text:
Ryanair destinations
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Ryanair Boeing 737-800
Ryanair served the following 185 year-round and seasonal destinations in 33 countries as of 9 September 2015[update].[1]
Base Base
[S] Seasonal
^ Future destinations
[T] Terminated destinations
City
Country
IATA
ICAO
Airport
Refs
Linz Austria LNZ LOWL Linz Airport
Salzburg Austria SZG LOWS Salzburg Airport
Brussels Belgium BRU EBBR Brussels Airport Base
Charleroi[2] Belgium CRL EBCI Brussels South Charleroi Airport Base
Ostend Belgium OST EBOS Ostend–Bruges International Airport [T] [3]
Burgas
begins 27 March 2018 Bulgaria BOJ LBBG Burgas Airport Base [4]
Plovdiv Bulgaria PDV LBPD Plovdiv Airport
Sofia Bulgaria SOF LBSF Sofia Airport Base
Varna
begins 29 October 2017 Bulgaria VAR LBWN Varna Airport ^ [5]
Osijek Croatia OSI LDOS Osijek Airport [T] [6]
Pula Croatia PUY LDPL Pula Airport [S]
Rijeka Croatia RJK LDRI Rijeka Airport [S]
Zadar Croatia ZAD LDZD Zadar Airport [S] Base
Paphos Cyprus PFO LCPH Paphos International Airport Base
Larnaca Cyprus LCA LCLK Larnaca International Airport
Brno Czech Republic BRQ LKTB Tuřany Airport
Ostrava Czech Republic OSR LKMT Leoš Janáček Airport
Pardubice
begins 30 October 2017 Czech Republic PED LKPD Pardubice Airport ^ [7]
Prague Czech Republic PRG LKPR Václav Havel Airport Base
Aalborg
begins 31 October 2017 Denmark AAL EKYT Aalborg Airport ^ [7]
Aarhus Denmark AAR EKAH Aarhus Airport
Billund Denmark BLL EKBI Billund Airport
Copenhagen Denmark CPH EKCH Copenhagen Airport
Tallinn Estonia TLL EETN Tallinn Airport
Tampere Finland TMP EFTP Pirkkala Airport [S] [8]
Bergerac France EGC LFBE Dordogne Périgord Airport
Béziers France BZR LFMU Cap d'Agde Airport
Biarritz France BIQ LFBZ Biarritz Pays Basque Airport[9]
Bordeaux France BOD LFBD Mérignac Airport
Brest France BES LFRB Bretagne Airport
Brive-la-Gaillarde France BVE LFSL Souillac Airport [S]
Carcassonne France CCF LFMK Carcassonne Airport
Clermont-Ferrand France CFE LFLC Auvergne Airport
Deauville France DOL LFRG Normandie Airport[10] [S]
Dole France DLE LFGJ Jura Airport
Figari France FSC LFKF Sud Corse Airport [S]
Grenoble France GNB LFLS Isère Airport [S]
La Rochelle France LRH LFBH Île de Ré Airport
Lille France LIL LFQQ Lille Airport
Limoges France LIG LFBL Bellegarde Airport
Lorient France LRT LFRH South Brittany Airport
Lourdes / Tarbes France LDE LFBT Tarbes–Lourdes–Pyrénées Airport as "Lourdes"
Marseille France MRS LFML Provence Airport Base [11]
Montpellier France MPL LFMT Méditerranée Airport
Nantes France NTE LFRS Atlantique Airport
Nice France NCE LFMN Côte d'Azur Airport
Nîmes France FNI LFTW Nîmes-Alès-Camargue-Cévennes Airport
Paris[1][12] France BVA LFOB Beauvais–Tillé Airport
Paris[1][12] France XCR LFOK Vatry Airport
Perpignan France PGF LFMP Rivesaltes Airport
Poitiers France PIS LFBI Biard Airport
Rodez France RDZ LFCR Marcillac Airport [S]
Saint-Étienne France EBU LFMH Bouthéon Airport
Saint-Malo / Dinard France DNR LFRD Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport as "Dinard"
Strasbourg France SXB LFST Strasbourg Airport[13]
Toulouse France TLS LFBO Blagnac Airport [14]
Tours France TUF LFOT Val de Loire Airport
Berlin Germany SXF EDDB Berlin Schönefeld Airport Base [15]
Bremen Germany BRE EDDW Bremen Airport Base
Cologne / Bonn Germany CGN EDDK Cologne Bonn Airport as "Cologne" Base
Dortmund Germany DTM EDLW Dortmund Airport
Düsseldorf[1][12] Germany NRN EDLV Weeze Airport Base
Frankfurt Germany FRA EDDF Frankfurt Airport ^ Base [16]
Frankfurt[1][12] Germany HHN EDFH Frankfurt–Hahn Airport Base
Hamburg Germany HAM EDDH Hamburg Airport Base
Hamburg Germany LBC EDHL Lübeck Airport [T] [17]
Karlsruhe / Baden-Baden Germany FKB EDSB Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport Base
Leipzig / Halle Germany LEJ EDDP Leipzig/Halle Airport as "Leipzig"
Memmingen Germany FMM EDJA Memmingen Airport
Munich Germany MUC EDDM Munich-Riem Airport [T] [3]
Nuremberg Germany NUE EDDN Nuremberg Airport Base
Stuttgart Germany STR EDDS Stuttgart Airport
Athens Greece ATH LGAV Athens International Airport Base
Cephalonia Greece EFL LGKF Cephalonia International Airport [S]
Chania Greece CHQ LGSA Chania International Airport Base
Corfu Greece CFU LGKR Corfu International Airport [S] Base
Kos Greece KGS LGKO Kos Island International Airport [T] [18]
Mykonos Greece JMK LGMK Mykonos Island National Airport
Rhodes Greece RHO LGRP Rhodes International Airport
Santorini Greece JTR LGSR Santorini (Thira) National Airport
Thessaloniki Greece SKG LGTS Thessaloniki International Airport Base
Budapest Hungary BUD LHBP Ferenc Liszt International Airport Base
Cork Ireland ORK EICK Cork Airport Base
Dublin Ireland DUB EIDW Dublin Airport Base
Galway Ireland GWY EICM Galway Airport [T] [3]
Kerry Ireland KIR EIKY Kerry Airport
Knock Ireland NOC EIKN Ireland West Airport
Shannon Ireland SNN EINN Shannon Airport Base
Waterford Ireland WAT EIWF Waterford Airport [T] [3]
Eilat Israel VDA LLOV Ovda Airport [S]
Tel Aviv Israel TLV LLBG Ben Gurion Airport ^ [19]
Alghero Italy AHO LIEA Fertilia Airport
Ancona Italy AOI LIPY Marche Airport[20]
Bari Italy BRI LIBD Karol Wojtyła Airport Base
Bologna Italy BLQ LIPE Guglielmo Marconi Airport Base
Brindisi Italy BDS LIBR Salento Airport Base
Cagliari Italy CAG LIEE Elmas Airport Base
Catania Italy CTA LICC Fontanarossa Airport Base
Comiso Italy CIY LICB Comiso Airport
Cuneo Italy CUF LIMZ Cuneo Airport
Genoa Italy GOA LIMJ Genoa Airport
Lamezia Terme Italy SUF LICA Lamezia Terme International Airport Base
Milan Italy MXP LIMC Malpensa Airport Base
Milan[1][12] Italy BGY LIME Orio al Serio International Airport[21] Base
Milan[1][12] Italy PMF LIMP Parma Airport as "Parma"
Naples Italy NAP LIRN Naples International Airport ^ Base [22][23]
Palermo Italy PMO LICJ Falcone–Borsellino Airport Base
Perugia Italy PEG LIRZ San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria International Airport
Pescara Italy PSR LIBP Abruzzo Airport
