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WiMAX
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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and wireless modem on top
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family of wireless communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards, which provide multiple physical layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) options.
The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard, including the definition of predefined system profiles for commercial vendors.[1] The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".[2] IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced was a candidate for the 4G, in competition with the LTE Advanced standard.
WiMAX was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates,[3] with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s[3] for fixed stations.
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Uses of WiMAX
2.1 Internet access
2.2 Middle-mile backhaul to fiber networks
2.3 Triple-play
3 Connecting
3.1 Gateways
3.2 External modems
3.3 Mobile phones
4 Technical information
4.1 The IEEE 802.16 Standard
4.2 Physical layer
4.3 Media access control layer
4.4 Specifications
4.5 Integration with an IP-based network
4.6 Spectrum allocation
4.7 Spectral efficiency and advantages
4.8 Inherent limitations
4.9 Silicon implementations
4.10 Comparison
5 Conformance testing
6 Associations
6.1 WiMAX Forum
6.2 WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance
6.3 Telecommunications Industry Association
7 Competing technologies
7.1 Harmonization
7.2 Comparison with other mobile Internet standards
8 Development
9 Interference
10 Deployments
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Terminology[edit]
WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. (Similarly, Wi-Fi refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.) WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.
The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001. WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in Korea.[4]
Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and is the basis for future revisions such as 802.16m-2011.
WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids"[5] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Long-range Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.[6]
Uses of WiMAX[edit]
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through various devices
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play)
Providing Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan
Smart grids and metering
Internet access[edit]
WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.
Middle-mile backhaul to fiber networks[edit]
Mobile WiMAX was a replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations.[7][8]
In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network.) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Consequently, the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded.[9] Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s[10] are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1 ms.
In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient. WiMAX in this application competes with microwave radio, E-line and simple extension of the fiber network itself.
Triple-play[edit]
WiMAX directly supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as quality of service and multicasting). These are inherent to the WiMAX standard rather than being added on as carrier Ethernet is to Ethernet.
On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to market the service. The new company hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple-play services.
Some analysts[who?] questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed-mobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable and DSL, inspiring competitors into collaboration. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase.
Connecting[edit]
A WiMAX USB modem for mobile access to the Internet
Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are known as subscriber stations (SS).
Portable units include handsets (similar to cellular smartphones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to other 3G cellular technologies.
The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile Internet devices), and other private labeled devices.
Gateways[edit]
WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers including Vecima Networks, Alvarion, Airspan, ZyXEL, Huawei, and Motorola. The list of deployed WiMAX networks and WiMAX Forum membership list[11] provide more links to specific vendors, products and installations. The list of vendors and networks is not comprehensive and is not intended as an endorsement of these companies above others.
Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as these are stand-alone self-install indoor units. Such devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best signal, and provide:
An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home or business.
Ethernet ports to connect directly to a computer, router, printer or DVR on a local wired network.
One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP.
Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally installed external units.
Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit.
External modems[edit]
Airstream 1200 USB Modem
USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through a dongle. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer. Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennas which are of lower gain compared to other devices. As such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage.
Mobile phones[edit]
HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November 12, 2008.[12] The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network until 2010.[13]
HTC and Sprint Nextel released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available on June 4, 2010,[14] is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(pre-4G) as well as simultaneous data & voice sessions. Sprint Nextel announced at CES 2012 that it will no longer be offering devices using the WiMAX technology due to financial circumstances, instead, along with its network partner Clearwire, Sprint Nextel will roll out a 4G network deciding to shift and utilize LTE 4G technology instead.
Technical information[edit]
The IEEE 802.16 Standard[edit]
WiMAX is based upon IEEE Std 802.16e-2005,[15] approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16-2004,[16] and so the actual standard is 802.16-2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together.
IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004 by:
Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is the very basis of Mobile WiMAX.
Scaling of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. Carrier spacing is 10.94 kHz.
Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
Adaptive antenna systems (AAS) and MIMO technology
Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration
Intro and low-density parity check (LDPC)
Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa
Adding an extra quality of service (QoS) class for VoIP applications
SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e.g., Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX).
