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Nonprofit organization
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A non-profit organization (NPO), also known as a non-business entity,[1] is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a shared point of view. In economic terms, it is an organization that uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its ultimate objective, rather than distributing its income to the organization's shareholders, leaders, or members. Non-profits are tax exempt or charitable, meaning they do not pay income tax on the money that they receive for their organization. They can operate in religious, scientific, research, or educational settings.
The key aspects of nonprofits is accountability, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested their time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, funders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. The more nonprofits focus on their mission, the more public confidence they will have, and has a result, more money for the organization.[2] Public confidence has decreased since the September 11 attacks, but in recent surveys, it has been found that the confidence is seeing slight rises. The more confidence the nonprofit has, the more funders, supporters, and the more volunteers it will have. The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public’s confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are.
Contents
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1 Examples of Nonprofit Organizations
2 Statistics about Non-Profits in the United States
3 How Nonprofits Raise Money
3.1 Challenges
4 Nonprofit VS. Not-for-Profit
5 How Non-Profits are Run
6 Functions
6.1 Formation and structure
6.2 Tax exemption
7 By jurisdiction
7.1 Australia
7.2 Belgium
7.3 Canada
7.4 France
7.5 Hong Kong
7.6 India
7.7 Republic of Ireland
7.8 Japan
7.9 New Zealand
7.10 Russia
7.11 South Africa
7.12 Ukraine
7.13 United Kingdom
7.14 United States
7.14.1 Governance
7.14.2 Accreditation
8 Problems
8.1 Founder's syndrome
8.2 Resource mismanagement
8.3 Competition for talent
9 Online presence
10 Alternative names
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Examples of Nonprofit Organizations[edit]
American Red Cross
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Make-A-Wish Foundation
Ronald McDonald House Charities
United Way of America
Humane Society of the United States
Habitat for Humanity
American Cancer Society
Doctors Without Borders
Statistics about Non-Profits in the United States[edit]
According to the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million non-profit organizations registered in the United States, including public charities, private foundations, and other non-profit organizations. Contributions to different charities reached $358.38 billion in 2014, which was an increase of 7.1% from the 2013 estimates. Out of these contributions, Religious organizations received 32%, educational institutions received 15%, and human service organizations received 12%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a non-profit [3]
How Nonprofits Raise Money[edit]
Non-profits are not driven by generating profit, but they must produce enough income to pursue their social duties. Non-profits are able to raise money in four different ways. This includes income from donations from private donors or organizations, government funding, income from their sales or services, and income from investments. [4] Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPO’s within the last decade, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, NPO’s become efficient in one of the four ways to gain revenue. Trying to use multiple forms of creating revenue can increase an NPO’s costs and they can lose money.
Challenges[edit]
NPO's challenges primarily stem from lack of funding. Funding can either come from within the organization, fundraising, donations, or from the federal government. When cutbacks are made from the federal government, the organization suffers from devolution. This term describes when there is a shift of responsibility from a central government to a local, subnational authority. The shift is due to the loss of funds; therefore, resulting in changes of responsibilities in running programs. Because of this frequent challenge, management must be innovative and effective in the pursuit of success.
Nonprofit VS. Not-for-Profit[edit]
Nonprofit and non-for-profit are terms that are used similarly, but do not mean the same thing. Both are organizations that do not make a profit, but may receive an income to sustain their missions. The income that nonprofit and not-for-profit organizations generate is used differently. Nonprofit organizations return their income back to the organization if they generate extra income. Not-for-profits use their excess money to pay their members who do work for them. Another difference between nonprofit organizations and not-for-profit organizations is their membership. Nonprofits have volunteers or employees who do not receive any money from the organizations fundraising efforts. They may earn a salary for their work that is independent from the money the organization has fundraised. Not-for-profit members have the opportunity to benefit from the organizations fundraising efforts. Both nonprofits and not-for-profits are tax exempt under the IRS publication 557. Although they are both tax exempt, each organization faces different tax code requirements. A nonprofit is tax exempt under 501(c)(3) requirements if it is either a religious, charitable, or educational based organization. Not-for-profits are tax exempt under 501(c)(7) requirements if they are an organization for pleasure, recreation or another non-profit purpose.[5]
Non-profits are either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving nonprofit organizations create a benefit for the member's of their organization and can include but are not limited to credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Community-serving nonprofit organizations focus on providing services to the community either globally or locally. Community-serving nonprofits include organizations that deliver aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving.
