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Fiat Automobiles
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This article is about the Italian automobile manufacturer. For its parent companies, see FCA Italy, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, and (formerly) Fiat S.p.A.
"Fiat" redirects here. For other uses, see Fiat (disambiguation).
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.
Type
Subsidiary (Società per Azioni)
Industry
Automotive
Founded
11 July 1899; 119 years ago (1899-07-11) in Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Founder
Giovanni Agnelli
Headquarters
Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
John Elkann (President)
Olivier François (CEO)
Products
Automobiles
Production output
1,555,650 units (2010)[1]
Owner
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Parent
FCA Italy
Website
Fiat.com
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (UK: /ˈfiːət, -æt/, US: /-ɑːt/; originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is an Italian automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business,[2] and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.
Fiat Automobiles is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy. During its more than century-long history, it remained the largest automobile manufacturer in Europe and the third in the world after General Motors and Ford for over twenty years, until the car industry crisis in the late 1980s.[3] In 2013, Fiat S.p.A. was the second largest European automaker by volumes produced and the seventh in the world, while currently FCA is the world's eighth largest auto maker.
In 1970, Fiat Automobiles employed more than 100,000 in Italy when its production reached the highest number, 1.4 million cars, in that country.[4] As of 2002, it built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in Italy and the country accounted for more than a third of the company's revenue.[4] Fiat has also manufactured railway engines, military vehicles, farm tractors, aircraft, and weapons such as the Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914.
Fiat-brand cars are built in several locations around the world. Outside Italy, the largest country of production is Brazil, where the Fiat brand is the market leader.[5][6] The group also has factories in Argentina, Poland and Mexico (where Fiat-brand vehicles are manufactured at plants owned and operated by FCA US for export to the United States, Brazil, Italy and other markets) and a long history of licensing manufacture of its products in other countries.
Fiat Automobiles has received many international awards for its vehicles, including nine European Car of the Year awards, the most of any other manufacturer, and it ranked many times as the lowest level of CO2 emissions by vehicles sold in Europe.[7]
Contents
1 History
2 Presence
2.1 Europe
2.2 South America
2.3 North America
2.4 Africa
2.5 Asia
3 Current production
3.1 Western countries markets
3.2 Emerging markets (production in Europe)
3.3 Emerging markets (production in South America)
4 European Cars of the Year
4.1 CO2 emissions
5 Electric vehicles
6 Concept vehicles
7 Motorsport
8 Marketing
8.1 Logo
8.2 Motor Village and flagship stores
8.3 BSM-Fiat deal
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: Fiat S.p.A. and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
The founders of Fiat: 1. Luigi Damevino, 2. Cesare Goria Gatti, 3. Roberto Biscaretti di Ruffia, 4. Carlo Racca, 5. Emanuele Cacherano di Bricherasio, 6. Michele Ceriana Mayneri, 7. Giovanni Agnelli, 8. Lodovico Scarfiotti, 9. Alfonso Ferrero
On 11 July 1899, Giovanni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900[8] with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.
Fiat 4 HP, the first model of car produced by Fiat
Agnelli led the company until his death in 1945, while Vittorio Valletta administered the firm's daily activities. Its first car, the 3 ½ CV (of which only 24 copies were built, all bodied by Alessio of Turin)[9] strongly resembled contemporary Benz,[10] and had a 697 cc (42.5 cu in) boxer twin engine.[10] In 1903, Fiat produced its first truck.[11] In 1908, the first Fiat was exported to the US.[11] That same year, the first Fiat aircraft engine was produced. Also around the same time, Fiat taxis became popular in Europe.[12]
By 1910, Fiat was the largest automotive company in Italy. That same year, a new plant was built in Poughkeepsie, NY, by the newly founded American F.I.A.T. Automobile Company.[13][14] Owning a Fiat at that time was a sign of distinction. The cost of a Fiat in the US was initially $4,000[15] and rose up to $6,400 in 1918,[16] compared to $825 for a Ford Model T in 1908,[17] and $525 in 1918, respectively.[18] During World War I, Fiat had to devote all of its factories to supplying the Allies with aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances. Upon the entry of the US into the war in 1917, the factory was shut down as US regulations became too burdensome. After the war, Fiat introduced its first tractor, the 702.[19] By the early 1920s, Fiat had a market share in Italy of 80%.[20]
Front of the Lingotto
In 1921, workers seized Fiat's plants and hoisted the red flag of communism over them. Agnelli responded by quitting the company. However, the Italian Socialist Party and its ally organization, the Italian General Confederation of Labour, in an effort to effect a compromise with the centrist parties ordered the occupation ended. In 1922, Fiat began to build the famous Lingotto car factory—then the largest in Europe—which opened in 1923. It was the first Fiat factory to use assembly lines; by 1925, Fiat controlled 87% of the Italian car market.[21] In 1928, with the 509, Fiat included insurance in the purchase price.[22]
Fiat made military machinery and vehicles during World War II for the Army and Regia Aeronautica and later for the Germans. Fiat made obsolete fighter aircraft like the biplane CR.42, which was one of the most common Italian aircraft, along with Savoia-Marchettis, as well as light tanks (obsolete compared to their German and Soviet counterparts) and armoured vehicles. The best Fiat aircraft was the G.55 fighter, which arrived too late and in too limited numbers. In 1945, the year Benito Mussolini was overthrown, the National Liberation Committee removed the Agnelli family from leadership roles in Fiat because of its ties to Mussolini's government. These were not returned until 1963, when Giovanni's grandson, Gianni, took over as general manager until 1966, as chairman until 1996.
