text:
Forgetting curve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A typical representation of the forgetting curve.
The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it.[1] A related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain. The stronger the memory, the longer period of time that a person is able to recall it. A typical graph of the forgetting curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned material.
The forgetting curve supports one of the seven kinds of memory failures: transience, which is the process of forgetting that occurs with the passage of time.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Description
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
History[edit]
In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus extrapolated the hypothesis of the exponential nature of forgetting. The following formula can roughly describe it:
R = e − t S , {\displaystyle R=e^{-{\frac {t}{S}}},}
where R {\displaystyle R} is memory retention, S {\displaystyle S} is the relative strength of memory, and t {\displaystyle t} is time.
Hermann Ebbinghaus ran a limited, incomplete study on himself and published his hypothesis in 1885 as Über das Gedächtnis (later translated into English as Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology). Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results. He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the "forgetting curve". From his discovery regarding the "forgetting curve", Ebbinghaus came up with the effects of "overlearning". Essentially, if you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it, you would have effectively achieved overlearning. Overlearning ensures that information is more impervious to being lost or forgotten, and the forgetting curve for this overlearned material is shallower.[3]
In 2015, an attempt to replicate the forgetting curve with one study subject has shown the experimental results similar to Ebbinghaus' original data.[4]
Description[edit]
Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material (e.g. how meaningful it is), its representation and physiological factors such as stress and sleep. He further hypothesized that the basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals. He concluded that the difference in performance (e.g. at school) can be explained by mnemonic representation skills.
He went on to hypothesize that basic training in mnemonic techniques can help overcome those differences in part. He asserted that the best methods for increasing the strength of memory are:
better memory representation (e.g. with mnemonic techniques)
repetition based on active recall (especially spaced repetition).
His premise was that each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed (for near-perfect retention, initial repetitions may need to be made within days, but later they can be made after years). Later research suggested that, other than the two factors Ebbinghaus proposed, higher original learning would also produce slower forgetting.[5]
Spending time each day to remember information, such as that for exams, will greatly decrease the effects of the forgetting curve. Reviewing material in the first 24 hours after learning information is the optimum time to re-read notes and reduce the amount of knowledge forgotten.[1]
Some memories remain free from the detrimental effects of interference and don’t necessarily follow the typical forgetting curve as various noise and outside factors influence what information would be remembered.[6]
There is debate among supporters of the hypothesis about the shape of the curve for events and facts that are more significant to the subject.[7] Some supporters, for example, suggest that memories of shocking events such as the Kennedy Assassination or 9/11 are vividly imprinted in memory (flashbulb memory). Others have compared contemporaneous written recollections with recollections recorded years later, and found considerable variations as the subject's memory incorporates after-acquired information.[8] There is considerable research in this area as it relates to eyewitness identification testimony. It should be noted that eye witness accounts are demonstrably unreliable.[8]
See also[edit]
Atrophy
Spaced repetition
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Curve of Forgetting | Counselling Services
Jump up ^ Schacter, D. L. (2009). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-4292-3719-2.
Jump up ^ "Human Memory. Herman Ebbinghaus". Lecture notes in Psychology published at Dr. Bruce Abbott's homepage at IPFW
Jump up ^ Murre J.M.J., Dros J. (2015) "Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve". PLOS ONE 10(7): e0120644. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120644
Jump up ^ Loftus, Geoffrey R. (1985). "Evaluating forgetting curves". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 11 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.397.
Jump up ^ Averell, Lee; Heathcote, Andrew (2011). "The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 55: 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2010.08.009.
Jump up ^ Forgetting Curve | Training Industry
^ Jump up to: a b "Why Science Tells Us Not to Rely on Eyewitness Accounts".
References[edit]
"Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology -- Ebbinghaus (1885/1913)". Retrieved 2007-08-23.
Schacter, Daniel L (2001). The seven sins of memory: how the mind forgets and remembers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-21919-6.
Baddeley, Alan D. (1999). Essentials of human memory. Hove: Psychology. ISBN 0-86377-544-6.
Bremer, Rod. The Manual – A guide to the Ultimate Study Method (USM) (Amazon Digital Services).
Loftus, Geoffrey R. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition11. 2 (Apr 1985): 397-406.
http://www.trainingindustry.com/wiki/entries/forgetting-curve.aspx
Averell, Lee; Heathcote, Andrew (February 2011). "The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 55 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2010.08.009.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-the-eyes-have-it
[show]
v
t
e
Human memory
Basic concepts
Encoding
Storage
Recall
Attention
Consolidation
Neuroanatomy
Types
Sensory
Echoic
Eidetic
Eyewitness
Iconic
Motor learning
Visual
Short-term
"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"
Working memory
Intermediate
Long-term
Active recall
Autobiographical
Explicit
Declarative
Episodic
Semantic
Flashbulb
Hyperthymesia
Implicit
Meaningful learning
Personal-event
Procedural
Rote learning
Selective retention
Tip of the tongue
Forgetting
Amnesia
anterograde
childhood
post-traumatic
psychogenic
retrograde
transient global
Decay theory
Forgetting curve
Interference theory
Memory inhibition
Motivated forgetting
Repressed memory
Retrieval-induced forgetting
Selective amnesia
Weapon focus
Memory errors
Confabulation
False memory
Hindsight bias
Imagination inflation
List of memory biases
Memory conformity
Misattribution of memory
Misinformation effect
Source-monitoring error
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
Research
Art of memory
Memory and aging
Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
Exceptional memory
Indirect tests of memory
Lost in the mall technique
Memory disorder
Memory implantation
Methods used to study memory
The Seven Sins of Memory
Effects of exercise on memory
In society
Collective memory
Cultural memory
False memory syndrome
Memory and social interactions
Memory sport
Politics of memory
Shas Pollak
World Memory Championships
Related topics
Absent-mindedness
Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
Context-dependent memory
Childhood memory
Cryptomnesia
Effects of alcohol
Emotion and memory
Exosomatic memory
Flashbacks
Free recall
Involuntary memory
Levels-of-processing effect
Memory and trauma
Memory improvement
Metamemory
Mnemonic
Muscle memory
Priming
Intertrial
Prospective memory
Recovered-memory therapy
Retrospective memory
Sleep and memory
State-dependent memory
Transactive memory
People
Robert A. Bjork
Stephen J. Ceci
Susan Clancy
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Sigmund Freud
Patricia Goldman-Rakic
Jonathan Hancock
Judith Lewis Herman
HM (patient)
Ivan Izquierdo
Marcia K. Johnson
Eric Kandel
KC (patient)
Elizabeth Loftus
Geoffrey Loftus
James McGaugh
Paul R. McHugh
Eleanor Maguire
George Armitage Miller
Brenda Milner
Lynn Nadel
Dominic O'Brien
Ben Pridmore
Henry L. Roediger III
Steven Rose
Cosmos Rossellius
Daniel Schacter
Richard Shiffrin
Arthur P. Shimamura
Andriy Slyusarchuk
Larry Squire
Susumu Tonegawa
Anne Treisman
Endel Tulving
Robert Stickgold
Clive Wearing
Psychology
Mind and brain
[show]
v
t
e
Spaced repetition
Concepts
Spaced repetition
Spacing effect
Testing effect
Forgetting curve
Flashcard
Memory
Leitner system
Study Software
List of Flashcard software
Anki
Cerego
Cobocards
Course Hero
Cram
Cram.com
Duolingo
eSpindle Learning
Hello English
Memrise
Mnemosyne
OpenCards
Quizlet
Skritter
SuperMemo
Synap
Practitioners
Paul Pimsleur
Sebastian Leitner
Piotr Woźniak
Researchers
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Thomas Landauer and Robert A. Bjork
Cecil Alec Mace
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgetting_curve&oldid=797670688"
Categories:
Memory processes
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2009
All articles lacking in-text citations
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Íslenska
ქართული
Magyar
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Русский
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 14:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.856ex; height:4.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.774ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.51ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.85ex; height:2.009ex;

values:
/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination
mw-redirect
John F. Kennedy assassination