How Non-Profits are Run[edit]
A common assumption of non-profits is that they are run completely by volunteers. This is not the case. Most non-profits have staff that work for the company, with many then bringing in volunteers to do the work led by the staff. The money to pay staff comes from the state law that allows nonprofits to pay reasonable salaries to their employees. NPO’s must be careful that their staff are not making too much money. If that is the case, the IRS has the right to penalize the non-profit. [6]
The extent to which a nonprofit organization is considered business-like, for example in how they manage their resources and accomplish their missions, is something nonprofits have to balance. Although the goal of non-profits isn’t to make a profit, they still have to operate as a business. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional, financially responsible, replace self-interest and profit motive with mission motive, and have the ability to speak both languages of the nonprofit, which is the business language and the nonprofit language[7]. The business language provides the ability to work with money, such as applying for grants, which is crucial for non profits. While the nonprofit language provides the ability to speak to the community. Non profits needs to balance these both out to have a successful organization.
Functions[edit]
NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:
Management provisions
Accountability and auditing provisions
Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
Tax status of the founders.
Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the USA at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.
While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.
In many aspects, they are similar to corporate business entities though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.
Formation and structure[edit]
In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws or articles of incorporation or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.
Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a trust or association of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the board of directors, board of governors or board of trustees. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'; examples of such organizations are FairVote[8][9] and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.[10] The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making.[11] Accordingly, many organizations, such as the Wikimedia Foundation,[12] have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse.[13][14] A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements.[15] A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.
Tax exemption[edit]
In many countries, nonprofits may apply for tax exempt status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code. Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while applying for tax-exempt designation (such as 501(c)(3), the charitable tax-exemption) is granted by the federal government in the form of the IRS. ... This mean that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt.[16] NPOs use the model of a double bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability.[17][18]
By jurisdiction[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, nonprofit organizations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions, and research institutes.[19] A nonprofit organization in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organization: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976).[20] From an academic perspective, social enterprise is, for the most part, considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good. However, these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure, and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.
In Australia, nonprofit organizations are primarily established in one of three ways: companies limited by guarantee, trusts, and incorporated associations. However, the incorporated association form is typically used by organizations intending to operate only within one Australian state jurisdiction. Nonprofit organizations seeking to establish a presence across Australia typically consider incorporating as a company or as a trust.[21]
Belgium[edit]
By Belgian law, there are several kinds of nonprofit organization:
Vereniging zonder winstoogmerk (Dutch, abbreviated vzw), Vereinigung ohne Gewinnerzielungsabsicht (German) or Association sans but lucratif (French, abbreviated asbl).
Internationale vereniging zonder winstoogmerk (Dutch, often abbreviated ivzw) or Association internationale sans but lucratif (French, often abbreviated aisbl) for international nonprofit organizations.
Stichting van openbaar nut (Dutch, abbreviated son) or Fondation d’utilités publique (French, abbreviated fup).
These three kinds of nonprofit organization are in contrast to a fourth:
Feitelijke vereniging (Dutch) or Association de fait (French), an informal organization, often started for a short-term project, or managed alongside another NPO that does not have any status in law so cannot purchase property etc.(association sans personnalité morale).
Canada[edit]
Canada allows nonprofit organizations to be incorporated or unincorporated. They may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act, or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations, particularly with regards to corporate governance.[citation needed] Federal, and in some provinces (including Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do bylaw changes. Other provinces (including Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.
During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II – the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011, and the act was current until 4 March 2013.[22] It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.
Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments, and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:
The relief of poverty
The advancement of education
The advancement of religion, or
Certain other purposes that benefit the community in a way the courts have said is charitable[23]
Charities are not permitted to engage in partisan political activity; doing so may result in the revocation of charitable status. However, a charity can carry out a small number of political activities that are non-partisan, help further the charities' purposes, and subordinate to the charity's charitable purposes.[24]
France[edit]
In France, nonprofits are called associations. They are based on a law enacted 1 July 1901. As a consequence, the nonprofits are also called association loi 1901.
A nonprofit can be created by two people to accomplish a common goal. The association can have industrial or commercial activities or both, but the members cannot make any profit from the activities. Thereby, worker's unions and political parties can be organized from this law.
In 2008, the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) counted more than a million of these associations in the country, and about 16 million people older than 16 are members of a nonprofit in France (a third or the population over 16 years old). The nonprofits employ 1.6 million people, and 8 million are volunteers for them.[25]
This law is also relevant in many former French colonies, particularly in Africa.
Hong Kong[edit]
The Hong Kong Company Registry provides a memorandum of procedure for applying to Registrar of Companies for a Licence under Section 21 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32) for a limited company for the purpose of promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity, or any other useful object.[26][27]
India[edit]
In India, non-governmental organizations (NGO) are the most common type of societal institutions that do not have commercial interests. However, they are not the only category of non-commercial organizations that can gain official recognition. For example, memorial trusts, which honor renowned individuals through social work, may not be considered as NGOs.[28]
They can be registered in four ways:
Trust
Society
Section-25 company (Section 8 as per the new Companies Act, 2013)
Special licensing
Schools
Sports.
Registration can be with either the Registrar of Companies (RoC) or the Registrar of Societies (RoS).
The following laws or Constitutional Articles of the Republic of India are relevant to the NGOs:
Articles 19(1)(c) and 30 of the Constitution of India
Income Tax Act, 1961
Public Trusts Acts of various states
Societies Registration Act, 1860
Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 (Section 8 as per the new Companies Act, 2013)
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976.
Republic of Ireland[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2016)
The Irish Nonprofits Database was created by Irish Nonprofits Knowledge Exchange (INKEx) to act as a repository for regulatory and voluntarily disclosed information about Irish public-benefit nonprofits. The database lists more than 10,000 nonprofit organizations in Ireland.In 2012 INKEx ceased to operate due to lack of funding.[29]
Japan[edit]
In Japan, an NPO is any citizen's group that serves the public interest and does not produce a profit for its members. NPOs are given corporate status to assist them in conducting business transactions. As at February 2011, there were 41,600 NPOs in Japan. Two hundred NPOs were given tax-deductible status by the government, which meant that only contributions to those organizations were tax deductible for the contributors.[30]
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: Incorporated society
In New Zealand, nonprofit organizations usually are established as incorporated societies or charitable trusts. An incorporated society requires a membership of at least 15 people.
Russia[edit]
Russian law contains many legal forms of non-commercial organization (NCO), resulting in a complex, often contradictory, and limiting regulatory framework.[31] The primary requirements are that NCOs, whatever their type, do not have the generation of profit as their main objective and do not distribute any such profit among their participants (Article 50(1), Civil Code). Most commonly there are five forms of NCO:
Public associations – A public association is the form most comparable to an 'association' as used in international parlance. A public association is a membership-based organization of individuals who associate on the basis of common interests and goals stipulated in the organization's charter.
Foundations – Foundations are property-based, non-membership organizations created by individuals or legal persons (or both) to pursue social, charitable, cultural, educational, or other public benefit goals.
Institutions – The institution (uchrezhdeniye) is a form that exists in Russia and several other countries of the former Soviet Union. Like foundations, institutions do not have members. Unlike foundations, however, institutions do not acquire property rights in the property conveyed to them (Article 120, Civil Code, and Article 20, NCO Law). Moreover, the founders are liable for any obligations of the institution that it cannot meet on its own.
Non-commercial partnerships – A non-commercial partnership (NP) (Article 8, NCO Law) is a membership organization pursuing activities for the mutual benefit of members. Therefore, assets that have been transferred to an NP as donations can be used for purposes other than those having public benefit.
