text:
Prostitution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Prostitute", "Whore", and "Harlot" redirect here. For other uses, see Prostitute (disambiguation), Whore (disambiguation), and Harlot (disambiguation).
"Strumpet" redirects here. For the 2001 British television movie, see Strumpet (film).
"The oldest profession" redirects here. For the 1967 French film, see The Oldest Profession. For the origin of the phrase "oldest profession", see Oldest profession (phrase).
Prostitution
Femmes de Maison, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, c. 1893–95
Occupation
Names
Women: whore, hooker, call girl, business girl (B-girl), streetwalker, trollop, strumpet, courtesan, escort, lady of the evening, woman of the night, working girl, doxy, scarlet woman, harlot, drab
Men: Rent boy, male escort, gigolo, lad model, gent of the night, sporting boy, weeping willy
Female clients: janes,[1][2] sugar mamas[3]
Male clients: johns, punters, tricks, mongers, sex buyers
Activity sectors
Sex industry
Description
Competencies
Physical attractiveness, seduction skills, interpersonal skills.
Male prostitutes usually require an ability to maintain an erection.
Related jobs
Stripper, porn actor
Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment.[4][5] Prostitution is sometimes described as sexual services, commercial sex or, colloquially, hooking. Prostitution occurs in a variety of forms. Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution. In escort prostitution, the act may take place at the client's residence or hotel room (referred to as out-call), or at the escort's residence or a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort (in-call). Another form is street prostitution. Although the majority of prostitutes are female and have male clients, a prostitute can be, and have clients, of any gender or sexual orientation.
Depending on the jurisdiction, prostitution law may deem commercial sex to be legal or illegal. A person who works in this field is called a prostitute, and is a type of sex worker. Prostitution is one branch of the sex industry, along with pornography, stripping, and erotic dancing. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country (sometimes from region to region within a given country), ranging from being permissible but unregulated, to an enforced or unenforced crime, or a regulated profession. It is sometimes referred to euphemistically as "the world's oldest profession" in the English-speaking world.[6][7] Estimates place the annual revenue generated by prostitution worldwide to be over $100 billion.[8]
There are about 42 million prostitutes in the world, living all over the world (though most of Central Asia, the Middle East and Africa lacks data, studied countries in that large region rank as top sex tourism destinations).[9] Sex tourism refers to the practice of traveling to engage in sexual relations with prostitutes in other countries. Some rich clients may pay for long-term contracts that may last for years.[10]
Some view prostitution as a form of exploitation of or violence against women,[11] and children,[12] that helps to create a supply of victims for human trafficking.[13] Some critics of prostitution as an institution are supporters of the Swedish approach, which decriminalizes the act of selling sex, but makes the purchase of sex illegal. This approach has also been adopted by Canada, Iceland, the Republic of Ireland,[14] Northern Ireland, Norway, and France.
Contents
1 Etymology and terminology
1.1 Procuring
1.2 Clients
1.3 Other meanings
2 History
2.1 Ancient Near East
2.2 Ancient Hebrew culture
2.3 Ancient Greece
2.4 Ancient Rome
2.5 Asia
2.6 Middle Ages
2.7 16th–17th centuries
2.8 18th century
2.9 19th century
2.10 20th century
2.11 21st century
3 Payments and salaries
4 Laws
4.1 Attitudes
4.2 Legality
4.3 Advertising
5 Socio-economic issues
5.1 Illegal immigration
5.2 Survival sex
5.3 Use of children
5.4 Among the elderly
5.5 Violence
5.6 Human trafficking
6 Types
6.1 Street
6.2 Brothels
6.3 Escorts
6.4 Sex tourism
6.5 Virtual sex
7 Prevalence
8 Medical situation
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology and terminology
Prostitute c.1890
Prostitute is derived from the Latin prostituta. Some sources cite the verb as a composition of "pro" meaning "up front" or "forward" and "stituere", defined as "to offer up for sale".[15] Another explanation is that prostituta is a composition of pro and statuere (to cause to stand, to station, place erect). A literal translation therefore is: "to put up front for sale" or "to place forward". The Online Etymology Dictionary states, "The notion of 'sex for hire' is not inherent in the etymology, which rather suggests one 'exposed to lust' or sex 'indiscriminately offered.'"[16][17]
The word prostitute was then carried down through various languages to the present-day Western society. Most sex worker activists groups reject the word prostitute and since the late 1970s have used the term sex worker instead. However, sex worker can also mean anyone who works within the sex industry or whose work is of a sexual nature and is not limited solely to prostitutes.[18][19]
The Procuress by Dirck van Baburen (1622)
A variety of terms are used for those who engage in prostitution, some of which distinguish between different types of prostitution or imply a value judgment about them. Common alternatives for prostitute include escort and whore; however, not all professional escorts are prostitutes.
The English word whore derives from the Old English word hōra, from the Proto-Germanic *hōrōn (prostitute), which derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *keh₂- meaning "desire", a root which has also given us Latin cārus (dear), whence the French cher (dear, expensive) and the Latin cāritās (love, charity). Use of the word whore is widely considered pejorative, especially in its modern slang form of ho. In Germany, however, most prostitutes' organizations deliberately use the word Hure (whore) since they feel that prostitute is a bureaucratic term. Those seeking to remove the social stigma associated with prostitution often promote terminology such as sex worker, commercial sex worker (CSW) or sex trade worker. Another commonly used word for a prostitute is hooker. Although a popular etymology connects "hooker" with Joseph Hooker, a Union general in the American Civil War, the word more likely comes from the concentration of prostitutes around the shipyards and ferry terminal of the Corlear's Hook area of Manhattan in the 1820s, who came to be referred to as "hookers".[20] A streetwalker solicits customers on the streets or in public places, while a call girl makes appointments by phone, or in recent years, through email or the internet.
Correctly or not, use of the word prostitute without specifying a sex may commonly be assumed to be female; compound terms such as male prostitution or male escort are therefore often used to identify males. Those offering services to female customers are commonly known as gigolos; those offering services to male customers are hustlers or rent boys.
Procuring
Main article: Procuring (prostitution)
Organizers of prostitution may be known as pimps (if male) and madams or Mama-san (if female). More formally, one who is said to practice procuring is a procurer, or procuress.
Clients
"Mongering" redirects here. For those who monger, see Monger (disambiguation).
Clients of prostitutes, most often men by prevalence, are sometimes known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in the British Isles. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes.[21] The term john may have originated from the frequent customer practice of giving one's name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers.
Female clients of prostitutes are sometimes referred to as janes or sugar mamas.[1][2][3]
Other meanings
The word "prostitution" can also be used metaphorically to mean debasing oneself or working towards an unworthy cause or "selling out".[22] In this sense, "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself" the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. For instance, in the book The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield says of his brother ("D.B."): "Now he's out in Hollywood, D.B., being a prostitute. If there's one thing I hate, it's the movies. Don't even mention them to me." D.B. is not literally a prostitute; Holden feels that his job writing B-movie screenplays is morally debasing.
The prostitution metaphor, "traditionally used to signify political inconstancy, unreliability, fickleness, a lack of firm values and integrity, and venality, has long been a staple of Russian political rhetoric."[23] One of the famous insults of Leon Trotsky made by Vladimir Lenin was calling him a "political prostitute".[23] Leon Trotsky used this epithet himself, calling German Social Democracy, at that time "corrupted by Kautskianism", a "political prostitution disguised by theories".[24] In 1938, he used the same description for the Comintern, saying that the chief aim of the Bonapartist clique of Stalin during the preceding several years "has consisted in proving to the imperialist 'democracies' its wise conservatism and love for order. For the sake of the longed alliance with imperialist democracies [Stalin] has brought the Comintern to the last stages of political prostitution."[25]
Besides targeting political figures, the term is used in relation to organizations and even small countries, which "have no choice but to sell themselves", because their voice in world affairs is insignificant. In 2007, a Russian caricature depicted the Baltic states as three "ladies of the night", "vying for the attentions of Uncle Sam, since the Russian client has run out of money".[23]
Usage of the "political prostitute" moniker is by no means unique to Russian political lexicon, such as when a Huffington Post contributor expressed the opinion that Donald J. Trump was "prostituting himself to feed his ego and gain power" when he ran for President of the United States.[26]
Sex work researcher and writer Gail Pheterson writes that these metaphorical usages exist because "the term "prostitute" gradually took on a Christian moralist tradition, as being synonymous with debasement of oneself or of others for the purpose of ill-gotten gains".[27]
History
Main article: History of prostitution
Ancient Near East
Customer and a prostitute illustrated on an ancient Greek wine cup; an act of prostitution is indicated by the coin purse above the figures
In the Ancient Near East along the Tigris–Euphrates river system there were many shrines and temples or "houses of heaven" dedicated to various deities documented by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus in The Histories[28] where sacred prostitution was a common practice.[29] It came to an end when the emperor Constantine in the fourth century AD destroyed the goddess temples and replaced them with Christianity.[30]
As early as the 18th century BC, ancient Mesopotamia recognized the need to protect women's property rights. In the Code of Hammurabi, provisions were found that addressed inheritance rights of women, including female prostitutes.[31]
Ancient Hebrew culture
According to Zohar and the Alphabet of Ben Sira, there were four angels of sacred prostitution, who mated with archangel Samael. They were the queens of the demons Lilith, Naamah, Agrat Bat Mahlat and Eisheth Zenunim.[1]
Ancient Greece
Both women and boys engaged in prostitution in ancient Greece.[32] Female prostitutes could be independent and sometimes influential women. They were required to wear distinctive dresses and had to pay taxes. Some similarities have been found between the Greek hetaera, the Japanese oiran, and also the Indian tawaif. Some prostitutes in ancient Greece, such as Lais were as famous for their company as their beauty, and some of these women charged extraordinary sums for their services.
Ancient Rome
Fresco from the Pompeii brothel
Prostitution in ancient Rome was legal, public, and widespread. A registered prostitute was called a meretrix while the unregistered one fell under the broad category prostibulae. There were some commonalities with the Greek system, but as the Empire grew, prostitutes were often foreign slaves, captured, purchased, or raised for that purpose, sometimes by large-scale "prostitute farmers" who took abandoned children. Indeed, abandoned children were almost always raised as prostitutes.[33] Enslavement into prostitution was sometimes used as a legal punishment against criminal free women. Buyers were allowed to inspect naked men and women for sale in private and there was no stigma attached to the purchase of males by a male aristocrat.
An oiran preparing herself for a client, ukiyo-e print by Suzuki Haronubu (1765)
Asia
