text:
Bible translations into English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Bible in English

Title page to the King James Version
List of English Bible translations
Old English (pre-1066)
Middle English (1066–1500)
Early Modern English (1500–1800)
Modern Christian (1800– )
Modern Jewish (1853– )
Miscellaneous
Main category: Bible translations into English
Bible portal
v
t
e
English Bible translations
Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written.
The New Revised Standard Version is the version most commonly preferred by biblical scholars.[1] In the United States, 55% of survey respondents who read the Bible reported using the King James Version in 2014, followed by 19% for the New International Version, with other versions used by fewer than 10%.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Old English
2 Middle English
3 Modern English
3.1 Individual translations
3.2 Alternative approaches
3.3 Single source translations
3.4 Jewish translations
4 Popularity
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Old English[edit]
Main article: Old English Bible translations
Although John Wycliffe is often credited with the first translation of the Bible into English, there were, in fact, many translations of large parts of the Bible centuries before Wycliffe's work. The English Bible was first translated from the Latin Vulgate into Old English by a few select monks and scholars. Such translations were generally in the form of prose or as interlinear glosses (literal translations above the Latin words). Very few complete translations existed during that time. Rather, most of the books of the Bible existed separately and were read as individual texts. Thus, the sense of the Bible as history that often exists today did not exist at that time. Instead, an allegorical rendering of the Bible was more common and translations of the Bible often included the writer’s own commentary on passages in addition to the literal translation.
Toward the end of the 7th century, the Venerable Bede began a translation of scripture into Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon). Aldhelm (c. 639–709) translated the complete Book of Psalms and large portions of other scriptures into Old English.
In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was made in the Lindisfarne Gospels: a word-for-word gloss inserted between the lines of the Latin text by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street.[3] This is the oldest extant translation of the Gospels into the English language.[3]
The Wessex Gospels (also known as the West-Saxon Gospels) are a full translation of the four gospels into a West Saxon dialect of Old English. Produced in approximately 990, they are the first translation of all four gospels into English without the Latin text.
In the 11th century, Abbot Ælfric translated much of the Old Testament into Old English. The Old English Hexateuch is an illuminated manuscript of the first six books of the Old Testament without lavish illustrations and including a translation of the Book of Judges in addition to the 5 books of the Pentateuch.
Middle English[edit]
The Ormulum is in Middle English of the 12th century. Like its Old English precursor from Ælfric, an Abbot of Eynsham, it includes very little Biblical text, and focuses more on personal commentary. This style was adopted by many of the original English translators. For example, the story of the Wedding at Cana is almost 800 lines long, but fewer than 40 lines are the actual translation of the text. An unusual characteristic is that the translation mimics Latin verse, and so is similar to the better known and appreciated 14th-century English poem, Cursor Mundi.
Richard Rolle (1290–1349) wrote an English Psalter. Many religious works are attributed to Rolle, but it has been questioned how many are genuinely from his hand. Many of his works were concerned with personal devotion, and some were used by the Lollards.[4]
The 14th century theologian John Wycliffe is credited with translating what is now known as Wycliffe's Bible, though it is not clear how much of the translation he himself did.[5] This translation came out in two different versions. The earlier text is characterised by a strong adherence to the word order of Latin, and might have been difficult for the layperson to comprehend. The later text made more concessions to the native grammar of English.
Modern English[edit]
Main articles: Early Modern English Bible translations and Modern English Bible translations
The site of St Thomas' Hospital in London was where the first modern English Bible was printed in England. (Note the error in the inscription: Miles Coverdale's Bible, 1535 pre-dated this).
Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the printing press – this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4th October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first "authorised version", known as the Great Bible, of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible (1560), notable for being the first Bible divided into verses; the Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611.
The first complete Roman Catholic Bible in English was the Douay–Rheims Bible, of which the New Testament portion was published in Rheims in 1582 and the Old Testament somewhat later in Douay in Gallicant Flanders. The Old Testament was completed by the time the New Testament was published, but due to extenuating circumstances and financial issues was not published until nearly three decades later, in two editions, the first released in 1609, and the rest of the OT in 1610. In this version, the seven deuterocanonical books are mingled with the other books, rather than kept separate in an appendix.
While early English Bibles were generally based on a small number of Greek texts, or on Latin translations, modern English translations of the Bible are based on a wider variety of manuscripts in the original languages (Greek and Hebrew). The translators put much scholarly effort into cross-checking the various sources such as the Septuagint, Textus Receptus, and Masoretic Text. Relatively recent discoveries such as the Dead Sea scrolls provide additional reference information. There is some controversy over which texts should be used as a basis for translation, as some of the alternate sources do not include phrases (or sometimes entire verses) which are found only in the Textus Receptus. Some[who?] say the alternate sources were poorly representative of the texts used in their time, whereas others[who?] claim the Textus Receptus includes passages that were added to the alternate texts improperly. These controversial passages are not the basis for disputed issues of doctrine, but tend to be additional stories or snippets of phrases. Many modern English translations, such as the New International Version, contain limited text notes indicating where differences occur in original sources.[6] A somewhat greater number of textual differences are noted in the New King James Bible, indicating hundreds of New Testament differences between the Nestle-Aland, the Textus Receptus, and the Hodges edition of the Majority Text. The differences in the Old Testament are less well documented, but do contain some references to differences between consonantal interpretations in the Masoretic Text, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Septuagint. Even with these hundreds of differences, however, a more complete listing is beyond the scope of most single volume Bibles (see Critical Translations below).
Modern translations take different approaches to the rendering of the original languages of approaches. The approaches can usually be considered to be somewhere on a scale between the two extremes:
Formal equivalence translation (sometimes literal translation or formal correspondence) in which the greatest effort is made to preserve the meaning of individual words and phrases in the original, with relatively less regard for its understandability by modern readers.
Dynamic equivalence, sometimes called Paraphrastic translation, in which the translator attempts to render the sense and intent of the original. Examples of these versions include Tree of Life Bible, The Living Bible and The Message.
Some translations have been motivated by a strong theological distinctive, such as the conviction that God's name be preserved in a Semitic form, seen in Sacred Name Bibles. The Purified Translation of the Bible was done to promote the idea that Jesus and early Christians did not drink wine, but grape juice. Also, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was partially motivated by a conviction that Jesus was not divine, and was translated accordingly. This translation uses the name Jehovah even in places where the Greek text does not use it, but where the passage is quoting a passage from the Hebrew Old Testament.
Individual translations[edit]
Part of a series on the
Bible
Canons and books
[show]
Tanakh
Torah
Nevi'im
Ketuvim
Christian biblical canons
Hebrew Bible
Old Testament (OT)
New Testament (NT)
Deuterocanon
Antilegomena
Chapters and verses
Apocrypha
Jewish
OT
NT
Authorship and development
[show]
Authorship
Dating
Hebrew canon
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Documentary hypothesis
Mosaic authorship
Pauline epistles
Petrine epistles
Johannine works
Translations and manuscripts
[show]
Samaritan Torah
Dead Sea scrolls
Masoretic Text
Targumim
Peshitta
Septuagint
Vulgate
Gothic Bible
Vetus Latina
Luther Bible
English Bibles
Biblical studies[show]
Archeology
Artifacts
Dating

