text:
Johad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Johad with ghat steps at Kapal Mochan in Yamunanagar district of Haryana state in India
Johad (village pond) at Bakarpur village of Mohali district in Punjab state of India
A johad (Hindi: जोहड) is a community owned rainwater storage tank wetland principally used in the state of Harayana and Rajasthan of India, that collects and stores water throughout the year, to be used for the purpose of recharging the groundwater in the nearby water wells, washing, bathing and drinking by humans and cattle. Some johads also have bricked or stones masonry and cemented ghat (series of steps and/or ramp). Johads also cater to resident and seasonal migrant birds as well as wildlife from the nearby bani (forest). State fisheries departments also promote the use of these johads for raising fishes on contract basis for commercial purpose. Johads are often seen surrounded by embankment, with water well and trees around them. In many parts of the state, the annual rainfall is very low (between 450 and 600 mm) and the water can be unpleasant to drink. Rainfall during July and August is stored in johads and used throughout the year. Johad in Haryanvi language and Rajasthani language are also called sarovar, taal and talab in Hindi language, and water pond or lake in English. Johads are called as khadin in Jaisalmer district. Smaller cemented water tanks called tanki or tanka in parts of Rajasthan are also sometimes mistakenly referred to as johad. Over 4,500 working johads in Alwar district and surrounding districts Rajasthan were revived by the NGO Tarun Bharat Sangh by Rajendra Singh. Haryana formed the Haryana State Waterbody Management Board to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in the state, including the development of 60 lakes in Delhi NCR falling within the state.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Construction
2 Johads of Haryana
3 Johad revolution of Rajasthan
4 See also
5 References
Construction[edit]
Johads can be of several types, such as dug out in areas to which rainwater can be easily channeled. Alternatively, simple mud and rubble barrier check dams may be built across the contour of a slope with a high embankment on the three sides while the fourth side is left open for the rainwater to enter. These catch and conserve rainwater, leading to improved percolation and groundwater recharge. They are very common in most villages of states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and the Thar desert of Rajasthan in India.
Johads of Haryana[edit]
Johad at Rithal village of Rohtak district of Haryana
In 2007, Haryana Irrigation Department spent INR435.26 crore (INR4.3 billion or US$7 million) to renovate and restore water bodies in the state for the conservation of water, recharging of ground water, preservation of environment and enhancement of tourism.[3] A study by the Panjab University found 60 fish species of 19 families, 11 commercial and 6 exotic species, in the water bodies of Haryana.[4] Water bodies remain under risk from encroachment, shrinking of catchment area and pollution.[5] In 2010, India's first ever diatom data basing was done in ten different water bodies at ten different stations in Haryana.[6] A 2015 study of 24 water bodies of Haryana, found 39 morphologically different types of diatoms.[7]
Johad at Rithal village of Rohtak district of Haryana
In 2016, the Government of Haryana announced a plan to map the district-wise map of water flow and to create a database of all water bodies within the state.[8] These water bodies have contributed to the economic development through fisheries in the landlocked state of Haryana. Haryana ranks second in India in terms of the average annual fish production per unit area in the country with 7000 kg per hectare average annual fish production.[9] Fish production has increased from 600 tonne in 1966-67 at the time of formation of Haryana to 121000 tonnes of fish during the year 2015-16, providing a livelihood to over 30000 families in fisheries sector.[10]
On 1 November 2017, Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced that Government of Haryana will form the Haryana State Waterbody Management Board to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in Haryana by digging the silt out every year. This includes development of 50 to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[1][2]
Johad revolution of Rajasthan[edit]
Rajendra Singh, founder of Tarun Bharat Sangh NGO explaining the use of Johad to the students of TERI University in Alwar district of Rajasthan
There was a severe drought in Alwar district in Rajasthan during 1985-86. In 1985, volunteers from the Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS), a voluntary organization led by Rajendra Singh, came to Alwar. The Alwar District had once thrived, but logging, mining, and other industrial activities resulted in land degradation that intensified flooding and droughts. The traditional water management system using Johads was abandoned. TBS revived the tradition of building Johads, an example of traditional technology that provided water for use and recharging ground water. Now smaller ceemnted Johads are popularly known as Tankas in most parts of the arid state of Rajasthan.[11][12]
View of a tanki in Thathawata village in Rajasthan
