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Waze
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Waze
Original author(s)
Waze Mobile
Developer(s)
Google
Initial release
2006; 12 years ago (2006) (as FreeMap Israel)
Stable release(s)
Android
4.41.1 / July 23, 2018; 34 days ago (2018-07-23)[1]
iOS
4.41.2 / July 18, 2018; 39 days ago (2018-07-18)[2]
Repository
Source code
Available in
40 languages[3]
Type
GPS navigation software
License
Commercial proprietary software
Website
waze.com
Waze (/weɪz/; formerly FreeMap Israel) is a GPS navigation software that works on smartphones and tablets with GPS support. It provides turn-by-turn navigation information and user-submitted travel times and route details, while downloading location-dependent information over a mobile telephone network. Waze describes its app as a community-driven GPS navigation app, which is free to download and use.
The app was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Waze Mobile that was founded by Ehud Shabtai, Amir Shinar and Uri Levine, funded by two Israeli venture capital firms, Magma and Vertex, and an early-stage American venture capital firm, Bluerun Ventures. Waze Mobile was acquired in 2013 by Google.
Waze won the Best Overall App award at the 2013 Mobile World Congress, beating Dropbox, Flipboard and others.[4]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Development
1.2 Google subsidiary (2013–present)
2 Overview
2.1 OS support
3 Interaction with government
4 Criticism
5 Patents and licensing
6 Crowdsourcing
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2006, FreeMap Israel was a project founded and developed by Israeli programmer Ehud Shabtai as a community project, which aimed to create, with the crowd sourcing assistance of community users, a free digital database of the map of Israel in Hebrew, and to ensure its free content, update and distribution.[5] In 2008, Shabtai formed a company called Waze to commercialize the project.[6] The company name was changed to Waze Mobile Ltd in 2009.
In December 2011, Waze employed 80 people, composed of 70 at Ra'anana, Israel and 10 in Palo Alto, California.[7][8][9][10]
In 2010, the company raised $25 million in the second round of funding.[11]
In 2011, the company, which planned to monetize through location-based advertising and to expand into Asia, raised an additional $30 million in financing.[12]
In 2011, the app was updated to display real-time, community-curated points of interest, including local events such as street fairs and protests.[13]
As of January 2012[update], the app had been downloaded 12 million times worldwide.[12][14] In July 2012, Waze announced that it had reached 20 million users, half of them recruited in the previous six months.[15] According to Yahoo! there were nearly 50 million Waze users as of June 2013.[16]
In June 2012, Waze launched an update to provide real-time fuel prices. As with all Waze real-time updates, prices are submitted by users; however, this feature is not available in all countries.[17]
Since November 2012, in monetizing its app, Waze has offered resellers and advertisers a web interface to advertise based on location, where a small icon appears when a phone is at a particular location, prompting the user to engage.[18] It also offers to TV news stations a web interface to broadcast current traffic reports and alerts directly from the Waze app; the service had been used by 25 TV U.S. news stations by June 2013.[19] It has also been used in Rio de Janeiro inside Centro de Operações Rio (Rio's Operations Center) since July 24, 2013,[20] as well as in New York and New Jersey since 2012.
In June 2013, Waze introduced a global localization project that enables future road closures and real-time traffic updates during major events in a given country, for example Tour de France.[21]
Google subsidiary (2013–present)[edit]
Google bought Waze for $966 million in 2013 to add social data to its mapping business. Waze's 100 employees received about $1.2 million on average, the largest payout to employees in Israeli high tech.[22]
In June 2013, the United States Federal Trade Commission started considering whether Google's purchase of Waze might violate competition law[23] – Waze was one of very few competitors in the mobile mapping sector to Google's own Google Maps. The FTC decided that it would not challenge Google's acquisition of Waze.[24] The UK Office of Fair Trading and the Israel Antitrust Authority also investigated it and allowed the acquisition.[25][26][27]
Google filed a "10-Q" form with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) stating that the Waze acquisition cost $966 million.
In March 2017, Spotify announced its partnership with Waze to give an integrated experience where Wazers could play music on Spotify directly from Waze app and get Waze directions on Spotify app on the Android platform. Six months later, the feature was made available on the iOS platform. [28][29]
In May 2017, Waze introduced the ability for users to record their own voice navigation prompts.[30]
Overview[edit]
The Waze app on iOS with visible users, traffic volume, and user-submitted reports
Waze collects map data, travel times and traffic information from users and transmits it to the Waze server, at no cost to Waze.[31] Waze users ("Wazers") can report accidents, traffic jams, speed and police traps, and, from the online map editor, can update roads, landmarks, house numbers, etc. Waze sends anonymous information, including users' speed and location, back to its database to improve the service as a whole.
