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Naga Kingdom
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This article is about the Nagas in Indian epic literature. For the present day Naga people, see Naga people. For the mythological Nagas, see Nāga. For the historical dynasty, see Nagas of Padmavati.
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nags were not snake worshippers they were linga worshippers and the all were directly connected with shiva even ananta as shiva was the nageshwara they were endowed with 1000s of occult power structures all the astha nagas are multi headed and and the there is not a single king of them but a council of 8 nagas the foremost ones and their individual clans
The sanskrit word naga is neither a snake or a reptile the word sarpa means snake but naga means specifically the cobras ..the nagas were humans but their whole existential nature was super meditative and super sensitive so the cobra was the only symbol they could choose.....
Contents
[hide]
1 References in Mahabharata
1.1 Naga races
1.2 The names of the principal Naga Chiefs
1.3 Prominent Nagas
1.3.1 Naga King Takshaka
1.3.2 Naga King Nahusha
1.3.3 Naga chief Aryaka
1.3.4 Naga Prince Iravan
1.4 Other Nagas
1.5 Intermixing of other Indian races with Naga race
1.6 Other references
2 See also
3 References
References in Mahabharata[edit]
Mahabharata epic begins with history of Nagas, in astonishing detail, spanning the initial chapters in the first book (Adi Parva). These chapters were distributed into three sub-volumes called Paushya, Pauloma and Astika.
Naga races[edit]
MBh (1,57)
Naga race in north-west India was almost exterminated by Janamejaya, the Kuru king in Arjuna's line, who conducted the massacre of Nagas at Takshasila. This massacre was stopped by Astika, a Brahmin whose mother was a Naga. The names of the principal Nagas known widely for their achievements, and slain by Janamejaya is mentioned at (1,57). They were described to be belonging to different Naga races:-
Takshaka's Race :- Puchchandaka, Mandalaka, Pindasektri, Ravenaka; Uchochikha, Carava, Bhangas, Vilwatejas, Virohana; Sili, Salakara, Muka, Sukumara, Pravepana, Mudgara, Sisuroman, Suroman and Mahahanu. (Takshaka's son Aswasena is mentioned as belonging to the Airavata's race at (8,90). This could mean that Takshaka's race, was a branch of Airavata's race.)
Kauravya's Race :- Aryaka, Kundala Veni, Veniskandha, Kumarka, Vahuka, Sringavera, Dhurtaka, Pratara and Astaka. (Kauravya's race is mentioned as a branch of Airavata's race at (1,216).
Dhritarashtra's Race :- Sankukarna, Pitharaka, Kuthara, Sukhana, and Shechaka; Purnangada, Purnamukha, Prahasa, Shakuni, Dari, Amahatha, Kumathaka, Sushena, Vyaya, Bhairava, Mundavedanga, Pisanga, Udraparaka, Rishabha, Vegavat, Pindaraka; Raktanga, Sarvasaranga, Samriddha, Patha and Vasaka; Varahaka, Viranaka, Suchitra, Chitravegika, Parasara, Tarunaka, Maniskandha and Aruni. (Dhritarashtra was Airavata's younger brother (1,3).)
Nagas, Pannagas and Uragas
Nagas were mentioned as born of Surasa and Pannagas another Naga race, was mentioned as born of Kadru at (1,66). Pannagas and Nagas were mentioned as separate but related Naga races at (3,85). Pannagas were mentioned to denote Nagas at (3-172,180,289) (7-142) (9,45) (12,47) (13,98) Nagas destroyed by Arjuna at Khadavaprstha is described as Pannagas (5,124). Pannagas and Uragas were mentioned as separate but related races at (6,65). Uragas were mentioned to denote Nagas at (1-1,172) (3-167,179,187,223) (many other references) Uragas and Nagas were mentioned as separate but related Naga races at (3,158) -in Yaksha territory; also at (7-160,198) At (1,172) is mentioned that Uragas along with Yakshas, Rakshasas, Gandharvas, Pisachas and Danavas as aware of the history of Arya kings.
The names of the principal Naga Chiefs[edit]
At (1,35) (Birth of Nagas) the name of principal Naga chiefs were mentioned as:-
Sesha (Naga Ananta) was the foremost, and then Vasuki. Then were born Airavata, Takshaka, Karkotaka (linked with Nala, king of Nishadha), Dhananjaya, Kalakeya (was also mentioned as an Asura clan), the serpent Mani, Purana, Pinjaraka, and Elapatra, Vamana, Nila, Anila, Kalmasha, Savala, Aryaka, Ugra, Kalasapotaka, Suramukha, Dadhimukha, Vimalapindaka, Apta, Karotaka, Samkha, Valisikha, Nisthanaka, Hemaguha, Nahusha (Nahusha was also described as a king in the Lunar Dynasty; Pururavas (first king of Lunar dynasty) -> Ayus - > Nahusha), Pingala, Vahyakarna, Hastipada, Mudgarapindaka, Kamvala Aswatara, Kaliyaka, Vritta, Samvartaka, Padma, Mahapadma, Sankhamukha, Kushmandaka, Kshemaka, Pindaraka, Karavira, Pushpadanshtraka, Vilwaka, Vilwapandara, Mushikada, Sankhasiras, Purnabhadra, Haridraka, Aparajita, Jyotika, Srivaha, Kauravya, Dhritarashtra (also mentioned as a Gandharva king), Sankhapinda, Virajas, Suvahu, Salipinda, Prabhakara, Hastipinda, Pitharaka, Sumuksha, Kaunapashana, Kuthara, Kunjara, Kumuda, Kumudaksha, Tittri, Halika, Kardama, Vahumulaka, Karkara, Akarkara, Kundodara, and Mahodara.
At (5,103) (Matali's history) the name of principal Naga chiefs were mentioned as:-
Vasuki, Takshaka, Karkotaka, Dhanjaya, Kaliya (linked with river Yamuna and Vasudeva Krishna), Nahusha (also a king belonging to Lunar Dynasty), Aswatara, Vakyakunda, Mani, Apurana, Khaga, Vamana, Elapatra, Kukura, Kukuna, Aryaka (linked with Bhima), Nandaka, Kalasa, Potaka, Kalilasaka, Pinjaraka, Airavata, Sumanmukha, Dadhimukha, Sankha, Nanda, Upanandaka, Apta, Kotaraka, Sikhi, Nishthuraka, Tittiri, Hastibhadra, Kumuda, Maylapindaka, the two Padmas, Pundarika, Pushpa, Mudgaraparnaka, Karavira, Pitharaka, Samvritta, Vritta, Pindara, Vilwapatra, Mushikada, Sirishaka, Dilipa, Sankha-sirsha, Jyotishka, Aparajita, Kauravya, Dhritarashtra, Kuhara, Krisaka, Virajas, Dharana, Savahu, Mukhara, Jaya, Vidhira, Andha, Visundi, Virasa, and Sarasa.
