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Mariana Trench
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This article is about the deep sea trench. For the Canadian band named after the geological formation, see Marianas Trench (band).
Coordinates: 11°21′N 142°12′E / 11.350°N 142.200°E / 11.350; 142.200
Location of the Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench[1] is the deepest part of the world's oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, an average of 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the east of the Mariana Islands, in the Western Pacific east of Philippines. It is a crescent-shaped scar in the Earth's crust, and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) long and 69 km (43 mi) wide on average. It reaches a maximum-known depth of 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) (± 40 metres [130 ft]) at a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep, at its southern end,[2] although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres (36,201 ft).[3] For comparison: if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) underwater. In 2009, the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument.[4]
At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%, so that 95 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface. The temperature at the top is 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).[5]
The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the center of the Earth. This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; its radius is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) less at the poles than at the equator.[6] As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) closer to the Earth's center than the Challenger Deep seafloor.
Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of 10.6 kilometres (6.6 mi) below the sea surface.[7] On 17 March 2013, researchers from the Scottish Association for Marine Science reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Names
2 Geology
3 Measurements
3.1 Descents
3.2 Planned descents
4 Life
4.1 Pollution
5 Possible nuclear waste disposal site
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Names[edit]
The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands (in turn named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria, widow of Philip IV of Spain). The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana Plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench.
Geology[edit]
The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana Plate, creating the Mariana trench, and (further on) the arc of the Mariana islands, as water trapped in the plate is released and explodes upward to form island volcanoes and earthquakes .
The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates. In this system, the western edge of one plate, the Pacific Plate, is subducted (i.e., thrust) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west. Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth (up to 170 million years old), and is therefore cooler and more dense; hence its great height difference relative to the higher-riding (and younger) Mariana Plate. The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper.
The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. These volcanic islands are caused by Flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate.
Measurements[edit]
See also: Challenger Deep
The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875, using a weighted rope, which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms (8,184 metres; 26,850 feet).[10] In 1877, a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Deep map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding. In 1899, USS Nero, a converted collier, recorded a depth of 5,269 fathoms (9,636 metres; 31,614 feet).[11]
In 1951, Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms (10,900 metres; 35,760 feet) at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250, known as the Challenger Deep.[12]
In 1957, the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of 11,034 metres (36,201 ft) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.[3]
In 1962, the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of 10,915 metres (35,810 ft) using precision depth gauges.
In 1984, the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres (35,840 ft), also reported as 10,920 metres (35,830 ft) ±10 m (33 ft).[13] Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) on March 24, 1995.[14]
During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.[15]
On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water, mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana (mothership of the Nereus vehicle), indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 metres (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres (72 ft)).[16][17]
In 2011, it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to 100 metres (330 ft) resolution.[2] The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts.[18]
The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle. Using both ocean-bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as 97 kilometres (60 mi) beneath the surface.[19]
Descents[edit]
The bathyscaphe Trieste (designed by Auguste Piccard), the first manned vehicle to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench.[20]
Four descents have been achieved. The first was the manned descent by Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy-owned bathyscaphe Trieste which reached the bottom at 1:06 pm on 23 January 1960, with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board.[12][21] Iron shot was used for ballast, with gasoline for buoyancy.[12] The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m (37,799 ft), but this was later revised to 10,916 m (35,814 ft).[22] The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed.[21]
This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009. The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 m (35,768 to 35,814 ft). The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012. On 26 March, he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger.[23][24][25]
In July 2015, members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oregon State University, and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, never having deployed one past a mile. The titanium-shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under.[26] Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November, the data capacity was full within the first 23 days. After months of analyzing the sounds, the experts were surprised to pick up natural and man-made sounds such as boats, earthquakes, a typhoon, and baleen whales.[27] Due to the mission's success, the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time.
Planned descents[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)
As of February 2012[update], at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed.[28] DOER Marine, a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992, plans for a crew of two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed.[29]
Life[edit]
The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed, with great surprise because of the high pressure, large creatures living at the bottom, such as a flatfish about 30 cm (12 in) long,[22] and shrimp.[30] According to Piccard, "The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze".[22] Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.[31][32] During the second expedition, the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed.[33] Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples.