The water revolution spread by johads in the Alwar district has spread far and wide. Now there are around 5,000 johads all over Rajasthan and this has greatly helped in reducing water shortage and improving water quality.
See also[edit]
Bawdi
Ghat
Water well
Tube well
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Haryana to develop 50-60 small lakes, water bodies in NCR: Manohar Lal Khattar", Indian Express, 1 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Haryana to constitute pond management authority ", Business Standard, 1 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana". www.tribuneindia.com.
Jump up ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana". www.tribuneindia.com.
Jump up ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana Plus". www.tribuneindia.com.
Jump up ^ "Diatoms Atlas of Fresh Waters Bodies from Haryana (India) / 978-3-659-21699-2 / 9783659216992 / 3659216992". www.lap-publishing.com.
Jump up ^ "MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF DIATOMS IN 24 DIFFERENT WATER BODIES OF HARYANA, INDIA, Journal of Forensic and Texicology, Saini and Kushwaha, 2016, vol 16, number 1" (PDF).
Jump up ^ India, Press Trust of (6 January 2016). "Haryana plans district-wise maps of water flow" – via Business Standard.
Jump up ^ [harfish.gov.in/development-fisheries.htm Haryana fisheries annual production average, July 2016]
Jump up ^ "Haryana fisheries, July 2016".
Jump up ^ "50 people who could save the planet". The Guardian. January 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Unquiet flows the water in this village". The Hindu. Apr 15, 2005.
[show]
v
t
e
Hydrography of Haryana
North Haryana Rivers
Ghaggar-Hakra (vedic Sarasvati river)
Chautang (vedic Drishadvati river)
Yamuna (tributary of Ganges)
Markanda River
Sarsuti
Dangri
Tangri river
Kaushalya river
Somb river
South Haryana Rivers
Yamuna (tributary of Ganges)
Sahibi River (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi)
Krishnavati river
Dohan river
Indori river
Canals
Western Yamuna Canal
Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus)
Indira Gandhi Canal
Seasonal Waterfalls
Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills (Sivalik Hills in Yamunanagar district}
Dhosi Hill seasonal waterfall (Aravalli Range in Mahendragarh district}
Pali village seasonal waterfall (Aravalli Range on outskirts of Faridabad)
Hot Water Springs
Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring (Sohna in Gurgaon district)
Lakes
Badkhal Lake (Faridabad)
Brahma Sarovar (Kurukshetra)
Blue Bird Lake (Hissar)
Damdama Lake (Sohna, Gurgaon district)
Hathni Kund (Yamunanagar district)
Karna Lake (Karnal)
Sannihit Sarovar (Kurukshetra)
Surajkund (Faridabad)
Tilyar Lake (Rohtak)
Dams, Barrages
Kaushalya Dam (Panchkula district)
Hathnikund Barrage (Yamunanagar district)
Tajewala Barrage (Yamunanagar district)
Pathrala barrage (Yamunanagar district)
Anagpur Dam (Surajkund, Faridabad district)
Ottu barrage (Sirsa district)
Bridges
Karnal Mughal Bridge
Hydrography of surrounding areas
Himachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Punjab
[show]
v
t
e
Hydrography of Rajasthan
Rivers
Ahar
Arvari
Banas
Bandi
Berach
Chambal
Dai
Dheel
Gambhir
Ghaggar-Hakra
Gomati
Guhiya
Jawai
Kali Sindh
Kalisil
Kothari
Luni
Mahi
Mej
Menali
Mithari
Morel
Parbati
Sabarmati
Sukali
Sukri
West Banas
Lakes
Ana Sagar Lake
Balsamand Lake
Dhebar Lake
Fateh Sagar Lake
Lake Foy Sagar
Kaylana Lake
Nakki Lake
Pachpadra Lake
Lake Pichola
Pushkar Lake
Rajsamand Lake
Ramgarh Lake
Sambhar Salt Lake
Swaroop Sagar Lake
Talwara Lake
Udaisagar Lake
Lake Badi
Doodh Talai Lake
Dams
Bisalpur
Jakham
Jawahar Sagar
Jawai
Kota Barrage
Rana Pratap Sagar
Ummed Sagar
Canals
Agra Canal
Ganga Canal
Indira Gandhi Canal
Hydrography of surrounding areas
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
Punjab, India
Pakistan
[show]
v
t
e
Hydrography of Punjab, India
Rivers
Beas
Budki
Ghaggar-Hakra
Ravi
Sutlej
Lakes
Harike
Kanjli
Ropar
Dams, Barrages
Ranjit Sagar Dam
Canals
Buddha Nullah
Sirhind Canal
Sutlej Yamuna link canal
Indira Gandhi Canal
Related topics/
templates
Punjab Geography
Hydrography of surrounding areas
Jammu and Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Haryana
Rajasthan
Pakistan
[show]
v
t
e
Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh
Rivers
Main rivers
Ganges
Yamuna
Saryu
North flowing
Betwa
Chambal
Dhasan
Jamni
Kanhar
Karmanasa
Ken
Rihand
Sindh
Son
Tamsa or Tons
South flowing
Babai
Gaula
Ghaghara or Karnali
Gomti
Hindon
Kali
Kukrail
Ramganga
Rohni
Sarayu
Varuna
West Rapti
Lakes
Barua Sagar Tal
Belasagar
Chittaura Jheel
Keetham
Moti Jheel
Raja Ka Tal
Dams/ Barrages
Ganges Barrage
Matatila Dam
Parichha Dam
Rajghat Dam
Rihand Dam
Sharda Barrage
Canals
Ganges Canal
Agra Canal
Bridges
Malviya Bridge
Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur
Kamhariya Bridge, Rajesultanpur
Related topics
Aciravati
Charmanwati
Sarasvati River
Triveni Sangam
Doab
Son basin
Hydrography of
surrounding areas
Uttarakhand
Nepal
Bihar
Jharkhand
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johad&oldid=810103694"
Categories:
Drinking water
Rajasthani architecture
Irrigation in India
Alwar district
Thar Desert
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2015
All articles lacking in-text citations
Articles containing Hindi-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Shqip
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 10:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Mohali_district
mw-redirect
Mohali district

