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Gallia Belgica
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This article is about the Roman province. For the pre-Roman people, see Belgae. For other uses, see Belgica (disambiguation).
Provincia Belgica
Province of the Roman Empire
22 BC–5th century
Capital Durocortorum (modern Reims)[citation needed] Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier)
Historical era Antiquity
• Established after the Gallic Wars 22 BC
• Ended with Frankish Kingdoms 5th century
Today part of Belgium
France
Luxembourg
Germany < 90
Netherlands < 90
Map with the location of the Belgae at the time of Julius Caesar
Map of Roman Gaul with Belgica in orange (Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas, 1886)
The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117-38 AD), showing, in northeastern Gaul, the imperial province of Gallia Belgica (Belgium/Picardie/Champagne)
Gallia Belgica (Belgic Gaul) was a province of the Roman empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in which Belgium is situated today. In 50BC after the conquest by Julius Caesar during his Gallic Wars, it became one of the three main provinces of Gaul (known as the Tres Galliae the other two being Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Lugdunensis).[1] An official Roman province was later created by emperor Augustus in 22 BC.
The province is named for the Belgae as the largest tribal confederation in the area, but it also included the territories of the Treveri, Mediomatrici, Leuci, Sequani, Helvetii and others. The southern border of Belgica, formed by the Marne and Seine rivers, was reported by Caesar as the original cultural boundary between the Belgae and the Gauls who he distinguished as Celts.[2]
The province was re-organised several times, first increased and later decreased in size. Diocletian brought the northeastern Civitas Tungrorum into Germania Inferior, joining the Rhineland colonies, and the remaining part of Gallia Belgica was divided into Belgica Prima in the eastern area of the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci, around Luxembourg and the Ardennes, and Belgica Secunda between the English channel and the upper River Meuse.
The capital of Belgica Prima, Trier, became an important late western Roman capital.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Roman conquest
2 Formation under Augustus
3 Under the emperors
3.1 Reform of Domitian (around 90)
3.2 Attack by the Chauci (173)
3.3 Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire
3.4 Reform of Diocletian (around 300)
3.5 Prosperous fourth century
4 Germanic conquests (after 406)
5 Legacy
6 See also
7 References
Roman conquest[edit]
Further information: Belgae, Gallia Comata, and Gallic Wars
In 57 BC, Julius Caesar led the conquest of northern Gaul, and already specified that the part to the north of the Seine and Marne rivers was inhabited by a people or alliance known as the Belgae. This definition became the basis of the later Roman province of Belgica. Caesar said that the Belgae were separated from the Celtic Gauls to their south by "language, custom and laws" (lingua, institutis, legibus) but he did not go into detail, except to mention that he learnt from his contacts that the Belgae had some ancestry from east of the Rhine, which he referred to as Germania. Indeed, the Belgian tribes closest to the Rhine he distinguished as the Germani cisrhenani. (Strabo stated that the differences between the Celts and Belgae, in language, politics and way of life was a small one.[4]) Modern historians interpret Caesar and the archaeological evidence as indicating that the core of the Belgian alliance was in the present-day northernmost corner of France; the Suessiones, Viromandui and Ambiani as well perhaps as some of their neighbours who lived in the area, Caesar identified as Belgium or Belgica. These were the leaders of the initial military alliance he confronted, and they were also more economically advanced (and therefore less "Germanic" according to Caesar's way of seeing things) than many of their more northerly allies such as the Nervii and Germani Cisrhenani.[5]
Apart from the southern Remi, all the Belgic tribes allied against the Romans, angry at the Roman decision to garrison legions in their territory during the winter. At the beginning of the conflict, Caesar reported the allies' combined strength at 288,000, led by the Suessione king, Galba.[6] Due to the Belgic coalition's size and reputation for uncommon bravery, Caesar avoided meeting the combined forces of the tribes in battle. Instead, he used cavalry to skirmish with smaller contingents of tribesmen. Only when Caesar managed to isolate one of the tribes did he risk conventional battle. The tribes fell in a piecemeal fashion and Caesar claimed to offer lenient terms to the defeated, including Roman protection from the threat of surrounding tribes.[7] Most tribes agreed to the conditions. A series of uprisings followed the 57 BC conquest. The largest revolt was led by the Bellovaci in 52 BC, after the defeat of Vercingetorix. During this rebellion, it was the Belgae who avoided direct conflict. They harassed the Roman legions, led personally by Caesar, with cavalry detachments and archers. The rebellion was put down after a Bellovaci ambush of the Romans failed. The revolting party was slaughtered.
Formation under Augustus[edit]
Following a census of the region in 27 BC, Augustus ordered a restructuring of the provinces in Gaul. Therefore, in 22 BC, Marcus Agrippa split Gaul (or Gallia Comata) into three regions (Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica.) Agrippa made the divisions on what he perceived to be distinctions in language, race and community - Gallia Belgica was meant to be a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples.[8] The capital of this territory was Reims, according to the geographer Strabo, though later the capital moved to modern day Trier. The date of this move is uncertain.
Modern historians however view the term 'Gaul' and its subdivisions as a "product of faulty ethnography" and see the split of Gallia Comata into three provinces as an attempt to construct a more efficient government, as opposed to a cultural division.[9] Successive Roman emperors struck a balance between Romanizing the people of Gallia Belgica and allowing pre-existing culture to survive.
The Romans divided the province into four "civitates" corresponding generally to ancient tribal boundaries: the civitas Menapiorum, Nerviorum, Tungrorum and Treverorum with capitals at modern Tournai, Bavay, Tongeren and Triers respectively. These civitates were in turn were divided into smaller units, pagi, a term that became the French word "pays".
Roman government was run by Concilia in Reims or Trier. Additionally, local notables from Gallia Belgica were required to participate in a festival in Lugdunum (modern Lyon) which typically celebrated or worshiped the emperor’s genius. The gradual adoption of Romanized names by local elites and the Romanization of laws under local authority demonstrate the effectiveness of this concilium Galliarum.[10] With that said, the concept and community of Gallia Belgica did not predate the Roman province, but developed from it.