At (14,4) (Last moments of Bala Rama) the name of principal Naga chiefs were mentioned as:-
Karkotaka and Vasuki and Takshaka and Prithusravas and Varuna and Kunjara, and Misri and Sankha and Kumuda and Pundarika, Dhritarashtra, and Hrada and Kratha and Sitikantha of fierce energy, and Chakramanda and Atishanda, Durmukha, and Amvarisha, and king Varuna
At (1,65) (Genesis) the names of the sons of Kadru were mentioned as:-
Sesha or Ananta, Vasuki, Takshaka, Kumara, and Kulika are known to be the sons of Kadru.
At (2,9) Nagas linked with Varuna were mentioned as:-
Vasuki, Takshaka, and the Naga called Airavata, Krishna and Lohita (see Lauhitya), Padma, Chitra, Kamvala, Aswatara, Dhritarashtra, Valahaka, Matimat, Kundadhara, Karkotaka, Dhananjaya, Panimat, Kundaka, Prahlada, Mushikada and Janamejaya wait upon Varuna. Many Asuras also is mentioned as waiting upon Varuna. Nagas, Daityas (a clan of Asuras), Sadhyas and inferior Devas were mentioned to follow Varuna (3,41).
Prominent Nagas[edit]
Naga King Takshaka[edit]
Main article: Takshaka
Acts of Pandava Arjuna and Naga Takshaka was the cause of enmity between Kuru kings and Nagas. Arjuna killed Takshaka's wife who dwelled in the Khandava Forest. Takshaka killed Parikshit the grandson of Arjuna by poisoning him in league with Shringi. King Janamejaya conducted a massacre of Nagas to avenge his father Parikshit's death. Later a sage named Astika ended this enmity between Kurus and Nagas.
Naga King Nahusha[edit]
Nahusha is mentioned as a Naga at (1,35) (5,103).
At (13,99) Nahusha is mentioned as ruling even the Deva territories,when nahusha ruled indraloka or the home of the gods or adityas he was banished as a python ,he was neither granted the venom of nagas nor their elixr he was welcomed by the nags as they were democratic people but never granted any status he was looked as a disgrace to the nagas. It is repeated at (12,342). The history of Nahusha becoming the king of Deva territories is mentioned at (5-11 to 17). . Yayati (a king of Lunar Dynasty) is mentioned as his son at many places in Mahabharata. Thus, it seems, he later became known as a king belonging to the Lunar Dynasty of kings in ancient India.
A snake (a viper) attacked and afflicted Bhima in a forest called Visakhayupa, situated at the source of river Yamuna. This incident is mentioned at (3,176). At (3,178) that snake is described as Nahusha. He is mentioned here as the son of Ayus (Pururavas (first king of Lunar Dynasty) -> Ayus -> Nahusha), thus he becomes a forefather of the Pandavas. The yadhavas the kurus ,all of them were an outcome of the naga genes as moon was seen as the cobra by indians so thats why the lunar dynasties many of them came from the nags,even krishna is related with the moon. Kuru city Hastinapura also is some times mentioned as Nagapura (one of its meaning being the city of Nagas).
In Book 12 and 13 Nahusha is mentioned as a learned king conversing with many sages like Bhrigu, Chyavana and Agastya
Naga chief Aryaka[edit]
Nagawanshi Aryaka (sansk. आर्यक) was mentioned to be a member of Naga king Vasuki's palace. He was described as related to Pandava Bhima. He was the grandfather of the father of Kunti, the mother of Bhima. when bhima was food poisoned and thrown into the river of snakes he was rescued by aryaka and he was granted the elisr of strenght...elixr could be an alchemy altering substance.
Aryaka is mentioned to have born in the race of Kauravya. Kauravya is born in the race of Airavata. Aryaka's son was named Chikura. Chikura was slain by a Suparna. Chikura's wife was the daughter of a Naga named Vamana. Chikura's son was named Sumukha. Matali, the charioteer of Deva king Indra chose Sumuka as his daughter Gunakesi's husband (5,103).
Naga Prince Iravan[edit]
Main article: Iravan
During a 12-year-long pilgrimage over the whole of India, Arjuna, leaving Indraprastha, arrived at the source of the Ganges (now known as Rishikesh) where it entered the plains. There he met a Naga woman, Ulūpī. She took Arjuna to the mansion of Kauravya, king of the Nagas. Kauravya himself was mentioned as an Airavata. Arjuna spent one night with Ulūpī and came back from the palace of Kauravya to the region where the Ganges enters the plains (1,216).
Ulūpī's former husband was slain by a Suparna and she was childless. A son named Iravan was born to Arjuna and Ulūpī. But Ulūpī's brother hated Arjuna since he destroyed the Nagas dwelling in Khandava forest and so abandoned Ulūpī and his son.
Iravan grew in the territory of Nagas, protected by his mother. Later when Arjuna visited the region to the northeast of the Naga territories, he went and met Arjuna. He accepted him as his beloved son, and asked him to render assistance in battle when required. Iravan entered the Kurukshetra War with an excellent cavalry force driven by Naga warriors (6,91). He participated in the war (6-84,91) and was slain by the Rakshasa Alamvusa, the son of Risyasringa (6,91).
Ulūpī is mentioned as interacting with Arjuna's another son Vabhruvahana, born of another wife Chitrangada at (14,79).
Ulūpī and Chitrangada are mentioned as being accepted into the palace of Hastinapura at (14,88)
Ulūpī and Chitrangada are mentioned with other wives of the Pandavas at (15,1).
Ulūpī and Chitrangada are mentioned as departing, when Pandavas set for their last journey (17,1).
A weapon used in Kurukshetra War is named a Naga weapon (8,53).
Other Nagas[edit]
Naga Karkotaka is mentioned as interacting with Nishadha king Nala (3-66,79).
Krishna ended the reign of a naga named kaliya as kaliya was the most disbalanced snake of all ..the symbolic meaning is krishna killed all the perversions and that is the major block he had establishing his dharma.
Bala Rama is linked with Sesha at (1,67).
Intermixing of other Indian races with Naga race[edit]
Naga Nahusha is also mentioned as a king in the Lunar Dynasty of Arya Kings (3,178).
A king named Riksha in the race of Puru (a branch of Lunar Dynasti is mentioned as marrying the daughter of a Naga in the race of Takshaka (1,95).
Naga Aryaka is described as the grandfather of Kunti's father. Kunti is the mother of Pandavas. (1,128).
Iravat was mentioned as the son of Arjuna and a Naga woman named Uloopi, born in the race of Airavata (6,91).
Sage Somasrava, the priest of Janamejaya was the son of a Brahmin named Srutasrava and a Naga woman. (1,3).
Sage Astika was the son of a sage in the race of Yayavara Brahmins (1,13) and a Naga woman (sister of Vasuki) (1-14,15,48). Though but a boy, he had great gravity and intelligence. And he was reared with great care in the palace of the Nagas (1,48). He prevented the massacre of the Naga race by Janamejaya (1-15,56).
Naga women alias Nakar women of Kerala married Namboodiris of the Aryan race resulting in one of the sub-caste of Nair clan of Kerala.
