text:
Military service
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For recruitment for military employment, see Military recruitment. For state-mandated military service, see Conscription. For the feudal institution, see Knight-service.
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
Some nations (e.g., Mexico) require a specific amount of military service from every citizen, except for special cases, such as physical or mental disorders or religious beliefs. Most countries that use conscription systems only conscript men; a few countries also conscript women.[citation needed] For example, China, North Korea, Israel, Eritrea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Libya and Peru conscript both men and women.[1] Some nations with conscription systems do not enforce them (see below).
Nations which conscript for military service typically also rely on citizens choosing to join the armed forces as a career.[2]
Some nations with armed forces do not conscript their personnel (e.g. most NATO and European Union states). Instead, they promote military careers to attract and select recruits; see military recruitment. Some of these nations reserve the right in law to conscript personnel in the future.[citation needed]
Some, usually smaller, nations have no armed forces at all, or rely on an armed domestic security force (e.g. police, coast guard).
No armed forces
No enforced conscription
Active draft system, but less than 20% of the whole age group are conscripted
Plan to abolish conscription in the near future
Conscription
No information
Timetable of military duties, Switzerland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary of countries
1.1 No defence forces
1.2 No enforced conscription
1.3 Both compulsory and voluntary military service
1.4 Selective conscription
1.5 Civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service option
1.6 Military service limited to 1 year or less
1.7 Military service limited to 18 months
1.8 Military service longer than 18 months
1.9 Conscription to be abolished in the near future
1.10 Compulsory military service for women
2 Countries without mandatory military service
2.1 Albania
2.2 Argentina
2.3 Australia
2.4 Barbados
2.5 Belgium
2.6 Belize
2.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2.8 Bulgaria
2.9 Canada
2.10 Chile
2.11 China, People's Republic of
2.12 Costa Rica
2.13 Croatia
2.14 Czech Republic
2.15 France
2.16 Germany
2.17 Hungary
2.18 India
2.19 Iraq
2.20 Ireland
2.21 Italy
2.22 Jamaica
2.23 Japan
2.24 Latvia
2.25 Lebanon
2.26 Luxembourg
2.27 Republic of Macedonia
2.28 Mauritius
2.29 Montenegro
2.30 Morocco
2.31 Netherlands
2.32 New Zealand
2.33 Pakistan
2.34 Panama
2.35 Peru
2.36 Poland
2.37 Portugal
2.38 Romania
2.39 Serbia
2.40 Slovakia
2.41 Slovenia
2.42 South Africa
2.43 Spain
2.44 Sri Lanka
2.45 Sweden
2.46 Tanzania
2.47 United Kingdom
2.48 United States
3 Countries with mandatory military service
3.1 Armenia
3.2 Austria
3.3 Belarus
3.4 Azerbaijan
3.5 Bermuda
3.6 Brazil
3.7 Myanmar (Burma)
3.8 Cyprus
3.9 Denmark
3.10 Egypt
3.11 Finland
3.12 Greece
3.12.1 Conscientious objection to military service in Greece
3.13 Iran
3.14 Israel
3.15 North Korea
3.16 South Korea
3.16.1 Compensation
3.17 Mexico
3.18 Norway
3.19 Russia
3.20 Singapore
3.21 Switzerland
3.22 Republic of China (ROC)
3.23 Thailand
3.24 Tunisia
3.25 Turkey
3.26 Ukraine
3.27 United Arab Emirates
4 In Religion
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Summary of countries[edit]
In this summary, 195 countries are included.[3][4][5][6]
No defence forces[edit]
Main article: List of countries without armed forces
The following nineteen countries have been identified as having no defence forces or as having no standing army but having very limited military forces:
Andorra
Costa Rica
Dominica
Federated States of Micronesia
Grenada
Haiti*
Iceland*
Kiribati
Liechtenstein
Marshall Islands
Mauritius*
Monaco*
Nauru
Palau
Panama*
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu*
Vatican City*
* Countries having no standing army, but having very limited military forces.
No enforced conscription[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following 105 countries have been identified as having no enforced conscription:
Afghanistan
Albania
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Belize
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China (de facto)
Comoros
Congo
Croatia
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Ethiopia
Fiji
France
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Germany
Guyana
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malawi
Maldives
Malta
Mauritania
Morocco
Montenegro
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Tanzania
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
United Kingdom
United States (de facto)
Uruguay
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Both compulsory and voluntary military service[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following ten countries and colonies have been identified as having both compulsory and voluntary military service:
Bermuda
Burundi
Cape Verde
Colombia[7]
Kuwait
Mali
Mauritania
Singapore
Sweden
Thailand
Venezuela
United States of America – While the United States does not technically have compulsory military service, all men between 18-25 must register in the Selective Service System so that conscription can be ready should the need for it arise.
Selective conscription[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following 13 countries have been identified as having selective conscription:
Benin
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Mexico
Niger
Senegal
Taiwan
Togo
Vietnam
Civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service option[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following thirteen countries have been identified as having a civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service optional alternative to compulsory military service:
Angola
Austria (9 months civilian, 6 armed)
Belarus
Cyprus (18 months civilian, 14 armed)
Denmark
Estonia
Finland (12 months civilian, unarmed 9 months, armed 6, 9 or 12 months)
Iran (22 months including 2 months of armed training)
Mexico
Norway
Paraguay
Russia
Switzerland (390 days civilian, 260 armed)
Israel
Sweden
Military service limited to 1 year or less[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following twenty-one countries have been identified as having compulsory military service limited to 1 year or less:
Algeria (12 months)
Bolivia (12 months)
Brazil (9–12 months, can be extended to a max of 7 years; the conscript may be discharged by excess of contingent)
Cape Verde (12–14 months, selective)
Colombia (12–24 months)
Cyprus (14 months, civilian or non-combatant option available for 18 months)
Ecuador (12 months)
Greece (9 months)
Guatemala (12–24 months)
Kazakhstan (12 months)
Moldova (12 months)
Mongolia (12 months)
Paraguay (12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy)
Qatar (3–4 months)
Russia (12 months)
Sweden (9–11 months)
Taiwan (12 months, selective)
Tunisia (12 months)
Turkey (6–12 months)
Uzbekistan (12 months)
UAE (1 year, for High school diploma holders, who may also do service after further study)
Estonia (8 – 11 months)
Military service limited to 18 months[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following 8 countries have been identified to having compulsory military service limited to 18 months or less:
Azerbaijan (12 or 18 month)
Benin
Cambodia
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt (14 months service minimum obligation)
Georgia
Kuwait
Laos
Military service longer than 18 months[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following thirty-two countries have been identified as having compulsory military service terms longer than 18 months:
Armenia (2 years)
Angola (2 years, civilian or non-combatant option available)
Central African Republic (2 years, selective)
Chad (2 years men, 1 year women. Civil service available only for women )
Cuba (2 years)
Eritrea (see Eritrean Defence Forces#National service Official only 18 months, in practice indefinite)
Equatorial Guinea (2 years, selective)
Guinea (2 years, selective)
Guinea-Bissau (2 years, selective)
Iran (2 years)
Israel (32 months for men, 24 months for women)[8]
North Korea (11 years for men, 7 years for women)[9][10][11][12]
South Korea (21 months for Army, 21 months for Marines, 23 months for Navy, 24 months for Air Force and Social Service, 30, 34, 36 months special Social Service)
Kyrgyzstan (2 years)
Libya (2 years)
Mali (2 years, selective)
Mauritania (2 years in the Army. Navy & Air force are voluntary)
Mozambique (2 years)
Myanmar
Niger (2 years, selective)
São Tomé and Príncipe (2 years)
Senegal (2 years, selective)
Singapore (22 months, without regard to Full-Time National Service in the Singapore Civil Defence Force or Singapore Police Force, under the Ministry of Home Affairs)[13]
Somalia (uncertain)
Syria (24 months Army & Air force, 18 months in the Navy)
Sudan (1–2 years, both sexes)
Tajikistan (2 years)
Thailand (2 years for involuntarily drafted men, 6 months for volunteers)
Turkmenistan (2 years)
Togo (2 years, selective)
UAE (2 years, for High school dropouts)
Vietnam (2 years since 2016, selective)
Yemen (2 years service minimum obligation)
Conscription to be abolished in the near future[edit]
As of 2015[update], three countries have been identified as intending to abolish conscription in the near future:
Ukraine (may not be abolished due to War in Donbass)
Kazakhstan
Georgia [14]
Compulsory military service for women[edit]
Cuba
Israel
Norway
North Korea
Tunisia
Eritrea
Sweden Bill introduced; has yet to pass or be signed into law.[15] Sweden was set to implement female conscription in 2010 in lieu of sexism challenges and had drafted a law to be passed mandating female conscription, but instead opted to do away with male conscription, which technically can still call on males in cases of emergencies.[16]
Countries without mandatory military service[edit]
Compulsory military service has declined considerably since 1970. A 2016 study finds "that the probability of a shorter military service time is positively associated with smaller country populations, smaller lagged army sizes, increases in primary schooling among young males, and having common law legal origins."[17]
Albania[edit]
Albania had compulsory military service. Albania's armed forces announced an objective to create a professional army by the end of 2010.[18]
Argentina[edit]
Argentina suspended military conscription in 1995 and replaced it with a voluntary military service, yet those already in service had to finish their time in service.[19]
This came as a result of political and social distrust of the military, dwindling budgets which forced the military to induct fewer conscripts every year, the experience of the 1982 Falklands War which proved the superiority of professional servicemen over conscripts and a series of conscription-related brutality scandals which came to a head with the murder of Private Omar Carrasco at an Army base in 1994, following a brutal disciplinary action.
It should be noted that military conscription has not been abolished; the Mandatory Military Service Law is still in the books and might be enforced in times of war, crisis or national emergency.
Conscription was known in Argentina as la colimba. The word colimba is a composite word made from the initial syllables of the verbs correr (to run), limpiar (to clean) and barrer (to sweep), as it was perceived that all a conscript did during service was running, cleaning and sweeping. Conscripts themselves were known and referred to as "colimbas".
Australia[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Australia
Voluntary service in the Boer War (1899-1902) was initially from a number of the separate colonies before federation in 1901 and later volunteers were deployed as an Australian force. Two conscription referendums were defeated during World War 1. Military service during WW1 was voluntary (1st AIF) as was service in WW2 (2nd AIF). Volunteer militia units (part-time civilian soldiers) were to be used only within the Commonwealth of Australia but in 1942 some militia units were deployed to Papua New Guinea, as it was considered part of Australia at that time, to fight the advancing and later withdrawing Japanese invasion army. Various levels of conscription (National Service) were in force during the 1950s but only for service in Australia during times of conflicts but the (Vietnam War) saw NS deployed to war with over 500 KIA and thousands WIA with about half of the casualties being NS. The Vietnam War was lost on 1 May 1975 over three years after the ADF withdrew in late 1971. All forms of conscription were abolished by the Whitlam Government in later 1972.[20]
