text:
Pasteurization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Pasteurized" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Pasteurized (horse).
Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat (<100 °C) to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf-life. The process is intended to reduce spoilage organisms and eliminate vegetative bacteria but not bacterial spores.[1][2] Today, pasteurization is used widely in the dairy industry and other food processing industries to achieve food preservation and food safety.[3]
This process was named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, whose research in the 1880s demonstrated that thermal processing would inactivate unwanted microorganisms in wine.[2][3] Spoilage enzymes are also inactivated during pasteurization.
Most liquid products are heat treated in a continuous system where heat can be applied using plate heat exchanger and/or direct or indirect use of steam and hot water. Due to the mild heat there are minor changes to the nutritional quality of foods as well as the sensory characteristics.[4] Pascalization or high pressure processing (HPP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) are non-thermal processes that are also used to pasteurize foods.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Milk
2 Pasteurization process
2.1 Equipment
2.2 Verification
2.2.1 Efficacy against pathogenic bacteria
3 Effects on nutritional and sensory characteristics of foods
3.1 Milk
3.2 Sensory effects on food
4 Novel pasteurization
5 Products that are commonly pasteurized
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Louis Pasteur's pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of Germ Theory of Disease.
The process of heating wine for preservation purposes has been known in China since 1117,[5] and was documented in Japan in the diary Tamonin-nikki, written by a series of monks between 1478 and 1618. Much later, in 1768, an Italian priest and scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani's research proved a product could be "sterile" after thermal processing.
He boiled meat broth for one hour, and the container was sealed immediately after boiling, and noticed that the broth did not spoil and was free from microorganisms.[2][6] In 1795, a Parisian chef and confectioner named Nicolas Appert began experimenting with ways to preserve foodstuffs, succeeding with soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams, and syrups. He placed the food in glass jars, sealed them with cork and sealing wax and placed them in boiling water.[7] In that same year, the French military offered a cash prize of 12,000 francs for a new method to preserve food. After some 14 or 15 years of experimenting, Appert submitted his invention and won the prize in January 1810.[8] Later that year, Appert published "L'Art de conserver les substances animales et végétales" (or The Art of Preserving Animal and Vegetable Substances). This was the first cookbook of its kind on modern food preservation methods.[9][10]
La Maison Appert (English: The House of Appert), in the town of Massy, near Paris, became the first food-bottling factory in the world,[7] preserving a variety of food in sealed bottles. Appert's method was to fill thick, large-mouthed glass bottles with produce of every description, ranging from beef and fowl to eggs, milk and prepared dishes. He left air space at the top of the bottle, and the cork would then be sealed firmly in the jar by using a vise. The bottle was then wrapped in canvas to protect it, while it was dunked into boiling water and then boiled for as much time as Appert deemed appropriate for cooking the contents thoroughly. Appert patented his method, sometimes called appertisation in his honor.[11]
Appert's method was so simple and workable that it quickly became widespread. In 1810, British inventor and merchant Peter Durand, also of French origin, patented his own method, but this time in a tin can, so creating the modern-day process of canning foods. In 1812, Englishmen Bryan Donkin and John Hall purchased both patents and began producing preserves. Just a decade later, Appert's method of canning had made its way to America.[12] Tin can production was not common until the beginning of the 20th century, partly because a hammer and chisel were needed to open cans until the invention of a can opener by an inventor named Yates in 1855.[7]
A less aggressive method was developed by the French chemist Louis Pasteur during an 1864[13] summer holiday in Arbois. To remedy the frequent acidity of the local aged wines, he found out experimentally that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to only about 50–60 °C (122–140 °F) for a short time to kill the microbes, and that the wine could subsequently be aged without sacrificing the final quality.[13] In honour of Pasteur, the process became known as "pasteurization".[2][14] Pasteurization was originally used as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring,[15] and it would be many years before milk was pasteurized. In the United States in the 1870s, it was common for milk to contain substances intended to mask spoilage before milk was regulated.[16]
Milk[edit]
180 kg of milk in cheese vat
Milk is an excellent medium for microbial growth,[17] and when it is stored at ambient temperature bacteria and other pathogens soon proliferate.[18] The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says improperly handled raw milk is responsible for nearly three times more hospitalizations than any other food-borne disease source, making it one of the world's most dangerous food products.[19][20] Diseases prevented by pasteurization can include tuberculosis, brucellosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and Q-fever; it also kills the harmful bacteria Salmonella, Listeria, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7,[21][22] among others.
Prior to industrialization, dairy cows were kept in urban areas to limit the time between milk production and consumption hence the risk of disease transmission via raw milk was reduced.[23] As urban densities increased and supply chains lengthened to the distance from country to city, raw milk (often days old) became recognized as a source of disease. For example, between 1912 and 1937 some 65,000 people died of tuberculosis contracted from consuming milk in England and Wales alone.[24] Because tuberculosis has a long incubation period in humans, it was difficult to link unpasteurized milk consumption as the cause to the effect of disease.[25] In 1892, chemist Earnest Lederle experimentally inoculated milk from tuberculosis-diseased cows into Guinea pigs, which caused them to develop the disease.[26] In 1910, Lederle, then in the role of Commissioner of Health, introduced mandatory pasteurization of milk in New York city.[26]
Developed countries adopted milk pasteurization to prevent such disease and loss of life, and as a result milk is now widely considered one of the safest foods.[27] A traditional form of pasteurization by scalding and straining of cream to increase the keeping qualities of butter was practiced in Great Britain before 1773 and was introduced to Boston in the British Colonies by 1773,[28] although it was not widely practiced in the United States for the next 20 years. Pasteurization of milk was suggested by Franz von Soxhlet in 1886.[29] In the early 20th century, Milton Joseph Rosenau established the standards (i.e. low temperature, slow heating at 60 °C (140 °F) for 20 minutes) for the pasteurization of milk[30][31] while at the United States Marine Hospital Service, notably in his publication of The Milk Question (1912).[32] States in the U.S.A. began enacting mandatory dairy pasteurization laws with the first in 1947, and in 1973 the U.S. Federal Government required pasteurization of milk used in any interstate commerce.[33]
The shelf life of refrigerated pasteurized milk is greater than that of raw milk. For example high-temperature, short-time (HTST) pasteurized milk typically has a refrigerated shelf life of two to three weeks, whereas ultra-pasteurized milk can last much longer, sometimes two to three months. When ultra-heat treatment (UHT) is combined with sterile handling and container technology (such as aseptic packaging), it can even be stored non-refrigerated for up to 9 months.[34]
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control between 1998 and 2011, 79% of the dairy-related outbreaks were due to raw milk or cheese products.[35] They report 148 outbreaks and 2,384 illnesses (284 requiring hospitalizations), as well as two deaths due to raw milk or cheese products during the same time period.[35]
Further information: Raw milk
Pasteurization process[edit]
General overview of the pasteurization process. The milk starts at the left and enters the piping with functioning enzymes that, when heat treated, become denatured and stop the enzymes from functioning. This helps to stop pathogen growth by stopping the functionality of the cell. The cooling process helps stop the milk from undergoing the Maillard reaction and caramelization. The pasteurization process also has the ability to heat the cells to the point that they burst from pressure build up.
Pasteurization is a mild heat treatment of liquid foods (both packaged and unpackaged) where products are typically heated to below 100 °C. The heat treatment and cooling process are designed to inhibit a phase change of the product. The acidity of the food determines the parameters (time and temperature) of the heat treatment as well as the duration of shelf-life. Parameters also take into account nutritional and sensory qualities that are sensitive to heat.
In acidic foods (pH<4.6), such as fruit juice and beer, the heat treatments are designed to inactivate enzymes (pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase in fruit juices) and destroy spoilage microbes (yeast, lactobacillus). Due to the low pH of acidic foods, pathogens are unable to grow. The shelf-life is extended several weeks. In low-acid foods (pH>4.6), such as milk and liquid eggs, the heat treatments are designed to destroy pathogens and spoilage organisms (yeast and molds). It is important to note that not all spoilage organisms are destroyed under pasteurization parameters thus requiring refrigeration.[1]
Equipment[edit]
Food can be pasteurized in two ways: either after being packaged into containers or before being packaged into containers.
When food is packaged in glass, hot water is used to lower risk of thermal shock. Plastics and metals are also used to package foods, and these are packaged using steam or hot water since the risk of thermal shock is low.[1]
Most liquid foods are pasteurized using continuous systems that have a heating zone, hold tube, and cooling zone, after which the product is filled into the package. Plate heat exchangers are used for low viscosity products such as milk, nut milks and juices. A plate heat exchanger is composed of many thin vertical stainless steel plates, which separate the liquid from the heating or cooling medium. Scraped surface heat exchangers contain an inner rotating shaft in the tube, and serves to scrape high viscous material which might accumulate on the wall of the tube.[36]
Shell or tube heat exchangers are designed for the pasteurization of Non-Newtonian foods such as dairy products, tomato ketchup and baby foods. A tube heat exchanger is made up of concentric stainless steel tubes. Food passes through the inner tube while the heating/cooling medium is circulated through the outer or inner tube.
The benefits of a using heat exchanger to pasteurize non packaged foods versus pasteurizing foods in containers are:
