text:
Bunk'd
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Bunk'd
Genre
Comedy
Starring
Peyton List
Karan Brar
Skai Jackson
Miranda May
Kevin Quinn
Nathan Arenas
Nina Lu
Theme music composer
Steve Hampton
John Adair
Paul Bessenbacher
Brad Hamilton
Opening theme
"Kikiwaka"
by Kevin Quinn[1]
Composer(s)
John Adair & Steve Hampton
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
42 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Pamela Eells O'Connell
Adam Lapidus
Producer(s)
Mike Montesano
Ted Zizik
Shari Tavey
Camera setup
Videotape (filmized)
Multi-camera
Running time
21–23 minutes
Production company(s)
Bon Mot Productions
It's a Laugh Productions
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Picture format
NTSC (480i)
HDTV 720p
Original release
July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Jessie (2011–15)
External links
Website
disneychannel.disney.com/bunkd
Production
website
www.disneyabcpress.com/disneychannel/shows/bunkd/
Bunk'd is an American sitcom that premiered on Disney Channel on July 31, 2015. The series is a spinoff of Jessie[2] and stars Peyton List, Karan Brar, Skai Jackson, Miranda May, Kevin Quinn, Nathan Arenas, and Nina Lu.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest stars
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 Ratings
6 Broadcast
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Emma, Ravi, and Zuri leave New York City and head off to Moose Rump, Maine, to spend the summer at Camp Kikiwaka, where their parents met as teenagers. The Ross children and their new friends try their best to adapt to their lives at the camp, which was founded by Jedediah Swearengen and is named after a legendary creature that lives in the nearby forest.
Characters[edit]
Main[edit]
The main characters: Tiffany, Xander, Zuri, Emma, Ravi, Jorge, and Lou.
Emma Ross (Peyton List) is the oldest of the Ross kids, and counselor-in-training who is in Cabin Woodchuck. She is shown to have a unique sense of fashion.
Ravi Ross (Karan Brar) is an extremely smart, counselor-in-training who is in Cabin Grizzly. The second-youngest of the Ross kids, he brings his pet Asian water monitor Mrs. Kipling to camp.
Zuri Ross (Skai Jackson) is a sweet yet sharp, sarcastic, and talkative girl and the youngest of the Ross kids who is in Cabin Woodchuck.
Lou (Miranda May) is a hyperactive farm girl, counselor, and Emma's friend. She is the head of Cabin Woodchuck and is a longtime friend of Xander.
Xander (Kevin Quinn) is a popular counselor and resident musician who is the head of Cabin Grizzly. He is the love interest for Emma and is a longtime friend of Lou.
Jorge (Nathan Arenas) is a bespectacled boy of Hispanic descent who is Ravi's friend and in Cabin Grizzly. He is shown to be very messy, unclean, and calls people "weird". Jorge once claimed that he was once abducted by aliens.
Tiffany (Nina Lu) is a young girl of Chinese descent whom Zuri befriends. She has an overbearing mother who expects a lot out of her.
Recurring[edit]
Gladys (Mary Scheer) is the strict proprietor of Camp Kikiwaka who is a descendant of Jedediah Swearengen. She has been jealous of Christina ever since Christina had "stolen" Morgan from her. Since then, Gladys has been unsuccessful at getting a boyfriend as most people she tries to romance end up avoiding her in various ways.
Hazel (Tessa Netting) is the head counselor of Camp Kikiwaka, the head of Cabin Weasel, a descendant of Jedediah Swearengen, the niece of Gladys, and Emma's rival for Xander's affection.
Murphy (Casey Campbell) is the camp chef who is responsible for the terrible food. Though gruff and gross, Murphy also ends up involved in many of the kids' hijinks.
Griff (Lincoln Melcher) is a juvenile delinquent who is placed in Cabin Grizzly as part of his juvenile hall's Nature Rehabilitation Program starting in season two.
Lydia (Lily Mae Silverstein) is from Cabin Weasel, and is known for a very dark look, such as black lipstick and a bandana, and her aggressive demeanor. She has appeared since season two.
Guest stars[edit]
A few cast members from Jessie reprise their roles in Bunk'd. Cameron Boyce appears as a special guest star in "Luke's Back" and "Luke Out Below", reprising his role as Luke Ross. Kevin Chamberlin appears as a special guest star in "A Bad Case of the Weasels", reprising his role as Bertram Winkle. Christina Moore appears as a guest star in "Mother May I?" reprising her role of Christina Ross.
