text:
List of banks in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of banks in India:
Contents
[hide]
1 Public-sector banks
2 Private-sector banks
3 Small Finance Bank
4 Local Area Banks
5 Payments Bank
6 Foreign banks
6.1 Foreign banks with branches in India
6.2 Foreign banks with representative offices in India
7 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
8 Cooperative banks
8.1 State Cooperative Banks (SCBs)
8.2 Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)
9 See also
10 References
11 Extra links
Public-sector banks[edit]
Allahabad Bank
Andhra Bank
Bank of Baroda
Bank of India
Bank of Maharashtra
Canara Bank
Central Bank of India
Corporation Bank
Dena Bank
Indian Bank
Indian Overseas Bank
IDBI Bank
Oriental Bank of Commerce
Punjab & Sindh Bank
Punjab National Bank
State Bank of India
Syndicate Bank
UCO Bank
Union Bank of India
United Bank of India
Vijaya Bank
Private-sector banks[edit]
AU Small Finance Bank
Axis Bank
Bandhan Bank
Catholic Syrian Bank
City Union Bank
Citi Bank
DCB Bank
Dhanlaxmi Bank
Federal Bank
HDFC Bank
ICICI Bank
IDFC Bank
IndusInd Bank
Jammu and Kashmir Bank
Karnataka Bank
Karur Vysya Bank
Kotak Mahindra Bank
Lakshmi Vilas Bank
Nainital Bank
RBL Bank
South Indian Bank
Tamilnad Mercantile Bank
YES Bank
Standard Chartered Bank
Small Finance Bank[edit]
Equitas Small Finance Bank
Ujjivan Small Finance Bank
Utkarsh Small Finance Bank
Capital Small Finance Bank
ESAF Small Finance Bank
Fincare Small Finance Bank
Suryoday Small Finance Bank
Janalakshmi Small Finance Bank
Local Area Banks[edit]
Coastal Local Area Bank Limited
Krishna Bhima Samruddhi Local Area Bank Limited
Subhadra Local Area Bank Limited
Payments Bank[edit]
India Post Payments Bank
Airtel Payments Bank
Paytm Payments Bank
Foreign banks[edit]
Foreign banks with branches in India[edit]
HSBC Bank
DBS Bank
Deuche Bank
List of banks which are incorporated outside India and are operating branches in India (as of 31 January 2015):[1]
Australian banks
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
Commonwealth Bank of Australia
National Australia Bank
Westpac Banking Corporation
Bahraini banks
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait
Bangladeshi banks
AB Bank
Sonali Bank
Belgian bank
Antwerp Diamond Bank
Canadian bank
Bank of Nova Scotia
Chinese bank
Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
French banks
BNP Paribas
Credit Agricole
Societe Generale
German banks
Deutsche Bank
Indonesian bank
Bank Internasional Indonesia
Japanese banks
Mizuho Corporate Bank
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
Mauritian bank
State Bank of Mauritius
Dutch bank
Rabobank
Qatari bank
Doha bank
Russian banks
Sberbank
VTB
Omani bank
HSBC Bank Oman
Singaporean banks
DBS Bank
United Overseas Bank
South African bank
FirstRand Bank
South Korean banks
Shinhan Bank
Woori Bank
Sri Lankan bank
Bank of Ceylon
Swiss banks
Credit Suisse
UBS AG
Taiwanese bank
Chinatrust Commercial Bank
Thai bank
Krung Thai Bank
UAE banks
Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank
Mashreq Bank
UK banks
HSBC
Barclays Bank
Standard Chartered Bank
US banks
American Express
Bank of America
Citibank
J.P. Morgan Chase Bank
Foreign banks with representative offices in India[edit]
List of foreign banks with representative offices in India (as of 31 January 2015):[1]
Austrian bank
Raiffeisen Zentralbank
Belgian bank
KBC Bank
Canadian banks
Royal Bank of Canada
Toronto Dominion Bank
French banks
Credit Industriel et Commercial
Natixis
German banks
Commerzbank
DZ Bank
KfW
Landesbank Baden-Württemberg
Italian banks
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
Banca Popolare di Milano
Banca Popolare di Vicenza
Intesa Sanpaolo
UBI Banca
Malaysian bank
CIMB
Nepalese bank
Everest Bank
Norwegian bank
DNB ASA
Portuguese bank
Caixa Geral de Depositos
Russian banks
Gazprombank
Promsvyazbank
Vnesheconombank
South Korean banks
Industrial Bank of Korea
Kookmin Bank
Korea Exchange Bank
Spanish Banks
Banco de Sabadell
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
Caixabank
Sri Lankan bank
Hatton National Bank
Swedish bank
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken
Swiss bank
Zurich Cantonal Bank
Taiwanese banks
Bank of Taiwan
Mega International Commercial Bank
Turkish bank
Bank Asya
UAE banks
Emirates NBD
First Gulf Bank
UK bank
Duncan Lawrie
US banks
Bank of New York Mellon
Wells Fargo Bank
Singapore Banks
Development Bank of Singapore
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)[edit]
List of Regional Rural Banks in India:[2]
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank
Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank
Chaitanya Godavari Grameena Bank
Saptagiri Grameena Bank
Assam
Assam Gramin Vikash Bank
Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank
Bihar
Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank
Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank
Bihar Gramin Bank
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank
Gujarat
Dena Gujarat Gramin Bank
Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank
Saurashtra Gramin Bank
Haryana
Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank
Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank
Jharkhand
Jharkhand Gramin Bank
Vananchal Gramin Bank
Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu And Kashmir Grameen Bank
Ellaquai Dehati Bank
Karnataka
Kaveri Grameena Bank
Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank
Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank
Kerala
Kerala Gramin Bank
Madhya Pradesh
Narmada Jhabua Gramin Bank
Central Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank
Madhyanchal Gramin Bank
Maharashtra
Maharashtra Gramin Bank
Vidarbha Kokan Gramin Bank
Manipur
Manipur Rural Bank
Meghalaya
Meghalaya Rural Bank
Mizoram
Mizoram Rural Bank
Nagaland
Nagaland Rural Bank
Odisha
Odisha Gramya Bank
Utkal Grameen Bank
Punjab
Punjab Gramin Bank
Malwa Gramin Bank
Sutlej Gramin Bank
Puducherry
Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank
Rajasthan
Baroda Rajasthan Kshetriya Gramin Bank
Marudhara Rajasthan Gramin Bank
Tamil Nadu
Pandyan Grama Bank
Pallavan Grama Bank
Telangana
Telangana Grameena Bank
Tripur
Tripura Gramin Bank
Uttar Pradesh
Sarva UP Gramin Bank
Prathama Bank
Allahabad UP Gramin Bank
Baroda UP Gramin Bank
Gramin Bank Of Aryavrat
Kashi Gomti Samyukt Gramin Bank
Purvanchal Bank
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand Gramin Bank
West Bengal
Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank
Paschim Banga Gramin Bank
Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank
Cooperative banks[edit]
State Cooperative Banks (SCBs)[edit]
List of State Cooperative Banks in India:[3]
Andaman and Nicobar State Co-operative Bank
Andhra Pradesh State Co-operative Bank
Arunachal Pradesh State Co-operative Apex Bank
Assam Co-operative Apex Bank
Bihar State Co-operative Bank
Chandigarh State Co-operative Bank
Chhattisgarh Rajya Sahakari Bank Maryadit
Delhi State Co-operative Bank
Goa State Co-operative Bank
Gujarat State Co-operative Bank
Haryana State Co-operative Apex Bank
Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Bank
Jammu and Kashmir State Co-operativ Bank
Jharkhand State Co-operative Bank
Karnataka State Co-operative Apex Bank Bangalore
Kerala State Co-operative Bank
Madhya Pradesh Rajya Sahakari Bank Maryadit
Maharashtra State Co-operative Bank
Manipur State Co-operative Bank
Meghalaya Co-operative Apex Bank
Mizoram Co-operative Apex Bank
Nagaland State Co-operative Bank
Odisha State Co-Operative Bank
Pondichery State Co-operative Bank
Punjab State Co-operative Bank
Rajasthan State Co-operative Bank
Sikkim State Co-operative Bank
The Tamil Nadu State Apex Co-operative Bank
Telangana State Co-Operative Apex Bank Limited
Tripura State Co-operative Bank
Uttar Pradesh Co-operative Bank
Uttarakhand State Co-operative Bank
West Bengal State Co-operative Bank
Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)[edit]
List of Scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks in India:[4]
Apna Sahakari Co-Op Bank Ltd
Ahmedabad Mercantile Co-Op Bank
Kalupur Commercial Coop. Bank
Mehsana Urban Co-Op Bank
Shivalik Mercantile Co-Op Bank
Nutan Nagarik Sahakari Bank
Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank
Sardar Bhiladwala Pardi Peoples Coop Bank
Surat Peoples Coop Bank
Rajdhani Nagar Sahkari Bank
Adhyapaka Urban Co-operative Bank
Andhra Pradesh Mahesh Co-Op Urban Bank
Indian Mercantile Co-operative Bank
Abhyudaya Co-operative Bank
Bassein Catholic Co-operative Bank
Bharat Co-operative Bank (Mumbai)
Bharati Sahakari Bank
Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank
Citizencredit Co-operative Bank
Dombivli Nagari Sahakari Bank Ltd
Goa Urban Co-operative Bank
Gopinath Patil Parsik Janata Sahakari Bank
Greater Bombay Co-operative Bank
Jalgaon Janata Sahakari Bank
Janakalyan Sahakari Bank
Janalaxmi Co-operative Bank
Janata Sahakari Bank
Junagadh Commercial Co-operative Bank
Kallappanna Awade Ichalkaranji Janata Sahakari Bank
Kalyan Janata Sahakari Bank
Karad Urban Co-operative Bank
Mahanagar Co-operative Bank
Mapusa Urban Co-operative Bank of Goa
Nagar Urban Co-operative Bank
Nasik Merchant's Co-operative Bank
New India Co-operative Bank