Other references[edit]
The Daitya heroes Sunda and Upasunda defeated the Devas, Yakshas, Rakshasas, Nagas and Arya kings. (1-212,214)
Rakshasa king Ravana also defeated all of them (3,289).
Naga women were mentioned to be very beautiful (3,263) (4,9) (6,105).
In the Harivamsa, Karkotaka and his Nagas were mentioned to be vanquished by Kartavirya Arjuna, the thousand human armed Chandravanshi Yadava King of Haihayas.
Yakshas, and Rakshasas, and Nagas were mentioned to use 17 types of crops for their food. This crops were mentioned as produced by a king named Prithu, the son of Vena (12,58).
At (14,44) the word Uraga is used to denote all the reptile-species and the word sarpa means all the snakes and naga was specifically used to denote the cobras.
See also[edit]
Tamil Naga tribes
Rajbhar
Bhar
Garuda
Kingdoms of Ancient India
Mucalinda
Nagas
References[edit]
Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
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Hip dysplasia (canine)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the disease in dogs. For the disease in humans, see Hip dysplasia. For the disease in other animals, see Hip dysplasia § Other animals.
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (February 2014)
Hip dysplasia in a Labrador Retriever
Normal hips, for comparison
In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints. It is a genetic (polygenic) trait that is affected by environmental factors. It is common in many dog breeds, particularly the larger breeds, and is the most common single cause of arthritis of the hips.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Normal hip anatomy
1.2 Dysplastic hip anatomy
1.3 Causes and effects
2 Clinical detection and testing
2.1 Symptoms
2.2 Long term pain
2.3 Diagnosis
2.4 Other conditions with similar symptoms
3 Treatment
3.1 Non-surgical interventions
3.1.1 Mesenchymal stem cell therapy
3.2 Surgical interventions
3.3 BioScaffold implant procedure
3.4 Aids to living
3.5 Diet supplementation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Overview[edit]
Normal hip anatomy[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the root (the thigh bone) is connected to the pelvis at the hip joint. The almost spherical end of the femur head (the caput, or caput ossis femoris) fits into the acetabulum (a concave socket located in the pelvis). The bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the strength necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit and a wide range of motion. Normal hip function can be affected by congenital conditions such as dysplasia, discussed in this article, trauma, and by acquired diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Dysplastic hip anatomy[edit]
The hip could have major contractions or seizures from dysplasias. The caput is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a snug fit, it is a loose fit, or a partial fit. Secondly, the caput or acetabulum are not smooth and round, but are misshapen, causing abnormal wear and tear or friction within the joint as it moves.[citation needed] The body reacts to this in several ways. First, the joint itself is continually repairing itself and laying down new cartilage. However, cartilage repair is a relatively slow process, the tissue being avascular, so the joint may suffer degradation due to the abnormal wear and tear, or may not support the body weight as intended. The joint becomes inflamed and a cycle of cartilage damage, inflammation and pain commences. This is a self-fueling process, in that the more the joint becomes damaged, the less able it is to resist further damage. The inflammation causes further damage. The bones of the joint may also develop osteoarthritis, visible on an X-ray as small outcrops of bone, which further degrade the joint.[2] Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage between joints resulting in painful bone-to-bone contact.[3]
The underlying deformity of the joint may get worse over time, or may remain static. A dog may have good X-rays and yet be in pain, or may have very poor X-rays and have no apparent pain issues. The hip condition is only one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of life. In mild to moderate dysplasia it is often the secondary effects of abnormal wear and tear or arthritis, rather than dysplasia itself, which is the direct causes of visible problems.[citation needed]
Causes and effects[edit]
A Labrador Retriever standing with hind legs close together to compensate for hip dysplasia
Hip dysplasia may be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, or poorly developed muscles in the pelvic area. Large and giant breeds are most susceptible to hip dysplasia (possibly due to the body mass index (BMI) of the individual animal,[4] though, many other breeds can suffer from it. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals maintains a list of top 100 breeds affected.[5]
To reduce pain, the animal will typically reduce its movement of that hip. This may be visible as "bunny hopping", where both legs move together, or less dynamic movement (running, jumping), or stiffness. Since the hip cannot move fully, the body compensates by adapting its use of the spine, often causing spinal, stifle (a dog's knee joint), or soft tissue problems to arise.
The causes of hip dysplasia are considered heritable, but new research conclusively suggests that environment also plays a role.[6] To what degree the causality is genetic and what portion environmental is a topic of current debate. Neutering a dog, especially before the dog has reached an age of full developmental maturity, has been proven to almost double the chance he or she will develop hip dysplasia versus intact dogs or dogs that were neutered after reaching adulthood [7] Other environmental influences include overweight condition, injury at a young age, overexertion on the hip joint at a young age, ligament tear at a young age, repetitive motion on forming joint (i.e. jogging with puppy under the age of 1 year). As current studies progress, greater information may help provide procedures to effectively reduce the occurrence of this condition.[citation needed]
The problem almost always appears by the time the dog is 18 months old. The defect can be anywhere from mild to severely crippling, and can eventually cause severe osteoarthritis.[8] It is most common in medium-large pure bred dogs, such as Newfoundlands, German Shepherd Dogs, retrievers (such as Labradors, Tollers, or Goldens), rottweilers and Mastiff, but also occurs in some smaller breeds such as spaniels and pugs.[citation needed]
Clinical detection and testing[edit]
Symptoms[edit]
Atrophy of thigh muscle after a two-year evolution of hip dysplasia
"Traditionally, the signs of hip dysplasia are rarely extreme. Usually, only mild to moderate lameness is noted which may suddenly worsen. Dogs with a cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament tear typically hold the affected leg up (which is unusual with hip dysplasia). Patients with back (spinal) problems often scuff their toenails when walking, have an uncoordinated gait, and are weak in the rear limbs. They may be very painful if they have a disc rupture (sciatica) or show no spinal pain in certain degenerative spinal cord conditions (German Shepherd myelopathy)."[9]
Petplan Australia reported that signs of arthritis in dogs and cats include stiffness, difficulty moving, lethargy, irritability, and cat or dog may lick, chew or bite at sore joints.