Based on the information collected, Waze is then in a position to provide routing and real-time traffic updates. Waze can also identify the cheapest fuel station near a user or along their route, provided Waze has enabled fuel prices for that country.
Waze can be used anywhere in the world but requires enough initial users to create the maps and continuously update data to make it useful. Currently, only 13 countries have a full base map; the others are incompletely mapped, requiring users to record roads and edit maps.
Waze offers turn-by-turn voice navigation, real-time traffic, and other location-specific alerts. Waze encourages users to report traffic or road hazards by offering points.[32] Add-ons expand the functions and personalize this interaction with the app. For example, add-ons can integrate Foursquare and Facebook friends to Waze or notify the user when driving through a high-crime area.[33]
In 2017, an option was added for motorcycle users, as well as specialized routes for people eligible to drive in carpool lanes.[34]
OS support[edit]
Waze supports Android and iPhone, while Symbian, BlackBerry 10 (except BlackBerry Q10),[35] Windows Phone 8[36] and Windows Mobile from version 5[37] were deprecated. In July 2013, Waze said they planned to support both iPhone and Android and would consider supporting new platforms. As older platforms (Symbian, WM, BlackBerry) do not support either a full native UI or other application programming interfaces they rely on, they claimed they could not support them anymore, although existing versions would continue to work.[38]
Interaction with government[edit]
Waze invented and initiated the connected citizens program (CCP), a free data sharing program used by over 200 governments, departments of transportation and municipalities for traffic analysis, road planning, and emergency workforce dispatching.[39] Waze both contributes to government data and also collects government data to use.
In 2014, Rio de Janeiro started collecting data for its traffic management system. Rio collects real-time data both from drivers who use the Waze navigation app and pedestrians who use the public-transportation app Moovit. Rio was also talking to the owners of cycling app Strava to monitor movements of cyclists. It was noted that though initially the data the apps were sharing was all anonymous, more specific identifying details were possible, if people agreed to being monitored through their smartphones if they saw benefits for them.[40]
Criticism[edit]
Concerns have been expressed that the app located on smartphones can be used to monitor movements by identifiable individuals.[40]
Some road-safety advocates have voiced concern over the prospect of more drivers using Waze, which they say has the potential to distract them with a flurry of icons and notifications and put them at greater risk of an accident.[41]
In March 2014, a successful attempt was made by students from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to fake a traffic jam.[42]
In December 2014, in a letter sent to Google, Los Angeles Police Department Chief Charlie Beck complained about the police locator feature, claiming it could be "misused by those with criminal intent to endanger police officers and the community". It was alleged that Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who shot and killed two NYPD officers that month, had used the Waze app prior to the murders and had posted a screenshot from the app on his Instagram account hours before the shootings.[43] Users are able to mark the presence of an officer with a small icon and indicate if the officer is visible or hidden. The LAPD, among other police agencies, pressured Google to disable the feature on the application. Google states that knowing the whereabouts of an officer promotes safer driving.[44][45]
In April 2018, Waze was criticized for rerouting traffic to Baxter Street in Echo Park, Los Angeles, which is one of the steepest hills in the city, having a 32% grade. This led to crashes and spin-outs in a neighborhood with an elementary school.[46][47]
Patents and licensing[edit]
Waze Mobile Ltd holds several patents, including:
U.S. Patent 7,936,284. System and method for parking time estimations. Issued May 3, 2011
U.S. Patent 8,271,057. Condition-based activation, shut-down and management of applications of mobile devices. Issued September 18, 2012
U.S. Patent 8,612,136. System and method for roadmap creation. Issued December 17, 2013, with priority date of August 27, 2008. This patent was mentioned in the class action suit filed in 2014.
The Waze v2.x software was distributed under GNU General Public License v2, which did not extend to map data.[48] FreeMap[49] data was not published under open content licenses even before the shift to Waze project. Ehud Shabtai who initiated and developed Freemap and Waze continuously insisted to crowdsource data without using external sources or projects like OpenStreetMap that would restrict commercialization of the Waze map data.[50] Starting with Waze v3 the application was rewritten and as such switched to a proprietary license.[51] The last open source client version for the iPhone and Android is 2.4.0.0, and for Windows Mobile 2.0.[52][53]
A class action suit was filed in March 2014 by accountant Roey Gorodish against Waze, claiming intellectual property violation for the use of open-source FreeMap map and code from the open-source RoadMap software,[54] a project that Ehud Shabtai had contributed for the Windows PocketPC version in 2006.[55][56][57] The lawsuit was dismissed on March 5, 2017 with a clear cut decision that there was no basis for a class action suit in this case.
