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Oksana Akinshina
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Oksana Akinshina
Oksana Akinshina at the Stilyagi film set.
Born
Oksana Aleksandrovna Akinshina
(1987-04-19) 19 April 1987 (age 30)
Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Residence
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Nationality
Russian
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2000–present
Spouse(s)
Dmitry Litvinov (2008–10)
Children
3
Oksana Sergeevna Akinshina (Russian: Оксана Сергеевна Акиньшина; born 19 April 1987) is a Russian actress. She is best known for her roles in films Sisters (2001), Lilya 4-ever (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), and Hipsters (2008).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early and personal life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early and personal life[edit]
Oksana Akinshina was born in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). where she currently lives.[1] Oksana's father was a car mechanic, Oksana's mother was an accountant. She has a younger sister.[2] At the time she landed the role in Lilya 4-ever, Akishnina only spoke Russian, and communicated with director Lukas Moodysson with the help of translators.[1]
From 2007 to 2010, Akinshina was married to businessman Dmitry Litvinov[3] and they have a son, Philipp, born 2 June 2009. On 15 January 2013 Akinshina gave birth to her second son Konstantin, from the film producer Archil Gelovani. On 29 January 2017 she gave birth to a daughter from Gelovani.
Career[edit]
Starting acting at age 12, Akinshina was discovered by Sergei Bodrov, Jr., and she made her screen début in the Russian crime film Sisters (2001), Bodrov's own directorial début.[citation needed]
Her second film, Lilya 4-Ever (2001), earned her a 2002 European Film Award nomination for Best Actress. She lost, however, to the eight actresses of the film 8 Women (2002), directed by François Ozon. For her role in Lilya 4-Ever, she also received the award for Best Actress in Leading Role from the Guldbagge Awards, Sweden's national film awards.[citation needed]
Since then Akinshina has acted in the films Het Zuiden, directed by Martin Koolhoven, and The Bourne Supremacy (2004), directed by Paul Greengrass.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Sisters Sveta
2002 Lilya 4-ever Lilya
In Motion Ania
2003 The Moth Games Zoyka
Het zuiden (nl) Zoya
Kamenskaya III: The Illusion of a Sin Ira Terekhina TV Series
2004 The Bourne Supremacy Irena Neski
Women in the Game without Rules Alka Mini-series
2005 Female Novel Ksenia TV Series
2006 Captain's Children Polina Grinyova TV Series
Moscow Zero Lyuba
Moscow Mission Anna
2007 Wolfhound Knesinka Elen
2008 Hipsters Polsza
Birds of Paradise Katenyka
Number One Enemy Katya
2009 I Am (ru) Nina
2010 Blizzard Varya Mini-series
2011 Vysotsky. Thank You For Being Alive Tatiana
2012 8 First Dates Vera
Wristcutters Marina
Nowhere to hurry mototsiklistka
2015 8 new appointments Vera
SOS, Ded Moroz, or all come true! Olga
Loop Nesterov Olga, Korolev's daughter TV Series
2016 SuperBobrovy Sveta Bobrova
To each his own Oksana TV Series
Versus Vera
Children's World
The envelope
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominated Work
Result
2002 Bratislava International Film Festival Awards Best Actress Sisters Won
2003 European Film Awards Best Actress Lilya 4-ever Nominated
Gijón International Film Festival Awards Best Actress Won
Guldbagge Awards Best Actress Won
Rouen Nordic Film Festival Awards Best Actress Won
Stockholm Film Festival Awards Best Actress Won
2012 Nika Award Best Actress Vysotsky. Thank You For Being Alive Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Teen says 'nyet' to fame". The Age. 4 September 2003. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Оксана Акиньшина — "сестра" Бодрова, любовь Шнура . People (in Russian). Daria Buravchikova. 9 April 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Акиньшина отметила развод коньяком прямо на съемочной площадке . Segodnya.ua (in Russian). 23 November 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oksana Akinshina.