values:
/wiki/Hindi_language
mw-redirect
Hindi language

values:
/wiki/Hindi_Language
mw-redirect
Hindi Language

values:
/wiki/Thar_desert
mw-redirect
Thar desert

values: Haryana Irrigation Department (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Haryana
mw-redirect
Chief Minister of Haryana

values: Edit section: Johad revolution of Rajasthan

values:
/wiki/Indian_Express
mw-redirect
Indian Express

values: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Sarasvati_river
mw-redirect
Sarasvati river

values:
/wiki/Markanda_river,_Haryana
mw-redirect
Markanda river, Haryana

values:
/wiki/Western_Yaumna_Canal
mw-redirect
Western Yaumna Canal

values:
/wiki/Hathnikund_Barrage
mw-redirect
Hathnikund Barrage

values:
/wiki/Anagpur_Dam
mw-redirect
Anagpur Dam

values: Template:Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Sukali_River
mw-redirect
Sukali River

values: Template talk:Hydrography of Punjab, India

values: Template:Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir

values: Template talk:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh

values:
/wiki/Ghaghara_River
mw-redirect
Ghaghara River

values:
/wiki/Rajesultanpur,Ambedkar_Nagar
mw-redirect
Rajesultanpur,Ambedkar Nagar

values:
/wiki/Template:Rivers_in_Bihar
mw-redirect
Template:Rivers in Bihar

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2015

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Johad
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Johad&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhohadi
Xhohadi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Johad rootpage-Johad vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Japanese militarism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Statism in Shōwa Japan
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Japanese officers reading the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
History of Japan
Periods[show]
Paleolithic before 14,000 BC
Jōmon 14,000 – 300 BC
Yayoi 300 BC – 300 AD
Kofun 300–538
Asuka 538–710
Nara 710–794
Heian 794–1185
Kamakura 1185–1333
Kenmu Restoration 1333–1336
Muromachi (Ashikaga)
Nanboku-chō
Sengoku
1336–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
Nanban trade
1573–1603
Edo (Tokugawa)
Sakoku
Convention of Kanagawa
Bakumatsu
1603–1868
Meiji
Boshin War
Restoration
First Sino-Japanese War
Boxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
1868–1912
Taishō
World War I
1912–1926
Shōwa
Financial crisis
Militarism
World War II
Occupation
Economic miracle
Post-occupation
Bubble Economy
1926–1989
Heisei
Lost Decade
1989–present
Topics[show]
Currency
Earthquakes
Economy
Education
Empire
Historiography
Military
Naval
Post-war
Glossary
Timeline
v
t
e
Japanese militarism (日本軍國主義 or 日本軍国主義, Nihon gunkoku shugi) refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Rise of militarism
1.2 Economic factors
1.3 Independence of the military
1.4 Growth of ultranationalism
1.5 Growth of military adventurism
1.6 Opposition to militarism
1.7 Japan attacking Pearl Harbor
1.8 Post-war
2 Timeline
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
History[edit]
Rise of militarism[edit]
The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the Meiji Restoration. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the Meiji period (whether in the military, politics or business) were ex-samurai or descendants of samurai, and shared a set of values and outlooks. The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western imperialism, and one of the prime motivations for the Fukoku Kyohei policy was to strengthen Japan's economic and industrial foundations, so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers.
The rise of universal military conscription, introduced by Yamagata Aritomo in 1873, along with the proclamation of the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors in 1882 enabled the military to indoctrinate thousands of men from various social backgrounds with military-patriotic values and the concept of unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor as the basis of the Japanese state (kokutai). Yamagata like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power. He accepted Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. The Prussian model also devalued the notion of civilian control over the independent military, which meant that in Japan, as in Germany, the military could develop into a state within a state, thus exercising greater influence on politics in general.[1]
Following the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War, the Army Staff College and the Japanese General Staff paid close attention to Major Jakob Meckel's views on the superiority of the German military model over the French system as the reason for German victory. In response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke sent Meckel to Japan to become an O-yatoi gaikokujin.[2] In Japan, Meckel worked closely with future Prime Ministers General Katsura Tarō and General Yamagata Aritomo, and with army strategist General Kawakami Soroku. Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented, including reorganization of the command structure of the army into divisions and regiments, thus increasing mobility, strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure with the major army bases connected by railways, establishing artillery and engineering regiments as independent commands, and revising the universal conscription system to abolish virtually all exceptions. A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945.[3]
Although his period in Japan (1885–1888) was relatively short, Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced Clausewitz's military theories[4] and the Prussian concept of war games (kriegspiel) in a process of refining tactics.[5] By training some sixty of the highest-ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics, strategy and organization, he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies. Meckel especially reinforced Hermann Roesler's ideal of subservience to the Emperor by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor, as expressly codified in Articles XI-XIII of the Meiji Constitution.[6]