Crowdsourcing[edit]
One of the unique aspects of Waze is the ability to direct users based on crowdsourced information. Waze users are able to report a multitude of traffic-related incidents from accidents to police traps. This data is used by Waze to help other users either by alerting them of the condition ahead or even rerouting the user to avoid the area entirely. In addition to user input, Waze also relies on information from state agencies for traffic events such as road construction. The idea behind this is, the more people who provide data the more accurate it will be.[58]
In addition to using crowdsourced information for traffic alerts, Waze also allows registered users to modify the map data itself through the Waze Map Editor. Map editors are allowed to make changes to the map based on where they have driven while using Waze as well as their rank which is based on how many map edits a user has made.
See also[edit]
Comparison of commercial GPS software
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Waze - GPS, Maps, Traffic Alerts & Live Navigation". APKMirror. Android Police. July 23, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Waze Inc. (July 18, 2018). "Waze Navigation & Live Traffic". App Store. Apple. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Waze localization". Transifex. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Tzahi (February 27, 2013). "Waze wins Best Mobile App award in Barcelona". Globes. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Freemap Israel https://web.archive.org/web/20080309014056/http://www.freemap.co.il/terms.html. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Freemap Israel https://web.archive.org/web/20090207203404/http://freemap.co.il/index.html. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Blum, Brian (December 19, 2011). "Waze steers you clear of traffic". Israel21c. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hoge, Patrick (October 18, 2011). "Waze raises $30 million". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview of Waze Ltd". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Singh, Sukasha (March 16, 2012). "Social network paves the Waze". TechCentral. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Waze revs up crowdsourced driving app with $25M. Venturebeat. December 7, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Devindra Hardawar. Waze raises $30M for its crowdsourced driving app, hits 7M users. Forbes, October 18, 2011
Jump up ^ "Waze Introduces Redesigned App for iPad, iPhone & iPod touch, Steering Drivers from Local Search to Local Discovery". San Francisco Chronicle. October 13, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Jason (February 9, 2012). "Waze, A Free GPS Driving App, Features Spoken Turn-By-Turn Directions And User Input". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Lardinois, Frederic. July 5, 2012. "Waze Doubles Its User Base To 20 Million in 6 Months."
Jump up ^ Yahoo, June 12, 2013 "Waze sale signals new growth for Israeli high tech" https://news.yahoo.com/waze-sale-signals-growth-israeli-high-tech-174533585.html
Jump up ^ Ha, Anthony. June 20, 2012. "Navigation App Waze Adds Real-Time Fuel Prices." https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/20/waze-fuel/
Jump up ^ "Waze Maps Out Native Ad Platform Driving app navigates direct sales, self-serve". Adweek. November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "What Waze Adds To Google: A View From Waze's CEO". Forbes. June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prefeitura começa a usar Waze no Centro de Operações Rio". O Globo. July 24, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Waze Blog: How to Beat Epic Traffic Caused by Summer Events". Waze. June 27, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Teig, Amir (June 13, 2013). "Waze employees clinch most lucrative exit in Israeli history". Haaretz. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "US Federal Trade Commission probes Google Waze deal". Tekinsol. June 23, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Melissa Grey. "FTC will not challenge Google's $1 billion Waze acquisition". Engadget. AOL.
Jump up ^ "Google acquisition of Waze traffic app sparks OFT inquiry". The Guardian. August 27, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Israel's antitrust panel taking a look at Google-Waze merger". JTA. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Waze - News - GCR - Global Competition Review Global Competition Review
Jump up ^ "Spotify + Waze Partnership". Spotify. March 15, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Waze integrates Spotify into its iOS app". The Verge. September 18, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to record your own voice for Waze navigation". CNET. May 11, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Terdiman, Daniel (August 6, 2009). "CNET News – Waze iPhone app provides real-time, crowdsourced traffic data". CNET. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Furchgott, Roy (May 6, 2010). "Waze in a New York Times blog". New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How Much Does it Cost to Create an App Like Waze?". Stormotion Blog. March 2, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Chris (November 29, 2017). "Waze adds new motorcycle mode and 'OK Waze' voice commands". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Waze FAQs". Waze. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Waze". Windows. November 20, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Waze Support, Quick Help. Type "Windows mobile" in search box. Shows "How to install Waze" with download for WM5-6 on device from https://www.waze.com. Also, Symbian and old Blackberry.
Jump up ^ Waze Support, Quick Help. Type "Future Waze versions" in search box. Shows "Future Waze versions and operating systems". States that current versions for WM, BB and Symbian will remain available.
Jump up ^ "WAZE IS DRIVING INTO CITY HALL". Fast Company.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why Google's Waze Is Trading User Data With Local Governments". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Kevin Roose (June 14, 2013). "Did Google Just Buy a Dangerous Driving App?". New York Magazine.
Jump up ^ Kelsey D. Atherton (March 31, 2014). "Israeli Students Spoof Waze App With Fake Traffic Jam". Popular Science. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Traffic app maker Waze rejects criticism by L.A. police chief". Reuters. January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Police say Waze cop-tracker is threat to officers". CBC News.