Dogs might exhibit signs of stiffness or soreness after rising from rest, reluctance to exercise, bunny-hopping or other abnormal gait (legs move more together when running rather than swinging alternately), lameness, pain, reluctance to stand on rear legs, jump up, or climb stairs, subluxation or dislocation of the hip joint, or wasting away of the muscle mass in the hip area. Radiographs (X-rays) often confirm the presence of hip dysplasia, but radiographic features may not be present until two years of age in some dogs. Moreover, many affected dogs do not show clinical signs, but some dogs manifest the problem before seven months of age, while others do not show it until well into adulthood.[citation needed]
In part this is because the underlying hip problem may be mild or severe, may be worsening or stable, and the body may be more or less able to keep the joint in repair well enough to cope. Also, different animals have different pain tolerances and different weights, and use their bodies differently, so a light dog who only walks, will have a different joint use than a more heavy or very active dog. Some dogs will have a problem early on, others may never have a real problem at all.[citation needed]
Long term pain[edit]
A dysplastic animal has probably lived with the condition since it was only a few months old, and has therefore grown up taking the chronic pain for granted and has learned to live with it. Dogs suffering such pain do not usually exhibit acute signs of pain. Sometimes, they will suddenly and abnormally sit down when walking, or refuse to walk or climb objects which they usually would, but this can equally be a symptom of many other things, including a thorn in the paw, or a temporary muscle pain. So pain recognition is less common a means of detection than the visible gait and other abnormalities described above.[citation needed][10]
Diagnosis[edit]
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The classic diagnostic technique is with appropriate X-rays and hip scoring tests. These should be done at an appropriate age, and perhaps repeated at adulthood - if done too young they will not show anything. Since the condition is to a large degree inherited, the hip scores of parents should be professionally checked before buying a pup, and the hip scores of dogs should be checked before relying upon them for breeding. Despite the fact that the condition is inherited, it can occasionally arise even to animals with impeccably hip scored parents.
In diagnosing suspected dysplasia, the x-ray to evaluate the internal state of the joints is usually combined with a study of the animal and how it moves, to confirm whether its quality of life is being affected. Evidence of lameness or abnormal hip or spine use, difficulty or reduced movement when running or navigating steps, are all evidence of a problem. Both aspects have to be taken into account since there can be serious pain with little X-ray evidence.
It is also common to X-ray the spine and legs, as well as the hips, where dysplasia is suspected, since soft tissues can be affected by the extra strain of a dysplastic hip, or there may be other undetected factors such as neurological issues (e.g. nerve damage) involved.
There are several standardized systems for categorising dysplasia, set out by respective reputable bodies (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals/OFA, PennHIP, British Veterinary Association/BVA). Some of these tests require manipulation of the hip joint into standard positions, in order to reveal their condition on an X-ray.
Other conditions with similar symptoms[edit]
The following conditions can give symptoms very similar to hip dysplasia, and should be ruled out during diagnosis:
Cauda equina syndrome (i.e. lower back problems)
Cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament tears
Other rear limb arthritic conditions[9]
Osteochondritis dissecans and elbow dysplasia in the forelimbs are difficult to diagnose as the animal may only exhibit an unusual gait, and may be masked by, or misdiagnosed as, hip dysplasia.[11]
A dog may misuse its rear legs, or adapt its gait, to compensate for pain in the forelimbs, notably osteoarthritis, osteochondritis (OCD) or shoulder or elbow dysplasia, as well as pain in the hocks and stifles or spinal issues. It is important to rule out other joint and bodily issues before concluding that only hip dysplasia is present. Even if some hip dysplasia is present, it is possible for other conditions to co-exist or be masked by it.
Treatment[edit]
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There is no complete cure, although there are many options to alleviate the clinical signs. The aim of treatment is to enhance quality of life. Crucially, this is an inherited, degenerative condition and so will change during the life of an animal, so any treatment is subject to regular review or re-assessment if the symptoms appear to get worse or anything significantly changes.
If the problem is relatively mild, then sometimes all that is needed to bring the symptoms under control are suitable medications to help the body deal better with inflammation, pain and joint wear. In many cases this is all that is needed for a long time.
If the problem cannot be controlled with medications, then often surgery is considered. There are traditionally two types of surgery - those which reshape the joint to reduce pain or help movement, and hip replacement which completely replaces the damaged hip with an artificial joint, similar to human hip replacements.
Non-surgical interventions[edit]
Non-surgical interventions include three elements: weight control, exercise control, and medication. Canine massage may alleviate discomfort and help move lymph and nutrients through the system. Weight control is often "the single most important thing that we can do to help a dog with arthritis", and consequentially "reducing the dog's weight is enough to control all of the symptoms of arthritis in many dogs".[12] Reasonable exercise stimulates cartilage growth and reduces degeneration (though excessive exercise can do harm too),[12] and also regular long walks in early or mild dysplasia can help prevent loss of muscle mass to the hips. Medication can reduce pain and discomfort, and also reduce damaging inflammation.[12]
Non-surgical intervention is usually via a suitable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which doubles as an anti-inflammatory and painkiller. Typical NSAIDs used for hip dysplasia include carprofen and meloxicam (often sold as Rimadyl and Metacam respectively), both used to treat arthritis resulting from dysplasia, although other NSAIDs such as tepoxalin (Zubrin) and prednoleucotropin ("PLT", a combination of cinchophen and prednisolone) are sometimes tried. NSAIDs vary dramatically between species as to effect: a safe NSAID in one species may be unsafe in another.[12] It is important to follow veterinary advice.
A glucosamine-based nutritional supplement may give the body additional raw materials used in joint repair. Glucosamine can take 3–4 weeks to start showing its effects, so the trial period for medication is usually at least 3–5 weeks. In vitro, glucosamine has been shown to have negative effects on cartilage cells.[13]
It is also common to try multiple anti-inflammatories over a further 4–6 week period, if necessary, since an animal will often respond to one type but fail to respond to another. If one anti-inflammatory does not work, a vet will often try one or two other brands for 2–3 weeks each, also in conjunction with ongoing glucosamine, before concluding that the condition does not seem responsive to medication.
Carprofen, and other anti-inflammatories in general, whilst very safe for most animals, can sometimes cause problems for some animals, and (in a few rare cases) sudden death through liver toxicity. This is most commonly discussed with carprofen but may be equally relevant with other anti-inflammatories. As a result, it is often recommended to perform monthly (or at least, twice-annually) blood tests to confirm that the animal is not reacting adversely to the medications. Such side effects are rare but worth being aware of, especially if long-term use is anticipated.
This regimen can usually be maintained for the long term, as long as it is effective in keeping the symptoms of dysplasia at bay.
Some attempts have been made to treat the pain caused by arthritic changes through the use of "laser therapy", in particular "class IV laser therapy". Well-controlled clinical trials are unfortunately lacking, and much of the evidence for these procedures remains anecdotal.
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy[edit]
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for a number of years to treat osteoarthritis. Their use has mostly been autologous (self); used fresh (in the form of a mixed cell population mainly sourced from adipose tissue), or expanded in number via culture; or allogeneic (non-self). The majority of their action via a paracrine effect,[14] and hence the route of administration has been mostly via intra-articular injection. In vitro, this paracrine effect has been shown to enhance type II collagen expression in OA chondrocytes while decreasing matrix metalloproteinase activity (MMP-3 and MMP-13).[15] In clinical cases, this has been shown via their anti-inflammatory/pain relieving effects. Dogs treated with adipose derived stem cell therapy have had significantly improved scores for lameness and compiled scores for pain and range of motion compared with control dogs.[16] Other randomised studies have shown similar improved results with functional limitation, range of motion, and owner and veterinary investigator visual analogue scale for pain all showing improvement.[17] Beyond this, significant improvements in MSC treated animals as measured by peak vertical force and vertical impulse in force platform have been observed.[18]
Patient-side autologous therapy in the US is subject to change. New guidance issued (FDA#218 Guidance for Industry - Cell-Based Products for Animal Use) will likely require stem cell therapy to be produced via cGMP. Resources required to implement these changes may change the US veterinary stem cell industry more towards a hub and spoke approach or towards allogeneic therapy, and away from patient-side therapy.