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmp.2010.08.009

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Neurobiological effects of physical exercise

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/ESpindle_Learning
mw-redirect
ESpindle Learning

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2009

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Forgetting_curve
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: منحنی فراموشی – Persian

values: Մոռացության կոր – Armenian

values: ებინგჰაუსის მრუდი – Georgian

values: Кривая забывания – Russian

values: Крива забування Еббінгауза – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Forgetting_curve rootpage-Forgetting_curve skin-vector action-view


text:
Environmental issues in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A satellite picture, taken in 2004, shows thick haze and smoke along the Ganges Basin in northern India. Major sources of aerosols in this area are believed to be smoke from biomass burning in the northwest part of India, and air pollution from large cities in northern India. Dust from deserts in Pakistan and the Middle East may also contribute to the mix of aerosols.
Solid waste adds to water pollution in India, 2005
There are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. Nature is also causing some drastic effects on India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made some of the fastest progress in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality in the world.[1][2] Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.
Environmental issues are one of the primary causes of disease, health issues and long term livelihood impact for India.
Contents
1 Law and policies
2 Possible causes
3 Major issues
3.1 Population growth and environmental quality
3.2 Water pollution
3.2.1 Water resources
3.3 Air pollution
3.4 Solid waste pollution
3.5 Noise pollution
3.6 Land or Soil pollution
3.7 Greenhouse gas emissions
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Law and policies[edit]
Main articles: Environmental policy of India and Indian environmental law
British rule of India saw several laws related to environment. Amongst the earliest ones were Shore Nuisance (Bombay and Kolaba) Act of 1853 and the Oriental Gas Company Act of 1857. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, imposed a fine on anyone who voluntarily fouls the water of any public spring or reservoir. In addition, the Code penalised negligent acts. British India also enacted laws aimed at controlling air pollution. Prominent amongst these were the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Act of 1905 and the Bombay Smoke Nuisance Act of 1912. Whilst these laws failed in having the intended effect, British-enacted legislations pioneered the growth of environmental regulations in India.
Upon independence from Britain, India adopted a constitution and numerous British-enacted laws, without any specific constitutional provision on protecting the environment. India amended its constitution in 1976. Article 48(A) of Part IV of the amended constitution, read: The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Article 51 A(g) imposed additional environmental mandates on the Indian state.
Other Indian laws from recent history include the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, the Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981. The Air Act was inspired by the decisions made at Stockholm Conference. The Bhopal gas tragedy triggered the Government of India to enact the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. India has also enacted a set of Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules in 2000.
In 1985, Indian government created the Ministry of Environment and Forests. This ministry is the central administrative organisation in India for regulating and ensuring environmental protection.
Despite active passage of laws by the central government of India, the reality of environmental quality mostly worsened between 1947 and 1990. Rural poor had no choice, but to sustain life in whatever way possible. Air emissions increased, water pollution worsened, forest cover decreased.
Starting in the 1990s, reforms were introduced. Since then, for the first time in Indian history, major air pollutant concentrations have dropped in every 5-year period. Between 1992 and 2010, satellite data confirms India's forest coverage has increased for the first time by over 4 million hectares, a 7% increase.[3]
Possible causes[edit]
Some have cited economic development as the cause regarding the environmental issues. It is suggested that India's growing population is the primary cause of India's environmental degradation. Systematic studies challenge this theory. Empirical evidence from countries such as Japan, England and Singapore, each with population density similar to or higher than that of India, yet each enjoying environmental quality vastly superior to India's, suggests population density may not be the only factor affecting India's issues.[4]
Major issues[edit]
Floods are a significant environmental issue for India. It causes soil erosion, destruction of wetlands and wide migration of solid wastes.
Major environmental issues are forest and agricultural degradation of land, resource depletion (such as water, mineral, forest, sand, and rocks), environmental degradation, public health, loss of biodiversity, loss of resilience in ecosystems, livelihood security for the poor.[5]
The major sources of pollution in India include the rapid burning of fuelwood and biomass such as dried waste from livestock as the primary source of energy, lack of organised garbage and waste removal services, lack of sewage treatment operations, lack of flood control and monsoon water drainage system, diversion of consumer waste into rivers, cremation practices near major rivers, government mandated protection of highly polluting old public transport, and continued operation by Indian government of government owned, high emission plants built between 1950 and 1980.[6][7][8][9][10]
Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation are some of the major environmental issues India faces today.[11]
India's population growth adds pressure to environmental issues and its resources. Rapid urbanization has caused a buildup of heavy metals in the soil of the city of Ghaziabad, and these metals are being ingested through contaminated vegetables. Heavy metals are hazardous to people's health and are known carcinogens.[12][13]
Population growth and environmental quality[edit]
Public dumping of rubbish alongside a road in Kolkata.
There is a long history of study and debate about the interactions between population growth and the environment. According to a British thinker Malthus, for example, a growing population exerts pressure on agricultural land, causing environmental degradation, and forcing the cultivation of land of higher as well as poorer quality. This environmental degradation ultimately reduces agricultural yields and food availability, famines and diseases and death, thereby reducing the rate of population growth.
Population growth, because it can place increased pressure on the assimilative capacity of the environment, is also seen as a major cause of air, water, and solid-waste pollution. The reslt, Malthus theorised, is an equilibrium population that enjoys low levels of both income and Environmental quality. Malthus suggested positive and preventative forced control of human population, along with abolition of poor laws.
Malthus theory, published between 1798 and 1826, has been analysed and criticised ever since. The American thinker Henry George, for example, observed with his characteristic piquancy in dismissing Malthus: "Both the jayhawk and the man eat chickens; but the more jayhawks, the fewer chickens, while the more men, the more chickens." Similarly, the American economist Julian Lincoln Simon criticised Malthus's theory.[14] He noted that the facts of human history have proven the predictions of Malthus and of the Neo-Malthusians to be flawed. Massive geometric population growth in the 20th century did not result in a Malthusian catastrophe. The possible reasons include: increase in human knowledge, rapid increases in productivity, innovation and application of knowledge, general improvements in farming methods (industrial agriculture), mechanisation of work (tractors), the introduction of high-yield varieties of wheat and other plants (Green Revolution), the use of pesticides to control crop pests.[15]
More recent scholarly articles concede that whilst there is no question that population growth may contribute to environmental degradation, its effects can be modified by economic growth and modern technology.[16] Research in environmental economics has uncovered a relationship between environmental quality, measured by ambient concentrations of air pollutants and per capita income. This so-called environmental Kuznets curve shows environmental quality worsening up until about $5,000 of per capita income on purchasing parity basis, and improving thereafter.[17] The key requirement, for this to be true, is continued adoption of technology and scientific management of resources, continued increases in productivity in every economic sector, entrepreneurial innovation and economic expansion.