Physical layer[edit]
The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.16-2004 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access[17] (SOFDMA), as opposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802.16d. More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO. (See WiMAX MIMO) This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. WiMax is the most energy-efficient pre-4G technique among LTE and HSPA+.[18]
Media access control layer[edit]
The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of Service (QoS) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station.
Specifications[edit]
As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high signal strength and a high carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed.
Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station.
The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network to function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network.
The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames.
As a result, the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality.
The Asia-Pacific region has surpassed the North American region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subscribers. There were around 1.7 million pre-WiMAX and WiMAX customers in Asia – 29% of the overall market – compared to 1.4 million in the USA and Canada.[19]
Integration with an IP-based network[edit]
The WiMAX Forum architecture
The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected with an IP based core network, which is typically chosen by operators that serve as Internet Service Providers (ISP); Nevertheless, the WiMAX BS provide seamless integration capabilities with other types of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Networks.
The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of components, plus some of the interconnections (or reference points) between these, labeled R1 to R5 and R8:
SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station
ASN: the Access Service Network[20]
BS: Base station, part of the ASN
ASN-GW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN
CSN: the Connectivity Service Network
HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting Server, part of the CSN
NAP: a Network Access Provider
NSP: a Network Service Provider
It is important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware configurations rather than fixed configurations. For example, the architecture is flexible enough to allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying size – e.g. femto, pico, and mini BS as well as macros.
Spectrum allocation[edit]
There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, however the WiMAX Forum published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardisation and decrease cost.
In the USA, the biggest segment available was around 2.5 GHz,[21] and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3.5 GHz.
Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available, but await the complete digital television transition, and other uses have been suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[22] Both of these companies stated their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[23]
WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter-operating products. The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802.16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles.)
Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards.[24] This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5–2.69 GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000.
Spectral efficiency and advantages[edit]
One of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. For example, 802.16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3.7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3.5–4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. This multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment topologies. The direct use of frequency domain organization simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS compared to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more effective systems.
Another advantages of WiMAX, is a relatively new technology that enables communication over a maximum distance of 30 miles – compared to 300 feet for WiFi. Of course, the longer the distance, the slower the speed, but it is still faster and has a longer range than WiFi. Ideally, speeds of around 10 MBps could be achieved with a range of 1 – 6 miles (1.6 – 9.7 km).
The reason why some telecommunication providers are quite excited about the prospects for WiMAX is that mobile users could use it as a faster and longer range alternative to WiFi and corporate or home users could use it in a fixed environment as a replacement or backup to DSL.
Companies will begin to use WiMAX to communicate from office to office, relatively near to each other and provide campus wide wireless connectivity to employees. Employee's computers will need to use new WiMAX cards to connect to these new networks. Next, or at the same time, public places such as airports, parks and coffee shops will be outfitted with WiMAX access points. WiMAX has been very successful as it is easy to use, low cost, and relatively fast.
While WiMAX has its benefits, as people download more and larger files, upload more data (such as voice calls, images and videos) and have longer distance needs – the limits of WiFi are apparent.
Inherent limitations[edit]
WiMAX cannot deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 km (31 mi). Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can operate at higher bitrates or over longer distances but not both. Operating at the maximum range of 50 km (31 mi) increases bit error rate and thus results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to under 1 km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates.
A citywide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia demonstrated that customers at the cell-edge with an indoor Customer-premises equipment (CPE) typically obtain speeds of around 1–4 Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell site obtaining speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s.[citation needed]
Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of WiMAX's Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4–8 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required.
Silicon implementations[edit]
Picture of a WiMAX MIMO board
A number of specialized companies produced baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands (refer to 'Spectrum allocation' above). These companies include, but are not limited to, Beceem, Sequans, and PicoChip.
Comparison[edit]
Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent, because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access.[25]
WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet.
Wi-Fi uses the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequency bands to provide access to a local network.
Wi-Fi is more popular in end-user devices.
Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC.
WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (QoS) mechanisms:
WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms.
Wi-Fi uses contention access — all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput.
Both IEEE 802.11, which includes Wi-Fi, and IEEE 802.16, which includes WiMAX, define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and wireless ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802.11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base station.
Although Wi-Fi and WiMAX are designed for different situations, they are complementary. WiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit that connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi connectivity within the home or business for computers and smartphones. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area, such as a window, and have date access throughout their property.
Conformance testing[edit]
TTCN-3 test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX implementations. The WiMAX test suite is being developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252).[26]
Associations[edit]
WiMAX Forum[edit]
The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and services.[27]
A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products.[28] Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation, and can display this mark on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is "WiMAX-ready", "WiMAX-compliant", or "pre-WiMAX", if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified.
Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to do so, it has a certified training program that is currently offered in English and French. It also offers a series of member events and endorses some industry events.
WiSOA logo
WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance[edit]
WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focused on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.3–2.5 GHz and the 3.4–3.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008. [29]
Telecommunications Industry Association[edit]
In 2011, the Telecommunications Industry Association released three technical standards (TIA-1164, TIA-1143, and TIA-1140) that cover the air interface and core networking aspects of Wi-Max High-Rate Packet Data (HRPD) systems using a Mobile Station/Access Terminal (MS/AT) with a single transmitter.[30]
Competing technologies[edit]
Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition came from existing, widely deployed wireless systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), CDMA2000, existing Wi-Fi and mesh networking.
Speed vs. mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), GSM
In the future, competition will be from the evolution of the major cellular standards to 4G, high-bandwidth, low-latency, all-IP networks with voice services built on top. The worldwide move to 4G for GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) effort.
The LTE Standard was finalized in December 2008, with the first commercial deployment of LTE carried out by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm in December, 2009. Since then, LTE has seen increasing adoption by mobile carriers around the world.
In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the EU-wide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked.[citation needed]
Harmonization[edit]
Early WirelessMAN standards, The European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro were harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.
Comparison with other mobile Internet standards[edit]
Main article: Comparison of wireless data standards
The following table only shows peak rates which are potentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical channel size (i.e., spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net through-put capabilities of the different wireless technologies listed below.
Comparison of mobile Internet access methods
Common
Name
Family
Primary Use
Radio Tech
Downstream
(Mbit/s)
Upstream
(Mbit/s)
Notes
HSPA+
3GPP 3G Data CDMA/FDD
MIMO 21
42
84
672 5.8
11.5
22
168 HSPA+ is widely deployed. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that HSPA+ is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s.
LTE
3GPP General 4G OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA 100 Cat3
150 Cat4
300 Cat5
(in 20 MHz FDD) [31]
50 Cat3/4
75 Cat5
(in 20 MHz FDD)[31] LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users.
WiMax rel 1
802.16 WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 37 (10 MHz TDD) 17 (10 MHz TDD) With 2x2 MIMO.[32]
WiMax rel 1.5
802.16-2009 WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 83 (20 MHz TDD)
141 (2x20 MHz FDD) 46 (20 MHz TDD)
138 (2x20 MHz FDD) With 2x2 MIMO.Enhanced with 20 MHz channels in 802.16-2009[32]
WiMAX rel 2
802.16m WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 2x2 MIMO
110 (20 MHz TDD)
183 (2x20 MHz FDD)
4x4 MIMO
219 (20 MHz TDD)
365 (2x20 MHz FDD) 2x2 MIMO
70 (20 MHz TDD)
188 (2x20 MHz FDD)
4x4 MIMO
140 (20 MHz TDD)
376 (2x20 MHz FDD) Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s[32]
Flash-OFDM
Flash-OFDM Mobile Internet
mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h) Flash-OFDM 5.3
10.6
15.9 1.8
3.6
5.4 Mobile range 30 km (18 miles)
extended range 55 km (34 miles)
HIPERMAN
HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9
Wi-Fi
802.11
(11n) Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO 288.8 (using 4x4 configuration in 20 MHz bandwidth) or 600 (using 4x4 configuration in 40 MHz bandwidth)
Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km)
iBurst
802.20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 95 36 Cell Radius: 3–12 km
Speed: 250 km/h
Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"
EDGE Evolution
GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5 3GPP Release 7
UMTS W-CDMA
HSPA (HSDPA+HSUPA)
UMTS/3GSM General 3G CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO 0.384
