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The Hound of the Baskervilles
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For other uses, see The Hound of the Baskervilles (disambiguation).
The Hound of the Baskervilles
Cover of the first edition
Author
Arthur Conan Doyle
Illustrator
Sidney Paget
Cover artist
Alfred Garth Jones
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
Sherlock Holmes
Genre
Detective fiction
Publisher
George Newnes
Publication date
1902[1]
Preceded by
The Final Problem (last story of The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes)
Followed by
The Return of Sherlock Holmes
The Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of the crime novels written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. Originally serialised in The Strand Magazine from August 1901 to April 1902, it is set largely on Dartmoor in Devon in England's West Country and tells the story of an attempted murder inspired by the legend of a fearsome, diabolical hound of supernatural origin. Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case. This was the first appearance of Holmes since his apparent death in "The Final Problem", and the success of The Hound of the Baskervilles led to the character's eventual revival.
In 2003, the book was listed as number 128 of 200 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's "best-loved novel."[2] In 1999, it was listed as the top Holmes novel, with a perfect rating from Sherlockian scholars of 100.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Origins and background
3 Inspiration
3.1 Original manuscript
4 Technique
5 Publication
6 Adaptations
6.1 Film and television adaptations
6.2 Radio
6.3 Stage
6.4 Video games
7 Related works
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Dr. James Mortimer asks Sherlock Holmes for advice following the death of his friend, Sir Charles Baskerville. Sir Charles was found dead on the grounds of his Devonshire estate, Baskerville Hall. Mortimer now fears for Sir Charles's nephew and sole heir, Sir Henry Baskerville, who is the new master of Baskerville Hall. The death was attributed to a heart attack, but Mortimer is suspicious, because Sir Charles died with an expression of horror on his face, and Mortimer noticed "the footprints of a gigantic hound" nearby. The Baskerville family has supposedly been under a curse since the era of the English Civil War when ancestor Hugo Baskerville allegedly offered his soul to the devil for help in abducting a woman and was reportedly killed by a giant spectral hound. Sir Charles believed in the curse and was apparently fleeing from something in fright when he died.
Intrigued, Holmes meets with Sir Henry, newly arrived from Canada. Sir Henry has received an anonymous note, cut and pasted from newsprint, warning him away from the Baskerville moors, and one of his new boots is inexplicably missing from his London hotel room. The Baskerville family is discussed: Sir Charles was the eldest of three brothers; the youngest, black sheep Rodger, is believed to have died childless in South America, while Sir Henry is the only child of the middle brother. Sir Henry plans to move into Baskerville Hall, despite the ominous warning message. Holmes and Dr Watson follow him from Holmes's Baker Street apartment back to his hotel and notice a bearded man following him in a cab; they pursue the man, but he escapes. Mortimer tells them that Mr Barrymore, the butler at Baskerville Hall, has a beard like the one on the stranger. Sir Henry's boot reappears, but an older one vanishes.
Sherlock Holmes examining Dr Mortimer's walking stick
Holmes sends for the cab driver who shuttled the bearded man after Sir Henry and is both astounded and amused to learn that the stranger had made a point of giving his name as 'Sherlock Holmes' to the cabbie. Holmes, now even more interested in the Baskerville affair but held up with other cases, dispatches Watson to accompany Sir Henry to Baskerville Hall with instructions to send him frequent reports about the house, grounds, and neighbours. Upon arrival at the grand but austere Baskerville estate, Watson and Sir Henry learn that an escaped murderer named Selden is believed to be in the area.
Barrymore and his wife, who also works at Baskerville Hall, wish to leave the estate soon. Watson hears a woman crying in the night; it is obvious to him that it was Mrs Barrymore, but her husband denies it. Watson can find no proof that Barrymore was in Devon on the day of the chase in London. He meets a brother and sister who live nearby: Mr Stapleton, a naturalist, and the beautiful Miss Stapleton. When an animal sound is heard, Stapleton is quick to dismiss it as unrelated to the legendary hound. When her brother is out of earshot, Miss Stapleton mistakes Watson for Sir Henry and warns him to leave. She and Sir Henry later meet and quickly fall in love, arousing Stapleton's anger; he later apologises and invites Sir Henry to dine with him a few days later.