According to Shia Muslims, Muhammad sanctioned fixed-term marriage – muta'a in Iraq and sigheh in Iran – which has instead been used as a legitimizing cover for sex workers, in a culture where prostitution is otherwise forbidden.[34] Sunni Muslims, who make up the majority of Muslims worldwide, believe the practice of fixed-term marriage was abrogated and ultimately forbidden by either Muhammad, or one of his successors, Umar. Sunnis regard prostitution as sinful and forbidden.
Köçek troupe at a fair. Recruited from the ranks of colonized ethnic groups, köçeks were entertainers and sex workers in the Ottoman Empire.
French prostitutes being taken to the police station.
In the early 17th century, there was widespread male and female prostitution throughout the cities of Kyoto, Edo, and Osaka, Japan. Oiran were courtesans in Japan during the Edo period. The oiran were considered a type of yūjo (遊女) "woman of pleasure" or prostitute. Among the oiran, the tayū (太夫) was considered the highest rank of courtesan available only to the wealthiest and highest ranking men. To entertain their clients, oiran practiced the arts of dance, music, poetry, and calligraphy as well as sexual services, and an educated wit was considered essential for sophisticated conversation. Many became celebrities of their times outside the pleasure districts. Their art and fashions often set trends among wealthy women. The last recorded oiran was in 1761. Although illegal in modern Japan, the definition of prostitution does not extend to a "private agreement" reached between a woman and a man in a brothel. Yoshiwara has a large number of soaplands that began when explicit prostitution in Japan became illegal, where women washed men's bodies. They were originally known as toruko-buro, meaning Turkish bath.
A tawaif was a courtesan who catered to the nobility of South Asia, particularly during the era of the Mughal Empire. These courtesans danced, sang, recited poetry and entertained their suitors at mehfils. Like the geisha tradition in Japan, their main purpose was to professionally entertain their guests, and while sex was often incidental, it was not assured contractually. High-class or the most popular tawaifs could often pick and choose between the best of their suitors. They contributed to music, dance, theatre, film, and the Urdu literary tradition.[35]
Middle Ages
Main article: Courtesan
Throughout the Middle Ages the definition of a prostitute has been ambiguous, with various secular and canonical organizations defining prostitution in constantly evolving terms. Even though medieval secular authorities created legislation to deal with the phenomenon of prostitution, they rarely attempted to define what a prostitute was because it was deemed unnecessary "to specify exactly who fell into that [specific] category" of a prostitute.[36] The first known definition of prostitution was found in Marseille's thirteenth-century statutes, which included a chapter entitled De meretricibus ("regarding prostitutes").[36] The Marseillais designated prostitutes as "public girls" who, day and night, received two or more men in their house, and as a woman who "did business trading [their bodies], within the confine[s] of a brothel."[37] A fourteenth-century English tract, Fasciculus Morum, states that the term prostitute (termed 'meretrix' in this document), "must be applied only to those women who give themselves to anyone and will refuse none, and that for monetary gain".[37] In general prostitution was not typically a life-time career choice for women. Women usually alternated their career of prostitution with "petty retailing, and victualing," or only occasionally turning to prostitution in times of great financial need.[38] Women who became prostitutes often did not have the familial ties or means to protect themselves from the lure of prostitution, and it has been recorded on several occasions that mothers would be charged with prostituting their own daughters in exchange for extra money.[39] Medieval civilians accepted without question the fact of prostitution, it was necessary part of medieval life.[40] Prostitutes subverted the sexual tendencies of male youth, just by existing. With the establishment of prostitution men were less likely to collectively rape honest women of marriageable and re-marriageable age.[41] This is most clearly demonstrated in St. Augustine's claim that "the removal of the institution would bring lust into all aspects of the world."[42] Meaning that without prostitutes to subvert male tendencies, men would go after innocent women instead, thus the prostitutes were actually doing society a favor.
In urban societies there was an erroneous view that prostitution was flourishing more in rural regions rather than in cities, however it has been proven that prostitution was more rampant in cities and large towns.[43] Although there were wandering prostitutes in rural areas who worked based on the calendar of fairs, similar to riding a circuit, in which prostitutes stopped by various towns based on what event was going on at the time, most prostitutes remained in cities. Cities tended to draw more prostitutes due to the sheer size of the population and the institutionalization of prostitution in urban areas which made it more rampant in metropolitan regions.[43] Furthermore, in both urban and rural areas of society, women who did not live under the rule of male authority were more likely to be suspected of prostitution that their oppressed counterparts because of the fear of women who did not fit into a stereotypical category outside of marriage or religious life.[39] Secular law, like most other aspects of prostitution in the Middle Ages, is difficult to generalize due to the regional variations in attitudes towards prostitution.[44] The global trend of the thirteenth century was toward the development of positive policy on prostitution as laws exiling prostitutes changed towards sumptuary laws and the confinement of prostitutes to red light districts.[45]
Sumptuary laws became the regulatory norm for prostitutes and included making courtesans "wear a shoulder-knot of a particular color as a badge of their calling" to be able to easily distinguish the prostitute from a respectable woman in society.[45] The color that designated them as prostitutes could vary from different earth tones to yellow, as was usually designated as a color of shame in the Hebrew communities.[46] These laws, however, proved no impediment to wealthier prostitutes because their glamorous appearances were almost indistinguishable from noble women.[47]
Although brothels were still present in most cities and urban centers, and could range from private bordelages run by a procuress from her home to public baths and centers established by municipal legislation, the only centers for prostitution legally allowed were the institutionalized and publicly funded brothels.[48] However this did not prevent illegal brothels from thriving. Furthermore, brothels theoretically banned the patronage of married men and clergy also, but it was sporadically enforced and there is evidence of clergymen present in brawls that were documented in brothels.[49] Thus the clergy were at least present in brothels at some point or another. Brothels also settled the "obsessive fear of the sharing of women" and solved the issue of "collective security."[50] The lives of prostitutes in brothels were not cloistered like that of nuns and "only some lived permanently in the streets assigned to them."[51] Prostitutes were only allowed to practice their trade in the brothel in which they worked.[52] Brothels were also used to protect prostitutes and their clients through various regulations. For example, the law that "forbid brothel keepers [from] beat[ing] them."[53] However, brothel regulations also hindered prostitutes' lives by forbidding them from having "lovers other than their customers" or from having a favored customer.[53]
Courts showed the conflicting views on the role of prostitutes in secular law as prostitutes could not inherit property, defend themselves in court, or make accusations in court.[54] However, prostitutes were sometimes called upon as witnesses during trial.<[55]
Brothel scene; Brunswick Monogrammist, 1537; Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Prostitutes on display in Yoshiwara during the Meiji Period, Japan
16th–17th centuries
By the end of the 15th century attitudes seemed to have begun to harden against prostitution. An outbreak of syphilis in Naples 1494 which later swept across Europe, and which may have originated from the Columbian Exchange,[56] and the prevalence of other sexually transmitted diseases from the earlier 16th century may have been causes of this change in attitude. By the early 16th century the association between prostitutes, plague, and contagion emerged, causing brothels and prostitution to be outlawed by secular authority.[57] Furthermore, outlawing brothel-keeping and prostitution was also used to "strengthen the criminal law" system of the sixteenth-century secular rulers.[58] Canon law defined a prostitute as "a promiscuous woman, regardless of financial elements."[59] The prostitute was considered a "whore … who [was] available for the lust of many men," and was most closely associated with promiscuity.[60]
The Church's stance on prostitution was three-fold: “acceptance of prostitution as an inevitable social fact, condemnation of those profiting from this commerce, and encouragement for the prostitute to repent."[61] The Church was forced to recognize its inability to remove prostitution from the worldly society, and in the fourteenth century "began to tolerate prostitution as a lesser evil."[62] However, prostitutes were to be excluded from the Church as long as they practiced.[63] Around the twelfth century, the idea of prostitute saints took hold, with Mary Magdalene being one of the most popular saints of the era. The Church used Mary Magdalene's biblical history of being a reformed harlot to encourage prostitutes to repent and mend their ways.[64] Simultaneously, religious houses were established with the purpose of providing asylum and encouraging the reformation of prostitution. 'Magdalene Homes' were particularly popular and peaked especially in the early fourteenth century.[65] Over the course of the Middle Ages, popes and religious communities made various attempts to remove prostitution or reform prostitutes, with varying success.[66]
With the advent of the Protestant Reformation, numbers of Southern German towns closed their brothels in an attempt to eradicate prostitution.[67] In some periods prostitutes had to distinguish themselves by particular signs, sometimes wearing very short hair or no hair at all, or wearing veils in societies where other women did not wear them. Ancient codes regulated in this case the crime of a prostitute that dissimulated her profession. In some cultures, prostitutes were the sole women allowed to sing in public or act in theatrical performances.
18th century
According to Dervish Ismail Agha, in the Dellâkname-i Dilküşâ, the Ottoman archives,[68][69] in the Turkish baths, the masseurs were traditionally young men, who helped wash clients by soaping and scrubbing their bodies. They also worked as sex workers.[70] The Ottoman texts describe who they were, their prices, how many times they could bring their customers to orgasm, and the details of their sexual practices.
During the British East India Company's rule in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was initially fairly common for British soldiers to engage in inter-ethnic prostitution in India, where they frequently visited local Indian nautch dancers.[71] As British females began arriving in British India in large numbers from the early to mid-19th century, it became increasingly uncommon for British soldiers to visit Indian prostitutes, and miscegenation was despised altogether after the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[72]
19th century
In the 19th century, legalized prostitution became a public controversy as France and then the United Kingdom passed the Contagious Diseases Acts, legislation mandating pelvic examinations for suspected prostitutes. This legislation applied not only to the United Kingdom and France, but also to their overseas colonies. France, instead of trying to outlaw prostitution began to view prostitution as an evil necessary for society to function. France chose to regulate prostitution, introducing a Morals Brigade onto the streets of Paris.[73] A similar situation did in fact exist in the Russian Empire; prostitutes operating out of government-sanctioned brothels were given yellow internal passports signifying their status and were subjected to weekly physical exams. A major work, Prostitution, Considered in Its Moral, Social, and Sanitary Aspects, was published by William Acton in 1857, which estimated that the County of London had 80,000 prostitutes and that 1 house in 60 was serving as a brothel.[74] Leo Tolstoy's novel Resurrection describes legal prostitution in 19th-century Russia.