Other data suggest that population density has little correlation to environmental quality and human quality of life. India's population density, in 2011, was about 368 human beings per square kilometre. Many countries with population density similar or higher than India enjoy environmental quality as well as human quality of life far superior than India. For example: Singapore (7148 /km2), Hong Kong (6349 /km2), South Korea (487 /km2), Netherlands (403 /km2), Belgium (355 / km2), England (395 /km2) and Japan (337/ km2).
Water pollution[edit]
Main article: Water pollution in India
The Taj Mahal next to the Yamuna river.
India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.[18] The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.[18]
According to a World Health Organization study,[19] out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial sewage treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities. Over 100 Indian cities dump untreated sewage directly into the Ganges River.[20] Investment is needed to bridge the gap between 29000 million litre per day of sewage India generates, and a treatment capacity of mere 6000 million litre per day.[21]
Other sources of water pollution include agriculture run off and small scale factories along the rivers and lakes of India. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture in northwest have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water.[22] Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.
Water resources[edit]
According to NASA groundwater declines are highest on Earth between 2002 and 2008 in northern India. Agricultural productivity is dependent on irrigation. A collapse of agricultural output and severe shortages of potable water may influence 114 million residents in India. In July 2012, about 670 million people or 10% of the world’s population lost power blame on the severe drought restricting the power delivered by hydroelectric dams.[23]
Air pollution[edit]
Main article: Air pollution in India
A rural stove using biomass cakes, fuelwood and trash as cooking fuel. Surveys suggest over 100 million households in India use such stoves (chullahs) every day, 2–3 times a day. It is a major source of air pollution in India, and produces smoke and numerous indoor air pollutants at concentrations 5 times higher than coal. Clean burning fuels and electricity are unavailable in rural parts and small towns of India because of poor rural highways and limited energy generation infrastructure.
Air pollution in India is a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. Air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud, which is causing the monsoon to be delayed. India is the world's largest consumer of fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass for energy purposes. Traditional fuel (fuelwood, crop residue and dung cake) dominates domestic energy use in rural India and accounts for about 90% of the total. In urban areas, this traditional fuel constitutes about 24% of the total. Fuel wood, agri waste and biomass cake burning releases over 165 million tonnes of combustion products into India's indoor and outdoor air every year.[24][25] These biomass-based household stoves in India are also a leading source of greenhouse emissions contributing to climate change.[26]
The annual crop burning practice in northwest India, north India and eastern Pakistan, after monsoons, from October to December, are a major seasonal source of air pollution. Approximately 500 million tons of crop residue is burnt in open, releasing smoke, soot, NOx, SOx, PAHs and particulate matter into the air. This burning has been found to be a leading cause of smog and haze problems through the winter over Punjab, cities such as Delhi, and major population centers along the rivers through West Bengal.[27][28][29] In other states of India, rice straw and other crop residue burning in open is a major source of air pollution.[30]
Vehicle emissions are another source of air pollution. Vehicle emissions are worsened by fuel adulteration and poor fuel combustion efficiencies from traffic congestion and low density of quality, high speed road network per 1000 people.[31][32][33]
On per capita basis, India is a small emitter of carbon dioxide greenhouse. In 2009, IEA estimates that it emitted about 1.4 tons of gas per person, in comparison to the United States’ 17 tons per person, and a world average of 5.3 tons per person. However, India was the third largest emitter of total carbon dioxide in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year, after China (6.9 Gt per year) and the United States (5.2 Gt per year). With 17 percent of world population, India contributed some 5 percent of human-sourced carbon dioxide emission; compared to China's 24 percent share.[34][35]
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution and there have been some measurable improvements.[36] However, the 2012 Environmental Performance Index ranked India as having the poorest relative air quality out of 132 countries.[37]
Solid waste pollution[edit]
See also: Solid waste policy in India
Trash and garbage disposal services, responsibility of local government workers in India, are ineffective. Solid waste is routinely seen along India's streets and shopping plazas. Image shows solid waste pollution along a Jaipur street, a 2011 image.
Trash and garbage is a common sight in urban and rural areas of India. It is a major source of pollution. Indian cities alone generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year. Street corners are piled with trash. Public places and sidewalks are despoiled with filth and litter, rivers and canals act as garbage dumps. In part, India's garbage crisis is from rising constion. India's waste problem also points to a stunning failure of governance.[7] The tourism regions in the country mainly hill stations are also facing this issue in the recent years.[38]
In 2000, India's Supreme Court directed all Indian cities to implement a comprehensive waste-management programme that would include household collection of segregated waste, recycling and composting. These directions have simply been ignored. No major city runs a comprehensive programme of the kind envisioned by the Supreme Court.
Indeed, forget waste segregation and recycling directive of the India's Supreme Court, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that up to 40 percent of municipal waste in India remains simply uncollected. Even medical waste, theoretically controlled by stringent rules that require hospitals to operate incinerators, is routinely dumped with regular municipal garbage. A recent study found that about half of India's medical waste is improperly disposed of.
Municipalities in Indian cities and towns have waste collection employees. However, these are unionised government workers and their work performance is neither measured nor monitored.
Some of the few solid waste landfills India has, near its major cities, are overflowing and poorly managed. They have become significant sources of greenhouse emissions and breeding sites for disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats, and other pests.[39]
Waste collection truck in Ahmedabad, Gujurat
In 2011, several Indian cities embarked on waste-to-energy projects of the type in use in Germany, Switzerland and Japan.[40] For example, New Delhi is implementing two incinerator projects aimed at turning the city’s trash problem into electricity resource. These plants are being welcomed for addressing the city’s chronic problems of excess untreated waste and a shortage of electric power. They are also being welcomed by those who seek to prevent water pollution, hygiene problems, and eliminate rotting trash that produces potent greenhouse gas methane. The projects are being opposed by waste collection workers and local unions who fear changing technology may deprive them of their livelihood and way of life.[41]
Noise pollution[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009)
Noise pollution or noise disturbance is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. Noise-wise India can be termed as the most polluted country in the world.[42] The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.[1][2] In India the outdoor noise is also caused by loud music during festival seasons.Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.
Indoor noise can be caused by machines, building activities, and music performances, especially in some workplaces. Noise-induced hearing loss can be caused by outside (e.g. trains) or inside (e.g. music) noise.
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease.[43] In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.
