text:
William M. Tweed
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
William M. Tweed
(1870)
Member of the New York Senate
from the 4th district
In office
January 1, 1868 – December 31, 1873
Preceded by
George Briggs
Succeeded by
John Fox
Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall
In office
1858–1871
Preceded by
Fernando Wood
Succeeded by
John Kelly & John Morrissey
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 5th district
In office
March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855
Preceded by
George Briggs
Succeeded by
Thomas R. Whitney
Personal details
Born
William Magear Tweed
(1823-04-03)April 3, 1823
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died
April 12, 1878(1878-04-12) (aged 55)
New York City, New York, US
Political party
Democratic
Spouse(s)
Jane Skaden (m. 1844)
Profession
Bookkeeper, businessman, political boss
William Magear Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878)—often erroneously referred to as "William Marcy Tweed" (see below),[1] and widely known as "Boss" Tweed—was an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City and a director of the Erie Railroad, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel.[2]
Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852 and the New York County Board of Supervisors in 1858, the year he became the head of the Tammany Hall political machine. He was also elected to the New York State Senate in 1867, but Tweed's greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissions, his control over political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.
Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption, although later estimates ranged as high as $200 million.[3] Unable to make bail, he escaped from jail once, but was returned to custody. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Corruption
3 Scandal
4 Imprisonment, escape, and death
5 Evaluations
6 Middle name
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Tweed was born April 3, 1823, at 1 Cherry Street,[4] on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Son of a third-generation Scots-Irish chair-maker, Tweed grew up on Cherry Street. Tweed's religious affiliation was not widely known in his lifetime, but at the time of his funeral the New York Times, quoting a family friend, reported that his parents had been Quakers and "members of the old Rose Street Meeting house".[5] At the age of 11, he left school to learn his father's trade, and then became an apprentice to a saddler.[4] He also studied to be a bookkeeper and worked as a brushmaker for a company he had invested in, before eventually joining in the family business in 1852.[4] On September 29, 1844,[6] he married Mary Jane C. Skaden and lived with her family on Madison Street for two years.
Ticket to an 1859 "soiree" to benefit Tweed's Americus Engine Co.
Tweed became a member of the Odd Fellows and the Masons,[7] and joined a volunteer fire company, Engine No. 12.[4] In 1848, at the invitation of state assemblyman John J. Reilly, he and some friends organized the Americus Fire Company No. 6, also known as the "Big Six", as a volunteer fire company, which took as its symbol a snarling red Bengal tiger, a symbol which remained associated with Tweed and Tammany Hall for many years.[4] At the time, volunteer fire companies competed vigorously with each other; some were connected with street gangs and had strong ethnic ties to various immigrant communities. The competition could be so fierce that buildings would sometimes burn down while the fire companies fought each other.[8] Tweed became known for his ax-wielding violence, and was soon elected the Big Six foreman. Pressure from Alfred Carlson, the chief engineer, got him thrown out of the crew, but fire companies were also recruiting grounds for political parties at the time, and Tweed's exploits came to the attention of the Democratic politicians who ran the Seventh Ward, who put him up for Alderman in 1850, when Tweed was 26. He lost that election to the Whig candidate Morgan Morgans, but ran again the next year and won, garnering his first political position.[9]
Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852, but his two-year term was undistinguished.[10] In an attempt by Republican reformers in Albany, the state capital, to control the Democratic-dominated New York City government, the power of the New York County Board of Supervisors was beefed up. The board had 12 members, six appointed by the mayor and six elected, and in 1858 Tweed was appointed to the board, which became his first vehicle for large-scale graft; Tweed and other supervisors forced vendors to pay a 15% overcharge to their "ring" in order to do business with the city.[10] By 1853, Tweed was running the seventh ward for Tammany.[4]
Although he was not trained as a lawyer, Tweed's friend, Judge George G. Barnard, certified him as an attorney, and Tweed opened a law office on Duane Street. He ran for sheriff in 1861 and was defeated, but became the chairman of the Democratic General Committee shortly after the election, and was then chosen to be the head of Tammany's general committee in January 1863. Several months later, in April, he became "Grand Sachem", and began to be referred to as "Boss", especially after he tightened his hold on power by creating a small executive committee to run the club.[4] Tweed then took steps to increase his income: he used his law firm to extort money, which was then disguised as legal services; he had himself appointed deputy street commissioner – a position with considerable access to city contractors and funding; he bought the New-York Printing Company, which became the city's official printer, and the city's stationery supplier, the Manufacturing Stationers' Company, and had both companies begin to overcharge for their goods and services.[4] He also started to form what became known as the "Tweed Ring", by having his friends elected to office: George G. Barnard was elected Recorder of New York City; Peter B. Sweeny was elected New York County District Attorney; and Richard B. Connolly was elected City Comptroller.[10]
Thomas Nast depicts Tweed in Harper's Weekly (October 21, 1871)
With his new position and wealth came a change in style: Tweed began to favor wearing a large diamond in his shirtfront – a habit that Thomas Nast used to great effect in his attacks on Tweed in Harper's Weekly beginning in 1869 – and he bought a brownstone to live in at 41 West 36th Street, then a very fashionable area. He invested his now considerable illegal income in real estate, so that by the late 1860s he ranked among the biggest landowners in New York City.[4]