NKGSB Co-operative Bank
Pravara Sahakari Bank
Punjab & Maharashtra Co-operative Bank
Rupee Co-operative Bank
Sangli Urban Co-operative Bank
Saraswat Co-operative Bank
Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank
Solapur Janata Sahakari Bank
Thane Bharat Sahakari Bank
The Kapole Co-operative Bank
TJSB Sahakari Bank
Zoroastrian Co-operative Bank
Nagpur Nagrik Sahakari Bank
Shikshak Sahakari Bank
Akola Janata Commercial Co-operative Bank
Akola Urban Co-operative Bank
Khamgaon Urban Co-operative Bank
Muneshwra swamy BANK
Eenadu Urban Co operative Bank
Rohit Kataria Co-operative Bank
Dakshin Barasat Service Co-Operative Society Private Limited; Dakshin Barasat, Kolkata
Sangli District Primary Teachers Bank Ltd, Sangli
Chartered Mercantile M.B. Ltd, Lucknow, U.P.
Lic of India staff co operative bank. H.O Pattom Thiruvananthapuram[5]
Akhand Anand Co-Op Bank
Varchha Co-op Bank
The Surat District Co-Op Bank Ltd
THE SUTEX CO-OP. BANK LTD.
The Bardoli Nagarik Sahakari Bank Ltd
See also[edit]
India portal
Lists portal
State Bank of India
Reserve Bank of India
Banking in India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "List of Foreign banks in India as on January 31, 2015" (PDF). Reserve Bank of India. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Financial Intermediaries - Regional Rural Banks". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "State Co-operative Banks". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "List of Scheduled Urban Co-operative Banks" (PDF). Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
Jump up ^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheduled_Cooperative_banks_Second_Schedule_RBI.pdf
Extra links[edit]
"Banks in India". Reserve Bank of India.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_banks_in_India&oldid=810258491"
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text:
Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Formerly called
Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW)
Predecessor
Bengal Chemical Works (1892-1901)
Founded
12 April 1901; 116 years ago (1901-04-12) in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
Founder
Prafulla Chandra Rây
Headquarters
6 Ganesh Chandra Avenue, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Products
Hospitol
Naphthalene balls
Phenyl
Profit
₹4 crore (2016-17)
Owner
Government of India
Website
bengalchemicals.co.in
Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL), formerly Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU). Established in Kolkata, West Bengal in 1901 by Prafulla Chandra Rây, it is India's first pharmaceutical company. The company manufactures such household Indian products as "Hospitol", "naphthalene balls", and "Phenyl".[1][2] Following over 6 decades of losses, BCPL posted a profit of ₹4 crore (US$620,000) in the 2016-17 fiscal year.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Divisions
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
In 1892, Prafulla Chandra Ray rented house at 91 Upper Circular Road, Kolkata and founded Bengal Chemical Works with a capital of ₹700 (US$11).[3][4] Ray founded the company as an individual initiative with the intention with fostering a spirit of entrepreneurship among the Bengali youth, and provide an alternative to jobs from the colonial British government. The company presented its herbal products the 1893 session of the Indian Medical Congress in Kolkata.[5]
The reputation of the company grew, and Ray added additional funds of ₹2 lakh (US$3,100) to the company to increase the scale of production. The business was converted into a Limited Company, and on 12 April 1901 the company was renamed Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), retaining the same premises at 91 Upper Circular Road, Calcutta.[4][6][3] In 1908, John Cumming wrote in the "Review of the Industrial Position and Prospects in Bengal" that the "enterprise shows signs of resourcefulness and business capacity, which should be an object lesson to capitalists of this province".[5]
The main gate of the Maniktala factory of BCPL, Kolkata
From a beginning with one factory in Maniktala (Kolkata) in 1905, three more factories were established – one in Panihati in 1920, one in Mumbai in 1938 and one in Kanpur in 1949 with its Registered Office at 6 Ganesh Chandra Avenue.[4][5] The company began to struggle after Roy's death in 1942. Since the 1950s, it recorded losses every year for the next 6 decades until finally posting a profit of ₹4 crore (US$620,000) in the 2016-2017 fiscal year.[5] The company has nine sales outlets and various C & F Agencies across India.
