed". UEFA. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Your All-time EURO 11 revealed". UEFA.com. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
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UEFA European Championship
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France 1960
Spain 1964
Italy 1968
Belgium 1972
Yugoslavia 1976
Italy 1980
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Portugal 2004
Austria/Switzerland 2008
Poland/Ukraine 2012
France 2016
Pan-European 2020
TBA 2024
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Bids
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UEFA European Championship winners
1960: Soviet Union
1964: Spain
1968: Italy
1972: West Germany
1976: Czechoslovakia
1980: West Germany
1984: France
1988: Netherlands
1992: Denmark
1996: Germany
2000: France
2004: Greece
2008: Spain
2012: Spain
2016: Portugal
show
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UEFA European Championship top scorers
1960: Galić, Heutte, Ivanov, Jerković & Ponedelnik (2)
1964: Bene, Novák & Pereda (2)
1968: Džajić (2)
1972: G. Müller (4)
1976: D. Müller (4)
1980: Allofs (3)
1984: Platini (9)
1988: Van Basten (5)
1992: Bergkamp, Brolin, Larsen & Riedle (3)
1996: Shearer (5)
2000: Kluivert & Milošević (5)
2004: Baroš (5)
2008: Villa (4)
2012: Balotelli, Dzagoev, Gómez, Mandžukić, C. Ronaldo & Torres* (3)
2016: Griezmann (6)
*: Golden Boot award winner (when goals scored are tied)
show
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UEFA European Championship – Player of the Tournament
1996: Sammer
2000: Zidane
2004: Zagorakis
2008: Xavi
2012: Iniesta
2016: Griezmann
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text:
Sunspot
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sunspot (disambiguation).
Sunspots
Top: sunspot region 2192 during the partial solar eclipse in 2014[1] and sunspot region 1302 in September 2011.
Middle: sunspot close-up in the visible spectrum (left) and in UV, taken by the TRACE observatory.
Bottom: A large group of sunspots stretching about 320,000 km (200,000 mi) across.
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection. Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity.[2] Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle.
Individual sunspots or groups of sunspots may last anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun, with diameters ranging from 16 km (10 mi)[3] to 160,000 km (100,000 mi).[4] The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope.[5] They may travel at relative speeds, or proper motions, of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge.
Indicating intense magnetic activity, sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as coronal loops, prominences, and reconnection events. Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars other than the Sun are commonly called starspots, and both light and dark spots have been measured.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Physics
2.1 Lifecycle
2.2 Solar cycle
2.3 Longer-period trends
3 Modern observation
4 Application
5 Starspot
6 Gallery
6.1 Videos
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 Sunspot data
History[edit]
Main article: Solar observation
Physics[edit]
Heliophysics
Phenomena
Coronal mass ejection
Geomagnetic storm
Solar flare
Solar prominence
Solar proton event
Sunspot
Nuclear EMP
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Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3,000–4,500 K (2,700–4,200 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K (5,500 °C) leaves sunspots clearly visible as dark spots. This is because the luminance (which is essentially "brightness" in visible light) of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) at these temperatures varies extremely with temperature—considerably more so than the (temperature to the fourth power) variation in the total black-body radiation at all wavelengths (see Stefan–Boltzmann law). Isolated from the surrounding photosphere a sunspot would be brighter than the Moon.[7]
Sunspots have two parts: the central umbra, which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (normal to the Sun's surface) and the surrounding penumbra, which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined.
Lifecycle[edit]
Any given appearance of a sunspot may last anywhere from a few days to a few months, though groups of sunspots and their active regions tend to last weeks or months, but all do eventually decay and disappear. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun, with diameters ranging from 16 km (10 mi) to 160,000 km (100,000 mi).
Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the Sun's convective zone that get "wound up" by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases, and with it, surface temperature.
The Wilson effect implies that sunspots are depressions on the Sun's surface. Observations using the Zeeman effect show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. From cycle to cycle, the polarities of leading and trailing (with respect to the solar rotation) sunspots change from north/south to south/north and back. Sunspots usually appear in groups.
