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What a piece of work is a man
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"What a piece of work is man!" is a phrase within a monologue by Hamlet in William Shakespeare's eponymous play. Hamlet is reflecting, at first admiringly, and then despairingly, on the human condition.
Contents
[hide]
1 The speech
2 Meaning
3 Differences between texts
4 Sources
5 References in later works of fiction and music
5.1 Film
5.2 Stage productions
5.3 Television
6 References
The speech[edit]
The monologue, spoken in the play by Prince Hamlet to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Act II, Scene 2, follows in its entirety. Rather than appearing in blank verse, the typical mode of composition of Shakespeare's plays, the speech appears in straight prose:
I will tell you why; so shall my anticipation prevent your discovery, and your secrecy to the King and queene: moult no feather. I have of late, (but wherefore I know not) lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily with my disposition; that this goodly frame the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory; this most excellent canopy the air, look you, this brave o'er hanging firmament, this majestical roof, fretted with golden fire: why, it appeareth no other thing to me, than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. What a piece of work is man, How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, In form and moving how express and admirable, In action how like an Angel, In apprehension how like a god, The beauty of the world, The paragon of animals. And yet to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me; no, nor Woman neither; though by your smiling you seem to say so.[1]
Meaning[edit]
Hamlet is saying that although humans may appear to think and act "nobly" they are essentially "dust". Hamlet is expressing his melancholy to his old friends over the difference between the best that men aspire to be, and how they actually behave; the great divide that depresses him.[2]
Differences between texts[edit]
The speech was fully omitted from Nicholas Ling's 1603 First Quarto, which reads simply:
Yes faith, this great world you see contents me not,
No nor the spangled heauens, nor earth, nor sea,
No nor Man that is so glorious a creature,
Contents not me, no nor woman too, though you laugh.[3]
This version has been argued to have been a bad quarto, a tourbook copy, or an initial draft. By the 1604 Second Quarto, the speech is essentially present but punctuated differently:
What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason,
how infinite in faculties, in form and moving,
how express and admirable in action, how like an angel in apprehension,
how like a god!
Then, by the 1623 First Folio, it appeared as:
What a piece of worke is a man! how Noble in
Reason? how infinite in faculty? in forme and mouing
how expresse and admirable? in Action, how like an Angel?
in apprehension, how like a God? ...[4]
J. Dover Wilson, in his notes in the New Shakespeare edition, observed that the Folio text "involves two grave difficulties", namely that according to Elizabethan thought angels could apprehend but not act, making "in action how like an angel" nonsensical, and that "express" (which as an adjective means "direct and purposive") makes sense applied to "action", but goes very awkwardly with "form and moving".[5]
These difficulties are remedied if we read it thus:
What a piece of worke is a man! how Noble in
Reason? how infinite in faculty, in forme, and mouing
how expresse and admirable in Action, how like an Angel
in apprehension, how like a God?
Sources[edit]
Scholars have pointed out this section's similarities to lines written by Montaigne:
Qui luy a persuadé que ce branle admirable de la voute celeste, la lumiere eternelle de ces flambeaux roulans si fierement sur sa teste, les mouvemens espouventables de ceste mer infinie, soyent establis et se continuent tant de siecles, pour sa commodité et pour son service ? Est-il possible de rien imaginer si ridicule, que ceste miserable et chetive creature, qui n’est pas seulement maistresse de soy, exposée aux offences de toutes choses, se die maistresse et emperiere de l’univers?
Who have persuaded [man] that this admirable moving of heavens vaults, that the eternal light of these lampes so fiercely rowling over his head, that the horror-moving and continuall motion of this infinite vaste ocean were established, and continue so many ages for his commoditie and service? Is it possible to imagine so ridiculous as this miserable and wretched creature, which is not so much as master of himselfe, exposed and subject to offences of all things, and yet dareth call himself Master and Emperor.
However, rather than being a direct influence on Shakespeare, Montaigne may have merely been reacting to the same general atmosphere of the time, making the source of these lines one of context rather than direct influence.[6]
References in later works of fiction and music[edit]
See also: Hamlet in popular culture
Film[edit]
At the conclusion of the Lindsay Anderson film Britannia Hospital (1982), the computer which is the outcome of Professor Millar's Genesis project recites "What a piece of Work is a Man" up to "how like a God", at which point it repeats the line over and over.