Under the emperors[edit]
Roman roads in Belgium
Reform of Domitian (around 90)[edit]
During the 1st century AD (estimated date 90 AD), the provinces of Gaul were restructured. Emperor Domitian reorganized the provinces in order to separate the militarized zones of the Rhine from the civilian populations of the region.[11] The northeastern part of Gallia Belgica was split off and renamed Germania Inferior, later to be reorganized and renamed as Germania Secunda. This included the eastern part of modern Belgium, the southernmost part of the modern Netherlands, and a part of modern Germany. The eastern part was split off to become Germania Superior (parts of western Germany and eastern France) and the southern border of Gallia Belgica was extended to the south. The newer Gallia Belgica included the cities of Camaracum (Cambrai), Nemetacum (Arras), Samarobriva (Amiens), Durocortorum (Reims), Dividorum (Metz) and Augusta Treverorum (Trier).
Attack by the Chauci (173)[edit]
In 173 the later emperor Didius Julianus, then governor of Gallia Belgica, had to repel a serious invasion of the Chauci, a Germanic tribe that lived along the shores of the Wadden Sea at the respective northern and northwestern coast of present-day Netherlands and Germany, in the drainage basin of the river Scheldt (present day Flanders and Hainaut). Archaeologists have found evidence that large farms near Tournai and the village Velzeke (near Ghent) had to be abandoned. Further the capitals in the areas of the former tribes of the Atrebates, Morini and the Nervians were either burnt down (Nemetacum (Arras)) or had to be rebuilt in the last quarter of the second century, Colonia Morinorum (Thérouanne) and Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavay).[12]
Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire[edit]
With the crisis of the third century and the partition of the Empire, Roman control over Gaul deteriorated in the 3rd century. In 260 Postumus became emperor of a breakaway Gallic empire. He proved able to stop the incursions from the Franks. Only in 274 was Roman control restored by the new emperor Aurelian in the Battle of Châlons. The cost of this defeat in the long run proved very high indeed. With the Gallic army defeated and not returning to the Rhine border, the Franks overran the neighbouring province of Germania Inferior. The Rhineland (to the Ripuarian Franks) and the area between the Rhine and the main road between Boulogne and Cologne, present day South Holland, Zeeland, Flanders, Brabant and Limburg, the last three in both the present day Netherlands and Belgium (to the Salic Franks) were de facto lost forever for the Roman empire. This gave the Salic Franks a base from which they could expand some 130 years later, beginning after the disastrous Rhine crossing in 406, to conquer the whole area of the former province of Gallia Belgica and start the Merovingian kingdom, the first immediate forerunner state of Western civilization.
Reform of Diocletian (around 300)[edit]
Emperor Diocletian restructured the provinces around 300, and split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had Treveri (Trier) as its main city, and consisted of the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was approximately along the River Meuse.
Prosperous fourth century[edit]
The eastern part of Gallia Belgica, especially the valley of the Moselle became very prosperous in the fourth century, particularly in the decades that Augusta Treverorum (Trier) was the capital of the Western Roman Empire. The Roman poet Ausonius wrote a famous poem over the Mosella.
Germanic conquests (after 406)[edit]
The Provinces of Gaul, circa 400 AD
The Porta Nigra of Trier, capital of Gallia Belgica, constructed between 186 and 200 AD
Franks held de facto control over the major part of Germania Inferior since 275. Around 350 this was partly formalized when the Romans gave official control over Toxandria to the Salian Franks. Toxandria was most likely for a large part overlapping with the area now known as the Kempen.
Eventually, in 406, a large alliance among them Vandals, Alans and Suebi, under great pressure from the Huns, after first having been defeated by the Ripuarian Franks in the neighborhood of Cologne in Germania Inferior, successfully crossed the Rhine in the neighborhood of present-day Koblenz and entered Gallia Belgica by way of the Moselle valley. They subsequently destroyed large parts of Gallia Belgica, before eventually moving on to Hispania (present day Spain). This invasion and the accompanying widespread destruction broke the backbone of Roman power in at least the northern part of Gallia Belgica. After this invasion the Franks were able to conquer valuable agricultural land south of the Via Belgica, the very important main road between Cologne and Boulogne, that had been the backbone of Roman defense strategy between 260 and 406.
In 452 a major battle was fought at the Catalaunian fields (between the Seine and the Moselle). A coalition of Romans, Visigoths and Franks fought an army led by the legendary Hunnic leader Attila. The outcome of this battle itself was inconclusive, but as a consequence of this battle the Huns and their allies left the area of Gallia Belgica where they had plundered nearly all major cities, except Paris.
After the Western Roman Empire had already collapsed in Galla Belgica for some time the Gallo-Roman "Kingdom of Soissons" (457-486) managed to maintain control over the area around Soissons. The Franks however emerged victorious and Belgica Secunda in the 5th century became the center of Clovis' Merovingian kingdom. During the 8th century in the Carolingian Empire the former area of Gallia Belgica was split into Neustria (roughly Belgica Secunda, main cities Paris, Reims) and Austrasia (roughly Belgica Prima, main cities Trier, Metz). After the death of Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, the Carolingian Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The three sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories into three kingdoms: East Francia (the forerunner of modern Germany), West Francia (west of the Scheldt river) a part of which (Ile de France), from the middle of the 10th century became the kernel of modern France, and Middle Francia which was succeeded by Lotharingia. Though often presented as the dissolution of the Frankish empire, it was in fact the continued adherence to Salic patrimony. Lotharingia was divided in 870 by the Treaty of Meerssen under West and East Francia.
Legacy[edit]
Further information: Terminology of the Low Countries
Representation of the Low Countries as Leo Belgicus by Claes Janszoon Visscher, 1609
'Belgica Foederata' was the Latin name of the Dutch Republic.
The name of Belgica continued to refer to the entire Low Countries until the modern period. The Seventeen Provinces of the Low Countries were then divided into the independent Belgica Foederata or the federal Dutch Republic and the Belgica Regia or the royal Southern Netherlands under the Habsburgian crown. For example, several contemporary maps of the Dutch Republic, which consisted of the Northern Netherlands, and therefore has almost no overlap with the country of Belgium, show the Latin title Belgium Foederatum.[13]
Belgica Foederata continued to be used as the Latin name of the Dutch Federation after its secession of Belgica Regia in 1581; the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815 was still known as Royaume des Belgiques, and it was only with the independence of modern Belgium and the modern Netherlands in the 1830s that the name became reserved for Belgium to the exclusion of the Netherlands.