14.4 0.384
5.76 HSDPA is widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.
UMTS-TDD
UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
EV-DO Rel. 0
EV-DO Rev.A
EV-DO Rev.B
CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD 2.45
3.1
4.9xN 0.15
1.8
1.8xN Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received.
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
Development[edit]
The IEEE 802.16m-2011 standard[33] was the core technology for WiMAX 2. The IEEE 802.16m standard was submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced standardization.[34] IEEE 802.16m is one of the major candidates for IMT-Advanced technologies by ITU. Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m systems can provide four times faster[clarification needed] data speed than the WiMAX Release 1.
WiMAX Release 2 provided backward compatibility with Release 1. WiMAX operators could migrate from release 1 to release 2 by upgrading channel cards or software. The WiMAX 2 Collaboration Initiative was formed to help this transition.[35]
It was anticipated that using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with only a single 20 MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802.16m system can support both 120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbit/s uplink per site simultaneously. It was expected that the WiMAX Release 2 would be available commercially in the 2011–2012 timeframe.[36]
Interference[edit]
A field test conducted in 2007 by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from the U.S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded results showing interference at 12 km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX systems and satellites in C-band.[37]
Deployments[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2015)
Main article: List of deployed WiMAX networks
As of October 2010, the WiMAX Forum claimed over 592 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks deployed in over 148 countries, covering over 621 million subscribers.[38] By February 2011, the WiMAX Forum cited coverage of over 823 million people, and estimate over 1 billion subscribers by the end of the year.[39]
South Korea launched a WiMAX network in the second quarter of 2006. By the end of 2008 there were 350,000 WiMAX subscribers in Korea.[40]
Worldwide, by early 2010 WiMAX seemed to be ramping quickly relative to other available technologies, though access in North America lagged.[41] Yota, the largest WiMAX network operator in the world in 4Q 2009,[42][43] announced in May 2010 that it will move new network deployments to LTE and, subsequently, change its existing networks as well.[44]
A study published in September 2010 by Blycroft Publishing estimated 800 management contracts from 364 WiMAX operations worldwide offering active services (launched or still trading as opposed to just licensed and still to launch).[45]
In some countries such as the United States, WiMAX usage declined in 2011.[46] In 2015 Sprint Corporation began closing its WiMAX network.[47]
In 2015 a sharp decline in WiMAX usage was predicted in Africa, as users switch to LTE.[48]
See also[edit]
Category 5 cable
Cognitive radio
Evolved HSPA
High-Speed Packet Access
List of deployed WiMAX networks
List of devices with WiMAX
Mobile broadband
Mobile VoIP
Municipal broadband
Packet Burst Broadband
Super Wi-Fi
Switched mesh
WiBro (mobile WiMax in Korea)
Wireless bridge
Wireless local loop
Yota Egg
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pinola, Jarno; Kostas Pentikousis (2008). "Mobile WiMAX". The Internet Protocol Journal (IPJ). Cisco.
Jump up ^ "WiMax Forum – Technology". Archived from the original on July 22, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Carl Weinschenk (April 16, 2010). "Speeding Up WiMax". IT Business Edge. Retrieved August 31, 2011. Today the initial WiMax system is designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates.