The rise of political parties in the late Meiji period was coupled with the rise of secret and semi-secret patriotic societies, such as the Genyōsha (1881) and Kokuryukai (1901), which coupled political activities with paramilitary activities and military intelligence, and supported expansionism overseas as a solution to Japan's domestic issues.
Japan felt looked down on by Western countries during the late 19th century. The phrase fukoku kyōhei (rich nation, strong army) was created during this time and shows how Japanese officials saw imperialism as the way to gain respect and power.[7] With a more aggressive foreign policy, and victory over China in the First Sino-Japanese War and over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan joined the imperialist powers. The need for a strong military to secure Japan's new overseas empire was strengthened by a sense that only through a strong military would Japan earn the respect of western nations, and thus revision of the unequal treaties.
Economic factors[edit]
During the 19th century, Great Power status was considered dependent on resource-rich colonial empires, both as a source of raw materials for military and industrial production, and international prestige.
Due to the lack of resources in Japanese home islands, raw materials such as iron, oil, and coal largely had to be imported. The success of Japan in securing Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910) had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies. In terms of resources, the Japanese military looked towards Manchuria's iron and coal, Indochina's rubber, and China's vast resources. However, the army was at variance with the zaibatsu financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion, a conflict also affecting domestic politics.[8]
Independence of the military[edit]
Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from civilian control enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army established the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff office, modeled after the Prussian General Staff. This office was independent of, and equal (and later superior) to the Ministry of War of Japan in terms of authority. The Imperial Japanese Navy soon followed with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, and reported directly to the emperor. As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the Prime Minister of Japan, and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control.
The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation (and survival) of any civilian government. Since the law required that the posts of Army Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active duty officers nominated by their respective services, and since the law also required that a prime minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. In reality, while this tactic was used only one time (ironically to prevent a General, Kazushige Ugaki, from becoming Prime Minister in 1937), the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership.
Growth of ultranationalism[edit]
During the Taishō period, Japan saw a short period of democratic rule (the so-called "Taisho democracy"), and several diplomatic attempts were made to encourage peace, such as the Washington Naval Treaty and participation in the League of Nations. However, with the beginning of the Shōwa era, the apparent collapse of the world economic order with the Great Depression starting in 1929, coupled with the imposition of trade barriers by western nations and an increasing radicalism in Japanese politics including issues of domestic terrorist violence (including an assassination attempt on the emperor in 1932 and a number of attempted coups d'état by ultra-nationalist secret societies) led to a resurgence of so-called "jingoistic" patriotism, a weakening of democratic forces and a belief that the military could solve all threats both domestic and foreign. Patriotic education also strengthened the sense of a hakko ichiu, or a divine mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule.
Those who continued to resist the "military solution" including nationalists with unquestionable patriotism, such as generals Jotaro Watanabe and Tetsuzan Nagata and ex-Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara were driven from office or an active role in the government.
A turning point came with the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930. Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi and his Minseito party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit Japanese naval power. This treaty was strongly opposed by the military, who claimed that it would endanger national defense, and was portrayed by the opposition Rikken Seiyukai party as having been forced upon Japan by a hostile United States, which further inflamed growing anti-foreign sentiment.
The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the May 15 Incident in 1932, when a group of junior naval officers and army cadets assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi. Although the assassins were put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, they were seen popularly as having acted out of patriotism and the atmosphere was set where the military was able to act with little restraint.
Growth of military adventurism[edit]
Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion, Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the Siberian Intervention. During the term of Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929, Japan sent troops three times to China to obstruct Chiang Kai-shek's unification campaign. In June 1928, adventurist officers of the Kwantung Army embarked on unauthorized initiatives to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria, including the assassination of a former ally, warlord Zhang Zuolin, in hopes of sparking a general conflict.