In July 2011, a research expedition deployed untethered landers, called dropcams, equipped with digital video and lights to explore this region of the deep sea. Amongst many other living organisms, some gigantic single-celled amoebas with a size of more than 10 cm (4 in), belonging to the class of xenophyophores were observed.[34] Xenophyophores are noteworthy for their size, their extreme abundance on the seafloor and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms.
In December 2014, a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft), breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video.[35]
During the 2014 expedition, several new species were filmed including huge crustaceans known as supergiants. Deep-sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives.[35]
In May 2017 an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,178 metres (26,800 ft).[36]
Pollution[edit]
In 2016, a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from a range of 7,841–10,250 metres within the trench. Within these organisms, the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs, a chemical toxin banned for its environmental harm in the 1970s, concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench.[37]
Possible nuclear waste disposal site[edit]
Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal,[38][39] in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law.[38][39][40] Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes, the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long-term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem.[39]
See also[edit]
Oceania portal
Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, United States national monument at the trench. This National Monument protects 95,216 square miles (246,610 km2) of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes some of the Mariana Trench, but not the deepest part, the Challenger Deep, which lies just outside the monument area.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "NGA GeoNames Search". National Geospatial Agency. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scientists map Mariana Trench, deepest known section of ocean in the world". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "About the Monument – Mariana Trench". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Jump up ^ infoplease.com – The Temperature in the Mariana Trench, read 2012-05-13
Jump up ^ David R. Williams (17 November 2010).Earth Fact Sheet. National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoeba found in Mariana Trench – 6.6 miles beneath the sea". Los Angeles Times. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013). "Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth". Nature Geoscience. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..284G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1773. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "About the Mariana Trench – DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition". Deepseachallenge.com. 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Mariana Trench – Exploration". marianatrench.com.
Jump up ^ Tani, S. "Continental shelf survey of Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Development and Construction of Launcher System of 10000m‐Class Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (16 July 2003). "Sea floor survey reveals deep hole". BBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Duncan Geere (7 February 2012). "Four 'bridges' span the Mariana Trench". Wired. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seismic Survey at the Mariana Trench Will Follow Water Dragged Down Into the Earth's Mantle". ScienceDaily. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Strickland, Eliza (2012-02-29). "Don Walsh Describes the Trip to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench – IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NOAA Ocean Explorer: History: Quotations: Soundings, Sea-Bottom, and Geophysics". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov.
Jump up ^ AP Staff (25 March 2012). "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth". MSNBC. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (25 March 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Than, Ker (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Kate (2016), “Eerie sounds from the bottom of the Earth”, News.com.au.
Jump up ^ Chappell, Bill (4 March 2016). "Deep-Sea Audio Recordings Reveal A Noisy Mariana Trench, Surprising Scientists". The Two-Way: Breaking News from NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Triton Submarines". Tritonsubs.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "DOER Marine". DOER Marine. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bathyscaphe Trieste | Mariana Trench | Challenger Deep". Geology.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "James Cameron dives deep for Avatar", Guardian, 18 January 2011
Jump up ^ "James Cameron heads into the abyss", Nature, 19 March 2012
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2009). Seven Natural Wonders of the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Oceans. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-8225-9075-1. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoebas discovered in the deepest ocean trench". Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-09). "New record for deepest fish". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded". CBC News. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Alan J.; Malkocs, Tamas; Piertney, Stuart B.; Fujii, Toyonobu; Zhang, Zulin (2017-02-13). "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0051. ISSN 2397-334X.
^ Jump up to: a b Hafemeister, David W. (2007). Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy. Berlin: Springer. p. 187. ISBN 0-387-95560-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kingsley, Marvin G.; Rogers, Kenneth H. (2007). Calculated risks: highly radioactive waste and homeland security. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-7546-7133-X.
Jump up ^ "Dumping and Loss overview". Oceans in the Nuclear Age. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariana Trench.
Mariana Trench Dive (25 March 2012) – Deepsea Challenger.
Mariana Trench Dive (23 January 1960) – Trieste (Newsreel).
Mariana Trench Dive (50th Anniv) – Trieste – Capt Don Walsh.
Mariana Trench – Maps (Google).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer (Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Multimedia – Mariana Arc (podcast).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Video Playlist – Ring of Fire (2004–2006).
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Cat's in the Cradle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the CSI episode, see Cats in the Cradle (CSI).
