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Province of Carolina
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Province of Carolina
1629–1712
Flag
Coat of arms
Status
Colony of England (1629–1707)
Colony of Great Britain (1707–12)
Capital
Charles Town, South Carolina
Common languages
English, Tutelo, Muscogee, Catawban languages, Tuscarora, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Yuchi, Shawnee
Religion
Church of England (Anglicanism)
Government
Constitutional monarchy
Legislature
Lords Proprietors
Historical era
Colonial Era
• Heath charter
1629
• British government buy-out of Lords Proprietors
1712
Currency
Pound sterling
Preceded by Succeeded by
Colony of Virginia
Province of North Carolina
Province of South Carolina
Today part of
United States
Alabama
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
The Province of Carolina[1] was an English and later a British colony of North America. Carolina was founded in what is modern-day North Carolina. Carolina expanded south and, at its greatest extent, nominally included the modern states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and Mississippi, and parts of modern Florida and Louisiana.[2]
Sir Robert Heath, attorney-general of King Charles I of England, was granted the Cape Fear region of America, incorporated as the Province of Carolana, in 1629.[1] The charter was unrealized and ruled invalid, and a new charter was issued to a group of eight English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663.[3] It was not until 1663 that the province became officially known as "Carolina."[4] Charles II granted the land to the eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660.[5] Charles II intended for the newly created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and prevent their northward expansion.[6][7] Led informally by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, the Province of Carolina was controlled from 1663 to 1729 by these lords and their heirs.
In 1669, the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina divided the colony of Carolina into two provinces, Albemarle province in the north and Clarendon province in the south.[8] Due to dissent over the governance of the colony, and the distance between settlements in the northern half and settlements in the southern half, in 1691 a deputy governor was appointed to administer the northern half of Carolina (Albemarle province).[9] In 1712, the two provinces became separate colonies, the colony of North Carolina (formerly Albemarle province) and the colony of South Carolina (formerly Clarendon province).[10]
Although the division between the northern and southern governments became complete in 1712, both colonies remained in the hands of the same group of proprietors. A rebellion against the proprietors broke out in 1719 which led to the appointment of a royal governor for South Carolina in 1720. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729.
Contents
1 History
1.1 1629 Charter
1.2 1663 Charter
1.3 Dissent
1.4 Georgia
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Colonial period of South Carolina
1629 Charter[edit]
On October 30, 1629, King Charles I of England granted a patent to Sir Robert Heath for the lands south of 36 degrees and north of 31 degrees, "under the name, in honor of that king, of Carolana."[4][11] Carolus is Latin for 'Charles'. Heath wanted the land for French Huguenots, but when Charles restricted use of the land to members of the Church of England, Heath assigned his grant to George, Lord Berkeley.[12] King Charles I was executed in 1649 and Heath fled to France where he died. Following the 1660 restoration of the monarchy, Heath's heirs attempted to reassert their claim to the land, but Charles II ruled the claim invalid.
1663 Charter[edit]
"A New Description of Carolina", engraved by Francis Lamb (London, Tho. Basset and Richard Chiswell, 1676)
On March 24, 1663, Charles II issued a new charter to a group of eight English noblemen, granting them the land of Carolina, as a reward for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. The eight were called Lords Proprietors or simply Proprietors. The 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north (along the coast of present-day Georgia).[3]
In 1665, the charter was revised slightly (see Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665), with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of settlers along the Albemarle Sound who had left the Virginia Colony. Likewise, the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north, just south of present-day Daytona Beach, Florida, which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine. The charter also granted all the land, between these northerly and southerly bounds, from the Atlantic, westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.[1]
The Lords Proprietors named in the charter were Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon; George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle; William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven; John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton; Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury; Sir George Carteret; Sir William Berkeley (brother of John); and Sir John Colleton. Of the eight, the one who demonstrated the most active interest in Carolina was Lord Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury, with the assistance of his secretary, the philosopher John Locke, drafted the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina (which included the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina), a plan for government of the colony heavily influenced by the ideas of the English political scientist, James Harrington. Some of the other Lords Proprietors also had interests in other colonies: for instance, John Berkeley and George Carteret held stakes in the Province of New Jersey, and William Berkeley had an interest in Virginia.
The Lords Proprietors, operating under their royal charter, were able to exercise their authority with nearly the independence of the king himself. The actual government consisted of a governor, a powerful council, on which half of the councillors were appointed by the Lords Proprietors themselves, and a relatively weak, popularly elected assembly.
Within three generations of Columbus, the Spanish from their Florida base had started to emigrate up the coast of modern North Carolina. A hostile Virginia tribe drove them back to Georgia.[citation needed] A Scottish contingent had meanwhile settled in South Carolina only to be extirpated by the Spanish, who inhabited Parris Island, SC, as late as 1655. The Spanish were again beaten back to Georgia.[13]
Although the Lost Colony on Roanoke Island was the first English attempt at settlement in the Carolina territory, the first permanent English settlement was not established until 1653, when emigrants from the Virginia Colony, with others from New England and Bermuda, settled at the mouths of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers, on the shores of Albemarle Sound, in the northeastern corner of present-day North Carolina. The Albemarle Settlements, preceding the royal charter by ten years, came to be known in Virginia as "Rogues' Harbor".[14] By 1664, the region was organized as Albemarle County.
In 1663, Captain William Hilton had noted the presence of a wooden cross erected by the Spaniards that still stood before the town meeting house of the Indians living at what later became Port Royal.[15] In 1665, Sir John Yeamans established a second short-lived English settlement on the Cape Fear River, near present-day Wilmington, North Carolina, which he named Clarendon.