See also[edit]
Saxon shore
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar. The Conquest of Gaul. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), Caes. Gal. 1.1.1
Jump up ^ "Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana diuidit.", Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Jump up ^ Gallia Belgica - Edith Mary Wightman - Google Boeken. Books.google.be. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ Geography 4.1
Jump up ^ Wightman, Edith Mary (1985), Gallia Belgica, University of California Press pages 12-14.
Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar. The Conquest of Gaul. Trans. S.A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), pp. 59-60.
Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar. The Conquest of Gaul. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982); pp. 59, 70, 72.
Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (New York: Facts on File, 1994), p. 169.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, New Ed., Vol. 10 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 469.
Jump up ^ Edith Mary Wightman, Gallia Belgica (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 57-62, 71-74.
Jump up ^ Mary T. Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola and Richard J. A. Talbert. A Brief History of the Romans (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 224.
Jump up ^ Jona Lendering on www.livius.org
Jump up ^ For example, the map "Belgium Foederatum" by Matthaeus Seutter, from 1745, which shows the current Netherlands.[1]
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Opposition to the American Civil War
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Popular opposition to the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, was widespread. Although there had been many attempts at compromise prior to the outbreak of war, there were those who felt it could still be ended peacefully or did not believe it should have occurred in the first place. Opposition took the form of both those in the North who believed the South had the right to be independent and those in the South who wanted neither war nor a Union advance into the newly declared Confederate States of America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Northern opposition
1.1 The Peace Movement
1.2 Slavery supporters
1.3 Protests
1.3.1 Seymour
1.4 Draft riots
1.5 Draft dodgers
2 Southern opposition
2.1 Appalachia
3 See also
4 References
4.1 North
4.2 South
Northern opposition[edit]
The main opposition came from Copperheads, who were Southern sympathizers in the Midwest. Irish Catholics after 1862 opposed the war, and rioted in the New York Draft Riots of 1863. The Democratic Party was deeply split. In 1861 most Democrats supported the war, but with the growth of the Copperhead movement, the party increasingly split down the middle. It nominated George McClellan a War Democrat in 1864 but gave him an anti-war platform. In terms of Congress the opposition was nearly powerless—and indeed in most states. In Indiana and Illinois pro-war governors circumvented anti-war legislatures elected in 1862. For 30 years after the war the Democrats carried the burden of having opposed the martyred Lincoln, the salvation of the Union and the destruction of slavery.[1]
The Peace Movement[edit]
The beginnings of opposition to the American Civil War were stirred in at the beginning of the war. In states such as New Jersey, New York, and the rest of New England, smatterings of people who did not favor the war arose. This was especially evident in the state of Connecticut. When President Abraham Lincoln was elected as President-elect, he left several Democratic Congressmen split from their party. These congressmen were William W. Eaton of Hartford, E. B. Godsell of Bridgeport, James Gallagher of New Haven, Ralph I. Ingersoll, and Thomas H. Seymour of Hartford. In addition to these Congressmen, peace advocates such as Democratic Ohio Congressmen Clement L. Vallandigham and Samuel S. Cox, Wisconsin newspaper publisher Stephen D. Carpenter, and Connecticut Senator William C. Fowler.
Slavery supporters[edit]
However, Vallandigham, Cox, Carpenter, and Fowler’s grounds for opposing the war were against Lincoln’s desire to abolish slavery. Cox voiced his opinion on the matter by saying at a meeting in the House of Representatives, “this Government is a Government of white men; that the men who made it never intended by anything they did, to place the black race on an equality with the white.” Furthermore, this group of men strived for war against the South, deeming it constitutional, but criticized Lincoln of “waging a battle for the conquest and subjugation of the South” in a cruel way by challenging the constitutional rights of individuals and states. They also criticized the emancipation proclamation, saying that it unconstitutionally changed the intentions of the North against the South from preservation of the Union to abolition of slavery. The opinions of Vallandigham, Cox, Carpenter, and Fowler further attack Lincoln’s premise of war by saying Lincoln secretly went to war over slavery, and that abolitionists working with Lincoln started the war. In a last resort, Vallandigham proposed that the war stop by simply having both the Union and Confederacy withdraw their troops, have peace talks amongst officials, and restore social and economic order. He did not explain how this would be executed, and no agreement was reached. Interestingly, Vallandigham seemed to take sides with the South. He attempted to work with Confederate agents in Canada to start a revolution in the northwestern states, which would establish a Confederacy and ally with the South to crush the Union and end the war. This attempt by Vallandigham was desperate and was not successful in creating such a revolution. In that, it was not a major opposition movement.
Protests[edit]
Southern peace men were also prominent war opposition figures during the war. H.S. Foote of Tennessee was a strong supporter of the peace movement. In 1864, Foote resigned from the Confederate Congress and tried to make peace with Lincoln. C.C.S. Farrar, a wealthy Southern planter, was also a supporter of the peace movement. Farrar and Foote shared Vallandigham’s views on the cause of the war, basing it on the actions of radicals in the north and south. Farrar, Foote, Fowler, Cox, Carpenter, and Vallandigham concluded that the Union could have been preserved and the war ended if extremists in the north and south had not spurred a controversy. However, other forms of opposition to the war took place in a not so peaceful fashion. Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation created protest in the Union. General McClellan felt that the emancipation would rapidly “disintegrate” the Union Army, since the goal of what the soldiers strived for and even died for would drastically change. Others felt the emancipation was unconstitutional. A Pennsylvania corporal said he feared that if the Constitution was stretched with the emancipation, it could be used to advance politicians’ own desires. The corporal was, in a way, correct. The difference was Lincoln was not a man who had such characteristics to propel his own motives by abuse of the Constitution. The emancipation also created problems for slave states that were in the Union, since they had to choose between the Union or slavery. Union soldiers who were for slavery and against the Confederacy had to also choose between slavery or the Union. This caused some troops to blame slaves for the existence of the war, and resent the idea of rewarding the culprits with emancipation. On the other hand, the Connecticut Democrats took a slightly different approach to opposing the war.