In 1970, Fiat employed more than 100,000 in Italy when its production reached the highest number, 1.4 million cars, in that country.[4] As of 2002, Fiat built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in Italy and the country accounted for more than a third of the company's revenue.[4]
On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. (the former owner of Fiat Group) was to be merged into a new Netherlands-based holding company Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV (FCA), took place before the end of 2014. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles became the new owner of Fiat Group.[23] On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger,[24] which became effective 12 October 2014.[25][26]
Presence[edit]
See also: List of Fiat passenger cars
Global locations of Fiat Automobiles dealers, 2012
Europe[edit]
Fiat's main market is Europe, mainly focused in Italy. Historically successful in citycars and supermini sector, currently Fiat has a range of models focused on those two segments (in 2011, those accounted for the 84% of its sales). Fiat does not currently offer any large family car, nor an executive car - these market segments have, to some extent been covered by the Lancia and Alfa Romeo brands, which Fiat also owns.
Fiat's share of the European market shrank from 9.4 per cent in 2000 to 5.8 per cent in the summer of 2004. At this point Sergio Marchionne was appointed as Fiat's chief executive. By March 2009 their market share had expanded to 9.1 per cent.[27]
Fiat built their five-story Lingotto plant in 1915 through 1918, at the time it was Europe's largest car manufacturing plant.[28] Later the Mirafiori plant was built, also in Turin. To prepare for production of the all-new Fiat 128, Fiat opened their Rivalta plant in October 1968. Until the 128 entered production, the plant was used to build sports versions of the 850 and 124 as well as parts for the Fiat Dino.[29]
Fiat Punto
Fiat Panda
Fiat 500X
Fiat's 2018 range of passenger car engines comprised eleven units, eight petrols and three diesels.[30] Their current range of models is the following:
City car: Fiat 500, Fiat Panda
Compact car: Fiat Tipo
Mini MPV: Fiat 500L
Mini SUV: Fiat 500X
Roadster: Fiat 124 Spider
Fiat sales in 2011 were up to 676,704 (less 17.3% versus the previous year):[31]
Model
2011 sales
Fiat Punto 220,343
Fiat Panda 189,527
Fiat 500 156,301
Fiat Linea 35,499
Fiat Bravo 31,673
Fiat Sedici 14,777
Fiat Freemont 13,651
Fiat Albea 8,951
Fiat Idea 5,982
Light commercial vehicles are sold in Europe under the brand Fiat Professional.
Fiat was importing cars to the UK market by the outbreak of World War II in 1939 (with the two countries on opposite sides), but its market share increased rapidly during the 1970s, with the 127 supermini and 128 range of small family cars being the biggest sellers, selling largely on practicality and efficiency. Its market share increased further during the 1980s with the Fiat Uno (imported to the UK from June 1983) being the company's best seller in the UK, and its share fell sharply in the early 1990s before the arrival of the Punto in March 1994 rejuvenated the company's UK fortunes.
The second generation Punto was a strong seller in the UK after its October 1999 launch, but the new modern day Fiat 500 (launched there in January 2008) has accounted for most of the company's UK sales in more recent years. The original Fiat 500 had been one of the few direct competitors for the iconic Mini during its 1960s heyday.[32]
South America[edit]
Fiat Uno, specifically developed for Brazilian market
Fiat has invested for a long time in South America, mainly in Brazil (where has been the market leader for many years) and in Argentina. They built their first Brazilian car plant in the Greater Belo Horizonte city of Betim in 1973, after having begun by building tractors there.[33]
The Brazilian range is similar to European one, with the addition of a special family which derives from a common platform (called "Project 178"): Palio Weekend, Palio Adventure, Strada.
Recently a range of new models developed in Brazil has been launched: Uno, Palio, Grand Siena, Fiorino.
Other European models are currently imported to Brazil: Fiat 500.
Fiat sells in Brazil under the Fiat brand, European Fiat Professional light commercial vehicles as:
Strada (developed in Brazil, has the same platform as the Palio from "Project 178")
Previous versions of European Doblò, Doblò Cargo.