Barbados[edit]
Barbados has no conscription.[21] The country has set the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the Barbados Defence Force at 18. Younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent.
Belgium[edit]
Belgium suspended conscription on 31 December 1992 by amending the 1962 Law on Conscription, which became applicable only to conscripts drafted in 1993 and earlier. In practice this meant that the law no longer applied to those born in 1975 and later. Since 1 March 1995 the Belgian armed forces consist of professional volunteers only.[22]
Belize[edit]
Belize has set minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the Armed Forces at 18. (According to the Section 16 of the Defense Act of the Defence Ordinance of 1977.) Conscription has never been prescribed in the Defense Act, but is at the Governor General’s discretion.
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
Bosnia and Herzegovina abolished compulsory military service as of 1 January 2007.[23]
Bulgaria[edit]
Bulgaria abolished compulsory military service. The last conscripts were sent home on 25 November 2007.[24][25][26]
Previously there was mandatory military service for male citizens from eighteen to twenty-seven years of age. Duration of the service depended on the degree of education. For citizens studying for or holding a bachelor's degree or higher the service was six months, and for citizens with no higher education it was nine months.[27] The duration of service was two years in 1992, and was dropping steadily, until it was finally abolished.
Canada[edit]
Main articles: Conscription Crisis of 1917 and Conscription Crisis of 1944
In Canada, conscription has never taken place in peacetime. Conscription became a very controversial issue during both World War I and World War II, especially in the province of Quebec.
Chile[edit]
All Chilean men between 17 and 24 years are eligible for military service. At first instance, military service is voluntary and then mandatory if quotas necessary for the armed forces are not completed.The general direction of national mobilization (In Spanish Dirección general de Movilización Nacional DGMN) is responsible for the recruitment of volunteers and conscripts.[28]
China, People's Republic of[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
At present, military conscription only exists in theory and has done so since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Due to China's huge population and therefore[citation needed] the large number of individuals who volunteer to join the regular armed forces, universal military conscription has never been enforced.
Every Chinese citizen, both male and female, who attend further education are required to attend a military training period of around 20 days as a part of a military education.[clarification needed]
Conscription is enshrined in Article 55 of the Constitution, which states: "It is a sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend his or her motherland and resist invasion. It is an honored Obligation of the citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and to join the militia forces".[29]
As of 1998, the legal basis of conscription was stated to be the 1984 Military Service Law, which describes military service as a duty for "all citizens without distinction of race (...) and religious creed".[citation needed] This law has not been amended since it came into effect.[29] Military service is normally performed in the regular armed forces but the 1984 law does allow for conscription into the reserve forces in times of national emergency.[citation needed]
Citizens of the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, as of 1997 and 1999, respectively, are not permitted to join the Chinese military; however, the defence of these two regions are protected by the Chinese military.[citation needed]
Costa Rica[edit]
Costa Rica abolished its military in 1948. See Military of Costa Rica
Croatia[edit]
On 3 October 2007, the government proposed to the parliament of the Republic of Croatia a decision to suspend all compulsory military service. This was supported by President Stjepan Mesić, and after a vote in the parliament on 5 October 2007, the decision became official. As of 1 January 2008, obligatory military (or civil) service is replaced with voluntary military service.[30]
Czech Republic[edit]
The Czech Republic abolished compulsory military service on 31 December 2004.[31][32]
France[edit]
Modern conscription was invented during the French Revolution, when the Republic wanted a stronger defense and to expand its radical ideas throughout Europe. The 1798 Jourdan Act stated: "Any Frenchman is a soldier and owes himself to the defense of the nation". Thus Napoleon Bonaparte could create afterward the Grande Armée with which he set out on the first large intra-European war.
France suspended peacetime military conscription in 1996, while those born before 1979 had to complete their service;[33] since the Algerian War (1954–62), conscripts had not been deployed abroad or in war zones, except those volunteering for such deployments.
Germany[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Germany
On 15 November 2010, the German government voted in favour of suspending universal conscription with the aim of establishing a professional army by 1 July 2011. The last conscripts were drafted on 1 January 2011.[34]
Hungary[edit]
Hungary abolished mandatory military service by November 2004, after the parliament had modified the constitution, ending a long-standing political dispute. To restore drafting, a two-thirds vote in parliament is needed, which is unlikely in the short term. As of 2011[update], the country is developing a professional army, with strong emphasis on "contract soldiers" who voluntarily serve 4+4 years for a wage.[citation needed]
In December 2011, the National Assembly re-established the possibility of mandatory military service for every male citizen - with Hungarian address - between the age of 18 and the age of 40. Even though drafting is still banned in peace time, the listing of citizens fit for military service starts in January 2012. According to the legislation, the conscripts can only be drafted in "state of emergency" or as defensive measure, the National Assembly can authorise drafting.[35]
India[edit]
India has never had mandatory military service, either under British rule or since independence in 1947. In WWII the Indian Army became the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in size. And it has since maintained the world's third largest army and the world's largest all volunteer army.
Iraq[edit]
Saddam Hussein's large Iraqi army was largely composed of conscripts, except for the elite Republican Guard. About 20,000-35,000 conscripts died during the First Persian Gulf War, also known as Operation Desert Storm. In the intervening years, Iraq's military suffered from decay and poor leadership, but there was still compulsory service. Note: One of voluntary program was "Ashbal Saddam" known as "Saddam's Cubs" where children were trained to defend Iraq through "toughening" exercises such as firearms training and dismembering live chickens with their teeth. Following the Second Persian Gulf War where the original military was disbanded, the Iraqi Army was recreated as a volunteer force with training overseen at first by the Coalition Provisional Authority and later by the American presence.
Ireland[edit]
The whole island of Ireland was exempted from UK First World War conscription in 1916, but in April 1918 new legislation empowered the UK government to extend it to Ireland. Although the government never implemented this legislation, it led to a Conscription Crisis in Ireland and politically pushed the country further to seek its independence from the UK. Since independence in 1922, the Irish Defence Forces have always been fully voluntary, and the state's foreign policy includes "military neutrality".[36]
Italy[edit]
See also: Compulsory military service in Italy
Italy had mandatory military service, for men only, until 31 December 2004. The right to conscientious objection was legally recognized in 1972 so that a "non armed military service", or a community service, could be authorised as an alternative to those who required it.[37]
The Italian Parliament approved the suspension of the mandatory military service in August 2004, with effect starting from 1 January 2005, and the Italian armed forces will now be entirely composed of professional volunteer troops, both male and female,[38] except in case of war or serious international military crisis, when conscription can be implemented.
Jamaica[edit]
In Jamaica the military service is voluntary from 18 years of age up. Younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent.
Japan[edit]
Conscription was enforced during the Japanese Militarism in Second World War . Japan's Self Defense Forces have been a volunteer force since their establishment in the 1950s, following the end of the Allied occupation.
Latvia[edit]
Latvia abolished compulsory military service on 1 January 2007.[39]
Lebanon[edit]
See also: Lebanese Armed Forces § Conscription
Lebanon previously had mandatory military service of one year for men. On 4 May 2005, a new conscription system was adopted, making for a six-month service, and pledging to end conscription within two years. By 10 February 2007 it did.
Luxembourg[edit]
Luxembourg has a military ground force (army) composed of career officers and volunteers.[40] Compulsory military service (conscription) existed between 1944 and 1967.[41]
Republic of Macedonia[edit]
Republic of Macedonia abolished compulsory military service as of October 2006.[42]
Mauritius[edit]
Main article: Military of Mauritius
Mauritius does not have a standing army but operates a paramilitary service manned by volunteering Police officers known as the Special Mobile Force.
Montenegro[edit]
President of Montenegro Filip Vujanović has, as of 30 August 2006, abolished conscription for the military.
Morocco[edit]
Morocco eliminated compulsory military service as of 31 August 2006.[43]
Netherlands[edit]
Main article: Conscription in the Netherlands
The Netherlands established conscription for a territorial militia in 1814, simultaneously establishing a standing army which was to be manned by volunteers only. However, lack of sufficient volunteers caused the two components to be merged in 1819 into a "cadre-militia" army, in which the bulk of troops were conscripts, led by professional officers and NCOs. This system remained in use until the end of the Cold War. Between 1991 and 1996, the Dutch armed forces phased out their conscript personnel and converted to an all-volunteer force. The last conscript troops were inducted in 1995 and demobilized in 1996. Formally, the Netherlands has not abolished conscription; that is to say, the laws and systems which provide for the conscription of armed forces personnel remain in place, and Dutch citizens can still, theoretically, be mobilized in the event of a national emergency.
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: Compulsory Military Training in New Zealand
Conscription of men into the armed forces of New Zealand came into effect in two periods, from 1912 to 1930 and from 1940 until it was abolished in 1972.
Pakistan[edit]
Like India, Pakistan has always maintained a purely volunteer military. However, in the immediate aftermath of independence, and the 1948 war; at a time when the army was just reorganising from a colonial force to a new national army; militias raised for service from, the Frontier, Punjab and Kashmir were often raised from locals tribe; each tribe was given a quota and many of the individuals sent did not "volunteer" in the strictest sense (though many did).
Panama[edit]
Panama officially abolished the entire military in 1992, and transformed it into National Police.
Peru[edit]
Peru abolished conscription in 1999.[44]
Poland[edit]