Oksana Akinshina on IMDb
(in Russian) Kino-teatr.ru
(in Russian) Kinopoisk.ru
(in Russian) Ruskino.ru
(in Russian) Kinomania.ru
(in Russian) Rusactors.ru
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 121961059
LCCN: nr2002037154
ISNI: 0000 0001 1781 093X
SUDOC: 079978258
BNF: cb16208524n (data)
BIBSYS: 5027993
This article about a Russian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
M72 LAW
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
M72 LAW
The M72 LAW in extended position
Type
Anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher[1]
Place of origin
United States
Service history
In service
1963–present
Used by
See Operators
Wars
Vietnam War
Cambodian Civil War
Laotian Civil War
Lebanese Civil War
Falklands War
Bougainville Civil War[2]
Bosnian War[3]
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Syrian Civil War[4]
Yemeni Civil War
Production history
Designer
FA Spinale, CB Weeks and PV Choate
Designed
Patent filed 1963
Manufacturer
Norway: NAMMO (Raufoss, Norway)
U.S.: NAMMO Talley (Mesa, Arizona)
Turkey: under license by MKEK
Unit cost
€670 or $750 US (Converted)
Specifications
Weight
2.5 kg (5.5 lb)
Length
24.8 in (630 mm) (unarmed)
34.67 in (881 mm) (armed)
Caliber
66 mm
Muzzle velocity
145 m/s (475.7 ft/s)
Effective firing range
200 m (660 ft)
Detonation
mechanism
point-initiated, base-detonated
External image
1960s Weapons Similar to M72
SARPAC top, M72 LAW middle, MINIMAN bottom
The M72 LAW (Light Anti-Tank Weapon, also referred to as the Light Anti-Armor Weapon or LAW as well as LAWS Light Anti-Armor Weapons System) is a portable one-shot 66-mm unguided anti-tank weapon. The solid rocket propulsion unit was developed in the newly formed Rohm and Haas research laboratory at Redstone Arsenal in 1959,[5] then the full system was designed by Paul V. Choate, Charles B. Weeks, Frank A. Spinale, et al. at the Hesse-Eastern Division of Norris Thermadore. American production of the weapon began by Hesse-Eastern in 1963, and was terminated by 1983; currently it is produced by Nammo Raufoss AS in Norway and their subsidiary Nammo Talley, Inc. in Arizona.[6]
In early 1963, the M72 LAW was adopted by the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps as their primary individual infantry anti-tank weapon, replacing the M31 HEAT rifle grenade and the M20A1 "Super Bazooka" in the U.S. Army. It was subsequently adopted by the U.S. Air Force to serve in an anti-emplacement/anti-armor role in Air Base Defense duties.[7][note 1]
In the early 1980s, the M72 was slated to be replaced by the FGR-17 Viper. However, this program was canceled by Congress and the M136 AT4 was adopted instead. At that time, its nearest equivalents were the Swedish Pskott m/68 (Miniman) and the French SARPAC.[note 2]
Contents
1 Background
2 Description
3 Ammunition
4 Service history
4.1 Australia
4.2 Taiwan
4.3 Finland
4.4 Turkey
4.5 United Kingdom
4.6 United States
4.7 Vietnam
5 Variants
5.1 US variants
5.2 International versions
5.3 International designations
6 Specifications (M72A2 and M72A3)
6.1 Launcher
6.2 Rocket
6.3 Maximum effective ranges
7 Operators
7.1 Current operators
7.2 Former users
8 See also
8.1 Similar weapons
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
1961 LAW prototype, showing the rejected front sight that also served as the front cover
The increased importance of tanks and other armored vehicles in World War II caused a need for portable infantry weapons to deal with them. The first to be used (with limited success) were Molotov cocktails, flamethrowers, satchel charges, jury-rigged landmines, and specially designed magnetic hollow charges. All of these had to be used within a few meters of the target, which was difficult and dangerous.
The U.S. Army introduced the bazooka, the first rocket-propelled grenade launcher. Despite early problems, it was a success and was copied by other countries.
However, the bazooka had its drawbacks. Large and easily damaged, it required a well-trained two-man crew. Germany developed a one-man alternative, the Panzerfaust, having single-shot launchers that were cheap and requiring no special training. As a result, they were regularly issued to Volkssturm home guard regiments. They were very efficient against tanks during the last days of World War II. However, the Panzerfaust was not a rocket launcher but instead a recoilless rifle.
The M72 LAW is a combination of the two World War II weapons. The basic principle is a miniaturized bazooka, while its light weight and cheapness rival the Panzerfaust.
Description[edit]
M72 demonstration at Fort Benning, Georgia in the 1960s
The weapon consists of a rocket within a launcher consisting of two tubes, one inside the other. While closed, the outer assembly serves as a watertight container for the rocket and the percussion-cap firing mechanism that activates the rocket. The outer tube contains the trigger, the arming handle, front and rear sights, and the rear cover. The inner tube contains the channel assembly, which houses the firing pin assembly, including the detent lever. When extended, the inner tube telescopes outward toward the rear, guided by the channel assembly, which rides in an alignment slot in the outer tube's trigger housing assembly. This causes the detent lever to move under the trigger assembly in the outer tube, both locking the inner tube in the extended position and cocking the weapon. Once armed, the weapon is no longer watertight, even if the launcher is collapsed into its original configuration.
When fired, the striker in the rear tube impacts a primer, which ignites a small amount of powder that "flashes" down a tube to the rear of the rocket and ignites the propellant in the rocket motor. The rocket motor burns completely before leaving the mouth of the launcher, producing gases around 1,400 °F (760 °C). The rocket propels the 66-mm warhead forward without significant recoil. As the warhead emerges from the launcher, six fins spring out from the base of the rocket tube, stabilizing the warhead's flight.[note 3] The early LAW warhead, developed from the M31 HEAT rifle grenade warhead, uses a simple, but extremely safe and reliable, piezoelectric fuze system. On impact with the target, the front of the nose section is crushed causing a microsecond electric current to be generated, which detonates a booster charge located in the base of the warhead, which sets off the main warhead charge. The force of the main charge forces the copper liner into a directional particle jet that, in relation to the size of the warhead, is capable of a massive amount of penetration.
A unique mechanical set-back safety on the base of the detonator grounds the circuit until the missile has accelerated out of the tube. The acceleration causes the three disks in the safety mechanism to rotate 90° in succession, ungrounding the circuit; the circuit from the nose to the base of the detonator is then completed when the piezoelectric crystal is crushed on impact.
