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Union Army
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Army of the United States of America
Flag of the United States from 1863 until 1865 (35 states/stars)
Active
February 28, 1861 – May 26, 1865
(4 years, 2 months and 4 weeks)
Country
United States
Type
Army
Part of
U.S. Department of War
March
"Battle Hymn of the Republic"
Engagements
American Indian Wars)
American Civil War (1861-1865)
Fort Sumter
First Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Forts Henry and Donelson
Shenandoah
South Mills
Richmond
Harpers Ferry
Munfordville
Shepherdstown
Chambersburg Raid
Mississippi River
Peninsula
Shiloh
Jackson's Valley Campaign
Second Bull Run
South Mountain
Antietam
Hartsville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Champion Hill
Vicksburg siege
Corydon
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Atlanta
Spotsylvania
Sabine Pass
New Hope Church
Pickett's Mill
Cold Harbor
Plymouth
Fort Pillow
Petersburg siege
Kennesaw Mountain
Jonesborough
Franklin
Nashville
Appomattox Court House
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief
16th President of the United States - Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
17th President Andrew Johnson (1865)
General-in-Chief
General-in-Chief Winfield Scott
George B. McClellan
Henry W. Halleck
Ulysses S. Grant
Washington, District of Columbia. Officers of 3d Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery 1865
General George B. McClellan with staff & dignitaries (from left to right): Gen. George W. Morell, Lt. Col. A.V. Colburn, Gen. McClellan, Lt. Col. N.B. Sweitzer, Prince de Joinville (son of King Louis Phillippe of France), and on the very right - the prince's nephew, Count de Paris.
The 21st Michigan Infantry, a regiment serving in the Western Theater.
Union private infantry uniform, from plate 172 of the "Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies," containing illustrations of uniforms worn by Union and Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War
The Union Army or Federal Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War, 1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by massive numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and defeated the Confederate Army during the war. At least two and a half million men served in the Union Army; almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes; 280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation
1.2 Major organizations
1.3 Personnel organization
1.4 Leaders
1.5 Union victory
2 Motivations
2.1 Anti-slavery sentiment
3 Casualties
4 Ethnic composition
5 Army administration and issues
5.1 Blacks in the army
5.2 Unit supplies
5.3 Combat medicine
5.4 Military tactics
6 Desertions and draft riots
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Formation[edit]
Recruiting poster for the 1st Battalion New York Mounted Rifles
When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U.S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U.S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, two of cavalry, two of dragoons, and three of mounted infantry. The regiments were scattered widely. Of the 197 companies in the army, 179 occupied 79 isolated posts in the West, and the remaining 18 manned garrisons east of the Mississippi River, mostly along the Canada–United States border and on the Atlantic coast.
With the Southern slave states declaring secession from the Union, and with this drastic shortage of men in the army, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 men for three months to put down the insurrection. Lincoln's call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, and on July 22, 1861, Congress authorized a volunteer army of 500,000 men.
The call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincoln's call, and the French were also quick to volunteer. As more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers.
It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the large percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U.S. Military Academy on the active list; of these, 296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were then civilians, 400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283.[1] (One of the resigning officers was Robert E. Lee, who had initially been offered the assignment as commander of a field army to suppress the rebellion. Lee disapproved of secession, but refused to bear arms against his native state, Virginia, and resigned to accept the position as commander of Virginian C.S. forces. He eventually became the commander of the Confederate army.) The South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. Though officers were able to resign, enlisted soldiers didn´t have this right; which meant that they usually had either to desert or to wait until their enlistment term was over in order to join the Confederate States Army. While the total number of those is unknown, only 26 enlisted men and non-commissioned officers of the regular army are known to have legally left the army to join the Confederate army when the war began.[2]
Major organizations[edit]
The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically.
Military division
A collection of Departments reporting to one commander (e.g., Military Division of the Mississippi, Middle Military Division, Military Division of the James). Military Divisions were similar to the more modern term Theater; and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with, the existing theaters of war.
Department
An organization that covered a defined region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein and for the field armies within their borders. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied. It was more common to name departments for rivers (such as Department of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland) or regions (Department of the Pacific, Department of New England, Department of the East, Department of the West, Middle Department).
District
A subdivision of a Department (e.g., District of Cairo, District of East Tennessee). There were also Subdistricts for smaller regions.
Army
The fighting force that was usually, but not always, assigned to a District or Department but could operate over wider areas. Some of the most prominent armies were:
Army of the Cumberland, the army operating primarily in Tennessee, and later Georgia, commanded by William S. Rosecrans and George Henry Thomas.
Army of Georgia, operated in the March to the Sea and the Carolinas commanded by Henry W. Slocum.
Army of the Gulf, the army operating in the region bordering the Gulf of Mexico, commanded by Benjamin Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, and Edward Canby.
Army of the James, the army operating on the Virginia Peninsula, 1864–65, commanded by Benjamin Butler and Edward Ord.