Poland suspended compulsory military service on 5 December 2008 by the order of the Minister of Defence. Compulsory military service was formally abolished when the Polish parliament amended the conscription law on 9 January 2009; the law came into effect on 11 February 2009.
Portugal[edit]
Portugal abolished compulsory military service on 19 November 2004.[45]
Romania[edit]
Romania suspended compulsory military service on 23 October 2006.[46] This came about due to a 2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. The Romanian Parliament voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalising one of many military modernisation and reform programmes that Romania agreed to when it joined NATO.
Serbia[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Serbia
Serbia abolished compulsory military service on 1 January 2011. Before that, Serbia had compulsory national service for all men aged between 19 and 35. In practice, men over 27 were seldom called up. Service was usually performed after university studies had been completed. The length of service was 12 months, then reduced to 9 months but was reduced to 6 months in 2006. There was also an alternative for conscientious objectors which lasted 9 months. Serbian nationals living outside of the country were still expected to complete national service; however, they could defer it if it would have seriously affected their career in the country where they then resided. This could be done by contacting the embassy in the country of residence (if under 27), or done by contacting the army directly (if over 27).
Slovakia[edit]
Slovakia abolished compulsory military service on 1 January 2006.
Slovenia[edit]
Slovenia's Government of Prime Minister Anton Rop abolished mandatory military service on 9 September 2003.[47]
South Africa[edit]
South Africa under the apartheid system had two years of compulsory military service for white men, followed by camps at intervals. This was abolished in 1994. See End Conscription Campaign.
Spain[edit]
Military service in Spain (1945)
Spain abolished compulsory military service in 2001.[48] Military and alternative service was nine months long and in recent years the majority of conscripts chose to perform alternative, rather than military, service.
Sri Lanka[edit]
Sri Lanka has never had mandatory military service, either under British rule or since independence in 1948. It maintains an all-volunteer military.
Sweden[edit]
Military Service was mandatory in Sweden from 1901 until 1 July 2010,[49] when conscription was officially suspended.[50] Until 2010, all Swedish men aged between 18 and 47 years old were eligible to serve with the armed forces over a period ranging from 80 to 450 days. The right to Conscientious Objection was legally recognised in 1920. An alternative community service for Conscientious Objectors was easily available instead of military service. The number of those seeking conscientious objector status declined as actual conscript recruitment continued to decline.[51] In the years running up to 2010 roughly 6000 - 8000 people out of an annual cohort of 100,000 - 120,000 potential recruits actually completed military service.[52][52] Sweden now looks to reintroduce Compulsory Military Service with the idea to be decided on by the end of 2017 and if it is passed begin training troops in 2018.[53]
Tanzania[edit]
Tanzania officially never had conscription since it became independent.[54]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: Conscription in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom historically was the only European state with a volunteer army, and remained so through the first half of World War I. As the war dragged on into deadlocked trench warfare, the amount of volunteers dried up, which led the government to introduce conscription under the Military Service Act. The Act exempted the whole of Ireland from conscription, and although an amending Act in 1918 empowered the government to extend conscription to Ireland, the extension was never implemented. Conscientious objectors were formally recognised under the Military Service Act, with the possibilities of absolute exemption from military service, exemption conditional upon performing civilian "work of national importance", or non-combatant service within the Army; some of those who refused the latter alternatives, or engaged in anti-war protests, went to jail. Conscription was ended in 1920.
Military conscription was reintroduced in Britain (Northern Ireland being exempted) in May 1939 in anticipation of World War II. A form of "industrial conscription" was also used to increase output in coal mining (see the "Bevin Boys") and other dimensions of the war effort. Later in the war both forms of conscription were extended in a limited way to women, such as the Women's Land Army to help with agricultural production. Conscientious objectors were treated more leniently than in WWI, but could still go to prison if they refused war-related work. For example, the scientist Kathleen Lonsdale was sentenced to a month in Holloway prison in 1943 for refusing to register for war duties and refusing to pay a resulting fine of two pounds.[55]
Conscription of men into the Armed Forces continued ad hoc from 1945 until the National Service Act 1948 established a system from 1 January 1949 of calling up men in Britain reaching the age of 18 for eighteen months full-time service followed by four years reserve service. In 1950, as a result of the Korean War, full-time service was increased to two years, and reserve service reduced to three and a half years. In 1957, phasing-out of the system was announced, the last men being called up in 1960, and the last conscript being discharged in May 1963, after allowance for deferment of service.
The British royal family is a unique exception to the country's tradition of volunteerism, as all male royals are required to perform military service.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
Main article: Conscription in the United States
The United States first introduced conscription during the American Civil War. With insufficient volunteers coming in by 1863, the Lincoln Administration was forced to begin drafting despite widespread complaints that it was unconstitutional and undermined states' rights (some states had conscripted men up to this point, but not the federal government). In July 1863, New York City erupted in the draft riots over the draft. However, anyone could get out by paying a $300 fee or hiring a substitute. Many conscripts and substitutes were criminals or men with debilitating health problems, and thus largely useless. The Confederate government had begun drafting men in early 1862.
Conscription was next used after the United States entered World War I in 1917. The first peacetime conscription came with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. When World War II ended, so did the draft. It was quickly reinstated with the Korean War and retained for the next 20 years, especially in the Vietnam War. Active conscription ("the draft") ended in 1973.
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, brought back draft registration. All males up to the age of 26 are required to register with the Selective Service System, whose mission is "to provide manpower to the armed forces in an emergency" including a "Health Care Personnel Delivery System"[56] and "to run an Alternative Service Program for men classified as conscientious objectors during a draft." No one has been prosecuted for violating the conscription law in the USA since 1986, but registration is required for certain benefits such as federal college aid, or in certain states, state college aid, or even driver's license. Women do not currently register for Selective Service in the United States; however they may still enlist for voluntary service.
Countries with mandatory military service[edit]
See also: Conscription
Armenia[edit]
Armenia has compulsory military service for two years for males from 18 to 27 years old.
Austria[edit]
Austria has mandatory military service for all able bodied male citizens up to 35 years of age. Since 2006, the period of service has been six months. Conscientious objectors can join the civilian service (called Zivildienst) for nine months. A 12-month participation in the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service, the Austrian Social Service or the Austrian Peace Service is regarded as an equivalent to the civilian service.
Since 1 January 1998, females can join the military service voluntarily. The Austrian conscription referendum, 2013 resulted in the rejection of a proposal that would have ended conscription. Although the referendum was non-binding, both parties in government pledged to honour the results.
Belarus[edit]
Belarus has mandatory military service for all fit men from eighteen to twenty-seven years of age. Military service lasts for eighteen months for those without higher education, and for twelve months for those with higher education.
Azerbaijan[edit]
Azerbaijan has mandatory military service for all fit men, who are at least at the age of 18. Military service lasts for eighteen months for those without higher education, and for twelve months for those with higher education.
Bermuda[edit]
Bermuda, although an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, still maintains conscription for its local force. Males between the ages of eighteen and thirty-two are drawn by lottery to serve in The Bermuda Regiment for a period of thirty-eight months. The commitment is only on a part-time basis, however. Anyone who objects to this has the right to have his case heard by an exemption tribunal. The rights that applied for conscientious objection during National Service in the United Kingdom apply in Bermuda. The local government, as of 2013, has committed to ending conscription, although it is likely to be phased out gradually in order to prevent the manpower of the battalion (which had already seen its numbers fall below strength, from four to three companies, as a delayed result of birth rates decreasing following the Baby boom generation) plummeting.[57] Currently, three-quarters of the strength of the Bermuda Regiment is made up of conscripts, although many soldiers, whether they initially volunteered or were conscripted, elect to re-engage annually after their initial three years and two months term of service has been completed, with some serving for decades.[58]
Brazil[edit]
Males in Brazil are required to serve 12 months of military service upon their 18th birthday. While de jure all males are required to serve, numerous exceptions mean military service is de facto limited mostly to volunteers, with an average of between 5 and 10% of those reporting for duty actually being inducted.[59] Most often, the service is performed in military bases as close as possible to the person's home. The government does not usually require those planning to attend college or holding a permanent job to serve. There are also several other exceptions, including health reasons, for which one may not have to serve. Recruits accepted at a university may also choose to train under a program similar to the American ROTC, and satisfy their military requirement this way. Direct entrance to one of the military academies will also substitute for this requirement.
Myanmar (Burma)[edit]
The Burmese junta requires able-bodied persons aged 18 and over to register with local authorities.[60] In 2011, civil servants, students, those serving prison terms, and those caring for an elderly parent were excluded from the draft, but they could be later called to serve. Totally exempt are members of religious orders, disabled persons, and married or divorced women with children. Those who fail to report for military service could be imprisoned for three years, and face fines. Those who deliberately inflict injury upon themselves to avoid conscription could be imprisoned for up to five years, as well as fined.
But the conscription has never been activated under the military junta which ruled the country from 1988-2010. Myanmar's constitution states that male citizens over 18 could be called to serve in military, but it has not been activated either. As of 2013, Myanmar citizens are not required to serve in military.[citation needed]
Cyprus[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Cyprus