Ammunition[edit]
M72 LAW's rocket
The M72 LAW was issued as a prepackaged round of ammunition. Improvements to the launcher and differences in the ammunition were differentiated by a single designation. The original M72 warhead penetrated 200mm/8 inches of armor, while the improved M72A2 model boosts this to 300mm/12 inches.[8][9]
A training variant of the M72 LAW, designated the M190, also exists. This weapon is reloadable and uses the 35-mm M73 training rocket. A subcaliber training device that uses a special tracer cartridge also exists for the M72. A training variant used by the Finnish armed forces fires 7.62-mm tracer rounds.
The US Army tested other 66-mm rockets based on the M54 rocket motor used for the M72. The M74 TPA (Thickened Pyrophoric Agent) had an incendiary warhead filled with TEA (triethylaluminium); this was used in the M202A1 FLASH (FLame Assault SHoulder weapon) 4-tube launcher. The XM96 RCR (Riot Control Rocket) had a CS gas-filled warhead for crowd control and was used with the XM191 quadruple-tube launcher.
Once fired in combat, the launcher is required to be destroyed to prevent its use by the enemy as a booby-trap; the enemy could collapse the launcher to its original configuration, fill it with explosives, and rig it to explode if moved by a soldier believing it to be unused. Due to the single-use nature of the weapon, it was issued as what is called a "wooden round"[10] of ammunition by the Canadian Army and the United States Army, requiring no checks or maintenance, just as small-arms ammunition can be stored in the same manner for years without any problems.
Service history[edit]
Australia[edit]
The M72 rocket has been in Australian service since the Vietnam War.[11][12] Currently, the Australian Defence Force uses the M72A6 variant, known as the Light Direct Fire Support Weapon,[13] as an anti-structure and secondary anti-armor weapon. The weapon is used by ordinary troops at the section (squad) level and complements the heavier 84-mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifle and Javelin missile, which are generally utilized by specialized fire support and anti-armor troops.[14]
Taiwan[edit]
Taiwan (The Republic of China Army) uses the M72 as a secondary anti-armor weapon. It is used primarily as a backup to the Javelin and M136 (AT4) anti-tank weapons.[citation needed] The weapon is later reverse-engineered into the "Type 1 66mm Anti-tank Rocket" but is more-popularly nicknamed as the "Type 66 rocket" due to its caliber.
Packing crates are used to demonstrate the danger of the M72 back blast
Finland[edit]
The M72 LAW is used in the Finnish Army (some 70,000 pieces), where it is known under the designations 66 KES 75 (M72A2, no longer in service) and 66 KES 88 (M72A5). In accordance with the weapon's known limitations, a pair of "tank-buster" troops crawl to a firing position some 50 to 150 meters away from the target, bringing with them four to six LAWs, which are then used in rapid succession until the target is destroyed or incapacitated. Due to its low penetration capability, it is used mostly against light armored targets. The M72 is the most common anti-tank weapon in the Finnish Army.[citation needed] Finland has recently upgraded its stocks to the M72 EC LAW Mk.I version. It is designated 66 KES 12.[15] Claimed penetration for the M72 EC LAW is 450mm of rolled homogeneous armor steel plate, nearly twice that of the M72A2.[16] It also fields the bunker-buster version, named M72 ASM RC, and locally designated 66 KES 12 RAK. The oldest version 66 KES 75 is now retired.
Turkey[edit]
The Turkish Army uses a locally built version by Makina ve Kimya Endustrisi Kurumu, called HAR-66 (Hafif Antitank Roketi, Light Antitank Rocket), which has the performance and characteristics of a mix of M72A2 and A3. Turkey also indigenously developed an anti-personnel warhead version of HAR-66 AP and called it "Eşek Arısı" (Wasp).[17]
United Kingdom[edit]
The British Army had used the NAMMO M72 under the designation "Rocket 66 mm HEAT L1A1" but it was replaced by the LAW 80 during the 1980s.[18] The M72 rocket was reintroduced into British service under the Urgent Operational Requirement program, with the M72A9 variant being designated the Light Anti-Structure Munition (LASM).[19][20][21]
United States[edit]
M72 as used in Vietnam, 1968.
Modern M72 in use in Afghanistan with U.S. Marines, 2008.
During the Vietnam and post-Vietnam periods, all issued LAWs were recalled after instances of the warhead exploding in flight, sometimes injuring the operator. After safety improvements, part of the training and firing drills included the requirement to ensure that the words "w/coupler" were included in the text description stenciled on the launcher, which indicated that the launcher had the required safety modification(s).[citation needed][note 4]
With the failure of the M72's intended replacement, the Viper, in late 1982 Congress ordered the US Army to test off-the-shelf light antitank weapons and report back by the end of 1983. In partnership with Raufoss AS, Talley Defense offered the M72E5, which offered increased range, penetration and better sights; this was tested along with five other light anti-armor weapons in 1983. Despite the improvements that the M72E5 offered, the AT4 was chosen to replace the M72.[22][note 5]
Although generally thought of as a Vietnam War–era weapon that has been superseded by the more powerful AT4, the M72 LAW found a new lease on life in the operations by the U.S. Army, the U.S. Marine Corps, and Canadian Army in Iraq and Afghanistan. The lower cost and lighter weight of the LAW, combined with a scarcity of modern heavy armored targets and the need for an individual assault weapon versus an individual anti-armor weapon, made it ideal for the type of urban combat seen in Iraq and mountain warfare seen in Afghanistan. In addition, a soldier can carry two LAWs on a mission as opposed to a single AT4.[23]
M72A7 firing trainer, showing Picatinny rail
The U.S. Marine Corps Systems Command at Quantico, Virginia placed a $15.5-million fixed contract order with Talley Defense for 7,750 M72A7s, with delivery to be completed in April 2011.[24][25] The M72A7 LAW is an improvement on previous versions, including an improved rocket motor for a higher velocity to accurately engage targets past 200 meters, an insensitive munitions warhead to reduce the likelihood of an accidental explosion, and a Picatinny rail to mount laser pointers and night sights. The LAW is useful in Afghanistan as a small and light rocket system for use against short- and medium-range targets by foot patrols in the difficult terrain and high elevations of the country.[26] The U.S. military is still purchasing LAW rockets as of January 2015.[27]
Vietnam[edit]
Several M72A1 and M72A2 LAWs captured from Vietnam War have been put into service with the Chemical Force of the Vietnam People's Army. The launchers are upgraded to be able to fire multiple times and are armed with M74 incendiary rounds.