Jump up ^ Eileen Sullivan (January 29, 2015). "Google Waze traffic app draws ire of U.S. sheriffs". CBC News. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnpFRxUACdo&t=1s
Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-lopez-echo-park-traffic-20180404-story.html
Jump up ^ "Waze Terms of Use". Waze. May 31, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Freemap.co.il". Archived from the original on April 9, 2006. Retrieved 2015-04-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Brady Forrest (August 14, 2009). "O'Reilly Radar – Waze: Make Your Own Maps in Realtime". O'Reilly. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Waze вече няма да е под GPL. Затваря си сорс кода. " Корабен дневник на MiCRoPhoBIC". Tonev.net. June 30, 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Waze Wiki Source code". Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved 2014-05-21. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Waze 2.4.0.0 iPhone Source code". Waze. June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Waze – Copyrights and licenses". Archived from the original on March 4, 2011. Retrieved 2015-04-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Accountant Sues Waze for Allegedly Stolen Code". TMCnet. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Waze founder in 2006: Maps belong to the community". Haaretz. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "$1B exit and you don't cut us in? No Waze Jose!". Geektime. March 30, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Are You Gonna Go My Waze? Practical Advice for Working with 3rd Party Data Providers". Retrieved May 8, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waze.
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waze&oldid=856106071"
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The floor is lava
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Not to be confused with Hot Lava (video game).
Swamp Crossing game where kids have to come up with a team strategy that will allow them to cross a "swamp" using limited number of portable islands (boards) without drowning (touching the ground).
The floor is lava[1][2][3][4][5] is a game, played by people of all ages, in which the players imagine that the floor or ground is made of lava (or any other lethal substance, such as acid or quicksand), and thus avoid touching the ground lest they get burned or otherwise injured. The players stay off of the floor by standing on furniture or the room's architecture.[5] The players generally may not remain still, and are required to move from one piece of furniture to the next. The game can be played with a group or alone for self amusement. There may even be a goal, to which the players must race. The game may also be played outdoors in playgrounds or similar areas. Players can also set up obstacles to make the game more challenging. This is a variation of an obstacle course.
Typically, any individual can start the game just by shouting "The floor is lava!" Any player remaining on the floor in the next few seconds is "out" and can not rejoin the game for some period of time.
There often are tasks, items or places that can "regenerate" lost body parts or health. Depending on the players, these could be embarrassing tasks, or simple things like finding a particular person.
In one version called "Hot Lava Monster", usually played on playgrounds, players must stay off the ground (sand, rubber, woodchips, etc.) and on the play equipment. The person who is posing as 'monster' can be on the 'lava' with the objective of attempting to tag another player. 'Monster' must try to tag or catch the other players. In some versions, 'monster' is not allowed to touch certain obstacles, such as wooden platforms or may only touch objects of a certain colour. The "Monster" player must navigate across structures such as across playground slides, Monkey bars, Ropes courses, etc. instead of the main platform.
By using the Stefan–Boltzmann law and taking convection into account, University of Leicester scientists have calculated that a high stakes version of the game would not be playable with actual lava, as the air above the lava would have a temperature too high for humans to survive for more than a few seconds.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (29 August 2016). "Extreme Version of "The Floor Is Lava" Is Now a Video Game and It Looks Great". GameSpot.
Jump up ^ "A first look at Klei's Hot Lava, a literal take on 'the floor is lava'". Destructoid.
Jump up ^ "Childhood game 'The Floor is Lava' is being turned into a videogame - Kill Screen". Kill Screen. 31 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Liszewski, Andrew (September 7, 2016). "Remember Playing 'The Floor Is Hot Lava' As a Kid? It's Now a Video Game". Gizmodo. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fosberry, Deven; Lakhotia, Pratik (2014). "Playing 'The Floor is Lava' in Real Life". Journal of Interdisciplinary Science Topics. University of Leicester. 3: 37–38 – via Google Books.
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Jana Gana Mana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the National anthem of India. For other uses, see Jana Gana Mana (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jana Gana Mana
English: Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People
Sheet music for "Jana Gana Mana".
National anthem of India
Lyrics
Rabindranath Tagore, 1911[citation needed]
Music
Rabindranath Tagore, 1911[citation needed]
Adopted
24 January 1950
Audio sample
"Jana Gana Mana" (Instrumental)
file
help
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Rabindranath Tagore, the author and composer of the national anthem of India and Bangladesh.
Play media
Rabindranath Tagore singing Jana Gana Mana
"Jana Gana Mana" (Hindi: [ɟənə gəɳə mənə]) is the national anthem of India. It was originally composed as Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore.[1][2] The first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in its Hindi version was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950.[3][4] A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately fifty-two seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.[5] It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (now, Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress.[6]
A separate poem, Vande Mataram, was created "national song" of India during both the colonial period and after independence in 1950.