The Lords Proprietors founded a sturdier new settlement when they sent 150 colonists to the province in early 1670, landing them at a location south of the other settlements, near present-day Charleston, South Carolina. Many of the colonists were planters from Barbados. The "Charles Town" settlement, as it was known then, developed more rapidly than the Albemarle and Cape Fear settlements due to the advantages of a natural harbor and expanding trade with the West Indies. Charles Town was made the principal seat of government for the entire province; Lord Shaftesbury specified its street plan. The nearby Ashley and Cooper rivers are named for him.
Due to their remoteness from each other, the northern and southern sections of the colony operated more or less independently until 1691, when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. The north continued to have its own assembly and council; the governor resided in Charles Towne and appointed a deputy-governor for the north. During this period, the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina.
Carolina was the first of three colonies in North America settled by the English to have a comprehensive plan. Known as the Grand Model, or Grand Modell, it was composed of a constitution and detailed guidelines for settlement and development. The constitution, titled Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, was drafted by the philosopher John Locke under the direction of Anthony Ashley Cooper (later made Earl of Shaftesbury).[16]
Dissent[edit]
From 1708 to 1710, due to disquiet over attempts to establish the Anglican church in the province, the people were unable to agree on a slate of elected officials; consequently, there was no recognized and legal government for more than two years, a period which culminated in Cary's Rebellion when the Lords Proprietors finally commissioned a new governor. This circumstance, coupled with the Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War, and the inability of the Lords Proprietors to act decisively, led to separate governments for North and South Carolina.
Some take this period as the establishment of separate colonies, but that did not officially occur until 1729, when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to the Crown, and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies. The eighth share was Sir George Carteret's, which had passed to his great-grandson John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville. He retained ownership of a sixty-mile-wide strip of land in North Carolina adjoining the Virginia boundary, which became known as the Granville District. This district was to become the scene of many disputes, from 1729 until the American Revolutionary War, at which time it was seized by the North Carolina revolutionary government.
Governments under proprietary rule and under crown rule were similarly organized. The primary difference was who was to appoint the governing officials: the Lords Proprietors or the Sovereign.
Georgia[edit]
In 1732, a corporate charter for the Province of Georgia was carved out of South Carolina by King George II.
See also[edit]
North Carolina portal
South Carolina portal
British Empire portal
North America portal
British colonization of the Americas
Carolana
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina
Grand Model for the Province of Carolina
List of colonial governors of North Carolina
List of colonial governors of South Carolina
Province of North Carolina
Province of South Carolina
Southern Colonies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Charter of Carolina - March 24, 1663". Avalon Law. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2016. Know ye, that we of our further grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion, have thought fit to erect the same tract of ground, county, and island, into a province, and out of the fulness of our royal power and prerogative, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, erect, incorporate and ordain the same into a province, and call it the Province of Carolina,...
Jump up ^ Medley, Mary Louise (1976). History of Anson County, North Carolina, 1750-1976. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 1. ISBN 9780806347554. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charter of Carolina - March 24, 1663". Retrieved 2012-03-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Cummings, William (1998). The Southeast in Early Maps, Third Edition. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 14. ISBN 0807823716.
Jump up ^ Danforth Prince (10 March 2011). Frommer's The Carolinas and Georgia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-118-03341-8.
Jump up ^ Peter Charles Hoffer (14 December 2006). The Brave New World: A History of Early America. JHU Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-8018-8483-2.
Jump up ^ Patricia Riles Wickman (2 March 1999). The Tree that Bends: Discourse, Power, and the Survival of Maskoki People. University of Alabama Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8173-0966-4.
Jump up ^ Richard Middleton, Colonial America: A History (Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley Blackwell, 1992), p. 125.
Jump up ^ Charles McLean Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History, Volume III (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934), p. 258.
Jump up ^ Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settlement of North America (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), 226.
Jump up ^ N. C. Board of Agriculture (1902). A sketch of North Carolina. Charleston: Lucas-Richardson Co. p. 4. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "NHC Public Library - New Hanover County - North Carolina" (PDF). New Hanover County.
Jump up ^ Crane, Vernon (1928). The Southern Frontier 1670-1732. University of North Carolina.
Jump up ^ "Part IV, Chapter 42". Digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
Jump up ^ Verner Crane (1928). The Southern Frontier 1670-1732. University of Alabama Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8173-5082-6.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Chapter 1.
External links[edit]
Concessions and Agreements of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, 1665
Sir Robert Heath's Patent
The Founding of North and South Carolina
U.S.A.-Barbadian Ties - The Barbados Tourism Encyclopaedia
The Buried History of America's Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man Who Led It
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Coordinates: 34°59′38″N 81°28′26″W / 34.994°N 81.474°W / 34.994; -81.474
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Carolina&oldid=864728785"
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Rip Van Winkle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Rip Van Winkle (disambiguation).
Statue of Rip Van Winkle in Irvington, New York, not far from Tarrytown, the location of Sunnyside, the home of its author Washington Irving
"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story by American author Washington Irving published in 1819. Written while Irving was living in Birmingham, England, it is part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Although the story is set in New York's Catskill Mountains, Irving later admitted, "When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills."[1] The story's title character is a Dutch-American villager living around the time of the American Revolutionary War.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Characters
3 Composition and publication history
4 Themes and literary forerunners
5 Adaptations
5.1 Theater
5.2 Film
5.3 Music
5.4 Cartoons and animated films
5.5 Comics
5.6 Television
6 In popular culture
6.1 Architecture
6.2 Beverages
6.3 Literature
6.4 Music
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Citations
8.2 Sources
9 Further reading
10 External links
Summary[edit]
"Rip Van Winkle" is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War. In a pleasant village, at the foot of New York's Catskill Mountains, lives kindly Rip Van Winkle, a Dutch villager. Van Winkle enjoys solitary activities in the wilderness or hanging out at the inn with his friends. He is loved by all in the town, especially the children to whom he tells stories or for whom he repairs toys. However, he tends to shirk hard work, to his nagging wife's dismay, which has caused his home and farm to fall into disarray.