Not to be confused with Cat's cradle (disambiguation).
"Cat's in the Cradle"
Side-A label of the U. S. vinyl single
Single by Harry Chapin
from the album Verities & Balderdash
B-side
"Vacancy"
Released
October 1, 1974
Format
7" vinyl, CD
Recorded
1973
Genre
Folk rock, soft rock[1]
Length
3:44
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Harry Chapin
Sandra Chapin
Producer(s)
Paul Leka
Harry Chapin singles chronology
"WOLD"
(1973) "Cat's in the Cradle"
(1974) "I Wanna Learn a Love Song"
(1974)
"WOLD"
(1973) "Cat's in the Cradle"
(1974) "I Wanna Learn a Love Song"
(1974)
"Cat's in the Cradle" (spelled "Cats in the Cradle" in Ugly Kid Joe's version) is a 1974 folk rock song by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash. The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1974. As Chapin's only No. 1 hit song, it became the best known of his work and a staple for folk rock music. Chapin's recording of the song was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Ugly Kid Joe version
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Other uses
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The song's lyrics began as a poem written by Harry's wife, Sandra "Sandy" Gaston; the poem itself was inspired by the awkward relationship between her first husband, James Cashmore, and his father, John, a politician who served as Brooklyn Borough President. She was also inspired by a country music song she had heard on the radio.[4] Chapin also said the song was about his own relationship with his son, Josh, admitting, "Frankly, this song scares me to death."[5]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974–75)
Peak
position
Australia[6] 6
Canada Top Singles[7] 3
Canada Adult Contemporary[8] 7
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Easy Listening[9] 6
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[10] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Canada [11] 99
Chart (1975)
Rank
Australia[6] 51
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[12] 38
Preceded by
"Kung Fu Fighting" by Carl Douglas Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
December 21, 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"Angie Baby" by Helen Reddy
Ugly Kid Joe version[edit]
"Cats in the Cradle"
Single by Ugly Kid Joe
from the album America's Least Wanted
Released
March 25, 1993
Recorded
1992
Genre
Hard rock, pop rock
Length
4:01
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Harry Chapin
Sandra Chapin
Producer(s)
Mark Dodson
Ugly Kid Joe singles chronology
"So Damn Cool"
(1992) "Cats in the Cradle"
(1993) "Busy Bee"
(1993)
"So Damn Cool"
(1992) "Cats in the Cradle"
(1993) "Busy Bee"
(1993)
In 1992, the hard rock band Ugly Kid Joe included a cover of the song, renamed "Cats in the Cradle", on their debut album America's Least Wanted. The cover was issued as a single in 1993 and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, the group's highest ever position on that chart.[13] The song also peaked at number three on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The single sold 500,000 copies domestically, earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.[14][15]
In Chapin's version, the chorus changes from "when you coming home, dad?" to "when you coming home, son?", as the child grows up, and the situation changes from a busy father neglecting his son to a busy son neglecting his father. In Ugly Kid Joe's version, all the choruses use the same words with a subtle change from "When you coming home? Son, I don't know when", to "When you coming home, son? I don't know when."
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6
UK 7
Germany[16] 10
Austria 7
Switzerland 5
Dutch Top 40 12
Belgium 20
France 28
Sweden 4
Norway 2
Australia 1
New Zealand 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[17] 79
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18] 24
Preceded by
"You Don't Treat Me No Good" by Sonia Dada Australia ARIA Singles Chart number-one single (Ugly Kid Joe version)
27 March 1993 (one week) Succeeded by
"Are You Gonna Go My Way" by Lenny Kravitz
Other uses[edit]
Johnny Cash made his own version in his album Boom Chika Boom (1989).[19]
In 1993 a version of the song was used in an anti-paramilitary advert commissioned by the Northern Ireland Office titled “I Wanna Be Like You”.[20][21]
A version of this song was recorded as "Just Like Me" by DMC featuring Sarah McLachlan. This version used the same melody and almost the same chorus lyrics, but with entirely revised lyrics in the verses so as to make the song about DMC's adoption and feelings towards his birth mother. The recording appeared on DMC's 2006 album Checks Thugs and Rock n Roll as well as McLachlan's 2008 compilation Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2.