Surgical interventions[edit]
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If medications fail to maintain an adequate quality of life, surgical options may need to be considered. These may attempt to modify or repair the hip joint, in order to allow pain-free usage, or may in some cases completely replace it.
Hip modification surgeries include excision arthroplasty, in which the head of the femur is removed and reshaped or replaced, and pelvic rotation (also known as triple pelvic osteotomy, or pubic symphodesis) in which the hip socket is realigned, may be appropriate if done early enough. These treatments can be very effective, but as a rule tend to become less effective for heavier animals - their ability to treat the problem becomes reduced if the joint has to handle more pressure in daily life. Pelvic rotation is also not as effective if arthritis has developed to the point of being visible on X-rays.[1]
Femoral head ostectomy (FHO), sometimes appropriate for smaller dogs and cats, is when the head of the femur is removed but not replaced. Instead, the resulting scar tissue from the operation takes the place of the hip joint. In such surgeries, the weight of the animal must be kept down throughout its life in order to maintain mobility. FHO surgery is sometimes done when other methods have failed, but is also done initially when the joint connection is particularly troublesome or when arthritis is severe.
Hip modification surgeries such as these usually result in reduction of hip function in return for improved quality of life, pain control, and a reduction in future risk.
Hip replacement has the highest rate of success, especially in severe cases, since it completely replaces the faulty joint. It usually restores complete mobility if no other joint is affected, and also completely prevents recurrence. Hip replacement for dogs, can sometimes also be a preferred clinical option for serious dysplasia in animals over about 40–60 lb (18–27 kg), a weight that excludes certain other surgical treatments.
Other options under exploration include:
DARthroplasty (dorsal acetabular rim arthroplasty) is a technique developed by Dr. Barclay Slocum and Theresa Devine Slocum whereby cortico-cancellous bone strips, taken from the iliac crest, are contoured over the femoral head and sutured to the dorsal hip joint capsule and packed with additional cancellous bone graft dorsally to eventually anchor to drill holes in the original dorsal acetabulum. The new "shelf" eventually becomes an extension of the original acetabulum, thereby providing support and eliminating subluxation of the hip joint. The joint capsule becomes the new joint surface.
Pubic symphysiodesis (also known as juvenile pubic symphysiodesis, or JPS), is a procedure for very young dogs that manipulates the way the pelvis grows to create a tighter hip. It involves cauterizing the growth plates of the pelvis, in other words, the part of the pelvis which would usually grow and spread in puppyhood, no longer does so. To compensate, the rest of the pelvis grows outward, in a manner which enhances the "socket" of the hip and provides better support than that dog would have had naturally. Since it relies on growth in puppyhood, it has a very tight window for surgery – currently no sooner than about 4 months and no later than about 5 months. This is compatible with hip scoring of puppies at 4 months.
Capsular neurectomy is a procedure in which the hip joint capsule is de-nerved to reduce pain in the hip. This allows the dog to exercise moderately with less pain, thus preventing the leg muscles from weakening from disuse and providing less support to the bad joint. Both hips can be done at one surgery. This surgery should not prevent a future hip replacement, if a more complete fix is desired.
BioScaffold implant procedure[edit]
In a recent comparative orthopedic study, a new bioscaffold having an embryonic-like structure has shown positive clinical outcomes in dogs with advanced, end stage osteoarthritis.[19] The bioscaffold was implanted into intra-articular areas and reported up to 90-days of clinical improvement after a single implant. The bioscaffold has been shown to cause infiltrating cells to upregulate a variety of tissue repair factors including aggrecan, connective tissue growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factors, and other tissue repair factors associated with osteoarthritis.
Aids to living[edit]
There are many products available to help mobility in dogs suffering from hip dysplasia. These consist of pressure-reducing pet beds, ramps, stairs, and steps built with wood, plastic, metal, or foam that help the dog get from one place to another without causing pain or hurting themselves further. Hip hammocks have been tested and proven effective in aiding dogs suffering from hip dysplasia regain mobility.[20]
Diet supplementation[edit]
Osteoarthritis, a common symptom associated with canine hip dysplasia in German Shepherds ultimately results in pain and inflammation.[21] The causes are from bone degradation in which the bone is less rigid, cartilage dissipates and structure of joints becomes weak.[21]
Diet can have a major impact for German Shepherds that are exposed to canine hip dysplasia. Incorporating omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into the diet can result in improved symptoms of the disease.[22] Omega 3 fatty acids can help decrease inflammation that occurs from osteoarthritis, as well as improvement in locomotion of dogs who have the disease.[22] EPA and DHA can be supplemented into the diet through fish oils and in return is beneficial for reducing joint inflammation.[22]
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are nutraceuticals that can also be added into the diet to help treat osteoarthritis and its quality of life reducing effects.[23] Both nutraceuticals help with improvement of cartilage, joint health and repairing of tissues.[23] This inclusion will allow for a stronger support and reduced negative effects of osteoarthritis. Another nutrient that can help improve the structural support of the body in German Shepherds is vitamin C.[24] Vitamin C contributes to the building blocks of collagen that can help to strengthen the joints.[24]
See also[edit]
Dislocation of hip in animals
Elbow dysplasia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Workingdogs.com. "Canine hip dysplasia". Workingdogs.com. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
Jump up ^ Randall, David (Mar 23, 2014). "Ask The Expert Dr. Randall - Hip Dysplasia In Dogs". Youtube. Flexpet. Retrieved Nov 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Connor, J.R.; LePage, C.; Swift, B.A.; Yamashita, D.; Bendele, A.M.; Maul, D.; Kumar, S. "Protective effects of a cathepsin K inhibitor, SB-553484, in the canine partial medial meniscectomy model of osteoarthritis". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 17 (9): 1236–1243. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2009.03.015.
Jump up ^ Comhaire, FH; Snaps, F (March 2008). "Comparison of two canine registry databases on the prevalence of hip dysplasia by breed and the relationship of dysplasia with body weight and height". American journal of veterinary research. 69 (3): 330–3. doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.3.330. PMID 18312130.
Jump up ^ "Hip Dysplasia by Breed". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2016. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
Jump up ^ "A number of environmental factors can affect the incidence of hip dysplasia in dogs - NVH". Veths.no. 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
Jump up ^ Torres; de la Riva, G; Hart, BL; Farver, TB; Oberbauer, AM; Messam, LLM; Willits, N; et al. (2013). "Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers". PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e55937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055937.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b [2] Archived June 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Curtis (2017-10-17). "CBD Oil For Canine Hip-Dysplasia". CBD For Dogs. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
Jump up ^ Lenehan TM, Van Sickle DC (1985). "Chapter 84: Canine osteochondrosis". In Nunamaker DM, Newton CD. Textbook of small animal orthopaedics. Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN 0-397-52098-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Arthritis in the Dog". Vetrica.com. 2004-02-09. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
Jump up ^ Terry DE, Rees-Milton K, Smith P, Carran J, Pezeshki P, Woods C, Greer P, Anastassiades TP (2005). "N-acylation of glucosamine modulates chondrocyte growth, proteoglycan synthesis, and gene expression". J. Rheumatol. 32 (9): 1775–86. PMID 16142878.