During this period, prostitution was also very prominent in the Barbary Coast, San Francisco as the population was mainly men, due to the influx from the Gold Rush.[75] One of the more successful madams was Belle Cora, who inadvertently got involved in a scandal involving her husband, Charles Cora, shooting US Marshal William H. Richardson.[76] This led to the rise of new statutes against prostitution, gambling and other activities seen as "immoral".[75]
Women in an early San Francisco bordello in 1870
De Wallen red-light district in Amsterdam
20th century
The leading theorists of Communism opposed prostitution. Communist governments often attempted to repress the practice immediately after obtaining power, although it always persisted. In contemporary Communist countries, it remains illegal but is nonetheless common.[77] The economic decline brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union led to increased prostitution in many current or former Communist countries.[78]
Originally, prostitution was widely legal in the United States. Prostitution was made illegal in almost all states between 1910 and 1915 largely due to the influence of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. On the other hand, prostitution generated much national revenue in South Korea, hence the military government encouraged prostitution for the U.S. military.[79][80]
In 1956, the United Kingdom introduced the Sexual Offences Act 1956. While this law did not criminalise the act of prostitution in the United Kingdom itself, it prohibited such activities as running a brothel. Soliciting was made illegal by the Street Offences Act 1959. These laws were partly repealed, and altered, by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and the Policing and Crime Act 2009.
Beginning in the late 1980s, many states in the US increased the penalties for prostitution in cases where the prostitute is knowingly HIV-positive. Penalties for felony prostitution vary, with maximum sentences of typically 10 to 15 years in prison.
Sex tourism emerged in the late 20th century as a controversial aspect of Western tourism and globalization.
21st century
In the 21st century, Afghans revived a method of prostituting young boys which is referred to as "bacha bazi".[81]
Since the break up of the Soviet Union, thousands of eastern European women end up as prostitutes in China, Western Europe, Israel, and Turkey every year; some enter the profession willingly, but many are tricked, coerced, or kidnapped, and often experience captivity and violence.[82] There are tens of thousands of women from eastern Europe and Asia working as prostitutes in Dubai. Men from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates form a large proportion of the customers.[83]
India's devadasi girls are forced by their poor families to dedicate themselves to the Hindu goddess Renuka. The BBC wrote in 2007 that devadasis are "sanctified prostitutes".[84]
Historically, and currently, church prostitutes exist, and the practice may be legal or illegal, depending on the country, state or province.[85]
Payments and salaries
Prostitutes' salaries and payments fluctuate according to the economic conditions of their respective countries. Prostitutes who usually have foreign clients, such as business travelers, depend on good foreign economic conditions.[86] Payment may vary according to regulations made by pimps, brothel keepers, madams, and procurers, who usually take a slice out of a prostitute's income.[87] Prices may further depend on demand; popular, high-end prostitutes can earn significant amounts of money (upwards of $5,000 per client),[88] and virgins may receive even higher payments.
Laws
A detail from plate 1 of William Hogarth's (1697–1764) The Harlot's Progress, showing brothel-keeper Elizabeth Needham, on the right, procuring a young woman who has just arrived in London.
Attitudes
Further information: Feminist views on prostitution
Roughly speaking, the possible attitudes are:
"Prostitution should be tolerated by society":
decriminalization: "prostitution is labor like any other. Sex industry premises should not be subject to any special regulation or laws", the current situation in New Zealand; the laws against operating a brothel, pimping and street prostitution are struck down, but prostitution is hardly regulated at all. Proponents of this view often cite instances of government regulation under legalization that they consider intrusive, demeaning, or violent, but feel that criminalization adversely affects sex workers.[89] Amnesty International is one of the notable groups calling for the decriminalization of prostitution.[90][91][92]
regulation: prostitution may be considered a legitimate business; prostitution and the employment of prostitutes are legal, but regulated; the current situation in the Netherlands, Germany, most of Australia and parts of Nevada (see Prostitution in Nevada). The degree of regulation varies very much; for example, in the Netherlands, prostitutes are not required to undergo mandatory health checks (see Prostitution in the Netherlands), while in Nevada, the regulations are very strict (see Prostitution in Nevada)
"Prostitution should not be tolerated":
abolitionism (prostitution itself is not prohibited, but most associated activities are illegal, in an attempt to make it more difficult to engage in prostitution, prostitution is heavily discouraged and seen as a social problem): prostitution (the exchange of sexual services for money) is legal, but the surrounding activities such as public solicitation, operating a brothel and other forms of pimping are prohibited, the current situation in Great Britain and Italy among others;
neo-abolitionism ("prostitution is a form of violence against women, it is a violation of human rights, the clients of the prostitutes exploit the prostitutes"): prostitutes are not prosecuted, but their clients and pimps are, which is the current situation in Sweden, France, Norway and Iceland (in Norway the law is even more strict, forbidding also having sex with a prostitute abroad).[93]
prohibitionism (both prostitutes and clients are criminalized and are seen as immoral, they are considered criminals): the prevailing attitude nearly everywhere in the United States, with a few exceptions in some rural Nevada counties (see Prostitution in Nevada)
In some countries, there is controversy regarding the laws applicable to sex work. For instance, the legal stance of punishing pimping while keeping sex work legal but "underground" and risky is often denounced as hypocritical; opponents suggest either going the full abolition route and criminalize clients or making sex work a regulated business.
Prostitution Information Centre, in Amsterdam
Many countries have sex worker advocacy groups which lobby against criminalization and discrimination of prostitutes. These groups generally oppose Nevada-style regulation and oversight, stating that prostitution should be treated like other professions. In the United States of America, one such group is COYOTE (an abbreviation for "Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics") and another is the North American Task Force on Prostitution.[94] In Australia the lead sex worker rights organisation is Scarlet Alliance.[95] International prostitutes' rights organizations include the International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights and the Network of Sex Work Projects.[96]
Other groups, often with religious backgrounds, focus on offering women a way out of the world of prostitution while not taking a position on the legal question.
Prostitution is a significant issue in feminist thought and activism. Many feminists are opposed to prostitution, which they see as a form of exploitation of women and male dominance over women, and as a practice which is the result of the existing patriarchal societal order. These feminists argue that prostitution has a very negative effect, both on the prostitutes themselves and on society as a whole, as it reinforces stereotypical views about women, who are seen as sex objects which can be used and abused by men. Other feminists hold that prostitution can be a valid choice for the women who choose to engage in it; in this view, prostitution must be differentiated from forced prostitution, and feminists should support sex worker activism against abuses by both the sex industry and the legal system.
In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a non-binding resolution, (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the 'Swedish Model' of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling of sex.[97]
Legality
Decriminalization - No criminal penalties for prostitution
Legalization -prostitution legal and regulated
Abolitionism - prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is not regulated
Neo-abolitionism illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex
Prohibitionism - prostitution illegal
Legality varies with local laws
Main articles: Prostitution law and Prostitution by country
The position of prostitution and the law varies widely worldwide, reflecting differing opinions on victimhood and exploitation, inequality, gender roles, gender equality, ethics and morality, freedom of choice, historical social norms, and social costs and benefits.
Legal themes tend to address four types of issue: victimhood (including potential victimhood), ethics and morality, freedom of choice, and general benefit or harm to society (including harm arising indirectly from matters connected to prostitution).
Prostitution may be considered a form of exploitation (e.g., Sweden, Norway, Iceland, where it is illegal to buy sexual services, but not to sell them — the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute), a legitimate occupation (e.g., Netherlands, Germany, where prostitution is regulated as a profession) or a crime (e.g., many Muslim countries, where the prostitutes face severe penalties).
The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being legal and considered a profession to being punishable by death.[98] Some jurisdictions outlaw the act of prostitution (the exchange of sexual services for money); other countries do not prohibit prostitution itself, but ban the activities typically associated with it (soliciting in a public place, operating a brothel, pimping etc.), making it difficult to engage in prostitution without breaking any law; and in a few countries prostitution is legal and regulated.
In 1949, the UN General Assembly adopted a convention stating that "prostitution and the accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person",[99] requiring all signing parties to punish pimps and brothel owners and operators and to abolish all special treatment or registration of prostitutes. As of January 2009, the convention was ratified by 95 member nations including France, Spain, Italy, Denmark, and not ratified by another 97 member nations including Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Stickers affixed to a payphone in São Paulo
Advertising
In countries where prostitution is legal, advertising it may be legal (as in the Netherlands) or illegal (as in India). Covert advertising for prostitution can take a number of forms:
by cards in newsagents' windows
by cards placed in public telephone enclosures: so-called tart cards
by euphemistic advertisements in regular magazines and newspapers (for instance, talking of "massages" or "relaxation")
in specialist contact magazines
via the Internet
In the United States, massage parlors serving as a cover for prostitution may advertise "full service", a euphemism for coitus.[100]
In Las Vegas, prostitution is often promoted overtly on the Las Vegas Strip by third party workers distributing risque flyers with the pictures and phone numbers of escorts (despite the fact that prostitution is illegal in Las Vegas and Clark County, see Prostitution in Nevada).
The way in which prostitutes advertise their presence varies widely. Some remain in apartments which have hints or clues outside such as posters with "model" written on them to lure potential customers inside. Others advertise by putting numbers or location in phoneboxes or in online or newspaper ads. In more sexually permissive societies, prostitutes can advertise in public view, such as through display windows. In sexually restrictive societies it may occur through word-of-mouth and other means.[101]
Socio-economic issues
Illegal immigration
Main article: Illegal immigration
A difficulty facing migrant prostitutes in many developed countries is the illegal residence status of some of these women. They face potential deportation, and so do not have recourse to the law. Hence there are brothels that may not adhere to the usual legal standards intended to safeguard public health and the safety of the workers.