Tweed was a member of the New York State Senate (4th D.) from 1868 to 1873, sitting in the 91st, 92nd, 93rd and 94th New York State Legislatures, but not taking his seat in the 95th and 96th New York State Legislatures. In the Senate he helped financiers Jay Gould and Big Jim Fisk to take control of the Erie Railroad from Cornelius Vanderbilt by arranging for legislation that legitimized fake Erie stock certificates that Gould and Fisk had issued. In return, Tweed received a large block of stock and was made a director of the company.[4]
Corruption[edit]
After the election of 1869, Tweed took control of the New York City government. His protégé, John T. Hoffman, the former mayor of the city, won election as governor, and Tweed garnered the support of good government reformers like Peter Cooper and the Union League Club, by proposing a new city charter which returned power to City Hall at the expense of the Republican-inspired state commissions. The new charter passed, thanks in part to $600,000 in bribes Tweed paid to Republicans, and was signed into law by Hoffman in 1870. Mandated new elections allowed Tammany to take over the city's Common Council when they won all fifteen aldermanic contests.[11][12]
The new charter put control of the city's finances in the hands of a Board of Audit, which consisted of Tweed, who was Commissioner of Public Works, Mayor A. Oakey Hall and Comptroller Richard "Slippery Dick" Connolly, both Tammany men. Hall also appointed other Tweed associates to high offices — such as Peter B. Sweeny, who took over the Department of Public Parks[11] — providing the Tweed Ring with even firmer control of the New York City government[13] and enabling them to defraud the taxpayers of many more millions of dollars. In the words of Albert Bigelow Paine, "their methods were curiously simple and primitive. There were no skilful manipulations of figures, making detection difficult ... Connolly, as Controller, had charge of the books, and declined to show them. With his fellows, he also 'controlled' the courts and most of the bar."[14] Contractors working for the city – "Ring favorites, most of them – were told to multiply the amount of each bill by five, or ten, or a hundred, after which, with Mayor Hall's 'O. K.' and Connolly's endorsement, it was paid ... through a go-between, who cashed the check, settled the original bill and divided the remainder ... between Tweed, Sweeny, Connolly and Hall".[15]
For example, the construction cost of the New York County Courthouse, begun in 1861, grew to nearly $13 million—about $178 million in today's dollars, and nearly twice the cost of the Alaska Purchase in 1867.[12][16] "A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $4.9 million today) for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork ... a plasterer got $133,187 ($1.82 million) for two days' work".[16]
Nast depicts the Tweed Ring: "Who stole the people's money?" / "'Twas him."
Tweed and his friends also garnered huge profits from the development of the Upper East Side, especially Yorkville and Harlem. They would buy up undeveloped property, then use the resources of the city to improve the area—for instance by installing pipes to bring in water from the Croton Aqueduct—thus increasing the value of the land, after which they sold and took their profits. The focus on the east side also slowed down the development of the west side, the topography of which made it more expensive to improve. The ring also took their usual percentage of padded contracts, as well as raking off money from property taxes. Despite the corruption of Tweed and Tammany Hall, they did accomplish the development of upper Manhattan, though at the cost of tripling the city's bond debt to almost $90 million.[17]
During the Tweed era, the proposal to build a suspension bridge between New York and Brooklyn, then an independent city, was floated by Brooklyn-boosters, who saw the ferry connections as a bottleneck to Brooklyn's further development. In order to ensure that the Brooklyn Bridge project would go forward, State Senator Henry Cruse Murphy approached Tweed to find out whether New York's aldermen would approve the proposal. Tweed's response was that $60,000 for the aldermen would close the deal, and contractor William C. Kingsley put up the cash, which was delivered in a carpet bag. Tweed and two others from Tammany also received over half the private stock of the Bridge Company, the charter of which specified that only private stockholders had voting rights, so that even though the cities of Brooklyn and Manhattan put up most of the money, they essentially had no control over the project.[18]
Tweed bought a mansion on Fifth Avenue and 43rd Street, and stabled his horses, carriages and sleighs on 40th Street. By 1871, he was a member of the board of directors of not only the Erie Railroad and the Brooklyn Bridge Company, but also the Third Avenue Railway Company and the Harlem Gas Light Company. He was president of the Guardian Savings Banks and he and his confederates set up the Tenth National Bank to better control their fortunes.[4]
Scandal[edit]
Tweed's downfall came in the wake of the Orange riot of 1871, which came after Tammany Hall banned a parade of Irish Protestants celebrating a historical victory against Catholicism, because of a riot the year before in which eight people died when a crowd of Irish Catholic laborers attacked the paraders. Under strong pressure from the newspapers and the Protestant elite of the city, Tammany reversed course, and the march was allowed to proceed, with protection from city policemen and state militia. The result was an even larger riot in which over 60 people were killed and more than 150 injured.[19]
Although Tammany's electoral power base was largely centered in the Irish immigrant population, it also needed the city's elite to acquiesce in its rule, and this was conditional on the machine's ability to control the actions of its people, but the July riot showed that this capability was not nearly as strong as had been supposed.[19]
Nast shows Tweed's source of power: control of the ballot box. "As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it?"
Tweed had for months been under attack from The New York Times and Thomas Nast, the cartoonist from Harper's Weekly – regarding Nast's cartoons, Tweed reportedly said, "Stop them damned pictures. I don't care so much what the papers say about me. My constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures!"[20] – but their campaign had only limited success in gaining traction. They were able to force an examination of the city's books, but the blue-ribbon commission of six businessmen appointed by Mayor A. Oakey Hall, a Tammany man, which included John Jacob Astor III, banker Moses Taylor and others who benefited from Tammany's actions, found that the books had been "faithfully kept", letting the air out of the effort to dethrone Tweed.[21]