North America[edit]
Fiat re-entered the North American market in 2011 with the new Fiat 500
Fiat has a long history in the United States. In 1908, the Fiat Automobile Co. was established in the country and a plant in Poughkeepsie, N.Y.,[34][35] began producing Fiats a year later, like the Fiat 60 HP and the Fiat 16-20 HP.[36] These luxury cars were produced long before Chrysler Corp. was formed in 1925 from older manufacturers that were acquired by Walter P. Chrysler, the founder.[37] The New Jersey factory was closed when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917.[citation needed]
Fiat returned to North America in the 1950s, selling the original 500, Fiat 600 Multipla, Fiat 1100, Fiat 1200, and the Fiat 1300.[38] Models produced in those years include the Fiat 124 Sport Spider and the Fiat X1/9.[39][40] Partly as a result, Fiat sales in the US fell from a high of 100,511 cars in 1975 to 14,113 in 1982.[39] In 1983, Fiat left the United States car market with a reputation for poor quality cars in North America, mostly rust and poor reliability.[41]
In January 2009, the Fiat Group acquired a 20% stake in US automaker Chrysler LLC.[42] The deal saw the return of the Fiat brand to North America after a 25-year absence. The first Fiat-branded model to appear was the internationally popular Fiat 500 city car. The Fiat 500 model is built at Chrysler's assembly plant in Toluca, Mexico, which currently makes also the Dodge Journey and Fiat Freemont crossovers.[43] Fiat is also selling their commercial vehicles Fiat Ducato and Fiat Doblò in North America, rebranded as Ram ProMaster and Ram ProMaster City respectively.
Africa[edit]
Fiat passenger cars began assembly in South Africa in 1950, and full production in their Rosslyn plant commenced in 1966.[44] Sales reached a peak market share of about five percent around 1970 but then dropped precipitously. A new 128-based half-ton pickup truck helped turn the situation around.[45] It also assembled in Egypt through El-Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company which assembled FIAT brands 125-127-128
Asia[edit]
Fiat's presence in Chinese market is limited compared to its European, Japanese, Korean and American rivals. At the beginning of 2012, Fiat was only importing Fiat Bravo and Fiat 500 model. However, in 2012 Fiat and GAC opened a Joint Venture plant to produce the first Fiat vehicle specifically developed for Chinese market ever: the Fiat Viaggio, a compact car derived by another model of Fiat SpA group, the Dodge Dart (in turn derived by another Fiat Group car, the Alfa Romeo Giulietta).
Fiat currently offers to Japanese consumers the 500 in both coupe and convertible bodystyles, and the Panda. Both vehicles are in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations affording the Japanese public to purchase a non-Japanese vehicle without having to pay an annual tax for driving a car that exceeds the regulations.
Fiat is also present in the Indian market since 1948. Current presence is in Joint Venture with Tata Motors, although current car sales (Fiat is currently offering the Fiat Punto and Fiat Linea) are niche market and limited (approx. 20k units in 2011).
Current production[edit]
Western countries markets[edit]
Fiat 500L
Fiat Freemont
A-segment - Fiat 500
The Fiat 500 (Italian: cinquecento, Italian pronunciation: [ˌtʃiŋkweˈtʃɛnto]) is a car produced by the Fiat company of Italy between 1957 and 1975, with limited production of the Fiat 500 K estate continuing until 1977. The car was designed by Dante Giacosa. Redesigned in 2007, it is currently distributed worldwide.
A-segment - Fiat Panda
The Fiat Panda is a city car from the Italian automotive manufacturer Fiat. Current version is the third one distributed as from 2012.
B-segment - Fiat Punto
The third generation Fiat supermini to bear the name Punto, codenamed Project 199, the Grande Punto was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show and went on sale later that year. Styled by Giugiaro, the car is based on the Fiat/GM SCCS platform. Whilst the model shares some of its name with the previous Punto, a large number of its components are new, including a new chassis and body shell. After facelift in 2009 it was named as Punto Evo and sold as bare Punto name.
C-segment - Fiat Tipo
M-segment - Fiat 500L
The Fiat 500L enlarges, as from September 2012, the Fiat 500 family with a Mini MPV which replace the Fiat Idea. The model is produced in the new Fiat plant in Serbia. The platform is the same of the Fiat Punto.[46]
Emerging markets (production in Europe)[edit]
C-segment - Fiat Aegea
Emerging markets (production in South America)[edit]
Fiat Argo (Project X6H)
Main article: Fiat Argo
Argo is the car that replaced Fiat Palio and Punto for the Brazilian Market produced in Betim - MG Brazil
Fiat Cronos (Project X6S)
The Cronos is going to be produced in Argentina in Cordoba and is going to be in the place of Siena and Grand Siena.
Fiat New pickup (Project X6P)
The new pickup will took place of Strada, but the project is on hold.
Palio Weekend
Fiat Palio
Main article: Fiat Palio
The Fiat Palio is a supermini designed by Fiat as a world car, aimed at developing countries. The Palio Weekend is a small family car station wagon; an extended version of the hatchback Palio.
Fiat Grand Siena
Grand Siena
Main article: Fiat Siena
The Fiat Grand Siena is the four-door sedan version of the second generation of the Fiat Palio, a small family car especially designed for developing countries.
