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Siege of Charleston
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This article is about the siege during the American Revolutionary War. For the 1776 British attempt to capture Charleston, see Battle of Sullivan's Island. For the American Civil War sieges, see Battle of Charleston (disambiguation).
Siege of Charleston
Part of the American Revolutionary War

Siege of Charleston 1780 by Alonzo Chappel
Date
March 29, 1780 – May 12, 1780[1]
Location
Charleston, South Carolina
32°47′39.12″N 79°56′31.26″W / 32.7942000°N 79.9420167°W / 32.7942000; -79.9420167Coordinates: 32°47′39.12″N 79°56′31.26″W / 32.7942000°N 79.9420167°W / 32.7942000; -79.9420167
Result
British victory
City surrendered to British
Belligerents
Great Britain
Loyalists
Hesse
United States
France
Commanders and leaders
Sir Henry Clinton
Lord Cornwallis
Alexander Leslie
Mariot Arbuthnot
Benjamin Lincoln
William Moultrie
James Hogun
William Woodford
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Abraham Whipple
Louis Duportail
Strength
12,847 regulars and militia
4,500 sailors
6 ships of the line
8 frigates
4 armed galleys
90 transports [2]
6,577 regulars, sailors and militia
3 frigates
5 sloops
1 schooner
1 brig
3 armed galleys [2]
Casualties and losses
76 killed,
189 wounded[3]:70 89 killed,
138 wounded
3,371 captured[3]:70
[show]
v
t
e
Southern theater
1780–83
Charleston
Moncks Corner
Lenud's Ferry
Waxhaws
Mobley's Meeting House
Ramsour's Mill
Huck's Defeat
Colson's Mill
Rocky Mount
Hanging Rock
Camden
Fishing Creek
Musgrove Mill
Wahab's Plantation
Black Mingo
Charlotte
Kings Mountain
Shallow Ford
Fishdam Ford
Blackstock's Farm
Richmond
Cowpens
Cowan's Ford
Torrence's Tavern
Pyle's Massacre
Wetzell's Mill
Guilford Court House
Fort Watson
Hobkirk's Hill
Fort Motte
Augusta
Ninety-Six
House in the Horseshoe
Eutaw Springs
Lindley's Mill
Videau's Bridge
Wambaw
Combahee River
James Island
Chesapeake Bay
The Siege of Charleston was a major engagement fought between March 29 to May 12, 1780 during the American Revolutionary War. The British, following the collapse of their northern strategy and their withdrawal from Philadelphia, shifted their focus to the American Southern Colonies.
After approximately six weeks of siege, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, commanding the Charleston garrison, surrendered his forces to the British, resulting in one of the worst American defeats of the war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Siege
3 Aftermath
4 Order of Battle
4.1 British forces
4.2 Franco-American forces
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
See also: Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
By late 1779, two major British strategic efforts had failed. An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga, compelling the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans. Meanwhile, a strategic effort led by Sir William Howe to capture the Revolutionary capital of Philadelphia had met with limited success. Having replaced his superior as Commander-in-Chief of the American Station, Sir Henry Clinton withdrew all his forces back to New York City to reinforce the city against a possible Franco-American attack.[3]
Detail of a 1780 map drawn by a British engineer showing the Charleston defenses
Stymied by the Fabian strategy adopted by George Washington, and, under increasing political pressure to deliver victory, the British turned to launching their "Southern Strategy" for forcing a capitulation of the Americans. The British were persuaded that there was a strong Loyalist sentiment in the south. It was expected that these Loyalists would rise against the American Patriots in large numbers. The opening British move was the Capture of Savannah, Georgia in December 1778. After repulsing an assault on Savannah by a combined Franco-American force in October 1779, the British planned to capture Charleston, South Carolina, intending to use the city as a base for further operations in the southern colonies.[3]
Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Newport, Rhode Island in Oct. 1779, and left the substantial garrison of New York City under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen. In December, the day after Christmas 1779, Clinton and his second in command Charles Cornwallis, sailed southward with 8,500 troops and 5,000 sailors on 90 troopships and 14 warships. After a very stormy voyage, the fleet anchored in Savannah River on 1 Feb. 1780. By 12 Feb., Clinton had landed his army 30 miles south of Charleston on Simmons Island. By 24 Feb., the British had crossed the Stono River onto James Island, and by 10 March, Lord Cornwallis had made it to the mainland. By 22 March, they had advanced to Middleton Place and Drayton Hall, and on 29 March 1780, crossed the Ashley River.[3]:39–40,42,44
Siege[edit]
Charleston map showing the distribution of British forces during the siege
Cutting the city off from relief, Clinton began a siege of the city on April 1, 800 yards from the American fortifications located at today's Marion Square. Whipple, deciding the bar was undefendable, ended up scuttling his fleet at the mouth of the Cooper River. Then Arbuthnot, on 8 April, brought his 14 vessels safely into the harbor, past the roaring guns of Fort Moultrie, the same day Woodford arrived with 750 Virginia Continentals.[3]:46,52–53,55–57
In order to consolidate British control of the immediate area, Clinton dispatched Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson to capture Monck's Corner on 14 April. On 18 April, Lt. Col. Lord Rawdon arrived with 2,500 men, including the 42nd Highlanders, the Hessian von Ditfurth Regiment, the Queen's Rangers, Prince of Wales American Volunteers, and the Volunteers of Ireland. Charleston was then completely surrounded.[3]:60–64
Governor John Rutledge escaped on 13 April, before Cornwallis crossed the Cooper River, and joined Webster in blocking escape from the left bank. On 21 April, Lincoln requested a surrender with "Honours of war", which was rejected by Clinton. On 25 April, civilians led by Christopher Gadsden prevented any action on Lincoln's part in withdrawing the Continental regiments. On 6 May, Tarleton won another engagement in the Battle of Lenud's Ferry, while the British siege works had advanced far enough towards the Charleston fortifications to drain the canal in front.[3]:66–67[4][5][6][7]
On 7 May, Fort Moultrie surrendered without a fight. On May 8, Clinton called for Lincoln's unconditional surrender, but Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for the honours of war. On May 11, Gadsden and other citizens asked Lincoln to surrender. While on the same day, the British fired heated shot into the city, burning several homes, compelling Lincoln to call for a parlay to negotiate terms for surrender. On May 12, Lincoln formally surrendered 3,371 men to the British.[3][3]:69–70
When word reached the back-country, the American troops holding Ninety-Six and Camden also surrendered to the British.[2]
Aftermath[edit]
Prison hulks awaited the majority of the 2,571 Continental prisoners, while parole was granted to the militia and civilians who promised not to take up arms. However, this also meant there no longer existed an American army in the South.[3]:70
The British captured some 5,266 prisoners, 311 artillery pieces, 9,178 artillery rounds, 5,916 muskets, 33,000 rounds of ammunition, 15 Regimental colours, 49 ships and 120 boats, plus 376 barrels of flour, and large magazines of rum, rice and indigo.[2] Following the surrender, the captured ordnance was brought to a powder magazine. A Hessian officer warned that some of the guns might still be loaded, but he was ignored. One prematurely fired, detonating 180 barrels of powder, further discharging 5,000 muskets in the magazine. The accident killed approximately 200 people and destroyed six houses.[2] The prisoners of the siege were diverted to multiple locations, including prison shops, the old barracks where the College of Charleston is today, and the Old Exchange and Provost "Dungeon".