One autumn day, to escape his wife's nagging, Van Winkle wanders into the mountains with his dog, Wolf. Hearing his name called out, Van Winkle sees a man wearing antiquated Dutch clothing; he is carrying a keg up the mountain and requires help. Together, the men and Wolf proceed to a hollow in which Rip discovers the source of thunderous noises: a group of ornately dressed, silent, bearded men who are playing nine-pins.
Van Winkle does not ask who they are or how they know his name. Instead, he begins to drink some of their Jenever and soon falls asleep.
When he awakens, Van Winkle discovers shocking changes: his musket is rotting and rusty, his beard is a foot long, and his dog is nowhere to be found. He returns to his village, where he recognizes no one.
Van Winkle returns just after an election, and people are asking how he voted. Never having cast a ballot in his life, Van Winkle proclaims himself a faithful subject of King George III's, unaware that the American Revolution has taken place, and nearly gets himself into trouble with the townspeople until one elderly woman recognizes him as the long lost Rip Van Winkle.
King George's portrait on the inn's sign has been replaced with one of George Washington. Van Winkle learns that most of his friends were killed fighting in the American Revolution. He is also disturbed to find another man called Rip Van Winkle; it is his son, now grown up. Van Winkle also discovers that his wife died some time ago but is not saddened by the news.
Van Winkle learns that the men he met in the mountains are rumored to be the ghosts of Hendrick (Henry) Hudson's crew, which had vanished long ago, and that he has been away from the village for at least 20 years. His grown daughter takes him in. He resumes his usual idleness, and his strange tale is solemnly taken to heart by the Dutch settlers, particularly by the children who say that whenever thunder is heard, the men in the mountains must be playing nine-pins. The henpecked husbands in the area often wish they could have a sip of Van Winkle's elixir to sleep through their own wives' nagging.
Characters[edit]
Name
Description
Rip Van Winkle A henpecked husband who loathes "profitable labor"; and a meek, easygoing, ne'er-do-well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets strange men playing nine-pins.
Dame Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle's cantankerous and nagging wife.
Rip Van Winkle, Jr. Rip Van Winkle's ne'er-do-well son.
Judith Gardenier Rip Van Winkle's married daughter; she takes her father in after he returns from his sleep.
Derrick Van Bummel The local schoolmaster who went on to serve in American Revolution as a flag officer and later a member of Congress.
Nicholas Vedder Landlord of the local inn where menfolk congregate.
Van Schaick The local parson.
Jonathan Doolittle Owner of the Union Hotel, the establishment that replaced the village inn.
Wolf Van Winkle's faithful dog, who does not recognize him when he wakes up.
Man carrying keg up the mountain The ghost of one of Henry Hudson's crew members.
Ninepin bowlers The ghosts of Henry Hudson's crewmen from his ship, the Half-Moon; they share purple magic liquor with Rip Van Winkle and play a game of nine-pins.
Brom Dutcher Van Winkle's neighbor who went off to war while Van Winkle was sleeping.
Old woman Woman who identifies Van Winkle when he returns to the village after his sleep.
Peter Vanderdonk The oldest resident of the village, who confirms Van Winkle's identity and cites evidence indicating Van Winkle's strange tale is true.
Mr. Gardenier Judith Gardenier's husband, a farmer and crabby villager.
Rip Van Winkle III Rip Van Winkle's infant grandchild; his mother is Judith Gardenier.
Composition and publication history[edit]
First installment of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. included "Rip Van Winkle"
After a failed business venture with his brothers, Irving filed for bankruptcy in 1818.[2] Despondent, he turned to writing for possible financial support, although he had difficulty thinking of stories to write. He stayed in Birmingham, England with his brother-in-law Henry Van Wart.[3] The two were reminiscing in June 1818 when Irving was suddenly inspired by their nostalgic conversation.[4] Irving locked himself in his room and wrote non-stop all night. As he said, he felt like a man waking from a long sleep. He presented the first draft of "Rip Van Winkle" to the Van Wart family over breakfast.[5]
"Rip Van Winkle" was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Irving asked his brother Ebeneezer to assist with publication in the United States. As Irving wrote, "I shall feel very anxious to hear of the success of this first re-appearance on the literary stage – Should it be successful, I trust I shall be able henceforth to keep up an occasional fire."[6] 2,000 copies of the first octavo-sized installment, which included "Rip Van Winkle", were released on June 23, 1819, in Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, published by Cornelius S. Van Winkle, and sold at a somewhat expensive 75 cents.[7] A British edition was published shortly afterward, by John Miller, who went out of business immediately thereafter. With help from his friend Walter Scott, Irving was able to convince John Murray to take over British publication of the Sketch Book.[8]
Themes and literary forerunners[edit]
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This section gives self-sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the tenth chapter of his book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, the third century AD Greek historian Diogenes Laertius relates the story of the legendary sage Epimenides of Knossos, who was said to have been a shepherd on the island of Krete. One day, Epimenides followed after a sheep that had wandered off and, after becoming tired, went into a cave under Mount Ida and fell asleep. When he woke back up, he continued searching for the sheep, but could not find it, so he returned to his father's farm, only to discover that it was under new ownership. He went home, only to discover that the people there did not know him. Finally, he encountered his younger brother, who had become an old man, and learned that he had been asleep in the cave for fifty-seven years. According to the different sources that Diogenes relates, Epimenides lived to be 154, 157, or 299 years old.[9] Multiple sources have identified the story of Epimenides as the earliest known variant of the "Rip Van Winkle" fairy tale.[10][11][12]
In Christian tradition, there is a similar, well-known story of "The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus", which recounts a group of early Christians who hid in a cave circa 250 AD, to escape the persecution of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Decius. They fell into a miraculous sleep and woke some 200 years later during the reign of Theodosius II, to discover that the city and the whole Empire had become Christian.[11] This Christian story is recounted by Islam and appears in a famous Sura of the Koran, Sura Al-Kahf. The version recalls a group of young monotheists escaping from persecution within a cave and emerging hundreds of years later.[13] Irving, who wrote a biography of Muhammad,[citation needed] may have been familiar with the story.