Pisa Italy PSA LIRP Pisa International Airport Base
Rimini Italy RMI LIPR Federico Fellini International Airport [T] [3]
Rome Italy CIA LIRA Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport Base
Rome Italy FCO LIRF Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport Base
Trapani Italy TPS LICT Vincenzo Florio Airport Trapani–Birgi Base
Trieste Italy TRS LIPQ Friuli Venezia Giulia Airport
Turin Italy TRN LIMF Turin Airport
Venice Italy VCE LIPZ Marco Polo Airport
Venice[1][12] Italy TSF LIPH Treviso Airport
Verona Italy VRN LIPX Villafranca Airport
Riga Latvia RIX EVRA Riga International Airport
Kaunas Lithuania KUN EYKA Kaunas Airport Base
Palanga Lithuania PLQ EYPA Palanga International Airport
Vilnius Lithuania VNO EYVI Vilnius Airport Base
Luxembourg Luxembourg LUX ELLX Luxembourg Findel Airport
Valletta / Luqa Malta MLA LMML Malta International Airport Base
Agadir Morocco AGA GMAD Al Massira Airport
Fez Morocco FEZ GMFF Saïss Airport Base
Marrakesh Morocco RAK GMMX Menara Airport Base
Nador Morocco NDR GMMW Nador International Airport
Oujda Morocco OUD GMFO Angads Airport
Rabat Morocco RBA GMME Salé Airport
Tangier Morocco TNG GMTT Ibn Battouta Airport
Podgorica Montenegro TGD LYPG Podgorica Airport
Amsterdam Netherlands AMS EHAM Amsterdam Airport Schiphol [24]
Eindhoven Netherlands EIN EHEH Eindhoven Airport Base
Maastricht Netherlands MST EHBK Maastricht Aachen Airport
Haugesund Norway HAU ENHD Haugesund Airport
Oslo Norway OSL ENGM Oslo Gardermoen Airport
Oslo[1][12] Norway TRF ENTO Sandefjord Airport, Torp
Bydgoszcz Poland BZG EPBY Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport
Gdańsk Poland GDN EPGD Lech Wałęsa Airport Base
Katowice Poland KTW EPKT Katowice International Airport
Kraków Poland KRK EPKK John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice Base
Lodz (Łódź) Poland LCJ EPLL Władysław Reymont Airport
Lublin Poland LUZ EPLB Lublin Airport
Olsztyn Poland SZY EPSY Olsztyn-Mazury Airport
Poznań Poland POZ EPPO Ławica Airport
Rzeszów Poland RZE EPRZ Jasionka Airport
Szczecin Poland SZZ EPSC "Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport
Warsaw Poland WAW EPWA Warsaw Chopin Airport
Warsaw Poland WMI EPMO Warsaw Modlin Airport Base
Wrocław Poland WRO EPWR Copernicus Airport Base
Faro Portugal FAO LPFR Faro Airport Base
Lisbon Portugal LIS LPPT Lisbon Airport Base
Ponta Delgada Portugal PDL LPPD João Paulo II Airport Base
Porto Portugal OPO LPPR Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport Base
Terceira Portugal TER LPLA Lajes Field
Bucharest Romania OTP LROP Henri Coandă International Airport Base
Craiova Romania CRA LRCV Craiova International Airport
Oradea Romania OMR LROD Oradea International Airport ^ [25]
Timișoara Romania TSR LRTR Traian Vuia International Airport Base
Niš Serbia INI LYNI Constantine the Great Airport
Bratislava Slovakia BTS LZIB Bratislava Airport Base [26]
Alicante Spain ALC LEAL Alicante–Elche Airport Base
Almería Spain LEI LEAM Almería Airport [S]
Barcelona Spain BCN LEBL Barcelona–El Prat Airport Base
Bilbao Spain BIO LEBB Bilbao Airport [T] [17]
Castellón Spain CDT LECH Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport [27]
Ciudad Real Spain CQM LERL Ciudad Real Central Airport [T] [28]
Fuerteventura Spain FUE GCFV Fuerteventura Airport
Girona Spain GRO LEGE Costa Brava Airport as "Barcelona Girona" Base
Gran Canaria Spain LPA GCLP Gran Canaria Airport Base
Ibiza Spain IBZ LEIB Ibiza Airport Base
Jerez de la Frontera Spain XRY LEJR Jerez Airport
Lanzarote Spain ACE GCRR Lanzarote Airport Base
Madrid Spain MAD LEMD Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport Base
Málaga Spain AGP LEMG Costa del Sol Airport Base
Menorca (Menorca) Spain MAH LEMH Menorca Airport [S]
Murcia Spain MJV LELC San Javier Airport
Palma de Mallorca Spain PMI LEPA Palma de Mallorca Airport as "Mallorca" Base
Reus Spain REU LERS Reus Airport as "Barcelona Reus"
Santander Spain SDR LEXJ Santander Airport
Santiago de Compostela Spain SCQ LEST Santiago de Compostela Airport Base
Seville Spain SVQ LEZL Seville Airport Base
Tenerife Spain TFN GCXO Tenerife North Airport
Tenerife Spain TFS GCTS Tenerife South Airport Base
Valencia Spain VLC LEVC Valencia Airport Base
Valladolid Spain VLL LEVD Valladolid Airport
Vigo Spain VGO LEVX Vigo–Peinador Airport
Vitoria
begins 26 October 2017 Spain VIT LEVT Vitoria Airport ^
Zaragoza Spain ZAZ LEZG Zaragoza Airport
Gothenburg Sweden GOT ESGG Göteborg Landvetter Airport Base [29]
Malmö Sweden MMX ESMS Malmö Airport [T] [3]
Stockholm Sweden NYO ESKN Stockholm Skavsta Airport Base
Stockholm Sweden VST ESOW Stockholm Västerås Airport
Växjö Sweden VXO ESMX Småland Airport
Basel / Mulhouse Switzerland BSL LSZM EuroAirport Basel–Mulhouse–Freiburg
Aberdeen United Kingdom ABZ EGPD Aberdeen Airport
Belfast United Kingdom BFS EGAA Belfast International Airport Base [30]
Birmingham United Kingdom BHX EGBB Birmingham Airport Base
Bournemouth United Kingdom BOH EGHH Bournemouth Airport Seasonal Base
Bristol United Kingdom BRS EGGD Bristol Airport Base
Cardiff United Kingdom CWL EGFF Cardiff Airport
Derry United Kingdom LDY EGAE City of Derry Airport
East Midlands United Kingdom EMA EGNX East Midlands Airport Base
Edinburgh United Kingdom EDI EGPH Edinburgh Airport Base
Glasgow United Kingdom GLA EGPF Glasgow Airport Base
Glasgow[1][12] United Kingdom PIK EGPK Glasgow Prestwick Airport Base
Leeds / Bradford United Kingdom LBA EGNM Leeds/Bradford Airport Base
Liverpool United Kingdom LPL EGGP John Lennon Airport Base
London United Kingdom LGW EGKK Gatwick Airport
London United Kingdom LTN EGGW Luton Airport Base
London United Kingdom STN EGSS Stansted Airport Base
Manchester United Kingdom MAN EGCC Manchester Airport Base
Newquay United Kingdom NQY EGHQ Cornwall Airport
Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom NCL EGNT Newcastle Airport
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Ryanair Timetables". ryanair.com.