Variants[edit]
Exposed M72A6 rockets (lower right) alongside M72A6 tubes and ammunition for 84 mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifles; awaiting destruction.
US variants[edit]
Designation
Description
M72 66-mm Talley single-shot disposable rocket launcher; pre-loaded with HEAT rocket
M72A1 M72 variant; improved rocket motor
M72A2 M72 variant; improved rocket motor
M72A3 M72A1/A2 variant; safety upgrades
M72A4 M72 variant; rocket optimized for high penetration; uses improved launcher assembly
M72A5 M72A3 variant; uses improved launcher assembly
M72A6 M72 variant; warhead modified for low penetration but increased blast effect; uses improved launcher assembly
M72A7 M72A6 variant; US Army M72A6 variant for US Navy
M72E8 M72A7 variant; Fire-From-Enclosure (FFE) capable rocket motor; uses improved launcher assembly
M72E9 M72 variant; rocket with improved anti-armor capability; uses improved launcher assembly
M72E10 M72 variant; HE-Frag rocket; uses improved launcher assembly
M72AS 21-mm reusable trainer
External images
M72 Enhancements Early 1980s
M72E4, M72E5, M72E6 – Talley brochure
Pop-up "Rifle Sights" adopted from canceled Talley Viper brochure
International versions[edit]
Designation
Description
M72 EC LAW Mk.I M72 variant (Enhanced Capacity); rocket with improved anti-armor capability; uses improved launcher assembly; 450mm RHA penetration
M72 ASM RC M72 variant (Anti Structure Munition-Reduced Caliber); HE-Frag rocket; uses improved launcher assembly
International designations[edit]
Designation
Nation
Description
66 KES 75 Finland Designation for the M72A2
66 KES 88 Finland Designation for the M72A5
66 KES 12 Finland Designation for the M72 EC LAW Mk.I
66 KES 12 RAK Finland Designation for the M72 ASM RC
HAR-66 Turkey Turkish variant incorporating M72A2 rocket improvements and M72A3 safety improvements
Rocket 66-mm HEAT L1A1 United Kingdom Designation for the M72
Light Anti-Structures Missile (LASM) United Kingdom Designation for the M72A9
Specifications (M72A2 and M72A3)[edit]
Launcher[edit]
Length:
Extended: less than 1 m (39 in).
Closed: 0.67 m (26 in).
Weight:
Complete M72A2: 2.3 kg (5.1 lb).
Complete M72A3: 2.5 kg (5.5 lb).
Firing mechanism: Percussion.
Front sight: reticle graduated in 25-m range increments.
Rear sight: peep sight adjusts automatically to temperature change.
Rocket[edit]
Caliber: 66 mm (2.6 in)
Length: 508 mm (20.0 in)
Weight: 1.8 kg (4.0 lb)
Muzzle velocity: 145 m/s (475 ft/s)
Minimum range (combat): 10 m (33 ft)
Minimum arming range: 10 m (33 ft)
Maximum range: 1,000 m (3,300 ft)
Penetration: 300 mm (12 in)[28]
Maximum effective ranges[edit]
Stationary target: 200 m (220 yd)
Moving target: 165 m (180 yd)
Beyond these ranges there is less than a 50% chance of hitting the target.
Operators[edit]
Map with M72 operators in blue with former operators in red
Current operators[edit]
Australia: M72A6 variant.[29]
Austria[29]
Belgium[29]
Canada[29]
Mexico
Chile: M72A3 variant.[29]
Egypt: Purchased 5,000.[citation needed]
El Salvador[30]
Indonesia[citation needed]
Israel[31][32]
Italy : M72A5 variant since 2007.
Malaysia[citation needed]
Finland[29]
Georgia[33]
Greece[34]
Kosovo: Kosovo Security Forces.
Luxembourg[29]
Lebanon: Lebanese Armed Forces
Morocco[29]
Netherlands[29]
New Zealand[29]
Norway[29]
Philippines[35]
Portugal[citation needed]
Romania[36]
South Korea[29]
Spain: M72A3 variant.[29]
Syrian National Coalition[37]
Taiwan[29]
Thailand[29]
Turkey[29]
United Kingdom: Used by the British Army from the 1970s to the early 1990s.[38] The M72A9 variant was reintroduced into service for the Afghanistan War.[39]
United States[29]
Yemen[29]
Vietnam[29]
Former users[edit]
Khmer Republic
Denmark[40][41]
FNLA[42]
South Vietnam [43]
See also[edit]
Rocket-propelled grenade
Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon
List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number
Similar weapons[edit]
AT4
Panzerfaust 3
RPG-18 / RPG-22
RPG-76
M80 Rocket Launcher
Miniman
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The U.S. Army partially replaced the Super Bazooka not only with the M72 LAW, but also M67 recoilless rifle and U.S. Marines kept the Super Bazooka in service till the late 1960s
Jump up ^ SARPAC was never adopted by the French Army; export only.