The story of "Rip Van Winkle" itself is widely thought to have been based off Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal's German folktale "Peter Klaus",[11][4] which is a shorter story set in a German village. It tells of a goatherd named Peter Klaus who goes looking for a lost goat. He finds some men drinking in the woods and, after drinking some of their wine, he falls asleep. When he wakes back up, twenty years have passed.[4][14]
In many ways, the story is a classic European faerie tale of a man who is actually rewarded for helping the faeries move their barrel. They advance him to a time in life where he is free of his nagging wife and is now old enough for it be respectable for him to take it easy and play with children, working when he wants to instead of when he has to, supported by his loving, grown children.[citation needed] The theme of independence is also explored; the young Van Winkle lives in British America and is a subject of the King; the old Van Winkle awakes in a country independent of the Crown. On a personal level, the awakened Van Winkle has gained another form of "independence": being widowered from his shrewish wife.[citation needed]
In Orkney, there is a similar folktale linked to the burial mound of Salt Knowe, adjacent to the Ring of Brodgar. A drunken fiddler on his way home hears music from the mound. He finds a way in and finds the trowes (trolls) having a party. He stays and plays for two hours, then makes his way home to Stenness, where he discovers 50 years have passed. The Orkney Rangers believe this may be one source for Washington Irving's tale because his father was an Orcadian from the island of Shapinsay and would almost certainly have known the story.[citation needed]
In Ireland, the story of Niamh and Oisin has a similar theme. Oisin falls in love with the beautiful Niamh and leaves with her on her snow white horse, bound for Tir Na nOg – the land of the ever-young. Missing his family and friends, he asks to pay them a visit. Niamh lends him her horse, warning him never to dismount, and he travels back to Ireland. But 300 years have passed; his family and fellow warriors are all dead. When Oisin encounters some men trying to move a boulder, he reaches down to help them, the girth of the horse's saddle snaps, and he falls to the ground. Before the watching eyes of the men, he becomes a very, very old man.
Author Joe Gioia suggests the basic plot strongly resembles, and may have originated with, an upstate New York Seneca legend of a young squirrel hunter who encounters the mystic "Little People", and after a night with them returns to his village to find it overgrown by forest and everyone gone: that single night had lasted a year.[15]
The story is also similar to the ancient Jewish Talmudic[16] story about Honi the Circle-Maker (Honi M'agel), who falls asleep after asking a man why he is planting a carob tree which traditionally takes 70 years to mature, making it virtually impossible to ever benefit from the tree's fruit. After this exchange, Honi falls asleep on the ground, is miraculously covered by a rock, and remains out of sight for 70 years. When he awakens, he finds a fully mature tree and learns he has a grandson. When nobody believes that he is Honi, he prays to God, and God takes him from this world.
The story also bears some similarities to stories from east Asia, including the third century AD Chinese tale of "Ranka", as retold by Lionel Giles in A Gallery of Chinese Immortals, and the eighth-century Japanese tale "Urashima Tarō".[11] The Hindu story of Muchukunda from the Bhagavatam also displays many similarities to the story of "Rip Van Winkle".[17][18]
Adaptations[edit]
Joseph Jefferson as Rip Van Winkle (1896)
Classics Illustrated issue #12
The story has been adapted for other media for the last two centuries, in cartoons, films, stage plays, music, and other media.
Theater[edit]
Actor Joseph Jefferson performed various dramatizations of the character on the 19th-century stage.[19] He and Dion Boucicault wrote an adaptation[20] which opened in London in 1865[19] and on Broadway in 1866.[19][20]
Film[edit]
In 1896 Joseph Jefferson filmed a series of short films recreating scenes from his stage adaptations,[20] which are collectively in the U.S. National Film Registry. Jefferson's son, Thomas, followed in his father's footsteps and played the character in a number of early 20th-century films.[citation needed]
Several other film adaptations have been produced.[20]
Music[edit]
In 1882 Robert Planquette and H.B. Farnie premiered a romantic opera adaptation.[20]
The 1960s Tale Spinners For Children record series included a dramatization of the "Rip Van Winkle" story.[citation needed]
Numerous modern songs have been written whose lyrics retell the story, including the 1961 song "Rip Van Winkle" by The Devotions, the 2006 song "Rip Van Winkle" by Witch, and "Kaatskill Serenade" by David Bromberg. In the Belle and Sebastian song "I Could Be Dreaming" an extract from "Rip Van Winkle" is read.
Cartoons and animated films[edit]
The cartoon, Have You Got Any Castles? (1938), depicts Rip Van Winkle trying to fall asleep in a cuckoo clock.
The animated short, Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle (1941), features Popeye and Rip Van Winkle.
The story inspired an episode of The Flintstones entitled "Rip Van Flintstone", which originally aired on November 5, 1965.[21] In it, Fred falls asleep at the Slate Company picnic and dreams he has awakened 20 years in the future as an old man. He notices various changes to his town of Bedrock and to his friends. Fred remarks that, "Maybe I have fallen asleep for 20 years like in that Rip Van Winklestone story."
The story was parodied in an episode of the Laurel and Hardy cartoon series entitled "Flipped Van Winkles".