Sir Henry Baskerville
Barrymore arouses further suspicion when Watson and Sir Henry catch him at night with a candle in an empty room. Barrymore refuses to answer their questions, but Mrs. Barrymore confesses that Selden is her brother, and her husband is signalling that they have left supplies for him. Watson and Sir Henry pursue Selden on the moor, but he eludes them, while Watson notices another man on a nearby tor. After an agreement is reached to allow Selden to flee the country, Barrymore reveals the contents of an incompletely burnt letter asking Sir Charles to be at the gate at the time of his death. It was signed with the initials L.L.; on Mortimer's advice, Watson questions a Laura Lyons, who admits to writing the letter in hopes that Sir Charles would help finance her divorce, but says she did not keep the appointment. Watson tracks the second man he saw in the area and discovers it to be Holmes, investigating independently in hopes of a faster resolution. Holmes reveals further information: Stapleton is actually married to the supposed Miss Stapleton, and he promised marriage to Laura Lyons to get her cooperation.
They hear a scream and discover the body of Selden, dead from a fall. They initially mistake him for Sir Henry, whose old clothes he was wearing.
At Baskerville Hall, Holmes notices a resemblance between Stapleton and a portrait of Hugo Baskerville. He realises that Stapleton could be an unknown Baskerville family member, seeking to claim the Baskerville wealth by eliminating his relatives. Accompanied by Inspector Lestrade, whom Holmes has summoned, Holmes and Watson travel to the Stapleton home, where Sir Henry is dining. They rescue him from a hound that Stapleton releases while Sir Henry is walking home across the moor. Shooting the animal dead in the struggle, Sherlock reveals that it was a perfectly mortal dog - a mix of bloodhound and mastiff, painted with phosphorus to give it a hellish appearance. They find Miss Stapleton bound and gagged inside the house, while Stapleton apparently dies in an attempt to reach his hideout in a nearby mine. They also find Sir Henry's boot, which was used to give the hound Sir Henry's scent.
Weeks later, Holmes provides Watson with additional details about the case. Stapleton was, in fact, Rodger Baskerville's son, also named Rodger. His now-widow is a South American woman, the former Beryl Garcia. He supported himself through crime for many years, before learning that he could inherit a fortune by murdering his uncle and cousin. Stapleton had taken Sir Henry's old boot because the new, unworn boot lacked his scent. The hound had pursued Selden to his death because of the scent on Sir Henry's old clothes. Mrs Stapleton had disavowed her husband's plot, so he had imprisoned her to prevent her from interfering.
The story ends with Holmes and Watson leaving to see the opera Les Huguenots starring Jean de Reszke.[4]
Origins and background[edit]
Baskerville Hall, formally Clyro Court. It is thought this house may have provided Conan Doyle with the inspiration for The Hound of the Baskervilles
The ruins of Fowelscombe House, viewed in 2008, a possible model for Baskerville Hall
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote this story shortly after returning to his home Undershaw from South Africa, where he had worked as a volunteer physician at the Langman Field Hospital in Bloemfontein at the time of the Second Boer War.
Conan Doyle had not written about Sherlock Holmes in eight years, having killed off the character in the 1893 story "The Final Problem". Although The Hound of the Baskervilles is set before the latter events, two years later Conan Doyle would bring Holmes back for good, explaining in "The Adventure of the Empty House" that Holmes had faked his own death.
He was assisted with the plot by a 30-year-old Daily Express journalist named Bertram Fletcher Robinson (1870–1907).