Jump up ^ Roger Marks (June 29, 2006). "IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Standard: Myths and Facts" (PDF). Presentation at 2006 Wireless Communications Conference. Washington, DC. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Walton, Marsha (2006-03-31). "Is 'Wi-Fi on steroids' really the next big thing?". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Redirecting..." Heinonline.org. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sprint Eyes WiMax Backhaul". Lightreading.com. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
Jump up ^ "WiMax signals get stronger in India". Eetimes.com. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
Jump up ^ "Overcoming the wire-line bottleneck for 3G wireless services". Supercommnews.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
Jump up ^ "High-speed Microwave". Wimaxforum.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ WiMAX Forum Member Companies Archived 2013-04-16 at Archive.is. Wimaxforum.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Scartel And Htc Launch World'S First Integrated Gsm/Wimax Handset". News release. HTC Corporation. November 12, 2008. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "UPDATE 1-Russia's Yota drops WiMax in favour of LTE". Reuters.com. May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sprint Newsroom | News Releases". Newsreleases.sprint.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ "IEEE 802.16e Task Group (Mobile WirelessMAN)". Ieee802.org. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ "IEEE 802.16 Task Group d". Ieee802.org. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting.
Jump up ^ "IEEE Xplore – Comparison of power consumption of mobile WiMAX, HSPA and LTE access networks". Ieeexplore.ieee.org. doi:10.1109/CTTE.2010.5557715. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Asia takes the lead in the 4G market". Telegeography.com. August 5, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASN-GW" (PDF). Mustafaergen.com. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart" (PDF). Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Auctions Schedule". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
Jump up ^ "European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax". Zdnetasia.com. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
Jump up ^ "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards". Itu.int. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ WiMAX vs. WiFi. Circleid.com (2008-02-20). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
Jump up ^ "HiperMAN / WiMAX Testing". ETSI. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
Jump up ^ "WiMAX Forum Overview". Wimaxforum.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ "WiMAX Forum — Frequently Asked Questions". Wimaxforum.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Jump up ^ "WBA and WiSOA join efforts on WiMAX global roaming". Archived from the original on 2008-04-26. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
Jump up ^ "TIA-1164 : WiMAX-HRPD Interworking: Core Networks Aspects". Global.ihs.com. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "LTE". 3GPP web site. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16m Air Interface Standard" (PDF). WiMax Forum. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Jump up ^ "'WiMAX 2' coming in 2011?". Networkworld.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ "802.16m submitted to ITU for IMT-Advanced standardization". Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ "WiMAX 2 Collaboration Initiative (WCI) Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). WiMAX Forum. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Global WiMAX network deployments surpass 500". News release. WiMAX Forum. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "SUIRG full interference test report" (PDF). Suirg.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
Jump up ^ "WiMAX Forum". WiMAX Forum. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Wimax Forum Industry Research Report" (PDF). Wimaxforum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
Jump up ^ Ken, Wieland, (6 July 2009). "The rise and rise of HSPA". Telecoms.com. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Larry Dignan (February 15, 2010). "WiMax deployments ramp globally, but U.S. lags". Between the lines blog. ZDNet. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-04-28. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "На одной волне. Как интернет-гигант отстал от стартапа". Unova.ru. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Russia Today, May 21, 2010 – Scartel dropping WiMAX, aiming for LTE – RT – [rt.com/Business/2010-05-21/scartel-dropping-wimax-lte.html]
Jump up ^ "WiMAX Directory". Blycroft Ltd. 2010-09-01. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Broadcom acknowledges WiMAX's U.S. decline | FierceWireless". Fiercewireless.com. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Sprint Community: Announcements: FAQs about the WiMax network shutdown". Sprint Community. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
Jump up ^ "LTE is displacing WiMAX in Africa – Ovum". 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
References[edit]
K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2
M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband – Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009 ISBN 978-0-387-68189-4
Ramon Ray(2009) WiMax – Your Fast and Longer Distance WiFi has arrived. Personal Technology.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to WiMAX.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
Official page of the WiMAX Forum
How WiMAX Works at HowStuffWorks
Internet Protocol Journal Overview of Mobile WiMAX
Patent alliance formed for WiMAX 4G technology
WiMAX vs. LTE
Mobile WiMAX Throughput Measurements[permanent dead link]
Prashant Sharma (2009). "Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Future of Wireless Broadband"". TechPluto blog. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
WiMAX Technical Seminar Report
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Aba Daba Honeymoon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Aba Daba Honeymoon"
Sheet music cover, 1914
Song
Published
1914
Songwriter(s)
Arthur Fields, Walter Donovan
"Aba Daba Honeymoon" is a popular song written and published by Arthur Fields and Walter Donovan in 1914. Known through its chorus, "Aba daba daba daba daba daba dab, Said the chimpie to the monk; Baba daba daba daba daba daba dab, Said the monkey to the chimp,"[1] the first recording of "Aba Daba Honeymoon" was made in 1914 by the comic duo team of Collins & Harlan.