The response to the Orange riot changed everything, and only days afterwards the Times/Nast campaign began to garner popular support.[21] More important, the Times started to receive inside information from County Sheriff James O'Brien, whose support for Tweed had fluctuated during Tammany's reign. O'Brien had tried to blackmail Tammany by threatening to expose the ring's embezzlement to the press, and when this failed he provided the evidence he had collected to the Times.[22] Shortly afterward, county auditor Matthew J. O'Rourke supplied additional details to the Times,[22] which was reportedly offered $5 million to not publish the evidence.[23] The Times also obtained the accounts of the recently deceased James Watson, who was the Tweed Ring's bookkeeper, and these were published daily, culminating in a special four-page supplement on July 29 headlined "Gigantic Frauds of the Ring Exposed".[21] In August, Tweed began to transfer ownership in his real-estate empire and other investments to his family members.[4]
The exposé provoked an international crisis of confidence in New York City's finances, and, in particular, in its ability to repay its debts. European investors were heavily positioned in the city's bonds and were already nervous about its management – only the reputations of the underwriters were preventing a run on the city's securities. New York's financial and business community knew that if the city's credit was to collapse, it could potentially bring down every bank in the city with it.[21]
Thus, the city's elite met at Cooper Union in September to discuss political reform: but for the first time, the conversation included not only the usual reformers, but also Democratic bigwigs such as Samuel J. Tilden, who had been thrust aside by Tammany. The consensus was that the "wisest and best citizens" should take over the governance of the city and attempt to restore investor confidence. The result was the formation of the Executive Committee of Citizens and Taxpayers for Financial Reform of the City (also known as "the Committee of Seventy"), which attacked Tammany by cutting off the city's funding. Property owners refused to pay their municipal taxes, and a judge—Tweed's old friend George Barnard, no less—enjoined the city Comptroller from issuing bonds or spending money. Unpaid workers turned against Tweed, marching to City Hall demanding to be paid. Tweed doled out some funds from his own purse—$50,000—but it was not sufficient to end the crisis, and Tammany began to lose its essential base.[21]
Shortly thereafter, the Comptroller resigned, appointing Andrew Haswell Green, an associate of Tilden's, as his replacement. Green loosened the purse strings again, allowing city departments not under Tammany control to borrow money to operate. Green and Tilden had the city's records closely examined, and discovered money that went directly from city contractors into Tweed's pocket. The following day, they had Tweed arrested.[21]
Imprisonment, escape, and death[edit]
"Stone Walls Do Not a Prison Make": Editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast predicting Tweed could not be kept behind bars (Harper's Weekly, January 6, 1872)[24]
Tweed was released on $1 million bail, and Tammany set to work to recover its position through the ballot box. Tweed was re-elected to the state senate in November 1871, due to his personal popularity and largesse in his district, but in general Tammany did not do well, and the members of the Tweed Ring began to flee the jurisdiction, many going overseas. Tweed was re-arrested, forced to resign his city positions, and was replaced as Tammany's leader. Once again, he was released on bail—$8 million this time—but Tweed's supporters, such as Jay Gould, felt the repercussions of his fall from power.[21]
Tweed's first trial, in January 1873, ended when the jury was unable to agree on a verdict. His retrial in November resulted in convictions on 204 of 220 counts, a fine of $12,750[4] (the equivalent of $260,000 today) and a prison sentence of 12 years; a higher court, however, reduced Tweed's sentence to one year.[25] After his release from prison, New York State filed a civil suit against Tweed, attempting to recover $6 million in embezzled funds.[25] Unable to put up the $3 million bail, Tweed was locked up in the Ludlow Street Jail, although he was allowed home visits. On one of these, Tweed escaped and fled to Spain, where he worked as a common seaman on a Spanish ship.[21] The U.S. government discovered his whereabouts and arranged for his arrest once he reached the Spanish border; he was recognized from Nast's political cartoons. He was turned over to an American warship,[21] the USS Franklin, which delivered him to authorities in New York City on November 23, 1876, and he was returned to prison.[12][26]
Desperate and broken, Tweed now agreed to testify about the inner workings of his corrupt Ring to a special committee set up by the Board of Aldermen,[4] in return for his release, but after he did so, Tilden, now governor of New York, refused to abide by the agreement, and Tweed remained incarcerated. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail on April 12, 1878, from severe pneumonia, and was buried in the Brooklyn Green-Wood Cemetery.[27] Mayor Smith Ely would not allow the flag at City Hall to be flown at half staff.[4]
Evaluations[edit]
According to Tweed biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman:
It's hard not to admire the skill behind Tweed's system ... The Tweed ring at its height was an engineering marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points: the courts, the legislature, the treasury and the ballot box. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an elegance of structure: money-laundering, profit sharing and organization.[28]
In depictions of Tweed and the Tammany Hall organization, historians have emphasized the thievery and conspiratorial nature of Boss Tweed, along with lining his own pockets and those of his friends and allies. The theme is that the sins of corruption so violated American standards of political rectitude that they far overshadow Tweed's positive contributions to New York City.