Production[edit]
Bunk'd was renewed for a second season by Disney Channel on February 29, 2016.[3] The second season premiered on August 23, 2016. The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31, 2017.[4]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Bunk'd episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 21 July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31) May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)
2 21 August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23) May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)[5]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 21 July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31) 4.24[6] May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20) 1.25[7] 1.76
2 21 August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23) 1.35[8] May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) 0.99[9] 1.23
Broadcast[edit]
In Canada, the series premiered on Disney Channel Canada on the second day of the channel's launch on September 2, 2015.[10] The series premiered on Disney Channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 20, 2015,[11] and premiered in Australia and New Zealand on January 14, 2016.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kevin Quinn (July 31, 2015). Kikiwaka (Bunk'd Theme Song). DisneyMusicVEVO. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (April 24, 2015). "Disney Channel's Jessie Spinoff Gets Title, Premise, Cast Additions". TVLine. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (February 29, 2016). "Bunk'd, Best Friends Whenever Renewed for Season 2 on Disney Channel". Deadline. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (August 31, 2017). "Stuck in the Middle, Bunk'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney". Deadline. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bunk'd". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 3, 2015). "Top 100 Friday Cable Originals: 7.31.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 23, 2016). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 5.20.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 24, 2016). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 8.23.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 25, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 5.24.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get Ready Canada! Disney Channel Arrives on September 1!". Corus Entertainment. August 11, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Camp Kikiwaka". TV Guide UK. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chuck P (December 24, 2015). "New on Foxtel in January: 200+ Shows Including War and Peace, Legends of Tomorrow and Live Sport". Foxtel. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
External links[edit]
Bunk'd on IMDb
Bunk'd at Disney Channel Press
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Isetta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Isetta
Overview
Manufacturer
Iso Autoveicoli
BMW
VELAM
Romi
Production
Iso Isetta (1953–56)
BMW Isetta (1955–62)
VELAM Isetta (1955–58)
Romi-Isetta (1956–61)
Layout
MR layout
The Isetta is an Italian-designed microcar built under license in a number of different countries, including Spain,[1] Belgium,[2] France,[3] Brazil,[4] Germany,[5] and the United Kingdom.[6] Because of its egg shape and bubble-like windows, it became known as a bubble car, a name also given to other similar vehicles.[7]
In 1955, the BMW Isetta became the world's first mass-production car to achieve a fuel consumption of 3 L/100 km (94 mpg‑imp; 78 mpg‑US).[a] It was the top-selling single-cylinder car in the world, with 161,728 units sold.[8]
Initially manufactured by the Italian firm Iso SpA, the name Isetta is the Italian diminutive form of ISO, meaning little ISO.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Iso Isetta (Italy)
1.1 Iso Autocarro
2 VELAM Isetta (France)
3 Romi-Isetta (Brazil)
4 BMW Isetta (Germany)
4.1 BMW Isetta 250
4.2 BMW Isetta 300
4.3 BMW 600
5 BMW Isetta (United Kingdom)
6 Isetta replica kits
7 Microlino
8 Popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Iso Isetta (Italy)[edit]
1953 Iso Isetta
Overview
Manufacturer
Iso Autoveicoli
Production
Iso Isetta (1953–56)
Designer
Ermenegildo Preti
Body and chassis
Body style
Coupe
Layout
MR layout
The car originated with the Italian firm of Iso SpA. In the early 1950s the company was building refrigerators, motor scooters and small three-wheeled trucks. Iso's owner, Renzo Rivolta, decided he would like to build a small car for mass distribution.[9] By 1952 the engineers Ermenegildo Preti[10] and Pierluigi Raggi had designed a small car that used the motorcycle engine of the Iso Moto 200 and named it Isetta—an Italian diminutive meaning little ISO.[9]
The Isetta caused a sensation when it was introduced to the motoring press in Turin in November 1953,[9] it was unlike anything seen before. Small (only 2.29 m (7.5 ft) long by 1.37 m (4.5 ft) wide) and egg-shaped, with bubble-type windows, the entire front end of the car hinged outwards to allow entry. In the event of a crash, the driver and passenger were to exit through the canvas sunroof. The steering wheel and instrument panel swung out with the single door, as this made access to the single bench seat simpler. The seat provided reasonable comfort for two occupants, and perhaps a small child. Behind the seat was a large parcel shelf with a spare wheel located below. A heater was optional, and ventilation was provided by opening the fabric sunroof.