Seymour[edit]
Thomas H. Seymour and the other peace Democrats for the 1860 election attacked the war by getting elected into the legislature. These candidates dealt with a mighty blow to the peace movement because the attack on Fort Sumter required men at arms and money to aid the Union. Openly opposing the war at this time was dangerous, for it was a time of patriotism and loyalty. Seymour and other peace Democrats could show their opposition to the war by merely being silent while other legislators openly conveyed their loyalty to the Union. Seymour also expressed his opposition by declining an offer to serve on the Committee on Military Affairs in Congress. At the beginning of the war, the state of Connecticut was ready to fight more than ever as huge numbers of enlistees proudly marched to fight. However, opposition still existed under the radar of most people. During this time, “the Times failed to hang out the Stars and Stripes, but apologized later for the ‘oversight’.”
The press reviled Seymour’s refusal to serve and some called it “treasonable.” Other opposition began to arise in various towns such as Ridgefield, Windsor, West Hartford, Goshen, and Avon, where peace flags were being flown. Sharing views from Vallandigham, Cox, and Fowler, Seymour openly expressed his view on the war as being an “invasion” of the south. Seymour also supported the Crittenden Compromise, which proposed a “measure of its own for stopping unnatural hostilities.” This attempt was a strong one, in that Seymour tried to end the war by using the legislature. Unfortunately, the compromise was not passed and Seymour’s strong attempt at making peace failed. This was a hard blow to Seymour, for it gave more ammunition to label him as disloyal to the Union. Subsequently, Republican newspapers condemned Seymour as a man whose career ended in a “blaze of infamy.”
The peace movement began to take a strong position during the First Battle of Bull Run. On July 24, thirty Danbury women marched with peace banners to a brass band that played “The Hickory Tree.” The women took down the Stars and Stripes and replaced them with peace flags, saying “a war like the present one” could never restore the Union. Newspapers such as the Farmer reported the event and tried to encourage other papers to do the same, in hopes of spreading the peace movement. Rallies sprung up in Bloomfield, Kent, Stonington, Middletown, and Cornwall Bridge around the peace flag. Democrats such as Gallagher and Godsell would make guest appearances at the rallies. The peace flags were white and bore an emblem that represented “peace and union,” or “peace and our country.” These events were held to not only create a resistance, but to raise awareness to Lincoln.
The peace movement was not met without violence and resistance. Peace meetings were disrupted by Unionists who opposed anti-war sentiment. Peace flags were torn down and replaced by the Stars and Stripes. In the case of newspapers, Unionist papers attempted to quell peace papers by saying rebel papers were going to die out. In other states such as New Hampshire and Massachusetts, newspapers were harassed and threatened. “On August 20th, the Unionists of Haverhill tarred and feathered the editor of the Essex County Democrat.” In 1861, a mob attacked the Farmer, which produced heavy anti-war articles and stories in newspapers. The Democratic Party was labeled as disloyal, treacherous, and rebellious to the Union as well as pro-Southern. Seymour was ridiculed in the Republican editorial, the Hartford Courant, as “a man who defies the Government.” In addition, the Republican party strived to counter Seymour by further calling him a Copperhead, a Southern sympathizer, and a traitor to the Union. The term “copperhead” refers to the Democrats who opposed the policies of the Lincoln administration. A Republican newspaper reported that Seymour, if elected governor, would use the Connecticut militia to repel recruiting officers. The attacks on the peace movement struck both the press and figures that upheld the opposition to Lincoln’s policies. This hostility to the peace movement is evidence of how strong the anti-war campaign became.
Draft riots[edit]
The other form of opposition to the American Civil War was through rioting. This proved to be the most effective in creating a disturbance and getting attention from the government. The New York City draft riots of 1863 proved how far people would go to oppose the war, especially Lincoln’s policies. The origins of the draft riots come from labor competition. In New York, jobs such as long-shoremen, hod-carriers, brickmakers, whitewashers, coachmen, stablemen, porters, bootblacks, barbers, and waiters were mainly occupied by African Americans. However, the large emigration of Irish and German people to America caused a clash between themselves and African Americans. The Irish and Germans needed jobs, but they had to compete with African Americans for them. Politicians argued that if Lincoln was elected President and the Union won the war, a large exodus of African Americans would come to the North and would create a very difficult economic situation for the Irish and German immigrants. This campaign basis created large dissent to African Americans. Newspaper editors such as James Gordon Bennett of the Herald spoke out “if Lincoln is elected to-day, you will have to compete with the labor of four million emancipated Negroes....the north will be flooded with free Negroes, and the labor of the white man will be depreciated and degraded.” This was the premise for many opposing the draft. If the immigrants and white men were drafted into the army, they felt their jobs would be open to African Americans, who would take those jobs. Several riots broke out before the draft was brought to New York City and created tension amongst African Americans, the police, and the resistance mobs. The riots reinforced hatred toward African Americans and to the state. On the morning of July 13, 1863, the draft riots commenced. Hundreds of employees failed to report to their jobs, and instead, rallied at Central Park. There, the crowd of protestors split up and marched to the Ninth District Provost Marshal’s Office. There, the draft lottery would be held. On the way, the crowd cut down telephone poles, uprooted railroad tracks, and looted stores for weapons. The mob burned the draft office and marched to the Republican newspaper offices to protest there, whereas some crowds marched to the Democratic newspaper offices and cheered. Later on in the day, draft officers received orders to suspend the draft. This did little to ease the crowd. Policemen’s homes were burned and firehouses were attacked despite the fact that many firefighters were against the draft. Later in the week, the rioting continued but focused more against African Americans. Young men who were unmarried and had no children performed the most violent attacks, since they were the most likely to be drafted. Eventually, the rioting was put down on July 17 by military regiments returning from Gettysburg. The quelling of the riots through troops is proof of how much attention the draft riots received. Not only that, but the magnitude at which the riots broke out also indicated how much opposition there was to the war. The New York draft riots of 1863 occurred to oppose the war for two reasons. The first reason is that labor competition would be increased if the war was won, since the belief that African Americans would emigrate to the North and steal jobs from white men. The second reason is that the draft would ensure the loss of jobs for white men and force anti-war oriented people to fight in the very war they opposed. Opposition to the draft did not always occur in an organized form, however.