Army of the Mississippi, a briefly existing army operating on the Mississippi River, in two incarnations—under John Pope and William S. Rosecrans in 1862; under John A. McClernand in 1863.
Army of the Ohio, the army operating primarily in Kentucky and later Tennessee and Georgia, commanded by Don Carlos Buell, Ambrose E. Burnside, John G. Foster, and John M. Schofield.
Army of the Potomac, the principal army in the Eastern Theater, commanded by George B. McClellan, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade.
Army of the Shenandoah, the army operating in the Shenandoah Valley, under David Hunter, Philip Sheridan, and Horatio G. Wright.
Army of the Tennessee, the most famous army in the Western Theater, operating through Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, and the Carolinas; commanded by Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, James B. McPherson, and Oliver O. Howard.
Army of Virginia, the army assembled under John Pope for the Northern Virginia Campaign.
Each of these armies was usually commanded by a major general. Typically, the Department or District commander also had field command of the army of the same name, but some conflicts within the ranks occurred when this was not true, particularly when an army crossed a geographic boundary.
The regular army, the permanent United States Army, was intermixed into various formations of the Union Army, forming a cadre of experienced and skilled troops. They were regarded by many as elite troops and often held in reserve during battles in case of emergencies. This force was quite small compared to the massive state-raised volunteer forces that comprised the bulk of the Union Army.
[show]
Formations of the Union Army
Independent
Departments
Department of the East: District of Central New York
District of Massachusetts
District of Western New York
Department of the Pacific: District of Arizona
District of Humboldt
District of Oregon
District of California
District of Southern California
District of Utah
Department of the Potomac
Department of the South: District of Florida
District of Hilton Head
District of North Carolina
District of Savannah
Northern District (Charleston)
Department of Virginia and North Carolina: District of Eastern Virginia
District of North Carolina
Middle Military
Division
Middle Department: Department of Rappahannock
Department of Shenandoah
Mountain Department
District of Baltimore
District of Eastern Shore
Department of Pennsylvania: Department of the Monongahela
Department of the Susquehanna
Department of Washington: District of Alexandria
District of Saint Mary's
District of Washington
District of Annapolis
Department of West Virginia: District of Harper's Ferry
Kanawha District
Military Division
of the
Mississippi
Cavalry Corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi
Department of the Cumberland: District of the Etowah
District of Middle Tennessee
District of Northern Alabama
District of West Tennessee
Department of the Ohio: District of East Tennessee
Department of Kentucky
District of Cairo
District of Western Kentucky
Northern Department: District of Indiana
District of Illinois
District of Michigan
Military Division
of West
Mississippi
Department of Arkansas: District of Eastern Arkansas
District of the Frontier
District of Little Rock
Department of the Gulf: District of Baton Rouge and Port Hudson
District of Carrollton
District of Key West and Tortugas
District of La Fourche
District of West Florida and South Alabama
Department of Kansas: District of Colorado
District of Nebraska
District of North Kansas
District of South Kansas
District of Upper Arkansas
Department of Missouri: District of Central Missouri
District of North Missouri
District of Rolla
District of Saint Louis
District of Southwest Missouri
Department of New Mexico: District of Arizona
Department of the Northwest: District of Iowa
District of Minnesota
District of Wisconsin
District of Dakota
Field Armies
Army of Arkansas
Army of the Border
Army of the Cumberland
Army of the Frontier
Army of Georgia
Army of the Gulf
Army of the James
Army of Kentucky
Army of the Mississippi
Army of the Ohio
Army of the Potomac
Army of the Shenandoah
Army of the Southwest
Army of the Tennessee
Army of Virginia
Army of West Mississippi
Army of West Virginia
Army Corps
First Army Corps
Second Army Corps
Third Army Corps
Fourth Army Corps
Fifth Army Corps
Sixth Army Corps
Seventh Army Corps
Eighth Army Corps
Ninth Army Corps
10th Army Corps
11th Army Corps
12th Army Corps
13th Army Corps
14th Army Corps
15th Army Corps
16th Army Corps
17th Army Corps
18th Army Corps
19th Army Corps
20th Army Corps
21st Army Corps
22d Army Corps
23d Army Corps
24th Army Corps
25th Army Corps
Cavalry Corps
Personnel organization[edit]
Private Samuel K. Wilson (1841–1865) of the Sturgis Rifles, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 1862
Soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other such smaller organizations such as the United States Marine Corps, which, at some times, was detached from its navy counterpart for land based operations. The Signal Corps was created and deployed for the first time, through the leadership of Albert J. Myer.
Below major units like armies, soldiers were organized mainly into regiments, the main fighting unit with which a soldier would march and be deployed with, commanded by a colonel, lieutenant colonel, or possibly a major. According to W. J. Hardee's "Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics" (1855), the primary tactics for riflemen and light infantry in use immediately prior and during the Civil War, there would typically be, within each regiment, ten companies, each commanded by a captain, and deployed according to the ranks of captains. Some units only possessed between four and eight companies and were generally known as battalions.[3] Regiments were almost always raised within a single state, and were generally referred by number and state, e.g. 54th Massachusetts, 20th Maine, etc.