Cyprus has compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot men between the ages of seventeen and fifty. Additionally, from 2008 onwards, all men belonging to the religious groups of Armenians, Latins and Maronites, also serve their military service. Military service lasted for twenty-four months. From 2016 a new law was implied and military service now lasts for fourteen months. After that, ex-soldiers are considered reservists and participate in military exercises for a few days every year. Conscientious objectors can either do thirty-three months’ unarmed service in the army or thirty-eight months’ community work.[61] In 2016, however, the Cypriot parliament had voted to reduce its mandatory service to 14 months and make up for lost manpower by hiring professional soldiers.
Denmark[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Denmark
As described in the Constitution of Denmark,[62] § 81, Denmark has mandatory service for all able men. Normal service is four months, and is normally served by men in the age of eighteen to twenty-seven. Some special services will take longer. Danish men will typically receive a letter around the time of their 18th birthday, asking when their current education (if any) ends, and some time later, depending on when, they will receive a notice on when to attend to the draft office to be tested physically and psychologically. However, some may be deemed unfit for service and not be required to show up.
Even if a person is deemed fit, or partially fit for service, he may avoid having to serve if he draws a high enough number randomly. Persons who are deemed partly fit for service will however be placed lower than those who are deemed fit for service, and therefore have a very low chance of being drafted. Men deemed fit can be called upon for service until their 50th birthday in case of national crisis, regardless of whether normal conscription has been served. This right is very rarely exercised by Danish authorities.
Conscientious objectors can choose to instead serve six months in a non-military position, for example in Beredskabsstyrelsen (dealing with non-military disasters like fires, flood, pollution, etc.) or foreign aid work in a third world country.[63]
Egypt[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Egypt
Egypt has a mandatory military service program for males between the ages of eighteen and thirty. Conscription is regularly postponed for students until the end of their studies, as long as they apply before they turn twenty-eight years of age. By the age of thirty, a male is considered unfit to join the army and pays a fine. Males with no brothers, or those supporting parents are exempted from the service. Former President Sadat added that any Egyptian who has dual nationality is exempted from military service and this is still in effect. Males serve for a period ranging from fourteen months to thirty-six months, depending on their education; high school drop-outs serve for thirty-six months. College graduates serve for lesser periods of time, depending on their education; college graduates with special skills are still conscripted yet at a different rank and at a different pay scale with the option of remaining with the service as a career. Some Egyptians evade conscription and travel overseas until they reach the age of thirty, at which point they are tried, pay a $580 fine (as of 2004), and are dishonorably discharged. Such an offense, legally considered an offense of "bad moral character", prevents the "unpatriotic" citizen from ever holding public office.
Finland[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Finland
Finland has mandatory military service for men of a minimum duration of five and half months (165 days); depending on the assigned position: those trained as officers or NCOs serve for eleven and half months (347 days), specialist troops serve for eight and half (255 days) or eleven and half months, while rank and file serve for the minimum period. Unarmed service is also possible, and lasts eight and half months (270 days) or eleven and half (347 days).[64] All males are required to participate in the drafting event (Finnish: kutsunnat) in their municipality of domicile in the year that they turn 18. The fitness for service and the actual induction to the service then takes place at the time and place decided individually for each conscript during the drafting event. The induction takes place usually at the age of 19 but the allowed age range is 18–29. The delayed induction is permissible for serious personal reasons, such as studies, but induction cannot be delayed beyond 29. The military strives to accommodate the wishes of the future conscript when determining the time of induction and the duty location, but these are ultimately determined by the needs of service.[65]
Since 1995, women have been able to volunteer for military service. During the first 45 days, women have an option to quit at will.[66] Having served for 45 days, they fall under the same obligation to serve as men except for medical reasons. A pregnancy during service would interrupt the service but not automatically cause a medical discharge.
Belonging in a sexual minority does not result in an exemption.[67] Transsexuals usually get their service postponed until they have undergone sex reassignment surgery.
Non-military service of twelve months is available for men whose conscience prevents them from serving in the military. Men who refuse to serve at all are sent to prison for six months or half the time of their remaining non-military service at the time of refusal. In theory, male citizens from the demilitarized Åland region are to serve in customs offices or lighthouses, but since this service has not been arranged, they are always exempted in practice. Jehovah's Witnesses' service is deferred for three years, if they present a written testimony, not older than two months, from the congregation of their status as baptized and active members of the congregation. Jehovah's Witnesses will be exempted from peace time duty at the beginning of the age 29. Military service has been mandatory for men throughout the history of independent Finland since 1917. Soldiers and civilian servicemen receive a daily allowance of €5 (days 1 – 165), €8.35 (days 165 – 255), or €11.70 (onward from day 255).[65]
Approximately 20% are trained as NCOs (corporals, sergeants), and 10% are trained as officers-in-reserve (second lieutenant). In wartime, it is expected that the officers-in-reserve fulfill most platoon leader and company commander positions. At the beginning of the service, all men go through same basic training of eight weeks. After this eight-week period it is decided who will be trained as NCOs or officers.
Having completed the initial part of the service as a conscript, the soldier is placed in the reserve. Reservists may be called for mandatory refresher exercises. Rank and file serve a maximum of 40 days, specialists 75 days and officers and NCOs 100 days. Per refresher course day, the reservists receive a taxable salary of about fifty euros. The salary depends slightly on the military rank: officers receive €56, NCOs €53 and rank-and file €51 per day. The service is mandatory; it is not possible to refuse an order to attend the refresher exercise, only to apply for a postponement of the service if personal or employer's urgent and non-avoidable needs require this. The postponement is not always granted. If the reservist experiences a crisis of conscience that prevemts him or her from further execution of military service, the reservist can apply for civilian service. The civilian service for reservists takes a form of a five-day course at Lapinjärvi Civilian Service Institution. After the course, the reservist is permanently freed of military service during peace and war.
There are no general exemptions for the conscription. The law requires employers, landlords etc. to continue any pre-existing contracts after the service. For medical reasons, exemption or postponing is given by the military authority after an examination by a military or military-appointed doctor. If the disability is expected to be cured, the exemption is temporary, and the service is postponed. If the disability continues until the male turns 25, he is exempted. The basic doctrine is that the great majority of each age cohort serve, and the size of the active army can be adjusted by changing the maximum age of reservists to be called up, instead of using selective service.
The option to military service is civilian service (available to females after completing 45 days of military service), where an individual subject to conscript finds a job at some public institution, where they serve for 11 and half months, the same as the longest rank-and-file service (drivers). Before 2008, the law required 13 months, which was criticized for being punitive internationally by the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, The European Committee of Social Rights, The Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe and Amnesty International.[68]
The national security policy of Finland is based on a credible independent defence of all Finnish territory. The maximum number of military personnel abroad is limited to 2,000 (out of the 900,000 available reserve). Contributions to the UN troops comprise only professional soldiers and trained, paid reservists who have specifically applied to such operations. Therefore, no "expeditionary wars" argument can be made against conscription.
Draft dodging is nearly non-existent, as failure to show up to a drafting event immediately leads to an arrest warrant, and the delinquent is brought by the police to either to the drafting event (if still in progress) or to the regional military office for a physical examination and subsequent determination of induction time. Disobeying the induction order also causes the arrest warrant to be issued and is prosecuted as absence without leave, or after five days of absence, as desertion. Proof of military or civil service is generally required to obtain a 5-year passport (some exceptions can apply). Without proof, the passport is valid, at the longest, until the applicant's 28th birthday.[69]
Military rank, either as NCO or reserve officer, is highly valued as a merit in Finland by employers when recruiting a male employee.[70][71] In general, serving as an NCO or, especially, as a reserve officer, has a clear positive impact on future earnings and achievement of a high career position of the individual.[72][73]
Greece[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Greece
As of 2009[update], Greece (Hellenic Republic) has mandatory military service of 9 months for men in the Army and 12 months for the Navy and Air Force. Some are entitled to reduced service due to serious family reasons (single parent families, parent serving in the army etc.). Although Greece is developing a professional army system, it continues to enforce the 9-month mandatory military service. It has been stated that the draft is to be reduced to six months in future. Women are accepted into the Greek army as salaried professionals, but are not obliged to mandatory conscript service. Conscript soldiers receive full health insurance and a nominal salary of €9 per month for privates and €12 for the rank of draft corporal and draft sergeant. There is the option of serving as a non-regular officer designate. In that case the received salary is €569 (with an additional €150 if the cadet is sent far from his home) after basic training is over. The duration of cadet training is roughly 4 months and 9 more months are dedicated for the actual service. Adding the 1 month spent in rookie training, a cadet's conscription will last a total of 14 months. In the last month of his service the cadet takes the rank of second lieutenant. The minimum wage for an unskilled worker stands at around €650 per month in Greece, while professional soldiers are paid upwards of €800. This results in reservist corporals and sergeants receiving a wage that is 1/70th that of a professional soldier, whom they outrank. This inconsistency was partly dealt with by abolishing the rank of sergeant for conscripts.
Conscientious objection to military service in Greece[edit]
The length of alternative civilian service for conscientious objectors to military service is 15 months.[dubious – discuss] Amnesty International was also concerned that the determination of conscientious objector status fell under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, which breaches international standards that stipulate that the entire institution of alternative service should have a civilian character.