The immigration status of the persons who sell sexual services is – particularly in Western Europe – a controversial and highly debated political issue. Currently, in most of these countries most prostitutes are immigrants, mainly from Eastern and Central Europe; in Spain and Italy 90% of prostitutes are estimated to be migrants, in Austria 78%, in Switzerland 75%, in Greece 73%, in Norway 70% (according to a 2009 TAMPEP report, Sex Work in Europe-A mapping of the prostitution scene in 25 European countries).[102] An article in Le Monde diplomatique in 1997 stated that 80% of prostitutes in Amsterdam were foreigners and 70% had no immigration papers.[103]
Survival sex
Main article: Survival sex
Survival sex is when the prostitute is driven to prostitution by a need for basic necessities such as food or shelter. This type of prostitution is common among the homeless and in refugee camps. The term is used in the sex trade and by aid workers, although some practitioners do not regard the act as exploitative.
Use of children
Main article: Prostitution of children
Regarding the prostitution of children the laws on prostitution as well as those on sex with a child apply. If prostitution in general is legal there is usually a minimum age requirement for legal prostitution that is higher than the general age of consent (see above for some examples). Although some countries do not single out patronage of child prostitution as a separate crime, the same act is punishable as sex with an underage person.
In India, the federal police say that around 1.2 million children are believed to be involved in prostitution.[104] A CBI statement said that studies and surveys sponsored by the ministry of women and child development estimated that about 40% of all India's prostitutes are children.[104]
In Bangladesh, child prostitutes are known to take the drug Oradexon, also known as dexamethasone. This over-the-counter steroid, usually used by farmers to fatten cattle, makes child prostitutes look larger and older. Charities say that 90% of prostitutes in the country's legalized brothels use the drug. According to social activists, the steroid can cause diabetes, high blood pressure and is highly addictive.[105][106][107]
Thailand's Health System Research Institute reported that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand.[108]
Some adults travel to other countries to have access to sex with children, which is unavailable in their home country. Cambodia has become a notorious destination for sex with children.[109][110] Thailand is also a destination for child sex tourism.[110][111] Several western countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach, punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. As the crime usually goes undiscovered, these laws are rarely enforced.[112][113][114]
Among the elderly
Prostitution among the elderly is a phenomenon reported in South Korea where elderly people turn to prostitution to pay their bills. This problem comes about because the state does not provide enough income for necessities. Clients in Korea tend also to be elderly.[115]
Violence
Main article: Violence against prostitutes
Street prostitutes are at higher risk of violent crime than brothel prostitutes and bar prostitutes.[116][117]
In the United States, the homicide rate for female prostitutes was estimated to be 204 per 100,000.[118] There are substantial differences in rates of victimization between street prostitutes and indoor prostitutes who work as escorts, call girls, or in brothels and massage parlors.[119][120] Violence against male prostitutes is less common.[121]
Prostitution may sometimes be associated with illegal, abusive, and dangerous activities. One view maintains that this results from prostitution being stigmatized or illegal, or both.[122] Another, however, believes that legalizing and regulating prostitution does not improve the situation, but instead makes it worse, creating a parallel illegal prostitution industry, and failing to dissociate the legal part of the sex trade from crime.[123][124][125][126]
The White Slave by Abastenia St. Leger Eberle
Human trafficking
Main article: Human trafficking
Sex trafficking is defined as using coercion or force to transport an unwilling person into prostitution or other sexual exploitation.[127] The United Nations stated in 2009 that sex trafficking is the most commonly identified form of human trafficking and estimates that about 79% of human trafficking reported is for prostitution (although the study notes that this may be the result of statistical bias and that sex trafficking tends to receive the most attention and be the most visible).[128] Sex trafficking has been described by Kul Gautum, Deputy Executive Director of UNICEF, as "the largest slave trade in history."[129] It is also the fastest growing criminal industry, predicted to outgrow drug trafficking.[130][131][132] While there may be a higher number of people involved in slavery today than at any time in history, the proportion of the population is probably the smallest in history.[133][134]
“Annually, according to U.S. Government-sponsored research completed in 2006, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors," estimated the US Department of State in a 2008 study, in reference to the number of people estimated to be victims of all forms of human trafficking.[135] Due in part to the illegal and underground nature of sex trafficking, the actual extent of women and children forced into prostitution is unknown.
Children are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are sold by their own families. According to the International Labour Organization, the occurrence is especially common in places such as Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal and India.[136]
Globally, forced labour generates an estimated $31 billion, about half of it in the industrialised world and around one tenth in transitional countries, according to the International Labour Organization in a report on forced labour ("A global alliance against forced labour", ILO, 11 May 2005).[137] Trafficking in people has been facilitated by factors such as porous borders and advanced communication technologies, and has become increasingly transnational in scope and highly financially lucrative.
The most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are Thailand, Japan, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the US, according to a report by the UNODC (UN Office on Drugs and Crime).[138]
Major sources of trafficked persons include Thailand, China, Nigeria, Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.[138]
Types
A street prostitute talking to a potential customer in Torino, Italy, 2005
Street
Main article: Street prostitution
In street prostitution, the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners, sometimes called "the track" by pimps and prostitutes alike. They usually dress in skimpy, provocative clothing, regardless of the weather. Street prostitutes are often called "streetwalkers" while their customers are referred to as "tricks" or "johns." Servicing the customers is described as "turning tricks." The sex is usually performed in the customer's car, in a nearby alley, or in a rented room. Motels and hotels that accommodate prostitutes commonly rent rooms by the half or full hour.
In Russia and other countries of the former USSR, prostitution takes the form of an open-air market. One prostitute stands by a roadside, and directs cars to a so-called "tochka" (usually located in alleyways or carparks), where lines of women are paraded for customers in front of their car headlights. The client selects a prostitute, whom he takes away in his car. Prevalent in the late 1990s, this type of service has been steadily declining in recent years.
A "lot lizard" is a commonly encountered special case of street prostitution.[139] Lot lizards mainly serve those in the trucking industry at truck stops and stopping centers. Prostitutes will often proposition truckers using a CB radio from a vehicle parked in the non-commercial section of a truck stop parking lot, communicating through codes based on commercial driving slang, then join the driver in his truck.
Soi Cowboy, a red-light district in Bangkok
Brothels
Main articles: Brothel and Red-light district
Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution, often confined to special red-light districts in big cities. Other names for brothels include bordello, whorehouse, cathouse, knocking shop, and general houses. Prostitution also occurs in some massage parlours, and in Asian countries in some barber shops where sexual services may be offered as a secondary function of the premises.
Escorts
Tart cards in a British phone box advertising the services of call girls
Main articles: Call girl and Escort agency
Escort services may be distinguished from prostitution or other forms of prostitution in that sexual activities are often not explicitly advertised as necessarily included in these services; rather, payment is often noted as being for an escort's time and companionship only, although there is often an implicit assumption that sexual activities are expected.
In escort prostitution, the act takes place at the customer's residence or hotel room (referred to as out-call), or at the escort's residence or in a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort (called in-call). The prostitute may be independent or working under the auspices of an escort agency. Services may be advertised over the Internet, in regional publications, or in local telephone listings.
Use of the Internet by prostitutes and customers is common.[140] A prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses. Adult contact sites, chats and on-line communities are also used. This, in turn, has brought increased scrutiny from law enforcement, public officials, and activist groups toward online prostitution. In 2009, Craigslist came under fire for its role in facilitating online prostitution, and was sued by some 40 US state attorneys general, local prosecutors, and law enforcement officials.
Reviews of the services of individual prostitutes can often be found at various escort review boards worldwide. These online forums are used to trade information between potential clients, and also by prostitutes to advertise the various services available. Sex workers, in turn, often use online forums of their own to exchange information on clients, particularly to warn others about dangerous clients.
Sex tourism
Main articles: Sex tourism and Child sex tourism
Sex tourism is travel for sexual intercourse with prostitutes or to engage in other sexual activity. The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination".[141]
As opposed to regular sex tourism, which is often legal, a tourist who has sex with a child prostitute will usually be committing a crime in the host country, under the laws of his own country (notwithstanding him being outside of it) and against international law. Child sex tourism (CST) is defined as a travel to a foreign country for the purpose of engaging in commercially facilitated child sexual abuse.[142] Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, and Mexico have been identified as leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation.[143]
Virtual sex
Virtual sex, that is, sexual acts conveyed by messages rather than physically, is also the subject of commercial transactions. Commercial phone sex services have been available for decades. The advent of the Internet has made other forms of virtual sex available for money, including computer-mediated cybersex, in which sexual services are provided in text form by way of chat rooms or instant messaging, or audiovisually through a webcam (see camgirl).
Prevalence
A political cartoon from 1787 jesting about the notion of taxation affecting prostitutes
Statue to honor the sex workers of the world. Installed March 2007 in Amsterdam, Oudekerksplein, in front of the Oude Kerk, in Amsterdam's red-light district De Wallen. Title is Belle, inscription says "Respect sex workers all over the world."
According to the paper "Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women",[144] the number of full-time equivalent prostitutes in a typical area in the United States (Colorado Springs, CO, during 1970–1988) is estimated at 23 per 100,000 population (0.023%), of which some 4% were under 18. The length of these prostitutes' working careers was estimated at a mean of 5 years. According to a 2012 report by Fondation Scelles there are between 40 and 42 million prostitutes in the world.[145]
In 2003, it was estimated that in Amsterdam, one woman in 35 was working as a prostitute, compared to one in 300 in London.[146]