European Cars of the Year[edit]
The European Car of the Year award has been awarded twelve times to the Fiat Group over the last forty years, more than any other manufacturer. Nine of these awards were won by Fiat Automobiles models. Fiat models awarded the title:
1967: Fiat 124
1970: Fiat 128
1972: Fiat 127
1984: Fiat Uno
1989: Fiat Tipo
1995: Fiat Punto
1996: Fiat Bravo/Brava
2004: Fiat Panda
2008: Fiat 500[47]
CO2 emissions[edit]
Fiat Automobiles, one of Europe's 10 best-selling automotive brands, has for the second year running been confirmed as having the lowest average value for CO2 emissions from vehicles sold in 2008: 133.7 g/km (137.3 g/km in 2007). This was corroborated by JATO, a provider of automotive data.[48]
Electric vehicles[edit]
Fiat started development of electric vehicles back in the mid 1970s, with the concept Fiat X1/23. More recently in 2008, Fiat showed the Phylla concept,[49] and the Fiat Bugster concept in Brazil.[50]
Fiat joined utility companies Cemig and Itaipu to develop new electric vehicles for Brazil, with production in 2009 of the Palio Weekend Electric.[51]
Fiat launched the electric 500e in California in 2013, but no sales were planned for Europe.[52] Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne claimed in 2014 that each one was sold at a loss of $14,000.[53]
Concept vehicles[edit]
1951 Fiat Biposto (Abarth, Bertone)
1954 Fiat Turbina[54]
1956 Fiat 600 Multipla Eden Roc
1957 Fiat 1200 Stanguellini Spider
1961 Fiat 600 Model Y Berlinetta
1964 Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale
1967 Fiat 125 Executive Concept
1967 Fiat 125 GTZ
1967 Fiat Dino Parigi
1968 Fiat Abarth 2000[55]
1969 Fiat 128 Coupe
1969 Fiat 128 Teenager
1972 Fiat 128 Pulsar Michelotti
1972 Fiat ESV 1500
1972 Fiat X1/23
1974 Fiat 127 Village
1975 Fiat Abarth 131
1976 Fiat 126 Cavaletta
1980 Fiat Panda 4×4 Strip (153)
1992 Fiat Grigua (170)
1992 Fiat Cinquecento Cita (170)
1993 Fiat Downtown
1993 Fiat Lucciola Concept (170)
1993 Fiat ZIC
1994 Fiat Punto Racer (176)
1994 Fiat Firepoin[56]
1996 Fiat Bravo Enduro Concept (182)
1996 Fiat Formula 4
1996 Fiat Vuscia Concept
1996 Fiat Barchetta Coupe Concept by Maggiora
2004 Fiat Trepiùno
2005 Fiat Oltre
2006 Fiat FCC
2006 Fiat Suagna Bertone
2007 Fiat Barchetta Bertone
2008 Fiat Phylla
2010 Fiat FCC 3 Mio
2012 Fiat FCC 2
2014 Fiat FCC 4
Motorsport[edit]
In 1971 the Fiat 124 Sport Spider was prepared for the World Rally Championship when Abarth became involved with its production and development and from 1972 had relative success with two wins in 1972, one in 1973 and won 1st, 2nd and 3rd in the 1974 Portuguese TAP Rally.[57]
The Fiat 131 Abarth was a very successful rally car replacing the 124. Between 1976 and 1981 the Fiat 131 won 18 World Rally Championship events,[58] and winning the WRC three times: in 1977, 1978, and in 1980.[59]
Lancia took over the role of motorsport for the Fiat Group during the 1980s. After a long break of factory-supported entries, in 2003 a Fiat Punto S1600 won the Italian Rally Championship, and 2006 the Fiat Grande Punto S2000 won the FIA European Rally Championship,[60] followed by three successive wins in 2009, 2010 and 2011.
Marketing[edit]
Logo[edit]
Fiat logo used from 1968 to 1999
The FIAT initials were first used in the distinctive logo form 1901.[61] Beginning in 1931, the company began using a single red shield without a wreath. In 1968 the "rhomboid" logo (as it was known internally) was introduced which featured the FIAT initials spelled out on four interconnected rhombuses. The rhomboid was slowly phased in during the early 1970s, although the older "laurel wreath" style FIAT badge was used to denote sporting models such as the 124 Spider, 127 Sport, X1/9 and the tuned Abarth models. A new corporate nose based on the rhomboid logo was first introduced in 1983 on the Uno, which consisted of five chrome bars inclined at an angle of 18 degrees to mirror the rhomboid, which usually appeared in reduced size at the corner of the grille.
In 1999 the wreath style logo was re-introduced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the company.