Draft dodgers[edit]
Draft dodgers were prominent during the American Civil War. Between July 1863 and April 1865, four national drafts resulting in a call of 776,829 men took place, but of these men only 46,347 were held to service. Although most men who opposed and dodged the draft did so legally, many still refused to report to the draft office and illegally avoided it. Between July 1863 and December 1864, 161,224 men failed to report to service under the draft. The large amount of draft dodgers indicated the amount of opposition to fighting in the war. Some of the soldiers may have been peace Democrats as well as Southern sympathizers. Many did consist of Irish Catholics, who immigrated to the east coast and were mentioned earlier. Another reason immigrants avoided the draft was because they just arrived into America. They did not want to fight and die for a country they had only been in for a short time. The Confederate States of America issued its first draft that called upon all able-bodied white males aged from eighteen to thirty-five to fight. However, it changed the draft age from seventeen to fifty. The extreme broadening of the draft age could have increased the opposition to the war. Although there were some draft dodgers that simply did not desire to fight, but did not oppose the war. Many, however, were against the emancipation proclamation and sided with the northern Democrats. A particular reason men avoided the draft was due to the Confederate Army’s increase in strength brought on by the emancipation proclamation. It “steeled resolve in the Confederate Army by providing soldiers like James E. Harrison with fresh reminders of precisely why they must keep up the fight.” Conversely, the emancipation changed what Union soldiers were fighting for dramatically. They thought they were fighting to preserve the Union, but the emancipation changed soldiers’ views on the war. Many Unionists agreed that slavery should not be abolished and left the ranks of the Union Army. However, the emancipation did not change the opposition as a whole
The above evidence is clear in showing the two most critical opposition movements to the American Civil War. The New York draft riots, along with draft dodging, were an effective method in resisting the war in three ways. First, white men could keep their jobs if they did not go to war. Secondly, avoiding the draft meant less manpower for the Union to keep fighting. The war meant fewer jobs for white men in places such as New York City due to an influx of freed slaves, if the Union won. With less manpower, it would be harder to keep the war going. Finally, immigrants who arrived in America were shortly conscripted to fight in a war for a cause that meant little to them. As for the peace movement in the North and South, Democratic leaders held the offensive in the opposition to the war. Men such as Vallandigham, Cox, Farrar, Fowler, Foote, and Carpenter strongly opposed the war and attempted to make agreements with both the Confederacy and the Union to end the war. On the other hand, movements led by Seymour spread like wildfire in Connecticut. The peace demonstrations held by peace men and women and the creation of the peace flag were clear displays of discontent with the war. The scale of the opposition to the war is witnessed through the Unionists’ attacks on peace demonstrations and peace-promoting newspapers. Furthermore, the Emancipation Proclamation stirred Unionists’ opinions on the war. Not only did it strengthen the Confederate Army, but it reduced the manpower of white men in the Union Army. Although the peace movements, draft riots, and Emancipation Proclamation did not end the American Civil War nor did it lead to the Confederacy winning the war, they displayed the opinions of many Americans who were both ordinary people and Congressmen from north and south.
Southern opposition[edit]
Considerable opposition existed in the South. In the border states a bloody partisan war raged in Kentucky, Missouri, and Indian Territory. Many Confederate governors feuded with the Confederate government in Richmond, thus weakening the South militarily and economically.
Appalachia[edit]
The mountain areas contained pockets of strong opposition. That happened in the Ozarks of Arkansas and even more so in the Appalachia area. It was a theatre of bloody feuds and brutal, partisan (guerrilla) warfare, especially in eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and West Virginia.[2] As Fisher (2001) explains:
"A constant in Civil War Appalachia was the prevalence of partisan violence. Throughout this region, loyalists, secessionists, deserters, and men with little loyalty to either side formed organized bands, fought each other as well as occupying troops, terrorized the population, and spread fear, chaos, and destruction. Military forces stationed in the Appalachian regions, whether regular troops or home guards, frequently resorted to extreme methods, including executing partisans summarily, destroying the homes of suspected bushwhackers, and torturing families to gain information. This epidemic of violence created a widespread sense of insecurity, forced hundreds of residents to flee, and contributed to the region's economic distress, demoralization, and division."
See also[edit]
Pacifism in the United States
List of peace activists
List of anti-war organizations
Gangs of New York, a 2002 fictionalized film referencing the New York Draft Riots of 1863
Red Strings [clarification needed]
Maggie Flynn, a 1968 Broadway Musical that also touches upon the 1863 Draft Riots
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joel Silbey, A respectable minority: the Democratic Party in the Civil War era, 1860-1868 (1977)
Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Noe and Shannon H. Wilson, eds. The Civil War in Appalachia (2004)
North[edit]
William Dusinberre. Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 1856-1865 (1965)
Arnold Shankman. The Anti-War Movement in Pennsylvania, 1861-1865 (1980).
Barnet Schecter. The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America (2005)
G. R. Tredway. Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana (1973). hostile to Lincoln
Hubert H. Wubben. Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement (1980) finds a fragmented Democratic opposition had few disloyal or outright traitorous elements.
South[edit]
Ambrose, Stephen E. "Yeoman Discontent in the Confederacy." Civil War History 8 (1962): 259-268. in JSTOR
Auman, William T. "Neighbor against Neighbor: The Inner Civil War in the Randolph County Area of Confederate North Carolina." North Carolina Historical Review 61 (1984): 59-92.
Coulter, E. Merton. The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 Louisiana State University Press, 1950.
Coulter, E. Merton. William G. Brownlow, Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands University of North Carolina Press, 1937. Tennessee
Faust, Drew Gilpin. The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1988.
Noel Fisher, "Feelin' Mighty Southern: Recent Scholarship on Southern Appalachia in the Civil War" in Civil War History. Volume: 47. Issue: 4. 2001. pp 334+. in JSTOR
Fleming, Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama Columbia University Press, 1905.
Hahn, Steven. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 Oxford University Press, 1983.
Kimball, William J. "The Bread Riot in Richmond, 1863." Civil War History 7 (1961): 149-154. in JSTOR
Kruman, Marc W. "Dissent in the Confederacy: The North Carolina Experience." Civil War History 27 ( 1981): 293-313.