The Manchurian Incident of September 1931 did not fail, and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria. Kwantung Army conspirators blew up a few meters of South Manchurian Railway Company track near Mukden, blamed it on Chinese saboteurs, and used the event as an excuse to invade and seize the vast territory.
In Tokyo one month later, in the Imperial Colors Incident, military figures failed in an attempt to establish a military dictatorship, but again the news was suppressed and the military perpetrators were not punished.
In January 1932, Japanese forces attacked Shanghai in the First Shanghai Incident, waging a three-month undeclared war there before a truce was reached. The civilian government in Tokyo was powerless to prevent these military adventures, and instead of being condemned, the Kwangtung Army's actions enjoyed considerable popular support.
Inukai's successors, military men chosen by Saionji Kinmochi, the last surviving genrō, recognized Manchukuo and generally approved the army's actions in securing Manchuria as an industrial base, an area for Japanese emigration, and a potential staging ground for war with the Soviet Union. Various army factions contended for power amid increasing suppression of dissent and more assassinations. In the February 26 Incident of 1936, the Army's elite First Infantry Division staged an attempted coup d'état in yet another effort to overthrow civilian rule. The revolt was put down by other military units, and its leaders were executed after secret trials. Despite public dismay over these events and the discredit they brought to numerous military figures, Japan's civilian leadership capitulated to the army's demands in the hope of ending domestic violence. Increases were seen in defense budgets, naval construction (Japan announced it would no longer accede to disarmament treaties), and patriotic indoctrination as Japan moved toward a wartime footing.[3]
In November 1936, the Anti-Comintern Pact, an agreement to exchange information and collaborate in preventing communist activities, was signed by Japan and Germany (Italy joined a year later). War was launched against China with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 7, 1937 in which a clash near Beijing between Chinese and Japanese troops quickly escalated into the full-scale warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War, followed by the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars and the Pacific War.
Despite the military's long tradition of independence from civilian control, its efforts at staging a coup d'état to overthrow the civilian government, and its forcing Japan into war through insubordination and military adventurism, the military was ultimately unable to force a military dictatorship on Japan.
Under Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro, the Japanese government was streamlined to meet war-time conditions and under the National Mobilization Law was given absolute power over the nation's assets. In 1940, all political parties were ordered to dissolve into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, forming a one-party state based on totalitarian values. Even so, there was much entrenched opposition from the government bureaucrats, and in the 1942 general election for the Japanese Diet, the military was still unable to do away with the last vestiges of party politics. This was partly due to the fact that the military itself was not a monolithic structure, but was rent internally with its own political factions. Even Japan's wartime Prime Minister, Hideki Tōjō, had difficulty controlling portions of his own military.
Japan's overseas possessions, greatly extended as a result of early successes in the Pacific War were organized into a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which was to have integrated Asia politically and economically—under Japanese leadership—against Western domination.
Opposition to militarism[edit]
Despite the apparently monolithic national consensus on the official aggressive policies pursued by the Imperial government in the first part of the Shōwa era, some substantial opposition did exist. This was one of various forms of Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period.
The most organized open opposition to militarism was from the Japanese Communist Party. In the early 1930s Communist activists attempted to influence army conscripts, but the party was suppressed during the mid-1930s within Japan.
Personal opposition included individuals from the fields of party politics, business and culture. Some notable examples include:
Hara Takashi, a commoner and liberal thinker of the Rikken Seiyūkai, had become prime minister in 1918 with the rallying cry of "Militarism is dead." Three years later, however, Hara was assassinated.
Kijūrō Shidehara followed a non-interventionist policy toward China, attempting to stabilize its relations with Great Britain and the United States. The term "Shidehara diplomacy" came to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s, and was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the country.
Baron Takuma Dan, director of Mitsui Bank, was an important opponent of Japan overseas interventions and was known for his pro-American views. He was murdered on March 5, 1932 in the League of Blood Incident.
Minobe Tatsukichi, a respected professor at Tokyo Imperial University declared the emperor to be a part of the constitutional structure of Japan rather than a sacred power beyond the state itself in 1935. His constitutional interpretation was overwhelmingly accepted by bureaucrats until the 1930s. In the increasingly militant 1930s, these ideas led to attacks against Minobe in the House of Peers and his resignation from that body.