Contents
1 History
2 Code of conduct
3 Lyrics
3.1 Full Version
3.2 Short Version
4 English translation
5 Gallery
6 Controversies
6.1 Historical significance
6.1.1 Counter arguments
6.2 Regional aspects
7 See also
8 References
9 Notes
10 External links
History[edit]
The poem was first sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on December 27, 1911, and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj.[7][8] Though the Bengali song had been written in 1911,[7] it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika, of which Tagore was the editor.
Song was performed by Sarala Devi Chowdhurani, Tagore’s niece, along with a group of school students, in front of prominent Congress Members like Bishan Narayan Dhar, Indian National Congress President and Ambika Charan Majumdar.
In 1912, the song was published under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj and of which Tagore was the Editor.
Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh on February 28, 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sung the song. The song enthralled the college students while Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins), both requested Tagore to create an English translation of the song and set down the musical notation to the national anthem, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style. Tagore translated the work into English while at the college on February 28, 1919, titled The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. . The college adopted Tagore's translation of the song as their prayer song which is sung till today.
Before it was the national anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana" was heard in the film Hamrahi (1945).[9]
On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body on August 14, 1947, midnight and the session closed with a unanimous performance of Jana Gana Mana.
The members of the Indian Delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held at New York in 1947 gave a recording of Jana Gana Mana as the country’s national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.
Code of conduct[edit]
The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung, and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the Full Version of National Anthem of India is 52 seconds and 20 seconds for shorter version.[5]
Lyrics[edit]
The poem was composed in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa. The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs and has commonality with all major languages in India due to Sanskrit being their common source of formal vocabulary. Therefore, the original song is quite clearly understandable, and in fact, remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages (if variations in inherent vowel and pronunciation of approximants and some sibilants are ignored).
Full Version[edit]
Official lyrics in Hindi[10] (Devanagari script)
(जन गण मन)
Official romanisation[11] (bold indicates long vowels)
Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे
भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा,
द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग
विंध्य[a] हिमाचल यमुना गंगा,
उच्छल जलधि तरंग
तब[b] शुभ नामे जागे, तब[c] शुभ आशिष मांगे
गाहे तब[d] जय गाथा ।
जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे, भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
Tava Subha name jage, tave subha asisa mage,
gahe tava jaya-gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Jana-gana-mana adhināyaka jaya hē
Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā.
Paṁjāba-Sindhu-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā,
Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṁga
Viṁdhya[e] Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā,
ucchala jaladhi taraṁga
Taba[f] Śubha nāmē jāgē, taba[g] śubha āśiṣa māṁgē
gāhē taba[h] jaya gāthā.
Jana gana maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā.
Jaya hē, Jaya hē, Jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.

Original composition in Bengali
(জন গণ মন)
Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ
বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ
তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিস[i] মাগে,
গাহে তব জয়গাথা।
জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
Jana-gana-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā[j]!
Pañjāba[k] Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa[l] Utkala Baṅga[m]
Bindhya[n] Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga
Taba[o] Śubha nāmē jāgē, taba[p] śubha āśisa[q] māgē,
gāhē taba[r] jaẏa-gāthā.
Jana-gana-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā[s]!
Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.
Short Version[edit]
A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions. It reads as follows[12]

Official lyrics in Hindi[13] (Devanagari script)
(जन गण मन)
Official romanisation[14] (bold indicates long vowels)
Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे
भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे !।
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Jana-gana-mana adhināyaka jaya hē
Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā.
Jaya hē, Jaya hē, Jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē !.
English translation[edit]
Translation by Tagore, dated February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College. Refer to The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. for the translation of the full poem. Primary sources available in the "Gallery" section.
Thou art, the ruler of our minds, of all people
The dispenser of India's destiny!
Thy name rouses the heart of Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat
and Maratha, of the Dravida and Odisha
and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of Vindhya and the
Himalayas, and mingles in the music of Ganga and Yamuna
and is chanted by the waves of the Indian sea.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hands,
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, Victory, Victory to thee.[15]
Gallery[edit]
Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College
Page 1 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College
Page 2 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College
Early or original score of Jana Gana Mana
Controversies[edit]
In Kerala, students belonging to the Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung.[16] The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986,[17] the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant" The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.[18]
Supreme Court observed in its ruling[19]
"There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act".