Autonomous non-commercial organizations – An autonomous non-commercial organization (ANO) (Article 10, NCO Law) is a non-membership organization undertaking services in the field of education, social policy, culture, etc., which in practice often generates income by providing its services for a fee.[32]
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, certain types of charity may issue a tax certificate when requested, which donors can use to apply for a tax deduction. Charities/NGOs may be established as voluntary associations, trusts or nonprofit companies (NPCs). Voluntary associations are established by agreement under the common law, and trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court.
Non-profit companies (NPCs) are registered by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission.[33] All of these may voluntarily register with The Directorate for Nonprofit Organisations and may apply for tax-exempt status to the South African Revenue Service (SARS).
Ukraine[edit]
In Ukraine, nonprofit organizations include non governmental organizations, cooperatives (inc. housing cooperative), charitable organizations, religious organizations, political parties, commodities exchange (it is strange, but in Ukraine commodities exchange can't be organized for profit) and more. Nonprofit organization shall obtain of non-profit status from tax authority. State fiscal service is the main registration authority for non-profit status.[34]
United Kingdom[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: Update needed: As of 2011, the UK law now allows additional charity types known as Charitable Incorporated Organizations (January 2014)
In the UK, many nonprofit companies are incorporated as a company limited by guarantee. This means that the company does not have shares or shareholders, but it has the benefits of corporate status. This includes limited liability for its members and being able to enter into contracts and purchase property in its own name. The profits of the company (also referred to as the trading surplus) must be invested in achieving these goals and not distributed to the company's members.[35]
Since the Companies Act 2006, nonprofit companies may be formed as a Community Interest Company (CIC). These are forms of company limited by guarantee or company limited by shares but with special conditions and are intended specifically to ensure that the profits and assets of the company are used for the public good, even when managed for (limited) profit.[36]
A charity is a nonprofit organization that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission.[37] In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations that are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations and are not regarded as 'charities' in the technical sense.
United States[edit]
For a United States analysis of this issue, see 501(c) and Charitable organization (United States).
After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax-exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organization. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax-exempt status for income-tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose.[38] Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in the loss of tax-exempt status.
Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications, and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax-exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal levels. A tax-exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be available for public scrutiny. An example of a nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.
Governance[edit]
The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these 'board-only' organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors' nominations.[39] Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks 'members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?'
Accreditation[edit]
A nonprofit organization in the United States can receive an accreditation by undergoing a third-party review from the Standards for Excellence Institute to ensure efficient use of resources.
Problems[edit]
Founder's syndrome[edit]
Founder's syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy.[40]
Resource mismanagement[edit]
Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated.[41] Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.[42][43][44] A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its expense ratio (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).
Competition for talent[edit]
Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers,[45] and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority,[46] which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.[47]
Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.[48]
It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector[49] and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work.[46] NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.[50]
Online presence[edit]
Many NPOs often use the .org or .us (or the CCTLD of their respective country) or .edu top-level domain (TLD) when selecting a domain name to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use the .com space.
In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for 'organizations that didn't fit anywhere else' in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status; however, it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums and .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.
Alternative names[edit]
Instead of being defined by 'non' words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term 'civil society organization' (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the Center for the Study of Global Governance.[51] The term 'citizen sector organization' (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including Ashoka: Innovators for the Public.[52] Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.[53]
In some Spanish-language jurisdictions, nonprofit organizations are called "civil associations".[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Association without lucrative purpose
Community organization
Fundraising
Master of Nonprofit Organizations
Mutual organization
Non-commercial
Non-governmental organization (NGO)
Non-profit organizations and access to public information
Non-profit sector
Nonprofit technology
Occupational safety and health
Social economy
Supporting organization (charity)
United States non-profit laws
Category:Nonprofit organizations
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Jump up ^ "Charities and Giving – Charities Information webinars – Political Activities". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Vie associative : 16 millions d’adhérents en 2008, INSEE, publication December 2010
Jump up ^ "HKTDC Forum: Doing Business in Hong Kong – Non profit organisation in Hong Kong". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.hkicpa.org.hk/APLUS/0704/44.pdf
Jump up ^ book keeping and accounting. govt.of Maharashtra.