The Supreme Court of India which is in New Delhi gave a significant verdict on noise pollution in 2005.[44] Unnecessary honking of vehicles makes for a high decibel level of noise in cities. The use of loudspeakers for political purposes and for sermons by temples and mosques makes noise pollution in residential areas worse.
In January 2010, Government of India published norms of permissible noise levels in urban and rural areas.[45]
Greater adjutant perched on a pile of trash and solid waste in Assam.
Land or Soil pollution[edit]
In March 2009, the issue of [punjab] attracted press coverage. It was alleged to be caused by fly ash ponds of thermal power stations, which reportedly lead to severe birth defects in children in the Faridkot and Bhatinda districts of Punjab. The news reports claimed the uranium levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit.[46][47] In 2012, the Government of India confirmed[48] that the ground water in Malwa belt of Punjab has uranium metal that is 50% above the trace limits set by the United Nations' World Health Organization. Scientific studies, based on over 1000 samples from various sampling points, could not trace the source to fly ash and any sources from thermal power plants or industry as originally alleged. The study also revealed that the uranium concentration in ground water of Malwa district is not 60 times the WHO limits, but only 50% above the WHO limit in 3 locations. This highest concentration found in samples was less than those found naturally in ground waters currently used for human purposes elsewhere, such as Finland.[49] Research is underway to identify natural or other sources for the uranium.
Greenhouse gas emissions[edit]
India was the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year, after China and the United States . With 17 percent of world population, India contributed some 5 percent of human-sourced carbon dioxide emission; compared to China's 24 percent share. On per capita basis, India emitted about 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide per person, in comparison to the United States’ 17 tons per person, and a world average of 5.3 tons per person.
See also[edit]
Deforestation in India
Drought in India
Environmental impact of irrigation
Water scarcity in India
Alkali soils
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Little Green Data Book, The World Bank, 2010
Jump up ^ Environment Assessment, Country Data: India, The World Bank, 2011
Jump up ^ "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010" (PDF). FAO. 2011.
Jump up ^ Henrik Urdal (July 2005). "People vs. Malthus: Population Pressure, Environmental Degradation, and Armed Conflict Revisited". Journal of Peace Research. 42 (4): 417–434. doi:10.1177/0022343305054089.
Jump up ^ Environmental Issues, Law and Technology – An Indian Perspective. Ramesha Chandrappa and Ravi.D.R, Research India Publication, Delhi, 2009, ISBN 978-81-904362-5-0
Jump up ^ Milind Kandlikar, Gurumurthy Ramachandran (2000). "2000: India: THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN INDIA: A Synthesis of the Science". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25: 629–684. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.629.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drowning in a Sea of Garbage". The New York Times. 22 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Steve karthik kjournal=International Journal of Environmental Health Research; Tripathi, Anshuman; Mishra, Rajesh Kumar; Bouskill, Nik; Broadaway, Susan C.; Pyle, Barry H.; Ford, Timothy E.; et al. (2006). "The role of water use patterns and sewage pollution in incidence of water-borne/enteric diseases along the Ganges river in Varanasi, India". 16 (2): 113–132. doi:10.1080/09603120500538226. PMID 16546805.
Jump up ^ Klement Tockner and Jack A. Stanford (2002). "Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends". Environmental Conservation. 29 (3): 308–330. doi:10.1017/S037689290200022X.
Jump up ^ Sushil and Batra; Batra, V (December 2006). "Analysis of fly ash heavy metal content and disposal in three thermal power plants in India". Fuel. 85 (17–18): 2676–2679. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.031.
Jump up ^ "India: Country Strategy paper, 2007–2013" (PDF). European External Action Service, European Union. 2007.
Jump up ^ Chabukdhara, Mayuri; Munjal, Amit; Nema, Arvind K.; Gupta, Sanjay K.; Kaushal, Rajendra Kumar (2016-04-02). "Heavy metal contamination in vegetables grown around peri-urban and urban-industrial clusters in Ghaziabad, India". Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 22 (3): 736–752. doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1105723. ISSN 1080-7039.
Jump up ^ Chabukdhara, Mayuri; Nema, Arvind K. (2013-01-01). "Heavy metals assessment in urban soil around industrial clusters in Ghaziabad, India: probabilistic health risk approach". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 87: 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.032. ISSN 1090-2414. PMID 23116622.
Jump up ^ Simon J.L. 1981. The ultimate resource; and 1992 The ultimate resource II.
Jump up ^ Antony Trewavas: "Malthus foiled again and again", in Nature 418, 668–670 (8 August 2002), retrieved 28 December 2008
Jump up ^ Maureen Cropper; Charles Griffiths (May 1994). "The Interaction of Population Growth and Environmental Quality" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 84 (2): 250–254. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Selden Thomas M. and Song Daqing (1994). "Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 27 (2): 147–162. doi:10.1006/jeem.1994.1031.
^ Jump up to: a b "Evaluation Of Operation And Maintenance Of Sewage Treatment Plants In India-2007" (PDF). CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, Ministry of Environment & Forests. 2008.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization (1992), Our Planet, our Health: Report of the WHO Commission on Health and Environment, Geneva
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society. 1995. Water: A Story of Hope. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society
Jump up ^ "Status of Sewage Treatment in India" (PDF). Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India. 2005.
Jump up ^ "Buddha Nullah the toxic vein of Malwa". Indian Express. 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Decade of drought: a global tour of seven recent water crises Guardian 12.6.2015
Jump up ^ Ganguly; et al. (2001). "INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA – A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN" (PDF). Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
Jump up ^ David Pennise and Kirk Smith. "Biomass Pollution Basics" (PDF). The World Health Organisation.
Jump up ^ Kirk Smith et al., Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: An Analysis for India, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol. 25: pp 741-763
Jump up ^ Fires in Northwest India NASA, US Government (2008)
Jump up ^ Tina Adler, RESPIRATORY HEALTH: Measuring the Health Effects of Crop Burning, Environ Health Perspect. 2010 November; 118(11), A475
Jump up ^ Streets et al. (2003), Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4)
Jump up ^ Gadde et al., Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines, Environmental Pollution, Volume 157, Issue 5, May 2009, Pages 1554–1558
Jump up ^ "The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts" (PDF). United Nations Environmental Programme. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Urban Air Pollution, Catching gasoline ad diesel adulteration" (PDF). The World Bank. 2002.
Jump up ^ "Gridlocked Delhi: six years of career lost in traffic jams". India Today. 5 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION HIGHLIGHTS, 2011 Edition" (PDF). International Energy Agency, France. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Country Analysis Brief: India". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Emissions and Pollution in South Asia". The World Bank. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Data Explorer :: Indicator Profiles – Environmental Performance Index". Yale University. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Kumar, S., Dhar, H, Nair, V. V., Bhattacharya, J. K., Vaidya, A. N. and Akolkar, A. B. (2016). Characterization of municipal solid waste in high altitude sub-tropical regions. Environmental Technology 37 (20), 2627 – 2637. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1158322
Jump up ^ "India: Urbanisation, sustainable development and poverty alleviation, INTL 442" (PDF). University of Oregon, USA. Spring 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "What is waste to energy?". Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Indian waste workers fear loss of income from trash-to-electricity projects". The Washington Post. 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Freedom from noise pollution will be true independence