Jump up ^ note: no matter what you see in the movies, training films show that there is no "Whoosh!" on launch, but rather more of a loud "BANG!!" or "BLOOP!" for the training versions – and there is no smoke trail behind the rocket as it heads towards the target
Jump up ^ Some reports state these instances were caused by misfires due to water in the flash tube and by unproven rumors of sabotage at the manufacturing plant during the Vietnam War
Jump up ^ Various reports in 1983 stated that during the Congressionally mandated tests the first M72E5 tested had an accuracy problem, because its larger-diameter rocket motor interfered with the deployment of all the stabilizing fins after leaving the launcher. The manufacturers have since made modifications that have solved that problem.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (15 March 2011). "The Rocket Propelled Grenade". Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "The Coconut Revolution (2001, 50min) (480x360)". youtube.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ E. T. DeRieux et al. "Final Report – Development of LAW Propulsion Unit," R&H RARD, Technical Report No. S-12, December 1959
Jump up ^ "M72 products" Archived 2015-03-21 at the Wayback Machine.. Nammo Talley, Inc. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mary T. Cagle "History of the TOW Missile System" page 10, U.S. Army 1977 Redstone Arsenal Pdf file of official TOW history that discussed the new family of antitank weapons, the M72 LAW, the Dragon and the TOW
Jump up ^ http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/FM7-7%2885%29.pdf
Jump up ^ http://pdf.textfiles.com/manuals/MILITARY/united_states_army_fm_3-23x25%20-%2030_august_2001.pdf
Jump up ^ "Space and Electronic Warfare Lexicon". Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
Jump up ^ REL22751 – M72 (L1A2F1) Rocket Launcher Archived 2012-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. – Australian War Memorial. Accessed December 2010.
Jump up ^ Weapons Used by Infantry Rifle Sections – diggerhistory.info. Accessed December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Air Force technology: Equipment – Defence Jobs Australia". Defencejobs.gov.au. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived March 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Ruotuväki 5/2013". Retrieved 29 August 2017. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Nammo Ammunition Handbook: Edition 2", Nordic Ammunition Company (Nammo), page 131, 2014.
Jump up ^ "MKEK Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu / Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation". Mkek.gov.tr. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995–1996", page 686
Jump up ^ "LASM – British Army Website". Army.mod.uk. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Oh, the Horror, the Horror". Archived from the original on 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
Jump up ^ "M72 Light Anti-tank (sic) Weapon System (LAW)". Gary's U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide.
Jump up ^ D. Kyle, Armed Forces Journal International, November 1983, "Viper Dead, Army Picks AT-4 Antitank Missile", page 21
Jump up ^ "Marines Fought the LAW, and the LAW Won". Defenseindustrydaily.com. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ Antal, John (2010). "Packing a Punch: America's Man-Portable Antitank Weapons". Military Technology. 3/2010: 88. ISSN 0722-3226.
Jump up ^ "Light Assault Weapon (LAW)". FBO.gov.
Jump up ^ Modernizing and equipping the force (Part 1) – Army.mil, 30 December 2010
Jump up ^ Nammo awarded contract to supply M72 Lightweight Assault Weapon variants to the U.S. DoD - Armyrecognition.com, 6 January 2015 Archived January 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ US Army publication, September 30, 1977 "FM-7 The Mechanized Infantry Platoon/Squad Section B-21"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
Jump up ^ "El Salvador". Military Technology World Defence Almanac. Bonn : Wehr & Wissen: 60. 2005. ISSN 0722-3226.
Jump up ^ "Israel: LAW on Order". Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ IDF - Israel Defense Forces : Special weaponry of the Nahal Brigade
Jump up ^ "Armament of the Georgian Army". Geo-army.ge. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Γενικό Επιτελείο Στρατού". Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived November 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ List of equipment of the Romanian Land Forces#cite note-18
Jump up ^ "Insight - Syria rebels get light arms, heavy weapons elusive". Reuters. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Owen, William F. (2007). "Light Anti-Armour Weapons: Anti-Everything?" (PDF). http://asianmilitaryreview.com – Asian Military Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-12. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Same Difference – The 66 is Back".
Jump up ^ "Home Guard weapons through time". histsamling.dk. p. Danish. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Holmberg, Hans. III Panserinfanteribataljon/Jydske Dragonregiment i 1985. pp. 6, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Thompkins Interview". GWU. 14 February 1999. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75". United States. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to M72 LAW.
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Weapon Systems
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Canadian Military Page On the M72
Patent for sights of M72 patented by Paul V. Choate of Milton, MA.
Patented by Paul V. Choate of Milton, MA.
1960s US Army M72 Training film
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1 Not assigned
2 Designation uncertain
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text:
Bye, Felicia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the phrase originating from the 1995 film Friday. It is not to be confused with ByeFelicia.