The number of men who have used a prostitute at least once varies widely from country to country, from an estimated low of between 7%[147] and 8.8%[148] in the United Kingdom, to a high of between 59% and 80% in Cambodia.[149] A study conducted by ProCon – a nonpartisan nonprofit organization – estimated the percentage of men who had paid for sex at least once in their lives, and found the highest rates in Cambodia (between 59 and 80% of men had paid for sex at least once) and Thailand (an estimated 75%), followed by Italy (16.7–45%), Spain (27–39%), Japan (37%), the Netherlands (13.5–21.6%), and the United States (15.0–20.0%).[149] Nations with higher rates of prostitution clients, or “johns”, display much more positive attitudes towards commercial sex.[149] In some countries, such as Cambodia and Thailand, sex with prostitutes is considered commonplace and men who do not engage in commercial sex may be considered unusual by their peers.[149]
In the United States, a 2004 TNS poll reported 15% of all men admitted to having paid for sex at least once in their life.[150] However, a paper entitled "Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners" concluded that men's self-reporting of prostitutes as sexual partners provides a serious underestimate.[151]
In Australia, a survey conducted in the early 2000s showed that 15.6% of men aged 16–59 reported paying for sex at least once in their life, and 1.9% had done so in the past year.[152]
Reports disagree on whether prostitution levels are growing or declining in developed countries. Some studies indicate that the percentage of men engaging in commercial sex in the United States has declined significantly in recent decades: in 1964, an estimated 69–80% of men had paid for sex at least once.[149] Some have suggested that prostitution levels have fallen in sexually liberal countries, most likely because of the increased availability of non-commercial, non-marital sex[153] or, for example in Sweden, because of stricter legal penalties.[154] Other reports suggest a growth in prostitution levels, for example in the US,[155] where again, sexual liberalisation is suggested as the cause. As Norma Ramos, Executive Director of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women says "The more the commercial sex industry normalizes this behavior, the more of this behavior you get".[156]
Prostitutes have long plied their trades to the military in many cultures. For example, the British naval port of Portsmouth had a flourishing local sex industry in the 19th century, and until the early 1990s there were large red-light districts near American military bases in the Philippines. The notorious Patpong entertainment district in Bangkok, Thailand, started as an R&R location for US troops serving in the Vietnam War in the early 1970s. Washington D.C. itself had Murder Bay which attracted the military of the Civil War. The village of Vadia, India is known locally as the village of prostitutes, where unmarried women are involved in prostitution. Mass weddings for children of prostitutes in the village are held to protect them from being pushed into prostitution.[157]
Medical situation
In some places, prostitution may be associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Lack of condom use among prostitutes and their clients has been cited as a factor in the spread of HIV in Asia: "One of the main reasons for the rapid spread of HIV in Asian countries is the massive transmission among sex workers and clients".[158] As a result, prevention campaigns aimed at increasing condom use by sex workers have been attributed to play a major role in restricting the spread of HIV.[159]
One of the sources for the spread of HIV in Africa is prostitution, with one study finding that encounters with prostitutes produced 84% of new HIV infections in adult males in Accra, Ghana.[160] The spread of HIV from urban settings to rural areas in Africa has been attributed to the mobility of farmers who visit sex workers in cities, for example in Ethiopia.[161] Some studies of prostitution in urban settings in developing countries, such as Kenya, have stated that prostitution acts as a reservoir of STDs within the general population.[162]
Typical responses to the problem are:
banning prostitution completely
introducing a system of registration for prostitutes that mandates health checks and other public health measures
educating prostitutes and their clients to encourage the use of barrier contraception and greater interaction with health care
Some think that the first two measures are counter-productive. Banning prostitution tends to drive it underground, making safe sex promotion, treatment and monitoring more difficult. Registering prostitutes makes the state complicit in prostitution and does not address the health risks of unregistered prostitutes. Both of the last two measures can be viewed as harm reduction policies.
In countries and areas where safer sex precautions are either unavailable or not practiced for cultural reasons, prostitution is an active disease vector for all STDs, including HIV/AIDS, but the encouragement of safer sex practices, combined with regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases, has been very successful when applied consistently. As an example, Thailand's condom program has been largely responsible for the country's progress against the HIV epidemic.[158] It has been estimated that successful implementation of safe sex practices in India "would drive the [HIV] epidemic to extinction" while similar measures could achieve a 50% reduction in Botswana.[163] In 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urged all countries to remove bans on prostitution and homosexual sex, because "such laws constitute major barriers to reaching key populations with HIV services". In 2012, the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, which was convened by Ban Ki-moon, and which is an independent body, established at the request of the UNAIDS, and supported by a Secretariat based at the UNDP,[164] reached the same conclusions, also recommending decriminalization of brothels and procuring.[165][166][167][168] Nevertheless, the report states that:"The content, analysis, opinions and policy recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme."[164]
See also
Sexuality portal
Barbary Coast, San Francisco
Brothel
Drugs and prostitution
Fallen woman
International Day of No Prostitution
International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
International Whores' Day
Mann Act (White-Slave Traffic Act)
Lady in Red
List of prostitutes and courtesans
Oldest profession (phrase)
Prostitution among animals
Prostitution statistics by country
Recreation and Amusement Association
Sanky-panky
World's second oldest profession
References
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Ling, Justin (4 March 2014). "Opposition parties shy away from sex-work debate". Xtra. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "7 Things You Learn As A Cop Pretending To Be A Hooker". Cracked.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Honwana, Alcinda. "Changing Patterns of Intimacy among Young People in Africa." African Dynamics in a Multipolar World (2013): 29-47.
Jump up ^ "Prostitution – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prostitution Law & Legal Definition". US Legal. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Flowers 1998, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Forrest Wickman (6 March 2012). "Rush Limbaugh calls Sandra Fluke a "prostitute": Is prostitution really the world's oldest profession?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prostitution Market Value". Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Gus Lubin (17 January 2012). "There Are 42 Million Prostitutes In The World, And Here's Where They Live". Business Insider. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Ramseyer 2008, p. 68; Ditmore 2006, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Meghan Murphy (12 December 2013). "Prostitution by Any Other Name Is Still Exploitation". VICE. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Malika Saada Saar (29 July 2015). "The myth of child prostitution". CNN. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Carol Tan (2 January 2014). "Does legalized prostitution increase human trafficking?". Journalist's Resource. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ (eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book. "Amendment of Act of 1993". www.irishstatutebook.ie. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
Jump up ^ Perkins & Lovejoy 2007, pp. 2–3.
Jump up ^ "prostitute". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Perseus Digital Library". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "sex worker". Merriam-webster.com. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Weitzer, Ronald. (2009). "Sociology of Sex Work." Annual Review of Sociology 35: 213-234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120025
Jump up ^ "AmericanHeritage.com / History Now". 21 May 2006. Archived from the original on 21 May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Adult Industry Terms and Acronyms". Forum.myredbook.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "prostitution – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education". Education.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Riabova, Tatiana and Riabova, Oleg (2015) "Gayromaidan" in Fedor, Julie; Portnov, Andriy; and Umland, Andraes (eds.) Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: Sociographic Essays on the Post-Soviet Infrastructure for Alternative Healing Practices, Volume 1, Issue 1 Columbia University Press. p.105 Accessed: 14 March 2017
Jump up ^ Trotsky, Leon (1921). "Terrorism and Communism: Chapter 7, The Working Class and Its Soviet Policy". Marxists.org. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Trotsky, Leon (September 1938). "New War Flows from Versailles Banditry". Marxists.org. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Gerdy, Tom (29 February 2016). "Winner or Just Another Political Prostitute?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Pheterson, Gail (Winter 1993) "The Whore Stigma: Female Dishonor and Male Unworthiness". Social Text #37 Duke University Press DOI: 10.2307/466259
Jump up ^ Herodotus (1920). The Histories. Translated by Godley, A.D. Harvard University Press.
Jump up ^ Frazer, James (1922). "Chapter 31: Adonis in Cyprus". The Golden Bough (3rd ed.).
Jump up ^ Eusebius. Life of Constantine. 3.55 and 3.58.
Jump up ^ Head, Tom (2 November 2009). "History of Prostitution". About, Inc. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "A brief cultural history of sex". Independent. London. 23 September 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The First Apology (St. Justin Martyr)". New Advent. Retrieved 26 August 2018. But as for us, we have been taught that to expose newly-born children is the part of wicked men; and this we have been taught lest we should do any one an injury, and lest we should sin against God, first, because we see that almost all so exposed (not only the girls, but also the males) are brought up to prostitution.
Jump up ^ İlkkaracan 2008, p. 36.
Jump up ^ "Mapping cultures". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 11 August 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Rollo-Koster, Joelle (2002). "From Prostitutes to Brides of Christ: The Avignonese Repentises in the Late Middle Ages". Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 31 (1): 110. doi:10.1215/10829636-32-1-109.
^ Jump up to: a b Bullough & Brundage 2000, pp. 243–260.
Jump up ^ Roberts 1992, p. 65.
^ Jump up to: a b Findlen, Fontaine & Osheim 2003, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Otis 1985, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Rossiaud 1996, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Bullough & Brundage 1994, p. 34.
^ Jump up to: a b Rossiaud 1996, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Karras 1998, pp. 13–31.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanger 1859, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Knauer 2002, pp. 95-117.
Jump up ^ Knauer 2002, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Karras 1998, p. 32; Rossiaud 1996, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Rossiaud 1996, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Rossiaud 1996, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Rossiaud 1996, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Geremek 2006, p. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b Karras 1998, p. 106.
Jump up ^ Bullough & Brundage 1994, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Karras 1998, pp. 13–107.
Jump up ^ "Columbus May Have Brought Syphilis to Europe". LiveScience. 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Otis 1985, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Otis 1985, p. 44.
Jump up ^ London Commissary Court Act Books. London: Department of Manuscripts. 1470–1473.