On 30 November 2016, Supreme Court of India ordered the National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters, in order to instill "committed patriotism and nationalism".[20] On February 10, 2017, 2 Kashmiris were booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema, under provisions of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. This was the first arrest of its kind made by a state government in India.[21][22] In January 2018, the government reversed its stance and requested that the Supreme Court rescind the order until a government panel could consider the issue in more depth; the court agreed, and so around 9 January 2018 the National Anthem ceased being compulsory in movie theaters.[23]
Historical significance[edit]
The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911.[24] It was sung on the second day of the convention, and the agenda of that day devoted itself to a loyal welcome of George V on his visit to India. The event was reported thus in the British Indian press:
"The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor." (Statesman, Dec. 28, 1911)

"The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." (Englishman, Dec. 28, 1911)
"When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously." (Indian, Dec. 29, 1911)
Counter arguments[edit]
Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary,[25] was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch. The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly:
"The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." (Amrita Bazar Patrika, Dec.28,1911)
"The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." (The Bengalee, Dec. 28, 1911)
Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference:
"On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram. On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore. Messages from well wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung."
On 10 November 1937 Tagore wrote a letter to Mr Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Ravindrajivani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee.
"A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."[26]
Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes:[27]
"I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." (Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.)
Moreover, Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from "Jana Gana Mana" lionising the Indian independence movement. He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. The Knighthood (i.e. the title of 'Sir') was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Gitanjali" from the government of Sweden. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear", Gitanjali Poem #35) and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji.[citation needed]
Regional aspects[edit]
Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid (South India), Odisha/Utkal and Bengal, were mentioned. None of the princely states – Kashmir, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mysore or Kerala – or the states in Northeast India, which are now integral parts of India were mentioned. But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence. 'Dravida' includes the people from the south (though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then, the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named) and 'Jolodhi' (Stanza 1) is Sanskrit for "seas and oceans". Even North-East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm. India has 29 states, 7 union territories.
In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sindh" and substitute it with the word Kashmir. The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sindh" refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture, and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.
On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam, Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited article of 'The Times of India' published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word 'Kamarup' was included in the song, but was later changed to 'Sindhu' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included.[28] To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper.[28] The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning 'Sanchayita' (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned.[28]
See also[edit]
Subh Sukh Chain, the National Anthem of the Provisional Government of Free India
Vande Mataram, the National Song of India
Amar Shonar Bangla, the National Anthem of Bangladesh
Indian National Army
Capt.Ram Singh Thakur
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html Quote: "Though written in Bengali, the language used was sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which was heavily sanskritised. Many of the words exist with the same meaning in different Indian languages and thus, all Indian people understand the words and meaning of the national anthem"
Jump up ^ "National Symbol: National Anthem". National Portal of India. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Britannica, Editors of Encyclopedia (2008), Britannica Encyclopedia of India (Set of 5 Volumes), Encyclopedia Britannica India, p. 167, ISBN 978-81-8131-008-8 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Quote: "Adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the national anthem of India on January 24, 1950, the song Jana-gana-mana, in its Hindi version of the first stanza, was originally composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore"
Jump up ^ http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf Quote: "The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore’s song known as “Jana Gana Mana” is the National Anthem of India"
^ Jump up to: a b "National Anthem- National Identity Elements of India - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Arunangsu Roy. "100 years since 'Jana Gana Mana' was born". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2011). Rabindranath Tagore : an interpretation. New Delhi: Viking, Penguin Books India. p. 206. ISBN 978-0670084555. Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest. It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911. On December 12, 1911 the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day. The song was actually sung at the twenty-seventh session of the Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day's proceedings. Thereafter it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms, Brahma Sangit.
Jump up ^ http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/
Jump up ^ Chandra, Balakrishnan, Pali, Vijay kumar. "100 Years Of Bollywood-Humrahi (1945)". indiavideo.org. Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "भरत के राष्ट्र गान के संबंध में आदेश" [Order relating to the national anthem of India] (PDF). mha.gov.in. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Orders relating to the national anthem of India" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "National Identity Elements - National Anthem - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
Jump up ^ "भरत के राष्ट्र गान के संबंध में आदेश" [Order relating to the national anthem of India] (PDF). mha.gov.in. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Orders relating to the national anthem of India" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
Jump up ^ James Minahan. "The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]". ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case
Jump up ^ https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/
Jump up ^ "To sing or not to sing Vande Mataram". Indian Express. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors [1986] INSC 167". indiankanoon.org. 11 August 1986. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court orders National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters
Jump up ^ 2 Kashmiris booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema
Jump up ^ In a first, state govt employee amongst two arrested for not standing during national anthem Archived 12 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "India anthem not mandatory in cinemas". BBC News. 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tagore and Jana Gana Mana". Monish R. Chatterjee.
Jump up ^ "India: Are we still singing for the Empire?". Pradip Kumar Datta.