Ice Cube (pictured in 2012), who starred in and co-wrote the script for the 1995 film Friday, in which the phrase originated
The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'," and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both."[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]
In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]
On December 14, 2017, Robin Roberts, a host of ABC TV’s Good Morning America, used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman's departure from the Trump administration staff.[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mackie, Drew (April 26, 2015). "Friday Hit Theaters 20 Years Ago – And Gave Us 'Bye, Felicia'". People. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Walker, John (November 25, 2014). "Jordin Sparks Has Two Words for Jason DeRulo On New Mixtape: 'Bye Felicia'". MTV. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'GMA' host Robin Roberts on Omarosa's White House exit: 'Bye, Felicia'". USA Today. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Eternal Appeal of "Bye, Felicia," 20 Years Later by Aisha Harris and Daniel Hubbard (April 24, 2015), Slate
Watch Ice Cube Tell Conan Why Everybody’s Saying 'Bye Felicia' by Sarah Begley (April 16, 2015), Time
Ice Cube is so proud of 'Bye Felicia' by Maeve McDermott (April 16, 2015), USA Today
'Bye Felicia' Actress, Angela Means Kaaya, Talks 20-Year Anniversary of 'Friday' by Brennan Williams (April 24, 2015), The Huffington Post
Hi, Felicia: Catching Up With ‘Friday’ Actress, Angela Means, 20 Years Later by Camille Augustin (April 24, 2015), Vibe
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"Bye, Felicia"
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text:
List of insurance companies in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life insurance companies
1.1 Public Sector Life Insurance Company
1.2 Other Life Insurance Companies
2 Non Life Insurance Companies
2.1 Public Sector Non-Life Insurance Companies
2.2 Other Non-Life Insurance Companies
3 Re Insurance Companies
4 References
5 External links
Life insurance companies[edit]
Public Sector Life Insurance Company[edit]
Life Insurance Corporation of India
Other Life Insurance Companies[edit]
Aegon Life Insurance Company
Aviva India
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance
Birla Sun Life Insurance Company Limited
Exide Life Insurance
HDFC Standard Life Insurance
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance
IDBI Federal Life Insurance
IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company
Kotak Life Insurance
Max Life Insurance
Peerless Group
PNB MetLife India Insurance Company
Reliance Life Insurance
Sahara India Pariwar
SBI Life Insurance Company
TATA AIG
Non Life Insurance Companies[edit]
[1]
Public Sector Non-Life Insurance Companies[edit]
National Insurance Company
New India Assurance
The Oriental Insurance Company
United India Insurance Company
Agriculture Insurance Company of India
Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
Other Non-Life Insurance Companies[edit]
Apollo Munich Health Insurance
Cholamandalam MS General Insurance
Bajaj Allianz General Insurance
Bharti AXA General Insurance
Cigna TTK
Future Generali India Insurance
HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company
ICICI Lombard
IFFCO Tokio
Kotak Mahindra General Insurance
Liberty Videocon General Insurance
Reliance General Insurance
Royal Sundaram General Insurance
Star Health and Allied Insurance
Tata AIG General
Universal Sompo General Insurance Company
Cholamandalam MS General Insurance
Religare Health Insurance Company Limited
Re Insurance Companies[edit]
General Insurance Corporation of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Updated list of non life insurer".
External links[edit]
Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority
[show]
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Companies
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Reliance
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United India
Shriram General Insurance Co. LTd.
Health
Apollo Munich
Employees' State Insurance (ESI)
Max Bupa
Star Health
Life
Aviva India
AEGON Religare
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Exide Life Insurance (Previously ING Vyas Life India)
HDFC Life
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance
IDBI Federal Life Insurance
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Reinsurance
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Insurance Repository in India
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Ports of the Baltic Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2018)
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
There are over 200 ports in the Baltic Sea. When only those ports that handle minimum of 50,000 tonnes of cargo annually, and where at least part of this cargo is international, are taken into account the number of ports reaches approximately 190. In 2008, the total amount of cargo handled in the Baltic Sea ports amounted to 822.4 million tonnes, which is 0.4 per cent less than in 2007. Primorsk, Saint Petersburg and Muuga were the biggest ports in the Baltic Sea in 2008. Together the three top ports handled over one fifth of total cargo volumes in the Baltic Sea in 2008.[1]
This table lists statistics (2002) (Świnoujście, Szczecin and Helsinki - 2004, Lübeck and Rostock - 2005, Gdynia, Klaipėda, Gdańsk, Riga, Liepāja - 2010) for the major ports of the Baltic Sea. Container traffic is given in terms of Twenty-foot equivalent units of cargo.