Kruman, Marc W. Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836-1865 Louisiana State University Press, 1983
Lonn, Ella. Desertion during the Civil War 1928.
McKitrick, Eric L. "Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts." In The American Party Systems . Edited by William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham . Oxford University Press, 1967.
McMillan, Malcolm C. The Disintegration of a Confederate State: Three Governors and Alabama's Wartime Home Front, 1861-1865 Mercer University Press, 1986.
Owsley, Frank Lawrence. State Rights in the Confederacy University of Chicago Press, 1925.
Rable, George C. The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
Ramsdell, Charles W. Behind the Lines in the Southern Confederacy Louisiana State University Press, 1944.
Anne S. Rubin. A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861-1868 (2005)
Shanks, Henry T. "Disloyalty to the Confederacy in Southwestern Virginia, 1861-1865." North Carolina Historical Review 21 (1944): 118-135.
Tatum, Georgia L. Disloyalty in the Confederacy University of North Carolina Press, 1934; reprint 2000
Jon L. Wakelyn. Confederates Against the Confederacy: Essays on Leadership and Loyalty (2002)
Yearns, Wilfred Buck, ed. The Confederate Governors, University of Georgia Press, 1985.
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List of tallest buildings
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 828-metre (2,717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the world's tallest building since 2008.[1] The Burj Khalifa has been classified as Megatall.[2]
Tallest buildings in the world.
This list of tallest buildings in the world ranks skyscrapers by height. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures, including towers, are not included. (See List of tallest buildings and structures.)
Contents
[hide]
1 Ranking criteria and alternatives
2 Tallest buildings in the world (350 m+)
3 Photo gallery
4 Alternative measurements
4.1 Height to pinnacle (highest point)
5 Buildings under construction
6 List by continent
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Ranking criteria and alternatives
The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[3] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[3] The CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, however, and some buildings listed within these list articles are not considered complete by the CTBUH.
In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[4] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:
height to structural or architectural top;
height to floor of highest occupied floor;
height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[5] and
height to top of any part of the building.
Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.
Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae. This led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.
Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor. They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (100 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[6]
At present, the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[7][8]
Tallest buildings in the world (350 m+)
As of 2017, this list includes all 51 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) which reach a height of 350 metres (1,148 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list (or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed One World Trade Center would have never been built).
bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world
Rank
Building[A][9]
City
Country
Height (m)[3]
Height (ft)
Floors
Built
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 828 m 2,717 ft 163 2010
2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m[10] 2,073 ft 128 2015
3 Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m[11] 1,971 ft 120 2012
4 Ping An Finance Centre Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2017
5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 554.5 m 1,819 ft 123 2016
6 One World Trade Center New York City United States 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2014
7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 530 m[12] 1,739 ft 111 2016
8 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 m[13] 1,667 ft 101 2004
9 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008
10 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010
11 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 452.1 m 1,483 ft 88 2017
12 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
14 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010
Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 450 m 1,476 ft 92 2017
16 Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) Chicago United States 442.1 m 1,450 ft 108 1974
17 KK100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011
18 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 440 m 1,440 ft 103 2010
19 Wuhan Center Wuhan China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2016[B]
20 432 Park Avenue New York City United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 88 2015
21 Marina 101 Dubai United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2015[B]
22 Trump International Hotel and Tower[14] Chicago United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 98 2009
23 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1999
24 Princess Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 414 m 1,358 ft[15] 101 2012
25 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 413 m 1,354 ft 80 2011
26 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003
27 23 Marina Dubai United Arab Emirates 395 m 1,296 ft 89 2012
28 China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen China 393 m 1,288 ft 67 2017
29 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 391 m 1,283 ft 80 1996
30 Capital Market Authority Headquarters Riyadh Saudi Arabia 385 m 1,263 ft 77 2016
31 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 1996
32 Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 Dalian China 383 m 1,257 ft 81 2015
33 Logan Century Center 1 Nanning China 381.3 m 1,251 ft 82 2017
34 Burj Mohammed bin Rashid Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 381 m 1,251 ft 88 2014
35 Empire State Building New York City United States 381 m 1,250 ft 102 1931
36 Elite Residence Dubai United Arab Emirates 381 m 1,248 ft 87 2012
37 Central Plaza Hong Kong China 374 m 1,227 ft 78 1992
Federation Tower (East Tower)[16] Moscow Russia 374 m 1,227 ft 95 2016
39 Dalian International Trade Center Dalian China 370 m 1,214 ft 86 2016[B]
40 The Address the BLVD Dubai United Arab Emirates 368 m 1,207 ft 72 2017
41 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong China 367 m 1,205 ft 70 1990
42 Bank of America Tower New York City United States 365.8 m 1,200 ft 54 2009
43 Almas Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 363 m 1,191 ft 68 2009
44 JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1 Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,166 ft 82 2012
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2 Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,166 ft 82 2012
46 Emirates Office Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,163 ft 54 2000
47 OKO Tower - South Tower Moscow Russia 354 m 1,160 ft 85 2015
48 The Marina Torch Dubai United Arab Emirates 352 m 1,155 ft 86 2011
49 Forum 66 Tower 2 Shenyang China 351 m 1,152 ft 68 2015
50 The Pinnacle Guangzhou China 350 m 1,150 ft 60 2012
51 Hanking Center Shenzhen China 350 m 1,148 ft 73 2017
Photo gallery
Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the world's tallest building.
Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, is the 2nd tallest building.
The Abraj Al-Bait Towers in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the 3rd tallest building.
Ping An Finance Centre, in Guangdong, China, is the 4th tallest building.
Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea, is the 5th tallest building.
One World Trade Center in New York City, is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.
CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou, China, is the 7th tallest building.
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010; it is now 8th.
The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 9th tallest building and the 3rd tallest in China.
The International Commerce Centre in Hong Kong, is currently the 10th tallest building.
The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, and are still the tallest twin buildings.
Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago, United States, was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998.
New York City's Empire State Building was the tallest building from 1931 to 1972, and is the 5th tallest building in the United States.
Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai, China is the 10th tallest building in China.
Alternative measurements
Height to pinnacle (highest point)
Tallest buildings by pinnacle height, including all masts, poles, antennae, etc. in 2014.
This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point. This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.