Although he held numerous important public offices and was one of a handful of senior leaders of Tammany Hall, as well as the state legislature and the state Democratic Party,[12] Tweed was never the sole "boss" of New York City. He shared control of the city with numerous less famous people, such as the villains depicted in the Nast's famous circle of guilt cartoon shown above. Seymour J. Mandelbaum has argued that, apart from the corruption he engaged in, Tweed was a modernizer who prefigured certain elements of the Progressive Era in terms of more efficient city management. Much of the money he siphoned off from the city treasury went to needy constituents who appreciated the free food at Christmas time and remembered it at the next election, and to precinct workers who provided the muscle of his machine. As a legislator he worked to expand and strengthen welfare programs, especially those by private charities, schools, and hospitals. With a base in the Irish Catholic community, he opposed efforts of Protestants to require the reading of the King James Bible in public schools, which was done deliberately to keep out Catholics. He facilitated the founding of the New York Public Library, even though one of its founders, Samuel Tilden, was Tweed's sworn enemy in the Democratic Party.[29][30]
Tweed recognized that the support of his constituency was necessary for him to remain in power, and as a consequence he used the machinery of the city's government to provide numerous social services, including building more orphanages, almshouses and public baths.[4] Tweed also fought for the New York State Legislature to donate to private charities of all religious denominations, and subsidize Catholic schools and hospitals. From 1869 to 1871, under Tweed's influence, the state of New York spent more on charities than for the entire time period from 1852 to 1868 combined.[31] Tweed also pushed through funding for a teachers college and prohibition of corporal punishment in schools, as well as salary increases for school teachers.
During Tweed's regime, the main business thoroughfare Broadway was widened between 34th Street and 59th Street, land was secured for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Upper East Side and Upper West Side were developed and provided the necessary infrastructure – all to the benefit of the purses of the Tweed Ring, but also, ultimately, to the benefit of the people of the city.
According to Leo Hershkowitz in Tweed's New York: Another Look, there is no evidence of any personal financial gain on Tweed's part, despite the implications of Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly and the editors of The New York Times, which both had ties to the Republican party. In part, the campaign against Tweed diverted public attention from Republican scandals such as the Whiskey Ring.[32]
Tweed himself wanted no particular recognition of his achievements, such as they were. When it was proposed, in March 1871, when he was at the height of his power, that a statue be erected in his honor, he declared: "Statues are not erected to living men ... I claim to be a live man, and hope (Divine Providence permitting) to survive in all my vigor, politically and physically, some years to come."[4] One of Tweed's unwanted legacies is that he has become "the archetype of the bloated, rapacious, corrupt city boss".[4]
An 1869 cigar box label featuring Tweed
Middle name[edit]
Tweed never signed his name with anything other than a plain "M.", and his middle name is often mistakenly listed as "Marcy". His actual middle name was "Magear", his mother's maiden name; Tweed's son's name was William Magear Tweed, Jr. The confusion derives from a Nast cartoon with a picture of Tweed, supplemented with a quote from William L. Marcy, the former governor of New York.[33]
In popular culture[edit]
In 1945 Boss Tweed was portrayed by Noah Beery, Sr. in the Broadway production of Up In Central Park, a musical comedy with music by Sigmund Romberg.[34] The role was played by Malcolm Lee Beggs for a revival in 1947.[35] In the 1948 film version, Tweed is played by Vincent Price.[36]
On the 1963–1964 CBS TV series The Great Adventure, which presented one-hour dramatizations of the lives of historical figures, Edward Andrews portrayed Tweed in the episode "The Man Who Stole New York City", about the campaign by The New York Times to bring down Tweed. The episode aired on December 13, 1963.[37][38][39][40]
In John Varley's 1977 science-fiction novel, The Ophiuchi Hotline, a crooked politician in a 27th-century human settlement on the Moon assumes the name "Boss Tweed" in emulation of the 19th-century politician, and names his lunar headquarters "Tammany Hall".[41][42][43]
Tweed was played by Philip Bosco in the 1986 TV movie Liberty.[44] According to a review of the film in The New York Times, it was Tweed who made the suggestion to call the Statue of Liberty by that name, instead of its formal name Liberty Enlightening the World, in order to read better in newspaper headlines.[45]
Andrew O'Hehir of The New York Times notes that Forever, a 2003 novel by Pete Hamill, and Gangs of New York, a 2002 film, both "offer a significant supporting role to the legendary Manhattan political godfather Boss Tweed", among other thematic similarities.[46] In a review of the latter work, Chuck Rudolph praised Jim Broadbent's portrayal of Tweed as "giving the role a masterfully heartless composure".[47]
Tweed appears as an antagonist in the novel, Assassin's Creed Last Descendants where he is the Grand Master of the American Templars during the American Civil War.[48]
Tweed appears in T.J. English's book Paddy Whacked and the subsequent documentary film, in regards to his connection to Irish mob boss John Morrissey.
See also[edit]
Elbert A. Woodward
William J. Sharkey (murderer)
Timothy "Big Tim" Sullivan
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "William Magear Tweed (American politician) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". britannica.com. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, p. 2
Jump up ^ "Boss Tweed", Gotham Gazette, New York, July 4, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Share, Allen J. "Tweed, William M(agear) 'Boss'" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995), The Encyclopedia of New York City, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300055366 , p.1205-1206
Jump up ^ "The Death of William M. Tweed.; Crowds Of People Around Mr. Douglass' House No One Admitted Except Relatives Tweed's Religious Faith Politicians Who Feel Relieved A Letter Written By John D. Townsend A Month Ago Asking For Tweed's Release" The New York Times. (April 14, 1878)
Jump up ^ Maher, James (Jan 1, 1987). Index to Marriages and Deaths in the New York Herald: 1835–1855. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 123. ISBN 0-8063-1184-3.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Denis Tilden, "Boss" Tweed: The Story of a Grim Generation, Transaction Publishers, 1931. Cf. p.418. Tweed was a member of Palestine Lodge #204, New York City, Grand Lodge of Masons New York State.
Jump up ^ Burrows & Wallace, pp.654, 724, 823