Comics[edit]
Issue 12 of Classics Illustrated retold the "Rip Van Winkle" story with various twists.
In the Carl Barks comic Rip Van Donald (1950), Donald Duck's nephews trick him into believing that he has been sleeping for 40 years, and has supposedly awakened in the then-future year of 1990. Donald expects to see a fabulous "futuristic" world, and the nephews must use various tricks to keep their prank going. Eventually Donald falls asleep and "returns" to 1950.
Disney's "Rip van Goofy" (February 1, 1966)[22] is a parody of "Rip Van Winkle", with Goofy portraying the character who sleeps for 20 years. When he awakens, no one remembers him except Mickey Mouse, once a child to whom Rip van Goofy told fantasy stories.
In a 1988 issue of Boys' Life, the Dink & Duff comic strip has the African-American Cub Scout Dink pondering the meaning of Americanism, only to lapse into a coma and awaken in 2068. A boy who addresses him as "Rip van Dinkle" explains that during the past 80 years the United States has been replaced by an authoritarian monarchy. Dink eventually awakens back in 1988.
Television[edit]
In the 16th episode of The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo (original airdate January 16, 1965), Mr. Magoo (voiced by Jim Backus) plays Rip Van Winkle.[20]
In the Faerie Tale Theatre children's television series, Francis Ford Coppola directed the 1987 episode "Rip Van Winkle" in which actor Harry Dean Stanton played the title role.[20]
An episode of the HBO show Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child gives a feminist retelling of the story as told from the point of view of Rip's wife Vanna. The adaptation is set in the 1960s, where Rip is a heavy metal rocker who often neglects his wife and child.[20]
Rip Van Winkle (1978), a claymation version of the story produced and directed by Will Vinton, was nominated for an Academy Award for Short Subject Animation.[23]
Tales of Washington Irving, a one-hour animated television special from 1970, presented adaptations of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle".[20]
The TV show Wishbone showed the dog imagining himself as the title character, complete with the men playing nine-pins and his mistaking the George Washington Inn for his old hangout, the King George Inn.[24][25]
In popular culture[edit]
Architecture[edit]
The Rip Van Winkle Bridge spans the Hudson River near Catskill, New York.
Beverages[edit]
Old Rip Van Winkle is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company.
Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve is the flagship brand of Bourbon whiskey owned by the "Old Rip Van Winkle Distillery" company, actually distilled and bottled by the Sazerac Company.
Literature[edit]
A character in the novel Darkness at Noon (1940) is nicknamed Rip Van Winkle because he spent 20 years imprisoned in solitary confinement.
Music[edit]
The American composer George Whitefield Chadwick wrote a concert overture entitled Rip Van Winkle in 1879, when he was a student in Leipzig.
Composer Ferde Grofe spent 20 years working on a symphonic tone poem based on "Rip Van Winkle", eventually reworking the material into his Hudson River Suite. One of the movements is entitled "Rip Van Winkle".
Rip Van Winkle is mentioned in the song Peter Piper by hip-hop group, Run DMC.[citation needed][importance?]
See also[edit]
Rip Van Wink from The Beano
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Pierre M. Irving, The Life and Letters of Washington Irving, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1883, vol. 2, p. 176.
Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7.
Jump up ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2008). Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Books. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-55970-836-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7.
Jump up ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2008). Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Books. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-1-55970-836-4.
Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7.
Jump up ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2008). Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Books. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-55970-836-4.
Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7.
Jump up ^ Laertius, Diogenes & Hick, R.D. (translator) (1972). Lives of Eminent Philosophers: Books I-V. Cambridge: Harvard. p. 115. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Welch, Deshler (9 May 1887). The Theater. 3. New York City, New York: Theatre Publishing Company. p. 139. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Thorn, John. "Saint Rip". nyfolklore.org. Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Bates, Alfred (1906). The Drama; Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization: American Drama. 20. London, England: Historical Publishing Company. p. 121. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Surat Al-Kahf (18:9-26)". The Holy Qur'an – القرآن الكريم.
Jump up ^ A translation of the tale is available on Wikisource: Peter the Goatherd.
Jump up ^ Gioia, Joe (2013). The Guitar and the New World: A Fugitive History. State University of New York Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 978-1-4384-4617-2. The story of the young hunter and the Great Little People, whose single night is that of a human year, became Irving's satire on progress and a portrait of the fundamental strangeness of change.
Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Taanit 23a Hebrew/Aramaic text at Mechon-Mamre
Jump up ^ "Muchukunda". Mythfolklore.net. October 16, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 10 Chapter 51". Vedabase.net. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jefferson, Joseph; Boucicault, Dion (1895). Rip Van Winkle (Introduction). Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 401–403. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. pp. 197–198. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IMDb Pro : Rip Van Flintstone Business Details". pro.imdb.com. July 27, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rip van Goofy". Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (5). Gold Key. 26 (305). February 1, 1966.
Jump up ^ "Will Vinton's Personal Website". Willvinton.net. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
Jump up ^ Moore, Scott (November 5, 1995). "In Dogged Pursuit of Literacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Mendoza, Manuel (October 8, 1995). "Tales Wag `Wishbone' To Lure Kids To Classics". The Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Sources[edit]
Irving, Washington & Wyeth, N.C. (illustrator) (1921). Rip Van Winkle (e-book ed.). CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) at the Internet Archive
Irving, Washington. Rip Van Winkle. Bartleby (e-book ed.).
Irving, Washington (1946). Rip Van Winkle. KiddieRecords (Audiobook ed.).
Rip Van Winkle (film ed.). 1896. at the Internet Archive
'Karl Katz', a comparison. Internet Archive.
Irving, Washington (1948). Rip Van Winkle (Radio adaptation ed.). Theatre Guild on the Air. Internet Archive
Further reading[edit]
"'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow' – Irving's Fictions of Revolution". cowbeech.force9.co.uk.