This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now called Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.
bold †Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural
Rank
Building
City
Country
Height
Floors
Built
1 Burj Khalifa† Dubai UAE 829.8 m 2,722 ft 163 2010
2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015
3 Abraj Al-Bait Towers Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m[11] 1,971 ft 120 2012
4 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2016
5 Lotte World Tower† Seoul South Korea 555.7 m 1,823 ft 123 2016
6 One World Trade Center† New York City United States 546.2 m 1,792 ft 104 2014
7 CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 530 m[12] 1,739 ft 111 2016
8 Willis Tower† Chicago United States 527 m 1,729 ft 108 1974
9 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 m 1,667 ft 101 2004
10 Shanghai World Financial Center† Shanghai China 494.3 m 1,622 ft 101 2008
11 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010
12 John Hancock Center† Chicago United States 456.9 m 1,499 ft 100 1969
13 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 452 m 1,483 ft 94 2017
14 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
14 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
16 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2009
16 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 450 m 1,476 ft 98 2017
18 Empire State Building† New York City United States 443.2 m 1,454 ft 102 1931
19 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011
20 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 438.6 m 1,445 ft 103 2009
21 Wuhan Center Wuhan China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2017
22 432 Park Avenue New York City United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 85 2015
23 Marina 101 Dubai United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2017
24 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 96 2009
25 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,381 ft 88 1998
26 Princess Tower† Dubai UAE 414 m 1,358 ft[15] 101 2012
27 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 412.6 m 1,354 ft 80 2010
28 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003
29 China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen China 392.5 m 1,288 ft 67 2017
30 23 Marina Dubai UAE 392.4 m 1,287 ft 89 2012
31 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 391 m 1,283 ft 80 1997
32 Logan Century Center 1† Nanning China 390 m 1,279 ft 82 2017
33 Capital Market Authority Headquarters Riyadh Saudi Arabia 385 m 1,263 ft 77 2017
34 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 1996
35 Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 Dalian China 383.1 m 1,257 ft 81 2015
36 Burj Mohammed bin Rashid Abu Dhabi UAE 381.2 m 1,251 ft 88 2014
37 Elite Residence† Dubai UAE 381 m 1,250 ft 87 2012
38 Tuntex Sky Tower† Kaohsiung Taiwan 378 m 1,240 ft 85 1997
39 Central Plaza Hong Kong China 373.9 m 1,227 ft 78 1992
40 Federation Tower (East Tower) Moscow Russia 373.8 m 1,226 ft 95 2016
32 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong China 367.4 m 1,205 ft 72 1990
33 Bank of America Tower New York City United States 365.8 m 1,200 ft 54 2008
34 Almas Tower Dubai UAE 363 m 1,191 ft 68 2008
35 Aon Center† Chicago United States 362.5 m 1,189 ft 83 1973
36 SEG Plaza† Shenzhen China 355.8 m 1,167 ft 70 2000
37 Emirates Park Tower 1 Dubai UAE 355.4 m 1,166 ft 77 2010
38 Emirates Park Tower 2 Dubai UAE 355.4 m 1,166 ft 77 2010
39 First Canadian Place† Toronto Canada 355 m 1,165 ft 72 1975
40 Emirates Office Tower Dubai UAE 354.6 m 1,163 ft 56 2000
41 OKO Tower - South Tower Moscow Russia 354.1 m 1,160 ft 85 2015
42 The Marina Torch Dubai UAE 352 m 1,155 ft 86 2011
43 Forum 66 Tower 2 Shenyang China 350.6 m 1,150 ft 68 2015
44 The Pinnacle Guangzhou China 350.3 m 1,149 ft 60 2012
45 Hanking Center Shenzhen China 350 m 1,148 ft 73 2017
Buildings under construction
This is a list of buildings taller than 350 metres that are currently under construction. More than half of the buildings are located in China.
Building
Planned architectural height
Floors
Planned completion
Country
City
Remarks
Jeddah Tower 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 167+ 2020 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Will become the tallest in the world upon completion.[17]
Wuhan Greenland Center 636 m (2,087 ft) 125 2018 China Wuhan
KL118 630 m (2,070 ft) 118 2019 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Will become the tallest building in Southeast Asia.
Rama IX Super Tower 615 m (2,018 ft) 118 2021 Thailand Bangkok [18]
Goldin Finance 117 597 m (1,959 ft) 128 2018 China Tianjin
Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center 568 m (1,864 ft) 114 2018 China Shenyang
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center 530 m (1,740 ft) 98 2018 China Tianjin
China Zun 528 m (1,732 ft) 118 2018 China Beijing
Skyfame Center Landmark Tower 528 m (1,732 ft) 108 2021 China Nanning [19]
Dalian Greenland Center 518 m (1,699 ft) 88 2018[20] China Dalian Building currently on hold
Evergrande IFC 1 518 m (1,699 ft) 112 2021 China Hefei [21]
Central Park Tower 478 m (1,568 ft) 131 2019 United States New York City Will become the second tallest building in New York. Also known as the Nordstrom Tower.
Chengdu Greenland Tower 468 m (1,535 ft) 116 2018 China Chengdu
International Commerce Center 1 468 m (1,535 ft) 99 2019[22] China Chongqing
Lakhta Center 462 m (1,516 ft) 86 2018 Russia St. Petersburg Will become tallest building in Europe upon completion.[23]
Landmark 81 461.2 m (1,513 ft) 81 2018 Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City
TRX Signature Tower 452 m (1,483 ft) 106 2021 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur [24]
China Resources Centre Block A 445 m (1,460 ft) 90 2018 China Nanning [25]
World One 442 m (1,450 ft) 117 2018 India Mumbai Will become tallest residential skyscraper in the world if completed before Pentominium.[26][27][28][29][30][31]
Riverview Plaza 436 m (1,430 ft) 73 2018 China Wuhan
111 West 57th Street 435.3 m (1,428 ft) 82 2018 United States New York City Scheduled to be world's skinniest skyscraper "with a slenderness ratio of about 1:24."[32]
Akhmat Tower 435 m (1,427 ft) 100 2020 Russia Grozny It will be the second tallest building in Europe upon completion.