Magnetic pressure should tend to remove field concentrations, causing the sunspots to disperse, but sunspot lifetimes are measured in days to weeks. In 2001, observations from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) using sound waves traveling below the photosphere (local helioseismology) were used to develop a three-dimensional image of the internal structure below sunspots; these observations show that a powerful downdraft underneath each sunspot, forms a rotating vortex that sustains the concentrated magnetic field.[8]
Solar cycle[edit]
Main article: Solar cycle
Butterfly diagram showing paired Spörer's law behavior
Sunspot activity cycles are about every eleven years, with some variation in length. Over the solar cycle, sunspot populations rise quickly and then fall more slowly. The point of highest sunspot activity during a cycle is known as solar maximum, and the point of lowest activity as solar minimum. This period is also observed in most other solar activity and is linked to a variation in the solar magnetic field that changes polarity with this period.
Early in the cycle, sunspots appear in the higher latitudes and then move towards the equator as the cycle approaches maximum, following Spörer's law. Spots from two adjacent cycles can co-exist for some time. Spots from adjacent cycles can be distinguished by direction of their magnetic field.
The Wolf number sunspot index counts the average number of sunspots and groups of sunspots during specific intervals. The 11-year solar cycles are numbered sequentially, starting with the observations made in the 1750s.[9]
George Ellery Hale first linked magnetic fields and sunspots in 1908.[10] Hale suggested that the sunspot cycle period is 22 years, covering two periods of increased and decreased sunspot numbers, accompanied by polar reversals of the solar magnetic dipole field. Horace W. Babcock later proposed a qualitative model for the dynamics of the solar outer layers. The Babcock Model explains that magnetic fields cause the behavior described by Spörer's law, as well as other effects, which are twisted by the Sun's rotation.
Longer-period trends[edit]
Main article: Solar cycle
Sunspot number also changes over long periods. For example, from 1900 to the 1960s, the solar maxima trend of sunspot count was upwards; for the following decades it diminished.[11] However, the Sun was last as active as this period over 8,000 years ago.[12]
Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available. The variation caused by the sunspot cycle to solar output is relatively small, on the order of 0.1% of the solar constant (a peak-to-trough range of 1.3 W·m−2 compared with 1366 W·m−2 for the average solar constant).[13][14]
400-year history of sunspot numbers, showing Maunder and Dalton minima, and the Modern Maximum (left) and 11,000-year sunspot reconstruction showing a downward trend over 2000 BC – 1600 AD followed by the recent 400 year uptrend
Modern observation[edit]
Main article: Solar observatory
The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
Sunspots are observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting solar telescopes. These telescopes use filtration and projection techniques for direct observation, in addition to various types of filtered cameras. Specialized tools such as spectroscopes and spectrohelioscopes are used to examine sunspots and sunspot areas. Artificial eclipses allow viewing of the circumference of the Sun as sunspots rotate through the horizon.
ALMA observes a giant sunspot at 1.25 mm wavelength[15]
Since looking directly at the Sun with the naked eye permanently damages human vision, amateur observation of sunspots is generally conducted using projected images, or directly through protective filters. Small sections of very dark filter glass, such as a #14 welder's glass, are effective. A telescope eyepiece can project the image, without filtration, onto a white screen where it can be viewed indirectly, and even traced, to follow sunspot evolution. Special purpose hydrogen-alpha narrow bandpass filters and aluminum-coated glass attenuation filters (which have the appearance of mirrors due to their extremely high optical density) on the front of a telescope provide safe observation through the eyepiece.