Jump up ^ "AIP for BELGIUM (section AD-2.EBCI) valid from 17 AUG 2017". www.belgocontrol.be. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History od Ryanair". Ryanair. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ https://seenews.com/news/ryanair-to-invest-100-mln-8349-mln-euro-in-new-bulgarian-base-583936
Jump up ^ http://corporate.ryanair.com/news/nouvelles/170207-ryanair-lance-son-programme-d-hiver-2017-pour-bruxelles-6-nouvelles-lignes-83-lignes-au-total-8-6-millions-de-clients/?market=fr-be
Jump up ^ "Ryanair to Cancel Flights from Osijek". total-croatia-news.com. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Record Winter 2017 London Schedule Launched". ryanair.com. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ http://yle.fi/uutiset/ryanair_cans_tampere_winter_routes/7926057
Jump up ^ http://biarritz.aeroport.fr/fr/
Jump up ^ http://en.deauville.aeroport.fr/
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2014" (PDF). ryanair.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Airline and Airport Code Search". IATA.org. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ http://strasbourg.aeroport.fr/en
Jump up ^ "Ryanair Opens Toulouse Service from Nov 2016". airlineroute. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ryanair to treble Berlin operation with new base (No 73)". ryanair.com. 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ http://corporate.ryanair.com/news/nachrichten/161102-ryanair-eroffnet-neue-basis-in-frankfurt-am-main-85-basis-insgesamt/?market=de
^ Jump up to: a b "Ryanair Spain Summer 2013 Service Reductions". routesonline.com. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ryanair Cuts Seats to Greece, Stops Flights to Kos". news.gtp.gr. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ http://corporate.ryanair.com/news/news/161223-ryanair-launches-new-paphos-to-tel-aviv-summer-2017-route/?market=cy
Jump up ^ http://www.marcheairport.com/en
Jump up ^ http://www.orioaeroporto.it/en/
Jump up ^ "Ryanair Annuncia La Nuova Rotta Da Napoli A Barcellona" (in Italian). ryanair.com. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ryanair Lancia Le Tariffe Low Cost A Napoli (Base N°16)" (in Italian). ryanair.com. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/ryanair-announces-new-dublin-to-amsterdam-route-1.2338815
Jump up ^ "Ryanair Lansează Tarifele Reduse Din Oradea 2 Rute Noi Către Barcelona Girona Și Milano Bergamo, 60,000 Clienți P.A.". Ryanair.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
Jump up ^ "New Base (No.71) At Bratislava". ryanair.com. 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "London Stansted Winter 2015 Schedule - New Routes To Castellon & Ponta Delgada, More Flights On 23 Routes". ryanair.com. 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ryanair cancela su ruta Ciudad Real-Londres". eldiario.es. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=95&artikel=6201822
Jump up ^ http://corporate.ryanair.com/news/news/160107-new-belfast-base-no-77/?market=en
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryanair_destinations&oldid=801704970"
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text:
List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Elizabeth II
The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of England (871–1707), the Kingdom of Scotland (878–1707), the Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800), and the Principality of Wales (1216–1542).
Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria.[1][2] On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overall
1.1 Gallery
1.2 Elizabeth II
2 Unitary monarchy
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Great Britain
3 Kingdoms
3.1 England
3.2 Scotland
3.3 Ireland
4 Principalities
4.1 Gwynedd
4.2 Wales
5 See also
6 References
Overall[edit]
These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in Britain for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.
No.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
Days
Years, days
1 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 Present 24,177 7004241770000000000♠66 years, 70 days
2 Victoria of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days
3 George III of the United Kingdom 25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years, 96 days
4 James VI of Scotland 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days
5 Henry III of England 18 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,483 56 years, 29 days
6 Edward III of England 25 January 1327 20 June 1377 18,410 50 years, 147 days
7 William I of Scotland 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years, 360 days
8 Llywelyn of Gwynedd 1195 11 April 1240 16,173–16,902 c. 44–45 years
9 Elizabeth I of England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years, 127 days
10 David II of Scotland 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years, 260 days
The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for 64 years, 3 months, and 16 days (17 September 1701 – 1 January 1766).