Regiments were usually grouped into brigades under the command of a brigadier general. However, brigades were changed easily as the situation demanded; the regiment was the main form of permanent grouping. Brigades were usually formed once regiments reached the battlefield, according to where the regiment might be deployed, and alongside which other regiments.
Leaders[edit]
The champions of the Union - 1861 lithograph by Currier & Ives
Noncommissioned officers of the 93rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Several men served as generals-in-chief of the Union Army throughout its existence:
Winfield Scott: July 5, 1841 – November 1, 1861
George B. McClellan: November 1, 1861 – March 11, 1862
Henry W. Halleck: July 23, 1862 – March 9, 1864
Ulysses S. Grant: March 9, 1864 – March 4, 1869
The gap from March 11 to July 23, 1862, was filled with direct control of the army by President Lincoln and United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, with the help of an unofficial "War Board" that was established on March 17, 1862. The board consisted of Ethan A. Hitchcock, the chairman, with Department of War bureau chiefs Lorenzo Thomas, Montgomery C. Meigs, Joseph G. Totten, James W. Ripley, and Joseph P. Taylor.[4]
Scott was an elderly veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War and could not perform his duties effectively. His successor, Maj. Gen. McClellan, built and trained the massive Union Army of the Potomac, the primary fighting force in the Eastern Theater. Although he was popular among the soldiers, McClellan was relieved from his position as general-in-chief because of his overcautious strategy and his contentious relationship with his commander in chief, President Lincoln. (He remained commander of the Army of the Potomac through the Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam.) His replacement, Major General Henry W. Halleck, had a successful record in the Western Theater, but was more of an administrator than a strategic planner and commander.
Ulysses S. Grant was the final commander of the Union Army. He was famous for his victories in the West when he was appointed lieutenant general and general-in-chief of the Union Army in March 1864. Grant supervised the Army of the Potomac (which was formally led by his subordinate, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade) in delivering the final blows to the Confederacy by engaging Confederate forces in many fierce battles in Virginia, the Overland Campaign, conducting a war of attrition that the larger Union Army was able to survive better than its opponent. Grant laid siege to Lee's army at Petersburg, Virginia, and eventually captured Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. He developed the strategy of coordinated simultaneous thrusts against wide portions of the Confederacy, most importantly the Georgia and Carolinas Campaigns of William Tecumseh Sherman and the Shenandoah Valley campaign of Philip Sheridan. These campaigns were characterized by another strategic notion of Grant's-better known as total war—denying the enemy to access resources needed to continue the war by widespread destruction of its factories and farms along the paths of the invading Union armies.
Grant had critics who complained about the high numbers of casualties that the Union Army suffered while he was in charge, but Lincoln would not replace Grant, because, in Lincoln's words: "I cannot spare this man. He fights."
Among memorable field leaders of the army were Nathaniel Lyon (first Union general to be killed in battle during the war), William Rosecrans, George Henry Thomas and William Tecumseh Sherman. Others, of lesser competence, included Benjamin F. Butler.
Union victory[edit]
The decisive victories by Grant and Sherman resulted in the surrender of the major Confederate armies. The first and most significant was on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Although there were other Confederate armies that surrendered in the following weeks, such as Joseph E. Johnston's in North Carolina, this date was nevertheless symbolic of the end of the bloodiest war in American history, the end of the Confederate States of America, and the beginning of the slow process of Reconstruction.
Motivations[edit]
Anti-slavery sentiment[edit]
In his 1997 book examining the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, For Cause and Comrades, historian James M. McPherson states that Union soldiers fought to preserve the United States, as well as to end slavery, stating that:
While restoration of the Union was the main goal for which they fought, they became convinced that this goal was unattainable without striking against slavery.
—  James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, (1997), p. 118, emphasis added.[5]
McPherson states that witnessing the slave system of the Confederacy first-hand also strengthened the anti-slavery views of Union soldiers,[5] who were appalled by its brutality.[5] He stated that "Experience in the South reinforced the antislavery sentiments of many soldiers."[5] One Pennsylvanian Union soldier spoke to a slave woman whose husband was whipped, and was appalled by what she had to tell him of slavery. He stated that "I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty and inhumanity of the system."[5]
Casualties[edit]
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Burying Union dead, Antietam, Maryland
Of the 2,213,363 men who served in the Union Army during the Civil War, 364,511 died in combat, or from injuries sustained in combat, disease, or other causes, and 281,881 were wounded. More than 1 out of every 4 Union soldiers was killed or wounded during the war; casualties in the Confederate army were even worse—1 in 3 C.S. soldiers were killed or wounded. It should be noted, however, that the Confederates suffered a considerably lower amount of overall casualties than the Union, at roughly 260,000 total casualties to the Union's 360,000. This is by far the highest casualty ratio of any war in which the U.S. has been involved. By comparison, 1 out of every 16 American soldiers was killed or wounded in World War II, and 1 out of every 22 during the Vietnam War.