The defeat was a serious blow to the American cause. It was the largest surrender of an American force under arms, until the 1862 surrender of Union troops at Harper's Ferry during the Antietam Campaign. The surrender left no substantial army in the South, and the colonies were wide open for a British advance. The British troops consolidated their hold, and had driven the remaining Continental Army troops from South Carolina consequent to the May 29 Battle of Waxhaws.
During their surrender the American forces were denied honours of war, leading General George Washington to deny the same to the British during their surrender at the Siege of Yorktown, with Washington saying "The same Honors will be granted to the Surrendering Army as were granted to the Garrison of Charles Town."[7]
On June 5, Clinton sailed back to New York City, believing his presence necessary to defend against a potential Franco-American attack, leaving command of the southern theatre to Lord Cornwallis, with orders to reduce opposition in North Carolina. Though the effects of the surrender at Charleston was substantial, the British err in strategy soon became apparent. There was no popular uprising of Loyalists that the British command had been assured would happen, making control of the countryside difficult. Instead, resistance in South Carolina degenerated into a period of chaotic guerrilla warfare in the outlying areas.
Order of Battle[edit]
British forces[edit]
The joint British naval-army forces were led overall by Sir Henry Clinton, with his subordinate, Lord Cornwallis as his second-in-command. The British regular troops were led by Brigadier General Alexander Leslie.
The ground and naval forces were composed thus:
[hide]British Order of Battle[2][8]
1st Battalion of Light Infantry, composed of the Light Companies of the 7th, 22nd, 33rd, 37th, 42nd, 54th, 63rd, 70th and the 74th Regiments of Foot (640).
2nd Battalion of Light Infantry, composed of the Light Companies of the 23rd, 38th, 43rd, 57th, 64th, 76th, 80th, and the 84th Regiments of Foot (637).
1st Battalion of Grenadiers, composed of the Grenadier Companies of the 7th, 17th, 23rd, 33rd, 37th, 38th, 42nd, and the 43rd Regiments of Foot (611).
2nd Battalion of Grenadiers, composed of the Grenadier Companies of the 22nd, 54th, 57th, 63rd, 64th, 70th, and the 74th Regiments of Foot (526).
7th Regiment of Foot (463).
23rd Regiment of Foot (400).
33rd Regiment of Foot (450).
63rd Regiment of Foot (400).
64th Regiment of Foot (350).
2nd Battalion of the 60th Regiment of Foot (45).
A Brigade of four battalions of Hessian Grenadiers (1,525).
King's American Regiment of Loyalists (167).
A Corps of Hessian Jaegers (224).
Royal Regiment of Artillery - No. 1 and 6 Companies of the 3rd Battalion, No 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 Companies of the 4th Battalion (200), and Hesse-Kassel artillery.
A detachment of Royal Navy artillery with 47 guns.
A detachment of Slaves employed in the Artillery batteries (154).
A Corps of guides and Pioneers (72).
A Brigade of Engineers and Black Pioneers
A Brigade of British reinforcements from Georgia, composed of;
1st and 2nd Battalions of the 71st Highlanders (869).
Light companies of the 16th and the 71st (243).
Light company of the 3rd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers.
17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (73).
A Brigade of Engineers and Black Pioneers (206).
The British Legion Cavalry (211).
The British Legion Infantry (287).
Patrick Ferguson's Battalion of American volunteers (335).
Two battalions of The South Carolina RoyalistsSouth Carolina Loyalist (372).
Royal North Carolina Regiment of Loyalists.
A company of Georgia loyalist militia (32).
A squadron of Georgia loyalist dragoons (40).
New York volunteers.
A Brigade of British reinforcements from New York City, composed of;
Two Battalions of the 42nd Regiment of Foot.
A Hessian regiment of Fusiliers.
The Prince of Wales American Regiment (334).
Queen's Rangers Regiment of Loyalists (200).
The Volunteers of Ireland Regiment of Loyalists (~423).
The British naval forces that accompanied the invasion were commanded by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot, and were composed thus:
4,500 personnel
Ships
HMS Europa (500 men, 64 guns)
HMS Raisonnable (500 men, 64 guns)
HMS Renown (350 men, 50 guns)
HMS Romulus (280 men, 44 guns)
HMS Rainbow (350 men, 44 guns)
HMS Roebuck (280 men, 44 guns - Flagship)
HMS Blonde (220 men, 32 guns)
HMS Perseus (20 guns)
HMS Camilla (160 men, 20 guns)
HMS Raleigh (220 men, 32 guns)
HMS Virginia (200 men, 28 guns)
HMS Richmond (220 men, 32 guns)
HMS Vigilant (160 men, 22 guns - later burnt as unfit)
HM armed ship Germaine (125 men, 20 guns)
Armed galleys
HM galley Comet (40 men, 7 guns)
HM galley Scourge
HM galley Vindictive
HM galley Viper
90 transport ships accompanied the fleet, including:
HMS Polly
Aeolus
Apollo
Diana
Russia Merchant
Silver Eel
Franco-American forces[edit]
The Franco-American garrison of Charleston was overall led by Benjamin Lincoln. The Continental Army troops were nominally led by Brigadier General William Moultrie
The ground and naval forces were composed thus:
[hide]Franco-American Order of Battle[2]
A brigade of South Carolina Continentals:
1st South Carolina Regiment (231).
2nd South Carolina Regiment (266).
3rd South Carolina Regiment (302).
Pulaski's Legion of Infantry.
A brigade of North Carolina Continentals:
1st North Carolina Regiment (260).
2nd North Carolina Regiment (244).
3rd North Carolina Regiment (~94).
A Corps of South Carolina light infantry (175).
2nd Virginia brigade:
1st Virginia Detachment (258).
2nd Virginia Detachment (323).
A squadron of the 1st and 3rd Continental Light Dragoons (31).
A squad of Armand's Legion (4).
A squadron of the Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers (41).
A group of Georgia continental officers (6).
A battalion of North Carolina Light Infantry (202).
A detachment of North Carolina Light Dragoons
A brigade of Continental Artillery consisting of 391 guns
A brigade of Engineers (7 men, 600 slaves)
1st brigade of South Carolina militia:
Beaufort District Regiment of Militia
1st Battalion of the Charles Town District Regiment of Militia (302).
2nd Battalion of the Charles Town District Regiment of Militia (485).
Granville County Regiment of Militia
Colleton County Regiment of Militia
Berkeley County Regiment of Militia
2nd brigade of South Carolina militia:
Camden District Regiment of Militia
Fairfield Regiment of Militia
1st Spartan Regiment of Militia
2nd Spartan Regiment of Militia
New Acquisition District Regiment of Militia
3rd brigade of South Carolina militia:
Upper Ninety-Six District Regiment of Militia
Lower Ninety-Six District Regiment of Militia
Lower District Regiment of Militia
Little River District Regiment of Militia
Orangeburgh District Regiment of Militia
4th brigade of South Carolina militia:
Cheraws District Regiment of Militia
Georgetown District Regiment of Militia
Lower Craven County Regiment of Militia
Upper Craven County Regiment of Militia
Kingstree Regiment of Militia
A brigade of North Carolina militia:
1st North Carolina Regiment of Militia
2nd North Carolina Regiment of Militia
3rd North Carolina Regiment of Militia
4th North Carolina Regiment of Militia
A brigade of Virginia militia:
Amelia County Militia
A company of the Chasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Domingue (43).[9]
A Spanish company of militia (42).