Power came from a 236 cc (14.4 cu in), 7.1 kW (9.5 hp) split-single two-stroke motorcycle engine.[11] The engine was started by a combination generator-starter known as Dynastart. A manual gearbox provided four forward speeds and reverse. A chain drive connected the gearbox to a solid rear axle with a pair of closely spaced 25 cm (10 in) rear wheels. The first prototypes had one wheel at the rear, but having a single rear wheel made the car prone to roll-overs,[citation needed] so the rear wheel layout was changed to two wheels set 48 cm (19 in) apart from each other. This narrow track eliminated the need for a differential. The front axle was a modified version of a Dubonnet independent front suspension. The Isetta took over 30 seconds to reach 50 km/h (31 mph) from rest. Top speed was only about 75 km/h (47 mph). The fuel tank held only 13 litres (3.4 US gal; 2.9 imp gal). However, the Isetta would get somewhere between 5.6 l/100 km; 42 mpg‑US (50 mpg‑imp) and 4.0 l/100 km; 58 mpg‑US (70 mpg‑imp) depending on how it was driven.[citation needed] In 1954, Iso entered several Isettas in the legendary Mille Miglia where they took the top three spots in the economy classification. Over a distance of 1,600 km (1,000 mi) the drivers achieved an average speed of over 70 km/h (43 mph). In view of its maximum speed, which was just 15 km/h (9 mph) higher, this was an almost incredible figure. However, despite its initial success, the Isetta was beginning to slip in popularity at home. This was mainly due to renewed competition from Fiat with its 500C model.
Renzo Rivolta wanted to concentrate on his new Iso Rivolta sports car, and was extremely interested in doing licensing deals. Plants in Spain and Belgium were already assembling Isettas and Autocarros using Italian made Iso components. BMW began talking with Rivolta in mid-1954 and bought not just a license but the complete Isetta body tooling as well. Rivolta did not stop with licensing the Isetta to BMW. He negotiated similar deals with companies in France and Brazil.
After constructing some 1,000 units, production of the Italian built cars ceased in 1955, although Iso continued to build the Isetta in Spain until 1958.
Iso Autocarro[edit]
Iso Autocarro[12]
A 1958 Spanish built Iso Autocarro pick-up truck
Overview
Manufacturer
Iso
Also called
Isetta Autocarro
Production
1954–58
Assembly
Italy, Spain
Body and chassis
Class
1⁄2-ton truck
Body style
Pick-up[12][13]
Van[14]
Layout
FMR
Platform
tubular steel ladder chassis[15]
Related
Iso Isetta
Powertrain
Engine
236 cc split-single two-stroke engine[11][12]
Transmission
4-speed manual with reverse
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,150 mm (85 in)[13]
Length
3,800 mm (148 in)
Width
1,400 mm (55 in) (pickup box)[13]
Curb weight
475 kg (1,047 lb) empty[11]
500 kg (1,100 lb) load capacity
In addition to the Iso Turismo not described above, Iso also built the Autocarro, a commercial version with full-width rear axle. The Autocarro was offered in several body styles, a flatbed pickup, enclosed truck, a tilt-bed, or even a fire engine, although some of these might not have been sold.[16] The Autocarro was an extremely popular type of vehicle in Italy, and numerous manufacturers produced some variant of the type. Iso had previously produced a motorcycle-type Isocarro. The Iso Autocarro was larger than most, with its four-wheel layout, conventional rear axle with differential and leaf springs, and a large tubular frame. It could carry a 500 kg (1,100 lb) load. The name Isetta Autocarro was also used. It is thought that more than 4,000 Autocarros were built.[12]
VELAM Isetta (France)[edit]
Velam Isetta in the Musée automobile de Vendée
In 1954, VELAM acquired a licence from Iso to manufacture a car based on the Isetta. Since Iso had sold the body making equipment to BMW, VELAM developed their own body but used the original Iso engine. The VELAM body was rounder and more egg-like than Iso's Isetta and was known by the French as the 'yogurt pot'. Instead of a chassis like the Italian and German versions, there was a sub-frame bolted to the body at the rear, which held the rear tires, engine, and transmission. The front suspension was bolted to the front of the body. The front door was opened by push button instead of a handle, and the speedometer was mounted in the center of the steering wheel.