Motor Village and flagship stores[edit]
Fiat launched its Motor Village flagship store concept in 2006, with its Mirafiori Motor Village in Turin, followed by London's on Wigmore Street in 2008[62] and Paris's on the Champs-Élysées in 2010.[63]
BSM-Fiat deal[edit]
In 2009, BSM (the British School of Motoring) ended a 16-year relationship with Vauxhall Motors and signed a deal with Fiat UK to swap its learner vehicle from the Vauxhall Corsa to the new Fiat 500. Fiat UK will supply 14,000 cars to BSM over four years in a marketing deal.[64]
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Italy portal
External links[edit]
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Fiat Automobiles and Fiat Professional
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Minivans
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Multipla
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Stilo
Albea
Idea
Panda II
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Sedici
1950–1979
1400
Campagnola
8V
1900
1100/103
600
Fiat 1200
500
1200/1500/1600 Cabriolet
1800
2100
1300
1500
2300
850
124
124 Sport Coupé
124 Sport Spider
Dino
125
128
130
127
126
132
X1/9
131
133
147
Ritmo/Strada
1920–1949
510
520 "Superfiat"
502
519
509
503
507
512
520
521
525
514
515
522
524
508 Balilla
518 Ardita
527
1500
500 "Topolino"
508 C
2800
1100
1899–1919
4 HP
6 HP
8 HP
10 HP
12 HP
16-20 HP
24-32 HP
60 HP
Brevetti
1
Zero
2B
70
501
505
LCVs
1100 T
238
241
242
900T
Daily
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Penny
Concept models
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Trepiùno
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X1/23
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130 HP
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Mephistofeles
S74
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Patriarca 1100
Armored vehicles
2000
L6/40
L3/35
3000
M11/39
M13/40
M14/41
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. website
Fiat Professional S.p.A. website
Two subsidiaries of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy
show
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« previous — Fiat car timeline (Europe), 1980s–present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
City car 126 Cinquecento Seicento / 600
500
Panda I Panda II Panda III
Supermini Hatchback 127 Punto I Punto II
Uno Palio Grande Punto Punto Evo Punto
Sedan Duna Siena Albea
Compact car Hatchback Ritmo Tipo Bravo I / Brava Stilo Bravo II Tipo
Sedan 128
131 Regata Tempra Marea Linea Tipo
Mid-size car/Station wagon 132 Argenta Croma I Croma II
Cabriolet Ritmo Cabrio Punto Cabrio 500C
Coupé Coupé
Spider Spidereuropa Barchetta 124 Spider
Sports car X1/9
LAV Fiorino I Fiorino II Fiorino III / Qubo
Doblò I Doblò II
Mini CUV Sedici 500X
Mini MPV Idea 500L
Compact MPV Multipla
Large MPV Ulysse I Ulysse II Freemont
LCV Daily Scudo I Scudo II Talento
Ducato I Ducato II Ducato III
Mini pickup Strada
Pickup Fullback
Off-road Campagnola (1107)
Legend
Manufactured by Pininfarina from 1983
Manufactured by Bertone from 1982
Manufactured by Mazda in Japan
Manufactured by Suzuki in Hungary
Manufactured by Sevel Nord (FCA/PSA) in France
Manufactured by Chrysler in Mexico
show
v
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Fiat car timeline (South America), 1980s–present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Economy car Hatch 147 / Spazio Mille Mobi
Uno Palio I Palio II Argo
Uno II
Sedan Oggi Prêmio/Duna Siena Grand Siena Cronos
Subcompact Punto
Compact Hatch Tipo Brava Stilo Bravo
Sedan Tempra / Tempra SW Marea / Marea Weekend Linea
Coupé Coupé
LCV/LAV Fiorino I Fiorino II Fiorino III
Doblò
Ducato
Mini MPV Idea
Pickup City Fiorino Pick-up Strada
Toro
show
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Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
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Current JV
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Nanjing Fiat Automobile
FCA US
see own template for a list of marques, divisions and joint ventures
Comau
Fiat Powertrain Technologies (VM Motori)
Italiana Editrice (77%)
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Teksid (84.8%)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat_Automobiles&oldid=866341196"
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Fiat – Spanish
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Fiat – Esperanto
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Batting average
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled Batting average (cricket) and Batting average (baseball). (Discuss) (March 2018)
Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball and softball. The development of the baseball statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic.[1]
Contents
1 Cricket
1.1 Leading Test batting averages
2 Baseball
2.1 Qualifications for the batting title
2.2 All-time leaders
3 Other contexts
4 References
Cricket[edit]
See also: Cricket statistics
International cricket career batting averages (Jan 2004). Note Bradman's Test average of 99.94.
In cricket, a player's batting average is the total number of runs that they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. Since the number of runs a player scores and how often they get out are primarily measures of their own playing ability, and largely independent of their teammates, batting average is a good metric for an individual player's skill as a batter. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively. If all the batter's innings were completed (i.e. they were out every innings), this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings (i.e. some innings they finished not out), this number is an estimate of the unknown average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players' relative skills since the 18th century.
Most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the desirable range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short and make up for it with keeping skill. Until a substantial increase in scores in the 21st century due to improved bats and smaller grounds among other factors, players who sustained an average above 50 through a career were considered exceptional, and before the development of the heavy roller in the 1870s (which allowed for a flatter, safer cricket pitch) an average of 25 was considered very good.[2]
All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30.
15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers.
A small number of players have averaged less than 5 for a complete career, though a player with such an average is a liability unless an exceptional bowler as Alf Valentine, B. S. Chandrasekhar or Glenn McGrath were.