In total, 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War. There were 34 million Americans at that time, so 2% of the American population died in the war. In today's (2016) terms, this would be the equivalent of 6.5 million American military personnel being killed in a war.
Ethnic composition[edit]
The 26th U.S. Colored Volunteer Infantry on parade, Camp William Penn, Pennsylvania, 1865
The Union Army was composed of many different ethnic groups, including large numbers of immigrants. About 25% of the white men who served in the Union Army were foreign-born.[6] This means that about 1,600,000 soldiers and sailors were born in the United States, including about 200,000 African-Americans. About 200,000 soldiers were born in one of the German states (although this is somewhat speculative since anyone serving from a German family tended to be identified as German regardless of where they were actually born).[7] About 200,000 soldiers and sailors were born in Ireland. Although some soldiers came from as far away as Malta, Italy, India, and Russia, most of the remaining foreign-born soldiers came from England, Scotland and Canada.
Twenty-year-old German immigrant John Haag of Company B, 26th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment (August 1862)[8]
Breakdown of the approximately 2.2 million Union soldiers
[ethnic origin and nativity have been conflated inconsistently]:
Number
Percent
Origin
1,000,000 45.4 Native-born white Americans.
216,000 9.7 German-born
210,000 9.5 African American. Half were freedmen who lived in the North, and half were ex-slaves from the South. They served under mainly white officers in more than 160 "colored" regiments and in Federal U.S. regiments organized as the United States Colored Troops (USCT).[9][10][11][12]
200,000 9.1 Irish-born
90,000 4.1 Dutch.
50,000 2.3 Canadian.[13]
50,000 2.3 Born in England.
40,000 1.8 French or French Canadian. About half were born in the United States of America, the other half in Quebec.[13]
20,000 0.9 Nordic (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, and Danish).
7,000 0.3 Italian
7,000 0.3 Jewish
6,000 0.2 Mexican
5,000 0.2 Polish (many of whom served in the Polish Legion of Brig. Gen. Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski)
4,000 0.1 Native Americans
295,000 6.4 Several hundred of other various nationalities
Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments, such as the Irish Brigade (69th New York, 63rd New York, 88th New York, 28th Massachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania); the Swiss Rifles (15th Missouri); the Gardes Lafayette (55th New York); the Garibaldi Guard (39th New York); the Martinez Militia (1st New Mexico); the Polish Legion (58th New York); the German Rangers (52nd New York); the Cameron Highlanders (79th New York Volunteer Infantry); and the Scandinavian Regiment (15th Wisconsin). But for the most part, the foreign-born soldiers were scattered as individuals throughout units.
For comparison, the Confederate Army was not very diverse: 91% of Confederate soldiers were native born white men and only 9% were foreign-born white men, Irish being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans (though most of them simply happened to have been born when the Southwest was still part of Mexico), and British. Some Confederate propaganda condemned foreign-born soldiers in the Union Army, likening them to the hated Hessians of the American Revolution. Also, a relatively small number of Native Americans (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek) fought for the Confederacy.
Army administration and issues[edit]
Various organizational and administrative issues arose during the war, which had a major effect on subsequent military procedures.
Blacks in the army[edit]
Main articles: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and United States Colored Troops
The inclusion of blacks as combat soldiers became a major issue. Eventually, it was realized, especially after the valiant effort of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in the Battle of Fort Wagner, that blacks were fully able to serve as competent and reliable soldiers. This was partly due to the efforts of Robert Smalls, who, while still a slave, won fame by defecting from the Confederacy, and bringing a Confederate transport ship which he was piloting. He later met with Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, to argue for including blacks in combat units. This led to the formation of the first combat unit for black soldiers, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers. Regiments for black soldiers were eventually referred to as United States Colored Troops. Black Soldiers were paid less than white Soldiers until late in the war and were, in general, treated harshly.
Unit supplies[edit]
Battlefield supplies were a major problem. They were greatly improved by new techniques in preserving food and other perishables, and in transport by railroad. General Montgomery C. Meigs was one of the most important Union Army leaders in this field.
Combat medicine[edit]
Bell's photograph of Private Myer's leg amputation, 1865
Medical care was, at first, extremely disorganized and substandard. Gradually, medical experts began calling for higher standards, and created an agency known as the United States Sanitary Commission. This created professional standards, and led to some of the first advances in battlefield medicine as a separate specialty. General William Alexander Hammond of the Medical Corps did some major work and provided some important leadership in this area.
Additionally, care of the wounded was greatly improved by medical pioneers such as Clara Barton, who often worked alone to provide supplies and care, and brought a new level of dedication to caring for the wounded.
