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Regions of England
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Region
Category
Statistical regions
Administrative region (1)
Location
England
Created
1994
Number
9
Additional status
NUTS 1 region
European constituency
Populations
2,596,886–8,634,750
Areas
1,572–23,829 km²
Government
Local authority leaders' board (6)
Elected assembly (1)
None (2)
Subdivisions
Non-metropolitan county (8)
Metropolitan county (4)
Districts of London (1)
England
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The regions of England, formerly known as the government office regions, are the highest tier of sub-national division in England.[1][2] Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within government. While they no longer fulfill this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas (constituencies) for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament. Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions ("NUTS 1 regions") within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, established in the 1940s for statistical purposes.
The London region (also known as Greater London) has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders' boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities. The remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders' boards.
In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside London, which produced strategic plans and recommendations to local authorities. The regions also had an associated (central) Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009. However, the chambers and select committees were abolished in May 2010, restoring these functions to the main tier of local government,[3] with limited functions transferred to the regional local authority leaders' boards created in 2009. Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011.
From 2011, combined authorities have been introduced in some city regions, with similar responsibilities to the former regional chambers (and in some cases, replacing a regional local authority leaders' board on a smaller scale), but which also receive additional delegated functions from central government relating to transport and economic policy.
Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development. They had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding from the central government as well. These were abolished in 2012, with statutory functions returning to local authorities and central government, however smaller scale local enterprise partnerships were voluntarily established to take on some functions relating to coordinating economic priorities and development.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Regions as areas of administration
2.1 List of regions
3 NUTS 1 statistical regions
4 City regions
5 Subdivisions of England
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
See also: Historical and alternative regions of England
After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex – often referred to as the heptarchy. The boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England and Wales of similar size to the modern regions.[4]
Proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament. The Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or "Home Rule All Round". On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, gave a speech in which he proposed 10 or 12 regional parliaments for the United Kingdom. Within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions.[5][6] While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a while widely anticipated and various schemes for dividing England devised.[7][8] By the 1930s, several competing systems of regions were adopted by central government for such purposes as census of population, agriculture, electricity supply, civil defence and the regulation of road traffic.[9] In 1946 nine "standard regions" were set up, in which central government bodies, statutory undertakings and regional bodies were expected to cooperate.[10] However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s.[11]
Creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, which would see power devolved from central government. Edward Heath's administration in the 1970s did not create a regional structure in the Local Government Act 1972, waiting for the Royal Commission on the Constitution, after which government efforts were concentrated on a constitutional settlement in Scotland and Wales for the rest of the decade. In England, the majority of the Commission "suggested regional coordinating and advisory councils for England, consisting largely of indirectly elected representatives of local authorities and operating along the lines of the Welsh advisory council". One-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the "eight now [in 1973] existing for economic planning purposes, modified to make boundaries to conform with the new county structure".[12][13] A minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain (five within England), which would take over substantial amounts of the central government.[14]
Some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards. In most of the standard regions, Economic Planning Councils and Boards were set up, comprising appointed members from local authorities, business, trade unions and universities, and in the early 1970s these produced a number of regional and sub-regional planning studies.[10] These institutions continued to operate until they were abolished by the incoming Conservative government in 1979. However, by the mid-1980s local authorities in most regions had jointly established standing conferences to consider regional planning issues. Regional initiatives were bolstered by the 1986 Government Green Paper and 1989 White Paper on The Future of Development Plans, which proposed the introduction of strong regional guidance within the planning system,[10] and by the Government's issuing of Strategic Guidance at a regional level, from 1986 onwards.[11]
Regions as areas of administration[edit]
In April 1994, the John Major ministry created a set of ten Government Office Regions for England. Prior to 1994, although various central government departments had different regional offices, the regions they used tended to be different and ad hoc. The stated purpose was as a way of co-ordinating the various regional offices more effectively: they initially involved the Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Employment, Department of Transport and the Department for the Environment.[15] Following the Labour Party's victory in the 1997 general election, the government created regional development agencies. Around a decade later the Labour administration also founded the Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnerships (RIEPs) with £185m of devolved funding to enhance councils' capacity to improve and take the lead in their own improvement.
The Maastricht Treaty encouraged the creation of regional boundaries for selection of members for the Committee of the Regions of the European Union: Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland had each constituted a region, but England represents such a large proportion of the population of the United Kingdom that further division was thought necessary. The English regions, which initially numbered ten, also replaced the Standard Statistical Regions. Merseyside originally constituted a region in itself, but in 1998 it was merged into the North West England region, creating the nine present-day regions.[16] Since 1999, the nine regions have also been used as England's European Parliament constituencies[17] and as statistical NUTS level 1 regions. Since 1 July 2006, there have also been ten NHS Strategic Health Authorities, each of which corresponds to a region, except for South East England, which is divided into western and eastern parts.