Career records for batting average are usually subject to a minimum qualification of 20 innings played or completed, in order to exclude batsmen who have not played enough games for their skill to be reliably assessed. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australia's Sir Donald Bradman, with 99.94. Given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only five other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradman's average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest athlete in any sport.[3]
Disregarding this 20 innings qualification, the highest career test batting average is 112, by Andy Ganteaume, a Trinidadian Keeper-batsman, who was dismissed for 112 in his only test innings.[4]
Batting averages in One Day International (ODI) cricket tend to be lower than in Test cricket,[5] because of the need to score runs more quickly and take riskier strokes and the lesser emphasis on building a large innings. It should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played.
If a batter has been dismissed in every single innings, then their total number of runs scored divided by the number of times they have been out gives exactly the average number of runs they score per innings. However, for a batter with innings which have finished not out, this statistic is only an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings – the true average number of runs they score per innings is unknown as it is not known how many runs they would have scored if they could have completed all their not out innings. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average.[6]
Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. For example, Phil Tufnell, who was noted for his poor batting,[7] has an apparently respectable ODI average of 15 (from 20 games), despite a highest score of only 5 not out, as he scored an overall total of 15 runs from 10 innings, but was out only once.[8]
A different, and more recently developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batter scores (number of runs from 100 balls) – so it does not supplant the role of batting average. It is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batter scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket.
Leading Test batting averages[edit]
Sir Donald Bradman
(Source: Cricinfo Statsguru)
Rank
Batter
Tests
Innings
N.O.
Runs
Highest
Ave
Career dates
1 Don Bradman 52 80 10 6996 334 99.94 1928–48
2 Adam Voges 20 31 7 1485 269* 61.87 2015–16
3 Steve Smith 64 117 16 6199 239 61.37 2010–
4 Graeme Pollock 23 41 4 2256 274 60.97 1963–70
5 George Headley 22 40 4 2190 270* 60.83 1930–54
6 Herbert Sutcliffe 54 84 9 4555 194 60.73 1924–35
7 Eddie Paynter 20 31 5 1540 243 59.23 1931–39
8 Ken Barrington 82 131 15 6806 256 58.67 1955–68
9 Everton Weekes 48 81 5 4455 207 58.61 1948–58
10 Wally Hammond 85 140 16 7249 336* 58.45 1927–47
Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed.
* denotes not out.
Baseball[edit]
Ty Cobb slides into third base
See also: List of Major League Baseball batting champions and Baseball statistics
A V G = H A B {\displaystyle AVG={\frac {H}{AB}}}
In baseball, the batting average (BA) is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three decimal places and read without the decimal: A player with a batting average of .300 is "batting three-hundred." If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the .001 measurement. In this context, a .001 is considered a "point," such that a .235 batter is 5 points higher than a .230 batter.
Henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball. In the late 19th century he adapted the concept behind the cricket batting average to devise a similar statistic for baseball. Rather than simply copy cricket's formulation of runs scored divided by outs, he realized that hits divided by at bats would provide a better measure of individual batting ability. This is because while in cricket, scoring runs is almost entirely dependent on one's own batting skill, in baseball it is largely dependent on having other good hitters on one's team. Chadwick noted that hits are independent of teammates' skills, so used this as the basis for the baseball batting average. His reason for using at bats rather than outs is less obvious, but it leads to the intuitive idea of the batting average being a percentage reflecting how often a batter gets on base, whereas in contrary, hits divided by outs is not as simple to interpret in real terms.
In modern times, a season batting average higher than .300 is considered to be excellent, and an average higher than .400 a nearly unachievable goal. The last player to do so, with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting championship, was Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox, who hit .406 in 1941, though the best modern players either threaten to or actually do achieve it occasionally, if only for brief periods of time. There have been numerous attempts to explain the disappearance of the .400 hitter, with one of the more rigorous discussions of this question appearing in Stephen Jay Gould's 1996 book Full House.
Ty Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with .366, 9 points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second highest average in history at .358. The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at-bats belongs to Bill Bergen, a catcher who played from 1901 to 1911 and recorded a .170 average in 3,028 career at-bats. The modern-era record for highest batting average for a season is held by Napoleon Lajoie, who hit .426 in 1901, the first year of play for the American League. The modern-era record for lowest batting average for a player that qualified for the batting title is held by Rob Deer, who hit .179 in 1991. While finishing six plate appearances short of qualifying for the batting title, Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox hit .159 for the 2011 season, twenty points (and 11.2%) lower than the record. The highest batting average for a rookie was .408 in 1911 by Shoeless Joe Jackson.
For non-pitchers, a batting average below .230 is often considered poor, and one below .200 is usually unacceptable. This latter level is sometimes referred to as "The Mendoza Line", named for Mario Mendoza (a lifetime .215 hitter), a stellar defensive shortstop whose defensive capabilities just barely made up for his offensive shortcomings. The league batting average in Major League Baseball for 2016 was .255,[9] and the all-time league average is between .260 and .275.