Jump up ^ McLysaght, Emer. "Non-profit transparency database to close due to lack of funding". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
Jump up ^ Kamiya, Setsuko, "NPO tax status threatened by Diet split", Japan Times, 22 February 2011, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Ljubownikow, S.; Crotty, J. (1 April 2013). "Civil Society in a Transitional Context: The Response of Health and Educational NGOs to Legislative Changes in Russia's Industrialized Regions". Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 43 (4): 759–776. doi:10.1177/0899764013482396.
Jump up ^ "Russia". Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Register a non-profit company – South African Government". www.gov.za.
Jump up ^ Thor, Anatoliy. "Registration of non-governmental organization in Ukraine".
Jump up ^ ""Company Limited by Guarantee", Small Firms Services Ltd". Sfsgo.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "CIC regulator".
Jump up ^ Charity Commissioners information page.
Jump up ^ "Special rules for unrelated business income tax". U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Dent, George W., Corporate Governance Without Shareholders: A Cautionary Lesson from Non-Profit Organizations (2014). Delaware Journal of Corporate Law (DJCL), Vol. 39, No. 1, 2014; Case Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014–34. Available at SSRN
Jump up ^ Block, Stephen R.; Rosenberg, Steven (Summer 2002). "Toward and Understanding of Founder's Syndrome". Nonprofit Management & Leadership. 12 (4): 353.
Jump up ^ Audit Guide for Small Nonprofit Organizations.
Jump up ^ Edwards, M. (Editor) & Hulme, D. (Editor) (2002). "NGO Performance and Accountability: Introduction and Overview (Chapter 11)". The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Morningstar, Cory (May 17, 2013). "Brought to You by Wall Street". CounterPunch.
Jump up ^ "The Climate Wealth Opportunistsauthor=Morningstar, Cory". CounterPunch. March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chertavian, G. (March 2013). "Nonprofits Need to Compete for Top Talent". Harvard Business Review.
^ Jump up to: a b Maw, L. Winning the Talent Game http://www.ssireview.org/blog/entry/winning_the_talent_game
Jump up ^ Becchetti, Castriota, & Depedri. Working in the For-Profit versus Not-For-Profit Sector: What Difference Does it Make? http://icc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/28/icc.dtt044
Jump up ^ Cohen, R. Nonprofit Salaries: Achieving Parity with the Private Sector https://nonprofitquarterly.org/management/5506-nonprofit-salaries-achieving-parity-with-the-private-sector.html
Jump up ^ Coffman, S. Nonprofits Can Compete with Employee Benefits http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2002/12/23/focus4.html?page=all
Jump up ^ Fox, T. How to Compete with the Private Sector for Young Workers. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-leadership/wp/2014/03/18/how-to-compete-with-the-private-sector-for-young-workers/
Jump up ^ :Glasius, Marlies, Mary Kaldor and Helmut Anheier (eds.) "Global Civil Society 2006/7". London: Sage, 2005.
Jump up ^ Drayton, W: "Words Matter". Alliance Magazine, Vol. 12/No.2, June 2007.
Jump up ^ Alvarado, Elliott I.: "Nonprofit or Not-for-profit -- Which Are You?", page 6-7. Nonprofit World, Volume 18, Number 6, November/December 2000.
Further reading[edit]
Snyder, Gary R., Nonprofits: On the Brink : How Nonprofits have lost their way and some essentials to bring them back, 2006.
P. Hartigan, 2006, 'It's about people, not profits', Business Strategy Review, Winter 2006
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Non-profit organizations.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Nonprofit organization
Nonprofit Resources at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Our Community resources for the Australian non-profit sector
Nonprofit Resources resources for the nonprofit sector
Nonprofits & Philanthropy Research at IssueLab
The Benefits of Nonprofit Organizations
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Addison Montgomery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Addison Montgomery
Grey's Anatomy & Private Practice character
Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery in Private Practice.