East of
England
London
South East
South West
East
Midlands
West
Midlands
Yorkshire and
the Humber
North
East
North West
In 1998, regional chambers were created in the eight English regions outside London under the provisions of the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998.[18] The powers of the assemblies were limited, and members were appointed, largely by local authorities, rather than being directly elected. The functions of the English regions were essentially devolved to them from Government departments or were taken over from pre-existing regional bodies, such as regional planning conferences and regional employers' organisations. Each assembly also made proposals for the UK members of the Committee of the Regions, with members drawn from the elected councillors of the local authorities in the region. The final nominations were made by central government.[19] Although they were publicly funded, one of the Regional Assemblies claimed not to be a public authority and therefore not subject to the Freedom of Information Act 2000.[20]
As power was to be devolved to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales without a counterweight in England, a series of referendums were planned to establish elected regional assemblies in some of the regions. The first was held in London in 1998 and was passed. The London Assembly and Mayor of London of the Greater London Authority were created in 2000. A referendum was held in North East England on 4 November 2004, but the proposal for an elected assembly was rejected. Plans to hold further referendums in other regions were first postponed and then cancelled. A campaign for the establishment of a Cornish assembly, including a petition to the UK government in 2001, was largely ignored and no referendum was held.[21]
In 2007, a Treasury Review for new Prime Minister Gordon Brown recommended that greater powers should be given to local authorities and that the Regional Chambers should be phased out of existence by 2010.[22] The same year, nine Regional Ministers were appointed by the incoming Gordon Brown government. Their primary goal was stated as being to improve communication between central government and the regions of England.[23] The assemblies were effectively replaced by smaller local authority leaders' boards between 2008 and 2010, and formally abolished on 31 March 2010, as part of a "Sub-National Review of Economic Development and Regeneration". Most of their functions transferred to the relevant regional development agency and to local authority leaders' boards.[24]
In June 2010, the incoming Coalition Government announced its intentions to abolish regional strategies and return spatial planning powers to local government. These plans include the withdrawal of funding to the existing eight Local Authority Leaders' Boards, with their statutory functions also being assumed by local councils. The boards in most cases continue to exist as voluntary associations of council leaders, funded by the local authorities themselves.[25][26][27] No appointments as Regional Ministers were made by the incoming UK government in 2010.
These changes did not affect the directly elected London Assembly, which was established by separate legislation as part of the Greater London Authority. In 2011, Greater London remains administered by the Greater London Authority, which consists of an elected London Assembly and a separately elected Mayor of London.
Following the abolition of the Government Offices in 2011, it was announced that the former Government Office Regions (GOR) would henceforth be known, for the purposes of statistical analysis, simply as Regions.[28]
List of regions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Name[29]
Population
10-year % increase
(to 2011 Census)
Area
km²
Pop. density
/km²
Median gross annual
earnings (£) 2014[30]
% of population claiming
Income Support
or JSA
(August 2012)
% as at August 2001
Largest city
South East
8,634,750 7.9% 19,095 452.20 28,629 3.0% 5.4% Brighton and Hove
London 8,173,941 14.0% 1,572 5199.71 35,069 5.3% 10.1% London
North West 7,052,177 4.8% 14,165 497.86 25,229 5.3% 10.4% Manchester
East of England 5,846,965 8.5% 19,120 305.80 26,830 3.5% 6.2% Norwich
West Midlands 5,601,847 6.4% 13,000 430.00 24,920 5.1% 9.2% Birmingham
South West 5,288,935 7.3% 23,829 221.95 25,571 3.3% 6.8% Bristol
Yorkshire and the Humber 5,283,733 6.4% 15,420 342.65 24,999 5.2% 9.3% Leeds
East Midlands 4,533,222 8.7% 15,627 290.09 25,027 4.2% 7.7% Leicester
North East
2,596,886 3.2% 8,592 302.24 24,876 6.1% 11.6% Newcastle upon Tyne
England 53,012,456 7.88% 130,395 406.55 27,487 4.45% 8.32%[31] London
NUTS 1 statistical regions[edit]
Main articles: NUTS 1 statistical regions of England and NUTS statistical regions of the United Kingdom
The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for statistical purposes. The NUTS code for the UK is UK and there are 12 first level regions within the state. Within the UK, there are 9 such regions in England, together with Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union (EU). The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the EU's Structural Funds. A hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. The sub-structure corresponds to administrative divisions within the country. Formerly, the further NUTS divisions (IV and V) existed; these have now been replaced by Local administrative unit (LAU-1 and LAU-2 respectively).
City regions[edit]
Main article: City region (United Kingdom)
In its later years the Labour government adopted the concept of city regions, regions consisting of a metropolitan area and its hinterland or Travel to Work Areas. Two such areas were considered for giving statutory powers: Greater Manchester City Region and Leeds City Region. However, this was later discontinued as a result of the May 2010 general election, although the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government did agree to the creation of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and West Yorkshire Combined Authority in 2011, with all other proposals and the regional development agencies being subsumed into the local enterprise partnerships.
Subdivisions of England[edit]
Main article: Subdivisions of England
Local government in England does not follow a uniform structure. Therefore, each region is divided into a range of further subdivisions. London is divided into London boroughs while the other regions are divided into metropolitan counties, shire counties and unitary authorities. Counties are further divided into districts and some areas are also parished. Regions are also divided into sub-regions, which usually group socio-economically linked local authorities together. However, the sub-regions have no official status and are little used other than for strategic planning purposes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Local government geography and history, Department for Communities and Local Government. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Regions (Former GORs), Guidance and Methodology, ONS. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (27 May 2010). "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 27 May 2010 (pt 0001)". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2010-11-24. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Little, Patrick (2012). "Major-generals (act. 1655–1657)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/95468. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Local Parliaments For England. Mr. Churchill's Outline of a Federal System, Ten Or Twelve Legislatures, The Times, 13 September 1912, p.4
Jump up ^ G. K. Peatling, ''Home Rule for England, English Nationalism, and Edwardian Debates about Constitutional Reform'' in ''Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies'', Vol. 35, No. 1. (Spring, 2003), pp.71–90. JSTOR 4054518
Jump up ^ In 1917 the Royal Geographical Society debated a paper by C.B. Fawcett that detailed 12 provinces he considered to be the "natural divisions of England". Detailed boundaries were proposed with regional capitals designated on the basis of the possession of universities or university colleges. C. B. Fawcett, Natural Divisions of England in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2. (February 1917), pp. 124–135 JSTOR 1779341
Jump up ^ In 1919 Fawcett expanded his paper into a book entitled the Provinces of England, and a similar system of regions was proposed by G.D.H. Cole in The Future of Local Government in 1921. In 1920 the Ministry of Health published its own proposals for 15 provinces, subdivided into 59 regions E. W. Gilbert, Practical Regionalism in England and Wales in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 1. (July 1939), pp. 29–44. JSTOR 1788587
Jump up ^ E. W. Gilbert, ''Practical Regionalism in England and Wales'' in ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 94, No. 1. (July 1939), pp. 29–44. JSTOR 1788587
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul N. Balchin and Luděk Sýkora, Regional Policy and Planning in Europe, Routledge, 1999, pp.89–100
^ Jump up to: a b Urlan Wannop, Regional Imperative: Regional Planning and Governance in Britain, Europe and the United States, Routledge, 2002, pp.8–30
Jump up ^ Whitehall powers would go to Scotland, Wales and regions, but no full self-government. The Times. 1 November 1973.