In rare instances, MLB players have concluded their careers with a perfect batting average of 1.000. John Paciorek had three hits in all three of his turns at bat. Esteban Yan went two-for-two, including a home run. Hal Deviney's two hits in his only plate appearances included a triple, while Steve Biras, Mike Hopkins, Chet Kehn, Jason Roach and Fred Schemanske also went two-for-two. A few dozen others have hit safely in their one and only career at-bat.
Sabermetrics, the study of baseball statistics, considers batting average a weak measure of performance because it does not correlate as well as other measures to runs scored, thereby causing it to have little predictive value. Batting average does not take into account walks or power, whereas other statistics such as on-base percentage and slugging percentage have been specifically designed to measure such concepts. Adding these statistics together form a player's On-base plus slugging or "OPS". This is commonly seen as a much better, though not perfect, indicator of a player's overall batting ability as it is a measure of hitting for average, hitting for power and drawing bases on balls.
In 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result of this was skyrocketed batting averages, including some near .500, and the experiment was abandoned the following season.
Qualifications for the batting title[edit]
The Major League Baseball batting averages championships (often referred to as "the batting title") is awarded annually to the player in each league who has the highest batting average. Ty Cobb holds the MLB (and American League) record for most batting titles, officially winning 11 in his pro career.[10] The National League record of 8 batting titles is shared by Honus Wagner and Tony Gwynn. Most of Cobb's career and all of Wagner's career took place in what is known as the Dead-Ball Era, which was characterized by higher batting averages and much less power, whereas Gwynn's career took place in the Live-Ball Era.
To determine which players are eligible to win the batting title, the following conditions have been used over the sport's history:[11]
Pre-1920 – A player generally is required to appear in at least 100 or more games when the schedule was 154 games, and 90 games when the schedule was 140 games. An exception to the rule was made for Ty Cobb in 1914, who appeared in 98 games but had a big lead and was also a favorite of League President Ban Johnson.
1920–1949 – A player had to appear in 100 games to qualify in the National League; the AL used 100 games from 1920–1935, and 400 at-bats from 1936–1949. The NL was advised to adopt 400 at-bats for the 1945 season, but League President Ford Frick refused, feeling that 100 games should stand for the benefit of catchers and injured players. (Taffy Wright is often erroneously said to have been cheated out of the 1938 batting title; he batted .350 in exactly 100 games, with 263 ABs. Jimmie Foxx hit .349, in 149 games and 565 AB. But since the AL requirement that year was 400 at-bats, Foxx's batting title is undisputed.)
1950–1956 – A player needed 2.6 at-bats per team game originally scheduled. (With the 154-game schedule of the time, that meant a rounded-off 400 at-bats.) From 1951–1954, if the player with the highest average in a league failed to meet the minimum at-bat requirement, the remaining at-bats until qualification (e.g., 5, if the player finished the season with 395 ABs) were hypothetically considered hitless at-bats; if his recalculated batting average still topped the league, he was awarded the title. This standard applied in the AL from 1936–1956.
1957 to the present – A player has needed 3.1 plate appearances per team game originally scheduled; thus, players were no longer penalized for walking so frequently, nor did they benefit from walking so rarely. (In 1954, for example, Ted Williams batted .345 but had only 386 ABs, while topping the AL with 136 walks. Williams thus lost the batting title to Cleveland's Bobby Ávila, who hit .341 in 555 ABs.) In the 154-game schedule, the required number of plate appearances was 477, and since the era of the 162-game schedule, the requisite number of PAs has been 502. (Adjustments to this 502 PA figure have been made during strike-shortened seasons, such as 1972, 1981, 1994, and 1995.)
From 1967 to the present, if the player with the highest average in a league fails to meet the minimum plate-appearance requirement, the remaining at-bats until qualification (e.g., 5 ABs, if the player finished the season with 497 plate appearances) are hypothetically considered hitless at-bats; if his recalculated batting average still tops the league, he is awarded the title. This is officially called Rule 10.22(a), but it is also known as the Tony Gwynn rule because the Padres' legend won the batting crown in 1996 with a .353 average on just 498 plate appearances (i.e., was four shy). Gwynn was awarded the title since he would have led the league even if he'd gone 0-for-4 in those missing plate appearances. His average would have dropped to .349, five points better than second-place Ellis Burks' .344.[12] In 2012, a one-time amendment to the rule was made to disqualify Melky Cabrera from the title. Cabrera requested that he be disqualified after serving a suspension that season for a positive testosterone test. He had batted .346 with 501 plate appearances, and the original rule would have awarded him the title over San Francisco Giants teammate Buster Posey, who won batting .336.[13][14]
All-time leaders[edit]
Main article: List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders
#
Player
Avg[15]
Team(s)
Year(s)
1 Ty Cobb .366 Philadelphia (AL), Detroit (AL) 1905-1928
2 Rogers Hornsby .358 St. Louis (NL), New York (NL), Boston (NL), Chicago (NL), St. Louis (NL), St. Louis (AL) 1915–37
3 Shoeless Joe Jackson .356 Philadelphia (AL), Cleveland (AL), Chicago (AL) 1908-20
4 Lefty O'Doul .349 New York (AL), Boston (AL), New York (NL), Philadelphia (NL), Brooklyn 1919–23, 1928–34
5 Ed Delahanty .346 Philadelphia (NL), Cleveland (PL), Philadelphia (NL), Washington 1888–1903
6 Tris Speaker .345 Boston (AL), Cleveland, Washington (AL), Philadelphia (AL) 1907–28
7 Billy Hamilton .34442 Kansas City (AA), Philadelphia (NL), Boston (NL) 1888–1901
8 Ted Williams .34441 Boston (AL) 1939–42, 1946–60
9 Dan Brouthers .34212 Troy, Buffalo, Detroit (NL), Boston (NL), Boston (PL), Brooklyn (NL), Baltimore (NL), Louisville, Philadelphia (NL), New York (NL) 1879–96, 1904
10 Babe Ruth .34206 Boston (AL), New York (AL), Boston (NL) 1914–36
Note: Batting averages are normally rounded to 3 decimal places. Extra detail here is used for tie-breaker.