Application[edit]
Due to its link to other kinds of solar activity, sunspot occurrence can be used to help predict space weather, the state of the ionosphere, and hence the conditions of short-wave radio propagation or satellite communications. Solar activity (and the solar cycle) have been implicated in global warming, originally the role of the Maunder Minimum of sunspot occurrence in the Little Ice Age in European winter climate.[16] Sunspots themselves, in terms of the magnitude of their radiant-energy deficit, have a weak effect on terrestrial climate[17] in a direct sense. On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.[18]
Starspot[edit]
In 1947, G. E. Kron proposed that starspots were the reason for periodic changes in brightness on red dwarfs.[6] Since the mid-1990s, starspot observations have been made using increasingly powerful techniques yielding more and more detail: photometry showed starspot growth and decay and showed cyclic behavior similar to the Sun's; spectroscopy examined the structure of starspot regions by analyzing variations in spectral line splitting due to the Zeeman effect; Doppler imaging showed differential rotation of spots for several stars and distributions different from the Sun's; spectral line analysis measured the temperature range of spots and the stellar surfaces. For example, in 1999, Strassmeier reported the largest cool starspot ever seen rotating the giant K0 star XX Triangulum (HD 12545) with a temperature of 3,500 K (3,230 °C), together with a warm spot of 4,800 K (4,530 °C).[6][19]
Gallery[edit]
Detail of a sunspot in 2005. The granulation of the Sun's surface can be seen clearly
Sunspots, September 2011.
A view of the coronal structure above a different sunspot seen in October 2010.
Sunspot 923 at sunset and in solar scope.
Sunset superior mirage of sunspot #930.
Sunset in Bangladesh, January 2004.
Tracking sunspots from Mars (animation; 8 July 2015).
Videos[edit]
Play media
Photospheric broadband image from flaring Sunspot NOAA 875 as observed with the GREGOR Fabry-Pérot Interferometer on 26 April 2016. Puschmann et al. 2007, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007msfa.conf...45P; Sánchez-Andrade Nuño, B., Puschmann, K. G., Kneer, F. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007msfa.conf..273S
Play media
Chromospheric Halpha line-core image from flaring sunspot NOAA 875 as observed with the GREGOR Fabry-Pérot Interferometer on 26 April 2016. Puschmann et al. 2007, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007msfa.conf...45P; Sánchez-Andrade Nuño, B., Puschmann, K. G., Kneer, F. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007msfa.conf..273S
Play media
This visualization tracks the emergence and evolution of a sunspot group as seen starting in early February 2011 and continuing for two weeks. Images are sampled one hour apart. The camera tracks the movement of the solar rotation. At this scale, a 'shimmer' of the solar surface is visible, created by the turnover of convection cells.
Play media
Groups of sunspots can emerge and dissipate over a matter of days. This is a movie built from images taken by the SDO/HMI instrument over the course of 13 days during the rise of solar cycle 24.
See also[edit]
Letters on Sunspots
Joy's Law
List of solar cycles
Radio propagation
Solar cycle
Solar rotation
Space weather
Spörer's law (predictive)
Starspot
Wolf number sunspot number
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gentle giant sunspot region 2192
Jump up ^ "Sunspots". NOAA. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "How Are Magnetic Fields Related To Sunspots?". NASA. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sun". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ harvard.edu
^ Jump up to: a b c Strassmeier, K. G. (1999-06-10). "Smallest KPNO Telescope Discovers Biggest Starspots (press release 990610)". University of Vienna. starspots vary on the same (short) time scales as Sunspots do ... HD 12545 had a warm spot (350 K above photospheric temperature; the white area in the picture)
Jump up ^ "Sunspots". NASA. 1 April 1998. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ NASA News Release (6 November 2001). "SOHO reveals how sunspots take stranglehold on the Sun". SpaceFlight Now.
Jump up ^ Tribble, A. (2003). The Space Environment, Implications for Spacecraft Design. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–18.
Jump up ^ Hale, G. E. (1908). "On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots". The Astrophysical Journal. 28: 315. Bibcode:1908ApJ....28..315H. doi:10.1086/141602.