Jump up ^ Burrows & Wallace, p.823
^ Jump up to: a b c Burrows & Wallace, p.837
^ Jump up to: a b Burrows & Wallace, pp.927–928
^ Jump up to: a b c d "'Boss' Tweed Delivered to Authorities" History Channel website, n.d.g. Accessed: February 3, 2015
Jump up ^ Paine, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Paine, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Paine, p. 144.
^ Jump up to: a b Mintz, Steven. "Digital History". Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burrows & Wallace, pp.929–931
Jump up ^ Burrows & Wallace, pp.934–935
^ Jump up to: a b Burrows & Wallace, pp.1003–1008
Jump up ^ Bruce Jackson (November 2, 2000). "lazio". Acsu.buffalo.edu. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Burrows & Wallace, pp.1008–1011
^ Jump up to: a b Ellis, pp. 347–348.
Jump up ^ Paine, p. 170.
Jump up ^ "On This Day: January 6, 1872". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lower Manhattan : News | Landmark Tweed Courthouse Has a Checkered History
Jump up ^ "Tweed, William Marcy, (1823–1878)". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, p. 28
Jump up ^ Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005; quoted in Hammill, Pete, "'Boss Tweed': The Fellowship of the Ring" The New York Times (March 27, 2005)
Jump up ^ Mandelbaum, Seymour J. Boss Tweed's New York (1965)
Jump up ^ Muccigrosso, Robert ed., Research Guide to American Historical Biography (1988) 1538–42
Jump up ^ Ackerman, p. 66.
Jump up ^ Hershkowitz, Leo (1977). Tweed's New York: Another Look. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Jump up ^ Nevius, Michelle (2009). Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City. New York: Free Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-4165-8997-6.
Jump up ^ Up In Central Park (1945) on Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Up In Central Park (1947) on Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Up in Central Park at AFI Catalog
Jump up ^ "The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City" TV Guide
Jump up ^ "The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City" TV.com
Jump up ^ "The Great Adventure (1963–64)" Classic TV Archive
Jump up ^ The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City on IMDb
Jump up ^ Clute, John "Varley, John" in Clute, John and Nicholls, Peter (eds.) (1995) The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p.1271. ISBN 0-312-13486-X. Quote: "...JV's first – and finest – novel, The Ophiuchi Hotline..."
Jump up ^ Staff "The Ophiuchi Notline Analysis – John Varley" eNotes
Jump up ^ Nicholls, James (October 30, 2016) "No father, no mother, she’s just like the other" James Nicholls Reviews
Jump up ^ "Liberty: Full Credits" TCM.com
Jump up ^ O'Connor, John J. (June 23, 1986) "'Liberty,' A Glimpse of History" The New York Times
Jump up ^ O'Heheir, Andrew (January 19, 2003) "Not a Bridge-and-Tunnel Guy" The New York Times
Jump up ^ Rudolph, Chuck (January 20, 2002). Gangs of New York Slant Magazine.
Jump up ^ Rad, Chloi (February 18, 2016) "Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants Novels Announced" IGN
Bibliography
Ackerman, K. D. (2005). Boss Tweed: The rise and fall of the corrupt pol who conceived the soul of modern New York. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1435-2.
Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-195-11634-8
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. High Beam Encyclopedia. 22, November 2008, [1]
Ellis, Edward R. (2004). The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0,
"Boss Tweed", Gotham Gazette, New York, July 4, 2005.
Mandelbaum, Seymour J. Boss Tweed's New York, 1965. ISBN 0-471-56652-7
Paine, Albert B. (1974). Th. Nast, His Period and His Pictures. Princeton: Pyne Press. ISBN 0-87861-079-0 (The original edition, published in 1904, is now in the public domain.)
Sante, Luc. Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York. Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2003.
Further reading
Hershkowitz, Leo. Tweed's New York: Another Look (1977), a favorable biography that minimizes the negative.
Lynch, Denis T. Boss Tweed The story of a grim generation. Blue Ribbon Books NY first print 1927 copyright Boni & Liveright Inc.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William M. Tweed.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Boss Tweed
United States Congress. "William M. Tweed (id: T000440)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
William M. Tweed at Find a Grave
Green-Wood Cemetery page for WM Tweed
Map Showing the Portions of the City of New York and Westchester County under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Public Parks talks about Tweed's takeover of the New York City parks system, from the World Digital Library
Texts on Wikisource:
"Tweed, William Marcy". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
"Tweed, William Marcy". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Tweed, William Marcy". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
"Tweed, William Marcy". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
George Briggs Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 5th congressional district
1853–1855 Succeeded by
Thomas R. Whitney
New York State Senate
Preceded by
Benjamin Wood New York State Senate
4th District
1868–1873 Succeeded by
John Fox
Party political offices
Preceded by
Fernando Wood Head of Tammany Hall
1858–1871 Succeeded by
John Kelly
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 6069513
GND: 130587621
ISNI: 0000 0000 2043 1618
LCCN: n50019102
SNAC: w68914h5
US Congress: T000440
VIAF: 13421305
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&oldid=845761045"
Categories:
1823 births
1878 deaths
Leaders of Tammany Hall
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
New York State Senators
Criminals from New York City
American fraudsters
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Prisoners who died in New York (state) detention
American escapees
Escapees from New York (state) detention
American political bosses from New York (state)
American politicians convicted of fraud
County legislators in New York (state)
New York (state) Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
19th-century American politicians
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from November 2017
Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW
Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Wikipedia articles with USCongress identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Dansk
Deutsch
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
Nederlands
Polski
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 June 2018, at 23:18 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