Inspiration[edit]
His ideas came from the legend of Richard Cabell (d.1677), of Brook Hall, in the parish of Buckfastleigh, Devon,[5] which was the fundamental inspiration for the Baskerville tale of a hellish hound and a cursed country squire. Cabell's tomb survives in the village of Buckfastleigh.[6][7]
Squire Richard Cabell lived for hunting and was what in those days was described as a 'monstrously evil man'. He gained this reputation for, amongst other things, immorality and having sold his soul to the Devil. There was also a rumour that he had murdered his wife, Elizabeth Fowell, a daughter of Sir Edmund Fowell, 1st Baronet (1593–1674), of Fowelscombe.[8] On 5 July 1677, he died and was laid to rest in the sepulchre. The night of his interment saw a phantom pack of hounds come baying across the moor to howl at his tomb. From that night on, he could be found leading the phantom pack across the moor, usually on the anniversary of his death. If the pack were not out hunting, they could be found ranging around his grave howling and shrieking. In an attempt to lay the soul to rest, the villagers built a large building around the tomb, and to be doubly sure a huge slab was placed.[9]
Moreover, Devon's folklore includes tales of a fearsome supernatural dog known as the Yeth hound that Conan Doyle may have heard.
It is believed by Weller (2002) that Baskerville Hall is based on one of three possible houses on or near Dartmoor,[10] namely Fowelscombe in the parish of Ugborough, the seat of the Fowell Baronets; Hayford Hall, near Buckfastleigh (also owned by John King (d.1861) of Fowelscombe) and Brook Hall, in the parish of Buckfastleigh, about two miles east of Hayford, the actual home of Richard Cabell (d.1677), husband of Elizabeth Fowell.[11] It has also been claimed that Baskerville Hall is based on a property in Mid Wales, built in 1839 by one Thomas Mynors Baskerville. The house was formerly named Clyro Court and was renamed Baskerville Hall towards the end of the last century. Arthur Conan Doyle was apparently a family friend who often stayed there and may have been aware of a local legend of the hound of the Baskervilles.[12]
Still other tales claim that Conan Doyle was inspired by his time on holiday in North Norfolk, where the tale of Black Shuck is well known. The pre-Gothic Cromer Hall,where Conan Doyle stayed, also closely resembles Doyle's vivid descriptions of Baskerville Hall. [13]
Original manuscript[edit]
In 1902, Doyle's original manuscript of the book was broken up into individual leaves as part of a promotional campaign by Doyle's American publisher - they were used as part of window displays by individual booksellers. Out of an estimated 185-190 leaves, only 36 are known to still exist, including all the leaves from Chapter 11, held by the New York Public Library. Other leaves are owned by university libraries and private collectors.[14] A newly rediscovered example was sold at auction in 2012 for US$158,500.[15]
Technique[edit]
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The novel uses many traditional novelistic techniques which had been largely abandoned by the time of writing, such as letters, diary extracts, interpolated manuscripts, and the like, as seen in the works of Henry Fielding and, later, Wilkie Collins. It incorporates five plots: the ostensible 'curse' story, the two red-herring subplots concerning Selden and the other stranger living on the moor, the actual events occurring to Baskerville as narrated by Watson, and the hidden plot to be discovered by Holmes. Doyle wrote that the novel was originally conceived as a straight 'Victorian creeper' (as seen in the works of J. Sheridan Le Fanu), with the idea of introducing Holmes as the deus ex machina only arising later.
Publication[edit]
The Hound of the Baskervilles was first serialized in The Strand Magazine in 1901. It was well-suited for this type of publication, as individual chapters end in cliffhangers. It was printed in the form of a novel the following year.[16]
Adaptations[edit]
The Hound of the Baskervilles has been adapted for many media.
Film and television adaptations[edit]
Over 20 film and television versions of The Hound of the Baskervilles have been made.
Year
Title
Country
Director
Holmes
Watson
1914 Der Hund von Baskerville, 1. Teil German Empire Rudolf Meinert Alwin Neuß None
1914 Der Hund von Baskerville, 2. Teil — Das einsame Haus
1914 Der Hund von Baskerville, 3. Teil — Das unheimliche Zimmer Richard Oswald
1915 Der Hund von Baskerville, 4. Teil
1920 Das dunkle Schloß Weimar Republic Willy Zeyn Eugen Burg None
1920 Das Haus ohne Fenster Erich Kaiser-Titz
1920 Dr. MacDonalds Sanatorium
1921 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Maurice Elvey Eille Norwood Hubert Willis
1929 Der Hund von Baskerville Weimar Republic Richard Oswald Carlyle Blackwell George Seroff
1932 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Gareth Gundrey Robert Rendel Frederick Lloyd