Heat exchangers provide uniform treatment;There is greater flexibility with regards to the products which can be pasteurized on these plate
The process is more energy efficient compared to pasteurizing foods in packaged containers.[1]
Greater throughput
After being heated in a heat exchanger, the product flows through a hold tube for a set period of time to achieve the required treatment. If pasteurization temperature or time is not achieved, a flow diversion valve is utilized to divert under-processed product back to the raw product tank.[37] If the product is adequately processed, it is cooled in a heat exchanger, then filled.
High temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization, such as that used for milk (71.5 °C for 15 seconds) ensures safety of milk and provides a refrigerated shelf life of approximately two weeks. In UHT pasteurization, milk is pasteurized at 135 °C for 1–2 seconds which provides the same level of safety, but along with the packaging, extends shelf life to 3 months under refrigeration.[38]
Verification[edit]
Direct microbiological techniques are the ultimate measurement of pathogen contamination, but these are costly and time-consuming, which means that products have a reduced shelf-life by the time pasteurization is verified.
As a result of the unsuitability of microbiological techniques, milk pasteurization efficacy is typically monitored by checking for the presence of alkaline phosphatase, which is denatured by pasteurization. Destruction of alkaline phosphatase ensures the destruction of common milk pathogens. Therefore, the presence of alkaline phosphatase is an ideal indicator of pasteurization efficacy.[39][40] For liquid eggs, the effectiveness of the heat treatment is measured by the residual activity of α-amylase.[1]
Efficacy against pathogenic bacteria[edit]
During the early 20th century there was no robust knowledge of what time and temperatures combinations would inactivate pathogenic bacteria in milk, and so a number of different pasteurization standards were in use. By 1943, both HTST pasteurization conditions of 72 °C for 15 seconds, as well as batch pasteurization conditions of 63 °C for 30 minutes, were confirmed by studies of the complete thermal death (as best as could be measured at that time) for a range of pathogenic bacteria in milk.[41] Complete inactivation of Coxiella burnetii (which was thought at the time to cause Q fever by oral ingestion of infected milk)[42][43] as well as of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (which causes tuberculosis)[44] were later demonstrated. For all practical purposes, these conditions were adequate for destroying almost all yeasts, molds, and common spoilage bacteria and also to ensure adequate destruction of common pathogenic, heat-resistant organisms. However, the microbiological techniques used until the 1960s did not allow for the actual reduction of bacteria to be enumerated. Demonstration of the extent of inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by milk pasteurization came from a study of surviving bacteria in milk that was heat treated after being deliberately spiked with high levels of the most heat-resistant strains of the most significant milk-borne pathogens.[45]
The mean log10 reductions and temperatures of inactivation of the major milk-borne pathogens during a 15-s treatment are:
Staphylococcus aureus >6.7 at 66.5 °C
Yersinia enterocolitica >6.8 at 62.5 °C,
pathogenic Escherichia coli >6.8 at 65 °C
Cronobacter sakazakii >6.7 at 67.5 °C
Listeria monocytogenes >6.9 at 65.5 °C, and
Salmonella ser. Typhimurium >6.9 at 61.5 °C.[45]
The Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk notes that milk pasteurization is designed to achieve at least a 5 log10 reduction of Coxiella burnetii.[46] The Code also notes that: “The minimum pasteurization conditions are those having bactericidal effects equivalent to heating every particle of the milk to 72°C for 15 seconds (continuous flow pasteurization) or 63°C for 30 minutes (batch pasteurization)” and that “To ensure that each particle is sufficiently heated, the milk flow in heat exchangers should be turbulent, i.e. the Reynolds number should be sufficiently high.” The point about turbulent flow is important because simplistic laboratory studies of heat inactivation that use test tubes, without flow, will have less bacterial inactivation than larger scale experiments that seek to replicate conditions of commercial pasteurization.[47]
As a precaution, modern HTST pasteurization processes must be designed with flow-rate restriction as well as divert valves which ensure that the milk is heated evenly, and no part of the milk is subject to a shorter time or a lower temperature. It is common for the temperatures to exceed 72 °C by 1.5 °C or 2 °C.[47]
Effects on nutritional and sensory characteristics of foods[edit]
Pasteurization, because of its mild heat treatment, increases the shelf-life by a few days or weeks.[1] However, this mild heat also means there are only in minor changes to heat labile vitamins in the foods.[4]
Milk[edit]
According to a systematic review and meta-analysis,[48] it was found that pasteurization appeared to qualitatively reduce concentrations of vitamins B12 and E, but it did increase concentrations of vitamin A. Apart from meta-analysis, it's not possible to conclude the effect of pasteurization on vitamins A, B12, and E based merely on consultation of the vast literature available.[48]
Milk is not an important source of vitamins B12 or E in the North American diet, so the effects of pasteurization on the adult daily intake of these vitamins is negligible.[49][50] However, milk is considered an important source of vitamin A,[51] and because pasteurization appears to increase vitamin A concentrations in milk, the effect of milk heat treatment on this vitamin is a not a major public health concern.[48] Results of meta-analyses revealed that pasteurization of milk leads to a significant decrease in vitamin C and folate, but milk also is not an important source of these vitamins.[51][50] However, a significant decrease in vitamin B2 concentrations was found after pasteurization. Vitamin B2 is typically found in bovine milk at concentrations of 1.83 mg/liter. Because the recommended daily intake for adults is 1.1 mg/day,[52] milk consumption greatly contributes to the recommended daily intake of this vitamin. With the exception of B2, pasteurization does not appear to be a concern in diminishing the nutritive value of milk because milk is often not a primary source of these studied vitamins in the North American diet.
Sensory effects on food[edit]
Pasteurization, because it is a mild heat treatment, also has little effect on the sensory attributes of the foods that are processed.[1] In fruit juices, pasteurization may result in loss of volatile aroma compounds .[4] Fruit juice products undergo a deaeration process prior to pasteurization that may be responsible for this loss. Deaeration also minimizes the loss of nutrients like vitamin C and carotene.[1] To prevent the quality loss resulting from the loss in volatile compounds, volatile recovery, though costly, can be used utilized to produce higher quality juice products.[4]
In regards to color, the pasteurization process doesn't have much effect on pigments such as chlorophyll, anthocyanin and carotenoid in plants and animal tissues. In fruit juices, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is the main enzyme responsible for causing browning and color changes. However, this enzyme is deactivated in the deaeration step prior to pasteurization with the removal oxygen.[4]
In milk, the color difference between pasteurized and raw milk is related to the homogenization step that takes prior to pasteurization. Before pasteurization, milk is homogenized to separate the solids (fat) from the liquid, which results in the pasteurized milk having a whiter appearance compared to raw milk.[1]
For vegetable products, color degradation is dependent on the temperature conditions and the duration of heating.[53] Pasteurization may result in some textural loss as a result of enzymatic and non enzymatic transformations in the structure of pectin if the processing temperatures are too high as a result . However, with mild heat treatment pasteurization, tissue softening in the vegetables that cause textural loss is not of concern as long as the temperature does not get above 80 °C.[53]
Novel pasteurization[edit]
Other thermal and non thermal processes have been developed to pasteurize foods as a way of reducing the affects on nutritional and sensory characteristics of foods and preventing degradation of heat labile nutrients. Pascalization or high pressure processing (HPP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) are examples of these non-thermal pasteurization methods that are currently commercially utilized.[1]
Microwave volumetric heating (MVH) is the newest available pasteurization technology. It uses microwaves to heat liquids, suspensions, or semi-solids in a continuous flow. Because MVH delivers energy evenly and deeply into the whole body of a flowing product, it allows for gentler and shorter heating, so that almost all heat-sensitive substances in the milk are preserved.[54]
Products that are commonly pasteurized[edit]
Beer
Canned food
Dairy products
Eggs
Milk
Juices
Low alcoholic beverages
Syrups
Vinegar
Water
Wines
Nuts
See also[edit]
Food portal
Technology portal
Food irradiation
Flash pasteurization
Pascalization
Homogenization
Pasteurized eggs
Solar water disinfection
Thermoduric bacteria
Food preservation
Food storage
Food microbiology
Sterilization
Thermization
Louis Pasteur
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Fellows, P.J (2017). Food Processing Technology Principles and Practice. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. pp. 563–578. ISBN 978-0-08-101907-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tewari, Gaurav; Juneja, Vijay K. (2007). Advances in Thermal and Non-Thermal Food Preservation. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 3, 96, 116.
^ Jump up to: a b "Heat Treatments and Pasteurisation | MilkFacts.info". milkfacts.info. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rahman, M. Shafiur (1999-01-21). Handbook of Food Preservation. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824702090.
Jump up ^ Hornsey, Ian Spencer and George Bacon (2003). A History of Beer and Brewing. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 30. ISBN 0-85404-630-5. […] sake is pasteurized and it is interesting to note that a pasteurization technique was first mentioned in 1568 in the _Tamonin-nikki_, the diary of a Buddhist monk, indicating that it was practiced in Japan some 300 years before Pasteur. In China, the first country in East Asia to develop a form of pasteurization, the earliest record of the process is said to date from 1117.
Jump up ^ Vallery-Radot, René (2003-03-01). Life of Pasteur 1928. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-7661-4352-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lance Day, Ian McNeil, ed. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19399-0.
Jump up ^ Gordon L. Robertson (1998). Food Packaging: Principles End Practice. Marcel Dekker. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8247-0175-8.
Jump up ^ "''The First Book on Modern Food Preservation Methods (1810)''". Historyofscience.com. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
Jump up ^ Wiley, R. C (1994). Minimally processed refrigerated fruits and vegetables. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-412-05571-3. Nicolas Appert in 1810 was probably the first person […]
Jump up ^ Garcia, Adrian, Rebeca, Jean (March 2009). "Nicolas Appert: Inventor and Manufacturer". Food Reviews International. 25: 115–125 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