The song is also used in the enhanced version of the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V in the songlist for the game's Los Santos Rock Radio station.[22]
The song is referenced in the titles of the Boy Meets World episodes "I'm Gonna be Like You, Dad" and "We'll Have a Good Time Then".
Quitline uses the song to enforce the notion of premature death of parents because of their smoking habits[23].
A version by singer Joseph Angel is used for a 2017 TV commercial for TD Ameritrade[24].
In the episode "St. Patrick's Day" (S6E19) of The Office (US), Dwight Schrute uses the song to lay a guilt trip on Jim Halpert for returning to work while his wife and newborn are at home.
The song features heavily in The Goldbergs episode, “In Conclusion – Thanksgiving
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum.com. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Awards: Best Pop Solo Performance". Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame List". Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Mike Grayeb. "Behind the Song: Cats in the Cradle". Harrychapin.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Chapin's opening commentary at Soundstage and live performance of the song: "Cat's In The Cradle"". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Item: 7096 - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart". Billboard. 1974-11-23. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (September 13, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1975/Top 100 Songs of 1975". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Artist Search for "ugly kid joe"". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1993". Billboard. BPI Communications. 106 (3): 73. January 15, 1994. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Ugly Kid Joe – Cats in the Cradle". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ "Cats In The Cradle von Ugly Kid Joe". Chartsurfer.de. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993". RPM. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1993". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ HardyzGuy25 (2008-07-22), Cat's In The Cradle-Johnny Cash, retrieved 2016-08-11
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Adrian (30 January 2016). "Eerily prophetic Troubles ad that shocked us in 1993 gets 500,000 views in one day". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Doherty, Malachi (30 January 2016). "Landmark in NIO propaganda that showed us how bad Troubles were". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Matt (2014-11-18). "Here's all 162 new songs in the refreshed GTA 5 soundtrack". VG247.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Youtube: Quitline". 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "TD Ameritrade TV Commercial, 'Cat's in the Cradle' Song by Joseph Angel". 11 June 2017. .
External links[edit]
Lyrics at The Harry Chapin Archive
Guitar Tabs and Chords at Fretbase
[show]
v
t
e
Harry Chapin
Ron Palmer
Tim Scott
John Wallace
Stephen Chapin
Tom Chapin
Mike Masters
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Short Stories
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Portrait Gallery
On the Road to Kingdom Come
Dance Band on the Titanic
Living Room Suite
Sequel
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Posthumously Produced
Harry Chapin Tribute
The Last Protest Singer
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Bottom Line Archive Series: Live 1981
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Introducing... Harry Chapin
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"Taxi"
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"I Wanna Learn a Love Song"
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"Sequel"
Other songs
"30,000 Pounds of Bananas"
"A Better Place to Be"
"Corey's Coming"
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"The Mayor of Candor Lied"
"Mr. Tanner"
"Six String Orchestra"
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Related articles
Discography
The Night That Made America Famous
[show]
v
t
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Ricky Skaggs
Studio albums
That's It
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Waitin' for the Sun to Shine
Family & Friends
Highways & Heartaches
Don't Cheat in Our Hometown
Country Boy
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Comin' Home to Stay
Kentucky Thunder
My Father's Son
Solid Ground
Life Is a Journey
Big Mon: The Songs of Bill Monroe
Ricky Skaggs and Friends Sing the Songs of Bill Monroe
Solo (Songs My Dad Loved)
Mosaic
Country Hits Bluegrass Style
Collaborative albums
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One Way Track
Skaggs & Rice
Bluegrass Rules!