1937 The Hound of the Baskervilles Nazi Germany Carl Lamac Bruno Güttner Fritz Odemar
1939 The Hound of the Baskervilles United States Sidney Lanfield Basil Rathbone Nigel Bruce
1951 Jighansa India Ajoy Kar Sishir Batabyal as Detective Smarajit Sen ?
1955 Der Hund von Baskerville West Germany Fritz Umgelter Wolf Ackva Arnulf Schröder
1959 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Terence Fisher Peter Cushing André Morell
1962 Bees Saal Baad[17](based on H. K. Roy's Nishachari Bibhishika,[18] the Bengali adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles.[19]) India Biren Nag Asit Sen
(as Detective Gopichand) ?
1968 The Hound of the Baskervilles
Part 1 + 2 (from the Sherlock Holmes 1965 TV Series) United Kingdom Graham Evans Peter Cushing Nigel Stock
1968 L'ultimo dei Baskerville (episode of the TV series Sherlock Holmes) Italy Guglielmo Morandi Nando Gazzolo Gianni Bonagura
1971 The Hound of the Baskervilles (Собака Баскервилей) USSR A. F. Zinovieva Nikolay Volkov Lev Krugliy
1972 The Hound of the Baskervilles United States Barry Crane Stewart Granger Bernard Fox
1978 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Paul Morrissey Peter Cook Dudley Moore
1981 The Hound of the Baskervilles (Собака Баскервилей) USSR Igor Maslennikov Vasilij Livanov Vitali Solomin
1982 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Peter Duguid Tom Baker Terence Rigby
1983 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Douglas Hickox Ian Richardson Donald Churchill
1983 Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse Australia Ian McKenzie & Alex Nicholas Peter O'Toole (voice) Earle Cross (voice)
1988 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom Brian Mills Jeremy Brett Edward Hardwicke
1995 The Slobbery Hound United States Fred Holmes "Wishbone"
(Soccer the Dog, voice of Larry Brantley) Ric Speigel
1999 The Hounds of the Baskervilles (episode of the animated TV series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century) United States, United Kingdom Robert Brousseau, Scott Heming Jason Gray-Stanford John Payne
2000 The Hound of the Baskervilles Canada Rodney Gibbons Matt Frewer Kenneth Welsh
2002 The Hound of the Baskervilles United Kingdom David Attwood Richard Roxburgh Ian Hart
2012 BBC Sherlock The Hounds of Baskerville United Kingdom Paul McGuigan Benedict Cumberbatch Martin Freeman
2015 The Adventure of Henry Baskerville and a Dog
(Basukaviru kun to inu no bōken,
"バスカーヴィル君と犬の冒険")[20] Japan Michiyo Morita Kōichi Yamadera (voice) Wataru Takagi (voice)
2016 Elementary: "Hounded" United States Robert Hewitt Wolfe Jonny Lee Miller Lucy Liu
Radio[edit]
The Hound of the Baskervilles has been adapted for radio for the BBC by Bert Coules on two occasions. The first starred Roger Rees as Holmes and Crawford Logan as Watson and was broadcast in 1988 on BBC Radio 4. Following its good reception, Coules proposed further radio adaptations, which eventually led to an entire dramatisation of the canon for radio, starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson.[21] The second adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles, featuring this pairing, was broadcast in 1998, and also featured Judi Dench as Mrs Hudson and Donald Sinden as Sir Charles Baskerville.[22]
Stage[edit]
In 2007, Peepolykus Theatre Company premiered a new adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds. Adapted by John Nicholson and Steven Canny, the production involves only three actors and was praised by critics for its physical comedy. Following a UK tour, it transferred to the Duchess Theatre in London’s West End. The Daily Telegraph described it as a 'wonderfully delightful spoof', whilst The Sunday Times praised its 'mad hilarity that will make you feel quite sane'. This adaptation continues to be presented by both amateur and professional companies around the world.[23]
Ken Ludwig authored an adaptation entitled Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery which premiered as a co-production at Arena Stage (Washington, D.C.) in January 2015 and McCarter Theatre Center in March 2015.[24]
Video games[edit]
The Hound of Baskervilles serves as the primary inspiration for the final case in Dai Gyakuten Saiban: Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken in which the protagonist teams up with Sherlock Holmes to investigate mysteries based on various entries in the Holmes chronology.[citation needed]
Sherlock Holmes and the Hound of the Baskervilles is a casual game by Frogwares. It departs from the original plot by introducing clear supernatural elements. Despite its non-canonical plot, it received good reviews.[25]
Related works[edit]
The movie The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1941) makes references to The Hound of the Baskervilles.