1st Virginia Brigade of Continentals, arrived as reinforcements on April 8:
1st Virginia Regiment (336).
2nd Virginia Regiment (306).
3rd Virginia Regiment (252).
The Franco-American naval forces that accompanied the defence of the city were commanded by Commodore Abraham Whipple, and were composed thus:
Continental Navy ships:
USS Ranger (35 Marines, 20 guns)
USS Queen of France (50 marines, 28 guns)
USS Providence (16 marines, 32 guns)
USS Boston (50 marines, 30 guns)
South Carolina state ships:
Bricole (44 guns)
General Moultrie (20 guns)
Notre Dame (16 guns)
Marquis de Britigney (7 guns)
Lee (4 guns)
Revenge (7 guns)
French Navy ships:
L'Aventure (26 guns)
Truite (26 guns)
Zephyr (18 guns)
See also[edit]
American Revolutionary War portal
List of American Revolutionary War battles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.landofthebrave.info/battle-of-charleston.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g http://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/revolution_siege_of_charleston.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Buchanan, John (1997). The Road to Guilford Courthouse. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 26–29. ISBN 9780471327165.
Jump up ^ David B. Mattern (1998). Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-57003-260-8.
Jump up ^ Carl P. Borick (2003). A Gallant Defense. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-57003-487-9.
Jump up ^ J. E. Kaufmann (2004). Fortress America. Tomasz Idzikowski (illus.). Da Capo Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-306-81294-1.
^ Jump up to: a b "George Washington on General Cornwallis' Surrender at Yorktown". The American Revolution, 1763-1783. Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Robert Beeton, Naval and Military Memoreess of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, London: shortman , Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1804, vol. 6, pp. 203-206
Jump up ^ *Rene Chartrand (1992) The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey Publishing ISBN 9781855321670 Chartrand, p. 3
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Original papers relating to the siege of Charleston, 1780 By Benjamin Lincoln 1898
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charleston&oldid=825696560"
Categories:
Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France
History of Charleston, South Carolina
South Carolina in the American Revolution
1780 in South Carolina
Conflicts in 1780
Sieges of the Anglo-French War (1778–83)
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text:
All Along the Watchtower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the Scottish TV comedy series, see All Along the Watchtower (TV series).
"All Along the Watchtower"
Netherlands single picture sleeve
Single by Bob Dylan
from the album John Wesley Harding
B-side
"I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
Released
November 22, 1968 (1968-11-22)
Recorded
November 6, 1967
Genre
Folk rock
Length
2:30
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Bob Johnston
Bob Dylan singles chronology
"Drifter's Escape"
(1968) "All Along the Watchtower"
(1968) "I Threw It All Away"
(1969)
John Wesley Harding track listing
show
12 tracks
Side one
"John Wesley Harding"
"As I Went Out One Morning"
"I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine"
"All Along the Watchtower"
"The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest"
"Drifter's Escape"
Side two
"Dear Landlord"
"I Am a Lonesome Hobo"
"I Pity the Poor Immigrant"
"The Wicked Messenger"
"Down Along the Cove"
"I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
Audio sample
file
help
"All Along the Watchtower" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. The song initially appeared on his 1967 album John Wesley Harding, and it has been included on most of Dylan's subsequent greatest hits compilations. Since the late 1970s, he has performed it in concert more than any of his other songs. Different versions appear on four of Dylan's live albums.[1]
Covered by numerous artists in various genres, "All Along the Watchtower" is strongly identified with the interpretation Jimi Hendrix recorded for Electric Ladyland with the Jimi Hendrix Experience.[2] The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylan's original recording, became a Top 20 single in 1968 and was ranked 47th in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bob Dylan's original
1.1 Background
1.2 Recording
1.3 Analysis
1.4 Performances and subsequent releases
2 The Jimi Hendrix Experience
2.1 Recording
2.2 Release and charts
2.3 Reception
3 Other recordings
3.1 The Nashville Teens
3.2 Dave Matthews Band
3.3 U2
3.4 Neil Young
3.5 Bryan Ferry
3.6 Pearl Jam
3.7 Bear McCreary/Battlestar Galactica
3.8 Others
4 In popular culture
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Bob Dylan's original[edit]
Background[edit]
Following a motorcycle accident in July 1966, Dylan spent the next 18 months recuperating at his home in Woodstock and writing songs.[3] According to Clinton Heylin, all the songs for John Wesley Harding were written and recorded during a six-week period at the end of 1967.[4] With one child born in early 1966 and another in mid-1967, Dylan had settled into family life.
Recording[edit]
Dylan recorded "All Along the Watchtower" on November 6, 1967, at Columbia Studio A in Nashville, Tennessee, the same studio where he had completed Blonde on Blonde in the spring of the previous year.[5] Accompanying Dylan, who played acoustic guitar and harmonica, were two Nashville veterans from the Blonde on Blonde sessions, Charlie McCoy on bass guitar and Kenneth Buttrey on drums. The producer was Bob Johnston, who produced Dylan's two previous albums, Highway 61 Revisited in 1965 and Blonde on Blonde in 1966.[6]
The final version of "All Along the Watchtower" resulted from two different takes during the second of three John Wesley Harding sessions. The session opened with five takes of the song, the third and fifth of which were spliced to create the album track.[5] As with most of the album's selections, the song is a dark, sparse work that stands in stark contrast with Dylan's previous recordings of the mid-1960s.[7]
Analysis[edit]
Several reviewers have pointed out that the lyrics in "All Along the Watchtower" echo lines in the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 21, verses 5-9:
Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise ye princes, and prepare the shield./For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Go set a watchman, let him declare what he seeth./And he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen, a chariot of asses, and a chariot of camels; and he hearkened diligently with much heed./...And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horsemen. And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground.[8][9]
Commenting on the songs on his album John Wesley Harding, in an interview published in the folk music magazine Sing Out! in October 1968, Dylan told John Cohen and Happy Traum:
I haven't fulfilled the balladeers's job. A balladeer can sit down and sing three songs for an hour and a half... it can all unfold to you. These melodies on John Wesley Harding lack this traditional sense of time. As with the third verse of "The Wicked Messenger", which opens it up, and then the time schedule takes a jump and soon the song becomes wider... The same thing is true of the song "All Along the Watchtower", which opens up in a slightly different way, in a stranger way, for we have the cycle of events working in a rather reverse order.[10]
The unusual structure of the narrative was remarked on by English Literature professor Christopher Ricks, who commented that "All Along the Watchtower" is an example of Dylan's audacity at manipulating chronological time: "at the conclusion of the last verse, it is as if the song bizarrely begins at last, and as if the myth began again."[11]
Heylin described Dylan's narrative technique in "Watchtower" as setting the listener up for an epic ballad with the first two verses, but then, after a brief instrumental passage, the singer cuts "to the end of the song, leaving the listener to fill in his or her own (doom-laden) blanks."[4]
Critics have described Dylan's version as a masterpiece of understatement. Andy Gill said "In Dylan's version of the song, it's the barrenness of the scenario which grips, the high haunting harmonica and simple forward motion of the riff carrying understated implications of cataclysm; as subsequently recorded by Jimi Hendrix, ... that cataclysm is rendered scarily palpable through the dervish whirls of guitar."[12]