Jump up ^ "Sunspot index graphics". Solar Influences Data Analysis Center. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Solanki SK; Usoskin IG; Kromer B; Schüssler M; et al. (October 2004). "Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years". Nature. 431 (7012): 1084–1087. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1084S. doi:10.1038/nature02995. PMID 15510145.
Jump up ^ "Solar Forcing of Climate". Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2005.
Jump up ^ Weart, Spencer (2006). Weart, Spencer, ed. "The Discovery of Global Warming—Changing Sun, Changing Climate?". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ "ALMA Starts Observing the Sun". www.eso.org. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hudson H (2008). "Solar activity". Scholarpedia. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Observations of solar irradiance variability". Science. 211: 700–2. 1981. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..700W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4483.700. PMID 17776650.
Jump up ^ "Derived images showing rotation of cool and warm starspots". Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Further reading[edit]
Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA (October 2016). "The new sunspot numbers". QST. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. 100 (10): 38–41. ISSN 0033-4812.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sunspots.
Sunspot Database based on Terrestrial (GPR/DPD) and Satellite (SOHO/SDO) observations from 1872 to Nowadays with the newest data. ( )
Solar Cycle 24 and VHF Aurora Website (www.solarcycle24.com)
Belgium World Data Center for the sunspot index
High resolution sunspot image
Sunspot images in high-res Impressive collection of sunspot images
NOAA Solar Cycle Progression: Current solar cycle.
Current conditions: Space weather
Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab
Sun|trek website An educational resource for teachers and students about the Sun and its effect on the Earth
Tools to display the current sunspot number in a browser
Propfire – displays current sunspot number in browser status bar
HamLinks Toolbar – displays solar flux, A Index and K Index data in a toolbar
The Sharpest View of the Sun
Daily Sunspot Update and Picture of the Sun (www.spaceweather.com)
Animated explanation of Sunspots in the Photosphere (University of South Wales)
Sunspot data[edit]
"11,000 Year Sunspot Number Reconstruction". Global Change Master Directory. Retrieved 11 March 2005.
"Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared with the previous 11,000 years". WDC for Paleoclimatology. Retrieved 11 March 2005.
"Sunspot Numbers from Ancient Times to Present from NOAA/NGDC". Global Change Master Directory. Retrieved 11 March 2005.
"SUNSPOT NUMBERS". NOAA NGDC Solar Data Services. Retrieved 21 June 2010. [permanent dead link]
International Sunspot Number—sunspot maximum and minimum 1610–present; annual numbers 1700–present; monthly numbers 1749–present; daily values 1818–present; and sunspot numbers by north and south hemisphere. The McNish–Lincoln sunspot prediction is also included.
American sunspot numbers 1945–present
Ancient sunspot data 165 BC to 1684 AD
Group Sunspot Numbers (Doug Hoyt re-evaluation) 1610–1995
Wilson, Robert M. (April 2014). Comparison of the Variations of Sunspot Number, Number of Sunspot Groups, and Sunspot Area, 1875-2013. Huntsville, AL: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
[hide]
v
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The Sun
Internal structure
Core
Radiation zone
Tachocline
Convection zone
Atmosphere
Photosphere
Supergranulation
Granule
Faculae
Sunspot
Chromosphere
Plage
Spicule
Moreton wave
Corona
Transition region
Coronal hole
Coronal loop
Coronal mass ejection
Prominence
Helmet streamer
Supra-arcade downflows
Variation
Solar cycle
List of solar cycles
Solar maximum
Solar minimum
Wolf number
Solar wind
Flare
Helioseismology
Heliosphere
Current sheet
Termination shock
Heliosheath
Heliopause
Bow shock
Related topics
Heliophysics
Solar activity
Solar astronomy
Solar dynamo
Eclipse
Solar energy
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The United Kingdom National Debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies.