VELAM started production of the car in 1955 at the old Talbot factory at Suresnes, France and the car was introduced at the 1955 Paris car show. All told, five versions of the car were built: the standard Isetta, a convertible version, a luxury version, a one-off "Sport" version, and a race car. Due to competition from the Renault Dauphine, production ceased in 1958.[17]
Romi-Isetta (Brazil)[edit]
Brazilian made Romi-Isetta
In 1955, Iso licensed the Isetta to Romi, a machine-tool manufacturer headquartered in the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, in the State of São Paulo. The Isetta was chosen because it was considered an ideal vehicle for use in the cities by virtue of its size and economy. Released on September 5, 1956, it was the first car produced in Brazil. The car had received government approval as a part of a state-supported drive to establish an automotive industry in Brazil, but ended up being built without government backing.[18]
Some 3,000 of the Romi-Isettas were manufactured from 1956 to 1961. They kept the Iso design and used Iso engines until 1958; in 1959 they switched to the BMW 300 cc engines.
BMW Isetta (Germany)[edit]
BMW made the Isetta its own. They redesigned the powerplant around a BMW one-cylinder, four-stroke, 247 cc motorcycle engine which generated 10 kW (13 hp). Although the major elements of the Italian design remained intact, BMW re-engineered much of the car, so much so that none of the parts between a BMW Isetta Moto Coupe and an Iso Isetta are interchangeable. The first BMW Isetta appeared in April 1955.
1955 BMW Isetta 250, BMW Museum, Munich, Germany
In May 1962, three years after launching the conventionally modern-looking BMW 700, BMW ceased production of Isettas. A total of 161,728 units had been built.
BMW Isetta 250[edit]
While it retained the "Bubble Window" styling, it differed from the Italian model in that its headlamps were fixed separately to the sides of the bodywork and it carried the BMW badge below the windscreen. The car was also redesigned to take a modified version of the 250 cc four-stroke engine from the BMW R25/3 motorcycle and the front suspension was changed. The single-cylinder generated 9 kW (12 hp) at 5800 rpm. The crankcase and cylinder were made of cast iron, the cylinder head of aluminium. However, the head was rotated by 180° compared with the motorcycle engine. The twin-bearing crankshaft was also different in the Isetta power unit, being larger and featuring reinforced bearings. One of the reasons for this was the heavy Dynastart unit which combined the dynamo and self-starter. The fuel mixture was provided by a Bing sliding throttle side draft motorcycle carburetor. In addition to further changes of detail, the BMW engineers enlarged the sump for installation in the car and cooled the engine by means of a radial fan and shrouded ducting.
The power train from the four-speed gearbox to the two rear wheels was also unusual: fixed to the gearbox output drive was something called a Hardy disc, which was a cardan joint made of rubber. On the other side of it was a cardan shaft, and finally a second Hardy disc, which in turn was located at the entrance to a chain case. A duplex chain running in an oil bath led finally to a rigid shaft, at each end of which were the two rear wheels. Thanks to this elaborate power transfer, the engine-gearbox unit was both free of tension and well soundproofed in its linkage to the rear axle.
In Germany, the Isetta could even be driven with a motorcycle license. The top speed of the Isetta 250 was rated as 85 km/h (53 mph).
The first BMW Isetta rolled off the line in April 1955, and in the next eight months some 10,000 of the "bubblecars" were produced.
BMW Isetta 300[edit]
BMW 300 (Isetta)
Overview
Manufacturer
BMW
Also called
BMW Isetta
Production
1956–62
161,360 produced[19]
Layout
RR layout
Powertrain
Engine
298 cc single-cylinder 4-stroke (53 mph (85 km/h) top speed)
Transmission
4-speed manual (with reverse)
Chronology
Predecessor
BMW 250
Successor
BMW 600
In 1956, the government of the Federal Republic of Germany changed the regulations for motor vehicles. Class IV licences issued from that time onward could only be used to operate small motorcycles and could no longer be used to operate motor vehicles with a capacity of less than 250 cc. At the same time, the maximum capacity allowed for the Isetta's tax category was 300 cc. Class IV licences issued before the change in the regulations were grandfathered and allowed to be used as before.[citation needed]
This change in regulations encouraged BMW to revise their Isetta microcars. In February 1956 a 300cc engine was introduced.[20] The engineers enlarged the single cylinder to a 72 mm (2.8 in) bore and 73 mm (2.9 in) stroke, which gave a displacement of exactly 298 cc; at the same time, they raised the compression ratio from 6.8 to 7.0:1. As a result, the engine power output rose to 10 kW (13 hp) at 5200 rpm, and the torque rose to 18.4 N·m (13.6 ft·lbf) at 4600 rpm. The maximum speed remained at 85 km/h (53 mph), yet there was a marked increase in flexibility, chiefly noticeable on gradients.