Disney cartoonist Carl Barks parodied this story with The Hound of the Whiskervilles (1960), starring Uncle Scrooge.[26]
A 1965 issue of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (comic book) featured The Hound of Basketville, starring Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Gladstone Gander, and Pluto, as Sherlock Mouse, Doctor Goofy, Sir Gladstone Basketville, and the hound.
Stapleton reappears in Richard L. Boyer's version of The Giant Rat of Sumatra (1976). It turns out that he did not die, as Holmes and Watson assumed, but had escaped by another route, committing further crimes and vowing vengeance on Sherlock Holmes.
William of Baskerville, protagonist of Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose (1980), is a Franciscan monk and a sleuth, inspired by Sherlock Holmes and perhaps William of Occam and other real and fictional characters.
The hound of the Baskervilles is a character in Kouta Hirano's supernatural manga series Hellsing (1997-2008).
Spike Milligan satirised the novel in his book, The Hound of the Baskervilles According to Spike Milligan (1997), combining elements of the original novel with the Basil Rathbone serials.
The Moor (1998), a novel in Laurie R. King's series about Sherlock Holmes and Mary Russell, uses the setting and various plot elements, with Holmes returning to Dartmoor on a later case.
Pierre Bayard's book Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong (2008) re-opens the case and, by careful re-examination of all the clues, clears the hound of all wrongdoing and argues that the actual murderer got away with the crime completely unsuspected by Holmes, countless readers of the book over the past century—and even, in a sense, the author himself.
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Sherlock Holmes portal
Baskerville effect
Edinburgh Phrenological Society
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Princetown#Geography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Facsimile of the 1st edition (1902)". S4ulanguages.com. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "BBC - The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 31 October 2012
Jump up ^ "The Best Sherlock Holmes Stories". Bestofsherlock.com. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
Jump up ^ Text of the story at project gutenburg
Jump up ^ Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.125, pedigree of Cabell of Buckfastleigh
Jump up ^ Spiring, Paul (2007). "Hugo Baskerville & Squire Richard Cabell III". BFROnline. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cabell Tomb — Buckfastleigh". Devon Guide. 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Vivian, pp.125,370
Jump up ^ "Buckfastleigh Church". Legendary Dartmoor. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Weller, Philip, The Hound Of The Baskervilles - Hunting the Dartmoor Legend, Devon Books, Halsgrove Publishing, c.2002, quoted in [1]
Jump up ^ Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.125, pedigree of Cabell of Buckfastleigh
Jump up ^ "Mansion said to have inspired The Hound of the Baskervilles on sale for £3m". Wales Online.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/weird/weird_sherlock_holmes.shtml
Jump up ^ Stock, Randall (June 10, 2013). "The Hound of the Baskervilles: A Manuscript Census". bestofsherlock.com. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan (1859-1930). Autograph manuscript leaf from The Hound of the Baskervilles, first serialized in The Strand Magazine, August 1901-April 1902, published in book form by George Newnes, on 25 March 1902". Christies. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publication of the Hound of the Baskervilles". History Today.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055783/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Chatterjee, ed. board Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema. New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 659. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ The episode is based on "The Adventure of the Dancing Men" also.
Jump up ^ Bert Coules. "The Background". The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Bert Coules. "The Hound of the Baskervilles". The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Licencing, The Hound of the Baskervilles, Peepolykus Theatre Company". Peepolykus.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Purcell, Carey (January 15, 2015). "Ken Ludwig's Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery Makes World Premiere Tonight". Playbill. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sherlock Holmes and the Hound of the Baskervilles". bigfishgames.com. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Uncle Scrooge #29, Dell, 1960.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Hound of the Baskervilles
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Hound of the Baskervilles.