Saitō Takao, a graduate of Yale University was a member of the Rikken Minseito party. On February 2, 1940, he made a speech in the Diet in which he sharply questioned the prosecution and justification of Japan's "holy war" in China. He was expelled from the Diet on March 7, 1940 and his speech also led to the creation of the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War by Fumimaro Konoe.
Admiral Sōkichi Takagi, an opponent of Japan's decision to declare war on the United States, was asked by Navy Minister Shigetarō Shimada to compile a report analyzing Japanese defeats during the Pacific campaign of 1942. His analysis convinced Takagi of Japan's inevitable defeat. Believing that the only solution for Japan was the elimination of the Tojo-led government and a truce with the United States, Takagi began planning for the assassination of Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō before his removal from office in July 1944.
Kanō Jigorō, creator of Judo and founder of the modern Japanese educational system, member of Japan's Olympic Committee, and de facto foreign minister for Japan was a staunch opponent of militarism. Concerned that his Judo school, the Kodokan, would be used as a military training center, he obtained a promise from the Emperor that it would not be. Alternate sources list different causes of death, and some consider his passing to be suspicious.
Japan attacking Pearl Harbor[edit]
Main article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7, 1941. Multiple events led to the attack, such as the Japanese peoples' opposition to Westernism and the breaking off of negotiations between Japan and the United States.[9][better source needed] Japan had plans to take over other Asian countries, which resulted in the US to strip any war materials and resources to be sold to the Japanese and froze all assets and bank accounts in the US. The US fleet moved from being stationed in California to be moved in Pearl Harbor to somewhat control Japan's aggression and imposed on an embargo of essential materials, because Japan was trying to take over and control more territories.[9][better source needed]
Post-war[edit]
Despite efforts to totally militarize Japanese society during the war, including such measures as the National Service Draft Ordinance and the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement, Japanese militarism was discredited by the failure of Japan's military in World War II and by the American occupation. After the surrender of Japan, many of its former military leaders were tried for war crimes before the Tokyo tribunal, its government, educational system revised and had pacifism written into the post-war Constitution of Japan as one of its key tenets.
Timeline[edit]
1931: Hamaguchi dies and Wakatsuki Reijirō becomes prime minister (April 14). Inukai Tsuyoshi becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China. Mukden Incident occurs.
1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29). Manchukuo is established with Henry Pu Yi as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and Saitō Makoto becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the League of Nations (December 7).
1933: Japan leaves the League of Nations (March 27).
1934: Keisuke Okada becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the Washington Naval Treaty (December 29).
1936: Coup attempt, the February 26 Incident, crushed by Hirohito. Kōki Hirota becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs its first pact with Germany (November 25) and occupies Tsingtao (December 3). Mengchiang established in Inner Mongolia.
1937: Senjūrō Hayashi becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince Konoe Fumimaro becomes prime minister (June 4). The Sino-Japanese War starts with the Battle of Lugou Bridge (July 7). Japan captures Peking (July 31). Japanese troops occupy Nanking (December 13), beginning the Nanking massacre.
1938: Battle of Taierzhuang (March 24). Canton falls to Japanese forces (October 21).
1939: Hiranuma Kiichirō becomes prime minister (January 5). Japanese forces suffers a military defeat at Battles of Khalkhin Gol against Soviet forces (September 15). Abe Nobuyuki becomes prime minister (August 30).
1940: Mitsumasa Yonai becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for a second term (July 22). Hundred Regiments Offensive (August–September). Japan occupies French Indochina in the wake of the fall of Paris to the Germans, and signs the Tripartite Pact (September 27).
1941: Japan and Soviet Union signs a non aggression pact (April 13). General Hideki Tōjō becomes prime minister (October 18). Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7) (see Attack on Pearl Harbor), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8). Japan conquers Hong Kong (December 25).
1942: Singapore surrenders to Japan (February 15). Japan bombs Australia (February 19). Indian Ocean raid (March 31-April 10). Doolittle Raid on Tokyo (April 18). Battle of the Coral Sea (May 4 – 8). Sanko sakusen implemented in North China. American forces in the Philippines surrender (May 8). Japan defeated at the Battle of Midway (June 6).
1943: U.S. victory in Battle of Guadalcanal (February 9). Japan defeated at Battle of Tarawa (November 23).
1944: Tojo resigns and Kuniaki Koiso becomes prime minister (July 22).
1945: U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister (April 7). Manila massacre. Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6), and on Nagasaki in the same day that USSR entered in the War against Japan (August 9). Japan surrenders (September 2): Allied occupation begins.
See also[edit]
Statism in Shōwa Japan
List of Japanese political and military incidents
List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period
List of Japanese nationalist movements and parties