Jump up ^ Bennett 1989, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Otis 1985, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Rossiaud 1996, p. 160; Otis 1985, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Bullough & Brundage 1994, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Karras, Ruth (July 1990). "Holy Harlots: Prostitute Saints in Medieval Legend". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 1 (1): 4.
Jump up ^ Bullough & Brundage 1994, p. 41; Roberts 1992, pp. 73–4.
Jump up ^ Bullough & Brundage 1994, pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ "L. Roper: Luther on sex, marriage and motherhood. The University of Warwick".
Jump up ^ Gazali 2001, p. 106.
Jump up ^ Kemal Sılay (1994). Nedim and the poetics of the Ottoman court. Indiana University. ISBN 1-878318-09-8.
Jump up ^ Toledano 2003, p. 242 "[Flaubert, January 1850:] Be informed, furthermore, that all of the bath-boys are bardashes [male homosexuals].".
Jump up ^ Fisher, Michael H. (2007). "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-19th-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 27 (2): 303–314 [304–5]. doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007.
Jump up ^ Beckman 2003, pp. 31–33.
Jump up ^ Harsin 1985, pp. 3, 25.
Jump up ^ Gale, p. 245.
^ Jump up to: a b Sears 2014.
Jump up ^ Jensen 2011.
Jump up ^ Flowers 1998, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Wickman, Forrest (5 November 2011). ""Socialist Whores": What did Karl Marx think of prostitutes?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Ghosh, Palash (29 April 2013). "South Korea: A Thriving Sex Industry In A Powerful, Wealthy Super-State". International Business Times. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Park, Soo-mee (30 October 2008). "Former sex workers in fight for compensation". Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan | FRONTLINE". PBS. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hornblower, Margot (24 June 2001). "The Skin Trade". Time Magazine. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Why Dubai's Islamic austerity is a sham – sex is for sale in every bar". The Guardian. 16 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Slaves to the goddess of fertility. BBC News. 8 June 2007
Jump up ^ McCormack, Simon (10 September 2011). "Phoenix Goddess Temple Church Is A Brothel: Police (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Red-light district hit as tourists become tight-fisted". Smh.com.au. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Global Perspectives on Gender and Work: Readings and Interpretations, Jacqueline Goodman – 2000 p.373
Jump up ^ "The Economics Of High-End Prostitutes". More Intelligent Life. 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Sex Workers in Europe Manifesto. International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe. 2005.
Jump up ^ Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers’ rights. Amnesty International. Published 26 May 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Q&A: policy to protect the human rights of sex workers. Amnesty International. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sex Workers' Rights are Human Rights. Amnesty International. Published 14 August 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Norway law bans buying of sex". BBC News Online. 1 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Prostitution: North American Task Force On Prostitution". Bayswan.org. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Scarlet Alliance, Australian Sex Workers Association is the national peak sex worker organisation in Australia". Scarletalliance.org.au. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Global Network of Sex Work Projects | Promoting Health and Human Rights". Nswp.org. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Punish the client, not the prostitute". European Parliament.
Jump up ^ "Iran – Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution". Uri.edu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others". .ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Rathus, Nevid & Fichner-Rathus 2002.
Jump up ^ Scambler & Scambler 1997, p. 1920.
Jump up ^ "Sex work in Europe" (PDF). Tampep.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Netherlands – Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution". Uri.edu. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official: More than 1M child prostitutes in India – CNN.com". CNN. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh's teenage brothels hold dark steroid secret". reuters.com. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Moorhead, Joanna (5 April 2010). "A new danger for sex workers in Bangladesh". London: guardian.com. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh's dark brothel steroid secret". bbcnews.com. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Desk Review: Trafficking in Minors for Commercial Sexual Exploitation; Thailand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Susan Mcclelland. "Child-Sex Trade Thriving in Cambodia". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b P.O. Box 9716. "Child Sex Tourism Prevention Project". World Vision. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Child Sex Tourism in Thailand" (PDF). End Child Prostitution Pornography and Trafficking. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Teenage prostitution case shocks China". news.bbc.co.uk. 22 January 2002. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Alison (1 September 2003). "Portugal abuse hearings halted". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
Jump up ^ "UN damns Czech-German child sex". news.bbc.co.uk. 28 October 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Ng, Desmond (January 29, 2017) "Granny prostitutes reflect South Korea's problem of elderly poverty" Channel NewsAsia
Jump up ^ "Prostitution Crossroads on Santa Rosa Avenue". Justicewomen.com. 2003-04-15. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Carroll 2009, p. 527.
Jump up ^ Potterat, Brewer & Muth 2004; Castillo & Jenkins 1994.
Jump up ^ Weitzer R (2005). "New Directions in Research on Prostitution" (PDF). Crime, Law, and Social Change. 43 (4–5): 211–35. doi:10.1007/s10611-005-1735-6.
Jump up ^ Weitzer 2000.
Jump up ^ Dynes 2016, pp. 1054–1058.
Jump up ^ Cathy Young. "Prostitutes and Politics: Why is it still illegal to pay for sex?". reason.com. ...black market constitution makes it more difficult to police the sex slave trade, where the prostitutes really are victims.
Jump up ^ "10 Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution by Janice G. Raymond, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women International, March 25, 2003". Rapereliefshelter.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Feminist Coalition Against Prostitution (FCAP) | Myths and Facts about Nevada Legal Prostitution". Fcap.btik.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Jean-Michel. "The Legalisation of Prostitution : A failed social experiment". Sisyphe.org. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Legalizing Prostitution Will Not Stop the Harm, Making the Harm Visible, Global Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls, Speaking Out and Providing Services". Uri.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Nick Davies (20 October 2009). "Prostitution and trafficking – the anatomy of a moral panic". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 2009 UN Report on TIP" (PDF). Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Asia's sex trade is 'slavery'". BBC News. 20 February 2003. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Experts encourage action against sex trafficking". Voice of America. 15 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Responding to Modern-Day Slavery". 20 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Human smuggling eclipses drug trade". bbcnews.com. 20 June 2002. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable". Christian Science Monitor. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ E. Benjamin Skinner (18 January 2010). "sex trafficking in South Africa: World Cup slavery fear". Time.com. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lost Daughters – An Ongoing Tragedy in Nepal", Women News Network – WNN, 5 December 2008
Jump up ^ "End Child Prostitution and Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes". Ecpat Usa. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "A global alliance against forced labour" (PDF). International Labour Office. 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "UN highlights human trafficking". BBC News. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sex Trafficking At Truck Stops" (PDF). National Human Trafficking Resource Center. Polaris Project. 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Siegel 2007.
Jump up ^ "WTO Statement on the Prevention of Organised Sex Tourism". World Tourism Organization. 22 October 1995. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Facts About Child Sex Tourism". Fact Sheet. US Dept of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. 29 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "RIGHTS-MEXICO: 16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation – IPS". Ipsnews.net. 13 August 2007. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Potterat et al. 1990.
Jump up ^ Gus Lubin (17 January 2012). "There Are 42 Million Prostitutes In The World, And Here's Where They Live". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Window ban for Zurich's prostitutes". swissinfo. 15 May 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Månsson, Sven-Axel. "Men's practices in prostitution and their implications for social work" (PDF). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Ward, H; C H Mercer; K Wellings; K Fenton; B Erens; A Copas; A M Johnson (2005). "Who pays for sex? An analysis of the increasing prevalence of female commercial sex contacts among men in Britain" (PDF). Sex Transm Infect. 81: 467–471. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.014985. PMC 1745068  . PMID 16326848. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Percentage of Men (by Country) Who Paid for Sex at Least Once: The Johns Chart". ProCon. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Gary Langer, with Cheryl Arnedt and Dalia Sussman (21 October 2004). "Primetime Live Poll: American Sex Survey". ABC News. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Brewer, Potterat & Garrett 2000, pp. 12385–12388.
Jump up ^ Rissel, Chris E.; Richters, Juliet; Grulich, Andrew E.; Visser, Richard O.; Smith, Anthony M.A. (2003). "Sex in Australia: Experiences of commercial sex in a representative sample of adults". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 27 (2): 191–7. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00807.x. PMID 14696710.
Jump up ^ Edlund, Lena; Korn, Evelyn (February 2002). "A Theory of Prostitution" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 110 (1): 181–214. doi:10.1086/324390. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Skarhead, Anna. "Evaluating the Swedish Ban on the Purchase of Sexual Services: The Anna Skarhed Report". Nordic Prostitution Policy Reform. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Bennetts, Leslie. "The John Next Door". 2011. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "CATW submission to the OCHR Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women" (PDF). CATW. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "In pictures: Mass wedding in India 'prostitute village'". BBC. March 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rojanapithayakorn W (November 2006). "The 100% condom use programme in Asia". Reprod Health Matters. 14 (28): 41–52. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(06)28270-3. PMID 17101421.
Jump up ^ "HIV Prevention and Sex Workers". Retrieved 15 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Côté AM, Sobela F, Dzokoto A, et al. (April 2004). "Transactional sex is the driving force in the dynamics of HIV in Accra, Ghana". AIDS. 18 (6): 917–25. doi:10.1097/00002030-200404090-00009. PMID 15060439.
Jump up ^ Shabbir I, Larson CP (October 1995). "Urban to rural routes of HIV infection spread in Ethiopia". J Trop Med Hyg. 98 (5): 338–42. PMID 7563263.
Jump up ^ D'Costa LJ, Plummer FA, Bowmer I, et al. (1985). "Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi, Kenya". Sex Transm Dis. 12 (2): 64–7. doi:10.1097/00007435-198504000-00002. PMID 4002094.
Jump up ^ Nagelkerke NJ, Jha P, de Vlas SJ, et al. (2002). "Modelling HIV/AIDS epidemics in Botswana and India: impact of interventions to prevent transmission". Bull. World Health Organ. 80 (2): 89–96. PMC 2567721  . PMID 11953786.