Read The Hound of the Baskervilles at Sir Arthur Conan Doyle–His Life, All His Works and More
The Hound of the Baskervilles at Project Gutenberg
The Hound of the Baskervilles (Part I) at BFRonline.biz.
The Hound of the Baskervilles (Part II) at BFRonline.biz.
The Hound of the Baskervilles (Conclusion) at BFRonline.biz.
The Hound of the Baskervilles public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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There ain't no such thing as a free lunch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"No free lunch" redirects here. For the medical advocacy group, see No Free Lunch (organization). For the theorem in mathematical optimization, see No free lunch theorem.
"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch" (alternatively, "There is no such thing as a free lunch" or other variants) is a popular adage communicating the idea that it is impossible to get something for nothing. The acronyms TANSTAAFL, TINSTAAFL, and TNSTAAFL, are also used. Uses of the phrase dating back to the 1930s and 1940s have been found, but the phrase's first appearance is unknown.[1] The "free lunch" in the saying refers to the nineteenth-century practice in American bars of offering a "free lunch" in order to entice drinking customers.
The phrase and the acronym are central to Robert Heinlein's 1966 science-fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, which helped popularize it.[2][3] The free-market economist Milton Friedman also popularized the phrase[1] by using it as the title of a 1975 book,[4] and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost.[5] Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is "at the core of economics".[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History and usage
1.1 "Free lunch"
1.2 Early uses
1.3 Popularization
1.4 Meanings
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
History and usage[edit]
"Free lunch"[edit]
The "free lunch" refers to the once-common tradition of saloons in the United States providing a "free" lunch to patrons who had purchased at least one drink. Many foods on offer were high in salt (e.g., ham, cheese, and salted crackers), so those who ate them ended up buying a lot of beer. Rudyard Kipling, writing in 1891, noted how he
...came upon a bar-room full of bad Salon pictures, in which men with hats on the backs of their heads were wolfing food from a counter. It was the institution of the "free lunch" I had struck. You paid for a drink and got as much as you wanted to eat. For something less than a rupee a day a man can feed himself sumptuously in San Francisco, even though he be a bankrupt. Remember this if ever you are stranded in these parts.[7]
TANSTAAFL, on the other hand, indicates an acknowledgement that in reality a person or a society cannot get "something for nothing". Even if something appears to be free, there is always a cost to the person or to society as a whole, although that may be a hidden cost or an externality. For example, as Heinlein has one of his characters point out, a bar offering a free lunch will likely charge more for its drinks.[8]
Early uses[edit]
TANSTAAFL: a plan for a new economic world order. (Pierre Dos Utt, 1949)
According to Robert Caro, Fiorello La Guardia, on becoming mayor of New York in 1933, said "È finita la cuccagna!", meaning "Cockaigne is finished" or, more loosely, "No more free lunch"; in this context "free lunch" refers to graft and corruption.[1] The earliest known occurrence of the full phrase (except for the "a"), in the form "There ain't no such thing as free lunch", appears as the punchline of a joke related in an article in the El Paso Herald-Post of June 27, 1938 (and other Scripps-Howard newspapers about the same time), entitled "Economics in Eight Words".[9][10]
In 1945, "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch" appeared in the Columbia Law Review, and "there is no free lunch" appeared in a 1942 article in the Oelwein Daily Register (in a quote attributed to economist Harley L. Lutz) and in a 1947 column by economist Merryle S. Rukeyser.[2][11]
In 1949, the phrase appeared in an article by Walter Morrow in the San Francisco News (published on 1 June) and in Pierre Dos Utt's monograph TANSTAAFL: A Plan for a New Economic World Order,[12] which describes an oligarchic political system based on his conclusions from "no free lunch" principles.