Gallery[edit]
1 – Elizabeth II
2 – Victoria
3 – George III
4 – James VI
5 – Henry III
6 – Edward III
7 – William I
8 – Llywelyn I
9 – Elizabeth I
10 – David II
Elizabeth II[edit]
On 9 September 2015 (at the age of 89 years, 141 days), Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history.[3][4] On 23 May 2016 (at the age of 90 years, 32 days), her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender").[5] On 13 October 2016 (at the age of 90 years, 175 days), she became the world's longest-reigning current monarch (and the world's longest-serving current head of state) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand.[6][7]
Should she still be reigning on –
18 July 2020 (at age 94 years, 88 days), she will have been queen for 25,000 days.[8]
6 February 2022 (at age 95 years, 291 days), she will celebrate her platinum jubilee, marking 70 years on the throne.[9]
27 May 2024 (at age 98 years, 36 days), she will surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest-reigning monarch of a major European country.[10]
Unitary monarchy[edit]
See also: List of British monarchs
United Kingdom[edit]
On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927[11] following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 Present 24,177 7004241770000000000♠66 years, 70 days
Victoria 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days
George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 9,390 25 years, 259 days
George III [12] 1 January 1801 29 January 1820 6,967 19 years, 28 days
George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 5,535 15 years, 57 days
George IV 29 January 1820 26 June 1830 3,801 10 years, 148 days
Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 3,391 9 years, 104 days
William IV 26 June 1830 20 June 1837 2,551 6 years, 359 days
Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 326 326 days
Great Britain[edit]
On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
George III[12]
(also United Kingdom) 25 October 1760 1 January 1801 14,677 40 years, 68 days
George II 22 June 1727N.S. 25 October 1760 12,168 33 years, 114 days
George I 1 August 1714 11 June 1727 4,697 12 years, 314 days
Anne[13] 1 May 1707 1 August 1714 2,649 7 years, 92 days
Kingdoms[edit]
England[edit]
See also: List of English monarchs
Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Henry III 18 or 19 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,482
or 20,483 56 years, 28 days
or 29 days
Edward III 25 January 1327 21 June 1377 18,410 50 years, 147 days
Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years, 127 days
Henry VI[14] 31 August 1422
31 October 1470
4 March 1461
11 April 1471
14,065
162
Total: 14,227 38 years, 185 days
162 days
38 years, 347 days
Æthelred II[14] 18 March 978
3 February 1014
25 December 1013
23 April 1016
13,065
810
Total: 13,875 35 years, 282 days
2 years, 80 days
37 years, 362 days
Henry VIII 22 April 1509 28 January 1547 13,795 37 years, 281 days
Charles II[15] 30 January 1649 6 February 1685 13,156 36 years, 7 days
Henry I 3 August 1100 1 December 1135 12,903 35 years, 120 days
Henry II
(co-ruler with Henry the Young King) 25 October 1154 6 July 1189 12,673 34 years, 254 days
Edward I 20 November 1272 7 July 1307 12,646 34 years, 229 days
Alfred the Great 24 April 871 26 October 899 10,412 28 years, 185 days
Edward the Elder 27 October 899 17 July 924 9,029 24 years, 264 days
Charles I[16] 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years, 309 days
Henry VII 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 8,642 23 years, 242 days
Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 5 January 1066 8,612 23 years, 211 days
Richard II 22 June 1377 29 September 1399 8,134 22 years, 99 days
James I[17] 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 8,039 22 years, 3 days
Edward IV[14] 4 March 1461
11 April 1471
3 October 1470
9 April 1483
3,500
4,381
Total: 7,881 9 years, 213 days
11 years, 363 days
21 years, 211 days
William I 12 December 1066 9 September 1087 7,563 20 years, 258 days
Edward II 7 July 1307 20 January 1327 7,137 19 years, 197 days
Cnut 30 November 1016 12 November 1035 6,921 18 years, 347 days
Stephen[14] 22 December 1135
1 November 1141
7 April 1141
25 October 1154
1,933
4,741
Total: 6,674 5 years, 106 days
12 years, 358 days
18 years, 99 days
John 6 April 1199 19 October 1216 6,406 17 years, 196 days
Edgar I 1 October 959 8 July 975 5,759 15 years, 280 days
Æthelstan 2 August 924
(or 925) 27 October 939 5,564
or 5,199 15 years, 86 days
or 14 years, 86 days
Henry IV 29 September 1399 20 March 1413 4,920 13 years, 172 days
William III[18]
(co-ruler with Mary II) 13 February 1689 8 March 1702 4,770 13 years, 23 days
Henry the Young King
(co-ruler with Henry II) 14 June 1170 11 June 1183 4,745 12 years, 362 days
William II 9 September 1087 2 August 1100 4,710 12 years, 327 days
Richard I 6 July 1189 6 April 1199 3,561 9 years, 274 days
Eadred 26 May 946 23 November 955 3,468 9 years, 181 days
Henry V 21 March 1413 31 August 1422 3,450 9 years, 163 days
Edmund I 27 October 939 26 May 946 2,403 6 years, 211 days
Edward VI 28 January 1547 6 July 1553 2,351 6 years, 159 days
Mary II[19]
(co-ruler with William III) 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 2,144 5 years, 318 days
Mary I
19 July 1553 17 November 1558 1,947 5 years, 121 days
Anne[13]
(also Kingdom of Great Britain) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years, 53 days
Eadwig 23 November 955 1 October 959 1,408 3 years, 312 days
James II[20] 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 1,404 3 years, 309 days
Edward the Martyr 9 July 975 18 March 978 984 2 years, 253 days
Harold I 12 November 1037 17 March 1040 856 2 years, 126 days
Harthacnut 17 March 1040 8 June 1042 813 2 years, 83 days
Richard III 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 788 2 years, 57 days
Harold II 5 January 1066 14 October 1066 282 282 days
Edmund II 23 April 1016 30 November 1016 221 221 days
Matilda (disputed) 7 April 1141 1 November 1141 208 208 days
Edward V 9 April 1483 26 June 1483 78 78 days
Edgar II 15 October 1066 17 December 1066 63 63 days
Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 3 February 1014 40 40 days
Jane (disputed) 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 9 days
Scotland[edit]
See also: List of Scottish monarchs
Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I (House of Alpin) in 848 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
James VI[17] 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days
William I 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years, 360 days
Constantine II 900 943 c. 15,500 c. 43 years
David II 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years, 260 days
Alexander III 6 July 1249 19 March 1286 13,405 36 years, 256 days
Malcolm III 17 March 1058 13 November 1093 13,025 35 years, 241 days
Alexander II 4 December 1214 6 July 1249 12,633 34 years, 214 days
James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 11,281 30 years, 323 days
Malcolm II 25 March 1005 25 November 1034 10,837 29 years, 245 days
James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 10,688 29 years, 96 days
David I 23 April 1124 24 May 1153 10,623 29 years, 31 days
James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 10,174 27 years, 313 days
Charles II[15] 30 January 1649
29 May 1660
3 September 1651
6 February 1685
946
9,019
Total: 9,965 2 years, 216 days
24 years, 253 days
27 years, 104 days
James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 9,220 25 years, 90 days
Mary I 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 8,988 24 years, 222 days
Charles I[16] 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years, 309 days
Kenneth II 971 995 c. 8,700 c. 23-24 years
James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 8,564 23 years, 164 days
Robert I 25 March 1306 7 June 1329 8,475 23 years, 74 days
Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 6,996 19 years, 56 days
Alexander I 8 January 1107 23 April 1124 6,315 17 years, 106 days
Macbeth 14 August 1040 15 August 1057 6,210 17 years, 1 day
Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 5,828 15 years, 350 days
Constantine I 862 877 c. 5,400 c. 15 years
Kenneth MacAlpin 843 13 February 858 c. 5,100 c. 14 years
William II[18] 11 May 1689 8 March 1702 4,683 12 years, 301 days