attrs: colspan style

values: William Magear 'Boss' Tweed (1870) crop.jpg

values:
/wiki/New_York_Senate
mw-redirect
New York Senate

value: b

values:
/wiki/Grand_Sachem
mw-redirect
Grand Sachem

values:
/wiki/George_Briggs_(1805-1869)
mw-redirect
George Briggs (1805-1869)

values: History of the United States Democratic Party

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Volunteer_fireman
mw-redirect
Volunteer fireman

values:
/wiki/Big_Jim_Fisk
mw-redirect
Big Jim Fisk

values:
/wiki/Union_League_Club
mw-redirect
Union League Club

values:
/wiki/Albert_Bigelow_Paine
mw-redirect
Albert Bigelow Paine

values:
/wiki/Henry_Cruse_Murphy
mw-redirect
Henry Cruse Murphy

values:
/wiki/43rd_Street_(Manhattan)
mw-redirect
43rd Street (Manhattan)

values:
/wiki/40th_Street_(Manhattan)
mw-redirect
40th Street (Manhattan)

values:
/wiki/Orange_riots
mw-redirect
Orange riots

values:
/wiki/New_York_State_National_Guard
mw-redirect
New York State National Guard

values: History of the Democratic Party (United States)

values: Edit section: Imprisonment, escape, and death

values: Kenneth D. Ackerman (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/King_James_Bible
mw-redirect
King James Bible

values:
/wiki/Catholic_schools
mw-redirect
Catholic schools

values:
/wiki/Noah_Beery,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Noah Beery, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Musical_comedy
mw-redirect
Musical comedy

values:
/wiki/T.J._English
mw-redirect
T.J. English

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values:
/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf
mw-redirect
Carroll & Graf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=1669

values:
/wiki/AFI_Catalog
mw-redirect
AFI Catalog

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0592454/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6780

values: s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Tweed, William Marcy

values:
/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia
mw-redirect
The American Cyclopædia

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Tweed, William Marcy

values: s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Tweed, William Marcy

values: s:The New Student's Reference Work/Tweed, William Marcy

values: List of United States Representatives from New York

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/130587621

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000020431618

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/13421305

values: Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

values: Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent

values: Category:American people who died in prison custody

values: Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

values: Category:Prisoners who died in New York (state) detention

values: Category:Escapees from New York (state) detention

values: Category:American political bosses from New York (state)

values: Category:American politicians convicted of fraud

values: Category:County legislators in New York (state)

values: Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Category:New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2017

values: Category:Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with USCongress identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/William_M._Tweed
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: وليام تويد – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: 윌리엄 매기어 트위드 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Твид, Уильям – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-William_M_Tweed rootpage-William_M_Tweed skin-vector action-view