Iran[edit]
Iran has mandatory military service for men which starts at the age of 18. Duration of military service is normally 24 months but it can be also varying according to some conditions and circumstances. There is a 24-month military service for general, 22 months for destitute areas and 20 months for boundary areas; there is two months for military education. There are exceptions for those who cannot serve because of physical or mental health problems or disabilities. Students are exempt as long as they are attending school. The higher the education of a man, the higher his rank will be in the military service. Since 2008 and the commence of Iran's National Elites Foundation (Bonyade Mellie Nokhbegan[74]), students or university graduates who are accepted as members of this organization (because of their special achievements, e.g., recognized researchers with proven accomplishments, national and international olympiad medalists and winners of invention competitions) can have a "scientific research" substitution instead of mandatory military service, and the research grant is given to these members from military universities, otherwise, formally these members are regarded as "soldiers" who are spending the mandatory military service program, and in any publication related to that research, their citations have to be that of the military university giving the research grant. The 45-day mandatory military training is applicable even for those who are members of Iran's National Elites Foundation.
Exemptions from the Iranian military service, but also military duty in case of war include:
Sole Son; Men who are the only male in their family and his father is over 70 years old.
Men who are the sole carers of a disabled or mentally problematic parent, sibling, or 2nd line family members.
Doctors, firefighters and other emergency workers who their uptake for military duty or service jeopardizes local health and emergency services.
Workers of vital government institutions that assist or indirectly serve the military (exempt at time of war).
Workers of businesses that serve the military, e.g. military equipment factories (exempt at time of war).
Homosexuals and transsexuals
Workers of Iranian shipping lines (IRISL Group) and National Iranian Tanker Company.
Prisoners may be excused of their sentence to serve in the military at a time of war or to complete military service in exchange for a reduced sentence dependent on the nature of the crime committed.[75]
Men reaching 19 years old who are not granted exemption from the military service are not able to apply for a drivers license, passport, any form of employment, leave the country or collect any completed academic certificate.
Israel[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Israel
Israel drafts both men and women. All Israeli citizens are conscripted at age 18, with the following exceptions:
Torah students are presently exempted from service should they so choose. This is a contentious issue in Israel. See also: Exemption from military service in Israel
Israeli Arabs are exempt from conscription, although they may volunteer. The men of other non-Jewish communities in Israel, notably the Druze and Circassians, are conscripted; women are not though may volunteer.
Jewish Females, who choose to declare they are unable to serve due to religious observance grounds. Many choose to volunteer in the national service Sherut Leumi.
Women are not inducted if they are married or pregnant.
Candidates who do not qualify on grounds of mental or physical health.
Typically, men are required to serve for 2 years and 8 months, while women for 2 years.[8] Officers and other soldiers in certain voluntary units such as Nahal and Hesder are required to sign on for additional service. Those studying in a "Mechina" (pre-induction preparatory course) defer service until the conclusion of the program, typically one academic year. An additional program (called "Atuda'i") for qualified applicants allows post-secondary academic studies prior to induction. See also: Israel Defense Forces.
There is a very limited amount of conscientious objection to conscription into the IDF. More common is refusal by reserve soldiers to serve in the West Bank and Gaza. Some of these conscientious objectors may be assigned to serve elsewhere, or are sentenced to brief prison terms lasting a few months to a year and may subsequently receive dishonourable discharges. See also: Refusal to serve in the Israeli military.
After a year their period of regular army service, men are liable for up to 30 days (much less on average) per year of reserve duty ("miluim") until they are in their early forties. Women in certain positions of responsibility are liable for reserve duty under the same terms as men, but are exempt once they are pregnant or with children.
North Korea[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)
North Korea in 1993 had a mandatory military service, for all men, of 120 months as normal troops and 156 months as special forces.
South Korea[edit]
Main article: Conscription in South Korea
South Korea has mandatory military service of 21 (army, auxiliary police), 23 (navy) and 24 (air force, special civil service) months. There are no alternatives for conscientious objectors except imprisonment.[76] In general, with very few exceptions, most South Korean males serve in the military. The duration of service varies from branch to branch of the military.
Exemptions are granted to Korean male citizens with physical disabilities or whose mental status is unstable or questionable. When a Korean man becomes of legal age, he is required to take a physical check-up to determine whether he is suitable for military service.
Grades 1-3: normal
Grade 4: special service; given to individuals that fulfil their military duties as a civil worker amongst civilians.
Grade 5: civil defence during peace time.
Grade 6: exemption from military service in both situation.
Grade 7: re-check-up within two years.
There are some controversies portrayed in Korean media concerning special treatment given to celebrities. Some celebrities are given exemptions to their mandatory military service, even though they clearly have no physical disabilities. The government has begun implementing tougher sanctions to those who attempt to avoid their military duty. It is considered shameful, undutiful, and treasonous for a man to take measures to avoid his military service when he is healthy and capable of fulfilling his 21-month requirement.[citation needed] In 2002 Yoo Seung Jun, a Korean pop singer, became a naturalized American citizen to avoid his military duty in Korea. For this reason, Korea has banned Yoo from the country and actually deported him.[77][78] Another recent example is MC Mong, a popular singer/rapper accused of avoiding his military service by having his molar teeth removed. On 11 April 2011, MC Mong was sentenced to a suspended jail term of 6 months, probation for one year, and 120 hours of community service.[79]
Compensation[edit]
The following data is from 'Regulation on Public Servant Compensation', implemented on 6 January 2012.[80] Exchange rate as of 8 June 2012 (₩1173.84 to $1.00)
이등병 (Private)
일병 (Private first class)
상병 (Corporal)
병장 (Sergeant)
₩81,500
$69.43 (approximate)
per month ₩88,200
$75.14 (approximate)
per month ₩97,500
$83.07 (approximate)
per month ₩108,000
$92.01 (approximate)
per month
Mexico[edit]
As of 2011[update], all males reaching eighteen years of age must register for military service (Servicio Militar Nacional, or SMN) for one year, though selection is made by a lottery system using the following color scheme: whoever draws a black ball must serve as a "disponibility reservist", that is, he must not follow any activities whatsoever and get his discharge card at the end of the year. The ones who get a white ball serve Saturdays in a Batallón del Servicio Militar Nacional (National Military Service Battalion) composed entirely of one-year SMN conscripts. Those with a community service interest may participate in Literacy Campaigns as teachers or as physical education instructors. Military service is also (voluntarily) open to women. In certain cities, such as Mexico City and Veracruz, there is a third option: a red ball (Mexico City) and a Blue ball (Veracruz), which entails serving a full year as a recruit in a Paratrooper Battalion in the case of Mexico City residents, or an Infantería de Marina unit (Navy Marines) in Veracruz. In other cities which have a Navy HQ (such as Ciudad Madero), it is the Navy which takes charge of the conscripts, instead of the Army.
A "liberated" military ID is a requirement to join the Mexican local, state, and federal police forces, also to apply for some government jobs, Draft dodging was an uncommon occurrence in Mexico until 2002, since a "liberated" military ID card was needed for a Mexican male to obtain a passport, but since this requirement was dropped by the Mexican government, absenteeism from military service has become more common.
Norway[edit]
Norway has mandatory military service of nineteen months for men and women between the ages of 19 (18 in war time) and 44 (55 in case of officers and NCOs). The actual draft time is six months for the home guard, and twelve months for the regular army, air force and navy. In October 2014, Norway extended compulsory military service to women.[81]
The remaining months are supposed to be served in annual exercises, but very few conscripts do this because of lack of funding for the Norwegian Armed Forces. As a result of this decreased funding and greater reliance on high technology, the Armed Forces are aiming towards drafting only 10,000 conscripts a year. As of 2011[update], an average of 27% of conscripts actually complete military service each year.[82] The remainder, for the most part, either are formally dismissed after medical tests or obtain deferral from the service because of studies or stays abroad.
Some, such as those who choose vocational course paths during high school (for example, carpenters and electricians) can choose to complete their required apprenticeships within the military. While some Norwegians consider it unfair that they have to complete the compulsory military duty when so many others are dismissed, others see it as a privilege and there is normally high competition to be allowed to join some branches of the service.[citation needed]
The Norwegian Armed Forces will normally not draft a person who has reached the age of 28. In Norway, certain voluntary specialist training programs and courses entail extended conscription of one to eight years. Pacifists can apply for non-military service, which lasts 12 months.
Russia[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Conscription in Russia
The conscription system was introduced into Imperial Russia by Dmitry Milyutin on 1 January 1874. As of 2008, the Russian Federation has a mandatory 12 months draft. Some examples of how people avoid being drafted are:
Studying in a university or similar place. All full-time students are free from conscription, but they can be drafted after they graduate (or if they drop out). Graduated students serve one year as privates, but if they have a military education, they have the option to serve two years as officers. Persons who continue full-time postgraduate education, or have an academic degree (Candidate of Science, PhD, Doctor of Science) are not drafted.
Getting a medical certificate that shows that a person is unfit for service.
Having more than two children.
In Russia, all males are liable for one year of compulsory military service up to the age of 27. In 2006, the Russian government and State Duma gradually reduced the term of service to 18 months from 24 for those who will be conscripted in 2007 and to 12 months from 2008 and dropped some legal excuses for non-conscription from the law (such as non-conscription of rural doctors and teachers, of men who have a child younger than 3 years, etc.) from 1 January 2008. Also full-time students graduated from civil university with military education will be free from conscription from 1 January 2008.