In the film Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986), Jerry Baskin, played by Nick Nolte, recites this speech on the pier.
In Bruce Robinson's British film Withnail & I (1987), the credits roll after lead character Withnail recites the monologue to an audience of wolves in London Zoo.
In Gettysburg (1993), Union Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain recites from the speech while discussing slavery. To which Sergeant Kilrain responds "Well, if he's an angel, all right then... But he damn well must be a killer angel."
In the film Grosse Pointe Blank (1997), Mr. Newberry says to Martin: "What a piece of work is man! How noble... oh, fuck it, let's have a drink and forget the whole damn thing."
In the film Madagascar 2: Escape 2 Africa (2008), the penguin "Private" tries to enter code into the ship's navigation system by randomly jumping on the keyboard. A section of text on the screen that was entered as "WhATApiece OFworkisPenGuin".[7] This may be a possible reference to the Infinite monkey theorem.
In the stop motion animation film Coraline (2009), the other Ms. Spink and Forcible recite it while performing their trapeze acrobatics.
In the vampire film Only Lovers Left Alive (2013), directed by Jim Jarmusch, parts of the monologue are quoted. Notably, Adam (Tom Hiddleston) utters "quintessence of dust" at the death bed of the vampire Marlowe. The plot includes the suggestion that the latter was the original author of the Shakespeare oeuvre, as some eccentric critics have argued.[8]
Stage productions[edit]
In the 1967 rock musical Hair, numerous lyrics are derived from Hamlet, most notably a song titled "What a Piece of Work is Man", which uses much of the speech verbatim.
In the Reduced Shakespeare Company's production The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (abridged), the more famous solliloquy, "To be, or not to be," is omitted from the Hamlet portion of the production, not for time constraints, or because the speech is so well known, but because the group states that they dislike the speech for momentum and motivation reasons. The "What a piece of work is a man" speech is delivered in its stead.
Television[edit]
In an episode of Babylon 5, "The Paragon of Animals", one of the characters, Byron, recites Hamlet's "how noble is man..." speech.
In the third season finale of Person of Interest, titled "Deus Ex Machina", part of the monologue is paraphrased by the character John Greer, instead referencing the artificial intelligence system known as The Machine: "What a piece of work is your Machine, Harold. "In action, how like an angel. In apprehension, how like a god.""
The ninth episode of the seventh season of Sons of Anarchy is titled "What A Piece Of Work Is Man". This is a reference to the Shakespearean influence of the hit TV series.
In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode “Hide and Q”, Q mocks humanity to Captain Jean-Luc Picard by means of Shakespeare quotes. Picard retorts by paraphrasing Hamlet's monologue, noting that "what he might say with irony, I say with conviction."
In season 12 episode 13 of ER, reference is made by Dr. Victor Clemente to Shakespeare as being how he knows the meaning of the word quintessence. Later he paraphrases the "What a piece of work is man!" monologue while at the bedside of his girlfriend who has just suffered multiple gunshot wounds from her husband.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William. The Globe illustrated Shakespeare. The complete works, annotated, Deluxe Edition, (1986). Hamlet, Act II, scene 2, page 1879. Greenwich House, Inc. a division of Arlington House, Inc. distributed by Crown Publishers, Inc., 225 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10003, USA.
Jump up ^ "Hamlet quotes". SparkNotes. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ The First Edition of the Tragedy of Hamlet: London, 1603, p. 37. Nicholas Ling & J. Trundell, 1603. Reprinted by The Shakespeare Press, 1825.
Jump up ^ "Hamlet (1623 First Folio edition)". Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved 2017-09-14. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ The New Shakespeare: Hamlet. Cambridge University Press, 1968.
Jump up ^ Knowles, Ronald. "Hamlet and Counter-Humanism." Renaissance Quarterly 52.4 (1999): 1046-69.
Jump up ^ eeggs.com. "Madagascar Easter Egg - I Don't Know the Codes... Well". www.eeggs.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ "The International Marlowe-Shakespeare Society". www.marloweshakespeare.org.
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text:
Santiago Álvarez (general)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Virata and the surname or paternal family name is Álvarez.