Jump up ^ "Controversy Surrounding The Indian National Anthem". Rare India Fact. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100". Bbc.co.uk. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c State to seek newspaper clarification on report. STAFF Reporter. Assam Tribune, 17-12-2013
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ विन्ध्य is also used
Jump up ^ तव is also used
Jump up ^ तव is also used
Jump up ^ तव is also used
Jump up ^ "Vindhya" is also used
Jump up ^ "Tava" is also used
Jump up ^ "tava" is also used
Jump up ^ "tava" is also used
Jump up ^ আশিষ is also used
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Pañjāva"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Drāviṛa"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Vaṅga"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Vindhya"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Tava"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "tava"
Jump up ^ "āśiṣa" is also used
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "tava"
Jump up ^ Sanskrit transliteration "Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā"
External links[edit]
Find more aboutJana Gana Manaat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Know India: National anthem, Government of India website
The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. English translation of the hymn "Jana Gana Mana" in Tagore's handwriting
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Princess Leia's bikini
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Princess Leia (played by Carrie Fisher) in her iconic "metal bikini" slave outfit from Return of the Jedi (1983)
Princess Leia's bikini (also known as Princess Leia's metal bikini) is an iconic costume worn by actress Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Design and material
3 Reception
3.1 Analysis
3.2 Celebrity followers
4 In popular culture
5 References
6 External links
Development[edit]
Costume designer Aggie Guerard Rodgers built the costume as part of the Industrial Light & Magic visual effects company,[1] along with Nilo Rodis-Jamero.[2] Rodgers said that Lucas gave her only general instructions about the scene in Jabba's palace, but wanted a special costume. She originally "wanted 25 yards of fabric to be flowing through the scene", but couldn't make it work.[1]
The outfit was first developed in sketches by Rodis-Jamero, assistant art director of visual effects for The Empire Strikes Back and the Return of the Jedi costume designer.[3] Rodgers said in 2006 that the costume's design was inspired by the work of science fiction artist Frank Frazetta, saying "He really loved [the female] form. The fact that [Leia's costume is] such a female sensual costume, I think is terrific."[1] Author Rikke Schubart wrote in 2007 that the final design was inspired by Fantastic Story Magazine's cover illustrator Earle K. Bergey drawings of women in metal bikinis that served as putative armors.[4] The costume is a type that can be traced to earlier films, such as Myrna Loy’s turn as the native dancing girl in The Desert Song from 1929, Yvonne De Carlo in Slave Girl, 1947, and Maria Montez adventure films from the 1940s.[2]
The bikini was also worn by stuntwoman Tracy Eddon for the film.[citation needed]
Design and material[edit]
*"It was like steel, not steel, but hard plastic, and if you stood behind me you could see straight to Florida. You'll have to ask Boba Fett about that."[5]
"I remember that iron bikini I wore in "Episode VI": what supermodels will eventually wear in the seventh ring of hell."[6]
Carrie Fisher about design and material
Rodgers and the staff created multiple versions of the metal bikini string to accommodate different scenes in the film, including a hard metal piece (original bronze bra by Sculptor Richard Miller who is credited as "head jeweler" in the film credits) for scenes in which Fisher remained still, and a rubber outfit she and stuntwoman Tracy Eddon could wear comfortably while performing stunts.[1] The costume designers made a mold of Carrie Fisher's torso so it could be designed to a custom fit.[1]
Top
The outfit consisted of a patterned copper brassiere with a curved, plunging neckline that fastened behind the neck and back with string.
Bottom
The outfit had a copper plate at the front while the back was covered by a red silk loincloth.[7]
Accessories
Fisher wore knee-high boots of leather, a hair fastener that positioned her braided ponytail to cascade over her right shoulder, two bracelets, and a snake arm-wrap. She also wore a chain and collar that bound her to Jabba the Hutt, her captor, which she used to kill him.[7]
Reception[edit]
Cosplay
San Diego Comic-Con International, 2012
Star Wars Celebration, 2010
Featured only in two scenes, the costume has nonetheless made Carrie Fisher an iconic sex symbol, and is often imitated by female fans at Star Wars Celebrations.[8] The slave Leia costume has been elevated to pop culture icon status, spawning various spoofs and parodies and even a dedicated fansite.[9] The outfit has also become a popular Halloween costume.[10][11][12][13] One Wired editor stated the only reason for the outfit's fame is "no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci-fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983."[1]
Analysis[edit]
Noah Berlatsky has argued for a deeper significance to the costume beyond its function as a sex symbol, stating that the costume represents an important stage in Princess Leia's complicated relationship with Han Solo.[14]
Celebrity followers[edit]
Actress Olivia Munn in the costume
Various celebrities have also been shown wearing the costume. Melissa Joan Hart, the star of the shows Clarissa Explains It All and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, was photographed wearing the outfit during a costume party.[15] Kerri Kasem, a radio and television host, has been photographed wearing the costume.[16] Actress/model Phoebe Price wore it at the San Diego Comic-Con International in 2010.[17] Liana K, the Canadian co-host of Ed & Red's Night Party and a well-known cosplayer, appeared at 2008 Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo dressed in Princess Leia's slave girl outfit.[18][19] Comedian Amy Schumer wore a replica of Leia's slave outfit for the August 2015 cover of GQ.[20]
In popular culture[edit]
Year
Work
Episode/Scene
Character/Actor
Note
Reference
1996 Friends "The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" Rachel Green (played by Jennifer Aniston) Rachel dresses up in the costume to arouse her boyfriend Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) [1][21]
2000 Family Guy "He's Too Sexy for His Fat" Slave Worn by a slave of Jabba the Griffin (voiced by Seth MacFarlane) [citation needed]
2003 Justice League "Hearts and Minds" Katma Tui Worn by Green Lantern, Katma Tui, while she is undercover. [citation needed]
2007 Robot Chicken "Robot Chicken: Star Wars" Princess Leia (voiced by Candace Bailey) Star Wars-themed special of the show Robot Chicken aired on Cartoon Network [citation needed]
2007 Dancing with the Stars Fourth season Kym Johnson Dancing with singer Joey Fatone to the tune of the "Star Wars main theme" [21]
2007 Chuck "Chuck Versus the Sandworm" Agent Sarah Walker (played by Yvonne Strahovski) A fake photo of Sarah in the costume is central to the storyline, and she later wears it for real.