Jump up ^ More freedom for Scots, Welsh in proposals to region regions. The Times. 1 November 1973.
Jump up ^ Dissenters urge plan for seven assemblies. The Times. 1 November 1973.
Jump up ^ Devolution and British Politics. Chapter 10. English regional government: Christopher Stevens
Jump up ^ National Statistics – Beginners' guide to UK geography
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom Election Results". Election.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Regional Development Agencies Act 1998". Opsi.gov.uk. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ Committee of the Regions – Appointing the UK delegation Archived 21 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "South East Regional Assembly: Policy on access to information". Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ Cornish Constitutional Convention. "Campaign for a Cornish Assembly". Cornishassembly.org. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ HM Treasury Press Release 79/07 – 17 July 2007 Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Regional Ministers at Government Offices webpage. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Archived 18 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ eGov monitor – Planning transfer undermines democracy. 29 November 2007 Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "In Full: The projects axed or suspended by government". BBC News. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Scrapping regional bureaucracy will save millions – Newsroom – Department for Communities and Local Government". Communities.gov.uk. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
Jump up ^ "1 Horse Guards Road" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
Jump up ^ ONS: Regions (Former GORs). Accessed 8 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Regions (Former GORs)". ONS. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "ASHE 1997 to 2014 selected estimates (Excel sheet 408Kb)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Key Statistics: Population; Quick Statistics: Economic indicators. (2011 census and 2001 census) Retrieved 2015-02-27.[dead link]
External links[edit]
Local Government Boundary Commission for England
Dept of Communities and Local Government
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Regions of England
East of England
East Midlands
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Administrative geography of the United Kingdom
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regions_of_England&oldid=836216979"
Categories:
Regions of England
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Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
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Software documentation
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Software documentation is written text or illustration that accompanies computer software or is embedded in the source code. It either explains how it operates or how to use it, and may mean different things to people in different roles.
Documentation is an important part of software engineering. Types of documentation include:
Requirements – Statements that identify attributes, capabilities, characteristics, or qualities of a system. This is the foundation for what will be or has been implemented.
Architecture/Design – Overview of software. Includes relations to an environment and construction principles to be used in design of software components.
Technical – Documentation of code, algorithms, interfaces, and APIs.
End user – Manuals for the end-user, system administrators and support staff.
Marketing – How to market the product and analysis of the market demand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Requirements documentation
2 Architecture/Design Documentation
3 Technical documentation
3.1 Technical documentation embedded in source code
3.1.1 Literate programming
3.1.2 Elucidative programming
4 User documentation
4.1 Composing user documentation
5 Documentation and agile development controversy
6 Marketing documentation
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
Requirements documentation[edit]
Requirements documentation is the description of what a particular software does or shall do. It is used throughout development to communicate how the software functions or how it is intended to operate. It is also used as an agreement or as the foundation for agreement on what the software will do. Requirements are produced and consumed by everyone involved in the production of software: end users, customers, product managers, project managers, sales, marketing, software architects, usability engineers, interaction designers, developers, and testers, to name a few. Thus, requirements documentation has many different purposes.
Requirements comes in a variety of styles, notations and formality. Requirements can be goal-like (e.g., distributed work environment), close to design (e.g., builds can be started by right-clicking a configuration file and select the 'build' function), and anything in between. They can be specified as statements in natural language, as drawn figures, as detailed mathematical formulas, and as a combination of them all.
The variation and complexity of requirements documentation makes it a proven challenge. Requirements may be implicit and hard to uncover. It is difficult to know exactly how much and what kind of documentation is needed and how much can be left to the architecture and design documentation, and it is difficult to know how to document requirements considering the variety of people who shall read and use the documentation. Thus, requirements documentation is often incomplete (or non-existent). Without proper requirements documentation, software changes become more difficult — and therefore more error prone (decreased software quality) and time-consuming (expensive).
The need for requirements documentation is typically related to the complexity of the product, the impact of the product, and the life expectancy of the software. If the software is very complex or developed by many people (e.g., mobile phone software), requirements can help to better communicate what to achieve. If the software is safety-critical and can have negative impact on human life (e.g., nuclear power systems, medical equipment, mechanical equipment), more formal requirements documentation is often required. If the software is expected to live for only a month or two (e.g., very small mobile phone applications developed specifically for a certain campaign) very little requirements documentation may be needed. If the software is a first release that is later built upon, requirements documentation is very helpful when managing the change of the software and verifying that nothing has been broken in the software when it is modified.
Traditionally, requirements are specified in requirements documents (e.g. using word processing applications and spreadsheet applications). To manage the increased complexity and changing nature of requirements documentation (and software documentation in general), database-centric systems and special-purpose requirements management tools are advocated.