Jump up ^ Alvin Toffler, "Future Shock".
^ Jump up to: a b Vallery-Radot, René (2003-03-01). Life of Pasteur 1928. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-7661-4352-4.
Jump up ^ "BBC - History - Louis Pasteur".
Jump up ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p.357. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., new Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Andy; Huang, Lihan (31 January 2009). Ready-to-Eat Foods: Microbial Concerns and Control Measures. CRC Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4200-6862-7. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Harold Eddleman, ''Making Milk Media'', Indiana Biolab". Disknet.com. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Frank O'Mahony, ''Rural dairy technology: Experiences in Ethiopia'', International Livestock Centre for Africa". Ilri.org. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Food safety of raw milk". Foodsmart.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Langewtirisotmqywrreooqeoapltgfdjigkgiddr, Adam J.; Ayers, Tracy; Grass, Julian; Lynch, Michael; Angulo, Frederick; Mahon, Barbara. "Nonpasteurized Dairy Products, Disease Outbreaks, and State Laws—United States, 1993–2006" (PDF). Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Milk Pasteurization: Guarding against disease", Michigan State University Extension
Jump up ^ Smith, P. W., (August 1981), "Milk Pasteurization" Fact Sheet Number 57, U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ ABB, Inc. (2018), Recording and Control C1900 in Pasteurization processes (PDF)
Jump up ^ Wilson, G. S. (1943), "The Pasteurization of Milk", British Medical Journal, 1 (4286): 261, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4286.261, PMC 2282302  , PMID 20784713
Jump up ^ Pearce, Lindsay (2002). "Bacterial diseases - The impact of milk processing to reduce risks". Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation. 372: 20–25. ISSN 0250-5118.
^ Jump up to: a b Weinstein, I (1947). "Eighty years of public health in New York City" (PDF). Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 23: 221–237. PMC 1871552  . PMID 19312527.
Jump up ^ ABB, Inc. (2018), Recording and Control C1900 in Pasteurization processes (PDF)
Jump up ^ Kaden H. 2017. Food Preservation tools and techniques: In Food Industry process and technologies. Library press. pages 129-178
Jump up ^ Franz Soxhlet (1886) "Über Kindermilch und Säuglings-Ernährung" (On milk for babies and infant nutrition), Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (Munich Medical Weekly), vol. 33, pages 253, 276.
Jump up ^ "January 1: Pasteurization". Jewish Currents. 1 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Milton J. Rosenau, M.D." www.cdc.gov.
Jump up ^ "Details - The milk question, by M. J. Rosenau. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org.
Jump up ^ "FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATION OF RAW MILK" (PDF).
Jump up ^ ABB, Inc. (2018), Recording and Control C1900 in Pasteurization processes (PDF)
^ Jump up to: a b "CDC - Raw Milk Questions and Answers - Food Safety". Centers for Disease Control. 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
Jump up ^ Smith, P. G (2003). Introduction to Food Process Engineering. Food Science Text Series. pp. 152–154, 259–250.
Jump up ^ "HACCP with multivariate process monitoring and fault diagnosis techniques: application to a food pasteurization process". Food Control. 16 (5): 411–422. 2005-06-01. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.04.008. ISSN 0956-7135.
Jump up ^ Chavan, Rupesh S.; Chavan, Shraddha Rupesh; Khedkar, Chandrashekar D.; Jana, Atanu H. (2011-08-22). "UHT Milk Processing and Effect of Plasmin Activity on Shelf Life: A Review". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 10 (5): 251–268. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00157.x. ISSN 1541-4337.
Jump up ^ Kay, H. (1935). "Some Results of the Application of a Simple Test for Efficiency of Pasteurization". The Lancet. 225 (5835): 1516–1518. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)12532-8.
Jump up ^ Hoy, W. A.; Neave, F. K. (1937). "The Phosphatase Test for Efficient Pasteurization". The Lancet. 230 (5949): 595. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)83378-4.
Jump up ^ Ball, C. Olin (1943-01-01). "Short-Time Pasteurization of Milk". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 35 (1): 71–84. doi:10.1021/ie50397a017. ISSN 0019-7866.
Jump up ^ Enright, J. B.; Sadler, W. W.; Thomas, R. C. (1957). "Thermal inactivation of Coxiella burnetii and its relation to pasteurization of milk". Public Health Monograph. 47: 1–30. ISSN 0079-7596. PMID 13465932.
Jump up ^ Cerf, O.; Condron, R. (2006). "Coxiella burnetii and milk pasteurization: an early application of the precautionary principle?". Epidemiology & Infection. 134 (5): 946–951. doi:10.1017/S0950268806005978. ISSN 1469-4409. PMC 2870484  . PMID 16492321.
Jump up ^ Kells, H. R.; Lear, S. A. (1960-07-01). "Thermal Death Time Curve of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis in Artificially Infected Milk". Applied Microbiology. 8 (4): 234–236. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1057612  . PMID 14405283.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearce, L. E.; Smythe, B. W.; Crawford, R. A.; Oakley, E.; Hathaway, S. C.; Shepherd, J. M. (2012). "Pasteurization of milk: The heat inactivation kinetics of milk-borne dairy pathogens under commercial-type conditions of turbulent flow". Journal of Dairy Science. 95 (1): 20–35. doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4556. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 22192181.
Jump up ^ "Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products" (PDF). Codex Alimentarius. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearce, Lindsay E.; Truong, H. Tuan; Crawford, Robert A.; Yates, Gary F.; Cavaignac, Sonia; Lisle, Geoffrey W. de (2001-09-01). "Effect of Turbulent-Flow Pasteurization on Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis Added to Raw Milk". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (9): 3964–3969. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.9.3964-3969.2001. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 93116  . PMID 11525992.
^ Jump up to: a b c Macdonald, Lauren E.; Brett, James; Kelton, David; Majowicz, Shannon E.; Snedeker, Kate; Sargeant, Jan M. (2011-11-01). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pasteurization on milk vitamins, and evidence for raw milk consumption and other health-related outcomes". Journal of Food Protection. 74 (11): 1814–1832. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-269. ISSN 1944-9097. PMID 22054181.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2001. Dietary reference intakes-recommended intakes for individuals. National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Available at: http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.phpinfo_center~4&tax_level~3&tax_subject~256&topic_id~1342&level3_id~5140{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2009. "What's in the foods you eat" search tool. Available at: "https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/food-surveys-research-group/docs/whats-in-the-foods-you-eat-emsearch-toolem/
^ Jump up to: a b Haug, Anna; Høstmark, Arne T; Harstad, Odd M (2007-09-25). "Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review". Lipids in Health and Disease. 6: 25. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-25. ISSN 1476-511X. PMC 2039733  . PMID 17894873.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2001. Dietary reference intakes-recommended intakes for individuals. National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Available at: http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.phpinfo_center~4&tax_level~3&tax_subject~256&topic_id~1342&level3_id~5140{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
^ Jump up to: a b Peng, Jing; Tang, Juming; Barrett, Diane M.; Sablani, Shyam S.; Anderson, Nathan; Powers, Joseph R. (2017-09-22). "Thermal pasteurization of ready-to-eat foods and vegetables: Critical factors for process design and effects on quality". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 57 (14): 2970–2995. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1082126. ISSN 1549-7852. PMID 26529500.
Jump up ^ "Gentle pasteurization of milk – with microwaves". ScienceDaily.
Further reading[edit]
Raw milk expert testimony dated: April 25, 2008 Case: ORGANIC PASTURES DAIRY COMPANY, LLC, and CLARAVALE FARM, INC., Plaintiffs, vs. No. CU-07-00204 STATE OF CALIFORNIA and A.G. KAWAMURA, SECRETARY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Defendants. - Expert Witnesses: Dr. Theodore Beals & Dr. Ronald Hull
Here's an alternate view on the alleged safety of pasteurized vs. natural milk from: Johns Hopkins University: Realmilk.com, Webmaster (12 August 2015). "The Johns Hopkins Raw Milk Study - A Campaign for Real Milk". A Campaign for Real Milk.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pasteurization.
Online forum on modern day pasteurization equipment
Extended Shelf Life
Unraveling the mysteries of extended shelf life
Hatch, Sybil E (2006-01-01). Changing our world: true stories of women engineers. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 0784408416.
hide
v
t
e
Cooking techniques
List of cooking techniques
Dry
Conduction
Dry roasting
Hot salt frying
Searing
Convection
Baking
Roasting (modern)
Smoking
Radiation
Grilling (charbroiling)
Roasting (traditional)
Rotisserie
Toasting
Wet
High heat
Blanching
Boiling
Decoction
Parboiling
Shocking
Low heat
Coddling
Creaming
Infusion
Poaching
Simmering
Slow cooker
Smothering
Steeping
Stewing
Indirect heat
Bain-marie (Double boiling)
Sous-vide
Double steaming
Steaming
Fat-based
High heat
Blackening
Browning
Deep frying
Pan frying
Reduction
Shallow frying
Stir frying (bao)
Sautéing
Low heat
Gentle frying
Sweating
Mixed medium
Barbecuing
Braising
Flambé
Fricassee
Indirect grilling/Plank cooking
Stir frying (chao)
Device-based
Air frying
Microwaving
Pressure cooking
Pressure frying
Thermal cooking
Non-heat
Curing
Fermenting
Pickling
Souring
See also
List of cooking appliances
List of cooking vessels
Outdoor cooking
Food preparation
Food preservation
Food safety
Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject
hide
v
t
e
Milk
From animals
Buffalo
Camel
Cow
Donkey
Goat
Horse
Human
Colostrum
Newborn
Moose
Pig
Sheep
From plants
Plant milk
Almond
Coconut
Hemp
Peanut
Rice
Soy-based infant formula
Soy
Types
A2
Baked
Condensed
Evaporated
Filled
Flavored
Anise
Chocolate
Coffee
Vanilla
Ice
Malted
Organic
Pasteurized
Powdered
Raw
Scalded
Skimmed
Soured
Toned
UHT
Ultrafiltered
Products
Ayran
Butter
Buttermilk
Cheese
Cream
Curd
Ice cream
Jewelry
Kefir
Milkshake
Whey
Yogurt
Topics
Allergy
Containers
Bag
Bottle
Carton
Crate
Jug
Milk churn
Dairy
Lactation
Breastfeeding
Milking
Pipeline
Professions
Milkmaid
Milkman
Category
Authority control
GND: 4236993-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasteurization&oldid=843211354"
Categories:
Food science
Unit operations
Food preservation
Louis Pasteur
Industrial processes
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2012
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
贛語
한국어
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mirandés
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Patois
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
63 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 17:15 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values: American and British English spelling differences