First appearance
Grey's Anatomy:
"Who's Zoomin' Who?" 1x09 (as guest)
"Something To Talk About" 2x07 (as regular cast)
Private Practice:
"In Which We Meet Addison, a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else" 1x01
Last appearance
Grey's Anatomy:
"Didn't We Almost Have It All?" 3x25 (as regular cast)
"If/Then" 8x13 (as special guest)
Private Practice:
"In Which We Say Goodbye" 6x13
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Kate Walsh
Information
Occupation
Obstetrician-gynecologist at Seaside Health & Wellness
Fetal and neonatal surgeon at St. Ambrose Hospital
Obstetrician-gynecologist at Oceanside Wellness Group (former)
Fetal and neonatal surgeon at Seattle Grace Hospital (former)
Title
Director Of Seaside Health & Wellness
Chief Of OB/GYN and Neonatal Surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital (former)
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
F.A.C.O.G.
Family
Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery (mother, deceased)
"Captain" Montgomery (father)
Archer Forbes Montgomery (brother)
Spouse(s)
Derek Shepherd (divorced, deceased)
Jake Reilly
Significant other(s)
Mark Sloan
Alex Karev
Kevin Nelson
Pete Wilder
Sam Bennett
Children
Henry Montgomery (son)
Angela Reilly (step-daughter via Jake)
Dr. Addison Adrianne Forbes Montgomery[1] (formerly Montgomery-Shepherd) is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice played by Kate Walsh. Addison is a world-class neonatal surgeon[2] with board certifications in both Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Maternal and Fetal Medicine.[3] Additionally, she is a medical genetics fellow.[3][4] She works at the Oceanside Wellness Group, a fictional practice located in Santa Monica, California.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 Backstory
1.2 Grey's Anatomy
1.3 Private Practice
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed "The Captain" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]
Grey's Anatomy[edit]
The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]
During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]
Private Practice[edit]
In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]
In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]
Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]
Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.
At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Anna, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]
In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
"I discovered I had endless stories to write for her. Grey's is mainly about young people starting their careers. I realized Kate could anchor a show about people 10 years down the line — what happens if they didn't achieve their dreams, or if they did?"
— Shonda Rhimes on creating a show centered on Kate Walsh's character[31]
Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. "It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years," she said.[33]
Characterization[edit]
Montgomery was initially described as "cold and unforgiving".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had "softened" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as "a girl you love to hate".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: "She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker — a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled."[36]
Walsh felt that Montgomery had become "stronger" and "more centered" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, "Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back."[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that "she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying."[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because "the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there."[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); "It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'"[37]
Reception[edit]
TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: "Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show."[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she "went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn." Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, "the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character "fun" and added: "Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting."[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[45][46]
In 2006, Walsh was among the cast of Grey's Anatomy to win the Satellite Award for Best Ensemble in a Television Series.[47] The cast, including her, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series,[48] which they won in 2007,[49] and were nominated for again the following year.[50] For her work on Private Practice, Walsh earned a nomination for Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 37th People's Choice Awards.[51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Season 3, Episode 10: "Blowups"
^ Jump up to: a b c Shonda Rhimes (writer), Mark Tinker (director) (2007-09-26). "In Which We Meet Addison, a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else". Private Practice. Season 1. Episode 01. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Klaviter (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2006-04-30). "Blues for Sister Someone". Grey's Anatomy. Season 1. Episode 23. ABC.
Jump up ^ Zoanne Clack (writer), Wendey Stanzler (director) (2005-10-16). "Deny, Deny, Deny". Grey's Anatomy. Season 1. Episode 04. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jon Cowan and Robert L. Rovner (writers), James Frawley (director) (2008-11-26). "Tempting Faith". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 07. ABC.