Diamond Tower 432 m (1,417 ft) 93 2019 Saudi Arabia Jeddah [33]
Haikou Tower 428 m (1,404 ft) 94 2020 China Haikou
One Vanderbilt 427 m (1,401 ft) 58 2021 United States New York City [34]
Dongguan International Trade Center 1 427 m (1,401 ft) 88 2019 China Dongguan
Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower 411.6 m (1,350 ft) 101 2018 South Korea Busan
Hongshu Bay Metro Station Tower 1 400 m (1,300 ft) 87 2021 China Shenzhen [35]
Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1 400 m (1,300 ft) 76 2021 China Guiyang [36]
Ningbo Center Tower 1 398 m (1,306 ft) 80 2021 China Ningbo [37]
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 388 m (1,273 ft) 80 2019 China Shenzhen
30 Hudson Yards 387 m (1,270 ft) 73 2019 United States New York City
Altitude 383 m (1,257 ft) 96 2019 Sri Lanka Colombo [38]
Abu Dhabi Plaza 382 m (1,253 ft) 75 2019 Kazakhstan Astana
Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 375.5 m (1,232 ft) 80 2018 China Shenzhen
Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1 370 m (1,210 ft) 78 2019 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur [39]
Coronation Square Tower 1 370 m (1,210 ft) 78 ? Malaysia Johor Bahru [40]
Hai Tian Center Tower 2 369 m (1,211 ft) 72 2021 China Qingdao [41]
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A 368 m (1,207 ft) 76 2018 China Nanjing
Guiyang Financial Center Tower 2 367 m (1,204 ft) 72 2021 China Guiyang [42]
La Maison by HDS 364.5 m (1,196 ft) 105 2021 UAE Dubai [43]
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower 363.2 m (1,192 ft) 70 2018 Vietnam Hanoi
Three Sixty West Tower B 361.2 m (1,185 ft)[44] 90 2017 India Mumbai
Wanda Vista 361 m (1,184 ft) 93 2020 United States Chicago
Greenland Group Suzhou Center 358 m (1,175 ft) 75 2018 China Suzhou [45]
Icon Tower 1 350 m (1,150 ft) 75 2018 Indonesia Jakarta
List by continent
The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located in each continent listed by greatest to least height:
Continent
Building
Height
Floor count
Completed
Country
City
Asia Burj Khalifa 828 m (2,717 ft) 160 2010 United Arab Emirates Dubai
Europe Federation Tower 374 m (1,227 ft) 95 2015 Russia Moscow
North America One World Trade Center 541.3 m (1,776 ft) 104 2014 United States New York City
Oceania Q1 323 m (1,060 ft) 78 2005 Australia Gold Coast
South America Gran Torre Santiago[46] 300 m (980 ft) 64 2012 Chile Santiago
Africa Carlton Centre 225.5 m (740 ft) 50 1973 South Africa Johannesburg
Antarctica Long Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[47] 15 m (49 ft) - 2005[48] Antarctica McMurdo Station
See also
Architecture portal
Lists portal
History of the world's tallest buildings
List of tallest buildings by height to roof
List of tallest twin buildings and structures
List of buildings with 100 floors or more
List of architects of supertall buildings
List of cities with the most skyscrapers
List of cities with the most high-rise buildings
List of future tallest buildings
List of tallest buildings in Asia
List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia
List of tallest structures in the Indian subcontinent
List of tallest buildings and structures
List of largest buildings
List of tallest freestanding structures
List of tallest hotels
List of tallest residential buildings
List of tallest structures
List of tallest structures by country
Skyscraper Index
Notes
A. ^ Destroyed buildings not included
B. ^ Topped out but not completed.
References
Jump up ^ "Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise". Emaar Properties. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall". CTBUH. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "100 tallest completed buildings in the world". CTBUH. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Lynn S. Beedle. "Tallest: Petronas vs. Sears Tower Controversy". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
Jump up ^ "CTBUH changes height criteria, Burj Khalifa height increases". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Binders, George (August 2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. p. 102.
Jump up ^ "Tall Buildings In Numbers Vanity Height". Ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Most of the World's Tallest Buildings Game the System With 'Vanity Height' - Jenny Xie". The Atlantic Cities. 2013-09-09. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
Jump up ^ "World's Tallest Skyscrapers - Emporis.com". Web.archive.org. 25 December 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "China tallest building, Shanghai Tower, gets final beam". 3 August 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Skyscraper Center". buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre : The Skyscraper Center". Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Skyscraper Center". buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Skyscraper Center". buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Princess Tower | Buildings". Dubai /: Emporis. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Will Soon Be the World's Tallest Building". Mashable.com. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Rama IX Super Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Skyfame Center Landmark Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Dalian Greenland Center : The Skyscraper Center". Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Evergrande IFC 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Corporate Avenue 1 : The Skyscraper Center". Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lakhta Center : The Skyscraper Center". Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "TRX Signature Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "China Resources Centre Block A". The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lodha’s premium project require a capex of Rs 2000 crore". Moneycontrol.com. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
Jump up ^ (AFP) – Jun 7, 2010 (2010-06-07). "AFP: Mumbai plans world's tallest apartment block". Google.com. Retrieved 2010-07-16. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Sakaal Times". Sakaal Times. 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
Jump up ^ "World’s tallest apartment in Mumbai by 2014 - Videos - India - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
Jump up ^ "World One, Mumbai". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
Jump up ^ "SHoP Architects Designs World's Skinniest Skyscraper for Midtown". Architectmagazine.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diamond Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "One Vanderbilt". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Hongshu Bay Metro Station Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Ningbo Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Altitude". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Coronation Square Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Hai Tian Center Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Guiyang Financial Center Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "La Maison by HDS". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
Jump up ^ "Oberoi Oasis Residential Tower;". CTBUH. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Greenland Group Suzhou Center". The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica". La Segunda. 2012-02-14.
Jump up ^ Pacheco, Luis Eduardo. "McMurdo Station, Antarctica - Stratospheric balloon launches". stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones, W. Vernon. "Report on the Balloon Program", NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting. 16 April 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skyscrapers.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
BuildingHeights.org, alternative ranking of the world's 1000 tallest buildings
Emporis, international database and gallery of buildings
Structurae, international database and gallery of structures
The World's Tallest buildings list, including u/c and planned buildings, plus historical lists by decade
A map visualization of each country's tallest building.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings&oldid=803901177"
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