value: sup

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control
mw-redirect
Centers for Disease Control

values: Milton Joseph Rosenau (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Efficacy against pathogenic bacteria

values: Edit section: Effects on nutritional and sensory characteristics of foods

values: Edit section: Products that are commonly pasteurized

values:
/wiki/Canned_food
mw-redirect
Canned food

values:
/wiki/Dairy_Products
mw-redirect
Dairy Products

values:
/wiki/Low_Alcoholic_Beverages
mw-redirect
Low Alcoholic Beverages

values: -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Thermoduric_bacteria
mw-redirect
Thermoduric bacteria

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4286.261

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20784713

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0250-5118

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19312527

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7135

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-4337

values:
nofollow
external text
https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50397a017

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50397a017

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7866

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0079-7596

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13465932

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-4409

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16492321

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aem.asm.org/content/8/4/234

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-2240

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14405283

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.2011-4556

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0302

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192181

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aem.asm.org/content/67/9/3964

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11525992

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9097

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054181

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-511X-6-25

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-511X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17894873

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1549-7852

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26529500

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.pasteurizers.info/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Milk_carton
mw-redirect
Milk carton

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4236993-9

values: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Pasteurization
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: بسترة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: পাস্তুরায়ন – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Пастеризация – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Пастэрызацыя – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Пастьоризация – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasterace
Pasterace – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Παστερίωση – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پاستوریزه کردن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values: 저온 살균법 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פסטור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಪಾಶ್ಚೀಕರಣ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-krc
display: none;

values: პასტერიზაცია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Пастерлөө – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Пастеризација – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: പാസ്റ്ററീകരണം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: पाश्चरायझेशन – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: パスチャライゼーション – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਪੈਸਚੂਰਾਈਜ਼ੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: Paaschraizieshan – Jamaican Creole English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Пастеризация – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Пастеризација – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: பாச்சர்முறை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: పాశ్చరైజేషన్ – Telugu

values: พาสเจอร์ไรซ์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Пастеризація – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: Phương pháp tiệt trùng Pasteur – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 巴斯德消毒法 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pasteurization rootpage-Pasteurization skin-vector action-view