In October 1956, the Isetta Moto Coupe DeLuxe (sliding-window Isetta) was introduced. The bubble windows were replaced by longer, sliding side windows.
BMW Isetta 300. This example has the early bubble window body.
BMW Isetta 300 – Sliding Window 4-wheel LHD version.
BMW Isetta 300 interior
BMW 600[edit]
Main article: BMW 600
BMW 600, the largest BMW bubble car
The BMW 600 was intended as an enlarged Isetta with more power and a more conventional four-wheel configuration.
BMW Isetta 600, showing hinged steering wheel, next to 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) boy
The front end of the 600 was virtually unchanged from the Isetta, but the 600's wheelbase was stretched to accommodate four seats. A conventional rear axle was added. BMW introduced the semi-trailing arm independent suspension on the 600. This suspension would be used on almost every new model for the next four decades. Because of the increased size and weight, the 600 had a more powerful engine than the Isetta. The 600 had the 582 cc twin engine from the R67 motorcycle. Top speed was 103 km/h (64 mph).
In two years, only 34,000 600s were produced, partly due to price competition with the entry-level VW Beetle. In the late 1950s, consumers wanted cars that looked like cars, and they had lost interest in economy models. Sales of the 600 were, however, aided by the energy crisis of 1956–1957.
BMW Isetta (United Kingdom)[edit]
British-registered LHD 3-wheeled Isetta
With space for two and their luggage, the Isetta was perfect for the UK's urban and rural roads. The first motorway, the M1, did not open until 1959, and more conventional cars such as early models of the Morris Minor could barely top 97 km/h (60 mph).
At one point, the British National Health Service started providing these vehicles for wheelchair users so they could drive while in their wheelchairs. Although noble in intent and many of these cars were made available free, the project was deemed unsuccessful and was terminated.
In 1957, Isetta of Great Britain began producing Isetta 300 models at their factory in the former Brighton railway works under licence from BMW. The factory had no access by road, therefore components were delivered by rail and finished cars were shipped out the same way.[21]
The British cars had right-hand drive with the door hinged from the right hand side of the car and the steering column moved across to the right as well. Right-hand drive meant that both the driver and the engine were on the same side, so a 27 kg (60 lb) counterweight was added to the left side to compensate. Dunlop tyres were used, and Lucas electrics replaced the German Hella and Bosch components, with a different headlamp housing being used. Girling brake components replaced the ATE brake parts.
The Isetta was not popular in the UK until a three-wheeled version was introduced. Although three-wheeled vehicles are more prone to rolling over, there was a financial advantage: they could evade automobile legislation and taxation by being classed as three-wheeled motorcycles, and could be driven with a motorcycle licence. Isetta of Great Britain continued to produce four-wheeled Isettas, but only for export to Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.
In 1962, Isetta of Great Britain also stopped production of the little cars but continued to produce Isetta engines until 1964.
Isetta replica kits[edit]
The now defunct British firm Tri-Tech, under the model name Zetta, sold a kit car or even an assembled complete BMW Isetta lookalike replica from modern parts, including Honda CN 250 cc single-cylinder water-cooled engines with automatic transmission (standard) or Kawasaki 500 GPS two-cylinder water-cooled motorcycle engines with optional manual transmission.
Some parts, new or used, were from "donor" vehicles. Front suspension and steering were from the Bedford Rascal (later sold under the Vauxhall marque) or the original and almost identical Suzuki Supercarry light duty van or pick-up. Drum brakes and wheels were from Morris and the subsequent British Leyland Motor Corporation Mini. Prices ranged from c. £2650 for the kit up to c. £9450 for a complete version.
It could be legally registered for use under British laws. Tri-Tech also supplied some body parts which can be used for running non-exact restorations of BMW Isettas.
Microlino[edit]
Microlino at Geneva Motor Show 2016
In 2016 Swiss entrepreneur Wim Ouboter, from Micro Mobility Systems, showed a proof-of-concept electric car called Microlino at the Geneva Motor Show, based on the original Isetta body design but with a new chassis and suspension.[22] Production of the vehicle in Italy is set to commence by the end of 2017 and the company reported in May 2017 it has pre-orders for 3,100 vehicles, which will cost EUR 12,000 each.[23]
Popular culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
BMW Isetta at the IAA 2009
In season 1 (episode 2) of Storage Wars, Barry Weiss surprisingly picked up a BMW Isetta wrapped up in a storage unit.