"'Rip Van Winkle' Study Guide". Cummings Study Guides.
"Washington Irving in Birmingham". Birmingham.gov.uk.
External links[edit]
The full text of Rip Van Winkle at Wikisource
Media related to Rip Van Winkle at Wikimedia Commons
Rip Van Winkle public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Valentine's Day (2010 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Valentine's Day
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Garry Marshall
Produced by
Mike Karz
Wayne Allan Rice
Screenplay by
Katherine Fugate
Story by
Katherine Fugate
Abby Kohn
Marc Silverstein
Starring
Jessica Alba
Kathy Bates
Jessica Biel
Bradley Cooper
Eric Dane
Patrick Dempsey
Héctor Elizondo
Jamie Foxx
Jennifer Garner
Topher Grace
Anne Hathaway
Ashton Kutcher
Queen Latifah
Taylor Lautner
George Lopez
Shirley MacLaine
Emma Roberts
Julia Roberts
Taylor Swift
Carter Jenkins
Music by
John Debney
Cinematography
Charles Minsky
Edited by
Bruce Green
Production
company
New Line Cinema
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
February 12, 2010 (2010-02-12)
Running time
124 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$52 million[1]
Box office
$216.5 million[2]
Valentine's Day is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall. The screenplay and the story were written by Katherine Fugate, Abby Kohn and Marc Silverstein. The film consists of an ensemble cast led by Jessica Alba, Kathy Bates, Jessica Biel, Bradley Cooper, Eric Dane, Patrick Dempsey, Héctor Elizondo, Jamie Foxx, Jennifer Garner, Topher Grace, Anne Hathaway, Ashton Kutcher, Queen Latifah, Taylor Lautner, George Lopez, Shirley MacLaine, Emma Roberts, Julia Roberts, Carter Jenkins, and Taylor Swift in her film debut. While the film received negative reviews, it was a major box office success.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
5 Home media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
The film follows a group of related characters and their struggles with love on Valentine's Day.
Florist Reed Bennett (Ashton Kutcher) wakes up and proposes to his girlfriend Morley Clarkson (Jessica Alba), who accepts. However, Reed’s closest friends, Alfonso Rodriguez (George Lopez) and Julia Fitzpatrick (Jennifer Garner), aren't surprised when Morley suddenly changes her mind and leaves Reed a few hours later.
On a flight to Los Angeles, Kate Hazeltine (Julia Roberts), a captain in the U.S. Army on a one-day leave, befriends Holden Wilson (Bradley Cooper). Kate is travelling a long distance to get back home only for a short time, and Holden states that she must really be in love to do so. When the plane lands and Kate has to wait hours for the taxi, Holden offers his limousine to allow her to be there on time.
Julia, an elementary school teacher, has fallen in love with Dr. Harrison Copeland (Patrick Dempsey), but does not know that he is married to Pamela (Katherine LaNasa). Harrison tells her that he needs to go to San Francisco for a business trip: on his way, he stops by at Reed's flowershop and orders two flower bouquets - asking for discretion. Wanting to surprise him and despite Reed's warnings, Julia flies to San Francisco, convinced that Reed was wrong. Julia finds out that he is married and finds him at a local restaurant. Dressed as a waitress, Julia makes a scene at the restaurant, making Pamela suspicious.
One of Julia’s students, Edison (Bryce Robinson), orders flowers from Reed, to be sent to his teacher. Julia suggests to Edison to give the flowers to a girl named Rani in his class who has a crush on him after telling Edison the meaning of love.
Edison's babysitter Grace Smart (Emma Roberts) is planning to lose her virginity to her boyfriend Alex Franklin (Carter Jenkins). The planned encounter goes awry when Grace's mother discovers a naked Alex in Grace's room, rehearsing a song he wrote for Grace.
Edison’s grandparents, Edgar (Héctor Elizondo) and Estelle Paddington (Shirley MacLaine) are facing the troubles of a long marriage. Estelle admits to Edgar about an affair she had with one of his business partners long ago. Although she is deeply sorry, Edgar is very upset.
Grace’s high school friends, Willy Harrington (Taylor Lautner) and Felicia Miller (Taylor Swift), are experiencing the freshness of new love, and have agreed to wait to have sex.
Sean Jackson (Eric Dane), a closeted gay professional football player, is contemplating the end of his career with his publicist Kara Monahan (Jessica Biel) and his agent Paula Thomas (Queen Latifah). Kara is organizing her annual "I Hate Valentine's Day" party, but soon becomes interested in sports reporter Kelvin Moore (Jamie Foxx), who was ordered to do a Valentine's Day report by his boss Susan Moralez (Kathy Bates), and who shares Kara's hatred of the holiday.
Substituting for Paula's absent secretary is one of the firm's receptionists, Liz Curran (Anne Hathaway), who dates mail-room clerk Jason Morris (Topher Grace). Jason is shocked when Liz turns out to be moonlighting as a phone sex operator. Liz explains that she is only doing this because she has a $100,000 student loan to pay off. Jason is upset, but eventually reconciles with her after seeing Edgar forgive Estelle.
Sean finally comes out on national television, and Holden, Sean's lover, goes back to him. Kate arrives home late at night to greet not her supposed boyfriend but her son Edison. Willy drops Felicia off at home after a date and they kiss. Kelvin and Kara hang out at Kelvin's news station where they later kiss. Alfonso dines with his wife, and Grace and Alex agree to wait to have sex. Edgar and Estelle reconcile and redo their marriage vows, Harrison's wife has left him because of his infidelity and Morley tries to call Reed, who is instead starting a new relationship with Julia. Paula receives a call from one of Liz's masochistic clients and takes delight in expressing her dominance and sadism.