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Noise Pollution Restricting use of loudspeakers, Court: Supreme Court of India, Justices: Lahoti and Bhan". ECOLEX. 18 July 2005.
Jump up ^ "AMENDMENT To NOISE POLLUTION REGULATION AND CONTROL RULES, 2000 AND SETTING UP OF A NATIONAL NOISE MONITORING NETWORK" (PDF). Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India. 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Yadav, Priya (2 April 2009). "Uranium deforms kids in Faridkot". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Jolly, Asit (2 April 2009). "Punjab disability 'uranium link'". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Uranium in Ground Water Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India (2012)
Jump up ^ Atomic Energy Report - Malwa Punjab Uranium Q&A Lok Sabha, Government of India (2012)
Further reading[edit]
Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2013, Annual Report and Data, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Central Statistical Organisation, Government of India, New Delhi.
Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2011, Annual Report and Data, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Central Statistical Organisation, Government of India, New Delhi.
India, Diagnostic Assessment of Select Environmental Challenges The World Bank, 2013
2010–2011 Annual Report of India's Ministry of Environment & Forests – Policies and Priorities, 2011
Unite for Children – UNICEF's Soap Stories and Toilet Tales Report, 2010
India: Total Sanitation Campaign; a UNICEF Case Study, 2010
National Environment Policy of India, 2006
Inheriting the World: The Atlas of Children’s Health and the Environment, 2004
The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts, 2002
Mahesh Prasad Singh; J.K. Singh; Reena Mohanka (1 January 2007). Forest Environment and Biodiversity. Daya Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7035-421-5.
External links[edit]
India: Green Growth - Overcoming Environment Challenges to Promote Development The World Bank, 2014
Stubble Burning in Northern India - Air Pollution NASA Satellite Images, 2014
Ten Facts about Sanitation: A World Health Organisation Slideshow, 2010
Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for prioritizing control strategies
Human Activities that affect the Environment | Energy Physics
Environmental Threats That We are Going to Face | Energy Physics Indian Journal Occupational Environ Med. 2011
show
v
t
e
Environmental issues in Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Book
Category
Asia portal
show
v
t
e
India topics
show
History
Overviews
Timeline
Years
Astronomy
Economics
Linguistics
Maritime
Mathematics
Metallurgy
Military
Postal
Science and technology
Pre-colonial
Stone Age
Indus Valley Civilization
Vedic period
Mahajanapadas
Mauryas
Middle kingdoms
Hoysala
Chola
Pala
Kakatiya
Delhi Sultanate
Vijayanagara
Mughals
Marathas
European trade
Colonial
Princely
East India Company
Plassey
1857 rebellion
British Raj
Railways
Economy
Army
Zamindari
Bengali renaissance
Political reforms
Princely states
Partition of Bengal
Independence movement
1943 famine
World War II
Partition
Republic
Integration
Non-Aligned Movement
Five-Year Plans
Sino-Indian War
Indo-Pakistani wars
Green Revolution
White Revolution
Naxal Insurgency
Smiling Buddha
Space programme
The Emergency
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)
Economic liberalisation
Pokhran-II
show
Geography
Environment
Biosphere reserves
Climate
Climatic regions
Earthquakes
Ecoregions
Environmental issues
Fauna
Flora
Geology
National parks
Protected areas
Wildlife
sanctuaries
Landforms
Beaches
Desert
Extreme points
Glaciers
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Plains
Indo-Gangetic
Eastern coastal
Western coastal
Rivers
Valleys
Volcanoes
Waterfalls
Regions
East
North
Northeast
South
West
Subdivisions
Autonomous administrative divisions
Cities
Districts
Municipalities
States and territories
show
Politics
Government
Agencies
Energy policy
Foreign relations
Parliament
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Union Council of Ministers
Civil Services
Cabinet Secretary
State governments
Law
Chief Justice
Constitution
District Courts
Fundamental rights, principles and duties
High Courts
Human rights
Supreme Court
Enforcement
Federal
Border Security Force (BSF)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
National Security Guard (NSG)
Railway Protection Force (RPF)
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
Special Protection Group (SPG)
Intelligence
Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
Enforcement Directorate
Intelligence Bureau (IB)
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
Military
Army
Navy
Air Force
Politics
Censorship
Elections
Nationalism
Parliament
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha
Political parties
INC
BJP
BSP
CPI
CPM
NCP
Reservations
Scandals
Scheduled groups
Secularism
show
Economy
Companies
BSE SENSEX
CNX Nifty
Government-owned companies
List of companies
Governance
Ministry of Finance
Finance ministers
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Commerce ministers
Finance Commission
Planning Commission
Economic Advisory Council
Central Statistical Office
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Enforcement Directorate
Foreign trade
Remittances
Taxation
Subsidies
Industrial licensing
Voluntary guidelines
NITI Aayog
Make in India
FDI in India
Currency
Indian rupee
History
Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee
Coinage
Reserve Bank of India
Governors
India Government Mint
Financial services
Banking
Banks
Insurance
Foreign exchange reserves
Bombay Stock Exchange
National Stock Exchange
Multi Commodity Exchange
Bullion
Black money
History
Economic Development
Economic liberalisation
Licence Raj
Green revolution
Government initiatives
Numbering system
People
Billionaires
Businesspeople
Demography
Income
Poverty
Labour law
Pensions
EPFO
NPS
PPF
States
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Sectors
Agriculture
Livestock
Fishing
Automotive
Defence
Construction
Education
Energy
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Entertainment
Forestry
Gambling
Healthcare
Information technology
Media
Cinema
Television
Printing
Mining
Pharmaceuticals
Retail
Science and technology
Biotechnology
Telecommunications
Textiles
Tourism
Transport
Aviation
Civil
Ports
Rail
Utilities
Electricity
Water
show
Society
Culture
Society
Caste system
Corruption
Demographics
Women
Education
Universities in India
Medical colleges in India
Law colleges in India
Engineering colleges in India
Ethnic relations
Healthcare
Hospitals in India
Languages
Literacy
Poverty
Prisons
Religion
Socio-economic issues
Standard of living
Water supply and sanitation
Sexuality
Crime
Culture
Arts and entertainment
Architecture
Blogging
Cinema
Comics
Webcomics
Cuisine
wine
Dance
Dress
Folklore
Festivals
Literature
Media
television
Martial arts
Music
Public holidays
Sport
Indian cuisine portal
show
v
t
e
Social issues in India
Economy
Brain drain
Communications
Famine
Farmers' suicides
Labour
Land reforms
Debt bondage
National Pension Scheme
Poverty
BPL
Public Distribution System
Remittances
Reverse brain drain
Slums
Standard of living
Street vendors
Transport
Urbanisation
Unemployment
Widening income gap
Education
Literacy
Ragging
School corporal punishment
Environment
Conservation
Global warming
Manual scavenging
Natural disasters
Pollution
Water supply and sanitation
Water disputes
Family
Cohabitation
Divorce
Domestic violence
Dowry system
Family planning
Hindu joint family
Infertility
Nuclear family
Polyandry
Polygamy
Children
Abortion
Child labour
Child marriage
Child prostitution
Child trafficking
Female foeticide
Female infanticide
Street children
Women
Acid throwing
Bride burning
Devadasi
Dowry death
Eve teasing
Women's health
Feminism
Menstrual taboo
Prostitution
Rape
Sati
Sexism
Widows
Caste system
Caste politics
Caste-related violence
Dalit
Reservation
Communalism
Proposed states and territories
Ethnic relations
Religious conflicts
Religious violence
Secularism
Separatist movements
Crime
Corruption
Groom kidnapping
Human trafficking
Illegal housing
Illegal immigration
Illegal mining
Organised crime
Terrorism
Vigilantism
Cybercrime
Health
Epidemics
HIV/AIDS
Leprosy
Malnutrition
Obesity
Suicide
Media
Censorship
Internet
Films about social issues
Freedom of expression
Social impact of Indian soap opera
Other issues
Feudalism
Gambling
Sexuality
LGBT
Homosexuality
Hijra
Human rights
Prohibition
Religious and spiritual use of cannabis
Superstitions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_India&oldid=865292047"
Categories:
Environmental issues in India
Hidden categories:
Use Indian English from February 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from March 2013
Articles to be expanded from March 2009
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
हिन्दी
தமிழ்
ไทย
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 October 2018, at 00:20 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