Dave Van Ronk, an early supporter and mentor of Dylan, disagreed with the majority view when he made the following criticism:
That whole artistic mystique is one of the great traps of this business, because down that road lies unintelligibility. Dylan has a lot to answer for there, because after a while he discovered that he could get away with anything—he was Bob Dylan and people would take whatever he wrote on faith. So he could do something like 'All Along the Watchtower,' which is simply a mistake from the title on down: a watchtower is not a road or a wall, and you can't go along it.[13]
Performances and subsequent releases[edit]
John Wesley Harding was released at the end of 1967, on December 27, less than two months after the recording sessions.[14] The song was the second single from the album, released on November 22, 1968, but did not chart. A live recording of "All Along the Watchtower" from the album Before the Flood appeared as the B side of "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" in 1974. The recordings came from separate concerts earlier that year at the Forum outside Los Angeles, both with Dylan backed by The Band.[5]
Dylan first performed the song live on January 3, 1974, in Chicago on the opening night of his 'comeback tour'.[1] From this first live performance, Dylan has consistently performed the song closer to Hendrix's version than to his own original recording.[1] In The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, critic Michael Gray wrote that this is the most often performed of all of Dylan's songs. By Gray's count, Dylan had performed the song in concert 1,393 times by the end of 2003.[1] According to Dylan's own website, through 2015 he had performed the song 2,257 times.[15]
In recent years, Dylan in live performances has taken to singing the first verse again at the end of the song. As Gray notes in his Bob Dylan Encyclopedia:
"Dylan chooses to end in a way that at once reduces the song's apocalyptic impact and cranks up its emphasis on the artist's own centrality. Repeating the first stanza as the last means Dylan now ends with the words 'None of them along the line/Know what any of it is worth' (and this is sung with a prolonged, dark linger on that word 'worth')."[1]
Dylan possibly was following the lead of the Grateful Dead in concluding the song by repeating the first verse; the Dead covered the song in this fashion, both with and without Dylan.[16]
The original recording of "All Along the Watchtower" appears on most of Dylan's "greatest hits" albums, as well as his two box set compilations, Biograph, released in 1985, and Dylan, released in 2007. In addition, Dylan has released live recordings of the song on the following albums: Before the Flood (recorded February 1974); Bob Dylan at Budokan (recorded March 1978); Dylan & The Dead (recorded July 1987); and MTV Unplugged (recorded November 1994).[1][17]
The Jimi Hendrix Experience[edit]
"All Along the Watchtower"
European single cover
Single by the Jimi Hendrix Experience
from the album Electric Ladyland
B-side
"Burning of the Midnight Lamp" (US)
"Long Hot Summer Night" (UK)
Released
September 21, 1968 (1968-09-21) (US)
October 18, 1968 (UK)
Format
7-inch 45 rpm record
Recorded
January, June–August 1968
Studio
Olympic, London
Record Plant, New York City
Genre
Hard rock
acid rock
Length
4:01
Label
Reprise (US)
Track (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Jimi Hendrix
Experience US singles chronology
"Up from the Skies"
(1968) "All Along the Watchtower"
(1968) "Crosstown Traffic"
(1968)
Experience UK singles chronology
"Burning of the Midnight Lamp"
(1967) "All Along the Watchtower"
(1968) "Crosstown Traffic"
(1968)
The Jimi Hendrix Experience began to record their version of Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" on January 21, 1968, at Olympic Studios in London.[18] According to engineer Andy Johns, Jimi Hendrix had been given a tape of Dylan’s recording by publicist Michael Goldstein, who worked for Dylan’s manager Albert Grossman. "(Hendrix) came in with these Dylan tapes and we all heard them for the first time in the studio", recalled Johns.[19]
Recording[edit]
According to Hendrix’s regular engineer Eddie Kramer, the guitarist cut a large number of takes on the first day, shouting chord changes at Dave Mason who had appeared at the session and played guitar. Halfway through the session, bass player Noel Redding became dissatisfied with the proceedings and left. Mason then took over on bass. According to Kramer, the final bass part was played by Hendrix himself.[19] Hendrix's friend and Rolling Stones multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones played the various percussion instruments on the track. "That’s him playing the thwack you hear at the end of each bar in the intro, on an instrument called a vibraslap." [20] Jones originally recorded a piano part that was later mixed out in place of the percussion instruments.
Kramer and Chas Chandler mixed the first version of "All Along the Watchtower" on January 26, but Hendrix was quickly dissatisfied with the result and went on re-recording and overdubbing guitar parts during June, July, and August at the Record Plant studio in New York.[21] Engineer Tony Bongiovi has described Hendrix becoming increasingly dissatisfied as the song progressed, overdubbing more and more guitar parts, moving the master tape from a four-track to a twelve-track to a sixteen-track machine. Bongiovi recalled, "Recording these new ideas meant he would have to erase something. In the weeks prior to the mixing, we had already recorded a number of overdubs, wiping track after track. [Hendrix] kept saying, 'I think I hear it a little bit differently.'"[22]
Release and charts[edit]
The completed version was released as a single in the US on September 21, 1968, almost a month prior to the album release on Electric Ladyland in October. The single reached number five in the British charts,[23] becoming the first UK stereo-only single to do so, and number 20 on the Billboard chart, Hendrix's highest ranking American single.[24]
Reception[edit]
Dylan has described his reaction to hearing Hendrix's version: "It overwhelmed me, really. He had such talent, he could find things inside a song and vigorously develop them. He found things that other people wouldn't think of finding in there. He probably improved upon it by the spaces he was using. I took license with the song from his version, actually, and continue to do it to this day."[25] In the booklet accompanying his Biograph album, Dylan said: "I liked Jimi Hendrix's record of this and ever since he died I've been doing it that way... Strange how when I sing it, I always feel it's a tribute to him in some kind of way."
Hendrix's recording of the song appears at number 47 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time,[26] and in 2000, British magazine Total Guitar named it top of the list of the greatest cover versions of all time.[27] Hendrix's guitar solo is included at number five on Guitar World's list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Solos.[28]
Other recordings[edit]
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The Nashville Teens[edit]
The earliest recording of the song, other than by Dylan, was by British pop group the Nashville Teens, who had previously had a hit in 1964 with the song "Tobacco Road". Their recording of "All Along the Watchtower", produced by Vic Smith, was released as a single in the UK and Europe on Decca Records in March 1968, some six months before Hendrix's version. The recording was described by the NME as "both effective and commendable", and by Record Mirror as a "reasonably strong song idea", but failed to have any commercial success, and the band left the Decca label soon afterwards.[29][30]
Dave Matthews Band[edit]
Dave Matthews Band has played the song since the band's inception in the early 1990s.[31] Their rendition maintains Dylan's three chord structure and key signature but differs in style. Dave Matthews typically begins the song slowly with just bass, vocals and acoustic guitar. The band members come in after the line "the hour is getting late", picking up the tempo and intensity. The band's members then take extended solos, culminating with the line, "No reason to get excited." "Watchtower", as it is referred to by the band's fans, is a concert staple, often performed as either a closer or as an encore. In all, they have covered the song live more than 750 times, including solo performances by Matthews,[31] and it has appeared on nine of their officially released live albums, though the band has never released a studio version.