In season 1, episode 8 of the TV series American Pickers, Mike Wolfe and Frank Fritz found two Isettas in a large junkyard.
In the Hardly Working skit titled "Moth Attack" on CollegeHumor, the BMW Isetta is referenced when three characters are arguing about what size a moth would have to be in order to be considered a moth monster.[24]
In the musical video of "Never Let Me Down Again", a song by Depeche Mode, David Gahan is driving a BMW Isetta on a road. The car also appears in the video of "Behind the Wheel", by the same band, where it is towed by a tractor at the beginning of the video.
Mike Brewer and Edd China restored an Isetta in a 9th series episode of Discovery Channel's Wheeler Dealers.
A BMW Isetta was featured in several episodes of the TV series Family Matters as Steve Urkel's car.[25]
The car is an element of the plot in Wim Wenders' Lisbon Story (1994), in that that it is home to one of the characters.
See also[edit]
Heinkel Kabine
List of microcars by country of origin
Paul Arzens L'oeuf.
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ In this context, 3-Litre refers not to engine size but to the fact that its low-friction 1-cylinder engine and low weight gave it a fuel efficiency of 3.3 litres per 100 kilometres (86 mpg‑imp; 71 mpg‑US)(manufacturer information).
Citations
Jump up ^ "Borgward – Iso España". vehiculosclasicos.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Year's cars". Automobile Year (1953–54 ed.). 1953. p. 37.
Jump up ^ "Étude technique et pratique Velam Isetta". Revue Technique Automobile (in French). Paris: Régie Automobile Industrie Publicité. (119): 163. March 1956. ISSN 0017-307X. OCLC 647972462.
Jump up ^ "A brief history of Indústrias Romi S.A.". Indústrias Romi S.A. 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "BMW Historie – BMW Isetta 250/300 Standard" (PDF) (in German). BMW.com. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Watson, David. "Isetta of Great Britain, Ltd. Brighton Works". Isetta Owners Club of Great Britain. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "65 MPH and 80 MPG-That's the Messerschmitt". Motorcycle Mechanics: 34–35. April 1963. This bubble-car has a beetle-like outline
Jump up ^ "Isetta: Ein Auto bewegt die Welt"(Authors = Andy Schwietzer & Manfred Seehusen)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mort, Norman (2008). "1: ISO". Micro Trucks: Tiny Utility Vehicles from Around the World (illustrated ed.). Veloce Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84584-175-1. By the early 1950s ISO had established itself as a builder of motor scooters, motorcycles, and similarly-powered and based IsoCarro vehicles, as well as refrigerators. It seems that the refrigerator reference is always included in a history of ISO because of its Isetta bubble car and its characteristic single front door.
Jump up ^ Mort 2008, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mort 2008, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "1957 Isettacarro". microcarmuseum.com]. Madison, GA USA: The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum. 2002. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mort 2008, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Mort 2008, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Mort 2008, pp. 11, 16.
Jump up ^ Mort 2008, pp. 10, 13.
Jump up ^ Mace, Robert (May 23, 2010). "Isetta VELAM". Archived from the original on April 15, 2005. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Helen (Winter 1991). "Determinants of Firm Entry into the Brazilian Automobile Manufacturing Industry, 1956–1968". The Business History Review. 65 (4, The Automobile Industry): 879. doi:10.2307/3117267.
Jump up ^ "1957 BMW ISETTA (300)". Lane Motor Museum. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
Jump up ^ 1957 BMW Isetta 250, www.microcarmuseum.com Retrieved 9 August 2016
Jump up ^ Robson, Graham (March 2007). Elliott, James, ed. "Anorak's Corner". Classic & Sports Car. Haymarket Publishing. 25 (12): 226. ISSN 0263-3183.
Jump up ^ designboom.com - microlino electric vehicle concept rejuvenates BMW's isetta from 1956, 22 maart 2016
Jump up ^ "Swiss inventor creates electric vehicle inspired by 1950s ‘bubble car’". The Local. May 10, 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Moth Attack". Hardly Working. CollegeHumor. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Steve Urkel's BMW Isetta". Steve Urkel's BMW Isetta. On Screen Cars. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isetta.
Iso Isetta Millennium official site
1959 BMW Isetta / Hot Wheels WHATTADRAG
BMW Isetta on Wheeler Dealers
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