Architecture/Design Documentation[edit]
Architecture documentation (also known as software architecture description) is a special breed of design document. In a way, architecture documents are third derivative from the code (design document being second derivative, and code documents being first). Very little in the architecture documents is specific to the code itself. These documents do not describe how to program a particular routine, or even why that particular routine exists in the form that it does, but instead merely lays out the general requirements that would motivate the existence of such a routine. A good architecture document is short on details but thick on explanation. It may suggest approaches for lower level design, but leave the actual exploration trade studies to other documents.
Another breed of design docs is the comparison document, or trade study. This would often take the form of a whitepaper. It focuses on one specific aspect of the system and suggests alternate approaches. It could be at the user interface, code, design, or even architectural level. It will outline what the situation is, describe one or more alternatives, and enumerate the pros and cons of each. A good trade study document is heavy on research, expresses its idea clearly (without relying heavily on obtuse jargon to dazzle the reader), and most importantly is impartial. It should honestly and clearly explain the costs of whatever solution it offers as best. The objective of a trade study is to devise the best solution, rather than to push a particular point of view. It is perfectly acceptable to state no conclusion, or to conclude that none of the alternatives are sufficiently better than the baseline to warrant a change. It should be approached as a scientific endeavor, not as a marketing technique.
A very important part of the design document in enterprise software development is the Database Design Document (DDD). It contains Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Design Elements. The DDD includes the formal information that the people who interact with the database need. The purpose of preparing it is to create a common source to be used by all players within the scene. The potential users are:
Database designer
Database developer
Database administrator
Application designer
Application developer
When talking about Relational Database Systems, the document should include following parts:
Entity - Relationship Schema (enhanced or not), including following information and their clear definitions:
Entity Sets and their attributes
Relationships and their attributes
Candidate keys for each entity set
Attribute and Tuple based constraints
Relational Schema, including following information:
Tables, Attributes, and their properties
Views
Constraints such as primary keys, foreign keys,
Cardinality of referential constraints
Cascading Policy for referential constraints
Primary keys
It is very important to include all information that is to be used by all actors in the scene. It is also very important to update the documents as any change occurs in the database as well.
Technical documentation[edit]
Main article: Technical documentation
It is important for the code documents associated with the source code (which may include README files and API documentation) to be thorough, but not so verbose that it becomes overly time-consuming or difficult to maintain them. Various how-to and overview documentation guides are commonly found specific to the software application or software product being documented by API writers. This documentation may be used by developers, testers, and also the end-users using the software application. Today, a lot of high-end applications in the field of power, energy, transportation, networks, aerospace, safety, security, industry automation and a variety of other domains are seen. Technical documentation has become important within such organizations as the basic and advanced level of information may change over a period of time with architecture changes.
Code documents are often organized into a reference guide style, allowing a programmer to quickly look up an arbitrary function or class.
Technical documentation embedded in source code[edit]
Often, tools such as Doxygen, NDoc, Visual Expert, Javadoc, EiffelStudio, Sandcastle, ROBODoc, POD, TwinText, or Universal Report can be used to auto-generate the code documents—that is, they extract the comments and software contracts, where available, from the source code and create reference manuals in such forms as text or HTML files.
The idea of auto-generating documentation is attractive to programmers for various reasons. For example, because it is extracted from the source code itself (for example, through comments), the programmer can write it while referring to the code, and use the same tools used to create the source code to make the documentation. This makes it much easier to keep the documentation up-to-date.
Of course, a downside is that only programmers can edit this kind of documentation, and it depends on them to refresh the output (for example, by running a cron job to update the documents nightly). Some would characterize this as a pro rather than a con.
Literate programming[edit]
Respected computer scientist Donald Knuth has noted that documentation can be a very difficult afterthought process and has advocated literate programming, written at the same time and location as the source code and extracted by automatic means. The programming languages Haskell and CoffeeScript have built-in support for a simple form of literate programming, but this support is not widely used.
Elucidative programming[edit]
Elucidative Programming is the result of practical applications of Literate Programming in real programming contexts. The Elucidative paradigm proposes that source code and documentation be stored separately.
Often, software developers need to be able to create and access information that is not going to be part of the source file itself. Such annotations are usually part of several software development activities, such as code walks and porting, where third party source code is analysed in a functional way. Annotations can therefore help the developer during any stage of software development where a formal documentation system would hinder progress.
User documentation[edit]
Unlike code documents, user documents simply describe how a program is used.
In the case of a software library, the code documents and user documents could in some cases be effectively equivalent and worth conjoining, but for a general application this is not often true.
Typically, the user documentation describes each feature of the program, and assists the user in realizing these features. A good user document can also go so far as to provide thorough troubleshooting assistance. It is very important for user documents to not be confusing, and for them to be up to date. User documents need not be organized in any particular way, but it is very important for them to have a thorough index. Consistency and simplicity are also very valuable. User documentation is considered to constitute a contract specifying what the software will do. API Writers are very well accomplished towards writing good user documents as they would be well aware of the software architecture and programming techniques used. See also technical writing.
User documentation can be produced in a variety of online and print formats.[1] However, there are three broad ways in which user documentation can be organized.
Tutorial: A tutorial approach is considered the most useful for a new user, in which they are guided through each step of accomplishing particular tasks.[2]
Thematic: A thematic approach, where chapters or sections concentrate on one particular area of interest, is of more general use to an intermediate user. Some authors prefer to convey their ideas through a knowledge based article to facilitating the user needs. This approach is usually practiced by a dynamic industry, such as Information technology, where the user population is largely correlated with the troubleshooting demands [3]
List or Reference: The final type of organizing principle is one in which commands or tasks are simply listed alphabetically or logically grouped, often via cross-referenced indexes. This latter approach is of greater use to advanced users who know exactly what sort of information they are looking for.
A common complaint among users regarding software documentation is that only one of these three approaches was taken to the near-exclusion of the other two. It is common to limit provided software documentation for personal computers to online help that give only reference information on commands or menu items. The job of tutoring new users or helping more experienced users get the most out of a program is left to private publishers, who are often given significant assistance by the software developer.