As of Q1 (the first quarter of) 2015, UK government debt amounted to £1.56 trillion, or 81.58% of total GDP, at which time the annual cost of servicing (paying the interest) the public debt amounted to around £43 billion (which is roughly 3% of GDP or 8% of UK government tax income). Approximately a third of this debt is owned by the British government due to the Bank of England's quantitative easing programme, so approximately 1/3 of the cost of servicing the debt is paid by the government to itself, reducing the annual servicing cost to approximately £30 billion (approx 2% of GDP, approx 5% of UK government tax income).
Due to the Government's significant budget deficit, the national debt is increasing by approximately £73.5 billion per annum, or around £1.4 billion each week.[2] The Conservatives pledged in 2010 that they would eliminate the deficit by the 2015/16 financial year.[3] However, by 2014 they admitted that the structural deficit would not be eliminated until the financial year 2017/18.[4] This forecast was pushed back to 2018/19 in March 2015, and to 2019/20 in July 2015,[5] before the target of a return to surplus at any particular time was finally abandoned by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in July 2016.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Debt versus deficit
2.1 UK budget
2.2 Gilts
3 Cost of servicing the debt
4 Credit rating
5 Remedies for indebtedness
6 History
6.1 Modern era
6.2 Recent history
7 The national debt today
8 International comparisons
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Definition[edit]
The UK national debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies.
Debt versus deficit[edit]
Pie chart of UK central government expenditure, 2016–17. Debt interest is shown in dark green. Social protection includes Pensions and Welfare.[7]
The UK national debt is often confused (even by politicians) with the government budget deficit (officially known as the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR)), which is the rate at which the government borrows money. The then Prime Minister David Cameron was reprimanded in February 2013 by the UK Statistics Authority for creating confusion between the two, by stating in a political broadcast that his administration was "paying down Britain's debts". In fact, his administration has been attempting to reduce the deficit, not the overall debt. The latter will continue to rise even if the deficit shrinks.[8]
UK budget[edit]
Further information: United Kingdom budget
The public debt increases or decreases as a result of the annual budget deficit or surplus. The British government budget deficit or surplus is the cash difference between government receipts and spending, ignoring intra-governmental transfers. The British government debt is rising due to a gap between revenue and expenditure. Total government revenue in the fiscal year 2015/16 was projected to be £673 billion, whereas total expenditure was estimated at £742 billion. Therefore, the total deficit was £69 billion. This represented a rate of borrowing of a little over £1.3 billion per week.
Gilts[edit]
The British government finances its debt by issuing gilts, or Government securities. These securities are the simplest form of government bond and make up the largest share of British government debt.[9] A conventional gilt is a bond issued by the British government that pays the holder a fixed cash payment (or coupon) every six months until maturity, at which point the holder receives the final coupon payment and the return of the principal.
Cost of servicing the debt[edit]
Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP from 1900
Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt. In 2012, the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around £43bn, or roughly 3% of GDP.[10]
In 2012, the British population numbered around 64 million, and the debt therefore amounted to a little over £15,000 for each individual Briton, or around £33,000 per person in employment. Each household in Britain pays an average of around £2,000 per year in taxes to finance the interest.[11]
However, by international standards Britain enjoys very low borrowing costs, largely because the British government has never failed to repay its creditors.[11]
Credit rating[edit]
Further information: Credit rating and List of countries by credit rating
Standard & Poor's credit ratings of European countries (June 2011). National credit ratings influence the cost of servicing national debt.
AAA
AA
A
BBB
BB
B
CCC
no rating
Like other sovereign debt, the British national debt is rated by various ratings agencies. On 23 February 2013, it was reported that Moody's had downgraded UK debt from Aaa to Aa1, the first time since 1978 that the country has not had an AAA credit rating.[12]
This was described as a "humiliating blow" by Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls. George Osborne, the Chancellor, said that it was "a stark reminder of the debt problems facing our country", adding that "we will go on delivering the plan that has cut the deficit by a quarter". France and the United States of America had each lost their AAA credit status in 2012.[12]
The agency Fitch also downgraded its credit rating for British government debt from AAA to AA+ in April 2013.[13]
Further downgrades were made by Fitch and Standard & Poor's in June 2016, following the UK's vote in the referendum of that month to leave the European Union.[14] Standard & Poor's had hitherto maintained the UK's AAA status.