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History of the Future
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"You May See Me Walkin'"
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"You've Got a Lover"
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"Uncle Pen"
"Something in My Heart"
"Country Boy"
"You Make Me Feel Like a Man"
"Cajun Moon"
"I've Got a New Heartache"
"Love's Gonna Get You Someday"
"Love Can't Ever Get Better Than This" (with Sharon White)
"Thanks Again"
"Lovin' Only Me"
"Let It Be You"
"Heartbreak Hurricane"
"Hummingbird"
"He Was On to Somethin' (So He Made You)"
"Life's Too Long (To Live Like This)"
"Same Ol' Love"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
Related articles
Discography
Mark O'Connor
"Make You Mine"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat%27s_in_the_Cradle&oldid=827902076"
Categories:
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text:
If Not for You (album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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If Not for You
Studio album by Olivia Newton-John
Released
November 1971
Recorded
1971 at Abbey Road Studios, London[1]
Genre
Country pop, folk
Length
35:54
Label
Festival
Producer
John Farrar, Bruce Welch
Olivia Newton-John chronology
If Not for You
(1971) Olivia
(1972)
Singles from If Not for You
"If Not for You"
Released: March 1971
"Banks of the Ohio"
Released: October 1971
If Not for You is the debut studio album by British-Australian singer-songwriter Olivia Newton-John, released in November 1971 by Festival Records. The album was released on the Pye International label in the UK as Olivia Newton-John, with a slightly different cover. As a covers album, If Not for You features mostly songs previously recorded from contemporary artists of the 1960s and early 1970s. She made several performances to promote If Not for You and her follow-up album, Olivia, including an international tour with British singer Cliff Richard. It was her first album released by Festival Records, which would release all her albums in Australia until its dissolution in 2005. It also has Newton-John's first works with her long-time musical partner, John Farrar.
Contents
1 Background and development
2 Promotion
2.1 Singles
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Releases
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts
8.1 Charts
8.2 Certifications
8.3 Singles
9 References
10 External links
Background and development[edit]
Bruce Welch (right), with Cliff Richard (center) and Hank Marvin (left) in 2009. Welch produced Newton-John's first two albums.
In 1966, Newton-John released her debut single, "Till You Say You'll Be Mine" (with "For Ever" as B-side), by Decca Records.[2] Later, she integrated the band Toomorrow, which released a film and its soundtrack in 1970. After these failed attempts to launch her career, she signed with Festival Records to release an album. If Not for You was titled after its successful lead single of the same name and was recorded in London, where Newton-John resided at the time. She later stated that she didn't like the song, but praised its production.[3] The majority of musicians who played on If Not for You were linked with the music group Marvin, Welch & Farrar. The group members John Farrar and Bruce Welch produced the album.[4] Welch was her boyfriend at the time and Farrar is the husband of Australian singer Pat Carroll, a personal friend of Olivia's, and toured with her in England at clubs and bars as "Pat and Olivia" in 1966. Farrar would establish a partnership with Newton-John, producing all her studio albums from If Not for You until Soul Kiss, released in 1985. He also composed, played and did background vocals on several Newton-John songs.[5] Three additional songs were recorded by Newton-John, but were discarded during the album creation process: "The Biggest Clown", "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye" and "Would You Follow Me". The first was released on "If Not for You" single, the second was released on the "Love Song" promo single and later on the 48 Original Tracks compilation album and the third was released on some pressings of "Banks of the Ohio" single and also on 48 Original Tracks.[6][7][8]
The album features covers of Kris Kristofferson ("Me and Bobby McGee"), Bread ("If"), The Band ("In a Station"), Lesley Duncan ("Love Song" and "Lullaby"), Kris Kristofferson ("Help Me Make It Through the Night"), Bob Dylan ("If Not for You"), Brotherhood of Man ("Where Are You Going to My Love"), Gordon Lightfoot ("If You Could Read My Mind") and Tom Rush ("No Regrets"). "Banks of the Ohio" is a traditional song that had an arrangement made by Farrar and Welch.[4]
Promotion[edit]
Newton-John made several appearances on television programs across Europe and her homeland Australia between 1971–72. She also made an appearance on The Dean Martin Show, singing "If" and a medley featuring "Just a Little Lovin'" / "True Love" with Dean Martin, which became her first performance in the United States.[3][9] In 1972, she embarked on a tour across Europe and Japan with Cliff Richard to promote If Not for You and Olivia, known as The Cliff Richard Show / If Not for You Tour. Olivia performed some songs and also sang backing vocals on Cliff's songs with Pat Carroll.[10] Richard performances were released on the Cliff Richard Live! album.[11] She also made performances on Richard's program It's Cliff Richard and starred with him in the special Getaway with Cliff and the film The Case, all broadcast on BBC.[12]
Singles[edit]
"If Not for You"
"If Not for You" was the lead single from the album. The first hit record by Newton-John, it entered the top ten on the UK Singles Chart.