attrs: href title

value: b

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Bhopal_gas_tragedy
mw-redirect
Bhopal gas tragedy

values: Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)

values:
/wiki/Resilience_(ecology)
mw-redirect
Resilience (ecology)

values:
/wiki/Groundwater_depletion
mw-redirect
Groundwater depletion

values: Edit section: Population growth and environmental quality

values:
/wiki/English_poor_laws
mw-redirect
English poor laws

values:
/wiki/Julian_Lincoln_Simon
mw-redirect
Julian Lincoln Simon

values:
/wiki/Industrial_agriculture
mw-redirect
Industrial agriculture

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density

values:
/wiki/Yamuna_river
mw-redirect
Yamuna river

values:
/wiki/Ganges_River
mw-redirect
Ganges River

values: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

values:
/wiki/Solid_waste_policy_in_India
mw-redirect
Solid waste policy in India

values:
/wiki/Medical_waste
mw-redirect
Medical waste

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Thermal_power
mw-redirect
Thermal power

values: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

values:
nofollow
external text
http://data.worldbank.org/country/india

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546805

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1017%2FS037689290200022X

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2006.04.031

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-7039

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1090-2414

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23116622

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjeem.1994.1031

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cpcb.nic.in/newitems/12.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://icmr.nic.in/bumay01.pdf

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Central_Statistical_Organisation
mw-redirect
Central Statistical Organisation

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Armenia
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Armenia

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bahrain
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Bahrain

values: Environmental issues in Brunei (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cambodia
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Cambodia

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Cyprus

values: Environmental issues in East Timor (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in Georgia (country)

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Jordan
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Jordan

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Laos
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Laos

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Lebanon
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Myanmar
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Myanmar

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Oman
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Oman

values: Environmental issues in Qatar (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates

values: Environmental issues in Abkhazia (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in the Palestinian territories (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in South Ossetia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Taiwan
mw-redirect
Environmental issues in Taiwan

values: Environmental issues in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in Christmas Island (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in Hong Kong (page does not exist)

values: Environmental issues in Macau (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
font-weight:bold;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent

values: History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent

values: Postage stamps and postal history of India

values: History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Eastern_coastal_plains
mw-redirect
Eastern coastal plains

values:
/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India
mw-redirect
List of regions of India

values: Autonomous administrative divisions of India

values:
/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India
mw-redirect
List of cities and towns in India

values:
/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies
mw-redirect
List of Indian agencies

values:
/wiki/District_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
District Courts of India

values: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India

values:
/wiki/List_of_High_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
List of High Courts of India

values: Bureau of Police Research and Development

values: Category:Government-owned companies of India

values: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)

values: Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)

values:
/wiki/Finance_Commission_of_India
mw-redirect
Finance Commission of India

values: National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business

values: Tables of historical exchange rates to the india rupee

values: List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India

values: List of Indian government initiatives focusing on economic development

values: Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India

values:
/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme
mw-redirect
National Pension Scheme

values: Category:Economy of India by state or union territory

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Economy of Goa

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir
mw-redirect
Economy of Jammu and Kashmir

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Manipur
mw-redirect
Economy of Manipur

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Nagaland
mw-redirect
Economy of Nagaland

values:
/wiki/Civil_Aviation_in_India
mw-redirect
Civil Aviation in India

values:
SocietyCulture
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Socio-economic_issues_in_India
mw-redirect
Socio-economic issues in India

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Social_issues_in_India
mw-redirect
Social issues in India

values:
/wiki/Brain_drain#India
mw-redirect
Brain drain

values:
/wiki/Communications_in_India
mw-redirect
Communications in India

values:
/wiki/Land_reforms_in_India
mw-redirect
Land reforms in India

values:
/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)
mw-redirect
Below Poverty Line (India)

values:
/wiki/Public_Distribution_System
mw-redirect
Public Distribution System

values:
/wiki/Ragging_in_India
mw-redirect
Ragging in India

values:
/wiki/Menstrual_taboo
mw-redirect
Menstrual taboo

values:
/wiki/Sexism_in_India
mw-redirect
Sexism in India

values:
/wiki/Caste_politics_in_India
mw-redirect
Caste politics in India

values: List of proposed states and territories of India

values:
/wiki/Religious_conflicts_in_India
mw-redirect
Religious conflicts in India

values:
/wiki/Illegal_immigration_in_India
mw-redirect
Illegal immigration in India

values:
/wiki/Mining_scam_in_India
mw-redirect
Mining scam in India

values:
/wiki/Vigilantism_in_India
mw-redirect
Vigilantism in India

values: Category:Films about social issues in India

values:
/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)
mw-redirect
Hijra (South Asia)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Use Indian English from February 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2009

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: भारत मे पर्यावरण की समस्या – Hindi

values: இந்தியாவில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் பிரச்சனைகள் – Tamil

values: ปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อมในประเทศอินเดีย – Thai