Military tactics[edit]
The Civil War drove many innovations in military tactics.[14] W. J. Hardee published the first revised infantry tactics for use with modern rifles in 1855. However, even these tactics proved ineffective in combat, as it involved massed volley fire, in which entire units (primarily regiments) would fire simultaneously. These tactics had not been tested before in actual combat, and the commanders of these units would post their soldiers at incredibly close range, compared to the range of the rifled musket, which led to very high mortality rates. In a sense, the weapons had evolved beyond the tactics, which would soon change as the war drew to a close.[15] Railroads provided the first mass movement of troops. The electric telegraph was used by both sides, which enabled political and senior military leaders to pass orders to and receive reports from commanders in the field.[16]
There were many other innovations brought by necessity. Generals were forced to reexamine the offensive minded tactics developed during the Mexican–American War where attackers could mass to within 100 yards of the defensive lines, the maximum effective range of smoothbore muskets. Attackers would have to endure one volley of inaccurate smoothbore musket fire before they could close with the defenders. But by the Civil War, the smoothbores had been replaced with rifled muskets, using the quick loadable minié ball, with accurate ranges up to 900 yards. Defense now dominated the battlefield. Now attackers, whether advancing in ordered lines or by rushes, were subjected to three or four aimed volleys before they could get among the defenders. This made offensive tactics that were successful only 20 years before nearly obsolete.[17]
Desertions and draft riots[edit]
Plate 172 of the "Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies," containing illustrations of uniforms worn by Union and Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War
Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863
Desertion was a major problem for both sides. The daily hardships of war, forced marches, thirst, suffocating heat, disease, delay in pay, solicitude for family, impatience at the monotony and futility of inactive service, panic on the eve of battle, the sense of war-weariness, the lack of confidence in commanders, and the discouragement of defeat (especially early on for the Union Army), all tended to lower the morale of the Union Army and to increase desertion.[18][19]
In 1861 and 1862, the war was going badly for the Union Army and there were, by some counts, 180,000 desertions. In 1863 and 1864, the bitterest two years of the war, the Union Army suffered over 200 desertions every day, for a total of 150,000 desertions during those two years. This puts the total number of desertions from the Union Army during the four years of the war at nearly 350,000. Using these numbers, 15% of Union soldiers deserted during the war. Official numbers put the number of deserters from the Union Army at 200,000 for the entire war, or about 8% of Union Army soldiers. About 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back. Many of the desertions were by "professional" bounty men, men who would enlist to collect the often large cash bonuses and then desert at the earliest opportunity to do the same elsewhere. If not caught and executed, it could prove a very lucrative criminal enterprise.[20][21]
The Irish were the main participants in the famous "New York Draft Riots" of 1863.[22] Stirred up by the instigating rhetoric of Democrat politicians,[23] the Irish had shown the strongest support for Southern aims prior to the start of the war and had long opposed abolitionism and the free black population, regarding them as competition for jobs and blaming them for driving down wages. Alleging that the war was merely an upper class abolitionist war to free slaves who might move north and compete for jobs and housing, the poorer classes did not welcome a draft, especially one from which a richer man could buy an exemption. The poor formed clubs that would buy exemptions for their unlucky members. As a result of the Enrollment Act, rioting began in several Northern cities, the most heavily hit being New York City. A mob reported as consisting principally of Irish immigrants rioted in the summer of 1863, with the worst violence occurring in July during the Battle of Gettysburg. The mob set fire to everything from African American churches and an orphanage for "colored children" as well as the homes of certain prominent Protestant abolitionists. A mob was reportedly repulsed from the offices of the staunchly pro-Union New York Tribune by workers wielding and firing two Gatling guns. The principal victims of the rioting were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. Not until victory was achieved at Gettysburg could the Union Army be sent in; some units had to open fire to quell the violence and stop the rioters. By the time the rioting was over, perhaps up to 1,000 people had been killed or wounded.[24] There were a few small scale draft riots in rural areas of the Midwest and in the coal regions of Pennsylvania.[25][26]
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
United States Army portal
American Civil War Corps Badges
Commemoration of the American Civil War
Grand Army of the Republic
Irish Americans in the American Civil War
German Americans in the American Civil War
Hispanics in the American Civil War
Italian Americans in the Civil War
Native Americans in the American Civil War
Military history of African Americans
Uniform of the Union Army
United States National Cemeteries
Army of the Frontier
Army of the Southwest
I Corps
II Corps
III Corps
IV Corps
V Corps
VI Corps
VII Corps
VIII Corps
IX Corps
X Corps
XI Corps
XII Corps
XIII Corps
XIV Corps
XV Corps
XVI Corps
XVII Corps
XVIII Corps
XIX Corps
XX Corps
XXI Corps
XXII Corps
XXIII Corps
XXIV Corps
XXV Corps
Cavalry Corps
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hattaway & Jones, pp. 9–10.
Jump up ^ Hattaway & Jones, p. 10.