Composing user documentation[edit]
Like other forms of technical documentation, good user documentation benefits from an organized process of development. In the case of user documentation, the process as it commonly occurs in industry consists of five steps:[4]
1. User analysis, the basic research phase of the process.[5]
2. Planning, or the actual documentation phase.[6]
3. Draft review, a self-explanatory phase where feedback is sought on the draft composed in the previous step.[7]
4. Usability testing, whereby the usability of the document is tested empirically.[8]
5. Editing, the final step in which the information collected in steps three and four is used to produce the final draft.
Documentation and agile development controversy[edit]
"The resistance to documentation among developers is well known and needs no emphasis."[9] This situation is particularly prevalent in agile software development because these methodologies try to avoid any unnecessary activities that do not directly bring value. Specifically, the Agile Manifesto advocates valuing "working software over comprehensive documentation", which could be interpreted cynically as "We want to spend all our time coding. Remember, real programmers don't write documentation."[10]
A survey among software engineering experts revealed, however, that documentation is by no means considered unnecessary in agile development. Yet it is acknowledged that there are motivational problems in development, and that documentation methods tailored to agile development (e.g. through Reputation systems and Gamification) may be needed.[11][12]
Marketing documentation[edit]
For many applications it is necessary to have some promotional materials to encourage casual observers to spend more time learning about the product. This form of documentation has three purposes:-
To excite the potential user about the product and instill in them a desire for becoming more involved with it.
To inform them about what exactly the product does, so that their expectations are in line with what they will be receiving.
To explain the position of this product with respect to other alternatives.
See also[edit]
API Writer
Comparison of documentation generators
Design by contract
Design document
Docstring
Documentation
Literate programming
README files
User Assistance
Unified Modeling Language UML
Write-only documentation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ RH Earle, MA Rosso, KE Alexander (2015) User preferences of software documentation genres. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Conference on the Design of Communication (ACM SIGDOC).
Jump up ^ Woelz, Carlos. "The KDE Documentation Primer". Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Microsoft. "Knowledge Base Articles for Driver Development". Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Thomas T. Barker, Writing Software Documentation, Preface, xxiv. Part of the Allyn & Bacon Series in Technical Communication, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2003. ISBN 0321103289 Archived May 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Barker, pg. 118.
Jump up ^ Barker, pg. 173.
Jump up ^ Barker, pg. 217.
Jump up ^ Barker, pg. 240.
Jump up ^ Herbsleb, James D. and Moitra, Dependra. In: IEEE Software, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 16-20, Mar/Apr 2001
Jump up ^ Rakitin, Steven. , "Manifesto elicits cynicism." IEEE Computer, vol. 34, no. 12, p. 4, 2001
Jump up ^ Prause, Christian R., and Zoya Durdik. "Architectural design and documentation: Waste in agile development?" In: International Conference on Software and System Process (ICSSP), IEEE, 2012.
Jump up ^ Selic, Bran. "Agile documentation, anyone?" In: IEEE Software, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 11-12, 2009
External links[edit]
kelp - a source code annotation framework for architectural, design and technical documentation.
automated software documentation - application documentation
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Friends (season 3)
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Friends (season 3)
Friends season 3 DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
25
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 19, 1996 (1996-09-19) – May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
List of Friends episodes
The third season of Friends, an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, premiered on NBC on September 19, 1996. Friends was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. The season contains 25 episodes and concluded airing on May 15, 1997.
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
1.3 Guest stars
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Friends characters
(In particular, Introduced in season 3 or Only in season 3)
Main cast[edit]
Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green
Courteney Cox as Monica Geller
Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay
Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani
Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing
David Schwimmer as Ross Geller
Recurring cast[edit]
Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein
Jon Favreau as Pete Becker
Steven Eckholdt as Mark Robinson
Angela Featherstone as Chloe
Giovanni Ribisi as Frank Buffay, Jr.
Dina Meyer as Kate Miller
James Michael Tyler as Gunther
Teri Garr as Phoebe Abbott
Jennifer Milmore as Lauren
Guest stars[edit]
Tom Selleck as Richard Burke
June Gable as Estelle Leonard
David Arquette as Malcolm
Christine Taylor as Bonnie
Larry Hankin as Mr. Heckles
Isabella Rossellini as herself
Robin Williams as Tomas
Elizabeth Daily as Leslie
Sherilyn Fenn as Ginger
Billy Crystal as Tim
Ben Stiller as Tommy
Matt Battaglia as Vince
Robert Gant as Jason
Suzanna Voltaire as Margha
Sam McMurray as Doug
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Friends episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
49
1 "The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" Gail Mancuso Michael Curtis & Gregory S. Malins September 19, 1996 (1996-09-19) 465251 26.8[1]
Ross reveals his sexual fantasy to Rachel, which involves her being dressed up in Princess Leia's bikini from Return of the Jedi. Monica suffers from insomnia after her breakup with Richard. And Chandler, willingly back together with Janice, wants Joey to bond with her.
50
2 "The One Where No One's Ready" Gail Mancuso Ira Ungerleider September 26, 1996 (1996-09-26) 465252 26.7[1]
Ross is in a hurry to get everyone dressed for an important banquet at the museum but everyone keeps delaying. Monica freaks when she hears an answer phone message from Richard, and Joey and Chandler fight over a chair.
51
3 "The One with the Jam" Kevin S. Bright Wil Calhoun October 3, 1996 (1996-10-03) 465253 25.2[1]
Phoebe is stalked by a man who mistakes her for her twin sister. Ross and Rachel give Chandler "boyfriend" lessons. Monica uses her free time after breaking up with Richard to make jam and considers artificial insemination through a sperm bank.