Strahovski's appearance wearing the slave bikini costume prompted Wizard magazine to rank her #24 of the 25 sexiest women on TV in 2008.[22] IGN gave Strahovski the top honor in a similar list.[23] [21]
2009 Fanboys Zoe (played by Kristen Bell) Comedy film about a group of friends who decide to break into Skywalker Ranch to steal an early print of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace [21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Chien, Philip (July 11, 2006). "The Cult of Leia's Metal Bikini.". Wired.
^ Jump up to: a b Princess Leia, Jabba’s Slave Bikini, Smithsonian
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Homing Beacon #168." StarWars.com. Archived here and here. Retrieved on 2008-08-24.
Jump up ^ Rikke Schubart, Super bitches and action babes: the female hero in popular cinema, 1970-2006, page 225, McFarland & Co., 2007, ISBN 0-7864-2924-0
Jump up ^ Star Wars Insider 68
Jump up ^ Fisher, Carrie (May 16, 1999). "Postcards From the Edge of the Galaxy". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 2, 2001. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Douglas Brode, Leah Deyneka (2012). Sex, Politics, and Religion in Star Wars: An Anthology. p. 79, Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810885141
Jump up ^ Townsend, Allie (July 5, 2011). "Princess Leia's Gold Bikini in Return of the Jedi". Time. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Crowley, Dan (2007). 505 Unbelievably Stupid Webpages. p. 191 (entry 127), Sourcebooks, Inc., ISBN 9781402248221
Jump up ^ Dunlap, Brett (October 20, 2013). "Popular Halloween decor, costumes". News and Sentinel.
Jump up ^ Carin Davis, Life, Love, Lox: Real-World Advice for the Modern Jewish Girl, page 157, Running Press, 2010, ISBN 9780762440412
Jump up ^ Greene, Joseph. The ComMANdments; The Official Guide Book to Man Rules. II. p. 23. ISBN 9781458384737.
Jump up ^ National Costumers Association (U.S.), "1998 Hollywood Trend Report", Costume! Business (volumes 1), Festivities Pub., 1998
Jump up ^ Berlatsky, Noah (5 November 2015). "The 'slave Leia' controversy is about more than objectification". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Chien, Philip (July 11, 2006). "The Cult of Leia's Metal Bikini: Melissa Joan Hart.". Wired. Archived here
Jump up ^ "Kerri Kasem Photo Gallery". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Phoebe Price Channels Slave Leia". Celebuzz. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ Carl Silvio, Tony M. Vinci, Culture, identities, and technology in the Star wars films, page 117, McFarland & Co., 2007, ISBN 0-7864-2910-0
Jump up ^ Heath McCoy (2008-04-26). "Geek girls gone wild!". Calgary Herald.
Jump up ^ Zach Johnson (2015-07-15). "Amy Schumer Wears Princess Leia's Bikini, Seduces C-3PO and R2-D2 and Poses Topless in GQ—See the Photos!". E!.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Labrecque, Jeff (February 6, 2009). "Princess Leia on film and TV". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rossen, Jake; Wizard Staff (February 18, 2008). "Top 25 Sexiest Women on TV". Wizard. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "25 Boob Tube Babes". IGN. February 15, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosplay of Leia Organa slave bikini.
Edlitz, Mark (August 5, 2010). "Fashion by Jabba the Hutt". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Romano, Nick (October 3, 2015). "Princess Leia's Star Wars bikini sells for $96,000 at auction". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
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