Malcolm IV 24 May 1153 9 December 1165 4,582 12 years, 199 days
Giric
(co-ruler with Eochaid?) 878 889 c. 4.000 c. 11 years
Donald II 889 900 c. 4,000 c. 11 years
Malcolm I 943 954 c. 3,600 c. 10-11 years
Edgar 1097 8 January 1107 c. 3,600 c. 10 years
Kenneth III 997 25 March 1005 c. 2,900 c. 8 years
Indulf 954 962 c. 2,700 c. 8 years
Duncan I 25 November 1034 14 August 1040 2,089 5 years, 263 days
Mary II[19] 11 April 1689 28 December 1694 2,087 5 years, 261 days
Amlaíb 971 977 c. 2,000 c. 5-6 years
Anne[13]
(also Kingdom of Great Britain) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years, 53 days
Dub 962 c. 966-967 c. 1,800 c. 5 years
Cuilén c. 966-967 971 c. 1,800 c. 5 years
Domnall mac Ailpín 858 13 April 862 c. 1.300 c. 4 years
James VII[21] 6 February 1685 11 December 1688
(claimed until 16 September 1701.) 1,404
(claimed 6,065.) 3 years, 309 days
claimed 16 years, 222 days
Margaret 25 November 1286 26 September 1290 1,401 3 years, 305 days
John Balliol 17 November 1292 10 July 1296 1,331 3 years, 236 days
Donald III 13 November 1093 1097 c. 1,000 c. 3-4 years
Constantine III 1095 1097 c. 700 c. 2 years
Áed mac Cináeda 877 878 c. 365 c. 1 year
Lulach 15 August 1057 17 March 1058 212 212 days
Duncan II May 1094 12 November 1094 c. 195 "less than 7 months"
Ireland[edit]
See also: Monarchy of Ireland
The High King of Ireland (846–1198) was primarily a titular title (with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first "King of Ireland"). The later Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, the long title of which was "An Act that the King of England, his Heirs and Successors, be Kings of Ireland". In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1166 1193 c. 26-27 years
Edward Bruce (disputed) June 1315 14 October 1318 c. 3 years, 100 days
Brian Ua Néill (disputed) 1258 1260 c. 1-2 years
Principalities[edit]
Gwynedd[edit]
See also: List of rulers of Gwynedd
The Principality (or Kingdom) of Gwynedd (5th century–1216) was based in northwest Wales, its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions. In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales, although the new title was not first used until the 1240s.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Gruffudd ap Cynan 1081 1137 c. 55-56 years
Llywelyn the Great 1195 11 April 1240 >16,172 c. 44-45 years
Owain Gwynedd 1137 1170 >11,688 c. 33 years
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1195 >8,766 c. 25 years
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1170 <1 year
Wales[edit]
See also: List of Princes of Wales
The Principality of Wales (1216–1542) was a client state of England for much of its history, except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales (see House of Aberffraw). From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English (and later British) heir apparent. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1253 11 December 1282 >10,572 c. 29 years
Owain Glyndŵr (disputed) 16 September 1400 c. 1416 >5,585 c. 16 years
Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 25 February 1246 1255 >3,000 c. 9 years
Owain Lawgoch (disputed) May 1372 July 1378 >2,221 c. 6 years
Dafydd ap Llywelyn 12 April 1240 25 February 1246 2,145 5 years, 319 days
Dafydd ap Gruffydd 11 December 1282 3 October 1283 296 296 days
Charles, Prince of Wales, is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, with a tenure of 7004218150000000000♠59 years, 265 days since his proclamation as such in 1958.
See also[edit]
Current reigning monarchs by length of reign
List of British monarchs by longevity
List of British monarchy records
List of longest-reigning monarchs
Line of succession to the British throne
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patricia Treble (30 December 2014). "Palace calculations: Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria". Maclean's. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Website of the British Monarchy". Retrieved 5 September 2015. On 9 September 2015, The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria.
Jump up ^ Warren Gaebel. "Longest Reigning British Monarch". Warren Gaebel. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth is about to become Britain's longest-reigning queen. Here's how she's changed monarchy". The Spectator. 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Famous Stewarts". www.stewartsociety.org. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88". BBC News. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ By PA Oct 13, 2016. "Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand's King Bhumibol dies". Aol.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest-reigning British monarch". Deutsche Welle. 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
Jump up ^ Victoria Arbiter (September 9, 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II: The platinum monarch?". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elledge, Jonn (9 September 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts". New Statesman.
Jump up ^ "Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
^ Jump up to: a b George III, King of Great Britain, became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anne, Queen of England and Queen of Scots, became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Monarch's total length of reign is the sum of the two reigns displayed.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently.
^ Jump up to: a b James VI, King of Scots, became James I, King of England, in 1603.
^ Jump up to: a b William of Orange became William III, King of England, on 13 February 1689 and William II, King of Scots, on 11 May 1689.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689.
Jump up ^ James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scots, concurrently.
Jump up ^ James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scotland, concurrently.
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List of beaches in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Baga Beach in North Goa
This is a list of the notable beaches in India. List is sorted by states anti-clockwise.
Contents
[hide]
1 West coast
1.1 Gujarat
1.2 Maharashtra
1.3 Goa
1.4 Karnataka
1.5 Kerala
2 East coast
2.1 West Bengal
2.2 Odisha
2.3 Andhra Pradesh
2.4 Tamil Nadu
2.5 Pondicherry
3 Others
4 See also
5 References
West coast[edit]
Gujarat[edit]
Tithal Beach
Dumas Beach
The beaches along the western state of Gujarat are:
Dumas Beach
Suvali Beach
Umbharat Beach
Dandi Beach
Dabhari beach
Diu Beach
Tithal Beach
Mandavi Beach
Khambhat Beach
Maharashtra[edit]
The state of Maharashtra has:
Aksa Beach
Alibaug Beach
Gorai Beach
Juhu beach
Manori Beach
Marvé Beach
Versova Beach
Agardanda Beach
Diveagar Beach
Ganpatipule Beach
Guhagar Beach
Kelwa Beach
Tarkarli Beach
Marine Lines Beach
Shivaji Park Beach
Anjarle Beach
Dapoli Beach
Dahanu Beach
Srivardhan beach
Kihim Beach
Mandwa Beach
Velneshwar Beach
Vengurla Beach
Bassein Beach
Bhandarpule Beach
Nagaon Beach
Revdanda Beach
Rewas Beach
Kashid beach
Karde (Murud) beach
Harihareshwar beach
Bagmandla beach
Kelshi beach
Harnai beach
Bordi Beach
Ratnagiri beach
Awas Beach
Sasawne Beach
Malvan Beach
Goa[edit]
See also: List of beaches in Goa
Palolem Beach
The beaches in the state of Goa are listed below:[1]
Agonda Beach
Arambol Beach
Benaulim Beach
Cavelossim Beach
Chapora Beach
Mandrem Beach
Palolem Beach
Varca Beach
Baga Beach
Candolim Beach
Calangute Beach
Colva Beach
Miramar Beach, Goa
Karnataka[edit]
Sunset at Panambur Beach, Mangalore
Malpe Beach, Udupi, India
See also: List of beaches in Karnataka
Karwar Beach
Kudle beach
Panambur Beach
NITK Beach
Sasihithlu Beach
Maravanthe Beach
Tannirubhavi Beach
Malpe Beach
Murudeshwara Beach
Apsarakonda Beach
Om Beach, Gokarna
Kaup Beach
Someshwar Beach
St Mary's Island Beach
Mukka Beach
Ullal beach
Kerala[edit]
See also: Beaches in Kerala
Kollam Beach
Alappuzha Beach
Bekal Fort Beach
Chavakkad Beach
Cherai Beach
Fort Kochi beach
Kollam Beach
Kanhangad Beach
Marari beach
Meenkunnu Beach
Muzhappilangad Beach
Payyambalam Beach
Saddam Beach
Shangumughom Beach
Snehatheeram Beach
Thekkumbhagam-Kappil Beach
Thirumullavaram Beach
Kovalam Beach
Kannur Beach
Kappad Beach
Verkala Beach[1]
East coast[edit]
The Indian East Coast starts with West Bengal and extends further through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and finally ends in Tamil Nadu.