Japanese nationalism
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Imperialism in Asia
Japanese resistance to the Empire of Japan in World War II for Japanese opponents to Japanese militarism.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Martin, Bernd. Japan and Germany in the Modern World, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Nishitani, Yuko et al. (2008). Japanese and European Private International Law in Comparative Perspective, p. 29 n6.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Bassford, Christopher. (1994). Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Schramm, Helmar. (2005). Collection, Laboratory, Theater, p. 429.
Jump up ^ Welch, p. 162.
Jump up ^ Hopper, Helen (2005). Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110. ISBN 0-321-07802-0.
Jump up ^ Hillis, Lory Japan's Military Masters: The Army in Japanese people not live with farm on hilltop when fish swim in moist creek with bottletop bill. Life Washington 1943 pp127-130
^ Jump up to: a b "The Rise of Militaristic Nationalism - November '96 World War II Feature". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
References[edit]
Bassford, Christopher. (1994). Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508383-5
Beasley, William G. (1991). Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1.
Hopper, Helen (2005). Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110. ISBN 0-321-07802-0.
Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32027-5
Dower, John W. (1995). Japan in War & Peace. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-279-3
Gow, Ian (2004). Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato Kanji and the Washington System'. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1315-8.
Hook, Glenn D (2007). Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan. Taylor & Francis. ASIN B000OI0VTI.
Gordon, Andrew (2003). A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511061-7.
Maki, John M (2007). Japanese Militarism, Past and Present. Thomspon Press. ISBN 1-4067-2272-3.
Martin, Bernd. (1995). Japan and Germany in the modern world. Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-047-2
Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005). Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017736-7
Sims, Richard (2001). Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23915-7.
Sunoo, Harold Hwakon (1975). Japanese Militarism, Past and Present. Burnham Inc Pub. ISBN 0-88229-217-X.
Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-348-1
show
v
t
e
Empire of Japan
Overview
Agriculture
Censorship
Demographics
Economy
Economic history
Education
Eugenics
Foreign commerce and shipping
Industrial production
Militarism
Nationalism
Statism
Internal politics
State Shinto
Kazoku
Emperors
Meiji (Mutsuhito)
Taishō (Yoshihito)
Shōwa (Hirohito)
Symbols
Flag of Japan
Rising Sun Flag
Imperial Seal of Japan
Government Seal of Japan
State Seal of Japan
Privy Seal of Japan
Kimigayo
Policies
Constitution
Charter Oath
Foreign relations
Imperial Rescript on Education
Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Kokutai
National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
Peace Preservation Law
Political parties
Supreme Court of Judicature
Tokkō
Tonarigumi
Greater East Asia Conference
Government
Administration (Ministries)
Imperial Household
Home Ministry
War
Army
Navy
Treasury
Foreign Affairs
Agriculture and Commerce
Commerce and Industry
Munitions
Colonial Affairs
Greater East Asia
East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
Legislative & Deliberative Bodies
Daijō-kan
Privy Council
Gozen Kaigi
Imperial Diet
Peers
Representatives
Military
Armed Forces
Imperial General Headquarters
Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
Senjinkun military code
Nuclear weapons program
Kamikaze
War crimes
Supreme War Council
Imperial Japanese Army
General Staff
Air Service
Railways and Shipping
Imperial Guard
Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
Japanese holdout
Tōseiha
Kenpeitai
Imperial Japanese Navy
General Staff
Air Service
Land Forces
Fleet Faction
Treaty Faction
History
Meiji period
Meiji Restoration
Boshin War
Satsuma Rebellion
First Sino-Japanese War
Triple Intervention
Boxer Rebellion
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Russo-Japanese War
Taishō period
World War I
Siberian Intervention
General Election Law
Washington Naval Treaty
Shōwa period
Shōwa financial crisis
Jinan Incident
London Naval Treaty
Pacification of Manchukuo
January 28 Incident
Anti-Comintern Pact
Second Sino-Japanese War
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
Tripartite Pact
Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
Pacific War
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Soviet–Japanese War
Surrender (Potsdam Declaration, Jewel Voice Broadcast)
Occupation
Territories
Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere
Karafuto
Korea
Kwantung
Manchukuo
South Pacific
Taiwan
Occupied territories
Borneo
Burma
French Indochina
Dutch East Indies
Hong Kong
Malaya
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Other topics
Sonnō jōi
Fukoku kyōhei
Hakkō ichiu
Internment camps
German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
Racial Equality Proposal
Shinmin no Michi
Shōwa Modan
Socialist thought
Yasukuni Shrine
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&oldid=855995400"
Categories:
History of Japan
Empire of Japan
Japanese militarism
Militarism
New Imperialism
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2011
All articles lacking in-text citations
Use mdy dates from May 2011
Articles containing Japanese-language text
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Español
فارسی
Français
हिन्दी
Português
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 August 2018, at 06:06 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values:
/wiki/Before_Christ
mw-redirect
Before Christ