^ Jump up to: a b "Global Commission on HIV and the Law" (PDF). Hivlawcommission.org. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Decriminalisation integral to the fight against HIV, Michael Kirby & Michael Wong, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 13 July 2012
Jump up ^ U.N. Commission Calls for Legalizing Prostitution Worldwide, Amanda Swysgood, CNS News, 23 July 2012
Jump up ^ AIDS used as reason to legalize prostitutes, Cheryl Wetzstein, The Washington Times, 2 August 2012
Jump up ^ Risks, Rights & Health, GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV AND THE LAW, UNDP, HIV/AIDS Group, July 2012, page 43 ("Recommendation"): "Repeal laws that prohibit consenting adults to buy or sell sex, as well as laws that otherwise prohibit commercial sex, such as laws against "immoral" earnings, "living of the earnings" of prostitution and brothel-keeping."
Bibliography'
Beckman, Karen (2003). Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822330741.
Bennett, Judith M. (1989). Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226042473.
Brewer, DD; Potterat, JJ; Garrett, SB; et al. (October 2000). "Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (22): 12385–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.210392097. PMC 17351  . PMID 11027304.
Bullough, Vern L.; Brundage, James A. (1994). Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9780879752682.
Bullough, Vern L.; Brundage, James A., eds. (2000). Handbook of Medieval Sexuality. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815336624.
Carroll, Janell L. (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity,. Wadsworth. ISBN 9781439041451.
Castillo DN, Jenkins EL (February 1994). "Industries and occupations at high risk for work-related homicide". J Occup Med. 36 (2): 125–32. doi:10.1097/00043764-199402000-00006. PMID 8176509.
Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313329685.
Dynes, Wayne R. (2016). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Routledge. ISBN 9781317368113.
Findlen, Paula; Fontaine, Michelle; Osheim, Duane J. (2003). Beyond Florence: The Contours of Medieval and Early Modern Italy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804739351.
Flowers, Ronald B. (1998). The Prostitution of Women and Girls. McFarland. ISBN 9780786404902.
Gale, Steven H. Sharp Cut: Harold Pinter's Screenplays and the Artistic Process. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2706-8.
Gazali, Münif Fehim (2001). Book of Shehzade. Dönence. ISBN 978-975-7054-17-7.
Geremek, Bronislaw (2006). The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521026123.
Harsin, Jill (1985). Policing Prostitution in Nineteenth-century Paris. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054391.
İlkkaracan, Pınar (2008). Deconstructing Sexuality in the Middle East: Challenges and Discourses. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754672357.
Jensen, Vickie (2011). Women Criminals: An Encyclopedia of People and Issues [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of People and Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313068263.
Karras, Ruth Mazo (1998). Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195124989.
Knauer, Elfriede (2002). "Portrait of a Lady? Some Reflections on Images of Prostitutes from the Later Fifteenth Century". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. University of Michigan Press. 47: 95. doi:10.2307/4238794. JSTOR 4238794.
Otis, Leah Lydia (1985). Prostitution in Medieval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-64033-7.
Perkins, Roberta; Lovejoy, Frances (2007). Call Girls: Private Sex Workers in Australia. University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 9781920694913.
Potterat, JJ; Woodhouse, DE; Muth, JB; Muth, SQ (1990). "Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women". J. Sex Res. 27 (2): 233–43. doi:10.1080/00224499009551554.
Potterat JJ, Brewer DD, Muth SQ, et al. (April 2004). "Mortality in a long-term open cohort of prostitute women". Am. J. Epidemiol. 159 (8): 778–85. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh110. PMID 15051587.
Ramseyer, J. Mark (2008). Odd Markets in Japanese History: Law and Economic Growth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521048255.
Rathus, Spencer A.; Nevid, Jeffrey S.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2002). Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 9780205335176.
Roberts, Nickie (1992). Whores in History: Prostitution in Western Society. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780586200292.
Rossiaud, Jacques (1996). Medieval Prostitution. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780760701195.
Sanger, William W. (1859). The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects Throughout the World. Harper & brothers.
Scambler, Graham; Scambler, Annette (1997). Rethinking Prostitution: Purchasing Sex in the 1990s. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415102070.
Sears, Clare (2014). Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822357544.
Siegel, Larry (2007). Criminology: The Core. Cengage Learning. ISBN 0495094773.
Toledano, Ehud R. (2003). State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521534536.
Weitzer, Ronald John (2000). Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry. Routledge. ISBN 9780415922944.
Further reading
Bullough, Vern et al. (1977) A Bibliography of Prostitution. New York: Garland
Campbell, Russell. Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema, 2005 University of Wisconsin Press.
Keire, Mara L. For Business and Pleasure: Red-Light Districts and the Regulation of Vice in the United States, 1890–1933 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010); 248 pages; History and popular culture of districts in such cities as New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, El Paso, Hartford, Conn., and Macon, Ga.
McCall, Andrew (2004). Medieval Underworld (Sutton History Classics). Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3727-0.
Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H.,.Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. Sex in America, Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.
Mirbeau, Octave, The love of a venal woman
Philip, Neil (1991) Working Girls: an illustrated history of the oldest profession. London: Bloomsbury ISBN 978-0-7475-1030-7
Phoenix, J. Making Sense of Prostitution, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
Preston, John. Hustling, A Gentlemen's Guide to the Fine Art of Homosexual Prostitution, Badboy Books, 1997.
Perlongher, Néstor Osvaldo. O negócio do michê, prostituição viril em São Paulo, 1st edition 1987, editora brasiliense.
The UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949)
Full text: Status of ratifications, reservations and declarations
Weitzer R (2006). "Moral Crusade Against Prostitution" (PDF). Society. 43 (March–April): 33–8. doi:10.1007/bf02687593. ISSN 1524-8879. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2008.
Martin Moen, Ole (2012). "Is prostitution harmful?". J Med Ethics. 40: 73–81. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100367.
External links
Look up prostitute or whore in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up prostitution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prostitution.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Prostitution.
Database on Prostitution activities around the world.
Prostitution laws in New York City.
Prostitutes' Rights Issues and Organizations Around the World – Prostitutes' Education Network
Agustín, Laura (26 March 2010). Border Thinking on Migration, Trafficking and Commercial Sex
Rohrer, Finlo (22 February 2008). The men who sleep with prostitutes, BBC News Magazine.
Schrager, Allison (10 April 2008). The Economics of High-end Prostitutes, Intelligent Life, (The Economist).
"More bang for your buck: How new technology is shaking up the oldest business". The Economist. 9 August 2014. Detailed price survey and economic commentary.
show
Articles and topics related to prostitution
show
v
t
e
Prostitution in Africa
Sovereign states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States with limited
recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Dependencies and
other territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Western Sahara
show
v
t
e
Prostitution in the Americas
North America
South America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
US Virgin Islands
show
v
t
e
Prostitution in Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
show
v
t
e
Prostitution in Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
show
v
t
e
Prostitution in Oceania
Sovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states
of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Dependencies
and other territories
American Samoa
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau
Wallis and Futuna
show
v
t
e
Sexual ethics
Human sexuality
Adolescent sexuality
Rainbow party
Adultery
Education
Fetishism
Incest
law
Miscegenation
Objectification
Orientation
Pregnancy
Abortion
Prostitution
law
Survival sex
Child sexuality
Child marriage
Child pornography
law
Child prostitution
Child sex tourism
Sexual abuse
Child-on-child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse
law
Harassment
Rape
law
Age of consent (reform)
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
United States
Oceania
South America
Topical outline
show
v
t
e
Outline of human sexuality
Physiology and biology
Erection
Insemination
Intersex
Libido
Orgasm
Female and male ejaculation
Pre-ejaculate
Pregnancy
Sexual arousal
Health and
education
Birth control
Condom
Masters and Johnson
Reproductive medicine
Andrology
Gynaecology
Urology
Safe sex
Sex education
Sex therapy
Sexology
Sexual dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction
Hypersexuality
Hyposexuality
Sexual medicine
Sexual surrogate
Sexually transmitted infection
Identity and diversity
Gender binary
Gender identity
Men who have sex with men
Sexual identity
Sexual orientation
Women who have sex with women
Law
Age of consent
Criminal transmission of HIV
Child sexual abuse
Incest
Indecent exposure
Obscenity
Sexual abuse
Rape
Sexual assault
Sexual harassment
Sexual misconduct
Sexual violence
History
Blue Movie
Counterculture of the 1960s
Feminist sex wars
Golden Age of Porn
History of erotic depictions
"Porno chic"
Sexual revolution
Relationships
and society
Anarchism and love/sex
Extramarital sex
Family planning
Flirting
Marriage
Modesty
Paraphilia
Polyamory
Premarital sex
Promiscuity
Romance
Sexual abstinence
Sexual addiction
Sexual attraction
Sexual capital
Sexual ethics
Sexual objectification
Sexual slang
By country
Ancient Rome
China
India
Japan
Philippines
South Korea
United States
Sexual
activities
Anal sex
Bareback
BDSM
Child sex
Coprophilia
Creampie
Gang bang
Emetophilia
Fetishism
Fingering
Fisting
Group sex
Masturbation
Mechanics of sex
Nipple stimulation
Non-penetrative sex
Facial
Foot fetishism
Footjob
Frot
Handjob
Mammary intercourse
Sumata
Oral sex
69
Anilingus
Cunnilingus
Fellatio
Irrumatio
Orgasm control
Paraphilia
Pompoir
Quickie
Sex positions
Sexual fantasy
Sexual fetishism
Sexual intercourse
Foreplay
Sexual penetration
Sexual sublimation
Swinging
Tribadism
Urethral intercourse
Urolagnia
Virtual sex
Cybersex
Dirty talk
Wet T-shirt contest
Zoophilia
Sex industry
Red-light district
Adult video games
Erotica
Pornography
Film actor
Prostitution
Survival sex
Sex museum
Sex shop
Sex tourism
Child
Female
Sex worker
Sex toy
doll
Strip club
Webcam model
Religion and
sexuality
Buddhism
Christian demonology
Daoism
Islam
Mormonism
Sex magic
Sex portal
Biology portal
Authority control
BNF: cb13318371k (data)
GND: 4047516-5
HDS: 16559
LCCN: sh85107626
NARA: 10642269
NDL: 00560478
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prostitution&oldid=857059913"
Categories:
Prostitution
Casual sex
Human sexuality
Illegal occupations
Occupations
Organized crime activity
Sex industry
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from January 2015
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
Ænglisc
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bikol Central
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
ChiShona
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingue
Iñupiak
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
മലയാളം
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
88 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 08:48 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Prostitute_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Prostitute (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Whore_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Whore (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Harlot_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Harlot (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Sexual_activity
mw-redirect
Sexual activity