The 1938 and 1949 sources use the phrase in relating a fable about a king (Nebuchadnezzar in Dos Utt's retelling) seeking advice from his economic advisors. Morrow's retelling, which claims to derive from an earlier editorial reported to be non-existent,[13] but closely follows the story as related in the earlier article in the El Paso Herald-Post, differs from Dos Utt's in that the ruler asks for ever-simplified advice following their original "eighty-seven volumes of six hundred pages" as opposed to a simple failure to agree on "any major remedy". The last surviving economist advises that "There ain't no such thing as free lunch."
In 1950, a New York Times columnist ascribed the phrase to economist (and army general) Leonard P. Ayres of the Cleveland Trust Company: "It seems that shortly before the General's death [in 1946]... a group of reporters approached the general with the request that perhaps he might give them one of several immutable economic truisms that he had gathered from his long years of economic study... 'It is an immutable economic fact,' said the general, 'that there is no such thing as a free lunch.'"[14]
The September 8, 1961, issue of LIFE magazine has an editorial on page 4, "'TANSTAFL,' It's the Truth," that closes with an anecdotal farmer explaining this slight variant of TANSTAAFL.
Popularization[edit]
In 1966, author Robert A. Heinlein published his seminal work The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, in which TANSTaaFL was a central, libertarian theme, mentioned by name and explained. This brought its use and the idea into mainstream popularity.[2][3]
Edwin G. Dolan used the phrase as the title of his 1971 book TANSTAAFL (There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch) – A Libertarian Perspective on Environmental Policy.[15]
The free-market economist Milton Friedman subsequently increased the popularity of the phrase[1] by using it as the title of a 1975 book,[4] and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost.[5] Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is "at the core of economics".[6]
Meanings[edit]
Science
In the sciences, TANSTAAFL means that the universe as a whole is ultimately a closed system. There is no magic source of matter, energy, light, or indeed lunch, that does not draw resources from something else, and that will not eventually be exhausted. Therefore, the TANSTAAFL argument may also be applied to natural physical processes in a closed system (either the universe as a whole, or any system that does not receive energy or matter from outside). (See Second law of thermodynamics.) The bio-ecologist Barry Commoner used this concept as the last of his famous "Four Laws of Ecology".
According to American theoretical physicist and cosmologist Alan Guth "the universe is the ultimate free lunch", given that in the early stage of its expansion the total amount of energy available to make particles was very large.[16]
Economics
In economics, TANSTAAFL demonstrates opportunity cost. Greg Mankiw described the concept as follows: "To get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another."[17] The idea that there is no free lunch at the societal level applies only when all resources are being used completely and appropriately – i.e., when economic efficiency prevails. If not, a 'free lunch' can be had through a more efficient utilization of resources. Or, as Fred Brooks put it, "You can only get something for nothing if you have previously gotten nothing for something." If one individual or group gets something at no cost, somebody else ends up paying for it. If there appears to be no direct cost to any single individual, there is a social cost. Similarly, someone can benefit for "free" from an externality or from a public good, but someone has to pay the cost of producing these benefits. (See Free rider problem and Tragedy of the commons).
Finance
In mathematical finance, the term is also used as an informal synonym for the principle of no-arbitrage. This principle states that a combination of securities that has the same cash-flows as another security must have the same net price in equilibrium.
Statistics
In statistics, the term has been used to describe the tradeoffs of statistical learners (e.g., in machine learning). That is, any model that claims to offer superior flexibility in analyzing data patterns usually does so at the cost of introducing extra assumptions, or by sacrificing generalizability in important situations.[18]
Technology
TANSTAAFL is sometimes used as a response to claims of the virtues of free software. Supporters of free software often counter that the use of the term "free" in this context is primarily a reference to a lack of constraint ("libre") rather than a lack of cost ("gratis"). Richard Stallman has described it as "'free' as in 'free speech,' not as in 'free beer'".
The prefix "TANSTAA-" (or "TINSTAA-") is used in numerous other contexts as well to denote some immutable property of the system being discussed. For example, "TANSTAANFS" is used by electrical engineering professors to stand for "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Noise-Free System".[citation needed]
Sports
Baseball Prospectus coined the abbreviation "TINSTAAPP", for "There Is No Such Thing As A Pitching Prospect",[19] as many young pitchers hurt their arms before they can be effective at a major league level.