West Bengal[edit]
Beaches in West Bengal are:
Henry Island Beach
Bakkhali sea beach
Gangasagar Sea Beach
Junput beach
Mandarmani beach
Shankarpur Beach
Tajpur beach
Digha Sea Beach
Odisha[edit]
The beaches in Odisha are:
Puri Sea Beach at Sunrise
Talsari Beach
Dagara beach
Chandipur-on-sea
Gahirmatha Beach
Satabhaya beach
Pentha Sea Beach[2]
Hukitola beach
Paradeep sea beach
Astaranga beach
Beleswar beach
Konark Beach
Chandrabhaga beach
Ramachandi beach
Puri Beach
Satpada beach
Parikud beach
Ganjam beach
Aryapalli beach
Gopalpur-on-Sea
Dhabaleshwar beach
Ramayapatnam Beach
Sonapur beach
Andhra Pradesh[edit]
See also: Beaches of Andhra Pradesh
(Bay of Bengal) Beach view from Tenneti Park, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
The following are the beaches in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Bheemili Beach
Kalingapatnam Beach
Koduru beach
Manginapudi Beach
Mypadu Beach
Perupalem Beach
Rama Puram Beach
Ramakrishna Mission Beach
Rushikonda Beach
Sagarnagar beach
Suryalanka Beach
Tenneti Park Beach
Uppada Beach
Vodarevu Beach
Yarada Beach
Antarvedi Beach
Tamil Nadu[edit]
A view of the Marina Beach, Chennai
The beaches in the southern state of Tamil Nadu are:[1]
Marina Beach
Edward Elliot's Beach
Golden Beach, Chennai
Silver Beach
Covelong Beach
Mahabalipuram Beach
Ariyaman/kushi Beach, Rameswaram
Pamban Beach, Rameswaram
Dhanushkodi Beach
Velankanni Beach
Sothavilai Beach
Kanyakumari Beach
Vattakotai Beach
Sanguthurai Beach
Tiruchendur Beach
Poompuhar beach
View of Pamban Beach, Rameswaram
Pondicherry[edit]
Promenade Beach
Karaikal Beach
Yanam Beach
Auroville Beach
Paradise Beach
Serenity Beach
Others[edit]
Radhanagar Beach, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Bangaram beach, Lakshadweep islands
See also[edit]
List of beaches
Beach Destinations In India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sun, Sea and Sand: Top 10 must-visit beaches in India". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pentha+Sea+Beach,+Padmanavpatna,+Odisha+754225/@20.5386662,86.7883534,16z/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a1ba45334c95e35:0xdf7eda4430e4b0ea
Wikimedia Commons has media related to beaches of India.
[show]
v
t
e
Geography of India
Climate
Climate
Climatic regions
Geology
Fossil Parks
Geology of India
Indian Plate
Stones
Landforms
Beaches
Canals
Desert
Extreme points
Glaciers
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Valleys
Volcanoes
Waterfalls
Plains
Indo-Gangetic
Eastern Coastal
Western Coastal
Regions
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
Central India
Subdivisions
Autonomous administrative divisions
States and territories
Districts
Cities
Towns
Municipalities
Environment
Biogeographic classification
Ecoregions
Fauna
Flora
Forests
Issues
Protected Areas
Wildlife
[show]
v
t
e
List of beaches in Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
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Books of the Bible
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the edition of the Bible without chapters and verses, see The Books of the Bible.
Part of a series on the
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Different religious groups include different books in their Biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to the 81 books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon.
The Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching"); the Nevi'im ("prophets"); and the Ketuvim ("writings"). The first part of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently.
The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation.
The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Christian churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books. The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book it is included here.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
1.1 Hebrew Bible
1.2 Protocanonical books of the Old Testament
1.3 Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament
1.3.1 Eastern Orthodox
1.3.2 Syriac Orthodox
1.3.3 Ethiopian Orthodox
1.4 Table
2 New Testament
2.1 Chart notes
3 Diagram of the development of the Old Testament
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Hebrew Bible and Old Testament[edit]
Hebrew Bible[edit]
See also: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Hebrew Bible
Rabbinic Judaism recognizes the 24 books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, as authoritative.[1] There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140-40 BCE),[2] while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.[3] Most conservative scholars believe that the Torah was canonized c. 400 BCE, the Prophets c. 200 BCE, and the Writings c. 100 CE,[4] perhaps at a Council of Jamnia as concluded by Heinrich Graetz in 1871. The Council of Jamnia theory is increasingly rejected by most liberal scholars.[3][5][6][7][8]
Protocanonical books of the Old Testament[edit]
Main articles: Development of the Old Testament canon and Christian biblical canons
Protestants and Catholics[9] use the Masoretic Text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books (those accepted as canonical by both Jews and all Christians), with various changes derived from a multiplicity of other ancient sources (such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books.
The Eastern Orthodox use the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical books—to use both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations into the vernacular.[10][11] Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.[12]
Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament[edit]
Main articles: Deuterocanonical books, Biblical apocrypha, and Pseudepigraph
These books, which were largely written during the intertestamental period, are called the Biblical apocrypha ("hidden things") by Protestants, the deuterocanon ("second canon") by Catholics, and the deuterocanon or anagignoskomena ("worthy of reading") by Orthodox. These are works recognized by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches as being part of scripture (and thus deuterocanonical rather than apocryphal), but Protestants do not recognize them as divinely inspired. Orthodox differentiate scriptural books by omitting these (and others) from corporate worship and from use as a sole basis for doctrine.[citation needed]
Many recognize them as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. Anglicanism considers the apocrypha worthy of being "read for example of life" but not to be used "to establish any doctrine."[13] Luther made a parallel statement in calling them: "not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but...useful and good to read."[14]
The difference in canons derives from the difference in the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint. Books found in both the Hebrew and the Greek are accepted by all denominations, and by Jews, these are the protocanonical books. Catholics and Orthodox also accept those books present in manuscripts of the Septuagint, an ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament with great currency among the Jews of the ancient world, with the coda that Catholics consider 3 Esdras and 3 Maccabees apocryphal.
Most quotations of the Old Testament in the New Testament, differing by varying degrees from the Masoretic Text, are taken from the Septuagint. Daniel was written several hundred years after the time of Ezra, and since that time several books of the Septuagint have been found in the original Hebrew, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Cairo Geniza, and at Masada, including a Hebrew text of Sirach (Qumran, Masada) and an Aramaic text of Tobit (Qumran); the additions to Esther and Daniel are also in their respective Semitic languages.
The unanimous consensus of modern (and ancient) scholars consider several other books, including 1 Maccabees and Judith, to have been composed in Hebrew or Aramaic.[citation needed] Opinion is divided on the book of Baruch, while it is acknowledged that the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Wisdom of Solomon, and 2 Maccabees are originally Greek compositions.