Historicity
Internal consistency

People
Places
Names
Novum Testamentum Graece
Documentary hypothesis
Synoptic problem
NT textual categories
Biblical criticism
Historical
Textual
Source
Form
Redaction
Canonical
Interpretation[show]
Hermeneutics
Pesher
Midrash
Pardes
Allegorical interpretation
Literalism
Prophecy
Inspiration
Perspectives[show]
Gnostic
Islamic
Qur'anic
Muhammad
Inerrancy
Infallibility
Criticism of the Bible
Outline of Bible-related topics
Bible book Bible portal
v
t
e
While most translations are made by committees of scholars in order to avoid bias or idiosyncrasy, translations are sometimes made by individuals. The translation of J.B. Phillips (1958), The Bible in Living English (1972) by Stephen T. Byington, J.N. Darby's Darby Bible (1890), Heinz Cassirer's translation (1989), R.A. Knox (1950), Gerrit Verkuyl's Berkeley Version (1959), The Complete Jewish Bible (1998) by Dr. David H. Stern, Robert Young's Literal Translation (1862), Jay P.Green's Literal Translation (1985), The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson (1864), Noah Webster's Bible Translation (1833), The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English (2010) by David Bauscher, American King James Version (1999) by Michael Engelbrite, The Living Bible (1971) by Kenneth N. Taylor, The Modern Reader's Bible (1914) by Richard Moulton, The Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation (1900) by William Gunion Rutherford, Joseph Bryant Rotherham's Emphasized Bible (1902), Professor S. H. Hooke's The Bible in Basic English (1949), The Holy Name Bible containing the Holy Name Version of the Old and New Testaments (1963) by Angelo Traina, and Eugene H. Peterson's The Message (2002) are largely the work of individual translators. Others, such as Robert Alter, N. T. Wright and Dele Ikeorha have translated portions of the Bible.
Alternative approaches[edit]
Most translations make the translators' best attempt at a single rendering of the original, relying on footnotes where there might be alternative translations or textual variants. An alternative is taken by the Amplified Bible. In cases where a word or phrase admits of more than one meaning the Amplified Bible presents all the possible interpretations, allowing the reader to choose one. For example, the first two verses of the Amplified Bible read:
In the beginning God (Elohim) created [by forming from nothing] the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and void or a waste and emptiness, and darkness was upon the face of the deep [primeval ocean that covered the unformed earth]. The Spirit of God was moving (hovering, brooding) over the face of the waters.[7]
Single source translations[edit]
While most translations attempt to synthesize the various texts in the original languages, some translations also translate one specific textual source, generally for scholarly reasons. A single volume example for the Old Testament is The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible (ISBN 0-06-060064-0) by Martin Abegg, Peter Flint and Eugene Ulrich.
The Comprehensive New Testament (ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5) by T. E. Clontz and J. Clontz presents a scholarly view of the New Testament text by conforming to the Nestle-Aland 27th edition and extensively annotating the translation to fully explain different textual sources and possible alternative translations.[8][9]
A Comparative Psalter (ISBN 0-19-529760-1) edited by John Kohlenberger presents a comparative diglot translation of the Psalms of the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, using the Revised Standard Version and the New English Translation of the Septuagint.
R. A. Knox's Translation of the Vulgate into English is another example of a single source translation.
Jewish translations[edit]
Main article: Jewish English Bible translations
Jewish English Bible translations are modern English Bible translations that include the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) according to the masoretic text, and according to the traditional division and order of Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim.
Jewish translations often also reflect traditional Jewish interpretations of the Bible, as opposed to the Christian understanding that is often reflected in non-Jewish translations. For example, Jewish translations translate עלמה ‘almâh in Isaiah 7:14 as young woman, while many Christian translations render the word as virgin.
While modern biblical scholarship is similar for both Christians and Jews, there are distinctive features of Jewish translations, even those created by academic scholars. These include the avoidance of Christological interpretations, adherence to the Masoretic Text (at least in the main body of the text, as in the new Jewish Publication Society (JPS) translation) and greater use of classical Jewish exegesis. Some translations prefer names transliterated from the Hebrew, though the majority of Jewish translations use the Anglicized forms of biblical names.
The first English Jewish translation of the Bible into English was by Isaac Leeser in the 19th century.
The JPS produced two of the most popular Jewish translations, namely the JPS The Holy Scriptures of 1917 and the NJPS Tanakh (first printed in a single volume in 1985, second edition in 1999).