text:
Helter Skelter (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other songs of similar name, see Helter Skelter.
"Helter Skelter"
1976 US promotional single
Song by the Beatles
from the album The Beatles
Published
Northern Songs
Released
22 November 1968
Recorded
9–10 September 1968,
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Hard rock[1][2]
heavy metal[3]
proto-punk[4]
Length
4:29 (stereo LP)
3:40 (mono LP)
Label
Apple
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
Audio sample
file
help
"Helter Skelter" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released in 1968 on their self-titled double album, often known as "the White Album". It was written by Paul McCartney[5][6] and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was a product of McCartney's attempt to create a sound as loud and dirty as possible. The Beatles' recording has been noted for its "proto-metal roar" and is considered by music historians to be a key influence in the early development of heavy metal.[7] Rolling Stone magazine ranked "Helter Skelter" 52nd on its list of the "100 Greatest Beatles songs".[8]
Contents
1 Writing and inspiration
2 Recording
3 Critical reaction
4 Charles Manson
5 Cover versions
6 Paul McCartney live performances
7 Personnel
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Writing and inspiration[edit]
McCartney was inspired to write the song after reading a 1967 Guitar Player magazine interview with the Who's Pete Townshend where he described their latest single, "I Can See for Miles", as the loudest, rawest, dirtiest song the Who had ever recorded. McCartney then "wrote 'Helter Skelter' to be the most raucous vocal, the loudest drums, et cetera" and said he was "using the symbol of a helter skelter as a ride from the top to the bottom; the rise and fall of the Roman Empire – and this was the fall, the demise."[5] In British English, a helter skelter is an amusement park attraction which features a tall spiral slide winding round a tower.[9] McCartney has cited this song as a response to critics who accuse him of writing only ballads.[10]
On 20 November 1968, two days before the release of The Beatles, McCartney gave Radio Luxembourg an exclusive interview, in which he commented on several of the album's songs. Speaking of "Helter Skelter", he said: "Umm, that came about just 'cause I'd read a review of a record which said, 'and this group really got us wild, there's echo on everything, they're screaming their heads off.' And I just remember thinking, 'Oh, it'd be great to do one. Pity they've done it. Must be great – really screaming record.' And then I heard their record and it was quite straight, and it was very sort of sophisticated. It wasn't rough and screaming and tape echo at all. So I thought, 'Oh well, we'll do one like that, then.' And I had this song called 'Helter Skelter,' which is just a ridiculous song. So we did it like that, 'cuz I like noise."[11]
Recording[edit]
The song was recorded many times during sessions for The Beatles. During the 18 July 1968 sessions, the Beatles recorded a version of the song lasting 27 minutes and 11 seconds,[12] although this version is rather slow and hypnotic, differing greatly from the volume and rawness of the album version.[13] Another recording from the same day, originally 12 minutes long, was edited down to 4:37 for Anthology 3. On 9 September, 18 takes of approximately five minutes each were recorded, and the last one is featured on the original LP.[12] After the 18th take, Ringo Starr flung his drum sticks across the studio[14] and screamed, "I got blisters on my fingers!"[5][12] Starr's shout was included on the stereo mix of the song. At around 3:40, the song completely fades out, gradually fades back in, fades back out partially and finally fades back in quickly with three cymbal crashes and Ringo's scream (some sources erroneously credit the "blisters" line to Lennon; in fact, Lennon can be heard asking "How's that?" before Ringo's outburst).[15] The mono version (originally on LP only) ends on the first fadeout without Starr's outburst. The mono version was not initially available in the US as mono albums had already been phased out there. The mono version was later released in the American version of the Rarities album. In 2009, it was made available on the CD mono re-issue of The Beatles as part of the Beatles in Mono CD box set.
According to Chris Thomas, who was present,[12] the 9 September session was especially spirited: "While Paul was doing his vocal, George Harrison had set fire to an ashtray and was running around the studio with it above his head, doing an Arthur Brown."[12] Starr's recollection is less detailed, but agrees in spirit: "'Helter Skelter' was a track we did in total madness and hysterics in the studio. Sometimes you just had to shake out the jams."[10]
Critical reaction[edit]
Among music critics commenting on "Helter Skelter", Richie Unterberger of AllMusic views it as "one of [the] fiercest and most brutal rockers done by anyone" and "extraordinary".[16] Writing for MusicHound in 1999, Guitar World editor Christopher Scapelliti identified the track as one of three "fascinating standouts" on the White Album.[17] While admiring the diversity of McCartney's songwriting on the album, Mark Richardson of Pitchfork cites "Helter Skelter" as one of "the roughest, rawest tunes in his Beatles oeuvre".[18]
Ian MacDonald was highly critical of the song, however, calling it "ridiculous, McCartney shrieking weedily against a massively tape-echoed backdrop of out-of-tune thrashing".[19] Rob Sheffield was also unimpressed, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) that, following the double album's release on CD, "now you can program 'Sexy Sadie' and 'Long, Long, Long' without having to lift the needle to skip over 'Helter Skelter.'"[20] Alan W. Pollack said the song will "scare and unsettle" listeners, citing "Helter Skelter"'s "obsessive nature" and "undercurrent of violence", and noted McCartney's "savage vocal delivery" as reinforcing this theme.[21]
In a 1980 interview, Lennon said, "That's Paul completely ... It has nothing to do with anything, and least of all to do with me."[6]
In March 2005, Q magazine ranked "Helter Skelter" number 5 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.
Charles Manson[edit]
Main article: Helter Skelter (Manson scenario)
Charles Manson told his followers that several White Album songs including "Helter Skelter" were a part of the Beatles' coded prophecy of an apocalyptic war in which racist and non-racist whites would be manoeuvred into virtually exterminating each other over the treatment of blacks.[22][23][24] Upon the war's conclusion, after black militants would kill off the few whites they would know to have survived, Manson and his companions would emerge from an underground city in which they would have escaped the conflict. As the only remaining whites, they would rule blacks, who, as the vision went, would be incapable of running America. Manson employed "helter skelter" as the term for this sequence of events.
Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution of Manson and four of his followers who acted on Manson's instruction in the Tate-LaBianca murders, named his best-selling book about the murders Helter Skelter.[22] The book was the basis for two television movies of the same title.
Cover versions[edit]
In 1975, Aerosmith recorded a cover of "Helter Skelter", but it was not released until 1991, on the Pandora's Box compilation.[25] The cover charted at #21 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
in 1978, Siouxsie and the Banshees released one of the first covers of the song on their debut album The Scream
in 1981, Pat Benatar included a cover of the song on her album Precious Time.
In 1983, the Bobs released an a cappella version on their eponymous album.[26] It earned them a 1984 Grammy nomination for Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices.[27]
In 1983, a remake of this song was also featured on the Mötley Crüe album Shout at the Devil.
In 1988, a U2 recording was used as the opening track on the Rattle and Hum album. The song was recorded live at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado on 8 November 1987.[28] Introducing the song, Bono controversially said, "This is a song Charles Manson stole from the Beatles. We’re stealing it back."[29]
In 1989, Bow Wow recorded "Helter Skelter", released it as a single and named their album after the song.
In 2000, Oasis recorded a cover of "Helter Skelter", originally as a B-side to the single release of "Who Feels Love?" They also performed the song on their world tour promoting their fourth album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants in the early 2000s; one live version was recorded for their 2001 live album Familiar to Millions.
In 2007, Dana Fuchs performs the song in Across the Universe.
In 2007, Stereophonics recorded a version of the song for their cd-single "It Means Nothing".
In 2007, Beatallica recorded a parody called "Helvester of Skelter", which also was a parody of the Metallica song "Harvester of Sorrow".
In 2018, Marilyn Manson and Rob Zombie together recorded a version of the song released on 11 July 2018.
Paul McCartney live performances[edit]
Since 2004 McCartney has performed the song with his band on every tour, starting on 24 May 2004, while on the '04 Summer Tour, through The 'US' Tour (2005), the Summer Live '09 (2009), the Good Evening Europe Tour (2009), the Up and Coming Tour (2010/2011), the On the Run Tour (2011/2012) and the Out There Tour, which started on 4 May 2013. In the last tours, the song has been generally inserted on the third encore, which is the last time the band enters the stage. It is usually the last but one song, performed after "Yesterday" and before the final medley including "The End". Paul played the song on his One on One Tour at Fenway Park on 17 July 2016 accompanied by the Grateful Dead's Bob Weir and New England Patriots football player Rob Gronkowski.
McCartney performed the song live at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2006 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. In 2009, McCartney performed the song live on top of the Ed Sullivan Theater during his appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman.
The version of the song from McCartney's live album Good Evening New York City, recorded during the Summer Live '09 tour, was nominated at the 53rd Grammy Awards in the category of Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance.[30] It won, becoming McCartney's first solo Grammy win since he won for arranging "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" in 1972.[31]