Jump up ^ Steve Blackman (writer), Michael Zinberg (director) (2009-02-19). "Wait and See". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 17. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b Tony Phelan and Joan Rater (writers), Dan Attias (director) (2009-02-12). "Before and After". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 15. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer), Michael Dinner (director) (2005-11-20). "Thanks for the Memories". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 09. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Private Practice Bios". ABC.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
Jump up ^ Mark Wilding (writer), Dan Minahan (director) (2005-09-04). "Owner of a Lonely Heart". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 11. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer), Dan Minahan (director) (2006-09-21). "Time Has Come Today". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 01. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Greg Yaitanes (director) (2007-01-18). "Six Days, Part 2". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 12. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2005-10-30). "Into You Like a Train". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 06. ABC.
Jump up ^ Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman (writers), Wendey Stanzler (director) (2005-11-27). "Much Too Much". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 10. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Rob Corn (director) (2006-02-19). "Yesterday". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 18. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2006-09-28). "I Am a Tree". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 02. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mark Wilding (writer), Tom Verica (director) (2006-04-26). "Desire". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 21. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b Shonda Rhimes (writer), Michael Grossman (director) (2007-05-03). "The Other Side of This Life, Part 1 and 2". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 22-23. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mitvich, Matt (November 6, 2008). "Exclusive: Multi-Episode Grey's Anatomy/Private Practice Crossover Is in the Works". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
Jump up ^ Tony Phelan and Joan Rater (writers), Rob Corn (director) (2007-05-17). "Didn't We Almost Have It All?". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 25. ABC.
Jump up ^ Emily Halpern (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2007-11-14). "In Which Sam Gets Taken for a Ride". Private Practice. Season 1. Episode 07. ABC.
Jump up ^ Stacy McKee (writer), Mark Tinker (director) (2008-05-01). "Piece of My Heart". Grey's Anatomy. Season 4. Episode 13. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes and Marti Noxon (writers), Mark Tinker (director) (2008-10-01). "A Family Thing". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 01. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mike Ostrowski (writer), Tom Verica (director) (2008-10-08). "Equal and Opposite". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 02. ABC.
Jump up ^ Craig Turk (writer), Michael Pressman (director) (2008-10-29). "Past Tense". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 04. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer), Mark Tinker (director) (2008-12-03). "Crime and Punishment". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 08. ABC.
Jump up ^ Craig Turk (writer), Jim Frawley (director) (2009-01-29). "Second Chances". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 14. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mike Ostrowski (writer), Steve Gomer (director) (2009-02-05). "Acceptance". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 15. ABC.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1546921/
^ Jump up to: a b Netflix.com
Jump up ^ Schneller, Johanna (October 11, 2007). "Kate Walsh Interview: What's Up, Doc?". Marie Claire. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Paula (May 6, 2009). "Casting chemistry keeps 'Grey's' fresh". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Day, Patrick Kevin (June 12, 2012). "Kate Walsh says she's leaving 'Private Practice'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Dehnart, Andy (March 28, 2007). "'Addison's Anatomy' will only hurt 'Grey's'". TODAY.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Mary (April 20, 2005). "Grey's Anatomy Love Triangle Erupts!". TV Guide. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marsi, Steve (November 15, 2006). "Eric Dane, Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide". TV Fanatic. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kate Walsh Talks About Addison's New Love Life". People. July 21, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Corcoran, Monica. "Kate Walsh: "I've Always Been the Girl Who Keeps on Trying" - Page 2 Read more: Kate Walsh Interview – Actress Kate Walsh on Her Divorce and Private Practice". Redbook. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Surette, Tim (October 22, 2008). "TV.com Q&A: Private Practice's Kate Walsh". TV.com. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "I would like first to clarify.." TV Guide. September 26, 2005. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keller, Joel (October 9, 2008). "It's good to see the old Addison Montgomery back". AOL TV. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 23, 2013). "Now That Private Practice Is Over, Addison Should Go Back to Grey's Anatomy". New York. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TV's Most Intriguing Characters". Comcast. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "12 Most Stylish TV Characters". Glamour. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (December 31, 2012). "The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television". BuzzFeed. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Winner Announcement" (PDF). www.pressacademy.com. International Press Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 29, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 28, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 27, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees". PeoplesChoice.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
External links[edit]
Grey's Anatomy at ABC.com
Private Practice at ABC.com
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