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"If Not for You", the title track, was released as the lead single. The song peaked at number six on the UK Singles Charts and number fourteen on Australia's Go-Set singles chart.[13][14] It was also an unexpected hit in North America, peaking at number twenty-five on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number eighteen on Canada's RPM top singles chart.[15] The single was Newton-John's first number one on the US Top Easy Listening chart (now Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks).[16] The second and last single, "Banks of the Ohio", was another success in the United Kingdom (peaking at number six)[13] and Australia (Newton-John's first number one hit in the country),[17] but failed to reach the top forty in Canada and United States, peaking at number sixty-six and ninety-four, respectively.[16][18]
To promote the album and Newton-John's image, the promotional singles "If You Could Read My Mind" (with "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye" as the B-side)[19] and "Love Song" (with "If" as the B-side)[7] were released in selected European countries. A German language version of "Banks of the Ohio", titled "Unten Am Fluss, Der Ohio Heisst", was also released.[20]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [16]
Joe Viglione from AllMusic gave a positive review from the album, giving it four out five stars. He commented that "it would be a mistake to think these [songs] are all mere 'covers.' The production and arrangements by Bruce Welch and John Farrar are innovative and worthwhile." Viglione also praised Newton-John's performance, stating: "After all her own hit records, hearing this superstar sing so many familiar tunes, and performing them so well, is utterly charming."[16]
Commercial performance[edit]
In Australia, the album debuted at number sixteen in the week of 22 January 1972.[21] If Not for You peaked at number fourteen the next week, staying four weeks on the chart and earning a platinum certification.[22][23] Despite the lack of promotion in the country the album made a minor impact in the United States, peaking at number one hundred and fifty-eight on the Billboard 200.[16] In the United Kingdom, where the album hit two singles in the top ten, If Not for You failed to chart.
Releases[edit]
The album was originally released on cassette and LP.[24] The American edition, released by Uni Records prior to its merger with the Decca and Kapp labels to form MCA Records, went out of print following the release of Newton-John's 1973 album, Let Me Be There, and became a rare collector's item. However, the original American edition of Let Me Be There features six tracks from If Not for You.[25] The album was first released on CD in Japan in 1990 as part of the EMI PASTMASTERS series (Cat.# CP21-6074). The album was simply called Olivia Newton-John, which was the full title of the original vinyl / cassette release in England in 1971. (It was initially released as Olivia Newton-John in England, and If Not for You in foreign territories, including the US and Australia.) This EMI 1990 CD release did not feature any of the original album artwork. Instead, the front cover photo is a "live" picture of Olivia from a 1977 appearance in Japan. The packaging included a Japanese-language obi, and a folded white paper insert, containing all the song lyrics in English on one side, and in Japanese on the other. In Australia, Festival Records re-released the album on CD in 1993 and also in a digitally remastered edition along with other albums of Newton-John's discography in 1998. In this latter case, at least the first run of the remastered CD release (Festival Cat.# D34320 / D19809) was seriously botched. The first track on the album, "Me and Bobby McGee", was missing entirely from the CD; thus the CD started with the Bread cover, "If", and contained only 11 of the 12 songs. Further, three of the latter songs on this release were mis-sequenced. However, the CD labeling lists all 12 original songs in their original sequence. However, the overall sonic quality of the 1998 remastered edition was praised.[24]
Track listing[edit]
All songs produced by John Farrar and Bruce Welch.