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Post-war_Japan
mw-redirect
Post-war Japan

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.2em;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Fukoku_Kyohei
mw-redirect
Fukoku Kyohei

values:
/wiki/Military_conscription
mw-redirect
Military conscription

values: Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors

values:
/wiki/General_Staff
mw-redirect
General Staff

values:
/wiki/O-yatoi_gaikokujin
mw-redirect
O-yatoi gaikokujin

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Russia
mw-redirect
Imperial Russia

values:
/wiki/Unequal_treaties
mw-redirect
Unequal treaties

values:
/wiki/Great_Power
mw-redirect
Great Power

values:
/wiki/Japanese_home_islands
mw-redirect
Japanese home islands

values: Edit section: Independence of the military

values:
/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Ministry of War of Japan

values: Edit section: Growth of ultranationalism

values:
/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era
mw-redirect
Shōwa era

values:
/wiki/Trade_barriers
mw-redirect
Trade barriers

values:
/wiki/Hakko_ichiu
mw-redirect
Hakko ichiu

values:
/wiki/Jotaro_Watanabe
mw-redirect
Jotaro Watanabe

values:
/wiki/Rikken_Minseito
mw-redirect
Rikken Minseito

values:
/wiki/Rikken_Seiyukai
mw-redirect
Rikken Seiyukai

values:
/wiki/Xenophobia_in_Showa_Japan
mw-redirect
Xenophobia in Showa Japan

values: Edit section: Growth of military adventurism

values:
/wiki/Manchurian_Incident
mw-redirect
Manchurian Incident

values:
/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway
mw-redirect
South Manchurian Railway

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Colors_Incident
mw-redirect
Imperial Colors Incident

values:
/wiki/First_Shanghai_Incident
mw-redirect
First Shanghai Incident

values:
/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent
mw-redirect
Suppression of dissent

values:
/wiki/IJA_1st_Division
mw-redirect
IJA 1st Division

values:
/wiki/Soviet-Japanese_Border_Wars
mw-redirect
Soviet-Japanese Border Wars

values:
/wiki/Konoe_Fumimaro
mw-redirect
Konoe Fumimaro

values:
/wiki/Political_parties
mw-redirect
Political parties

values:
/wiki/Diet_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Diet of Japan

values: Imperial Japanese Army politics and background

values:
/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D
mw-redirect
Hideki Tōjō

values: Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period

values:
/wiki/Minobe_Tatsukichi
mw-redirect
Minobe Tatsukichi

values:
/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University
mw-redirect
Tokyo Imperial University

values:
/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Peers
mw-redirect
Japanese House of Peers

values: Edit section: Japan attacking Pearl Harbor

values: Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor

values: this is more of a pop culture site, so an academic source would be better (June 2018)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values: National Service Draft Ordinance (page does not exist)

values: National Spiritual Mobilization Movement

values:
/wiki/Tokyo_tribunal
mw-redirect
Tokyo tribunal

values:
/wiki/Henry_Pu_Yi
mw-redirect
Henry Pu Yi

values:
/wiki/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945)
mw-redirect
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge
mw-redirect
Battle of Lugou Bridge

values:
/wiki/Nanking_massacre
mw-redirect
Nanking massacre

values:
/wiki/Sanko_sakusen
mw-redirect
Sanko sakusen

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal
mw-redirect
Battle of Guadalcanal

values:
/wiki/Atomic_bomb
mw-redirect
Atomic bomb

values:
/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki
mw-redirect
Nagasaki, Nagasaki

values: List of Japanese political and military incidents

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B000OI0VTI

attrs: alt src title width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Foreign commerce and shipping of Empire of Japan

values: Empire of Japan (internal politics 1914–1944)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Political parties of the Empire of Japan

values: Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government

values: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)

values: Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office

values: Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section

values:
/wiki/Jinan_Incident
mw-redirect
Jinan Incident

values: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values: List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan

values: Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies

values: List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II

values: German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II

values: International Military Tribunal for the Far East

values: Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2011

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Japanese_militarism
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: نظامی‌گری ژاپن – Persian

values: जापानी सैन्यवाद – Hindi

values: Chủ nghĩa quân phiệt Nhật Bản – Vietnamese

values: 日本軍國主義 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Japanese_militarism rootpage-Japanese_militarism skin-vector action-view