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Environmental_issues_in_India rootpage-Environmental_issues_in_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Chin-up
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Pull-up (exercise)
A chin-up with palms facing chest, using open grip.
The chin-up (also known as a chin or chinup) is a strength training exercise. People frequently do this exercise with the intention of strengthening muscles such as the latissimus dorsi and biceps, which extend the shoulder and flex the elbow, respectively.[1]
It is a form of pull-up in which the range of motion is established in relation to a person's chin.
In the 1970s[2] and 1980s, the term chin-up not only included an overhand/pronated ("palms away") grip,[3][4] but some authors used it as the default meaning of the term,[5] with an underhand/supinated ("palms toward") grip called a "reverse" grip.[6][7] Even in the 2010s "chin-up" still includes palms-away lifting.[8] The term "chin-up" is still regularly used refer to pulling using an overhand-grip.[9][10][11]
Both pull-ups and chin-ups are among the best[citation needed] exercises for back and overall upper body conditioning. However, they target the muscles a bit differently. Both exercises will work the latissimus dorsi and biceps, but standard chin-ups—with an underhand grip—place more emphasis on the biceps.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Form
3 Grip and thumb position
4 Muscles targeted
5 Variations
6 Training and performance
7 Chin-ups in fitness assessments
8 Chin-up bars
9 See also
10 References
Etymology[edit]
A chin-up is named by bringing the chin up through space, specifically in relation to its position with the bar or other hand grips. This can be either touching the bar (more easily done by extending the neck, though that could be considered cheating) or by bringing the chin over the bar. This exercise is easier for males than females because of the male tendency to have stronger and larger biceps.
This is usually achieved most easily with vertical forearms that are close to the body. For most, bringing the chin this high is most easily achieved with a supinated (underhanded, palms-toward) grip. Due to this, the phrase "chin-up" has become associated with pulling with this type of grip. Some have delegated the term pull-up to refer to the pronated (overhanded, palms-away) grip. In spite of this, many refer to pull-ups with a pronated grip also as chin-ups, and the supine grip is still regularly called a pull-up.
Some organizations such as the American Council on Exercise have adopted this new terminology, issuing statements such as: "a chin-up differs from a pull-up in that the puller's hands are facing towards him or her in a chin-up, and away in a pull-up."[12] Organizations such as the United States Marine Corps, however, use the term pull-up interchangeably to refer to both the overhand and underhand grips.[13]
Form[edit]
A chin-up has a variety of different forms.[14]
The movement begins with the arms extended above the head, gripping a hold. It may be fixed, such as a chin-up bar or moving, such as gymnastic rings or rotating handles.
The body is pulled up, with the bar approaching or touching the upper chest. A chin-up is considered complete based on a variety of criteria in relation to where the chin should be in respect to the bar, or in respect to the hand grips.
The body is then lowered until the arms are straight but not in a lockout, and the exercise is generally repeated.
Like any pull-up, chin-ups can be performed with a kip, where the legs and back flop around to aid the exercise, or from a dead hang, where the body is kept still. Performing the chin-up correctly can be tricky with a supinated grip, because of the natural tendency to do most of the work with the elbow flexors (largely biceps) rather than the shoulder extensors (largely lats).
Initiating the pulling action with scapular depression may help avoid this problem. The exercise is most effective in stretching the working muscles when the body is lowered down to a full extension.[15]
Grip and thumb position[edit]
A closed grip involves the thumb on the opposite side of the bar from the rest of the fingers.[citation needed]
Muscles targeted[edit]
Chin-ups, like most pull-ups, target the latissimus dorsi muscle of the back as a shoulder extensor, scapular downward rotator and scapular depressor, in bringing the spine to the humerus. This is assisted by elbow flexors (brachialis, brachioradialis, biceps brachii) which bring the humerus to the forearm. Chin-ups, unlike pull-ups, also highly target the biceps. That is one of the main differences between pull-ups and chin-ups.
The lat's functions are also assisted, both by shoulder extensors (teres major, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor), scapular downward rotators (rhomboids, levator scapulae), and scapular depressors (lower trapezius and pectoralis muscles).
Pulling higher with a narrow grip puts the focus on extension rather than adduction of the shoulder.
If one leans back at the top of the movement, the focus is shifted somewhat towards scapular retraction and hyperextension.
The weight of the legs and pelvis are borne by spinal ligaments and various muscles that flex or extend the spine. If the pelvis is tilted anterior and the legs brought behind, the erector spinae (with aid from the lats) bears more weight. If the pelvis is tilted posterior and the legs brought in front, the rectus abdominis (with aid from the psoas) bears more.
Variations[edit]
Sternal chin-ups (also called sternum chins) — this variant employs a fuller range of motion at the top, raising beyond the chin and touching the sternum to the bar. The elbows are nearly directly below the shoulders this way. This requires adequate scapular depression. If leaning back (arching the spine) a sternum-up can be done that is not a chin-up, this shifts to requiring scapular retraction.
Weighted chin-ups — weight is added dangling from a dipping belt or via weighted belt or vest, ankle weights, chains, medicine ball between the knees, dumbbell between the feet or kettlebells on top of the feet.
One-arm chin-ups — one hand grips the bar and the other hand does not assist
One-hand chin-ups — One hand grips the bar while the other arm assists by grabbing the forearm of the arm hanging onto the bar. These require far less strength than a one-arm chin-up.
Spine chin-ups — in the supine position, the arms are held perpendicular to the body as the grip the bar; instead of the chin, the chest is pulled towards the bar. This exercise is performed in the horizontal (transverse) plane, whereas other chin-up variations are performed in the vertical (coronal) plane. As a result, this variation recruits the trapezius and teres major muscles much more than a vertical chin-up would, and is more commonly known as the supine row. Advanced versions popular amongst gymnasts are performed completely off the ground in some type of front lever.
Harrison chin-ups — a term coined by powerlifter Dan Harrison, this technique is similar to a normal chin-up but with an arched spine to more effectively[citation needed] target the latissimus dorsi and take strain off the biceps. Though it has become a recent phenomenon on the West Coast of the United States (especially with beach-goers), it has not yet gained widespread popularity.
Training and performance[edit]
Specific training is needed in order to increase chin-ups performance.
The performance can be measured in various ways:
number of repetitions without touching the floor
number of repetitions in a specified time interval (1/3/30 minutes, 1/6/12/24 hours)
number of repetitions with a total weight (body weight plus additional weight)
Various organizations like Guinness World Records maintain lists of world records for chin-ups and pull-ups.[16] Both recordholders.org and Guinness World Records maintain that pull-ups use a pronated grip, while chin-ups use a supinated grip.
Chin-ups in fitness assessments[edit]
The chin-up exercise is used by uniformed services around the world to assess the physical fitness of its members. In order to be accepted into and remain in a particular service, a candidate may need to carry out a certain number of chin-ups to a prescribed technique. This number may vary with age and gender.
for US Rangers, the Ranger Physical Fitness Test requires candidates to complete at least six chin-ups in two minutes.[17]