Guest star: David Arquette
52
4 "The One with the Metaphorical Tunnel" Steve Zuckerman Alexa Junge October 10, 1996 (1996-10-10) 465254 26.1[1]
Phoebe pretends to be Joey's agent and has some success in getting him auditions, however the initial rush soon wears off when she is forced to tell him why he isn't getting any parts. Ross is upset when Ben brings a Barbie doll on his weekend visit. Chandler is advancing in his relationship with Janice and, realizing that he has a fear of commitment, goes to the girls for advice.
53
5 "The One with Frank Jr." Steve Zuckerman Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri October 17, 1996 (1996-10-17) 465255 23.3[1]
Phoebe's half-brother visits and she offers to give him a massage, but they have trouble bonding. Joey attempts to build an entertainment center. Ross is challenged to name the five celebrities he'd like to sleep with most. Guest star Isabella Rossellini.
54
6 "The One with the Flashback" Peter Bonerz David Crane & Marta Kauffman October 31, 1996 (1996-10-31) 465256 23.3[1]
When Janice asks the gang if any of them have ever slept together, the friends flash back to a time three years before, where some dark secrets are revealed among each other, that Ross kissed Phoebe, Joey got naked in front of Monica, and Chandler and Rachel both wanted to have sex with each other (but didn't).
55
7 "The One with the Race Car Bed" Gail Mancuso Seth Kurland November 7, 1996 (1996-11-07) 465257 27.4[1]
When Monica buys a new bed from Janice's ex-husband's store, the wrong one is delivered. When she and Joey try to take it back, Joey sees Janice and him, kissing in his office. Rachel tries to have her father and Ross bond by going to dinner together, but things do not work out. Rachel sets up a brunch the day after but ultimately, they bond by criticizing her. Joey gets a job teaching a soap opera acting class. A student gets a job offer for a part that Joey had been going for.
56
8 "The One with the Giant Poking Device" Gail Mancuso Adam Chase November 14, 1996 (1996-11-14) 465258 28.7[1]
When Chandler is about to buy Janice an expensive gift, Joey tells him that he saw Janice kissing her ex-husband. Meanwhile, Monica accidentally bumps baby Ben's head into a post. Phoebe is worried that her going to the dentist will cause someone to die, as it has happened before. On returning, she sees that Ugly Naked Guy is lying, unmoving in his apartment. In order to put her fears to rest, the others fashion a long stick made out of chopsticks to poke him with, to which he wakes up.
57
9 "The One with the Football" Kevin S. Bright Ira Ungerleider November 21, 1996 (1996-11-21) 465259 29.3[1]
Emotions become the feast of the day when the gang plays a game of touch football on Thanksgiving when Ross and Monica's competitive streaks flare up while Joey and Chandler argue over who gets to date a Dutch model that is watching the game.
58
10 "The One Where Rachel Quits" Terry Hughes Gregory S. Malins & Michael Curtis December 12, 1996 (1996-12-12) 465260 25.1[1]
Wanting to pursue a career in fashion, Rachel decides to quit her job as a waitress. Phoebe tries to help Joey when he gets a job selling Christmas trees. Ross accidentally breaks a girl's leg, and attempts to make it up to her by helping her sell cookies to win a trip to Space Camp.
59
11 "The One Where Chandler Can't Remember Which Sister" Terry Hughes Alexa Junge January 9, 1997 (1997-01-09) 465261 29.8[1]
Rachel is frustrated with her new job at Fortunata Fashions, where she spends all day making coffee. While venting her frustration to Monica she bumps into Mark, an employee of Bloomingdale's who knows of a vacancy in his department. He gets her a job there, but Ross is suspicious of Mark's motives. A drunken Chandler fools around with one of Joey's sisters, but later can't remember which one, much to Joey's anger.
60
12 "The One with All the Jealousy" Robby Benson Doty Abrams January 16, 1997 (1997-01-16) 465262 29.6[1]
Ross is jealous of Mark, thinking he is trying to steal Rachel away causing him to shower Rachel with romantic gifts at her workplace. Joey's numerous lies on his resume catch up to him, as he is forced to teach a dance to an entire Broadway cast, unsuccessfully. Monica dates Julio, a busboy from the diner who writes a poem for her called 'The Empty Vase'. Touched, Monica sleeps with him but is then told by Phoebe that the poem is referring to her, and uses an a capella group to get revenge.
61
13 "The One Where Monica and Richard are Just Friends" Robby Benson Michael Borkow January 30, 1997 (1997-01-30) 465265 28.0[1]
Monica's willpower is tested when she runs into Richard at the video store. The two decide to be just 'friends', but quickly start sleeping together again. Joey agrees to read Little Women while Rachel agrees to read The Shining. Phoebe's athletic new boyfriend keeps accidentally exposing himself through his shorts.
62
14 "The One with Phoebe's Ex-Partner" Robby Benson Wil Calhoun February 6, 1997 (1997-02-06) 465266 28.9[1]
Phoebe is reunited with her former singing partner (Elizabeth Daily), who thinks "Smelly Cat" has hit potential. Chandler dates a woman with a prosthetic leg (Sherilyn Fenn). Ross, who is getting sick of Rachel's long work hours, is happy to learn that Mark is leaving Bloomingdale's, just to discover Rachel is still friends with him and are planning to attend a fashion seminar together. In order to make sure Mark can't go, Ross accompanies her instead but then quickly falls asleep which causes a fresh argument and leaves the relationship on very rocky ground.