McCartney opened his set at 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief with the song.[32]
Personnel[edit]
Paul McCartney – lead vocal, electric guitar, piano
John Lennon – backing vocal, six-string bass, electric guitar, sound effects (through brass instruments)
George Harrison – backing vocal, rhythm guitar, electric slide guitar, sound effects
Ringo Starr – drums, cowbell, vocal shout
Mal Evans – trumpet
Personnel per Mark Lewisohn[12] and Alan W. Pollack[21]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ McKinney, Devin (2003). Magic Circles: The Beatles in Dream and History. Harvard University Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-674-01202-X.
Jump up ^ Winn, John C (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. Three Rivers Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-307-45239-5.
Jump up ^ Rowley, David (2013). All Together Now. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 68.
Jump up ^ Athitakis, Mark (September–October 2013). "A Beatles Reflection". Humanities. National Endowment of the Humanities. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miles 1997, pp. 487–488.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 200.
Jump up ^ Erlewine 2007.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Beatles Songs". 19 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ AskOxford 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b The Beatles 2000, p. 311.
Jump up ^ Beatles Interview Database 1968.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lewisohn 1988, p. 154.
Jump up ^ Marck 2008.
Jump up ^ Spitz 2005, p. 794.
Jump up ^ Brown 2007.
Jump up ^ Allmusic 2007.
Jump up ^ Graff & Durchholz 1999, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Mark (10 September 2009). "The Beatles: The Beatles". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 298.
Jump up ^ Brackett & Hoard, p. 53.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollack 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b Bugliosi 1997, pp. 240–247.
Jump up ^ Linder 2007a.
Jump up ^ Linder 2007b.
Jump up ^ "Pandora's Box - Aerosmith". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Bobs - The Bobs". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ 1984 Grammy award nomination, Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices, Richard Greene, Gunnar Madsen - Helter Skelter (The Bobs) LA Times, "The Envelope" awards database, accessed 2010 Jan 13.
Jump up ^ "U2 - Helter Skelter". U2songs.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bono Bites Back". Mother Jones Magazine. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Final Nominations List, 53rd Grammy Awards Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine., National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 10 February 2011.
Jump up ^ [1][permanent dead link] Yahoo! Entertainment Story - Reuters. Retrieved on 13 February 2011.[dead link]
Jump up ^ '12-12-12': Paul McCartney fronts Nirvana 'reunion' and more highlights from Sandy benefit concert Archived 14 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
References[edit]
"Review of 'Helter Skelter'". Allmusic. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
"Definition of helter-skelter". AskOxford. 2008. Retrieved 19 Sep 2010.
"Radio Luxembourg interview, Paul McCartney". Beatles Interview Database. 20 November 1968. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-2684-8.
Brackett, Nathan; with Hoard, Christian (eds) (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th edn). New York, NY: Fireside/Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Brown, Mike (2007). "Helter Skelter". What Goes On. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Bugliosi, Vincent; Gentry, Burt (1994). Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders (25th Anniversary ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-08700-X.
"Dianne Heatherington - Helter Skelter". Discogs. 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2007). "Review of The Beatles [White Album]". Allmusic. Retrieved 20 April 2007.
Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (eds) (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-061-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Hoekstra, Ray (1978). "Will You Die For Me?". Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
Linder, Douglas (2007a). "Testimony of Paul Watkins in the Charles Manson Trial". The Trial of Charles Manson. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
Linder, Douglas (2007b). "The Influence of the Beatles on Charles Manson". The Trial of Charles Manson. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from the original on 21 December 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Marck, John T. (2008). "Helter Skelter - Music History". I Am The Beatles. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
Pollack, Alan W (7 June 1998). "Helter Skelter". Notes on ... series.
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-80352-9.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Beatles (album)
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Helter Skelter"
show
v
t
e
The Beatles (White Album)
Songs
Side one
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
"Dear Prudence"
"Glass Onion"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da"
"Wild Honey Pie"
"The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill"
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
"Happiness Is a Warm Gun"
Side two
"Martha My Dear"
"I'm So Tired"
"Blackbird"
"Piggies"
"Rocky Raccoon"
"Don't Pass Me By"
"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
"I Will"
"Julia"
Side three
"Birthday"
"Yer Blues"
"Mother Nature's Son"
"Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey"
"Sexy Sadie"
"Helter Skelter"
"Long, Long, Long"
Side four
"Revolution 1"
"Honey Pie"
"Savoy Truffle"
"Cry Baby Cry"
"Revolution 9"
"Good Night"
Non-album single
"Hey Jude
Revolution"
Outtakes
"A Beginning"
"Child of Nature"
"Circles"
"Etcetera"
"Junk"
"Not Guilty"
"Sour Milk Sea"
"What's the New Mary Jane"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
The Beatles in India
Mother Nature's Son
The Grey Album
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
show
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1965
"Rock and Roll Music" / "I'm a Loser" (Europe, Australia)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
"Michelle" / "Girl" (Europe)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
show
v
t
e
Aerosmith
Steven Tyler
Tom Hamilton
Joey Kramer
Joe Perry
Brad Whitford
Ray Tabano
Jimmy Crespo
Rick Dufay
Studio albums
Aerosmith
Get Your Wings
Toys in the Attic
Rocks
Draw the Line
Night in the Ruts
Rock in a Hard Place
Done with Mirrors
Permanent Vacation
Pump
Get a Grip
Nine Lives
Just Push Play
Honkin' on Bobo
Music from Another Dimension!
Live albums
Live! Bootleg
Classics Live I and II
A Little South of Sanity
Rockin' the Joint
Extended plays
Vacation Club
Made in America
Singles
"Mama Kin"
"Dream On"
"Same Old Song and Dance"
"Train Kept A-Rollin'"
"S.O.S. (Too Bad)"
"Sweet Emotion"
"Toys in the Attic"
"Walk This Way"
"You See Me Crying"
"Last Child"
"Home Tonight"
"Back in the Saddle"
"Draw the Line"
"Kings and Queens"
"Get It Up"
"Come Together"
"Chip Away the Stone"
"Remember (Walking in the Sand)"
"Lightning Strikes"
"Bitch's Brew"
"Let the Music Do the Talking"
"Shela"
"My Fist Your Face"
"Darkness"
"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)"
"Hangman Jury" (promo)
"Angel"
"Rag Doll"
"Love in an Elevator"
"F.I.N.E.*" (promo)
"Janie's Got a Gun"
"What It Takes"
"The Other Side"
"Monkey on My Back"
"Love Me Two Times"
"Helter Skelter"
"Livin' on the Edge"
"Eat the Rich"
"Fever" (promo)
"Cryin'"
"Amazing"
"Shut Up and Dance" (UK)
"Deuces Are Wild" (promo)
"Crazy"
"Blind Man"
"Walk on Water"
"Nine Lives"
"Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)"
"Hole in My Soul"
"Pink"
"Taste of India"
"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing"
"What Kind of Love Are You On"
"Angel's Eye"
"Jaded"
"Fly Away from Here"
"Sunshine"
"Just Push Play"
"Girls of Summer"
"Baby, Please Don't Go"
"Devil's Got a New Disguise"
"Legendary Child"
"Lover Alot"
"What Could Have Been Love"
"Can't Stop Lovin' You"
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Gems
Pandora's Box
Big Ones
Pandora's Toys
Box of Fire
Young Lust: The Aerosmith Anthology
Classic Aerosmith: The Universal Masters Collection
O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits
Devil's Got a New Disguise: The Very Best of Aerosmith
Tough Love: Best of the Ballads
Videos and DVDs
Aerosmith Video Scrapbook
Permanent Vacation 3x5
Live Texxas Jam '78
Things That Go Pump in the Night
The Making of Pump
Big Ones You Can Look At
You Gotta Move
Rock for the Rising Sun
Concert tours
Rocks Tour
Live Bootleg! Tour
Back in the Saddle Tour
Done with Mirrors Tour
Permanent Vacation Tour
Pump Tour
Get a Grip Tour
Nine Lives Tour
Roar of the Dragon Tour
Just Push Play Tour
Girls of Summer Tour
Rocksimus Maximus Tour
Honkin' on Bobo Tour
Rockin' the Joint Tour
Route of All Evil Tour
Aerosmith World Tour 2007
Aerosmith/ZZ Top Tour
Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour
Back On the Road Tour
Global Warming Tour
Let Rock Rule Tour
Blue Army Tour
Rock 'N' Roll Rumble Tour
Aero-Vederci Baby! Tour
Related articles
Album discography
Singles discography
Videography
Songs
Band members
Concert tours
Awards
Toxic Twins
The Strangeurs/Chain Reaction
Whitford/St. Holmes
The Joe Perry Project
Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith
Wherehouse
Aero Force One
Blue Army
Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith
Quest for Fame
Revolution X
Guitar Hero: Aerosmith
songs
Toxic Twin Towers Ball
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helter_Skelter_(song)&oldid=852530806"
Categories:
1968 songs
Aerosmith songs
Apple Records singles
Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance
British hard rock songs
Manson Family
Mötley Crüe songs
Oasis (band) songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Songs published by Northern Songs
The Beatles songs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2012
Use dmy dates from June 2011
Use British English from August 2010
Articles with hAudio microformats
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
中文
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 July 2018, at 16:53 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Helter Skelter (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(English)
mw-redirect
Radio Luxembourg (English)