Jump up ^ van Buul, G. M.; Villafuertes, E.; Bos, P. K.; Waarsing, J. H.; Kops, N.; Narcisi, R.; Weinans, H.; Verhaar, J. A. N.; Bernsen, M. R.; van Osch, G. J. V. M. (2012). "Mesenchymal stem cells secrete factors that inhibit inflammatory processes in short-term osteoarthritic synovium and cartilage explant culture". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 20 (10): 1186–1196. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.003.
Jump up ^ Platas, J.; Guillén, M. I.; del Caz, M. D. P.; Gomar, F.; Mirabet, V.; Alcaraz, M. J. (2013). "Conditioned Media from Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Downregulate Degradative Mediators Induced by Interleukin-1β in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Mediators of Inflammation". Mediators of Inflammation. 2013 (2013): 357014. doi:10.1155/2013/357014.
Jump up ^ Black, L.; Gaynor, J.; Gahring, D.; Adams, C.; Aron, D.; Harman, S; Gingerich, D.A.; Harman, R; et al. (2007). "Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: A randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial". Veterinary Therapeutics : Research in Applied Veterinary Medicine. 8 (4): 272–284.
Jump up ^ Cuervo, B.; Rubio, M.; Sopena, J.; Dominguez, J.; Vilar, J.; Morales, R.; Cugat, M.; Carrillo, J.M (2014). "Hip Osteoarthritis in Dogs: A Randomized Study Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue and Plasma Rich in Growth Factors". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 15 (8): 13437–13460. doi:10.3390/ijms150813437.
Jump up ^ Vilar, J.M.; Morales, M.; Santana, A.; Spinella, G; Rubio, M. N.; Cuervo, B.; Cugat, R.; Sopena, J.; Carrillo, J. M. (2013). "Controlled, blinded force platform analysis of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells associated to PRGF-Endoret in osteoarthritic dogs". BMC Veterinary Research. 9 (1): 131. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-9-131.
Jump up ^ "BioScaffold Reduces Pain and Lameness in Dogs with Osteoarthrits: July 2009 Report" (PDF). Trmatrix.xom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Friday Find: Animal Assistance Products-For Pets Who Need a Little Extra Support". Fourgreensteps.com. 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Budsberg, S; Bartges, J (2006). "Nutrition and osteoarthritis in dogs: does it help?". Vet Clin Small Anim. 36: 1307–1323.
^ Jump up to: a b c Johnston, S; Budsberg, S; Marcellin-Little, D; Toll, P; Caterson, B; Schoenherr, W; Roush, J; Allen, T (2005). Canine osteoarthritis. Clinician's update. pp. 1–12.
^ Jump up to: a b Bhathal, A; Spryszak, M; Louizos, C; Frankel, G (2017). "Glucosamine and chondroitin use in canines for osteoarthritis: a review". Open Vet J. 7(1): 36–49.
^ Jump up to: a b Richardson, D (1992). "The role of nutrition in canine hip dysplasia". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22(3): 529–540.
Connor, J.R.; LePage, C.; Swift, B.A.; Yamashita, D.; Bendele, A.M.; Maul, D.; Kumar, S. "Protective effects of a cathepsin K inhibitor, SB-553484, in the canine partial medial meniscectomy model of osteoarthritis". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 17 (9): 1236–1243. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2009.03.015.
Siegal, Mordecai (editor); UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of Dogs, 1995. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-270136-3.
Slocum, B. & Slocum, T. D. DARthroplasty. In: Bojrab, M. J., ed. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1998: 1168 - 1170.
Padgett, G.; "Control of Canine Genetic Diseases", 1.998. Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-004-6
Kaneene JB, Mostosky UV, Miller R. Update of a retrospective cohort study of changes in hip joint phenotype of dogs evaluated by the OFA in the United States, 1989-2003. Vet Surg 2009;38:398-
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Stone (Marvel Comics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses of Stone in comics, see Stone (comics).
Stone is the name of a number of fictional comic book characters appearing in books published by Marvel Comics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fictional character biography
1.1 Pupil of Stick
1.2 Stone (Styx and Stone)
1.3 Stone (mutant)
2 Other versions
3 In other media
4 References
Fictional character biography[edit]
Pupil of Stick[edit]
First appearing in Daredevil #187, Stone was the favored pupil of Stick, the blind former mentor of costumed crime-fighter Daredevil and Elektra Natchios.[1] He is a member of the Chaste and is a highly trained martial artist and assists his sensei against the Hand. Like the other members of the Chaste, Stone is deeply advanced in the art of chi-manipulation. An offshoot of this is his ability to render himself invulnerable to physical harm - but only if he sees it coming.[2]
He has appeared in Daredevil (vol 1) on various occasions; once where he is told to take Daredevil and Black Widow to safety while his comrades Shaft and Stick sacrificed themselves.[3] Later he famously assisted Daredevil as the Hand attempted to resurrect Elektra as their agent.[4] He managed to restore Elektra and cleanse her soul using Daredevil's love for her and a portion of his own life force. This weakened him and he was believed dead.[volume & issue needed] Later, Daredevil found him still battling the Hand, in the miniseries Daredevil: Ninja.
Stone (Styx and Stone)[edit]
Stone is an enemy of Spider-Man (See Styx and Stone).
Stone (mutant)[edit]
First appearing in X-Men (first series) #137, Stone is a Canadian mutant, real name unknown, who was involved in Project Wideawake, and the mutant-hunting Hounds. He had the ability to transform his body into high-density stonelike material, in which form he gained superhuman strength and durability.[5]
Other versions[edit]
In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, Stone is the female sensei of Elektra Natchios, having taught Elektra since Natchios was a young girl. In a flashback in Ultimate Avengers 3, Stone is seen with a younger Stick, Shaft, and Matt Murdock under the guide of Anthony, a former vampire hunter turned martial artist.[6]
In other media[edit]
In the 2005 film Elektra, there is a member of the Hand called Stone (played by Bob Sapp). This version is 8 ft. tall, has superhuman strength, is impervious to Elektra's sais, and is bulletproof. Stone is among the Hand members that accompany Kirigi to target Abby Miller. Elektra kills Stone by having him break down a large tree and making sure it falls on him, crushing him.