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon
Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)
Baruch with the Letter of Jeremiah
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Additions to Daniel:[15]
The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
Story of Susanna
Bel and the Dragon
Eastern Orthodox[edit]
Additional books accepted by the Eastern Orthodox:
1 Esdras/3 Esdras[16]
2 Esdras/4 Esdras (in an appendix to the Slavonic Bible)
Prayer of Manasseh
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees (in an appendix to the Greek Bible)
Psalm 151 (in the Septuagint)
Odes
Syriac Orthodox[edit]
Additional books accepted by the Syriac Orthodox Church (due to inclusion in the Peshitta):
2 Baruch with the Letter of Baruch (only the letter has achieved canonical status)
Psalms 152–155 (not canonical)
Ethiopian Orthodox[edit]
The Ethiopian Tewahedo church accepts all of the deuterocanonical books of Catholicism and anagignoskomena of Eastern Orthodoxy except for the four Books of Maccabees.[17] It accepts the 39 protocanonical books along with the following books, called the "narrow canon".[18] The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.[19]
4 Baruch or the Paralipomena of Jeremiah
1 Enoch
Jubilees
1 Meqabyan
2 Meqabyan
3 Meqabyan
The Ethiopian broader Biblical Canon
Table[edit]
The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the New American Bible Revised Edition, Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version. The spelling and names in both the 1609–1610 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions that derive from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[20]
For the Orthodox canon, Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. For the Catholic canon, the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. Likewise, the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah).
In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations (e.g., the New American Bible, Jerusalem Bible, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g., 1 Chronicles, as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon, 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings, instead of 1-4 Kings) in those books universally considered canonical—the protocanonicals.
The Talmud in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim. This order is also quoted in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7:15. The order of the books of the Torah are universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity.
The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles. Catholics, following the Canon of Trent (1546), describe these books as deuterocanonical, while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions; the German Luther Bible included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.[13]
Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.
Tanakh
(Jewish Bible)
(24 books)[21]
Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim
Protestant
Old Testament
(39 books)
Catholic
Old Testament
(46 books)
Eastern Orthodox
Old Testament
(51 books)
Original language
Torah
Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses
Bereishit Genesis Genesis Genesis Hebrew
Shemot Exodus Exodus Exodus Hebrew
Vayikra Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Hebrew
Bamidbar Numbers Numbers Numbers Hebrew
Devarim Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Hebrew
Nevi'im (Prophets)
Historical books
Yehoshua Joshua Joshua (Josue) Joshua (Iesous) Hebrew
Shofetim Judges Judges Judges Hebrew
Rut (Ruth)[22] Ruth Ruth Ruth Hebrew
Shemuel 1 Samuel 1 Samuel (1 Kings)[23] 1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
2 Samuel 2 Samuel (2 Kings)[23] 2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
Melakhim 1 Kings 1 Kings (3 Kings)[23] 1 Kings (3 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
2 Kings 2 Kings (4 Kings)[23] 2 Kings (4 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles)[22] 1 Chronicles 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon) 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon) Hebrew
2 Chronicles 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon) 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon) Hebrew
1 Esdras Greek
Ezra-Nehemiah[22] Ezra Ezra (1 Esdras) Ezra (2 Esdras)[24][25] Hebrew and Aramaic
Nehemiah Nehemiah (2 Esdras) Nehemiah (2 Esdras)[24][25] Hebrew
Tobit (Tobias) Tobit (Tobias) Aramaic (and Hebrew?)
Judith Judith Hebrew
Esther[22] Esther Esther[26] Esther[26] Hebrew
1 Maccabees (1 Machabees)[27] 1 Maccabees Hebrew
2 Maccabees (2 Machabees)[27] 2 Maccabees Greek
3 Maccabees Greek
4 Maccabees[28] Greek
Ketuvim (Writings) Wisdom books
Iyov (Job)[22] Job Job Job Hebrew
Tehillim (Psalms)[22] Psalms Psalms Psalms[29] Hebrew
Prayer of Manasseh Greek
Mishlei (Proverbs)[22] Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs Hebrew
Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes)[22] Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Hebrew
Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs)[22] Song of Solomon Song of Songs (Canticle of Canticles) Song of Songs (Aisma Aismaton) Hebrew
Wisdom Wisdom Greek
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) Sirach Hebrew
Nevi'im (Latter Prophets) Major prophets
Yeshayahu Isaiah Isaiah (Isaias) Isaiah Hebrew
Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Jeremiah (Jeremias) Jeremiah Hebrew and Aramaic
Eikhah (Lamentations)[22] Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations Hebrew
Baruch with Letter of Jeremiah as the 6th Chapter [30] Baruch[30] Hebrew[31]
Letter of Jeremiah as standalone book [32] Greek (majority view)[33]
Yekhezqel Ezekiel Ezekiel (Ezechiel) Ezekiel Hebrew
Daniel[22] Daniel Daniel[34] Daniel[34] Hebrew and Aramaic
Twelve Minor Prophets
The Twelve
or
Trei Asar Hosea Hosea (Osee) Hosea Hebrew
Joel Joel Joel Hebrew
Amos Amos Amos Hebrew
Obadiah Obadiah (Abdias) Obadiah Hebrew
Jonah Jonah (Jonas) Jonah Hebrew
Micah Micah (Micheas) Micah Hebrew
Nahum Nahum Nahum Hebrew
Habakkuk Habakkuk (Habacuc) Habakkuk Hebrew
Zephaniah Zephaniah (Sophonias) Zephaniah Hebrew
Haggai Haggai (Aggeus) Haggai Hebrew
Zechariah Zechariah (Zacharias) Zechariah Hebrew
Malachi Malachi (Malachias) Malachi Hebrew
Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate, formerly the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.
Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible
Name in Vulgate
Name in Eastern Orthodox use
3 Esdras 1 Esdras
4 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151) Psalm 151
New Testament[edit]
See also: Christian biblical canons, Development of the New Testament canon, New Testament apocrypha, Antilegomena, and Template:Books of the New Testament
In general, among Christian denominations, the New Testament canon is an agreed-upon list of 27 books. The chart below shows the arrangement of the New Testament books regarded as the correct order in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions.[N 1] However, the Slavonic, Armenian, and Ethiopian traditions have different New Testament book orders.
Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant,
and most Oriental Orthodox Original language
(Koine Greek)
Canonical Gospels
Matthew Greek (majority view: see note)[N 2][35][36][37]
Mark Greek
Luke Greek
John Greek
Apostolic History
Acts Greek
Pauline Epistles
Romans Greek
1 Corinthians Greek
2 Corinthians Greek
Galatians Greek
Ephesians Greek
Philippians Greek
Colossians Greek
1 Thessalonians Greek
2 Thessalonians Greek
1 Timothy Greek
2 Timothy Greek
Titus Greek
Philemon Greek
Hebrews[N 1] Greek[38]
General Epistles
James[N 1] Greek
1 Peter Greek
2 Peter[N 3] Greek
1 John Greek
2 John[N 3] Greek
3 John[N 3] Greek
Jude[N 1] [N 3] Greek
Apocalypse
Revelation[N 1] [N 3] Greek
Chart notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Four New Testament works were questioned or "spoken against" by Martin Luther, and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any Lutheran body since. Traditional German "Luther Bibles" are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Luther Bible" order.