Jump up ^ "Civil War Army Organization and Rank". North Carolina Museum of History. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 37–38.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McPherson, James M. (1997). For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 118. ISBN 0-19-509-023-3. OCLC 34912692. Retrieved March 10, 2016. While restoration of the Union was the main goal for which they fought, they became convinced that this goal was unattainable without striking against slavery.
Jump up ^ McPherson, pp.36–37.
Jump up ^ Sanitary Commission Report, 1869
Jump up ^ Chippewa County, Wisconsin Past and Present, Volume II. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913. p. 258.
Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (2000)
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M.; Lamb, Brian (May 22, 1994). "James McPherson: What They Fought For, 1861-1865". Booknotes. National Cable Satellite Corporation. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016. About 180,000 black soldiers and an estimated 10,000 black sailors fought in the Union Army and Navy, all of them in late 1862 or later, except for some blacks who enrolled in the Navy earlier.
Jump up ^ "General Orders No. 14". Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855-1865. Kansas City: The Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014. [V]ery few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces, as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the Union.
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (October 27, 2010). "Book Discussion on The Fiery Trial". C-SPAN. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Loewen, James W. (2007). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York: The New Press. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Forty thousand Canadians alone, some of them black, came south to volunteer for the Union cause.
Jump up ^ Perry D. Jamieson, Crossing the Deadly Ground: United States Army Tactics, 1865–1899 (2004)
Jump up ^ John K. Mahon, "Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics." Military Affairs (1961): 57–68.
Jump up ^ Paddy Griffith, Battle tactics of the civil war (Yale University Press, 1989)
Jump up ^ Earl J. Hess (2015). Civil War Infantry Tactics: Training, Combat, and Small-Unit Effectiveness. LSU Press. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Ella Lonn, Desertion During the Civil War (U of Nebraska Press, 1928)
Jump up ^ Chris Walsh, "'Cowardice Weakness or Infirmity, Whichever It May Be Termed': A Shadow History of the Civil War." Civil War History (2013) 59#4 pp: 492–526.Online
Jump up ^ Shannon Smith Bennett, "Draft Resistance and Rioting." in Maggi M. Morehouse and Zoe Trodd, eds., Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources (2013) ch 1
Jump up ^ Peter Levine, "Draft evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863–1865." Journal of American History (1981): 816–834. online
Jump up ^ Adrian Cook, The armies of the streets: the New York City draft riots of 1863 (1974).
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M. (1996). Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 91–92. Rioters were mostly Irish Catholic immigrants and their children. They mainly attacked the members of New York's small black population. For a year, Democratic leaders had been telling their Irish-American constituents that the wicked 'Black Republicans' were waging the war to free the slaves who would come north and take away the jobs of Irish workers. The use of black stevedores as scabs in a recent strike by Irish dockworkers made this charge seem plausible. The prospect of being drafted to fight to free the slaves made the Irish even more receptive to demogogic rhetoric.
Jump up ^ Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990)
Jump up ^ Shannon M. Smith, "Teaching Civil War Union Politics: Draft Riots in the Midwest." OAH Magazine of History (2013) 27#2 pp: 33–36. online
Jump up ^ Kenneth H. Wheeler, "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio." Civil War History. v.45#2 1999. pp 147+ online edition
References[edit]
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. New York: Free Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-02-911815-3.
Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.
McPherson, James M. What They Fought For, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1904-4.
Further reading[edit]
Bledsoe, Andrew S. Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War (LSU, 2015). xx, 322 pp. PhD dissertation version
Canfield, Daniel T. "Opportunity Lost: Combined Operations and the Development of Union Military Strategy, April 1861-April 1862." Journal of Military History 79.3 (2015).
Kahn, Matthew E., and Dora L. Costa. "Cowards and Heroes: Group Loyalty in the American Civil War." Quarterly journal of economics 2 (2003): 519-548. online version
Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 1, The Improvised War 1861–1862. The War for the Union. Vol. 2, War Becomes Revolution 1862–1863. Vol. 3, The Organized War 1863–1864. Vol. 4, The Organized War to Victory 1864–1865. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960-71. ISBN 1-56852-299-1.)
Prokopowicz, Gerald J. All for the Regiment: the Army of the Ohio, 1861-1862 (UNC Press, 2014). online
Shannon, Fred A. The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 1861–1865. 2 vols. Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1965. OCLC 428886. First published 1928 by A.H. Clark Co.
Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The Eastern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-253-36453-1; . The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 2, The Western Theater. (1993). ISBN 0-253-36454-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Army.
Civil War Home: Ethnic groups in the Union Army
"The Common Soldier", HistoryNet
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Ng (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ng (pronounced [ŋ̍]; English approximation often /ˈɪŋ/ or /ˈɛŋ/) is a Cantonese, Shanghainese[1] and Hakka transliteration of the Chinese surnames 吳/吴 (Pinyin transliteration for Mandarin equivalent: Wú) and 伍 (Mandarin Wǔ) meaning "five" or "troops". In Hokkien (Taiwanese) and Teochew, Ng corresponds to the surname 黃/黄 (Mandarin Huáng) meaning "yellow"; or to 阮 (Mandarin Ruǎn).