Exceptions
Some exceptions from the "no free lunch" tenet have been put forward, such as the Sun and carbon dioxide.[20] It was argued in particular that metabolism evolved to take advantage of the free lunch provided by the Sun, which also triggers production of vital oxygen in plants.[20] However, these too fall short in that the viewpoint is an open system, the earth, with "free" inputs from the Sun. When viewed from the larger system context, the Sun/Earth or Solar System, there is a net energy exchange, and still "no free lunch." [21]
See also[edit]
Economics portal
Demonstrated preference
Have one's cake and eat it too
No free lunch in search and optimization
The Free Lunch Is Over (computing)
No Free Lunch (organization)
No-arbitrage bounds
Parable of the broken window
Revealed preferences
Scarcity
Tax choice
Trade-off
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Safire, William On Language; Words Left Out in the Cold" New York Times, 2-14-1993 [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Keyes, Ralph (2006). The Quote Verifier. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-312-34004-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Chrysti M. (2006). Verbivore's Feast: Second Course. Helena, MT: Farcountry Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-56037-404-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Milton, There's No Such Thing as a Free Lunch, Open Court Publishing Company, 1975. ISBN 087548297X.
^ Jump up to: a b Gwartney, James D.; Richard Stroup; Dwight R. Lee (2005). Common Sense Economics. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-312-33818-X.
^ Jump up to: a b McConnell, Campbell R.; Stanley L. Brue (2005). Economics: principles, problems, and policies. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-07-281935-9. OCLC 314959936. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
Jump up ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1899). American Notes. Boston: Brown and Company. p. 18. OCLC 1063540. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
American Notes by Rudyard Kipling at Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ Heinlein, Robert A. (1997) [1966]. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-312-86355-1.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Fred (16 July 2009). "Quotes Uncovered: The Punchline, Please". The New York Times – Freakonomics blog. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Economics in Eight Words". The Pittsburgh Press. March 13, 1958. Retrieved 1 April 2014. ...first published in Scripps-Howard newspapers 20 years ago.
Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro, ed. (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2.
Jump up ^ Dos Utt, Pierre (1949). TANSTAAFL: A Plan for a New Economic World Order. Cairo Publications, Canton, OH.
Jump up ^ "The Big Apple: “No more free lunch!” (Fiorello La Guardia)". Barrypopik.com. 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
Jump up ^ Fetridge, Robert H, "Along the Highways and Byways of Finance," The New York Times, Nov 12, 1950, p. 135
Jump up ^ Dolan, Edwin G. (1971). TANSTAAFL (There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch) – A Libertarian Perspective on Environmental Policy. updated and reissued in 2011
Jump up ^ Hawking, Stephen (1988). A brief history of time. Bantam books. p. 144. ISBN 0553175211.
Jump up ^ Principles of Economics (4th edition), p. 4.
Jump up ^ Simon, N.; Tibshirani, R. (2014). "Comment on "Detecting Novel Associations In Large Data Sets" by Reshef Et Al, Science Dec 16, 2011". arXiv:1401.7645  .
Jump up ^ Leach, Matthew (12 April 2013). "Even top pitching prospects are no sure thing". MLB.com. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Friend, Tim (2007). The Third Domain: The Untold Story of Archaea and the Future of Biotechnology. National Academies Press. p. 21. ISBN 0309102375.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Richard (11 December 2013). "Is the earth a 'closed system' with the Sun providing the sole input?". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
References[edit]
Tucker, Bob, (Wilson Tucker) The Neo-Fan's Guide to Science Fiction Fandom (3rd–8th Editions), 8th edition: 1996, Kansas City Science Fiction & Fantasy Society, KaCSFFS Press, No ISSN or ISBN listed.
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TANSTAAFL – Polish
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pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Бесплатных завтраков не бывает – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TANSTAAFL
TANSTAAFL – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Безкоштовних сніданків не існує – Ukrainian

values: 冇免費午餐噉嘅嘢 – Cantonese

values: 天下沒有白吃的午餐 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-There_ain_t_no_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch rootpage-There_ain_t_no_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view