63
15 "The One Where Ross and Rachel Take a Break" James Burrows Michael Borkow February 13, 1997 (1997-02-13) 465263 27.3[1]
Chandler and Joey ponder a possible threesome with Chloe (Angela Featherstone), whom they both are attracted to. Phoebe dates an eastern Europe diplomat who needs an interpreter to communicate with her. Ross and Rachel's relationship continues to deteriorate when she is forced to work on their one-year anniversary. Ross goes to her office to spend time with her, but she has too much work on. This leads to a bitter fight and Rachel says that they need to go on a break from each other. Upset, Ross goes drinking with Joey and Chandler and ends up in the arms of Chloe.
64
16 "The One with the Morning After" James Burrows David Crane & Marta Kauffman February 20, 1997 (1997-02-20) 465264 28.3[1]
Ross wakes up the next morning full of regret after sleeping with Chloe, but manages to keep it a secret from Rachel, who agrees to get back together again. Later, she discovers the truth. The two go back to her apartment and have a huge fight, as the other four friends are trapped in Monica's bedroom, forced to listen in. The argument lasts for hours, and although Ross is desperate for forgiveness Rachel refuses and ends the relationship completely, with both Ross and Rachel both devastated.
65
17 "The One Without the Ski Trip" Sam Simon Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri March 6, 1997 (1997-03-06) 465267 25.8[1]
Ross and Rachel are finding it difficult to be near each other, which means that the friends divide their time between Ross and Rachel. Driving off for a ski-trip with Rachel, their car breaks down, forcing them to call Ross for rescue. Upset by all this, Chandler uses it as an excuse to start smoking again.
66
18 "The One with the Hypnosis Tape" Robby Benson Seth Kurland March 13, 1997 (1997-03-13) 465269 28.1[1]
A desperate Monica agrees to a date with one of her restaurant customers, who turns out to be very well off Pete (played by Jon Favreau). Phoebe freaks when she finds out that her 18-year-old brother is planning to wed a woman more than twice his age (Debra Jo Rupp). Chandler uses a hypnosis tape to quit smoking, but it is meant for women, which causes him to act feminine.
67
19 "The One with the Tiny T-Shirt" Terry Hughes Adam Chase March 27, 1997 (1997-03-27) 465268 23.7[1]
Rachel goes on her first date after splitting from Ross, with Mark from her office. Joey develops a crush on Kate (Dina Meyer), his costar in his new play. Monica continues to date Pete, even though she is still not attracted to him.
68
20 "The One with the Dollhouse" Terry Hughes Wil Calhoun April 3, 1997 (1997-04-03) 465270 24.4[1]
Rachel regrets making a date for Chandler and her boss, Joanna. Joey's interest in Kate intensifies after they sleep together. Monica's aunt dies, leaving her a beautiful antique dollhouse, but it's too elaborate to play with, so Phoebe makes her own dollhouse, but it meets a sad end.
69
21 "The One with a Chick and a Duck" Michael Lembeck Chris Brown April 17, 1997 (1997-04-17) 465271 23.2[1]
Monica considers a dream job in Pete's new restaurant, but Phoebe senses there is more to the deal. Joey and Chandler adopt a baby chick and a duck. Ross misses a panel for the Discovery Channel to help Rachel, who may have a broken rib, and she is amazed (and impressed) when she learns what he gave up to help her.
70
22 "The One with the Screamer" Peter Bonerz Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri April 24, 1997 (1997-04-24) 465272 22.6[1]
Rachel dates a man (Ben Stiller) who turns out to be an aggressive, testosterone-fuelled bully who frightens and intimidates anyone who irritates him by viciously screaming at them, but for a long time the only one who is subjected to this is Ross and everyone thinks he's just jealous because the guy's dating Rachel. Joey and Kate break up when she gets a big job in Los Angeles and takes it. Phoebe is on hold for days with a company she needs to talk to before her phone warranty expires.
71
23 "The One with Ross's Thing" Shelley Jensen Ted Cohen & Andrew Reich May 1, 1997 (1997-05-01) 465274 24.2[1]
Afflicted with a mysterious skin condition on his back, Ross seeks advice from Phoebe's herbalist (Kevin McDonald). Phoebe can't choose between dating a fireman or a Kindergarten teacher and attempts to date both, which is a problem when the fireman turns out to also be smart and the teacher turns out to be a hunk. Monica can't decide what to do about Pete when she thinks he is going to break up with her because Pete says when he gets back from Atlanta they "need to talk". To Monica's mix of relief and shock, Pete wants to tell her that he's now going to pursue full-time his dream of being an Ultimate Fighting champion.
72
24 "The One with the Ultimate Fighting Champion" Robby Benson Story by : Pang-Ni Landrum & Mark Kunerth
Teleplay by : Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri May 8, 1997 (1997-05-08) 465273 23.1[1]
Monica tries to be supportive of Pete's UFC dreams, but the brutal losing beatings he sustains leads her to tell him she can't stay with him if he keeps going because he's going to end up crippled or dead. Chandler has a problem when his new boss keeps slapping him on the butt. Phoebe sets Ross up on a date with a gorgeous woman who used to be bald. This episode features a cameo skit by Billy Crystal and Robin Williams.
73
25 "The One at the Beach" Pamela Fryman Story by : Pang-Ni Landrum & Mark Kunerth
Teleplay by : Adam Chase May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15) 465275 28.8[1]
The gang goes to the beach. In search of a woman who was friends with her mom, Phoebe meets the woman (who is also named Phoebe) with links to her family's past, who may know more than she's letting on. Ross discovers that Rachel still loves him, and must choose between sex-crazy, but newly bald (thanks to some subversive advice from Rachel) Bonnie (Christine Taylor), and Rachel, the love of his life.
Ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (m)
Weekly
Rank
Ref.
49 1 "The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" September 19, 1996 (1996-09-19) Thursdays
8:00 p.m.