Jump up ^ See Rabbinical translations of Matthew. Most modern scholars consider the Gospel of Matthew to have been composed in Koine Greek, see Language of the New Testament. According to tradition as expressed by Papias of Hierapolis, writing in the late first or early second centuries, the Gospel was originally composed in the "Hebrew dialect" (which at the time was largely the related Aramaic) and then translated into Greek (Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical History", 3.39.15-16; Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion 30:3). According to Jerome, Hebrew manuscripts of Matthew were extant while he was translating the Vulgate: "Matthew ... composed a gospel of Christ at first published in Judea in Hebrew for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed, but this was afterwards translated into Greek though by what author is uncertain. The Hebrew itself has been preserved until the present day in the library at Caesarea, which Pamphilus so diligently gathered (St Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Chapter 3).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Peshitta, the traditional Syriac Bible, excludes 2 Peter, 2–3 John, Jude, and Revelation, but Bibles of the modern Syriac Orthodox Church include later translations of those books. Still today the lectionary followed by the Syrian Orthodox Church, present lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta.
Diagram of the development of the Old Testament[edit]
The books of the Old Testament, showing their positions in both the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible, shown with their names in Hebrew) and Christian Bibles. The Deuterocanon or Apocrypha are colored differently from the Protocanon (the Hebrew Bible books considered canonical by all).
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Book: Abrahamic religions
Book: Christianity
Book: Judaism
Authorship of the Bible
Bible
Bible citation
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Darshan, G. “The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods,”, in: M.R. Niehoff (ed.), Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters: Between Literary and Religious Concerns (JSRC 16), Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 221–244
Jump up ^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald & Sanders, The Canon Debate, 2002, page 5, cited are Neusner's Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine, pages 128–145, and Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism, pages 1–22.
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders, page 4
Jump up ^ W. M. Christie, The Jamnia Period in Jewish History (PDF), Biblical Studies.org.uk
Jump up ^ Jack P. Lewis (April 1964), "What Do We Mean by Jabneh?", Journal of Bible and Religion, 32, No. 2, Oxford University Press, pp. 125–132, JSTOR 1460205
Jump up ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. III, pp. 634–7 (New York 1992).
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders, editors, The Canon Debate, 2002, chapter 9: Jamnia Revisited by Jack P. Lewis.
Jump up ^ Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (7 May 2001). "Liturgiam Authenticam" (in Latin and English). Vatican City. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Canon 24. 'Furthermore, it is not permissible that the translations be produced from other translations already made into other languages; rather, the new translations must be made directly from the original texts, namely ... the Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, as the case may be, as regards the texts of Sacred Scripture.'
Jump up ^ Ware, Timothy (1993). The Orthodox Church: New Edition. Penguin Books. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1.
Jump up ^ "Introduction". Orthodox Study Bible (Annotated ed.). Nashville, TN, USA: Thomas Nelson. 2008. p. 1824. ISBN 978-0-7180-0359-3.
Jump up ^ McLay, R. Timothy (2004). The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research. Wm. B. Eerdman's. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8028-6091-0.
^ Jump up to: a b The foundational Thirty-Nine Articles of Anglicanism, in Article VI, asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy, ("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8-9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" —The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments Archived February 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.), the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles.
Jump up ^ Samuel Fallows; et al., eds. (1910) [1901]. The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes. The Howard-Severance company. p. 521.
Jump up ^ Prayer of Azariah, Bel, and Susanna are often enumerated as one book, "Additions to Daniel"
Jump up ^ Including what is known as 5 Ezra (ch. 1-2) and 6 Ezra (ch. 15-16); only chapters 3-14 are denoted 4 Ezra proper in critical editions; the full book of 16 chapters is often printed as one work, "2 Esdras" or "4 Esdras", in popular editions. See Wikipedia's article on the naming conventions of all of the Books of Ezra (and Nehemiah). The naming conventions of the various deuterocanonical and apocryphal Books of Ezra/Esdras are different in every tradition (Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant). Critical editions generally have settled on the Vulgate naming conventions, where Ezra and Nehemiah were 1 and 2 Esdras, Esdras A is 3 Esdras, and the Latin Apocalypse of Ezra is 4 Esdras (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha).
Jump up ^ According to some enumerations, including Ecclesiasticus, Judith, Tobit, 1 Esdras, 4 Ezra (not including chs. 1-2 or 15-16), Wisdom, the rest of Daniel, Baruch, and 1-2 Maccabees
Jump up ^ These books are accounted pseudepigrapha by all other Christian groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Introduction)
Jump up ^ "The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today". Islamic-awareness.org. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such Ecclesiasticus (DRC) instead of Sirach (LXX) or Ben Sira (Hebrew), Paralipomenon (Greek, meaning "things omitted") instead of Chronicles, Sophonias instead of Zephaniah, Noe instead of Noah, Henoch instead of Enoch, Messias instead of Messiah, Sion instead of Zion, etc.
Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament, only divided and ordered differently: the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books, and in Hebrew Bibles, one book called "The Twelve". Likewise, Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books, either 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings or 1-4 Kings: Jewish Bibles divide these into two books. The Jews likewise keep 1-2 Chronicles/Paralipomenon as one book. Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible, as they are in many Orthodox Bibles, instead of divided into two books, as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This book is part of the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish canon. They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition, much like the Orthodox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.
^ Jump up to: a b Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and the Hebrew bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.
^ Jump up to: a b The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.
^ Jump up to: a b The Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles, 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix.
Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh, not present in all canons.
^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.
Jump up ^ Britannica 1911
Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.
Jump up ^ Hebrew (minority view); see Letter of Jeremiah for details.
^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3:23-24. Susanna is included as Daniel 13. Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.
Jump up ^ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 3, Chapter 39.15-16
Jump up ^ Hieronymous (St Jerome), Eusebius Sophronius (1999). On Illustrious Men (Fathers of the Church). The Catholic University of America Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8132-0100-9.
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff (editors), Church Fathers; Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson (1994). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Series II, Volume VI: Jerome, Letters and Select Works. Hendrickson. p. 8000. ISBN 978-1-56563-116-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Contemporary scholars believe the Hebrews to have been written in Greek, though a minority believe it was originally written in Hebrew, then translated into Greek by Luke. See Wikipedia's New Testament article.
External links[edit]
Old Testament Reading Room & New Testament Reading Room: Online resources referenced by Tyndale Seminary
The Canon of Scripture – a Catholic perspective
Table of Tanakh Books[dead link] – includes Latin, English, Hebrew and abbreviated names (from Tel Aviv University).
Judaica Press Translation – Online Jewish translation of the books of the Bible.[permanent dead link] The Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary.
(in Old Church Slavonic) Slavonic Bible
Books of the Apocrypha (from the UMC)
Western Armenian Bible (an essay, with full official canon at the end)
H. Schumacher, The Canon of the New Testament (London 1923), pp. 84–94.
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