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_by_country
mw-redirect
Prostitution by country

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_of_children
mw-redirect
Prostitution of children

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sex_worker_activists
mw-redirect
Sex worker activists

values:
/wiki/Corlear%27s_Hook
mw-redirect
Corlear's Hook

values:
/wiki/Monger_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Monger (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
Huffington Post

values:
/wiki/Donald_J._Trump
mw-redirect
Donald J. Trump

values:
/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)
mw-redirect
Kylix (drinking cup)

values:
/wiki/Alphabet_of_Ben_Sira
mw-redirect
Alphabet of Ben Sira

values:
/wiki/Agrat_Bat_Mahlat
mw-redirect
Agrat Bat Mahlat

values:
/wiki/Eisheth_Zenunim
mw-redirect
Eisheth Zenunim

values:
/wiki/Nikah_mut%E2%80%98ah
mw-redirect
Nikah mut‘ah

values:
/wiki/St._Augustine
mw-redirect
St. Augustine

values:
/wiki/Sumptuary_laws
mw-redirect
Sumptuary laws

values:
/wiki/Red_light_districts
mw-redirect
Red light districts

values:
/wiki/Meiji_Period
mw-redirect
Meiji Period

values:
/wiki/Columbian_Exchange
mw-redirect
Columbian Exchange

values:
/wiki/Religious_communities
mw-redirect
Religious communities

values:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

values:
/wiki/Sex_workers
mw-redirect
Sex workers

values: Prostitution, Considered in Its Moral, Social, and Sanitary Aspects

values: Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military

values:
/wiki/The_Harlot%27s_Progress
mw-redirect
The Harlot's Progress

values:
/wiki/Abolition_of_prostitution
mw-redirect
Abolition of prostitution

values: International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00ffff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #336699; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff7f00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #585858; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Punishable_by_death
mw-redirect
Punishable by death

values:
/wiki/Regulated_prostitution
mw-redirect
Regulated prostitution

values:
/wiki/UN_General_Assembly
mw-redirect
UN General Assembly

values:
/wiki/Contact_magazine
mw-redirect
Contact magazine

values:
/wiki/Aid_workers
mw-redirect
Aid workers

values:
/wiki/High_blood_pressure
mw-redirect
High blood pressure

values:
/wiki/UN_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime
mw-redirect
UN Office on Drugs and Crime

values:
/wiki/Online_forum
mw-redirect
Online forum

values:
/wiki/Political_cartoon
mw-redirect
Political cartoon

values:
/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Amsterdam)
mw-redirect
Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)

values:
/wiki/Developed_countries
mw-redirect
Developed countries

values:
/wiki/Vadia_(Banaskantha)
mw-redirect
Vadia (Banaskantha)

values:
/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases
mw-redirect
Sexually transmitted diseases

values:
/wiki/Barrier_contraception
mw-redirect
Barrier contraception

values:
/wiki/UN_Secretary-General
mw-redirect
UN Secretary-General

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers

values: text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 4em;

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:auto;

values:
nofollow
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/466259

values:
/wiki/James_Frazer
mw-redirect
James Frazer

values:
/wiki/About,_Inc.
mw-redirect
About, Inc.

values:
/wiki/Independent_(newspaper)
mw-redirect
Independent (newspaper)

values:
/wiki/Joongang_Daily
mw-redirect
Joongang Daily

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bayswan.org/NTFP.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.scarletalliance.org.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.nswp.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10173115

values:
nofollow
http://www.ecpatusa.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6497799.stm

values: National Human Trafficking Resource Center

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.014985

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16326848

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14696710

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086/324390

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17101421

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.avert.org/sex-workers.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060439

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7563263

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4002094

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11953786

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210392097

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11027304

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8176509

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/4238794

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4238794

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh110

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15051587

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007/bf02687593

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8879

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2011-100367

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bayswan.org/penet.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nodo50.org/Laura_Agustin

values: Prostitution in the Central African Republic

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Comoros
mw-redirect
Prostitution in the Comoros

values: Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values: Prostitution in the Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Equatorial_Guinea
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Equatorial Guinea

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Gabon
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Gabon

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Guinea
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Guinea

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Lesotho
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Lesotho

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Liberia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Liberia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mauritania
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Mauritania

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mauritius
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Mauritius

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Seychelles
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Seychelles

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sudan
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Sudan

values: Prostitution in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Somaliland
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Somaliland

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ceuta
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Ceuta

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Melilla
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Melilla

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Madeira
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Madeira

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mayotte
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Mayotte

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_R%C3%A9union
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Réunion

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saint_Helena
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Saint Helena

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ascension_Island
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Ascension Island

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Tristan_da_Cunha
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Tristan da Cunha

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Western_Sahara
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Western Sahara

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_North_America
mw-redirect
Prostitution in North America

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_South_America
mw-redirect
Prostitution in South America

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Dominica
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Dominica

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Grenada
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Grenada

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saint_Lucia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Saint Lucia

values: Prostitution in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)
mw-redirect
Territory (subdivision)

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Anguilla
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Anguilla

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Aruba
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Aruba

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Bermuda
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Bonaire
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Bonaire

values: Prostitution in the British Virgin Islands

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cura%C3%A7ao
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Curaçao

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_French_Guiana
mw-redirect
Prostitution in French Guiana

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greenland
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Greenland

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Guadeloupe
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Guadeloupe

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Martinique
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Martinique

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Montserrat
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Montserrat

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Puerto Rico

values: Prostitution in Saint Pierre and Miquelon

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saba
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Saba

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sint_Eustatius
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Sint Eustatius

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sint_Maarten
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Sint Maarten

values: Prostitution in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values: Prostitution in the Turks and Caicos Islands

values: Prostitution in the United States Virgin Islands

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Prostitution in the United Arab Emirates

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Abkhazia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Abkhazia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Northern Cyprus

values: Prostitution in the Palestinian territories

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in South Ossetia

values: Prostitution in the British Indian Ocean Territory

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Christmas Island

values: Prostitution in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Andorra
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Andorra

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Liechtenstein
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Liechtenstein

values: Prostitution in the Republic of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Montenegro
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Montenegro

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_San_Marino
mw-redirect
Prostitution in San Marino

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Serbia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Serbia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Slovakia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Slovakia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Slovenia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Slovenia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Vatican_City
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Vatican City

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Transnistria
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Transnistria

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_%C3%85land
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Åland

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Faroe_Islands
mw-redirect
Prostitution in the Faroe Islands

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Guernsey

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Isle_of_Man
mw-redirect
Prostitution in the Isle of Man

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Jersey
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Jersey

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Svalbard
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Svalbard

values: Prostitution in the Federated States of Micronesia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kiribati
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Kiribati

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Nauru
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Nauru

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Palau
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Palau

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Tonga
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Tonga

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Tuvalu
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Tuvalu

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Vanuatu
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Vanuatu

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Cook_Islands
mw-redirect
Prostitution in the Cook Islands

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Niue
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Niue

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Easter_Island
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Easter Island

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_French_Polynesia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in French Polynesia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_New_Caledonia
mw-redirect
Prostitution in New Caledonia

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norfolk_Island
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Norfolk Island

values: Prostitution in the Northern Mariana Islands

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Tokelau
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Tokelau

values:
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Wallis_and_Futuna
mw-redirect
Prostitution in Wallis and Futuna

values: Anarchism and issues related to love and sex

values: Adolescent sexuality in the United States

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047516-5

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2015

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Prostitution
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: دعارة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: দেহব্যবসা – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Прастытуцыя – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Прастытуцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Проституция – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnoin
Schnoin – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values: སྨད་འཚོང་མ། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasterezh
Gasterezh – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Проституци – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipfambi
Chipfambi – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteindra
Puteindra – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πορνεία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostituo
Prostituo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: تن‌فروشی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Մարմնավաճառություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: वेश्यावृत्ति – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelacuran
Pelacuran – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allatuqti
Allatuqti – Inupiaq
ik
ik
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ik
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: Жезөкшелік – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukahaba
Ukahaba – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: वेश्यावृत्ति – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: ലൈംഗികത്തൊഴിലാളി – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelacuran
Pelacuran – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: ပြည့်တန်ဆာ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: वेश्यावृत्ति – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਵੇਸਵਾਗਮਨੀ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Проституция – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: ගණිකාව – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhillo
Dhillo – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Проституција – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patutot
Patutot – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பால்வினைத் தொழில் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Фахишәлек – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: వ్యభిచారం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: การค้าประเวณี – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Проституція – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: عصمت فروشی – Urdu

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaindang
Gaindang – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prostitution rootpage-Prostitution skin-vector action-view