According to the Russian federal law, the Armed Forces, the National Guard, the Federal Protective Service (FSO), the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), and civil defence of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) are considered as military service.
Singapore[edit]
Main article: National Service in Singapore
After Singapore gained its sovereign independence as an island-city nation, the NS (Amendment) Act was passed on 14 March 1967, under which all able-bodied male citizens and permanent residents of at least 18 years of age were obliged by law to serve 20 months of compulsory national service in the Singapore Armed Forces, the Singapore Police Force, or the Singapore Civil Defence Force to defend and protect the country as a sacred, honorable national duty above one's self. Upon completion of the mandatory active full-time NS, they will later also have reservist in-camp training cycles of up to 40 days annually over a 10-years period upon deployment to operationally-ready reservist units.[83]
The majority of conscripts serve in the SAF due to its larger manpower requirement. In practice, all conscripts undergo basic military training before being deployed to the various military units of the SAF, the Police Force (SPF), or Civil Defence (SCDF). During Basic Military Training, conscripts, known as National Servicemen, are assessed on their leadership capabilities (over and above basic military skills). All capable conscripts will undergo further vocational trainings to their trained roles and appointments for them to gain experience to move up the NS ranks.
In practice, conscripts cannot pick and choose their desired or preferred vocations due to manpower constraints and quotas. Since 2004, Singapore cut its mandatory military service period of 30 months to between 22 and 24 months, depending on medical health and physical fitness. NSmen make up >80% of its military defense system and form the backbone of the SAF. NSmen represent the collective will of Singapore to stand up for itself and to ensure the security of the nation.[83]
Switzerland[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Switzerland
Military service for Swiss men is obligatory according to the Federal Constitution, and includes 18 or 21 weeks of basic training (depending on troop category) as well as annual 3-week-refresher courses until a number of service days which increases with rank (260 days for privates) is reached. (It is also possible to serve the whole requirement at one piece, meaning no refresher courses are required.) Service for women is voluntary, but identical in all respects. Conscientious objectors can choose 390 days of community service instead of military service. Medical deferments and dismissals from basic training (often on somewhat dubious grounds) lead to about 60% to 65% of Swiss men actually complete basic training. In 2013, the socialists wanted to replace the mandatory conscription for men, by a voluntary based service. By referendum, the Swiss population refused the project with more than 73% and decided to keep the centuries-old militia tradition.[84]
Republic of China (ROC)[edit]
Main article: Conscription in the Republic of China
The Republic of China has had mandatory military service for all males since 1949. Females from the outlying islands of Fuchien were also required to serve in a civil defense role, although this requirement has been dropped since the lifting of martial law. In October 1999, the mandatory service was shortened from twenty-four months to twenty-two months; from January 2004 it was shortened further to eighteen months, and from 1 January 2006 the duration has decreased to sixteen months. The ROC Defense Ministry had announced that should voluntary enlistment reach sufficient numbers, the compulsory service period for draftees will be shortened to fourteen months in 2007, and further to twelve months in 2009.[85][86]
ROC nationals with Overseas Chinese status are exempt from service. Draftees may also request alternative service, usually in community service areas, although the required service period would be longer than military service. Qualified draftees with graduate degrees in the sciences or engineering who pass officer candidate exams may also apply to fulfil their obligations in a national defense service option which involves three months of military training, followed by an officer commission in the reserves and four years working in technical jobs in the defense industry or government research institutions.
The Ministry of Interior is responsible for administering the National Conscription Agency.[87]
On 1 August 2008, the Defence Minister announced that from 2014 on, Taiwan would have a purely volunteer professional force. However, males who opt not to volunteer will be subjected to three to four-month military training. Those who do not have a tertiary education will have a three-month training when reaching military age, whereas those who are receiving tertiary education will have to complete the training in summer vacations.[88]
Should this policy remain unchanged, although Taiwan will have a purely volunteer professional force, every male will still be conscripted to receive a three- to four-month military training. Thus, after 2014, compulsory military service will still remain in practice in Taiwan.
Thailand[edit]
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as section. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (February 2015)
The Military Service Act B.E. 2497 (1954) states that all male citizens of Thailand are obliged to serve in the military upon reaching 21 years of age. High school students have the option of enrolling in the three-year Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) during Matthayom 4–6 (i.e., Grade 10–12). ROTC students drill at a local military installation once per week during the school year, with a field training exercise at the end of the third year. The ROTC program is operated nearly exclusively by the Royal Thai Army. Those who complete the three-year program are exempted from conscription and receive the rank of acting sergeant (E-6) upon graduation from high school. Students who do not complete the program or wish to enroll in the commissioned officer phase of the program can do so at their post-secondary institution. Those who do not complete the ROTC program will be required to report for conscription in early-April of the year in which they reach 21 years of age.[89]
Military service selection is done at a designated date and time at a local school or assembly hall. Each selection station has a quota for recruitment. The process begins with a call for volunteers. Those who volunteer will have the option to choose the branch of service and their date of induction. If the number of volunteers is fewer than the quota for the selection station, the remaining men will be asked to draw a card from an opaque box. The box contains red cards and black cards. Drawing a black card results in exemption from military service. Drawing a red card results in conscription in the branch of service and induction date on the card.
Those who volunteer for military service are free to choose from the three branches of the armed forces (Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy, Royal Thai Air Force). Service obligation varies by educational qualification. Those with a high school diploma or the equivalent and those who have one year of military service education are required to serve for two years if they draw the red card, but if these same individuals volunteer, the service obligation is reduced by half, i.e., reduced to only one year. Those with an associate degree (or equivalent) or higher are required to serve for one year if drafted, but the requirement is reduced to only six months if they volunteered. University students can defer their service as long as they maintain the student status until reaching the age of 27 or obtaining a master's degree or the equivalent, whichever comes first. Undergraduate and graduate students who decide to volunteer are allowed by their institution to put their studies on suspension until the end of term of service. All conscripts, regardless of educational qualification, undergo the same training and receive the same grade and rank upon completion of basic training: private, seaman, or airman (E-1).
In recent years the government has issued new guidelines for better treatment of transgender recruits.[90]
Tunisia[edit]
Main article: Tunisia National service
In Tunisia compulsory military service applies to all citizens from 20 to 35. Those who are engaged in higher education or vocational training programs prior to their military drafting are allowed to delay service until they have completed the programs. The duration of the military service is 1 year. And Conscripts Benefit a monthly allowance of 200 dinars for holders of a higher school diploma or have completed at least two years of graduate successfully and holders of a higher technician certificate of vocational training and 100 dinars for other recruits.
Turkey[edit]
Main article: Conscription in Turkey
In Turkey, compulsory military service applies to all male citizens from twenty to forty-one years of age (with some exceptions). Those who are engaged in higher education or vocational training programs prior to their military drafting are allowed to delay service until they have completed the programs, or reach a certain age, depending on the program (e.g. 29 years of age for undergraduate degrees). The duration of the basic military service varies. As of July 2013, the reduced durations are as follows: twelve months for privates (previously fifteen months), twelve months for reserve officers (previously sixteen months) and six months for short-term privates, which denotes those who have earned a university degree and have not been enlisted as reserve officers (previously eight months).
Turkish citizens who have lived or worked abroad for at least three years can be exempt from military service in exchange for a certain fee in foreign currencies. Also, when the General Staff assesses that the military reserve exceeds the required amount, paid military service of one-month's basic training is established by law as a stopgap measure, but has only been practiced in reality once so far, and only applied to men of a certain age (born in or prior to 1973). This was done in order to generate funds to recover from the aftermath of the 1999 İzmit earthquake, which took place in the highly industrialized Marmara region of the country, and had a considerable negative impact on the Turkish economy due to the severe damage it caused to a significant number of residential and industrial structures.
Although women in principle are not obliged to serve in the military, they are allowed to become military officers.
Conscientious objection of military service is illegal in Turkey and punishable with imprisonment by law. Many conscientious objectors flee abroad mainly to neighbouring countries or the European Union (as asylum seekers or guest workers).
Ukraine[edit]
The options are either reserve officer training for two years (offered in universities as a part of a program which means not having to join the army), or one-year regular service. In Ukraine, a person could not be conscripted after he turned 27 years of age. The Ukrainian army had similar problems with dedovshchina as the Russian army did until very recently, but in Ukraine the problem is getting less severe compared to Russia, due to cuts in the conscript terms (from 24 months to 18 months in the early 2000s and then to 12 months in 2004) and cuts in total conscription numbers (due to the switching of the army into a full-time professional army) since the last conscripts are being drafted at the end of 2013.[91]
United Arab Emirates[edit]
The United Arab Emirates started its national service requirement in September 2014. This is the first time the UAE has required mandatory national service. It is compulsory for all male citizens over 18 and under 30 years of age to report for military service. Foreign male residents are not required to serve in the military service. It is optional for females to register for military service, and which they serve for 9 months.[92] Males who hold a high school diploma must complete 12-months of military service, whilst males who have not completed high school must complete two years.[92] All males must register for compulsory military service after graduating high school. However, males who obtain a high school graduation grade over 90% are able to postpone their military service until after graduation from a college. Males whose high school graduation grade is under 90% must register for military service and cannot go to college until it has been completed.[93]