Since the 1980s there have been multiple efforts among Orthodox publishers to produce translations that are not only Jewish, but also adhere to Orthodox norms. Among these are The Living Torah and Nach by Aryeh Kaplan and others, the Torah and other portions in an ongoing project by Everett Fox, and the ArtScroll Tanakh.
Popularity[edit]
The evangelical Christian Booksellers Association lists the most popular versions of the Bible sold by their members in the United States. Through 29 December 2012, the top 5 best selling translations (based on both dollar and unit sales) are as follows:[10]
New International Version
King James Version
New Living Translation
New King James Version
English Standard Version
Sales are affected by denomination and religious affiliation. For example, the most popular Jewish version would not compete with rankings of a larger audience. Sales data can be affected by the method of marketing. Some translations are directly marketed to particular denominations or local churches, and many Christian booksellers only offer Protestant Bibles, so Catholic and Orthodox Bibles may not appear as high on the CBA rank.
A study published in 2014 by The Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture at Indiana University and Purdue University found that Americans read versions of the Bible as follows:[11][12]:12–15
King James Version (55%)
New International Version (19%)
New Revised Standard Version (7%)
New American Bible (6%)
The Living Bible (5%)
Other Translations (8%)
See also[edit]
List of English Bible translations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A Discussion of Bible Translations and Biblical Scholarship
Jump up ^ The Bible in American Life
^ Jump up to: a b Published on Friday 22 September 2006 16:47 (2006-09-22). "Let Gospels come home - All News". Sunderland Echo. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Richard Rolle de Hampole". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump up ^ Paul, William. 2003. "Wycliffe, John.” English Language Bible Translators, p. 264. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland and Company
Jump up ^ See the New International Version, the Revised Standard Version, The New King James Version and the New American Standard Version of the Bible.
Jump up ^ "Genesis 1 AMP - In the beginning God (prepared, formed". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
Jump up ^ Rice, Joyce (9 January 2009). "The Comprehensive New Testament" (Book review). Forewordreviews.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
Jump up ^ Haines, Alastair (17 October 2009). "The Comprehensive New Testament, Clontz, T. E. and J. Clontz, editors" (PDF) (Book review). Review of Biblical Literature. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
Jump up ^ "CBA Best Sellers" (PDF). CBAonline.org. Feb 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
Jump up ^ Sarah Eekhoff Zylstra for Christianity Today. March 13, 2014 The Most Popular and Fastest Growing Bible Translation Isn't What You Think It Is: NIV vs. KJV: Surveys and searches suggest the translation that most Americans are reading is actually not the bookstore bestseller.
Jump up ^ Philip Goff, Arthur E. Farnsley II, Peter J. Thuesen. March 6, 2014 The Bible in American Life: A National Study by The Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Further reading[edit]
Daniell, David (2003). The Bible in English: Its History and Influence. Yale University Press, 962. ISBN 0-300-09930-4.
Fowler, David C. The Bible in Early English Literature. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976.
Grabois, Aryeh. "Bible: Biblical Impact on Daily Life." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol 2. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983.
Lawton, David. “Englishing the Bible, 1066-1549.” The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999. 454-482.
Levy, Bernard S. Preface. The Bible in the Middle Ages: Its Influence on Literature and Art. Ed. Bernard S. Levy. New York: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.
Maas, A.J.. "Versions of the Bible: English Versions" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912.
Paul, William. 2003. "Wycliffe, John.” English Language Bible Translators, p. 263,264. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland and Company
Muir, Laurence. "Translations and Paraphrases of the Bible and Commentaries." A Manual of the Writings in Middle English: 1050-1500. Ed. J. Burke Severs. Connecticut: The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1970. Vol 2. 381-409.
The New Testament Octapla: Eight English Versions of the New Testament, in the Tyndale-King James Tradition, ed. by Luther A. Weigle. New York: T. Nelson & Sons, [1962]. N.B.: The eight English translations of the entire N.T. included (on quarter portions of facing pages) are those of the Bibles in English known as Tyndale's, Great Bible, Geneva Bible, Bishops' Bible, Douay-Rheims (the original Rheims N.T. thereof being included), Great Bible, Authorized "King James", Revised Version, and Revised Standard Version.
Nick Spencer, Freedom and Order: History, politics and the English Bible (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2011).
Taliaferro, Bradford B., Bible Version Encyclopedia (Lulu Enterprises, Inc. First Edition 2006-2007).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bible, English.
The Ancient Sources of the English Bible - Great and Manifold: A Celebration of the Bible in English digital collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto
A timeline and chart of various editions and translations of the Bible in GIF