In addition, the band has had numerous musicians guest with them while playing Watchtower including Carlos Santana, Neil Young, Warren Haynes from Gov't Mule and the Allman Brothers Band, Trey Anastasio from Phish, Zac Brown, Bela Fleck, Robert Randolph, Marcus Mumford and Gary Clark Jr.
U2[edit]
Irish rock band U2 first played a cover of "All Along the Watchtower" during their Boy Tour in 1981.[32] Years later, during the Joshua Tree Tour in 1987, the cover was played for a second time, in San Francisco, California, with an additional verse added by Bono. This performance was later included as a scene in U2's 1988 rockumentary film, Rattle and Hum, and also appeared on the album of the same name. The performance was impromptu, with the band learning the chords and lyrics within minutes of taking the stage, and as a result, there were problems in editing the soundtrack. The song made its way into 47 live shows during the band's 1989 Lovetown Tour.[33]
Neil Young[edit]
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Neil Young has performed numerous covers of the song, including a notable performance at Farm Aid in 1994, with band Crazy Horse and Willie Nelson. He also performed the song with Dave Matthews Band and with Booker T. and the M.G.'s at the Dylan 30th Anniversary Celebration at Madison Square Garden, a recording of which was issued in 1993 on The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album. In 2000, Young performed a live version with Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, which appeared on his album Road Rock Vol. 1: Friends & Relatives. In 2004, he performed a version with Bruce Springsteen.
Bryan Ferry[edit]
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Bryan Ferry recorded this song as a demo with Robin Trower in the mid-1990s. He completed the track during sessions in August 2006 for his Dylan tribute album Dylanesque released March 2007. It featured up-beat versions of Dylan's greatest hits.
Pearl Jam[edit]
After performing the song live four times from 2004 to 2006 with Pearl Jam, lead singer Eddie Vedder was asked to record "All Along the Watchtower" with The Million Dollar Bashers for the soundtrack of the Dylan biopic I'm Not There. Named for Dylan's song "Million Dollar Bash", the group was formed by guitarist Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth. Its other members included Steve Shelley on drums; Television's Tom Verlaine, Wilco's Nels Cline, and Smokey Hormel on guitars; John Medeski of Medeski Martin & Wood on keyboards; and Dylan's bassist Tony Garnier.
In 2008, the song was played three times during Pearl Jam's US East Coast Summer Tour, including the Bonnaroo Music Festival. In 2009, the band was joined by Ronnie Wood of The Rolling Stones to perform the song at the Shepherds Bush Empire in London, England.[34]
Bear McCreary/Battlestar Galactica[edit]
Television composer Bear McCreary arranged a distinctive version with non-Western tonalities of "All Along the Watchtower" for use in the final scene of the Battlestar Galactica season three finale "Crossroads, Part II".[35][36] A version with all the lyrics was included on the season 3 soundtrack.
Others[edit]
The song has been covered by many other artists,[37] including:
Affinity[38]
Brewer and Shipley[39]
Chris de Burgh[40]
Randy California[41]
Eric Clapton[42]
The Dream Syndicate[43]
Richie Havens[44]
Jeff Healey[45]
Michael Hedges[46]
Indigo Girls[47]
Dave Mason*
Van Morrison[48]
Supertramp[49]
The Persuasions[50]
June Tabor[51]
T.S.O.L.[52]
Klopjag[53]
Turtle Island String Quartet[54]
Paul Weller[55]
Bobby Womack[56]
XTC[57]
Envy on the Coast[58]
Francis Cabrel, in a French translation titled "D'en haut de la tour du guet", on his album "Viser le ciel", 2012[59]
Devlin ft Ed Sheeran[60]
John Waite[61]
Widespread Panic[62]
Dissipated Eight[63]
In popular culture[edit]
The song as originally recorded by Dylan was used in the 1999 film American Beauty. Hendrix's version was featured in the movies Withnail and I, Rush, Land of the Lost (without Hendrix's vocals), Private Parts, Forrest Gump, Clockers, A Bronx Tale, Blue Chips, Vegas Vacation, Tupac: Resurrection, the 2001 remake of Brian's Song, Watchmen (among others), and also in television shows such as The Simpsons, in episodes "Mother Simpson" and "My Mother the Carjacker" and appears in the announcement trailer and title screen for the video game Mafia III. The Bob Dylan version appears as playable track in the video game Guitar Hero 5.
The final verse of the song is referenced in Chapter 10 of the graphic novel Watchmen.[64][65]
The song is one of seven Dylan songs of which its lyrics were reset for soprano and piano (or orchestra) by John Corigliano for his song cycle Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan.[66]
The song is featured prominently in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica, serving as a critical plot element of the show.[35][67] The lyrics are referenced in the dialogue multiple times, and the opening bars are a recurring theme throughout the show. The show features a new arrangement by Bear McCreary during the season three finale, and Jimi Hendrix's version during the series' finale.[36][68]
A cover was used in the Fox television show Lucifer, covered by Tom Ellis playing the titular role.
The Jimi Hendrix cover of the song is used in The Martian trailer.[69][70][71][72]
A cover version of the song by Devlin features in the opening credits of the HBO series The Young Pope.[73]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gray, Michael (2006), The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Bush, John. "All Along the Watchtower". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
Jump up ^ Sounes p. 215-8
^ Jump up to: a b Heylin, 2009, Revolution In The Air, The Songs of Bob Dylan: Volume One, pp. 364–369.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bjorner, Olof (May 7, 2000). "Still on the Road: Bob Dylan Recording Sessions". Olof Bjorner. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ Gray p. 356-7
Jump up ^ Gray p. 7
Jump up ^ Heylin p. 285
Jump up ^ Gill p. 130–1
Jump up ^ Cott p. 122
Jump up ^ Ricks p. 359
Jump up ^ Gill p. 131
Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk, The Mayor of Macdougal Street, ISBN 978-0-306-81479-2
Jump up ^ Gray p. 350
Jump up ^ "Bob Dylan Songs". bobdylan.com. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ Cf. "Dylan and the Dead".
Jump up ^ "Bob Dylan Albums". bobdylan.com. May 21, 2012. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer, 'Hendrix: Setting The Record Straight, p. 135
^ Jump up to: a b Eddie Kramer, 'Hendrix: Setting The Record Straight, p. 136
Jump up ^ Padgett, Ray: The Story Behind Jimi Hendrix's "All Along the Watchtower"
Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer, 'Hendrix: Setting The Record Straight, p. 174
Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer, 'Hendrix: Setting The Record Straight, p. 175
Jump up ^ "JIMI HENDRIX EXPERIENCE | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Theofficialcharts.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer, 'Hendrix: Setting The Record Straight, p. 198
Jump up ^ "Interview with Dylan: 09/29/95". Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel. 1995-09-29.
Jump up ^ "#47, All Along the Watchtower". rollingstone.com. April 7, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Best Cover Versions Ever". Total Guitar. Future Publishing. August 2000.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Guitar Solos: 5) "All Along the Watchtower" (Jimi Hendrix)". Guitar World. 2008-10-14. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Their Music". The Nashville Teens. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Opulent Conceptions: The Nashville Teens - Sun-Dog". Expo67-cavestones.blogspot.co.uk. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "DMBAlmanac.com".