Stone appears in Marvel's Daredevil series on Netflix, portrayed by Jasson Finney and voiced by David Sobolov.[7] He appears at the end of the episode "Stick" where he and Stick talk about Matt Murdock's role in the events to come.[8] While not seen again afterwards, in The Defenders Stick mentions that he is the last of the Chaste, implying that Stone was killed sometime prior.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Daredevil #187. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Daredevil #188-190. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Daredevil #320. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ Daredevil #324. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ "10 Years!". UncannyXmen.Net. 2005-02-25. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
Jump up ^ Ultimate Avengers 3 #1-6. Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0005591/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_12
Jump up ^ Turner, Brad (director); Douglas Petrie (writer) (April 10, 2015). "Stick". Marvel's Daredevil. Season 1. Episode 7. Netflix.
Jump up ^ Abraham, Phil (director); Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez (writer) (August 18, 2017). "Royal Dragon". The Defenders. Season 1. Episode 4. Netflix.
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Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree photographed in December 1987, a 78 foot (24 m) high Norway Spruce decorated with 18,000 lights.
The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree is a large Christmas tree placed annually in Rockefeller Center, in Midtown Manhattan. The tree is erected in mid November and lit in a public ceremony in late November or early December. Since 1997, the lighting has been broadcast live, to hundreds of millions, on NBC's Christmas in Rockefeller Center telecast on a Wednesday after Thanksgiving. The tree lighting ceremony is aired at the end of every broadcast, following live entertainment and the tree is lit by the current Mayor of New York City and special guests.[1] An estimated 125 million people visit the attraction each year.[2]
The tree, usually a Norway spruce 69 to 100 feet (21 to 30 m) tall, has been a national tradition each year since 1933.[3] The 2017 Christmas Tree Lighting took place on November 29, 2017; the tree remains on display until January 7, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selection and decoration
2 History
3 Broadcasting
4 Yearly tree details
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Selection and decoration[edit]
Trees are traditionally donated to Rockefeller Center, which in turn donates the lumber after display. Until his death in 2009, the late David Murbach,[4] Manager of the Gardens Division of Rockefeller Center, scouted for the desired tree in upstate New York and surrounding states, and even Ottawa, Canada.[5]
The trees are now scouted by Erik Pauzé, Head Gardener at Rockefeller Center. Pauzé visits nurseries throughout the tri-state area while keeping his eye out for one-of-a-kind backyard trees. Trees may also be submitted for consideration through Rockefeller Center's web site. Pauzé and his team choose each year’s tree based on its heartiness and “Christmas tree shape,” as well as its ability to support the heavy ornaments.[6]
Once a tree is selected, a crane supports the tree while it is cut, then moved to a custom telescoping trailer able to transport trees up to 125 feet (38 m) tall, although the width of city streets around Rockefeller Center limits the height of the tree to 100 feet (30 m). Local business Christmas Tree Brooklyn provides support in delivering the tree safely into the city. On its way to Manhattan, the tree is often dressed in giant red bows or banners extending holiday greetings to witnesses. Trucks, barges, and even a transport plane have all been used to help the tree make the trip.[7]
Once at Rockefeller Center, the tree is supported[8] by four guy-wires attached at its midpoint and by a steel spike at its base. Scaffolding is erected around the tree to assist workers in hanging about 50,000 multi-colored LED lights and the star top.[9] The crystal star that has topped the tree since 2004 is 9.5 feet (2.9 m) in diameter and weighs 550 pounds (250 kg). This "Swarovski Star," containing 25,000 Swarovski crystals, 1 million facets, and LED lights, was created by German artist Michael Hammers.[10][11]
History[edit]
The first tree at Rockefeller Center, erected by construction workers in 1931 shortly after the site was cleared. Above, the workers line up for pay beside the tree, adorned with garlands made by workers' families.
Although the official Christmas tree tradition at Rockefeller Center began in 1933 (the year 30 Rockefeller Plaza opened), an unofficial tradition began during the Depression-era construction of the Center, when workers decorated a smaller 20 foot (6.1 m) balsam fir with "strings of cranberries, garlands of paper, and even a few tin cans" on Christmas Eve (December 24, 1931), as recounted by Daniel Okrent in his history of Rockefeller Center.[12] According to Rockefeller Center, workers pooled their money for that unlit tree, with the garlands made by workers' families.
With the lighting of the 50-foot-tall (15 m) first official tree two years later, the tree became what Rockefeller Center dubbed "a holiday beacon for New Yorkers and visitors alike." A skating rink was opened below the tree in the plaza in 1936.[2] Rockefeller Center has observed the tree to be "from the beginning ... a gathering place and reflection of what was happening in the world around it."[13]
World War II ushered in simple, patriotic decorations, including red, white and blue unlit globes and painted wooden stars. In 1942, instead of one large tree, three more modest trees were raised, each decorated in one of the flag's colors. From 1944 until the war's end in 1945, the tree went unlit due to blackout regulations.[2] After the war, the year of darkness was left behind, as six ultraviolet light projectors were employed to make it appear as though the tree’s 700 fluorescent globes were glowing in the dark.[2]
By the 1950s, workers began using scaffolding to decorate the tree, as larger trees were accommodated. Before the decade was over, the decorating process called for 20 workers and nine days.[14] 1951 marked the first time that NBC televised the tree lighting with a special on The Kate Smith Show.[2]
In 1969, artist Valerie Clarebout’s towering wire herald angels were added to the Channel Gardens in front of the tree near Fifth Avenue. Clarebout created the 12 sculptures using 75 points of metal wire each.[15]
The 1971 tree, a 65-footer from East Montpelier, Vt., was the first to be mulched and recycled. It was turned into 30 three-bushel bags of mulch for the nature trails of upper Manhattan. Though the tree typically makes its journey on a truck bed, in 1998 it was flown in from Richfield, Ohio on the world’s largest transport plane.[2]
The 2016 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, a 94 foot (29 m) high Norway Spruce from Oneonta, N.Y., with 50,000 lights. Photographed December 2, 2016 by Michael Vadon.
1999 saw Rockefeller Center's tallest tree, a 100 foot (30 m) spruce from Killingworth, Conn.[16] In 2001, following the events of September 11, the tree was again decorated in hues of red, white and blue.[17]
In 2007, the tree went "green", converting to energy-efficient lighting with LEDs.[18] [19] The LEDs use 1,200 fewer kilowatts of electricity per day, enough to power a 2,000-square-foot home for a month.[2]
Also since 2007, each year after display, the tree has been milled into lumber and donated to Habitat for Humanity for use in house construction. [20]
The 2016 tree, a Norway Spruce from Oneonta, N.Y., is at 94 feet high the second tallest ever erected at Rockefeller Center. At 56 feet wide and over 30,000 pounds, the tree is the widest and heaviest to date, according to construction crews. [21]
Since 2011, the tree lighting ceremony has been followed by the singing of Joy to the World.
The decorated tree remains on display at Rockefeller Plaza, between West 48th and 51st Streets and Fifth and Sixth Avenues, at least through January 6 of the new year.