A collection of links on the Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy, mainly from a perspective opposing Gender-Neutral translations.
"Why the English Standard Version ?", an article comparing literal and dynamically equivalent translations from a retailer of and with a bias for the English Standard Version
English Bible History, with links to historic bibles
modern World English Bible for iPhone and iPad
Darlow, T. H.; Moule, H. F. (1903). Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of Holy Scripture (Vol. I, English editions). London: The Bible House.
"Bible, Curious Editions of". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
[show]
v
t
e
English-language translations of the Bible
5th–11th century
Wessex Gospels
Hatton gospels
Old English Hexateuch
Old English Bible translations
Middle English
Wycliffe
Middle English Bible translations
16th–17th century
Tyndale
Coverdale
Matthew
Great Bible
Taverner
Geneva
Bishops'
Douay–Rheims (DRV)
King James (KJV)
18th–19th century
Challoner
Webster's
Young's Literal (YLT)
Revised (RV)
Living Oracles
Darby
Emphatic Diaglott
Joseph Smith
Quaker
Julia E. Smith Parker Translation
20th century
American Standard (ASV)
Rotherham's Emphasized
Ferrar Fenton
Worrell New Testament
Moffatt, New Translation
Knox
Basic English (BBE)
Revised Standard (RSV)
Anchor
New World (NWT)
Modern Language (MLB)
New English (NEB)
Living English (BLE)
New American Standard (NASB)
Good News (GNB)
Jerusalem (JB)
New American (NAB)
Living
New International (NIV)
New Century (NCV)
Bethel
New King James (NKJV)
New Jerusalem (NJB)
Green's Literal Translation (GLT)
Recovery
Christian Community (CCB)
New Revised Standard (NRSV)
Revised English (REB)
Contemporary English (CEV)
The Message (MSG)
Clear Word (TCW)
New Life (NLV)
21st Century King James (KJ21)
Third Millennium (TMB)
New International Reader's (NIrV)
New International Inclusive Language
God's Word
New Living (NLT)
Heinz Cassirer's translation
Complete Jewish Bible
International Standard (ISV)
Holman Christian Standard (HCSB)
21st century
World English (WEB)
World Messianic
English Standard (ESV)
Today's New International (TNIV)
New English (NET)
Ignatius (RSV2CE)
New English Translation of the Septuagint
The Voice
Common English (CEB)
Apostolic Bible Polyglot
Open English (OEB)
Eastern Orthodox
New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE)
Lexham English
The Orthodox Jewish
Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English
Divine Name King James
Names of God
Tree of Life Bible
Modern English (MEV)
Literal English (LEV)
Christian Standard (CSB)
Revised New Jerusalem (RNJB)
English Study Bibles
Life Application Study Bible
Oxford Annotated Bible
Reformation Study Bible
Scofield Reference Bible
Thompson Chain-Reference Bible
Dake Annotated Reference Bible
Logos International Study Bible
MacArthur Study Bible
Ryrie Study Bible
The Wesley Study Bible
Lutheran Study Bible
Orthodox Study Bible
NIV Study Bible
ESV Study Bible
NLT Study Bible
Good News Study Bible
NASB Study Bible
New Interpreter's Study Bible
Reflecting God Study Bible
Archaeological Study Bible
The Life with God Study Bible
The Green Bible
Notable publishers
Cambridge University Press
Oxford University Press
American Bible Society
Zondervan
Thomas Nelson
Tyndale House
HarperCollins
Holman
Lockman Foundation
Crossway
Hendrickson Publisher
Ignatius Press
Saint Benedict Press
Baronius Press
Additional lists
List of English Bible translations
Old English (pre-1066)
Middle English (1066–1500)
Early Modern English (1500–1800)
Modern Christian (1800–)
Modern Jewish (1853–)
Miscellaneous
[show]
v
t
e
Books of the Bible
Principal
divisions
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament Protocanon
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanon
and Apocrypha
Catholic
Orthodox
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel
Susanna
Song of the Three Children
Bel and the Dragon)
Orthodox only
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Tewahedo Orthodox
Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Syriac
Letter of Baruch
2 Baruch
Psalms 152–155
New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
Subdivisions
Chapters and verses
Pentateuch
Wisdom
Major prophets / Minor prophets
Gospels
Synoptic
Epistles
Pauline
Johannine
Pastoral
Catholic
Apocalyptic literature
Development
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Antilegomena
Jewish canon
Christian canon
Manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
Samaritan Pentateuch
Septuagint
Targum
Diatessaron
Muratorian fragment
Peshitta
Vetus Latina
Masoretic Text
New Testament manuscript categories
New Testament papyri
New Testament uncials
See also
Biblical canon
Luther's canon
Authorship
English Bible translations
Other books referenced in the Bible
Pseudepigrapha
list
New Testament apocrypha
Studies
Synod of Hippo
Textual criticism
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&oldid=815553397"
Categories:
Biblical criticism
Bible translations into English
Hidden categories:
Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference
Articles needing additional references from March 2008
All articles needing additional references
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2014
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
日本語
Polski
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 15:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Miscellaneous English Bible translations