Remedies for indebtedness[edit]
All the main political parties in Britain agree that the national debt is too high, but there is disagreement as to the remedy. As of 2012, the national debt was forecast to approach 100% of GDP, far above the government’s sustainable investment rule of a national debt no greater than 40% of GDP.[10]
In Parliament, there continues to be disagreement between the political parties regarding the national debt, with Conservative Party politicians typically advocating a larger role for cuts to public spending. By contrast, the Labour Party tends to advocate fewer cuts and more emphasis on economic stimulus, higher rates of taxation and new taxes.
History[edit]
Main article: History of the British national debt
The sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694)
The origins of the British national debt can be found during the reign of William III, who engaged a syndicate of City traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt. This syndicate soon evolved into the Bank of England, eventually financing the wars of the Duke of Marlborough and later Imperial conquests. The national debt increased dramatically during and after the Napoleonic Wars, rising to around 200% of GDP. Over the course of the 19th century the national debt gradually fell, only to see large increases again during World War I and World War II. After the war, the national debt once again slowly fell as a proportion of GDP.
History of the UK government debt as a proportion of GDP
Modern era[edit]
Main article: 1976 IMF Crisis
In 1976, the British Government led by James Callaghan faced a Sterling crisis during which the value of the pound tumbled and the government found it difficult to raise sufficient funds to maintain its spending commitments. The Prime Minister was forced to apply to the International Monetary Fund for a £2.3 billion rescue package; the largest-ever call on IMF resources up to that point.[15] In November 1976, the IMF announced its conditions for a loan, including deep cuts in public expenditure, in effect taking control of UK domestic policy.[16] The crisis was seen as a national humiliation, with Callaghan being forced to go "cap in hand" to the IMF.[17]
Recent history[edit]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the national debt dropped in relative terms, falling to 29% of GDP by 2002. In 1997, the Labour Government of Tony Blair had inherited a PSNCR of approximately £5 billion per annum, but by sticking to the parsimonious spending plans of the outgoing Conservative Government, this was gradually turned into a modest budget surplus.[18] During the Spending Review of 2000, Labour began to pursue a looser fiscal policy, and by 2002 annual borrowing had reached £20 billion.[18]
The national debt continued to increase, despite sustained economic growth, increasing to 37% of GDP in 2007. This was due to extra government borrowing, largely caused by increased spending on health, education, and social security benefits.[10] Since 2008, when the British economy slowed sharply and fell into recession, the national debt has risen dramatically, mainly caused by increased spending on social security benefits, financial bailouts for banks, and a significant drop in receipts from stamp duty, corporate tax, and income tax.[10]
In the 20-year period from 1986/87 to 2006/07 government spending in the United Kingdom averaged around 40% of GDP. As a result of the 2007–2010 financial crisis and the late-2000s global recession government spending increased to a historically high level of 48% of GDP in 2009/10, partly as a result of the cost of a series of bank bailouts.[19] In July 2007, Britain had government debt at 35.5% of GDP.[19] This figure rose to 56.8% of GDP by July 2009.[20] As of June 2010, there were approximately 6,051,000 public sector employees in Britain (compared to approximately 23,107,000 private sector employees).[21]
The national debt today[edit]
UK balance sheet compared with the Eurozone in 2014
The national debt as of now stands at £1.6 trillion at the end of July 2016 or 83.7% of total GDP; published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in accordance to the Maastricht Treaty.