Side one
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Me and Bobby McGee" Kris Kristofferson, Fred Foster 3:46
2. "If" David Gates 2:40
3. "Banks of the Ohio" Traditional (arranged by Bruce Welch and John Farrar) 3:15
4. "In a Station" Richard Manuel 3:07
5. "Love Song" Lesley Duncan 3:44
6. "Help Me Make It Through the Night" Kristofferson 2:19
Side two
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
7. "If Not for You" Bob Dylan 2:50
8. "Where Are You Going to My Love" Billy Day, John Goodison, Mike Leslie, Tony Hiller 3:27
9. "Lullaby" Duncan 3:01
10. "If You Could Read My Mind" Gordon Lightfoot 3:41
11. "If I Gotta Leave" Hiller, Paul Curtis 2:40
12. "No Regrets" Tom Rush 3:24
Total length: 35:54
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[4]
Olivia Newton-John - vocals
John Farrar - guitar
Herbie Flowers - bass guitar
Brian Bennett - drums, percussion
Alan Hawkshaw - keyboards
Dave Richmond - bass guitar
Peter Vince - engineering
Bruce Welch - arranger, composer
Production
John Farrar – arranger, producer
Alan Hawkshaw – swing arrangements
Bruce Welch – arranger, producer
Design
David Steen – photography
Doug McKenzie – photography
Record company
Festival Records – record label, Australia copyright owner (1971)
Pye International Records – record label, U.K. copyright owner (1971)
Uni Records – record label, U.S. copyright owner (1971)
Universal Music Group – international distributor, record label, international copyright owner (1996)
Charts[edit]
Charts[edit]
Charts (1971–72)
Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart[22] 14
US Billboard 200[16] 158
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certifications
Australia Platinum[23]
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
AUS
[14][17]
BEL
(Vl)
[26]
CAN
GER
[27]
NL
[28]
NOR
[29]
UK
[13]
US
Top 100
[15][18]
AC
[30]
Hot 100
[16]
AC
[16]
1971 "If Not for You" 14 29 18 11 — 11 6 7 25 1
"Banks of the Ohio" 1 — 66 — 13 — — 6 94 34
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://brianbennettmusic.co.uk/music/not-olivia-newton-john/
Jump up ^ "Discogs: "Till You Say You'll Be Mine" — Olivia Newton-John".
^ Jump up to: a b ": Olivia Newton-John interview (August 30, 1994)".
^ Jump up to: a b c If Not for You (Liner notes). Olivia Newton-John. Festival Records. 1971. SITFL-934,320.
Jump up ^ "Allmusic: John Farrar biography".
Jump up ^ "Discogs: "If Not for You" — Olivia Newton-John".
^ Jump up to: a b "Discogs: "Love Song" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Discogs: "Banks of the Ohio" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Youtube: Dean Martin & Olivia Newton-John on The Dean Martin Show".
Jump up ^ "Only Olivia: Cliff Richard Japanese Tour".
Jump up ^ "Discogs: Cliff Richard Live! — Cliff Richard".
Jump up ^ "IMDB: Olivia Newton-John".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chart Stats: Olivia Newton-John UK chart history". Archived from the original on 2 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pop Archives: Go-Set National Top 40 (November 13, 1971)".
^ Jump up to: a b "Collections Canada: RPM Top 100 Singles (September 11, 1971)".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Viglione, Joe. "Olivia Newton-John – If Not for You". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pop Archives: Go-Set National Top 60 (June 12, 1971)".
^ Jump up to: a b "Collections Canada: RPM Top 100 Singles (November 20, 1971)".
Jump up ^ "Discogs: "If You Could Read My Mind" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Discogs: "Unten Am Fluss, Der Ohio Heisst" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Pop Archives: Go-Set Top 20 Albums (January 22, 1972)".
^ Jump up to: a b "Pop Archives: Go-Set Top 20 Albums (January 29, 1972)". Archived from the original on 19 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc)|format= requires |url= (help). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Discogs: If Not for You — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "OliviaNewton-John.com: Let Me Be There (1973)".
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be (Flanders): "If Not for You" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Charts.de: "Banks of the Ohio" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Dutch Top 40 (April 3, 1971)".
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com: "If Not for You" — Olivia Newton-John".
Jump up ^ "Collections Canada: RPM MOR Playlist (July 10, 1971)".
External links[edit]
Newton-John's official site > Discography > If Not for You
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"Banks of the Ohio"
"What Is Life"
"Just a Little Too Much"
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"Let Me Be There"
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"When You Wish upon a Star"
"The Grease Megamix"
"Mickey (Chew Fu Fix)"
Featured singles
"I Can't Help It"
"You Have to Believe"
Other songs
"Lift Me Up"
Concert tours
Totally Hot World Tour
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30 Musical Years Tour
Heartstrings World Tour
2006 World Tour
Grace and Gratitude Tour
Body Heart & Spirit Tour
An Evening with ONJ
2010 World Tour
2011 United States Tour
A Summer Night with ONJ
Summer Nights
Two Strong Hearts Live
Related articles
Toomorrow (soundtrack)
Olivia Newton-John: Hopelessly Devoted to You
Max Born
Pat Carrol
John Farrar
Tottie Goldsmith
Chloe Rose Lattanzi (daughter)
Matt Lattanzi (first husband)
Emerson Newton-John (nephew)
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