Authority
City
Tons
Containers TEU
Passengers
Notes
Copenhagen Malmö Port Copenhagen / Malmö 7006590000000000000♠5,900,000[2] 7005130000000000000♠130,000 7006189700000000000♠1,897,000
Port of Gdańsk Gdańsk 7007372889690000000♠37,288,969[3] 7006129969700000000♠1,299,697[3] 7005164331000000000♠164,331[4] 2016
Port of Gdynia Gdynia 7007181980000000000♠18,198,000[5] 7005684796000000000♠684,796[5] 7005460231000000000♠460,231[6][7] 2015
Port of HaminaKotka Kotka 7006515763300000000♠5,157,633 7005626791000000000♠626,791 7003200000000000000♠2,000 2013 [8]
Port of Helsingborg Helsingborg 7006710700000000000♠7,107,000 7006833900000000000♠8,339,000[9]
Port of Helsinki Helsinki 7007114100000000000♠11,410,000 7005430431000000000♠430,431 7007111690000000000♠11,169,000 2015 [10]
Kaliningrad Sea Commercial Port Kaliningrad 7006271900000000000♠2,719,000 7004213130000000000♠21,313 5000000000000000000♠0
Port of Kiel Kiel 7006647972700000000♠6,479,727 7004243690000000000♠24,369 7006159937500000000♠1,599,375 2016[11]
Port of Klaipėda Klaipėda 7007431700000000000♠43,170,000 7005443000000000000♠443,000 7005350623000000000♠350,623 2016[12]
Port of Liepāja Liepāja 7006743149900000000♠7,431,499 - 7004332420000000000♠33,242 2012
Lübecker Hafen-Gesellschaft Lübeck 7007275900000000000♠27,590,000 7004556770000000000♠55,677 7005134000000000000♠134,000
Port of Luleå Luleå 7006700000000000000♠7,000,000 7004100000000000000♠10,000
Port of Muuga Muuga 7007224312000000000♠22,431,200 7005208784000000000♠208,784 2015[13]
Port of Norrköping Norrköping 7006400000000000000♠4,000,000 7005101000000000000♠101,000 2017[14]
Port of Oxelösund Oxelösund 7006753900000000000♠7,539,000
Port of Paldiski Paldiski - - - 2015[15]
Police Port Police 7006244550000000000♠2,445,500[6] - 7001230000000000000♠23[6][7]
Port of Pori Pori 7006553195300000000♠5,531,953 7004610480000000000♠61,048
Port of Primorsk Primorsk 7007596061000000000♠59,606,100 - - 2015[16]
Port of Rauma Rauma 7006632021700000000♠6,320,217 7005115821000000000♠115,821
Freeport of Riga Riga 7007370000000000000♠37,000,000[17] 7005355241000000000♠355,241 7005526243000000000♠526,243 2015[18]
Rostock Port Rostock 7007268000000000000♠26,800,000 7006230000000000000♠2,300,000 2016[19]
Port of Saint-Petersburg Saint Petersburg 7007515135000000000♠51,513,500 7005456836000000000♠456,836 2015[20]
Ports of Stockholm Stockholm 7006470500000000000♠4,705,000 7004364000000000000♠36,400 7006918400000000000♠9,184,000[9]
Szczecin and Swinoujscie Seaports Świnoujście / Szczecin 7007241130000000000♠24,113,000[21] 7004908690000000000♠90,869[21] 7005930022000000000♠930,022[6][7]
Port of Tallinn Tallinn 7007224400000000000♠22,440,000[22] 7005202327000000000♠202,327[23] 7007101732970000000♠10,173,297 2015[24]
Port of Trelleborg Trelleborg 7007103360000000000♠10,336,000 7006156400000000000♠1,564,000[9]
Port of Turku Turku 7006390000000000000♠3,900,000 7005120000000000000♠120,000 7006450000000000000♠4,500,000
Ust-Luga Sea Port Ust-Luga 93,400,000[citation needed]
Free port of Ventspils Ventspils 7007262060000000000♠26,206,000 - - 2014[25]
Port of Visby Visby 7006159800000000000♠1,598,000[9]
Port of Ystad Ystad 7006191300000000000♠1,913,000[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baltic Port List 2006 and 2008
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b "Statystyki przeładunków". Port of Gdańsk Authority. 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Cargo statistics". Port of Gdańsk Authority. 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statystyki" (in Polish). Retrieved 2017-01-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Statistical yearbook of maritime economy (PDF). Warsaw, Szczecin: Central Statistical Office - Statistical Office in Szczecin. 2007. pp. 65, 86. ISSN 0867-082X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c international passenger traffic in seaport on ships of gross tonnage more than 100
Jump up ^ "Statistics produced by Finnish Port Association". Finnish Port Association. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Trafikanalys Sjötrafik 2011 (see page 45) (Swedish)
Jump up ^ "Port Statistics 2015" (PDF). Port of Helsinki. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Statistik, Port of Kiel.
Jump up ^ [2].
Jump up ^ Port of Tallinn Statistic 2013
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Port of Tallinn Statistic 2013
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/annual-cargo-turnover-down-at-riga-port/
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ http://www.rostock-port.de/hafen-rostock/daten-fakten/statistiken.html
Jump up ^ [6]
^ Jump up to: a b "Obroty w granicach administracyjnych portów Szczecin i Świnoujście wg grup towarowych za grudzień 2016 i 12 miesięcy 2016". Szczecin and Swinoujscie Seaports Authority. 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.portoftallinn.com/news?art=660
Jump up ^ www.portoftallinn.com/?dl=115
Jump up ^ Port of Tallinn Statistic 2013
Jump up ^ Free port of Ventspils authority. 2013 Summary
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Capitol (Williamsburg, Virginia)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Capitol
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Contributing Property
Reconstruction of the first Capitol at Williamsburg
Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all
Location
Williamsburg, Virginia
Built
1934, based on 1705 original
Architectural style
Colonial Revival
Part of
Williamsburg Historic District (#66000925[1])
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966
The Capitol at Williamsburg, Virginia housed the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia from 1705, when the capital was relocated there from Jamestown, until 1779, when the capital was relocated to Richmond. Two capitol buildings served the colony on the same site: the first from 1705 until its destruction by fire in 1747; the second from 1753 to 1779.