The annual amount that the government must borrow to plug the gap in its finances used to be known as the Public sector borrowing requirement, but is now called the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR). The PSNCR figure for 2014/15 was £93.39 billion, or 5.2% of GDP. Total British GDP in 2014/15 was $2.743 trillion, or around £1.808 trillion.[22]
By historic peacetime standards, the national debt is large and growing quickly, but it is currently nowhere near its peak after WW2 when it reached over 180% of GDP.[10]
Nick Silver of the Institute of Economic Affairs estimated the current British liabilities, including state & public pensions, as well as other commitments by the government, to be near £5 trillion, compared with the Government's estimate of £845 billion (as of 17/11/2010)[23] These liabilities can be compared to total net assets (2010 figures) of £7.3 trillion, which equates to approximately a net worth of £120,000 per head of the population.[24]
The British Government's debt is owned by a wide variety of investors, most notably pension funds. These funds are on deposit, mainly in the form of Treasury bonds at the Bank of England. The pension funds, therefore, have an asset which has to be offset by a liability, or a debt, of the government. As of the end of 2016, 27.6% of the national debt was owed to overseas governments and investors.[25]
International comparisons[edit]
Further information: List of countries by public debt
Global public debt as a percent of GDP (2009/2010)
In 2011, Britain's volume of debt was ranked 18th internationally according to the CIA World Factbook. Many other countries had larger debt burdens. For example, Japan had a National debt of around 194% of GDP, whilst that of Italy was more than 100%. The National debt of the United States reached 100% of GDP in November 2011.[10]
See also[edit]
2011 United Kingdom budget
Economic history of the United Kingdom
Economy of the United Kingdom
Eurozone crisis
The National Fund
UK Debt Management Office
National debt of the United States
Whole of Government Accounts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "ONS: Public sector net debt as a % of GDP, excluding public sector banks".
Jump up ^ "OBR Economic and fiscal outlook" (PDF). p. 7.
Jump up ^ "George Osborne has failed in his deficit reduction ambitions – and the Tories are likely to pay a price at the ballot box".
Jump up ^ The Guardian, 10 February 2014 Retrieved July 2014
Jump up ^ Liam Halligan (11 July 2015). "George Osborne’s savvy display lacked tough fiscal action". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Emily Cadman and Gemma Tetlow (1 July 2016). "George Osborne abandons 2020 UK surplus target". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 July 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "UK 2016 Budget" (PDF). p. 5.
Jump up ^ The Independent 1 February 2013 Archived February 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 2013
Jump up ^ "UK Debt Management Office". Dmo.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "UK National Debt". Economics Help. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Uk National Debt "Bombshell" – webpage discussing the National Debt". Debtbombshell.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Hugh Pym (2013-02-23). "BBC News – UK loses top AAA credit rating for first time since 1978". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Fitch downgrades UK credit rating to AA+". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ratings agencies downgrade UK credit rating after Brexit vote". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Benedict Brogan (2009-10-22). "The debt crisis of 1976 offers a vision of the blood, sweat and tears facing David Cameron". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Good-bye Great Britain": 1976 IMF Crisis, K Burk, ISBN 0-300-05728-8
Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph 23 January 2009 Retrieved September 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "Public Sector Net Cash Requirement". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Britain's public debt since 1974". The Guardian. 1 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Britain owes £801,000,000,000". The Scotsman. 21 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Labour market statistics – October 2010" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-390499
Jump up ^ Silver, Nick (10 October 2011). "True level of UK government debt exceeds £5 trillion". Retrieved 30 Nov 2013.
Jump up ^ "UK worth £7.3 trillion". Office for National Statistics. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Quarterly Review January – March 2017" (PDF). UK Debt Management Office. May 2017. p. 3.
References[edit]
Ferguson, Niall, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, Penguin Books, London (2008)
The Week, p. 15, 21 September 2013
External links[edit]
BBC Budget 2009 Overview
Telegraph.co.uk 2011 Budget coverage
BBC Budget 2008 Overview
HM Treasury Whole of Government Accounts development programme
Better Government Initiative experts say billions wasted on services, Daily Telegraph, 24 November 2007
Better Government Initiative
UK National Debt Clock
PricewaterhouseCoopers budget coverage and analysis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_national_debt&oldid=794176231"
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