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/District_Attorney
mw-redirect
District Attorney

values:
/wiki/Tate-LaBianca_murders
mw-redirect
Tate-LaBianca murders

values:
/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_Tracks
mw-redirect
Mainstream Rock Tracks

values: Grammy Award for Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices

values: Edit section: Paul McCartney live performances

values:
/wiki/%2704_Summer_Tour
mw-redirect
'04 Summer Tour

values:
/wiki/Medley_(music)
mw-redirect
Medley (music)

values:
/wiki/The_End_(The_Beatles_song)
mw-redirect
The End (The Beatles song)

values:
/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead
mw-redirect
The Grateful Dead

values:
/wiki/53rd_Grammy_Awards
mw-redirect
53rd Grammy Awards

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/644206

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values: refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
The_Beatles_singles_discography
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)

values: Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
Aerosmith
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Steven_Tyler
*_Tom_Hamilton
*_Joey_Kramer
*_Joe_Perry
*_Brad_Whitford

*_Ray_Tabano
*_Jimmy_Crespo
*_Rick_Dufay

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: Rocksimus Maximus Tour/World Domination Tour

values: List of awards and nominations received by Aerosmith

values: Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith

values: Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith

values: Category:Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance

values: Category:Song recordings produced by George Martin

values: Category:Songs written by Lennon–McCartney

values: Category:Songs published by Northern Songs

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2012

values: Category:Use British English from August 2010

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ヘルター・スケルター – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Helter_Skelter_song rootpage-Helter_Skelter_song skin-vector action-view