The surname is sometimes romanized as Ang, Eng, Ing and Ong in the United States and Ung in Australia. Ng is sometimes romanized as Woo or Wu even by people of Cantonese origin, such as John Woo. In Vietnam, the corresponding surname is Ngô. In Cambodia, the corresponding surname is Oeng. 吴 / 吳 (Wú) was the 10th most common Chinese surname in 2006 and was the 8th most common in 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 Notable people with the surname Ng
2 Notable people with the surname Ng (吳)
3 Notable people with the surname Ng (伍)
4 Notable people with the surname Ng (黄)
5 Notable people with the surname Ngô
6 See also
7 References
Notable people with the surname Ng[edit]
Andrew Ng, Chinese American computer scientist specialising in Artificial Intelligence. He founded and headed the Google Brain deep learning project. He co-founded Coursera to offer MOOC courses available to everyone worldwide. He has also worked at Baidu as a Chief Scientist and undertook big data and A.I. research. He is now an adjunct professor at Stanford University.
Celeste Ng, writer.
Chelsia Ng, singer and actor from Malaysia
Clive Ng (born 1962), media sector financier and executive
Colin Ng, Singaporean yachtsman best known for winning a gold medal in the 13th Asian Games held in Thailand
Elise Ng (born 1981), Hong Kong squash player
Evelyn Ng (born 1975), professional poker player from Canada
Fae Myenne Ng, writer living in New York City
Geeling Ng, New Zealand actress of "China Girl" fame
John Ng, kung fu master, traditional Chinese medicine doctor, and pharmacist (born Wing-Lok Ng in 1950) – now living in Kentucky, USA
Jonathon Ng, Irish singer-songwriter known as EDEN
Josiah Ng (born 1980), Malaysian track cyclist
Kelvin Ng, politician in Canada who was elected in both the Nunavut Legislature and Northwest Territories Legislature
Konrad Ng, US President Barack Obama's brother-in-law and husband of Maya Soetoro-Ng
Kym Ng, Singaporean actress with MediaCorp
Lenhard Ng, Chinese American mathematician (ex-child prodigy)
Maya Soetoro-Ng (born 1970), Indonesian-born American writer, US President Obama's half-sister and wife to Konrad Ng
Perry Ng (born 1996), English footballer, Crewe Alexandra club legend
Ng Poon Chew (1866–1931), author, publisher, and advocate for Chinese American civil rights
Ng Swee Hong (1935–2006), Malaysian Chinese businessman who founded Pacific Andes
Ng Tat Wai (born 1947), badminton player from Penang, Malaysia
Ng Yi-Sheng (born 1980), Singaporean writer
Ng Yong Li (born 1985), Malaysian professional racing cyclist
Ren Ng, founder and the chief executive officer of Californian start-ups Refocus Imaging, Inc and Lytro, Inc
Rita Ng, (born 1978), first Miss California winner of Asian descent
Win Ng (1936–1991), Chinese-American sculptor, industrial designer and illustrator
Notable people with the surname Ng (吳)[edit]
Ng Mui, said to have been one of the legendary Five Elders – survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple by the Qing Dynasty
Andrew Ng, computer scientist
Antonio Ng (born 1957), currently a member in the Macau Legislative Assembly
Benjamin Ng and Wai Chiu "Tony" Ng, two of the men convicted of the 1983 Wah Mee Massacre in Seattle
Carl Ng (born 1976), Hong Kong actor and model
Charles Ng (born 1960), Hong Kong Chinese-American serial killer from California, USA
Ng Ching-fai, GBS (born 1939), Professor of Chemistry and former President and Vice Chancellor of Hong Kong Baptist University
Deep Ng, Hong Kong singer-songwriter, musician, and actor
Dominic Ng, Chairman and CEO of East West Bank based in California, U.S.