16.7/31
26.8
3
[2]
50 2 "The One Where No One's Ready" September 26, 1996 (1996-09-26)
18.4/31
26.7
4
51 3 "The One with the Jam" October 3, 1996 (1996-10-03)
17.3/30
25.2
6
52 4 "The One with the Metaphorical Tunnel" October 10, 1996 (1996-10-10)
18.0/30
26.1
5
53 5 "The One with Frank Jr." October 17, 1996 (1996-10-17)
16.1/26
23.3
5
54 6 "The One with the Flashback" October 31, 1996 (1996-10-31)
16.0/28
23.3
5
55 7 "The One with the Race Car Bed" November 7, 1996 (1996-11-07)
18.0/29
27.4
4
56 8 "The One with the Giant Poking Device" November 14, 1996 (1996-11-14)
18.8/30
28.7
4
57 9 "The One with the Football" November 21, 1996 (1996-11-21)
19.0/30
29.3
5
58 10 "The One Where Rachel Quits" December 12, 1996 (1996-12-12)
16.1/27
25.1
4
59 11 "The One Where Chandler Can't Remember Which Sister" January 9, 1997 (1997-01-09)
19.4/29
29.8
2
60 12 "The One Where Monica and Richard Are Just Friends" January 16, 1997 (1997-01-16)
19.4/29
29.6
4
61 13 "The One with All the Jealousy" January 30, 1997 (1997-01-30)
18.9/29
28.0
3
62 14 "The One with Phoebe's Ex-Partner" February 6, 1997 (1997-02-06)
19.0/30
28.9
3
63 15 "The One Where Ross and Rachel Take a Break" February 13, 1997 (1997-02-13)
18.3/29
27.3
4
64 16 "The One The Morning After" February 20, 1997 (1997-02-20)
18.6/29
28.3
5
65 17 "The One Without the Ski Trip" March 6, 1997 (1997-03-06)
17.5/29
25.8
2
66 18 "The One with the Hypnosis Tape" March 13, 1997 (1997-03-13)
18.7/30
28.1
2
67 19 "The One with the Tiny T-Shirt" March 27, 1997 (1997-03-27)
16.0/28
23.7
3
68 20 "The One with the Dollhouse" April 3, 1997 (1997-04-03)
16.3/28
24.4
4
69 21 "The One with a Chick And a Duck" April 17, 1997 (1997-04-17)
16.0/28
23.2
3
70 22 "The One with the Screamer" April 24, 1997 (1997-04-24)
15.5/27
22.6
5
71 23 "The One with Ross's Thing" May 1, 1997 (1997-05-01)
16.6/29
24.2
5
72 24 "The One with the Ultimate Fighting Champion" May 8, 1997 (1997-05-08)
15.6/27
23.1
4
73 25 "The One at the Beach" May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15)
16.5/29
28.8
4
Awards and nominations[edit]
Association
Category
Recipient
Results
8th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Television Comedy Series N/A Nominated
55th Annual Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical N/A Nominated
9th Annual Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards Favorite Television Actress Jennifer Aniston Nominated
Courteney Cox Nominated
1st Annual Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Comedy Series N/A Nominated
Best Direction in a Series Gail Mancusco
Kevin S. Bright
Steve Zuckerman
Peter Bonerz
Terry Hughes
Robby Benson
James Burrows
Sam Simon
Michael Lembeck
Shelley Jensen
Pamela Fryman Nominated
Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Writing in a Series Michael Curtis
Gregory S. Malins
Ira Ungerleider
Wil Calhoun
Alexa Junge
Shana Goldberg-Meehan
Scott Silveri
David Crane
Marta Kauffman
Seth Kurland
Adam Chase
Doty Abrams
Michael Borkow
Chris Brown
Ted Cohen
Andrew Reich Nominated
Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Series Matthew Perry Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Series Lisa Kudrow Nominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Series Jennifer Aniston
Courteney Cox
Lisa Kudrow
Matt LeBlanc
Matthew Perry
David Schwimmer Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
49th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
for episode "The One with the Metaphorical Tunnel" + "The One with the Flashback" Lisa Kudrow Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Friends Nielsen Ratings Archive – Season Three". Newmusicandmore.tripod.com. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Ratings". http://newmusicandmore.tripod.com/. Retrieved November 2, 2016. External link in |website= (help)
External links[edit]
List of Friends episodes on IMDb
Friends: Season 3 at Rotten Tomatoes
hide
v
t
e
Friends
Characters
Chandler Bing
Phoebe Buffay
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Rachel Green
Joey Tribbiani
Episodes
Season 1
"The Pilot" (1.01)
"The One with the Sonogram at the End" (1.02)
Season 2
"The One with the Lesbian Wedding" (2.11)
"The One After the Superbowl" (2.12–2.13)
"The One with the Prom Video" (2.14)
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies" (2.18)
Season 3
"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" (3.01)
"The One Where No One's Ready" (3.02)
"The One with the Morning After" (3.16)
Season 4
"The One with the Embryos" (4.12)
"The One with Ross's Wedding" (4.23–4.24)
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel" (5.01)
"The One Hundredth" (5.03)
"The One with All the Thanksgivings" (5.08)
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" (5.15)
"The One Where Rachel Smokes" (5.18)
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt" (5.19)
"The One with the Ride-Along" (5.20)
Season 6
"The One After Vegas" (6.01)
"The One with the Apothecary Table" (6.11)
"The One with the Proposal" (6.24–6.25)
Season 7
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding" (7.23–7.24)
Season 8
"The One with Rachel's Date" (8.05)
"The One with the Rumor" (8.09)
Season 9
–
Season 10
"The Last One" (10.17–10.18)
Related articles
Music
"I'll Be There for You"
Joey
Mad About You
Awards and nominations
Friends ... 'Til the End
Hello Friends
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_(season_3)&oldid=861717802"
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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