Other contexts[edit]
Following from usage in cricket and baseball, batting average has come to be used for other statistical measures of performance and in the general usage on how a person did in a wide variety of actions.
An example is the Internet Archive, which uses the term in ranking downloads. Its "batting average" indicates the correlation between views of a description page of a downloadable item, and the number of actual downloads of the item. This avoids the effect of popular downloads by volume swamping potentially more focused and useful downloads, producing an arguably more useful ranking.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Baseball Statistics". Cosmic Baseball Association. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
Jump up ^ See Rae, Simon; W.G. Grace: A Life; p. 26. ISBN 0571178553
Jump up ^ "Sir Donald Bradman". Players and Officials. Cricinfo.com. Retrieved 2006-04-27.
Jump up ^ statsguru. Cricinfo.com http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/51874.html. Retrieved 2018-07-25. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ – Highest Career Battin Average in ODIs
Jump up ^ Das, S. (2011). "On Generalized Geometric Distributions: Application to Modeling Scores in Cricket and Improved Estimation of Batting Average in Light of Notout Innings". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2117199  .
Jump up ^ Cricinfo – The Jack of all rabbits
Jump up ^ Phil Tufnell
Jump up ^ "Major League Baseball Batting Encyclopedia". Baseball Reference.
Jump up ^ "Year-by-Year League Leaders for Batting Average". Sports Reference, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Leaderboard Glossary – Baseball". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
Jump up ^ http://triblive.com/sports/2424892-74/cabrera-batting-crown-rule-league-baseball-gwynn-mccutchen-347-anyone
Jump up ^ "Cabrera, Posey are MVPs". The State. Associated Press. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Baggarly, Andrew. "Melky Cabrera ruled ineligible to win batting crown". CSN Bay Area. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders for Batting Average". Baseball Reference. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
show
v
t
e
Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50
Australia
Don Bradman (99.94)
Adam Voges (61.87)
Steve Smith (61.37)
Greg Chappell (53.86)
Ricky Ponting (51.85)
Jack Ryder (51.62)
Michael Hussey (51.52)
Steve Waugh (51.06)
Matthew Hayden (50.73)
Allan Border (50.56)
England
Herbert Sutcliffe (60.73)
Eddie Paynter (59.23)
Ken Barrington (58.67)
Wally Hammond (58.45)
Jack Hobbs (56.94)
Len Hutton (56.67)
Ernest Tyldesley (55.00)
Joe Root (52.77)
Denis Compton (50.06)
India
Vinod Kambli (54.20)
Sachin Tendulkar (53.78)
Virat Kohli (53.40)
Rahul Dravid (52.31)
Sunil Gavaskar (51.12)
Cheteshwar Pujara (50.51)
New Zealand
Kane Williamson (50.35)
Pakistan
Javed Miandad (52.57)
Mohammad Yousuf (52.29)
Younis Khan (52.05)
South Africa
Graeme Pollock (60.97)
Jacques Kallis (55.37)
Dudley Nourse (53.81)
AB de Villiers (50.66)
Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (57.40)
West Indies
George Headley (60.83)
Everton Weekes (58.61)
Garfield Sobers (57.78)
Clyde Walcott (56.68)
Charlie Davis (54.20)
Brian Lara (52.88)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (51.37)
Viv Richards (50.23)
Zimbabwe
Andy Flower (51.54)
Minimum 20 innings. Currently active players are listed in italics.
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values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Batting_average
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
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values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
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u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: ব্যাটিং গড় – Bangla

values:
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values:
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values: ബാറ്റിങ് ശരാശരി – Malayalam

values:
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values: सरासरी धावा – Marathi

values:
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values: ਬੱਲੇਬਾਜ਼ੀ ਔਸਤ (ਕ੍ਰਿਕਟ) – Punjabi

values:
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values: ஓட்ட விகிதம் (துடுப்பாட்டம்) – Tamil

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