text:
Metamorphic rock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Metamorphic" redirects here. For other uses, see Metamorphic (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Quartzite, a type of metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".[1] The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (150 megapascals (1,500 bar))[clarify],[2] causing profound physical or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock.
Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface.[3] They are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage (metamorphic facies). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite.
Contents
[hide]
1 Metamorphic minerals
2 Foliation
3 Types of metamorphism
3.1 Contact metamorphism
3.2 Regional metamorphism
4 Metamorphic rock textures
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Metamorphic minerals
Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism. These minerals, known as index minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, and some garnet.
Other minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz, may be found in metamorphic rocks, but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process. However, all minerals are stable only within certain limits, and the presence of some minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which they formed.
The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization. For instance, the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble; in metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.
Foliation
Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near Geirangerfjord, Norway
Main article: foliation (geology)
The layering within metamorphic rocks is called foliation (derived from the Latin word folia, meaning "leaves"), and it occurs when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization. This causes the platy or elongated crystals of minerals, such as mica and chlorite, to become rotated such that their long axes are perpendicular to the orientation of shortening. This results in a banded, or foliated rock, with the bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them.
Textures are separated into foliated and non-foliated categories. Foliated rock is a product of differential stress that deforms the rock in one plane, sometimes creating a plane of cleavage. For example, slate is a foliated metamorphic rock, originating from shale. Non-foliated rock does not have planar patterns of strain.
Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Where a rock has been subject to differential stress, the type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a mudstone, the following sequence develops with increasing temperature: slate is a very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism, while phyllite is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism, schist is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism, and gneiss coarse to very coarse-grained, found in areas of high-grade metamorphism.[4] Marble is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture.
Another important mechanism of metamorphism is that of chemical reactions that occur between minerals without them melting. In the process atoms are exchanged between the minerals, and thus new minerals are formed. Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place, and each mineral assemblage produced provides us with a clue as to the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism.
Metasomatism is the drastic change in the bulk chemical composition of a rock that often occurs during the processes of metamorphism. It is due to the introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks. Water may transport these chemicals rapidly over great distances. Because of the role played by water, metamorphic rocks generally contain many elements absent from the original rock, and lack some that originally were present. Still, the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization to occur.
Types of metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
A contact metamorphic rock made of interlayered calcite and serpentine from the Precambrian of Canada. Once thought to be a pseudofossil called Eozoön canadense. Scale in mm.
Contact metamorphism is the name given to the changes that take place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock (country rock). The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact metamorphism aureole. Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the contact zone.
When a rock is contact altered by an igneous intrusion it very frequently becomes more indurated, and more coarsely crystalline. Many altered rocks of this type were formerly called hornstones, and the term hornfels is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained, compact, non-foliated products of contact metamorphism. A shale may become a dark argillaceous hornfels, full of tiny plates of brownish biotite; a marl or impure limestone may change to a grey, yellow or greenish lime-silicate-hornfels or siliceous marble, tough and splintery, with abundant augite, garnet, wollastonite and other minerals in which calcite is an important component. A diabase or andesite may become a diabase hornfels or andesite hornfels with development of new hornblende and biotite and a partial recrystallization of the original feldspar. Chert or flint may become a finely crystalline quartz rock; sandstones lose their clastic structure and are converted into a mosaic of small close-fitting grains of quartz in a metamorphic rock called quartzite.
If the rock was originally banded or foliated (as, for example, a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc-schist) this character may not be obliterated, and a banded hornfels is the product; fossils even may have their shapes preserved, though entirely recrystallized, and in many contact-altered lavas the vesicles are still visible, though their contents have usually entered into new combinations to form minerals that were not originally present. The minute structures, however, disappear, often completely, if the thermal alteration is very profound. Thus small grains of quartz in a shale are lost or blend with the surrounding particles of clay, and the fine ground-mass of lavas is entirely reconstructed.
By recrystallization in this manner peculiar rocks of very distinct types are often produced. Thus shales may pass into cordierite rocks, or may show large crystals of andalusite (and chiastolite), staurolite, garnet, kyanite and sillimanite, all derived from the aluminous content of the original shale. A considerable amount of mica (both muscovite and biotite) is often simultaneously formed, and the resulting product has a close resemblance to many kinds of schist. Limestones, if pure, are often turned into coarsely crystalline marbles; but if there was an admixture of clay or sand in the original rock such minerals as garnet, epidote, idocrase, wollastonite, will be present. Sandstones when greatly heated may change into coarse quartzites composed of large clear grains of quartz. These more intense stages of alteration are not so commonly seen in igneous rocks, because their minerals, being formed at high temperatures, are not so easily transformed or recrystallized.
In a few cases rocks are fused and in the dark glassy product minute crystals of spinel, sillimanite and cordierite may separate out. Shales are occasionally thus altered by basalt dikes, and feldspathic sandstones may be completely vitrified. Similar changes may be induced in shales by the burning of coal seams or even by an ordinary furnace.
There is also a tendency for metasomatism between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock, whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other. Granites may absorb fragments of shale or pieces of basalt. In that case, hybrid rocks called skarn arise, which don't have the characteristics of normal igneous or sedimentary rocks. Sometimes an invading granite magma permeates the rocks around, filling their joints and planes of bedding, etc., with threads of quartz and feldspar. This is very exceptional but instances of it are known and it may take place on a large scale.[5]
Regional metamorphism
Mississippian marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Utah.
Dynamic metamorphism
Regional metamorphism, also known as dynamic metamorphism, is the name given to changes in great masses of rock over a wide area. Rocks can be metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. Much of the lower continental crust is metamorphic, except for recent igneous intrusions. Horizontal tectonic movements such as the collision of continents create orogenic belts, and cause high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by erosion, they may occur in long belts or other large areas at the surface. The process of metamorphism may have destroyed the original features that could have revealed the rock's previous history. Recrystallization of the rock will destroy the textures and fossils present in sedimentary rocks. Metasomatism will change the original composition.
Regional metamorphism tends to make the rock more indurated and at the same time to give it a foliated, shistose or gneissic texture, consisting of a planar arrangement of the minerals, so that platy or prismatic minerals like mica and hornblende have their longest axes arranged parallel to one another. For that reason many of these rocks split readily in one direction along mica-bearing zones (schists). In gneisses, minerals also tend to be segregated into bands; thus there are seams of quartz and of mica in a mica schist, very thin, but consisting essentially of one mineral. Along the mineral layers composed of soft or fissile minerals the rocks will split most readily, and the freshly split specimens will appear to be faced or coated with this mineral; for example, a piece of mica schist looked at facewise might be supposed to consist entirely of shining scales of mica. On the edge of the specimens, however, the white folia of granular quartz will be visible. In gneisses these alternating folia are sometimes thicker and less regular than in schists, but most importantly less micaceous; they may be lenticular, dying out rapidly. Gneisses also, as a rule, contain more feldspar than schists do, and are tougher and less fissile. Contortion or crumbling of the foliation is by no means uncommon; splitting faces are undulose or puckered. Schistosity and gneissic banding (the two main types of foliation) are formed by directed pressure at elevated temperature, and to interstitial movement, or internal flow arranging the mineral particles while they are crystallizing in that directed pressure field.
Rocks that were originally sedimentary and rocks that were undoubtedly igneous may be metamorphosed into schists and gneisses. If originally of similar composition they may be very difficult to distinguish from one another if the metamorphism has been great. A quartz-porphyry, for example, and a fine feldspathic sandstone, may both be metamorphosed into a grey or pink mica-schist.[5]
Metamorphic rock textures
The five basic metamorphic textures with typical rock types are slaty (includes slate and phyllite; the foliation is called "slaty cleavage"), schistose (includes schist; the foliation is called "schistosity"), gneissose (gneiss; the foliation is called "gneissosity"), granoblastic (includes granulite, some marbles and quartzite), and hornfelsic (includes hornfels and skarn).
See also
Blueschist
List of rock types
List of rock textures
Metavolcanic rock
Migmatite
Neomorphism
References
Jump up ^ Dictionary.com entry. Retrieved 14 Jan 2014.
Jump up ^ Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, Petrology, W.H.Freeman, 2nd ed., 1996, p. 355 ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers – Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 121 (5–6): 760–79. doi:10.1130/B26457.1.
Jump up ^ Wicander R. & Munroe J. (2005). Essentials of Geology. Cengage Learning. pp. 174–77. ISBN 9780495013655.
^ Jump up to: a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Petrology". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Metamorphic rocks
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic textures – Middle East Technical University
Contact metamorphism example
Metamorphic Rock Database (MetPetDB) - Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Metamorphic Rocks Tour, an introduction to metamorphic rocks
Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks – Detailed field and hand specimen photographs of metamorphic rocks grouped by setting and composition (Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford)
[hide]
v
t
e
Metamorphic petrology
Types of metamorphism
Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rock
Amphibolite
Anatexis
Augen
Schist
Metamorphic processes
Dynamic quartz recrystallization
Foliation (geology)
Category
Portal
Authority control
NDL: 00563112
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metamorphic_rock&oldid=809233162"
Categories:
Metamorphic petrology
Metamorphic rocks
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Articles needing additional references from January 2012
All articles needing additional references
All Wikipedia articles needing clarification
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 November 2017, at 22:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until December 22, 2018.