The song has had many cover versions over the years. In 1951 a version by Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter was a top five hit on the Billboard pop chart. Richard Hayes and Kitty Kallen also recorded the song and scored a top ten hit of their own.
Contents
[hide]
1 Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter version
2 Other versions
3 In popular culture
4 References
Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter version[edit]
Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter performing the song in Two Weeks With Love (1950)
A cover of the song "Aba Daba Honeymoon" was featured in the 1950 film, Two Weeks with Love. The single released from that film was recorded by Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter on August 4, 1950, and issued as a single by MGM Records as catalog number 30282. It reached number 3 on the Billboard charts in 1951.
M-G-M sent the pair on a multicity personal appearance tour of Loews theaters to capitalize on its success, beginning in Washington, D.C.[2]
Other versions[edit]
Richard Hayes and Kitty Kallen recorded the song for Mercury Records in 1951. It peaked at number 9 on the Billboard magazine chart.
The Freddy Martin Ork with Merv Griffin also succeeded with the song on RCA Victor Records.
Cass Daley and Hoagy Carmichael recorded a version for Decca Records.
"Aba Daba Honeymoon" was featured on the 1959 soundtrack to Have Rocket, Will Travel, the first feature film to star the Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity.[3]
On a 1978 (3rd season) episode of Laverne & Shirley, the leads performed at a talent show singing "Aba Daba Honeymoon" in chimp suits on roller skates.
Ronald McDonald and some kids covered this song in the 1995 McDonald's cassette tape "Silly Sing Along".
In popular culture[edit]
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (June 2017)
American novelist Thomas Pynchon referred to the song in a 1964 letter to a friend as "the nadir of all American expression": "Our souls [the world] leaves to whatever obsolescenses, bigotries, theories of education workable and un, parental wisdom or lack of it, happen to get in its more or less Brownian (your phrase) pilgrimage between the cord-cutting ceremony and the time they slide you down the chute into the oven, while the guy on the Wurlitzer plays 'Aba Daba Honeymoon' because you had once told somebody it was the nadir of all American expression; only they didn't know what nadir meant but it must be good because of the vehemence with which you expressed yourself."[4]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Fritos corn chips used the tune as the melody of their commercial jingle "Muncha buncha, muncha buncha, muncha buncha, muncha buncha, Fritos goes with lunch". The Houston, TX jewelry chain The Diamond Jewelry Factory used the melody in their TV advertisements.
Ballpark organists used the song to introduce relief pitcher and, later, pitching coach Bob Apodaca [5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Herder, Ronald (October 1998). 500 Best-Loved Song Lyrics. Courier Dover Publications. p. 1. ISBN 0-486-29725-X.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Debbie (2013). Unsinkable: A Memoir. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-06-221365-5.
Jump up ^ Maurer, Joan Howard; Jeff Lenburg; Norman Maurer; Greg Lenburg (1985). The Three Stooges Scrapbook. Citadel Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-8065-0946-5.
Jump up ^ "The World is at Fault". Pynchon Wiki. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Doug (8 December 2008). "Baseball organist opens the playbook". Major League Baseball website. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Kitty Kallen
Singles
"Aba Daba Honeymoon"
"Little Things Mean a Lot"
"In the Chapel in the Moonlight"
"Go on with the Wedding"
"If I Give My Heart to You"
"That Old Feeling"
"My Coloring Book"
Related articles
Jonathan Granoff
Book:Kitty Kallen
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aba_Daba_Honeymoon&oldid=785971984"
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This page was last edited on 16 June 2017, at 14:16.
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