text:
Tide (brand)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Tide
Product type
Laundry detergent
Owner
Procter & Gamble
Country
U.S.
Introduced
1946; 72 years ago (1946)[1]
Related brands
Ace (Latin America)
Alo (Turkey)
Markets
Worldwide
Website
www.tide.com
Tide products in Mainland China
Tide is a laundry detergent introduced in 1946 and manufactured by American multinational Procter & Gamble.[2]
Contents
1 Background
2 History
3 Brand
4 Product line
5 Sponsorships
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
The household chore of doing the laundry began to change with the introduction of washing powders in the 1880s. These new laundry products were pulverized soap. New cleaning-product marketing successes, such as the 1890s introduction of the N. K. Fairbank Company's Gold Dust Washing Powder (which used a breakthrough hydrogenation process in its formulation),[3] and Hudson's heavily advertised product, Rinso,[4] proved that there was a ready market for better cleaning agents. Henkel & Cie's "self-activating" (or self bleaching) cleaner, Persil; (introduced in 1907);[5] the early synthetic detergent, BASF's Fewa (introduced in 1932); and Procter & Gamble's 1933 totally synthetic creation, Dreft (marketed for use on infant-wear)[6] —all indicated significant advances in the laundry cleaning product market.
The detergent business was further revolutionized with the discovery of the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which, when combined with the use of chemical "builders", made machine washing with hard water possible.[6] This presented Procter and Gamble with the opportunity to create a product such as Tide.
History[edit]
The logo of Tide used from 1966–1996.
The original Tide laundry detergent was a synthetic designed specifically for heavy-duty, machine cleaning (an advance over the milder cleaning capabilities of FeWA and Dreft). Tide was first introduced in U.S. test markets in 1946 as the world's first heavy-duty detergent, with nationwide distribution accomplished in 1949. Tide claimed it was "America's Washday Favorite." Authority was quickly gained in the U.S. detergent market, dwarfing the sales of Ivory Snow; and accelerating the demise of two of its main competing products, Rinso and Gold Dust Washing Powder, both then Lever Brothers brands. These other brands came in the more familiar soap-powder and soap-flake forms. Tide, however, came shaped as a white powdered bead. The line was expanded to include an orange-tinted clear liquid form in 1984. Today, most formulations of liquid Tide, both concentrated and regular, are dark blue, with the exception of "Tide Free", which is clear. Each year, Tide researchers duplicate the mineral content of water from all parts of the United States and wash 50,000 loads of laundry to test Tide detergent’s consistency and performance.
In 2006, the development of Tide was designated an ACS National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of its significance as the first heavy-duty synthetic detergent.[7]
As of January 2013[update] Tide has more than 30% of the liquid-detergent market, with more than twice as much in sales as the second most-popular brand Gain, although it costs about 50% more than the average liquid detergent.
In some areas, Tide has become such a hot commodity item, that criminals steal it from stores to resell. Police call the detergent "liquid gold" on the black market and it has been known to be traded or sold for illegal drugs.[8][9]
Brand[edit]
In a 2009 survey, consumers ranked Tide among the three brands they would be least likely to give up during the Great Recession.[8] The Tide trademark is an easily recognized, distinctive orange-and-yellow bulls-eye. This original logo was designed by Donald Deskey, an architect and famous industrial designer. The logo was slightly modified for the product's fiftieth anniversary in 1996, and remains in use today.
Tide was the first product to be nationally packaged using Day-Glo colors—strikingly eye-catching when first introduced in 1959.[10]
The Tide brand is on at least six powders and liquid detergents in the United States.
Product line[edit]
Tide is marketed under various sub-brands, such as 2x Ultra Tide.[11] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it was branded as Tide XK (the XK standing for Xtra Kleaning),[12] but it was rebranded simply as Tide later.
An addition to the Tide family, Tide Coldwater was formulated to remove stains while saving energy because it does not require hot or even warm water.[11] Tide Free is marketed as being free from dyes or perfumes.[citation needed] Tide-To-Go is a product packaged in a pen-like format and intended to remove small stains on the spot, without further laundering.[11]
In Puerto Rico[13] and elsewhere in Latin America, the Tide formula is marketed under the name Ace[citation needed] (except in Ecuador and Panama, where it is sold under the same Tide brand as is in current use in the U.S.)[citation needed] In Turkey, Tide is branded as Alo.[citation needed] In Poland, it is sold as Vizir. In Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, it is sold as Fab, a brand acquired in 2006[14] from Colgate-Palmolive.
Tide is sold in the UK as Daz Go-Pods; they have the marking "Daz/Vizir/Tide" on the back and bear the same distinctive design.
Since 2012, Tide has sold laundry detergent pods, making an estimated 15% of market sales.[15][16] In late 2017, an Internet meme was popularized around the concept of eating Tide Pods[17] and, as a result, many YouTubers attempted the extremely dangerous "Tide Pod Challenge."[18]
Sponsorships[edit]
The "Tide Ride", driven by Ricky Rudd at Pocono Raceway in 1997
Tide has also sponsored a few things like NASCAR stock cars, notably as the "Tide Ride". Darrell Waltrip drove the #17 Tide-sponsored Chevy for Hendrick Motorsports. The relationship lasted from 1987 to 1990 and won the 1989 Daytona 500 along the way. Waltrip left the team to form his own team. Tide then sponsored Ricky Rudd in the #5 car after Levi Garrett left Hendrick. Rudd drove for Hendrick until 1993, when he left the racing team, also to form his own team and taking the Tide sponsorship. Rudd Performance Motorsports ran from 1994–1999 and won the 4th Brickyard 400 in 1997. After Rudd became winless in his first time in 17 seasons, Tide left Rudd after being lured by Calvin Well's new team PPI Motorsports. The new team's number was 32, which was a combination of 17, 5, and 10 added all up. Scott Pruett was the first driver but after DNQing 6 times and no Top 10s. Ricky Craven took over in 2001 and responded with a win at Martinsville Speedway. He went winless in 2002, but one year later, he won the closest race in NASCAR history at Darlington in the Carolina Dodge Dealers 400, rubbing with Kurt Busch for laps and with a margin-of-victory of 0.002. It is tied for the closest finish in Cup Series history. After no Top 10s halfway through the 2004 season, Craven left PPI and was replaced by Bobby Hamilton, Jr. for 2004 and 2005. Travis Kvapil ran for PPI in 2006 but with four DNQ's.[19] Tide left the sport before it was going to sponsor one of Well's proposed Toyota teams in 2007. Tide was on Kevin Harvick's truck a few times, but Kroger was promoting the car with it. Tide made its Cup series return in September 2016, when it sponsored Matt Kenseth's No. 20 car for a Darlington tribute scheme.[20] Tide extended their sponsorship to Joe Gibbs Racing to three races in 2017.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History" (PDF). P&G. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Davis, Dyer; et al. (May 1, 2004). Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter and Gamble. Harvard Business Press. p. 426.
Jump up ^ The Holland Evening Sentinel; Holland, MI; Newspaper James F. Boyce, Sr. Obituary Article, Jun 4, 1935
Jump up ^ "History of soap". Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "100 Years of Persil". Henkel. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
Jump up ^ "The Development of Tide Synthetic Detergent". National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Paynter, Ben (January 6, 2013). "Suds for Drugs". New York. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nestel, M.L. (March 12, 2012). "Grime Wave". The Daily. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "DayGlo Fluorescent Pigments". National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tide Laundry Detergent And Fabric Care Products". Tide.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tide XK is introduced and is the first detergent specially formulated with enzymes to thoroughly break down protein and carbohydrate stains. | Tide News". news.tide.com. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "The Clorox Company Puerto Rico, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. The Procter & Gamble Commercial Company, Defendant, Appellee". United States Court of Appeals, For the First Circuit. October 3, 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Colgate sells SEA detergent brands to P&G". The Star. 5 January 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Laundry detergent pods remain a health hazard". Consumer Reports. March 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tide's Answer To Slumping Sales? Use More Detergent Pods!". Consumerist. 2016-06-08. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kircher, Madison Malone (December 28, 2017). "Please Don't Eat a Tide Pod, No Matter What the Memes Say". Select All. New York. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tide Pod Challenge: Teens are putting detergent pods in their mouth and posting videos online". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ loganofan22 (2014-07-07), History of NASCAR's "Tide Ride", retrieved 2018-02-21
Jump up ^ "Classic Tide car returning to NASCAR at Darlington". Autoweek. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "'Tide Ride' returns for Kenseth in three-race deal". NASCAR. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Further reading[edit]
Leu, Chelsea (May 27, 2016). "Here's What's Inside Those Magical Stain-Erasing Pens". Wired. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
show
v
t
e
Procter & Gamble
People
Norman R. Augustine
Clarence Gamble
James Gamble
A.G. Lafley
Lynn Morley Martin
James McNerney
William Procter
William Cooper Procter
John F. Smith Jr.
Ralph Snyderman
Meg Whitman
Ernesto Zedillo
Brands
Always
Ambi Pur
Ariel
Aussie
Bold
Bonux 3 in 1
Bounty
Braun
Camay
Charmin
Cheer
Clairol
CoverGirl
Crest/Blend-A-Med
Dawn
DayQuil
Daz
Downy
Dreft
Fairy
Febreze
Gain
Gillette
Gleem
Head & Shoulders
Herbal Essences
Ivory
Joy
Luvs
Max Factor
Metamucil
Mr. Clean
Nice 'n Easy
NyQuil
Olay
Old Spice
Oral-B
Pampers
Pantene
Pepto-Bismol
Puffs
Safeguard
Secret
SK-II
Scope
Swiffer
Tampax
Tide
Vicks
Wella
more...
Related
Arbora & Ausonia Joint Venture
Baltimore Plant
BeingGirl
Chemicals
Decision Earth
Hankook P&G
MDVIP
PG Tips
Port Ivory
Pringles
Procter & Gamble Co. v. OHIM
Tyneside
Procter & Gamble Philippines
Consumption of Tide Pods
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tide_(brand)&oldid=854692739"
Categories:
Laundry detergents
Cleaning product brands
Procter & Gamble brands
Products introduced in 1946
Trademarks
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from March 2018
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013
All articles containing potentially dated statements
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
فارسی
Français
Română
Русский
Tagalog
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 04:03 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tide.com

values:
/wiki/Multinational_company
mw-redirect
Multinational company

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Gold_dust_washing_powder
mw-redirect
Gold dust washing powder

values:
/wiki/Sodium_dodecylbenzenesulfonate
mw-redirect
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Eating_Tide_Pods
mw-redirect
Eating Tide Pods

values:
/wiki/Tide_Pod_Challenge
mw-redirect
Tide Pod Challenge

values:
/wiki/Bobby_Hamilton,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Bobby Hamilton, Jr.

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tide.com/en-us

values:
nofollow
http://www.tide.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Bonux_(detergent)
mw-redirect
Bonux (detergent)

values:
/wiki/Safeguard_(soap)
mw-redirect
Safeguard (soap)

values:
/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble_Co._v._OHIM
mw-redirect
Procter & Gamble Co. v. OHIM

values:
/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble_Philippines
mw-redirect
Procter & Gamble Philippines

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tide_(brand)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide
Tide – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide
Tide – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide
Tide – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tide_brand rootpage-Tide_brand skin-vector action-view