More than a half million people pass by the tree each day while it is on display, according to Rockefeller Center.[22]
Broadcasting[edit]
Since 1997, the lighting ceremony has been broadcast live on NBC in the first hour of primetime, live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and on tape elsewhere.[23] The ceremony is hosted by Today's Al Roker(1997- Present ), Savannah Guthrie (2012- Present ),and Hoda Kotb (2017- Present )
Yearly tree details[edit]
Year
Original location
Tree type
Height
Lighting
2017 State College, PA[24] Norway spruce 75 ft November 29, 2017
2016 Oneonta, NY[25] Norway spruce 94 ft November 30, 2016
2015 Gardiner, NY[26] Norway spruce 78 ft December 2, 2015
2014 Danville, PA[27] Norway spruce 85 ft December 3, 2014
2013 Shelton, CT[28] Norway spruce 76 ft December 4, 2013
2012 Flanders, NJ[29] Norway spruce 80 ft November 28, 2012
2011 Mifflinville, PA Norway spruce 74 ft November 30, 2011
2010 Mahopac, NY[30] Norway spruce 74 ft November 30, 2010
2009 Easton, CT[31] Norway spruce 76 ft December 2, 2009
2008 Hamilton, NJ[32] Norway spruce 72 ft December 3, 2008
2007 Shelton, CT[33] Norway spruce 84 ft November 28, 2007
2006 Ridgefield, CT[34] Norway spruce 88 ft November 29, 2006
2005 Wayne, NJ[35] Norway spruce 74 ft November 30, 2005
2004 Suffern, NY[36] Norway spruce 71 ft November 30, 2004
2003 Manchester, CT[36] Norway spruce 79 ft December 3, 2003
2002 Bloomsbury, NJ[37] Norway spruce 76 ft December 4, 2002
2001 Wayne, NJ Norway spruce 81 ft November 28, 2001
2000 Buchanan, NY[38] Norway spruce 80 ft November 29, 2000
1999 Killingworth, CT[39] Norway spruce 100 ft* December 1, 1999
1998 Richfield, OH[40] Norway spruce 75 ft December 2, 1998
1997 Stony Point, NY Norway spruce 70 ft December 2, 1997
1996 Armonk, NY[41] Norway spruce 90 ft December 3, 1996
1995 Mendham, NJ Norway spruce 75 ft December 5, 1995
1994 Ridgefield, CT Norway spruce 85 ft December 2, 1994
1989 Montebello, NY[42] Norway spruce 70 ft
1986 Nanuet, NY[43] Norway spruce 68 ft
1980 Mahwah, NJ[44] Norway spruce 70 ft
1978 Mahwah, NJ[45] Norway spruce 75 ft
1963 Rockaway, NJ Bruce Fir, Veit 84 ft
1957 Brighton, VT[46] White spruce 67 ft
*Tallest Tree on Record
See also[edit]
National Christmas Tree
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lambert, Bruce (December 5, 2008). "A Christmas Tree That Manhattan's Can Look Up To". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The History of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, a NYC Tradition". www.6sqft.com. November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tree Facts" (PDF). The Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center. 2007.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Christmas tree hunter David Murbach dies just before Christmas". The New York Daily News. January 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center's tree". about.com. Retrieved 2007-12-01. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "How Rockefeller Center Chooses a Christmas Tree Each Year". Travel+Leisure. November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tree Lighting History". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ In New York, a Big Tree Takes Its Place. Youtube.
Jump up ^ AP (26 December 2013). "Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lights Up". Gazers. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Berger, Paul (2005-12-04). "A Star Is Reborn". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
Jump up ^ Barron, James (2009-11-18). "A Star Makeover". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
Jump up ^ Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-670-03169-0.
Jump up ^ "Tree Lighting History". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ "Tree Lighting History". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ "Tree Lighting History". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ "Yule Never Guess The Tree Height". thetreenyc.org.
Jump up ^ "Tree Lighting History". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ "The tree at Rockefeller Center". Rockefeller Center. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
Jump up ^ "LEDs will light up Rockefeller Christmas tree". CNN. 2007. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
Jump up ^ "84th Rockefeller Center Tree Lighting 2016". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ "This Year's Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Is a Huge Norway Spruce". ny.curbed.com.
Jump up ^ "Tree Lighting History". rockefellercenter.com/holidays.
Jump up ^ https://www.rockefellercenter.com/holidays/rockefeller-center-christmas-tree-lighting/
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Christmas tree will come from State College". Centre Daily. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Rockefeller Center Christmas tree arrives in NYC, retrieved 2016-11-14
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Tree to Arrive in New York City This Week". Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Danville Christmas Tree Rockefeller Center". PennLive. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree". Courant. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Christmas tree hails from N.J. this holiday season". Star-Ledger. 2012-11-12. Archived from the original on 2012-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree donated by family of Ground Zero FDNY veteran". New York Daily News. 2010-11-11. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Christmas tree going up in NY's Rockefeller Center". Associated Press. 2009-11-12. Archived from the original on November 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Hamilton tree headed for Rockefeller Center called 'miracle'". NJ.com. 2008-11-13. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ "2007 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree From Shelton, Connecticut". About.com. 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Connecticut Tree Spruces Up Rockefeller Plaza". Fox News. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Katrina, Rita Kids Light Rockefeller Tree". Fox News. 2005-12-01. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "NYC — Rockefeller Christmas and Tree — New York City". Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ "76-foot spruce arrives in Rockefeller Center for holidays". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Center Christmas tree installed". CNN. 2010-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Tree Lighting is Close".
Jump up ^ "The 1998 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree". Retrieved 2013-12-01.
Jump up ^ "The Torsilieris Deliver the Rockefeller Tree, Once Again". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "70-Foot Spruce Finds a Home for the Holidays". Retrieved 2016-12-25.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Manny. "It's No Simple Matter Before a Tree Joins Rockefeller Center History". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ Storer, Sam. "Rockefeller Center Tree Goes up in New York City".
Jump up ^ Storer, Sam (1978-11-17). "Christmas tree going up today". Gadsden Times.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Pat (December 2008). "Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree". Vermont's Northland Journal. 7 (9): 6.
Bibliography[edit]
The Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center. ISBN 0-9650308-7-3.
"Christmas Tech". Modern Marvels. 2006-12-20. The History Channel. Archived from the original on 2007-05-16.
Further reading[edit]
Moseman, Andrew (November 14, 2008). "How Riggers Raise the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree: Live on Scene". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree.
2006 Rockefeller Center Tree Lighting Image Gallery
NYC Insider Guide to Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting
Christmas in Rockefeller Center, NBC.com
Special tree-decorating game, NBC.com
Christmas at Rockefeller Center, NBC.com
Happy Holidays from NBC ('08-'09)
Happy Holidays from NBC ('09-'10)
Holidays on NBC (2011)
Tree Lighting Times at Rockefeller Center, NYSGO.com
The Swarovski Star[permanent dead link]
A Rockefeller Christmas, The Rockefeller Archive Center
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Coordinates: 40°45′31″N 73°58′42″W / 40.75861°N 73.97833°W / 40.75861; -73.97833
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockefeller_Center_Christmas_Tree&oldid=820801516"
Categories:
Individual Christmas trees
Culture of New York City
Rockefeller Center
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This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 18:05.
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