Cast[edit]
In alphabetical order:
Anne Hathaway as Elizabeth "Liz" Curran
Jessica Alba as Morley Clarkson
Kathy Bates as Susan Moralez
Jessica Biel as Kara Monahan
Bradley Cooper as Holden Wilson
Eric Dane as Sean Jackson
Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Harrison Copeland
Héctor Elizondo as Edgar Paddington
Jamie Foxx as Kelvin Moore
Jennifer Garner as Julia Fitzpatrick
Topher Grace as Jason Morris
Carter Jenkins as Alexander "Alex" Franklin
Ashton Kutcher as Reed Bennett
Queen Latifah as Paula Thomas
Taylor Lautner as William "Willy" Harrington
George Lopez as Alphonso Rodriguez
Shirley MacLaine as Estelle Paddington
Emma Roberts as Grace Smart
Julia Roberts as Cpt. Katherine "Kate" Hazeltine (née Paddington)
Taylor Swift as Felicia Miller
Music[edit]
Main article: Valentine's Day (soundtrack)
The score to Valentine's Day was composed by John Debney, who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage. He also wrote a song for the film, "Every Time You Smiled", with award-winning lyricist Glen Ballard which was performed by Carina Round.[3]
The movie's official soundtrack was released on February 9, 2010 via Big Machine Records. It features the movie's leading song, Jewel's "Stay Here Forever", which was released as a single on January 19, 2010 and has charted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. The soundtrack also includes "Today Was a Fairytale" by Taylor Swift, which debuted at #2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, breaking a record for highest first-week sales by a female artist. Swift's song "Jump Then Fall" from the Platinum edition of her album Fearless was also featured on the soundtrack. Debney's score album, including "Every Time You Smiled", (written by Debney and Glen Ballard, and not included on the song CD) was released digitally on April 7, 2010 by Watertower Music.
Jamie Foxx also recorded a song for the film which is called "Quit Your Job". It appears in the film but not on the soundtrack however, because of its vulgar lyrics. "I Gotta Feeling" by The Black Eyed Peas was used for the film's trailer.
Track listing for the score album:
"The Proposal/Trying to Tell Her" – 2:20
"The Makeup/First Kiss" – 2:25
"Apartment Dwelling/Hollywood Loft" – 0:48
"Arrival/Airport/Catching Julia/Gotta Stop Them" – 2:55
"Flower Shop Talk/To the Restaurant/The Realization/Mi Familia" – 3:27
"Light Conversation/Chivalrous Gestures/He's Married/Forget Me Not" – 3:25
"Liz Leaves/Having Sex/I Have No Life" – 3:10
"Julia Sees the Light/Edgar & Estelle/Young Love/First Time" – 3:31
"She Said No/Don't Go/I Like Her" – 3:50
"My Life's a Mess/This Is Awkward" – 1:22
"Ride Home/Guys Talk" – 1:47
"Mom's Home/Soccer Practice/Bike Ride" – 2:23
"Reed and Julia" – 2:26
"Valentine's Day" – 2:31
"Every Time You Smiled" (Carina Round) – 2:53
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film debuted with $52.4 million its opening weekend, grabbing the number 1 spot over the holiday that shares its name.[4] The film ousted two other high-profile openings; 20th Century Fox's action fantasy Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, which debuted at number 2 with $31.1 million over three days, and Universal's werewolf film The Wolfman, with $30.6 million.[5] It is currently the third-highest opening weekend in February, and the second highest-grossing President's Day weekend film.[6] On Monday, February 15, 2010, Valentine's Day went down to #2 behind Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, but then went back up #1 on Tuesday. On Friday, February 19, it went down to #2 behind Shutter Island then to #3 the next day. By Friday, February 26, it went down to #5 behind Shutter Island, The Crazies, Cop Out and Avatar. By March 18, it went down to #14. It stayed in theaters until May 6, 2010.[7] With that record, it is the second biggest opening for a romantic comedy film behind Sex and the City with $57 million. The passing of the Valentine's Day holiday later had the film's box office results quickly declining with a total of $110 million in the United States and Canada as well as an additional $106 million overseas for a grand total of $216 million worldwide.