In Religion[edit]
Some religious organizations that either oppose militarism or are politically neutral prohibits their members from joining any program directly related to the armed forces, notable faiths are the Jehova's Witnesses, and numerous Neo-Pagan pacifist congregations.
See also[edit]
Enlistment age by country
Military recruitment
Recruit training
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CBC News Indepth: International military". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
Jump up ^ Child Soldiers International (2012). "Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers". Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997, via Nationmaster: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_con-military-conscription
Jump up ^ The CIA World Fact book — Military service age and obligation. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html
Jump up ^ J. Jih. Dual Nationality, Conscription and Death Penalty. https://web.archive.org/web/20091027100908/http://geocities.com/jusjih/dncdp.html
Jump up ^ "سربازی داوطلبانه آري؛ اجباري نه". sarbazyy.blogfa.com.
Jump up ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld - Colombia: Military service, including recruitment age, length of service, reasons for exemption and the possibility of performing a replacement service (2006-July 2012)".
^ Jump up to: a b "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
Jump up ^ "Elite North Koreans Evade Army Service". Radio Free Asia.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "One-Family Rule: North Korea's Hereditary Authoritarianism". www.worldpoliticsreview.com.
Jump up ^ "North Korea to Introduce Military Conscription for Women - War Resisters' International". www.wri-irg.org.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Statutes Online - Results". statutes.agc.gov.sg.
Jump up ^ "Defence Minister: Compulsory military service might be abolished". agenda.ge.
Jump up ^ "Sorry, we can't seem to find the page you're looking for". 2 March 2017 – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
Jump up ^ Tarabar, Danko; Hall, Joshua C. (2016-06-25). "Explaining the worldwide decline in the length of mandatory military service, 1970–2010". Public Choice: 1–20. doi:10.1007/s11127-016-0349-0. ISSN 0048-5829.
Jump up ^ Albanian Forces, General Staff of Albanian Army forces.
Jump up ^ "Nationmaster: Conscription". source: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. Data collected from the nations concerned, or as otherwise indicated.
Jump up ^ R. C. S. Trahair (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War espionage, spies, and secret operations. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 333. ISBN 978-0-313-31955-6.
Jump up ^ "Barbados". CIA Factbook. 2011. .
Jump up ^ "Country report and updates: Belgium - War Resisters' International". www.wri-irg.org.
Jump up ^ "NATO and the Defence Reform Commission: partners for progress (SETimes.com)".
Jump up ^ Bulgaria's last conscripts - News news
Jump up ^ "Bulgaria Scraps the Draft (New York Times) - ExpatsBulgaria.com".
Jump up ^ "Bulgaria to abolish compulsory military service as of 2008 (SETimes.com)".
Jump up ^ "Bulgarian military service reduced", BBC News, 17 May 2000. Retrieved 31 May 2006.
Jump up ^ http://www.bcn.cl/leyfacil/recurso/servicio-militar Biblioteca del congreso nacional de Chile
^ Jump up to: a b Country report and updates: China, 15 March 1998, War Resisters' International.
Jump up ^ "Hrvatska uvodi profesionalnu vojsku od 1. siječnja 2008".
Jump up ^ "Špatná zpráva". www.army.cz.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Rob (22 December 2004). "Last conscripts leave Czech army". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "France salutes end of military service". BBC News. 29 November 2001.
Jump up ^ "Final conscripts join German army". 4 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Origo. "Lista készül a hadra fogható férfiakról januártól".
Jump up ^ "Language Select - Defence Forces". www.military.ie.
Jump up ^ Law n. 772, 15 December 1972 [2] (in Italian)
Jump up ^ Law nr. 226, 23 August 2004 [3] (in Italian)
Jump up ^ "Latvia - War Resisters' International". www.wri-irg.org.
Jump up ^ SA, Interact. "Accueil". www.armee.lu.
Jump up ^ Gilbert Trausch, Le Luxembourg à l'époque contemporaine, p170, publ. Bourg-Bourger, Luxembourg 1975
Jump up ^ "Macedonian Army phases out conscription (SETimes.com)".
Jump up ^ "The Islamization of Morocco", by Oliver Guitta, The Weekly Standard, 2 October 2006
Jump up ^ http://www.child-soldiers.org/document_get.php?id=836
Jump up ^ FIM DO SERVIÇO MILITAR OBRIGATÓRIO (archived from the original Archived 22 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. on 2007-02-22).
Jump up ^ Romania drops compulsory military service, United Press International, 23 October 2006
Jump up ^ "Literal".
Jump up ^ See an announcement by the Minister of Defence
Jump up ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38036455/ns/world_news-europe/
Jump up ^ Military conscription phase out under fire - The Local Archived 22 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Country report and updates: Sweden - War Resisters' International". wri-irg.org.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.thelocal.se/9479/20071221/
Jump up ^ Duxbury, Charles (28 September 2016). "Sweden Proposes Reintroduction of Compulsory Military Service" – via www.wsj.com.
Jump up ^ "Country report and updates: Tanzania - War Resisters' International". www.wri-irg.org.
Jump up ^ Source: [4]; also [5].
Jump up ^ Hasbrouck, Edward. "The Draft, Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, and "Selective Service"". www.medicaldraft.info.
Jump up ^ The Royal Gazette: Regiment plans incentives to attract volunteers, by Gareth Finighan. 7 June 2013
Jump up ^ The Royal Gazette: Pitman’s 40 years in the Regiment recognised, By Ceola Wilson. 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Bernardes, Júlio. Military Service in Brazil declining. USP Notícias. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Six Youths Conscripted into Burmese Army". Narinjara News. August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010.
Jump up ^ See official pages by the Greek Cypriot National Guard.
Jump up ^ grundlov_eng.pmd Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://danmark.dk/portal/page?_pageid=34,328944&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
Jump up ^ http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/424acb8043d3656c9e40df028affb6da/Conscript_2014_web_small.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
^ Jump up to: a b ""Conscript"".
Jump up ^ "Defence Forces > Conscript > Voluntary military service for women > "Voluntary military service for women"".
Jump up ^ "Defence Forces > Conscript > Non-discrimination policies > "Non-discrimination policies"".
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Finland – Where Refusing to Kill is Criminal! - AKL". akl-web.fi.
Jump up ^ "Passports for persons liable for military service".
Jump up ^ Näinkö on? Armeija avaa ovet herrahissiin. Taloussanomat 2014-11-16. Retrieved 2015-08-10. (in Finnish).
Jump up ^ Tämäkö on RUK:n salaisuus? "Ei nössöille tai tumpeloille". Talouselämä 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ Alho, K. E; Nikula, N. Asevelvollisuus ja työmarkkinat: Varusmiespalveluksen vaikutus koulutukseen, työllisyyteen ja palkkaan. The research institute of the Finnish economy. Discussion Papers no 1269. 2012-03-29. pp. 15-16. (in Finnish).
Jump up ^ Marko Elovainio, KM Teija Metsäranta; Mika Kivimäki VARUSMIESKOULUTUKSESSA MENESTYMINEN TYÖELÄMÄÄN SUOITTUMISTA. Retrieved on 2015-08-10. (in Finnish).
Jump up ^ "بنیاد ملی نخبگان". www.bmn.ir.
Jump up ^ More information can be found at [6] (in Persian).
Jump up ^ "Korean pacifists fight conscription", BBC News, 5 May 2002. Retrieved 31 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Can Yoo Seung Jun come back to Korea?". 21 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "hollywoodgrind.com". www.hollywoodgrind.com.
Jump up ^ Park Si-soo,MC Mong gets suspended jail term. 11 April 2011, The Korea Times.
Jump up ^ "공무원보수규정 [별표 13] 군인의 봉급표(제5조 및 별표 1 관련) Korea Ministry of Government Legislation". Retrieved 8 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Norway in the United Kingdom". Norgesportalen.
Jump up ^ http://www.barentsobserver.com/norway-debates-conscription-to-military-service-for-women.4555128-116320.html
^ Jump up to: a b "NS Matters - Home". www.mindef.gov.sg.
Jump up ^ http://www.parlament.ch/F/WAHLEN-ABSTIMMUNGEN/VOLKSABSTIMMUNGEN/VOLKSABSTIMMUNGEN-2013/ABSTIMMUNG-2013-09-22/Pages/default.aspx
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
Jump up ^ News, Taiwan. "Taiwan News Online － Breaking News, Politics, Environment, Immigrants, Travel, and Health". Taiwan News Online － Breaking News, Politics, Environment, Immigrants, Travel, and Health.
Jump up ^ 內政部 (1 January 2012). "中華民國內政部全球資訊網". www.moi.gov.tw.
Jump up ^ "聯合新聞網 - 國內要聞 - 募兵制推動方案 - 國防部：103年仍就學 免當兵".
Jump up ^ "Thailand". War Resisters' International. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Itthipongmaetee, Chayanit (30 March 2017). "THIS DRAFT DAY, THAI MEDIA ASKED NOT TO RIDICULE TRANS WOMEN". Khaosod English. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ukraine to end military conscription after autumn call-ups".
^ Jump up to: a b "برنامج الخدمة الوطنية". هيئة الخدمة الوطنية والاحتياطية (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Editor, Samir Salama, Associate (7 June 2014). "Mandatory national service in UAE approved".
Further reading[edit]
Eighmey, John. "Why Do Youth Enlist?: Identification of Underlying Themes." Armed Forces & Society, Jan 2006; vol. 32: pp. 307–328.
Woodruff, Todd, Ryan Kelty, and David R. Segal. "Propensity to Serve and Motivation to Enlist Among American Combat Soldiers." Armed Forces & Society, Apr 2006; vol. 32: pp. 353–366.
Bachman, Jerald G., David R. Segal, Peter Freedman-Doan, and Patrick M. O'Malley. "Does Enlistment Propensity Predict Accession? High School Seniors’ Plans and Subsequent Behavior." Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1998; vol. 25: pp. 59–80.
McAllister, Ian. "Schools, Enlistment, and Military Values: The Australian Services Cadet Scheme." Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1995; vol. 22: pp. 83–102.
Shields, Patricia M. "Enlistment During the Vietnam Era and the ‘Representation’ Issue of the All-volunteer Force" Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1980; vol. 7: pp. 133–151.
Military Service and Recruitment: Types of Military Recruitment, Conscience and Peace Tax International (retrieved 15 December 2009).
External links[edit]
Dated but useful info
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Military service
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_service&oldid=814536385"
Categories:
Armies
Military sociology
Hidden categories:
Articles with Italian-language external links
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with Finnish-language external links
CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)
Articles needing cleanup from August 2008
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2008
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2008
Articles needing additional references from October 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Incomplete lists from February 2014
Incomplete lists from April 2012
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Articles containing Finnish-language text
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from September 2010
Articles to be expanded from December 2017
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2015
All articles needing rewrite
Use dmy dates from April 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Қазақша
Lietuvių
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Polski
Português
Русский
Sicilianu
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 December 2017, at 11:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