values: Category:Bible translations into English

values: Template talk:English Bible translations

values:
/wiki/Biblical_scholars
mw-redirect
Biblical scholars

values:
/wiki/Latin_Vulgate
mw-redirect
Latin Vulgate

values:
/wiki/Old_English_language
mw-redirect
Old English language

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana
mw-redirect
Wedding at Cana

values:
/wiki/Miles_Coverdale
mw-redirect
Miles Coverdale

values:
/wiki/Bishop%27s_Bible
mw-redirect
Bishop's Bible

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values:
/wiki/Gallicant_Flanders
mw-redirect
Gallicant Flanders

values:
/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls
mw-redirect
Dead Sea scrolls

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2014)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/New_King_James_Bible
mw-redirect
New King James Bible

values:
/wiki/Majority_Text
mw-redirect
Majority Text

values:
/wiki/Formal_equivalence
mw-redirect
Formal equivalence

values:
/wiki/Dynamic_equivalence
mw-redirect
Dynamic equivalence

values:
/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg
image
The Malmesbury Bible

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: List of artifacts in biblical archaeology

values: List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values:
/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament
mw-redirect
Gnosticism and the New Testament

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values:
/wiki/Webster%27s_Bible_Translation
mw-redirect
Webster's Bible Translation

values:
nofollow
https://laybibleblog.wordpress.com/
external text

values: Edit section: Single source translations

values:
/wiki/Masoretic_text
mw-redirect
Masoretic text

values: New Jewish Publication Society of America Version

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bible, English

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Bible, Curious Editions of

values: Template:English Bible translation navbox

values: Template talk:English Bible translation navbox

values: New International Version Inclusive Language Edition

values: Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition

values: New English Translation of the Septuagint

values:
/wiki/Dake_Annotated_Reference_Bible
mw-redirect
Dake Annotated Reference Bible

values: List of miscellaneous English Bible translations

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

values: Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2008

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Traduzioni della Bibbia in inglese – Italian

values: English translations of the Bible – Simple English

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bible_translations_into_English rootpage-Bible_translations_into_English skin-vector action-view