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Metamorphic_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Metamorphic (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

value: td

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

values: Some metamorphic rocks are formed at pressures lower than 150 MPa, e.g. zeolite and hornfels facies (~50 MPa to ~100 MPa). Why has 150 MPa been selected as "THE" pressure? (February 2017)

values:
/wiki/Intrusion_(geology)
mw-redirect
Intrusion (geology)

values:
/wiki/Serpentine_group
mw-redirect
Serpentine group

values: Rock contact metamorphism eng big text.jpg

values:
/wiki/Mississippian_age
mw-redirect
Mississippian age

values:
/wiki/Wasatch_Mountains
mw-redirect
Wasatch Mountains

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1130%2FB26457.1

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://metpetdb.rpi.edu/
external text

values: Template talk:Metamorphic petrology (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Metamorphic_rock
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: صخر متحول – Arabic

values: Метаморфик тау тоҡомдары – Bashkir

values: Метамарфічныя горныя пароды – Belarusian

values: Мэтамарфічныя горныя пароды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Метаморфни скали – Bulgarian

values: Μεταμορφωσιγενές πέτρωμα – Greek

values: سنگ دگرگونی – Persian

values: Clach chruth-atharrachail – Scottish Gaelic

values: Փոխակերպված ապար – Armenian

values: कायांतरित शैल – Hindi

values: סלע מותמר – Hebrew

values: მეტამორფული ქანები – Georgian

values: Метаморфтық тау жыныстары – Kazakh

values: Метаморфна карпа – Macedonian

values: Хувирмал чулуулаг – Mongolian

values: အသွင်ပြောင်းကျောက် – Burmese

values: परिवर्तित चट्टान – Nepali

values: ਪਰਿਵਰਤਿਤ ਚਟਾਨਾਂ – Punjabi

values: Метаморфические горные породы – Russian

values: Метаморфне стене – Serbian

values: உருமாறிய பாறை – Tamil

values: หินแปร – Thai

values: Метаморфічні гірські породи – Ukrainian

values: تبدیل شدہ چٹان – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Metamorphic_rock rootpage-Metamorphic_rock skin-vector action-view


text:
Humble pie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the rock band of the same name, see Humble Pie (band).
To eat humble pie, in common usage, is to face humiliation and subsequently apologize for a serious mistake. Humble pie, or umble pie, is also a term for a variety of pastries based on medieval meat pies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Etymology[edit]
The expression derives from umble pie, a pie filled with the chopped or minced parts of a beast's 'pluck' – the heart, liver, lungs or 'lights' and kidneys, especially of deer but often other meats. Umble evolved from numble, (after the French nomble) meaning 'deer's innards'.[1][2]
It has occasionally been suggested that 'umbles' were considered inferior food and that in medieval times, the pie was often served to lower-class people, possibly following speculation in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable but there is little evidence for this.[citation needed] Early references in cookbooks such as Liber Cure Cocorum present a grand dish with exotic spices.
Although "umbles" and the modern word "humble" are etymologically unrelated, each word has appeared with and without the initial "h" after the Middle Ages until the 19th century. Since the sound "h" is dropped in many dialects, the phrase was rebracketed as "humble pie".[citation needed] While "umble" is now gone from the language, the phrase remains, carrying the fossilized word as an idiom.
See also[edit]
Eating crow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia - Umble Pie". Gourmet Britain. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
External links[edit]
Look up humble pie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Umble pie at The Foods of England
Traditional English Diets
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humble_pie&oldid=797619987"
Categories:
Offal
English-language idioms
Metaphors referring to food and drink
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 08:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: /wiki/Medieval mw-redirect Medieval

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Juncture_loss
mw-redirect
Juncture loss

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Metaphors referring to food and drink

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Humble_pie
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Humble_pie rootpage-Humble_pie vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view