value: b

attrs: class href

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #8cd19d; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #5cacc4; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #6600ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fcb653; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff5254; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #b9b9b9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Edit section: Both compulsory and voluntary military service

values: Edit section: Civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service option

values: Edit section: Military service limited to 1 year or less

values: Edit section: Military service limited to 18 months

values: Edit section: Military service longer than 18 months

values: Edit section: Conscription to be abolished in the near future

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Edit section: Compulsory military service for women

values: Edit section: Countries without mandatory military service

values: Edit section: China, People's Republic of

values: History of the People's Republic of China (1949–76)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Constitution of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Costa_Rica
mw-redirect
Military of Costa Rica

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Republic of Croatia

values:
/wiki/French_Republic
mw-redirect
French Republic

values:
/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France
mw-redirect
Napoleon I of France

values:
/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
National Assembly of Hungary

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Republican_Guard
mw-redirect
Iraqi Republican Guard

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values:
/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces
mw-redirect
Irish Defence Forces

values: Compulsory military service in Italy (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Japanese_Militarism
mw-redirect
Japanese Militarism

values:
/wiki/Second_World_War
mw-redirect
Second World War

values: Compulsory Military Training in New Zealand

values: Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland

values:
/wiki/Romanian_Parliament
mw-redirect
Romanian Parliament

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister
mw-redirect
Prime Minister

values:
/wiki/Conscientious_Objection
mw-redirect
Conscientious Objection

values:
/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)
mw-redirect
Holloway (HM Prison)

values:
/wiki/National_Service
mw-redirect
National Service

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values: Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

values:
/wiki/Conscientious_objectors
mw-redirect
Conscientious objectors

values: Edit section: Countries with mandatory military service

values:
/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory
mw-redirect
British Overseas Territory

values:
/wiki/The_Bermuda_Regiment
mw-redirect
The Bermuda Regiment

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

values:
/wiki/Non-military_service
mw-redirect
Non-military service

values:
/wiki/Expeditionary_war
mw-redirect
Expeditionary war

values:
/wiki/Draft_dodging
mw-redirect
Draft dodging

values: Edit section: Conscientious objection to military service in Greece

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2010)

values: Exemption from military service in Israel

values:
/wiki/Conscientious_objection
mw-redirect
Conscientious objection

values: Refusal to serve in the Israeli military

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values: by whom? Pls cite supporting source (August 2011)

values:
/wiki/Yoo_Seung_Jun
mw-redirect
Yoo Seung Jun

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Russia
mw-redirect
Imperial Russia

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Russian_government
mw-redirect
Russian government

values: Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)

values:
/wiki/National_Service_in_Singapore
mw-redirect
National Service in Singapore

values:
/wiki/Basic_military_training
mw-redirect
Basic military training

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
Republic of China

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values:
/wiki/Asylum_seekers
mw-redirect
Asylum seekers

values:
/wiki/Guest_workers
mw-redirect
Guest workers

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Ukraine
mw-redirect
Military of Ukraine

values:
/wiki/Jehova%27s_Witnesses
mw-redirect
Jehova's Witnesses

values:
/wiki/Enlistment_age_by_country
mw-redirect
Enlistment age by country

values:
nofollow
http://sarbazyy.blogfa.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wri-irg.org/en/node/23820

values:
nofollow
external text
http://agenda.ge/news/38816/eng

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-5829

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aaf.mil.al/?lang=EN

values:
nofollow
http://www.military.ie/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.armee.lu

values:
nofollow
http://www.thelocal.se/21494/20090816/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.thelocal.se/9479/20071221/
external free

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
https://www.jstor.org/stable/769691

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.medicaldraft.info

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.army.gov.cy/index.php?id=76

values:
nofollow
external text
http://akl-web.fi/en/discrimination

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.BMN.IR

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mindef.gov.sg/nsmen

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://chartsbin.com/view/tpe

values: Category:Articles with Italian-language external links

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with Finnish-language external links

values: Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from August 2008

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2008

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2008

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Incomplete lists from February 2014

values: Category:Incomplete lists from April 2012

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

values: Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from September 2010

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from December 2017

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Military_service
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: خدمة عسكرية – Arabic

values: Στρατιωτική υπηρεσία – Greek

values: سربازی – Persian

values: Әскери қызмет – Kazakh

values: စစ်မှုထမ်းခြင်း – Burmese

values: Военная служба – Russian

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leva
Leva – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojni_rok
Vojni rok – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values: Військова служба – Ukrainian

values: 各國兵役制度 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Military_service rootpage-Military_service skin-vector action-view