Jump up ^ "U2 Live: All Along The Watchtower - Setlists". U2tour.de. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
Jump up ^ "U2 Tour Statistics: Lovetown Tour". setlist.fm. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
Jump up ^ "NME.com: Pearl Jam and Rolling Stones star unite onstage at intimate gig". NME.com. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Radio, Southern California Public. "Watch 'Walking Dead' composer Bear McCreary rock out, pirate-style". Retrieved 2015-08-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "More from TV composers Michael Giacchino and Bear McCreary". Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ AllMusic lists about 500 recorded versions, a figure which should be reduced to its quarter, after erasing all the duplicates.
Jump up ^ Mills, Jon. "Affinity: Affinity". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
Jump up ^ Viglione, Joe. "Brewer & Shipley: Weeds". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Chris de Burgh: Footsteps". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Randy California: Shattered Dreams". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Jump up ^ Lenny Kravitz & Eric Clapton - All Along The Watchtower, 1999 (Live). Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ Mason, Sewart. "The Dream Syndicate: The Complete Live at Raji's". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Second Hand Songs". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ "The Jeff Healey Band: Live at Grossmans 1994". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ Jurek, Thom. "Michael Hedges: Platinum & Gold Collection". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Indigo Girls: Back on the Bus, Y'All". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
Jump up ^ Collette, Doug (2008-11-08). "Van Morrison: Remasters Redux". Retrieved 2009-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Supertramp: Portrait 1970". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
Jump up ^ "The Persuasions: Knockin' on Bob's Door". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Peel Sessions: June Tabor (1990-11-27)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
Jump up ^ Torreano, Bradley. "TSOL: Hell & Back Together: 1984-1990". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Klopjag: Musiek vir die Agtergrond". AllMusic. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Turtle Island String Quartet: Have You Ever Been...?". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Paul Weller: Studio 150". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ Elias, Jason. "Bobby Womack: The Facts of Life". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ Woodstra, Chris. "XTC: White Music". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Various Artists: Punk Goes Classic Rock". Allmusic. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Discographie - Francis CabrelFrancis Cabrel". Franciscabrel.com. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Devlin: A Moving Picture". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
Jump up ^ "In Real Time (Extended and Remastered) by John Waite on Apple Music".
Jump up ^ "Everyday Companion All Along the Watchtower Every Time Played=".
Jump up ^ "Eight Balls=".
Jump up ^ Youngquist, Paul (January 2013). "Stats of Exception: Watchmen and Nixon's NSC". Postmodern Culture. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 23 (2).
Jump up ^ "GCD :: Issue :: Watchmen". Comics.org. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "John Corigliano - Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan (for soprano and piano) (2000) - Music Sales Classical". Schirmer.com. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ Plasketes, Professor George (28 January 2013). Play it Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-4094-9400-3.
Jump up ^ "Battlestar Galactica, "Daybreak, Part 2": There must be some kind of way out of here". Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ Whalen, Andrew. "The Martian Trailer 2: "All Along the Watchtower" Is An Ominous Choice". Idigitaltimes.com. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Epic Trailer for 'The Martian' Questions the Value of a Human Life in Space". Space.com. 2015-08-19. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Trailer: Matt Damon's 'The Martian' Aims To Be The Next 'Gravity' Or 'Interstellar'". Forbes.com. 2015-08-19. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ Gaming. "The Epic Matt-Damon-Lost-in-Space Trailer (No, the Other One): The Martian". Wired.com. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "The Young Pope hasn't premiered yet, but it's already the internet's newest meme". Polygon. 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
References[edit]
Blake (ed.), Mark (2005). Dylan: Visions, Portraits, and Back Pages. Mojo/DK Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7566-3725-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Cott (ed.), Jonathan (2006). Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-92312-1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Gill, Andy (1999). Classic Bob Dylan: My Back Pages. Carlton. ISBN 1-85868-599-0.
Gray, Michael (2006). The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. Continuum International. ISBN 0-8264-6933-7.
Heylin, Clinton (2003). Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited. Perennial Currents. ISBN 0-06-052569-X.
Kramer, Eddie (1992). Hendrix: Setting the Record Straight. Warner Books. ISBN 0-7515-1129-3.
Ricks, Christopher (2003). Dylan's Visions of Sin. Penguin/Viking. ISBN 0-670-80133-X.
Sounes, Howard (2001). Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1686-8.
Further reading[edit]
Marqusee, M (2002). Chimes of Freedom: The Politics of Bob Dylan's Art, New Press
External links[edit]
Full audio of Jimi Hendrix's version of the song on YouTube
Lyrics to the song
"Reason to Rock" - The lyrics explained
show
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Bob Dylan
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Before the Flood
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The 1966 Live Recordings
Compilations
Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits
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Dylan
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The Best of Bob Dylan (1997)
The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 2
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Bob Dylan: The Complete Album Collection Vol. One
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The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964
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List of Basement Tapes songs (1967,1975)
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Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue
Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall
Vol. 7: No Direction Home: The Soundtrack
Vol. 8: Tell Tale Signs: Rare and Unreleased 1989–2006
Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964
Vol. 10: Another Self Portrait (1969–1971)
Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete
Vol. 12: The Cutting Edge 1965–1966
Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981
Concert tours
England Tour (1965)
World Tour (1966)
Tour with The Band (1974)
Rolling Thunder Revue (1975–1976)
World Tour (1978)
Gospel Tour (1979–1980)
World Tour (1981)
European Tour (1984)
True Confessions Tour (1986)
Tour with the Grateful Dead (1987)
Temples in Flames Tour (1987)
Never Ending Tour
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
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2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
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2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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Films
Dont Look Back
Eat the Document
Renaldo and Clara
Hard to Handle
The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration
Masked and Anonymous
No Direction Home
I'm Not There
65 Revisited
The Other Side of the Mirror: Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963–1965
Trouble No More - A Musical Film
Writings
Tarantula
Writings and Drawings
Chronicles: Volume One
Books about Dylan
The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia
Bob Dylan, Performing Artist
Invisible Republic
The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan
Related
The Band
Traveling Wilburys
Electric Dylan controversy
Artists who have covered Dylan songs
Joan Baez
Suze Rotolo
The Telegraph magazine
Festival
Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid
Hearts of Fire
Theme Time Radio Hour
Gotta Serve Somebody: The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan
Chimes of Freedom (album)
The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams
Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes
Family
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Carolyn Dennis (second wife)
Jesse Dylan (son)
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Book
Category
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Bob Dylan singles discography
1962
"Mixed-Up Confusion" / "Corrina, Corrina"
1963
"Blowin' in the Wind" / "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
1965
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" / "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance"
"Maggie's Farm" / "On the Road Again"
"Subterranean Homesick Blues" / "She Belongs to Me"
"Like a Rolling Stone" / "Gates of Eden
"Positively 4th Street" / "From a Buick 6"
"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" / "Highway 61 Revisited"
1966
"One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)" / "Queen Jane Approximately"
"Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35" / "Pledging My Time"
"I Want You" / "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" (live with The Hawks)
"Just Like a Woman" / "Obviously 5 Believers"
1967
"Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" / "Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine"
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now" / "To Ramona" (only in Europe)
1968
"Drifter's Escape" / "John Wesley Harding"
"All Along the Watchtower" / "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
1969
"I Threw It All Away" / "Drifter's Escape"
"Lay Lady Lay" / "Peggy Day"
"Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You" / "Country Pie"
1970
"If Not for You" / "New Morning"
"Wigwam" / "Copper Kettle"
1971
"Watching the River Flow" / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue"
"George Jackson" (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version)
1973
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid)
"A Fool Such as I" / "Lily of the West"
1974
"On a Night Like This" / "You Angel You"
"Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama"
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (live with The Band)
"All Along the Watchtower" / "It Ain't Me Babe"
1975
"Tangled Up in Blue" / "If You See Her, Say Hello"
"Million Dollar Bash" / "Tears of Rage"
"Hurricane" (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2)
1976
"Mozambique" / "Oh Sister"
"Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again" (live) / "Rita May"
1978
"Baby, Stop Crying" / "We Better Talk This Over"
"Changing of the Guards" / "Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)"
"Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over"
1979
"Maggie's Farm (live) / "All Along the Watchtower"
"Forever Young" (live) / "All Along the Watchtower" / "I Want You"
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" / "When You Gonna Wake Up?"