Dora Ng, Hong Kong film costume and make up designer
Elaine Ng Yi-Lei (born 1972), actress and Miss Asia 1990
Francis Ng Chun-Yu (born 1961), Hong Kong actor
Hiu Lui Ng, New Yorker who died in 2008 in the custody of United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement
John Lone, born Ng Kwok-Leung (吳國良), played the lead role in The Last Emperor
Jinny Ng (born 1992), Hong Kong Cantopop artist
Kary Ng (born 1986), Hong Kong Cantopop artist
Lawrence Ng (born 1964), popular TV actor in Hong Kong
Ng Man Tat (born 1952), veteran actor in the Hong Kong film industry
Margaret Ng (born 1948), politician, barrister, writer and columnist in Hong Kong
Melissa Ng (born 1972), semi-retired TV actress from Hong Kong
Ng Ming Yam (1955–1992), founder of United Democrats of Hong Kong (later called Democratic Party (Hong Kong))
Richard Ng (born 1939), Hong Kong actor
Ron Ng, Hong Kong TVB actor and singer
Sandra Ng (born 1965), Hong Kong actress
Ng See Yuen, (born 1944) director of independent film companies in Hong Kong
Stephen Ng (born 1953), Hong Kong entrepreneur, Deputy Chairman and Managing Director of the Wharf (Holdings) Ltd
Ng Ting Yip (born 1960), Hong Kong actor
Ng Wai Chiu (born 1981), Hong Kong professional football player
Ng Wei (born 1981), male badminton player from Hong Kong
Yan Ng (born 1983), Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress
Notable people with the surname Ng (伍)[edit]
(Ng) Wu Zixu, general and politician during the Spring and Autumn period, most generally credited by all branches of 伍 clans as the 'first ancestor'
Wu Tingfang, also known as Ng Choy. He was the first ethnic Chinese barrister-at-law (called to the bar in 1876, Lincoln's Inn, England), the first ethnic Chinese to preside in a British Court (Police Magistrate in Hong Kong), and was the first ethnic Chinese Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (appointed 1880). He was Managing Director of the Tientsin-Tangku Railway, the first railway in China. He was also a Chinese diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and briefly as Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China
Ng Poon Chew, author, publisher, and advocate for Chinese American civil rights. He published the first Chinese language daily newspaper to be printed outside of China (Chung Sai Yat Po, started in 1900 in the US)
Adrienne Louise Clarkson is a Hong Kong-born Canadian journalist and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 26th since Canadian Confederation
Charles Ng (racer), Hong Kong-born touring car driver
Christine Ng, Hong Kong actress under contract to Hong Kong's Television Broadcast Limited or TVB
Edward Ng (born 1939), mathematical scientist in the US Space Program
Katherine Ng (born 1974), Political Assistant to the Secretary for Financial Services & the Treasury of Hong Kong
Kim Ng, United States baseball executive
Kingsley Ng, new media artist with works featured internationally
Ng Boon Bee (born 1938), former Malaysian badminton player
Ng Phek Hoong Irene (born 1963), Singaporean Member of Parliament
Ng Yat Chung, Singapore's Chief of Defence Force from 2003 to 2007
Notable people with the surname Ng (黄)[edit]
Allan Ng (born 1942), Singaporean businessman
Darren Ng, Australian basketball player
Elvin Ng (born 1980), actor who joined the Mediacorp stable in Singapore
Irene Ng (actress) (born 1974), Malaysian actress now living in New York City, USA
Lina Ng, Singaporean JTEAM actress, formerly under MediaCorp and MediaWorks
Ng Eng Teng, sculptor in Singapore known for his figurative sculptures, many around Singapore
Ng Chee Khern, Chief of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF)
Ng Chee Yang (born 1989), Singaporean Singer
Ng Eng Hen (born 1958), Minister of Manpower and Second Minister for Defence of the Republic of Singapore
Ng Joo Ngan (born 1947), Malaysian cyclist
Ng Moon Hing (born 1955), 4th Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia, since 2007
Ng Ser Miang (born 1949), sportsman, diplomat and businessman from Singapore
Ng Shin Yii (born 1989), Malaysian world class wushu athlete
Ng Teng Fong (born 1930), Singaporean real estate billionaire
Robert Ng (born 1952), Singaporean and Chairman of the Sino Group since 1981
Ng Tian Hann (born 1969), Malaysian movie director
Ng Woon Lam, full member of National Watercolor Society NWS and American Watercolor Society
Ng Yen Yen, Malaysian politician and Minister of Tourism in the Malaysian Cabinet
Ng Yew-Kwang (born 1942), economist at Monash University
Notable people with the surname Ngô[edit]
Vietnamese
Ngô Quyền, general defeating the Chinese and ending 1000 years of Chinese domination of Giao Châu (now northern Vietnam)
Ngô Tuấn, the real name of Lý Thường Kiệt who defeated Song Dynasty domination and penned what is considered the first Vietnamese declaration of independence
Ngô Đức Kế, prominent scholar-gentry anti-colonial intellectual
Ngô Xuân Diệu, prominent Vietnamese poet
Ngô Đình Diệm, first president of South Vietnam (1955–1963)
Ngô Bảo Châu, mathematician; Fields Medal winner (2010)
Ngô Phương Lan, first ever Miss Vietnam World
See also[edit]
"Ana Ng" is an alternative rock song by the band They Might Be Giants
Huang (disambiguation)
Wong (disambiguation)
Wu (surname)
This page lists people with the surname Ng. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shanghai Christian vernacular society (1891-01-01). Syllabary of the Shanghai vernacular. Prepared and published by the Shanghai Christian vernacular society. Shanghai, American Presbyterian mission press.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng_(name)&oldid=827271373"
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This page was last edited on 23 February 2018, at 19:26.
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