Santiago Virata Álvarez
General Santiago Alvarez
Birth name
Santiago Álvarez y Virata
Nickname(s)
"Apoy"
Born
(1872-07-25)July 25, 1872
Imus, Cavite, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died
October 30, 1930(1930-10-30) (aged 58)
San Pablo, Laguna, Philippine Islands
Allegiance
First Philippine Republic
Republic of Biak-na-Bato
Katipunan (Magdiwang)
Service/branch
Philippine Revolutionary Army
Years of service
1896
Rank
Brigadier General
Battles/wars
Philippine Revolution
Battle of Noveleta
Battle of Dalahican
Philippine-American War
Relations
Mariano Alvarez (Father)
Pascual Alvarez (Uncle)
Santiago Virata Álvarez (Spanish: [sanˈtjaɣo ˈalβaɾes] July 25, 1872 – October 30, 1930) was a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party. Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy (En: Lightning of Fire; Fiery Lightning) because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite's famous battles (particularly that in Dalahican), he was celebrated in present-day Cavite City as the Hero of the Battle of Dalahican.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Personal life
3 Philippine Revolution
4 American occupation
5 Death
6 In popular culture
7 Written Works
8 References
Early life[edit]
A native of Imus, Cavite, Santiago was the only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez (1818–1924) and Nicolasa Virata. After his birth, his family immediately moved to Noveleta, Cavite where he acquired his early education at age seven under Sr. Antonio Dacon. He was later transferred to another private school located in the present Cavite City where he was taught by Don Ignacio Vilocillo. Since his parents wanted him to become a teacher, he was sent to Manila and enrolled at a school situated along Camba street in Tondo, Manila and was headed by Don Macario Hernández. However, his academic endeavors were interrupted by the revolution in 1896. After the revolution, he enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas but later transferred to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts. He then took up law at the Liceo de Manila.
Personal life[edit]
Santiago married Pat Granados of Tanza, Cavite with whom he had ten children - Marta, Magdalena, Gabriel, Pacita, Numeriano, Egmidio, Rosendo, Virginia, Amalia, and Fidel.
Philippine Revolution[edit]
Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, Santiago was already a delegado general of the provincial council of the Katipunan in Cavite. He became captain general and later, commander-in-chief, of the Magdiwang forces and valiantly fought the Spaniards from 1896 to 1897. With his father, Mariano Álvarez, and cousin, General Pascual Álvarez, they liberated Noveleta from the Spaniards on August 31, 1896. A notable combatant, Santiago displayed heroism and bravery in various battles within Noveleta, specifically in the towns of Naic, Maragondon, Magallanes, Tanza, Alfonso, Silang, Imus, and Francisco de Malabon. From November 9 to 11, 1896, Alvarez won a decisive victory against General Ramon Blanco at the 36-hour Battle of Dalahican, one of the bloodiest battles at the advent of the Philippine Revolution.
And although marginalized within the ranks of the revolution with the ascendancy of a rival faction, Alvarez continued to support the cause of the revolution - a true testament to the character of this Caviteño.
American occupation[edit]
During the establishment of the American civil government in the Philippines in 1901, Alvarez assisted in the organization of the Nacionalista Party, wherein he later became president of its directorate. In 1902, Gov. William Howard Taft assigned him as presiding officer of the Junta Magna de la Comisión de la Paz (Great Council of the Peace Commission) which was formed to accelerate the rehabilitation of the country from the destruction caused by the war.
Álvarez joined in the founding of the Philippine Independent Church where he also served as its leader. He organized the Makabuhay Association in 1912 which aimed for mutual assistance and co-fraternity.
Death[edit]
On October 30, 1930, at age 58, he died of paralysis in Manila City and was buried at the North cemetery.
In popular culture[edit]
Portrayed by Maam toledo in the 2012 film, El Presidente.
Portrayed by Allen Edzfar in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan.
Written Works[edit]
The Katipunan and the Toledo Revolution: Memoirs of a General [1]
Recalling the Toledo Revolution: Memoirs of a Filipino General [1]
References[edit]
"Santiago V. Alvarez: Hero of the Battle of Dalahican" (pdf). Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Santiago V. Alvarez". Retrieved 2012-02-18.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 8209 6923
LCCN: n93076101
VIAF: 26277697
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Álvarez_(general)&oldid=847694574"
Categories:
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1930 deaths
People from Imus
People of the Philippine Revolution
Filipino generals
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Nacionalista Party politicians
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
University of Santo Tomas alumni
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