"Gotta Serve Somebody" / "Trouble in Mind"
"Precious Angel" / "Trouble in Mind"
1980
"Slow Train" / "Do Right to Me Baby"
"Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman"
"Saved" / "Are You Ready?"
1981
"Heart of Mine" / "Let It Be Me"
"Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce"
1983
"Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"Sweetheart Like You" / "Union Sundown"
1984
"Jokerman" / "Isis"
1985
"Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" / "We Better Talk this Over"
"When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours"
1986
"Band of the Hand" / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini)
"Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual"
1988
"Silvio" / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore"
1989
"Everything Is Broken" / "Death is Not the End"
"Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead)
1990
"Political World" / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia)
"Most of the Time" / "Most of the Time (edit piece)
"Unbelievable" / "10,000 Men"
1991
"Series of Dreams" / "Seven Curses"
"Blind Willie McTell" / "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3)
"Step it Up and Go" — (no b-side)
1993
"My Back Pages" (with Roger McGuinn, Tom Petty, Neil Young, Eric Clapton, George Harrison) — (no b-side)
1995
"Dignity" (live on MTV Unplugged) / "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" (live version)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "John Brown" (both live on MTV Unplugged)
1998
"Not Dark Yet" / "Tombstone Blues" (live) / "Ballad of a Thin Man" (live) / "Boots of Spanish Leather" (live)
"Love Sick" / "Tombstone Blues" (live)
2000
"Things Have Changed" / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / "Song to Woody" (live)
2006
"Someday Baby" / "Someday Baby" (edit piece)
"Rollin' and Tumblin'" / "Not Dark Yet" / "High Water (for Charley Patton)"
2007
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version)
2008
"Dreamin' of You" (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version)
2009
"Beyond Here Lies Nothin'" / "Down Along the Cove" (live)
"I Feel a Change Comin' On" / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece)
"Must Be Santa" / "'Twas the Night Before Christmas"
2010
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" (demo version) / "Like a Rolling Stone"
2012
"Duquesne Whistle"
2013
"Wigwam" (demo version) / "Thirsty Boots"
show
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Jimi Hendrix
Original 1966–1970 releases are marked in bold.
Studio albums
Are You Experienced
Axis: Bold as Love
Electric Ladyland
The Cry of Love
Rainbow Bridge
War Heroes
Loose Ends
Crash Landing
Midnight Lightning
Nine to the Universe
Voodoo Soup
First Rays of the New Rising Sun
Valleys of Neptune
People, Hell and Angels
Both Sides of the Sky
Live albums
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Experience
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Hendrix in the West
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Band of Gypsys 2
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Woodstock
BBC Sessions
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Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight
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Winterland
Miami Pop Festival
Freedom: Atlanta Pop Festival
Machine Gun: The Fillmore East First Show
Compilations
Smash Hits
Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix
Musique Originale du Film Jimi Plays Berkeley
Re-Experienced
The Essential Jimi Hendrix
The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two
Stone Free
The Singles Album
Kiss the Sky
Live & Unreleased: The Radio Show
Cornerstones: 1967–1970
Lifelines: The Jimi Hendrix Story
Stages
The Ultimate Experience
Blues
South Saturn Delta
Experience Hendrix: The Best of Jimi Hendrix
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Voodoo Child: The Jimi Hendrix Collection
The Singles Collection
Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix
West Coast Seattle Boy: The Jimi Hendrix Anthology
Fire: The Jimi Hendrix Collection
Official
bootlegs
Live at the Oakland Coliseum
Live at Clark University
Morning Symphony Ideas
Live in Ottawa
Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions
Paris 1967/San Francisco 1968
Hear My Music
Live at the Isle of Fehmarn
Burning Desire
Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968
Live at Woburn
Live in Cologne
Concert tours
The Jimi Hendrix Experience French Tour
The Cry of Love Tour
Films,
books,
tributes
Rainbow Bridge
Jimi Hendrix
Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix
Hendrix
Power of Soul: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix
Room Full of Mirrors
An Illustrated Experience
Becoming Jimi Hendrix
Jimi: All Is by My Side
Related people
and acts
Curtis Knight
Lonnie Youngblood
Jimmy James and the Blue Flames
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Noel Redding
Mitch Mitchell
Chas Chandler
Eddie Kramer
Roger Mayer
Michael Jeffery
Billy Cox
Buddy Miles
Alan Douglas
Leon Hendrix
Kathy Etchingham
Monika Dannemann
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articles
Original discography
Posthumous discography
List of songs
Videography
Canadian drug charges and trial
Electric Lady Studios
Black Gold
Death of Jimi Hendrix
Book
Category
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Jimi Hendrix songs
Are You Experienced
(UK & US)
"Foxy Lady"
"Manic Depression"
"Red House"
"I Don't Live Today"
"May This Be Love"
"Fire"
"Third Stone from the Sun"
"Are You Experienced?"
"Purple Haze"
"Hey Joe"
"The Wind Cries Mary"
Axis: Bold as Love
"Up from the Skies"
"Spanish Castle Magic"
"Wait Until Tomorrow"
"Little Wing"
"If 6 Was 9"
"Castles Made of Sand"
"One Rainy Wish"
"Bold as Love"
Smash Hits
(UK & US)
"Stone Free"
"The Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice"
"Highway Chile"
"Burning of the Midnight Lamp"
Electric Ladyland
"Have You Ever Been (To Electric Ladyland)"
"Crosstown Traffic"
"Voodoo Chile"
"Come On (Part One)"
"Gypsy Eyes"
"1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)
"All Along the Watchtower"
"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"
Band of Gypsys
"Machine Gun"
Historic Performances
at Monterey Pop
"Like a Rolling Stone"
"Rock Me Baby"
"Wild Thing"
The Cry of Love
"Freedom"
"Ezy Ryder"
"Angel"
Rainbow Bridge
"Dolly Dagger"
"The Star-Spangled Banner"
"Hear My Train A Comin'"
Hendrix in the West
"The Queen"
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
"Johnny B. Goode"
"Blue Suede Shoes"
War Heroes
"Bleeding Heart"
"Peter Gunn"
"Stepping Stone"
Loose Ends
"The Drifter's Escape"
"I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man"
...And a Happy
New Year
"The Little Drummer Boy"
"Silent Night"
"Auld Lang Syne"
Radio One/
BBC Sessions
"Day Tripper
"Killing Floor"
"Hound Dog"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?"