Critical response[edit]
Valentine's Day received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 18% based on 184 reviews with an average rating of 3.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Eager to please and stuffed with stars, Valentine's Day squanders its promise with a frantic, episodic plot and an abundance of rom-com cliches."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[10]
Yahoo movies critics averaged the film's grade as a C-.[11] Giving the film 3/4 stars, the overall opinion of Carrie Rickey's review for The Philadelphia Inquirer is that "It is a pleasant, undemanding movie that takes place over 18 hours on V-Day and considers Very Attractive People whose romantic destinies converge, diverge, and cloverleaf like the interstates threading through California's Southland".[12] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times commented that "The effect of all those spinning songs, stars and scenarios is merry-go-round-like, producing a sort of dizzying collage that no doubt some will adore, while others will just get nauseous...".[13] British film critic Mark Kermode called the film a "greeting card full of vomit".[14] Rene Rodriguez for the Miami Herald gave the film 2/4 stars, describing the film as "surfing through the channels of an all-chick-flick cable service".[15] Rodriguez also criticized the film's blandness, stating the film should have "shed some of its blander plotlines[…] and spent a little more time exploring the thrill and elation of being in love – or at least just being horny".[15] Slate movie critic Dana Stevens wrote that the film "lacks in charm, humor, and intelligence...".[16] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star out of four.[17] Travers' analysis of the film simply states that "Valentine's Day is a date movie from hell".[17] Jonathan Ross was not complimentary either on his Film 2010 show. He said "I thought the film was just awful".[18] Journalist Sady Doyle, in a very hostile review of the film, argued that Valentine's Day was the worst film ever made.[19] Valentine's Day is noted for sharing similarities with the British film Love Actually,[20][21][22][23][24] particularly the basic premise of multiple storylines occurring around a popular holiday, and sometimes identical subplots.[21] Many British bloggers and online critics described Valentine's Day as "an American copycat version of Love Actually", focusing on how Valentine's Day, like Love Actually, has an all-star cast whose characters' storylines intertwine with one another. Time named it one of the top 10 worst chick flicks.[25]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Alliance of Women Film Journalists[26] Hall of Shame Garry Marshall Nominated
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards[27] Top Box Office Films John Debney Won
Casting Society of America[28] Big Budget Feature – Comedy Deborah Aquila and Tricia Wood Nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Ashton Kutcher Won
Taylor Lautner Nominated
Worst Supporting Actor George Lopez Nominated
Worst Supporting Actress Jessica Alba Won
MTV Movie Awards[29] Best Kiss Taylor Swift and Taylor Lautner Nominated
People's Choice Awards[30] Favorite Comedy Movie
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards[31][32] Choice Movie: Romantic Comedy
Won
Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy Ashton Kutcher Won
Choice Movie Actress: Romantic Comedy Queen Latifah Nominated
Choice Movie: Chemistry Taylor Swift and Taylor Lautner Nominated
Choice Movie: Liplock Taylor Swift and Taylor Lautner Nominated
Choice Movie: Hissy Fit Jessica Biel Nominated
Choice Movie Scene Stealer: Male George Lopez Nominated
Choice Movie Scene Stealer: Female Anne Hathaway Nominated
Choice Movie Breakout: Female Taylor Swift Won
Home media[edit]
Valentine's Day was released on Region 1 DVD, iTunes and Blu-ray Disc on 18 May 2010.[33]
See also[edit]
New Year's Eve (film)
Mother's Day (2016 film)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Valentine's Day,' 'Percy Jackson' and 'Wolfman': The more they cost, the less they made". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. February 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Valentine's Day" cost Warner Bros.' New Line Cinema unit just $52 million to produce, making it a huge hit out of the gate.
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
Jump up ^ Goldwasser, Dan (2010-02-02). "John Debney scores Valentine's Day". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
Jump up ^ Germain, David (2010-02-14). "'Valentine's Day' courts $52.4M opening weekend". Miami Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "‘Valentine’s Day’ courts $52.4 million debut - Entertainment - Movies - TODAYshow.com". MSNBC. 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Top 4-day President's Day weekends, All Movies". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Top February Opening Weekends at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day (2010): Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day (2010)". Archived from the original on 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ Rickey, Carrie. "Bonbons for moviegoers of all ages and persuasions". philly.com. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Betsy (2010-02-12). "'Valentine's Day - latimes.com". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ "What makes a good rom-com". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Rodriguez, Rene (2010-02-11). "Review – Valentine's Day (PG-13) ** – Starry cast can't banish the blandness". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Dana (2010-02-11). "Valentine's Day – Fine, mush your boring faces together already.". Slate. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Travers, Peter (2010-02-11). "Valentine's Day : Review :Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Film 2010". 10 Feb 2010. 6 minutes in. BBC. Missing or empty |series= (help)
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day, a movie which I have seen and which I can now quite confidently state is, in fact, the worst movie ever made." Worst. Movie. Ever. Sady Doyle, The Guardian, 14 February 2010. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: "Valentine’s Day" - The Screening Log - blogging film 24/7". The Screening Log. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Enzo Emmanuel Toledo. "Love Actually and Valentines's Day : There Were Things That I Noticed".
Jump up ^ "Valentine’s Day". BrandonFibbs.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ Amelie Gillette (September 8, 2009). "Evidence That Valentine's Day Might Be The Worst Movie Of All Time. Or at least since Love, Actually.".
Jump up ^ Xu, Mandy (2010-02-16). "Silver Chips Online : No love for "Valentine's Day"". Silverchips.mbhs.edu. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Laura (May 26, 2010). "Top 10 Worst Chick Flicks - Valentine's Day". Time. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ "2010 EDA Awards Nominees". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Top Box Office Films". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
Jump up ^ "2010 Artios Awards". Casting Society of America. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
Jump up ^ "MTV Movie Awards: When Twilight & Betty White Collide!".
Jump up ^ "Diggs, Margulies, GLEE, Neil Patrick Harris & More Earn 2011 People's Choice Noms.".
Jump up ^ "First Wave of "Teen Choice 2010" Nominees Announced". The Futon Critic. June 14, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Winners of ‘Teen Choice 2010‘ Awards Announced; Teens Cast More Than 85 Million Votes".
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day DVD Release Date May 18, 2010". dvdsreleasedates.com. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
External links[edit]
Valentine's Day on IMDb
Valentine's Day at AllMovie
Valentine's Day at Box Office Mojo
Valentine's Day at Rotten Tomatoes
Valentine's Day at Metacritic
[show]
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Films directed by Garry Marshall
Young Doctors in Love (1982)
The Flamingo Kid (1984)
Nothing in Common (1986)
Overboard (1987)
Beaches (1988)
The Lottery (1989)
Pretty Woman (1990)
Frankie and Johnny (1991)
Exit to Eden (1994)
Dear God (1996)
The Other Sister (1999)
Runaway Bride (1999)
The Princess Diaries (2001)
Raising Helen (2004)
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
Georgia Rule (2007)
Valentine's Day (2010)
New Year's Eve (2011)
Mother's Day (2016)
[show]
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e
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Romance
The Notebook (2005)
Just like Heaven (2006)
The Holiday (2007)
27 Dresses and What Happens in Vegas (2008)
Marley & Me and Twilight (2009)
Valentine's Day (2010)
Easy A (2011)
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2012)
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2013)
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