The earlier capitol was reconstructed in the early 1930s as part of the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg. The reconstruction has thus lasted longer than the combined total of both original capitol buildings.
Contents
1 History
1.1 First Williamsburg Capitol (1705–1747)
1.2 Second Williamsburg Capitol (1753–1779)
2 Reconstruction
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
First Williamsburg Capitol (1705–1747)[edit]
In 1698, the Capitol building in Jamestown, Virginia burned. Following the fire, the government of Virginia decided to relocate inland, away from the swamps at the Jamestown site.
A better Capitol building was constructed by Henry Cary, a contractor finishing work on the College of William and Mary's Wren Building (the legislature's temporary home). Begun in 1701, the Capitol was completed in 1705, although the legislature moved in during 1704.[2] In 1714, the Governor's Palace was constructed between the College and the Capitol.
The Colonial Capitol was a two-story H-shaped structure, functionally two buildings connected by an arcade. Each wing served one of the two houses of the Virginia legislature, the Council and the House of Burgesses. The first floor of the west building was for the General Court and the colony's secretary, the first floor of the east for the House of Burgesses and its clerk.[3] As a result of the fires that had destroyed several prior Virginia capitols, Cary built the first Capitol without fireplaces. In 1723, chimneys were added for fireplaces to help keep the Capitol dry. On January 30, 1747, the building burned and only some walls and the foundation remained.[2]
Second Williamsburg Capitol (1753–1779)[edit]
1845 engraving based on then-surviving drawings of the second capitol at Williamsburg (viewed from Duke of Gloucester Street)
Governor William Gooch urged that the Capitol be rebuilt, but many legislators preferred relocating the government to a city more accessible to trade and navigation. In the meantime, the burgesses met again at the nearby Wren Building. Finally, in November 1748, reconstruction of the Capitol was approved (by only two votes: 40 to 38). The burgesses met inside for the first time on November 1, 1753.
In this building, Patrick Henry delivered his Caesar-Brutus speech against the Stamp Act on May 29, 1765. Henry, George Washington, George Mason, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, and others played parts in the legislative maneuvering that ended in revolution. As fighting began in the North, the building featured discussion concerning Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, his Virginia constitution, and Jefferson's first attempt at a bill for religious freedom.
On June 29, 1776, Virginians declared their independence from Great Britain and wrote the state's first constitution, thereby creating an independent government four days before Congress voted for the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia on July 4.
The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began, when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond. The building was last used as a capitol on December 24, 1779, when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital, Richmond.
After the capital of Virginia was moved to Richmond in 1779, the old Capitol was used for a wide range of purposes, from a court to a school. The east wing was removed around 1800 because of its dangerous condition, leaving only the west wing standing for the next 30 years, until it was destroyed by fire in 1832, leaving no trace of the original structure, except for the outline of its foundations. [4]
Reconstruction[edit]
Reconstruction of the first Williamsburg capitol
The building that stands now in Colonial Williamsburg is the third Capitol on that site. Early in the 20th century, the Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin undertook restoration of historic Bruton Parish Church (c. 1711) where he was rector. His dreams of restoring other buildings of the old colonial capital city led to his affiliation with Standard Oil heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the creation of Colonial Williamsburg. The reconstructed Capitol and Governor's Palace join the Wren Building of the College of William & Mary as the three main structures of the restoration.
The architects charged with the restoration of Williamsburg chose to reconstruct the first capitol based on superior documentation of its design and its unique architecture compared to the second Capitol.[2][3] Later architectural historians have since shown that parts of the reconstruction were embellished or conjectural, being based more on contemporary architectural ideas than actual historic evidence (chiefly foundations.) However, the reconstructed Capitol is now itself valued as a Colonial Revival interpretation and work of architecture.[3]
The reconstruction opened to the public on February 24, 1934.[5]
See also[edit]
Virginia State Capitol (Richmond)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c Olmert, Michael (1985). Official Guide to Colonial Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. pp. 52–61. ISBN 0-87935-111-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilson, Richard Guy (2002). Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont. Oxford University Press. pp. 363–364.
Jump up ^ Taylor Stoermer, Colonial Williamsburg: The Official Guide (2014), 147.
Jump up ^ Greenspan, Anderson (2009). Creating Colonial Williamsburg: The Restoration of Virginia's Eighteenth-Century Capital (2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-8078-3343-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capitol (Williamsburg, Virginia).
Colonial Williamsburg, Capitol web page
Coordinates: 37°16′17″N 76°41′36″W / 37.271258°N 76.69329°W / 37.271258; -76.69329
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Capitol
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Carter's Grove Plantation
College of William & Mary
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National Historic Landmark
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Peacock Hill
Williamsburg: the Story of a Patriot
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitol_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)&oldid=774742051"
Categories:
Landmarks in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Williamsburg, Virginia
Government buildings completed in 1705
Former state capitols in the United States
Colonial Williamsburg
Tourist attractions in Williamsburg, Virginia
Historic district contributing properties in Virginia
1705 establishments in Virginia
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National Register of Historic Places in Williamsburg, Virginia
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