for the United States Secret Service, candidates are required to execute chin-ups with their arms fully extended in the downwards phase. No time limit is required. To achieve a 'fair' rating, male candidates need to complete seven chin-ups (if aged from 20 to 29), six (30 to 39), four (40 to 49) or two (over 50). Female candidates, irrespective of age, need to complete two chin-ups [18].
Australian navy clearance divers and special forces are required to complete six chin-ups (or 'heaves').[19]
Canadian parachutists are required to demonstrate at least seven chin-ups[20].
Chin-up bars[edit]
Chin-up bars are playground equipment that were once ubiquitous on children's playgrounds. They are still important in the adult equivalent of a playground, the Par course. A chin-up bar is simply a smooth horizontal metal bar, often a pipe, held solidly above ground by a wooden or metal frame. Typical installations include 2 or 3 different heights of bars for people of different heights. Chin up bars are also a part of a home gym setup. Types of chin-up bars include doorway-mounted, wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted and free-standing.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pull-ups.
Pull-up (exercise)
Pulldown exercise
Push up
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Muscles worked in a Pull-Up". Retrieved 10 July 2014. During a Pull-Up the muscles that are mainly worked are those of the upper body and the arms.
Jump up ^ "Back". Tensile Contraction - Master Build. Brampton, Ontario, Canada: The Bodybuilding Center. 1972. pp. 10, 15. 14. Chinning The Bar (illus 15) Hang .. with your hands over the bar
Popular Science Vol. 200, No. 1. Bonnier Corporation. January 1972. p. 162. 45 Bodybuilding, Self-defense Courses .. Tensile Contraction - by mail .. The Bodybuilding Center, P.O. Box 146-PS-6 Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Jump up ^ Darden, Ellington (14 November 1984). "19. Wide, Wide Lats". High-Intensity Bodybuilding. New York: The Putnam Publishing Group. pp. 151–153. ISBN 0-399-51103-2. Behind neck chin up: .. Use an overhand grip.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Robert; Greenwood-Robinson, Maggie (1987). "Wide Grip Chins". Built! The New Bodybuilding for Everyone!. New York: The Putnam Publishing Group. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-399-51380-9. Take a wide overhand grip on the chinning bar and slowly hoist your body up until your chin is just above the bar.
Jump up ^ Russ. "Wide Grip Chin Behind Neck". The Super Routine. Health Culture Publications. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Boff, Vic (1985). "The Ever-Popular Chinning Bar". Vic Boff's Body Builder's Bible For Men and Women. New York: Arco Publishing, Inc. pp. 100–103. ISBN 0-668-05630-4. Natural-Hands Grip: .. palms of your hands turned to the front .. Reverse-Hands Grip: .. palms of your hands facing your body .. The Neck Chin .. a wide natural-hands grip (paper edition, ISBN changes to 0-668-05625-8 for cloth edition)
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Robert; Ross, Don (August 1988). "Appendix: The Exercises". Muscleblasting! Brief and Brutal Shock Training. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 132. ISBN 0-8069-6758-7. Chin Ups: Take a fairly wide grip on a chinning bar, palms away from you .. Close-Grip Chin-Ups: Hands are close together on the chinning bar, palms away from you .. Reverse Grip Chin-Ups: Use a curling grip (palms toward you) 2 photographs depicting an overhand (palms forward, pronated) grip and captions:
page 99 "Here Clare Furr shows impressively wide lats in her chin-ups."
page 132 "James DeMelo does an intense set of chin-ups"
Jump up ^ Manocchia, Pat (2010). "Chin-Up". Anatomy of Exercise (third printing). Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 83. More Difficult: Use a wide-grip with .. your palms facing away from your body.
Jump up ^ "Chin-up". Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. grasp bar with overhand wide grip
Jump up ^ "Weighted Chin-up". Archived from the original on 16 August 2001. grasp bar with overhand wide grip
Jump up ^ "Assisted (Wide Grip) Chin-up". Archived from the original on 15 October 2001. grasp bar with wide overhand grip
Jump up ^ "Chin-up". acefitness.org. American Council on Exercise. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "USMC fitness PDF Chapter 2" (PDF). 10 May 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011. a command will not mandate that Marines must use the overhand grip when executing pull-ups or flexed-arm hang
Jump up ^ exrx.net defines Chin-Up.
Jump up ^ "Build-muscle-gain-weight.com". build-muscle-gain-weight.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Laue, Ralf. "World Records for Chin-Ups and Pull-Ups". www.recordholders.org. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Army Ranger PFT". military.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Physical Fitness Evaluation". www.secretservice.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.defencejobs.gov.au/mobile/recruitment-centre/how-to-join/fitness-test.aspx
Jump up ^ https://www.cfmws.com/en/AboutUs/PSP/DFIT/Fitness/Correspondence/Documents/Parachutist/PARACHUTIST%20PHYSICAL%20FITNESS%20TEST.pdf
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chin-ups.
hide
v
t
e
Strength-training exercises
Quadriceps (front of thighs)
Deadlift (c)
Leg extension (i)
Leg press (c)
Lunge (c)
Squat (c)
Hamstrings (back of thighs)
Deadlift (c)
Good-morning (c)
Leg curl (i)
Squat (c)
Calves
Calf raise (i)
Pectorals (chest)
Bench press (c)
Chest fly (i)
Dips
Machine fly (i)
Push-up (c)
Lats and trapezius (back)
Bent-over row (c)
Chin-up (c)
Pulldown (c)
Pullup (c)
Muscle-up (c)
Seated row (c)
Shoulder shrug (i)
Supine row (c)
Deltoids (shoulders)
Front raise (i)
Head stand into handstand push-up (c)
Lateral raise (i)
Military press (c)
Rear delt raise (i)
Shoulder press (c)
Upright row (c)
Biceps (front of arms)
Biceps curl (i)
Chin-up (c)
Triceps (back of arms)
Close-grip bench press (c)
Dip (c)
Pushdown (i)
Triceps extension (i)
Forearms
Wrist curl (i)
Abdomen and obliques (belly)
Crunch (i)
Leg raise (c)
Russian twist (c)
Sit-up (c)
Lower back
Deadlift (c)
Good-morning (c)
Hyperextension (c)
Pelvic lift (c)
Hips and buttocks
Deadlift (c)
Dirty dog exercise (c)
Squat (c)
See also
Bodybuilding
Bodyweight exercise
Calisthenics
Weightlifting
Plyometrics
Weight training (List of exercises)
Gym
Legend
(c) - compound exercise, (i) - isolated exercise
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chin-up&oldid=848493168"
Categories:
Bodyweight exercise
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Use dmy dates from May 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Cymraeg
فارسی
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 July 2018, at 07:48 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi
mw-redirect
Latissimus dorsi

value: sup

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Chin-up_bar
mw-redirect
Chin-up bar

values:
/wiki/Gymnastic_rings
mw-redirect
Gymnastic rings

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)

values:
/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle
mw-redirect
Biceps brachii muscle

values:
/wiki/Rhomboid_muscle
mw-redirect
Rhomboid muscle

values:
/wiki/Trapezius_muscle
mw-redirect
Trapezius muscle

values:
/wiki/Pectoralis_muscle
mw-redirect
Pectoralis muscle

values:
/wiki/Erector_spinae
mw-redirect
Erector spinae

values:
/wiki/Rectus_abdominis
mw-redirect
Rectus abdominis

values:
/wiki/Teres_major
mw-redirect
Teres major

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)

values: Edit section: Chin-ups in fitness assessments

values: Ranger Physical Fitness Test (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Strength training exercises

values:
/wiki/Physical_exercise
mw-redirect
Physical exercise

values:
/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle
mw-redirect
Pectoralis major muscle

values:
/wiki/Lateral_raise
mw-redirect
Lateral raise

values:
/wiki/Military_press
mw-redirect
Military press

values:
/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle
mw-redirect
Triceps brachii muscle

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Chin-up
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Chin-up&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chin-up rootpage-Chin-up skin-vector action-view