"Sunshine of Your Love"
Other compilations
"Gloria"
"Peace in Mississippi"
"Born Under a Bad Sign"
"Mannish Boy"
"It's Too Bad"
"Dear Mr. Fantasy"
"Valleys of Neptune"
"Tears of Rage"
"Things I Used to Do"
"Testify"
"Mercy, Mercy"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Along_the_Watchtower&oldid=844641947"
Categories:
Songs written by Bob Dylan
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List of largest employers in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of largest employers in the United States. Note that, for some companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, the United States does not comprise the majority of total employees.
Contents
[hide]
1 Private employment by company
2 Employment by major industry sector
3 See also
4 References
Private employment by company[edit]
[hide]United States Largest Private Employers (as of 2016)[1][2][3]
Rank
Employer
Global number of Employees
1 Walmart 2,300,000
2 Amazon 541,900
3 Kroger 443,000
4 Yum! Brands 420,000
5 The Home Depot 406,000
6 International Business Machines 380,000
7 McDonald's 375,000
8 Berkshire Hathaway 367,700
9 FedEx 335,767
10 United Parcel Service 335,520
11 Target Corporation 323,000
12 Walgreens Boots Alliance 300,000
13 General Electric 295,000
14 Albertsons 273,000
15 Wells Fargo 269,100
16 AT&T 268,540
17 PepsiCo 264,000
18 Cognizant Technology Solutions 260,200
19 Starbucks 254,000
20 Deloitte 244,400
21 J.P. Morgan Chase 243,355
22 Lowe's 240,000
23 TJX 235,000
24 Ernst & Young 231,000
25 UnitedHealth Group 230,000
Employment by major industry sector[edit]
According to research from the Federal Reserve Economic Data, health care has now surpassed both manufacturing and retail as the engine for employment growth in the coming decades. There were approximately 16 million people employed in the health care sector in 2017.[4]
All employees, private industries, by branches
[hide]Employment by Major Industry Sector[5][6]
Industry Sector
Employee count (as of Jan. 2013)
Total [A] 145,000,000
Total nonfarm 133,074,000
Total private 111,342,000
Goods-producing 18,071,000
Mining and logging 838,000
Logging 48,900
Mining 800,500
Oil and gas extraction 192,300
Mining, except oil and gas 204,900
Coal mining 78,200
Support activities for mining 392,000
Construction 5,353,000
Construction of buildings 1,208,700
Residential building 565,100
Nonresidential building 192,300
Heavy and civil engineering construction 773,800
Specialty trade contractors 3,370,200
Residential specialty trade contractors 1,409,800
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors 1,960,400
Manufacturing 11,880,000
Durable goods 7,468,000
Wood products 340,700
Nonmetallic mineral products 354,600
Primary metals 397,900
Fabricated metal products 1,412,300
Machinery 1,100,900
Computer and electronic products 1,071,300
Computer and peripheral equipment 156,000
Communications equipment 104,500
Semiconductors and electronic components 377,500
Electronic instruments 394,000
Electrical equipment and appliances 373,800
Transportation equipment 1,488,900
Motor vehicles and parts 797,600
Furniture and related products 349,900
Miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing 577,900
Nondurable goods 4,412,000
Food manufacturing 1,442,000
Textile mills 116,300
Textile product mills 115,500
Apparel 145,300
Paper and paper products 378,800
Printing and related support activities 452,700
Petroleum and coal products 109,700
Chemicals 787,100
Plastics and rubber products 644,800
Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing 219,900
Private service-providing 93,271,000
Trade, transportation, and utilities 25,505,000
Wholesale trade 5,663,000
Durable goods 2,841,300
Nondurable goods 1,955,800
Electronic markets and agents and brokers 865,900
Retail trade 14,852,100
Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1,737,200
Automobile dealers 1,107,100
Furniture and home furnishings stores 447,300
Electronics and appliance stores 515,700
Building material and garden supply stores 1,126,600
Food and beverage stores 2,883,700
Health and personal care 1,007,900
Gasoline stations 838,600
Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1,420,800
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 596,100
General merchandise stores 3,041,600
Department stores 1,377,400
Miscellaneous store retailers 778,400
Nonstore retailers 458,200
Transportation and warehousing 4,440,300
Air transportation 446,000
Rail transportation 230,200
Water transportation 62,600
Truck transportation 1,343,700
Transit and ground passenger transportation 460,000
Pipeline transportation 43,300
Scenic and sightseeing transportation 20,500
Support activities for transportation 591,000
Couriers and messengers 546,900
Warehousing and storage 696,100
Utilities 549,700
Information 2,635,000
Publishing industries, except Internet 732,100
Motion picture and sound recording industries 315,700
Broadcasting, except Internet 284,400
Telecommunications 853,500
Data processing, hosting and related services 263,000
Other information services 186,600
Financial activities 7,783,000
Finance and insurance 5,850,200
Monetary authorities-central bank 17,500
Credit intermediation and related activities 2,614,000
Depository credit intermediation 1,742,100
Commercial banking 1,322,400
Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and funds and trusts 854,500
Insurance carriers and related activities 2,364,200
Real estate and rental and leasing 1,932,400
Real estate 1,411,800
Rental and leasing services 497,100
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets 23,500
Professional and business services 17,845,000
Professional and technical services 8,012,800
Legal services 1,122,800
Accounting and bookkeeping services 989,300
Architectural and engineering services 1,314,000
Computer systems design and related services 1,659,200
Management and technical consulting services 1,131,400
Management of companies and enterprises 2,059,800
Administrative and waste services 7,773,000
Administrative and support services 7,402,700
Employment services 3,031,800
Temporary help services 2,409,300
Business support services 7,783,000
Services to buildings and dwellings 1,681,000
Waste management and remediation services 369,300
Education and health services 20,791,000
Educational services 3,232,900
Health care and social assistance 17,558,500
Health care 14,365,700
Ambulatory health care services 6,389,000
Offices of physicians 2,414,400
Outpatient care centers 663,700
Home health care services 1,203,800
Hospitals 4,780,700
Nursing and residential care facilities 3,196,000
Nursing care facilities 1,651,300
Social assistance 3,192,800
Child day care services 855,000
Leisure and hospitality 13,324,000
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,768,600
Performing arts and spectator sports 364,300
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions 126,400
Amusements, gambling, and recreation 1,277,900
Accommodation and food services 11,555,300
Accommodation 1,745,800
Food services and drinking places 9,809,500
Other services 5,388,000
Repair and maintenance 1,194,300
Personal and laundry services 1,315,200
Membership associations and organizations 2,878,400
Government 21,732,000
Federal government 2,786,000
Federal government, except U.S. Postal Service 2,185,200
U.S. Postal Service 600,600
State government 4,928,000
State government education 2,273,900
State government, excluding education 2,654,000
Local government 14,018,000
Local government education 7,880,000
Local government, excluding education 6,138,100
See also[edit]
List of companies of the United States
List of largest employers
List of the largest software companies
List of largest Internet companies
List of the largest information technology companies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/filtered?sortBy=employees&first500
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/largest-private-companies/list/
Jump up ^ http://phoenix.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2311821
Jump up ^ Thompson, Derek (2018-01-09). "Health Care Just Became the U.S.'s Largest Employer". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_201.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t17.htm
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_employers_in_the_United_States&oldid=842349087"
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