text:
Leydig cell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Leydig cell
Micrograph showing a cluster of Leydig cells (center of image). H&E stain.
Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a boar. 1 Lumen of convoluted part of the seminiferous tubules, 2 spermatids, 3 spermatocytes, 4 spermatogonia, 5 Sertoli cell, 6 myofibroblasts, 7 Leydig cells, 8 capillaries
Identifiers
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH). Leydig cells are polyhedral in shape, display a large prominent nucleus, an eosinophilic cytoplasm and numerous lipid-filled vesicles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The mammalian Leydig cell is a polyhedral epithelioid cell with a single eccentrically located ovoid nucleus. The nucleus contains one to three prominent nucleoli and large amounts of dark-staining peripheral heterochromatin. The acidophilic cytoplasm usually contains numerous membrane-bound lipid droplets and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Besides the obvious abundance of SER with scattered patches of rough endoplasmic reticulum, several mitochondria are also prominent within the cytoplasm. Frequently, lipofuscin pigment and rod-shaped crystal-like structures 3 to 20 micrometres in diameter (Reinke crystals) are found. These inclusions have no known function, are found in less than half of all Leydig cell tumors, but serve to clinch the diagnosis of a Leydig cell tumor.[1][2] No other interstitial cell within the testes has a nucleus or cytoplasm with these characteristics, making identification relatively easy.
Development[edit]
'Adult'-type Leydig cells differentiate in the post-natal testis and are quiescent until puberty. They are preceded in the testis by a population of 'fetal'-type Leydig cells from the 8th to the 20th week of gestation, which produce enough testosterone for masculinisation of a male fetus.[3]
Function[edit]
Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens (19-carbon steroids). They secrete testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), when stimulated by the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH). LH increases cholesterol desmolase activity (an enzyme associated with the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone), leading to testosterone synthesis and secretion by Leydig cells.
Prolactin (PRL) increases the response of Leydig cells to LH by increasing the number of LH receptors expressed on Leydig cells.
Clinical significance[edit]
Micrograph of a Leydig cell tumour. H&E stain.
Leydig cells may grow uncontrollably and form a Leydig cell tumour. These tumours are usually benign. They may be hormonally active, i.e. secrete testosterone.
Adrenomyeloneuropathy is another example of a disease affecting the Leydig cell: the patient's testosterone may fall despite higher-than-normal levels of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Lateral electrical surface stimulation therapy has been found to destroy Leydig cells.[4]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Leydig cells are named after the German anatomist Franz Leydig, who discovered them in 1850.[5]
Additional images[edit]
Section of a genital cord of the testis of a human embryo 3.5 cm. long.
Intermediate magnification micrograph of a Leydig cell tumour. H&E stain.
High magnification micrograph of a Leydig cell tumour. H&E stain.
Cross-section of seminiferous tubules. Arrows indicate location of Leydig cells.
See also[edit]
Sertoli cell
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Al-Agha O, Axiotis C (2007). "An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 131 (2): 311–7. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17284120.
Jump up ^ Ramnani, Dharam M (2010-06-11). "Leydig Cell Tumor : Reinke's Crystalloids". Retrieved 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ Svechnikov K, Landreh L, Weisser J, Izzo G, Colón E, Svechnikova I, Söder O (2010). "Origin, development and regulation of human Leydig cells". Horm Res Paediatr. 73 (2): 93–101. doi:10.1159/000277141. PMID 20190545.
Jump up ^ Bomba G, Kowalski IM, Szarek J, Zarzycki D, Pawlicki R (2001). "The effect of spinal electrostimulation on the testicular structure in rabbit". Med Sci Monit. 7 (3): 363–8. PMID 11386010.
Jump up ^ synd/625 at Who Named It?
External links[edit]
Histology image: 16907loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Reproductive Physiology
Diagram at umassmed.edu
[hide]
v
t
e
Male reproductive system
Internal
Seminal tract
Testes
layers
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vasculosa
Appendix
Mediastinum
Lobules
Septa
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Blood–testis barrier
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium
Spermatocytogenesis
Spermatocyte
Spermatidogenesis
Spermatid
Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoon
Other
Seminiferous tubules
Tubuli seminiferi recti
Rete testis
Efferent ducts
Epididymis
Appendix
Stereocilia
Paradidymis
Spermatic cord
Vas deferens
Ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Accessory glands
Seminal vesicles
excretory duct
Prostate
Urethral crest
Seminal colliculus
Prostatic utricle
Ejaculatory duct
Prostatic sinus
Prostatic ducts
Bulbourethral glands
External
Penis
root
Crus
Bulb
Fundiform ligament
Suspensory ligament
body
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
glans
Foreskin
Frenulum
Corona
fascia
superficial
deep
Tunica albuginea
Septum of the penis
Urinary tract
Internal urethral orifice
Urethra
Prostatic
Intermediate
Spongy
Navicular fossa
External urethral orifice
Lacunae of Morgagni
Urethral gland
Scrotum
layers
skin
Dartos
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster
Cremasteric fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Perineal raphe
Scrotal septum
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leydig_cell&oldid=835142394"
Categories:
Steroid hormone secreting cells
Animal reproductive system
Human cells
Scrotum
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 20:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: i

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

value: td

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Boar mw-redirect Boar

values:
/wiki/Seminiferous_tubules
mw-redirect
Seminiferous tubules

values:
/wiki/Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum
mw-redirect
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sertoli-Leydig_cell_tumour
mw-redirect
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284120

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000277141

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20190545

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386010

values:
/wiki/Who_Named_It%3F
mw-redirect
Who Named It?

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Male_internal_genitalia
mw-redirect
Male internal genitalia

values:
/wiki/Stereocilia_(epididymis)
mw-redirect
Stereocilia (epididymis)

values:
/wiki/Male_external_genitalia
mw-redirect
Male external genitalia

values:
/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_(male)
mw-redirect
External urethral orifice (male)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Steroid hormone secreting cells

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Leydig_cell
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: خلية بينية – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: תא ליידיג – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydigcel
Leydigcel – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ライディッヒ細胞 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Интерстициальная клетка Лейдига – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Клітини Лейдіга – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Leydig_cell rootpage-Leydig_cell skin-vector action-view