In the 1965s the market situation acted as deterrent to growth and the company passed into a dark phase in 1970. The management of the company was taken over by the government of India on 15 December 1977 and nationalized on 15 December 1980. A new company was formed under the name and style “Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.” (BCPL) in 1981.
BCPL has received WHO-GMP Certificate, DGQA Certificate and ISO 9001 Licence[citation needed].
BCPL has entered the production of sera and vaccines. Already manufacturing anti snake venom serum (ASVS), steps are being taken to manufacture anti rabies vaccine (ARV), Anti Rabies Serum (ARS), Diphtheria Anti Toxin (DAT), Kalazar, etc. It is planned to open a new Pharma Division in the areas of Cardiovascular medicines, Hypolipidemic Drugs, Anticancer Drugs, new Cephalosporin Antibiotics. Negotiation is going on to evaluate the possibility of manufacturing Anti Retroviral Products for which the nation is dependent on imports. It has opened various sales depots and C&F agents in the year 2014 and is now having a Pan India distribution Network.The company is major supplier to Defence,ESIC and has also various rate contracts in DGS&D.
Divisions[edit]
The Company expanded and diversified into a multi-product conglomerate, with three divisions.
Division I - Aluminum Sulphate(Alum),
Division II - drugs and pharmaceuticals, such as Analgesics & Antipyretics, Antitussive, Expectorants, Enzymes & Hepatobiliary Preparations, Diuretics, Topical Anti-infective & Antifungals, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Muscle Relaxants, Antibiotics & Antibacterials, Ant tubercular Drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Vitamins, Oral Electrolytes, Antiasthmatic Preparations, Anti Venom Serum and
Division III - cosmetics and home products, namely Cantharidine Hair Oil, Disinfectant Fluid (Lamp Brand Pheneol), Moth Repellant (Naphthalene Ball), Aguru (Perfume), Floor Cleanser (White Tiger) and Toilet Cleaner (Klin Toilet).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd". bengalchemicals.gov.in. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd". business.highbeam.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chemistry of nationalism". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Our Founder & BCPL History". Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "How India's oldest pharma company smelt success after 6 decades". Hindustan Times. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray was succeeded by Tulsi Ray an eminent Solicitor of the Hon'ble High Court at Calcutta. He remained the Chairman and Managing Director of the Company till 1963. 19.html "Pharmaceutical Industry" Check |url= value (help). indianmirror.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Chemicals_and_Pharmaceuticals&oldid=819178694"
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Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis was a successful effort by the then-owner of the Baltimore Colts (Robert Irsay) to move the American football team from Baltimore, Maryland to Indianapolis, Indiana. The team began play as the Indianapolis Colts for the 1984 National Football League (NFL) season. The Colts' move was completely unannounced and occurred in the early hours of March 29, 1984, after years of lobbying for a new stadium to replace the inadequate Memorial Stadium. The franchise's move continues to embitter many Baltimore natives decades afterward,[1] and would have a lasting impact on the NFL, including another controversial relocation twelve years later that resulted in Baltimore receiving its current NFL team, the Ravens.
Contents
[hide]
1 Actions leading up to the move
1.1 Baltodome project
1.2 1975–1980
2 Relocation to Indianapolis
2.1 Construction of the Hoosier Dome begins
2.2 Negotiations with Phoenix and Indianapolis
2.3 March 29, 1984
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
Actions leading up to the move[edit]
The Colts had played at Memorial Stadium since 1953
Although the Colts had been successful since arriving in Baltimore for the 1953 NFL season, Memorial Stadium was claimed to be "inadequate" for both them and Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles. In May 1969, the city of Baltimore announced it would seek a "substantial" increase in Memorial Stadium rental fees from Colts owner Carroll Rosenbloom and the team itself. Rosenbloom had already called Memorial Stadium "antiquated" and had threatened to move all Colts home games out of the stadium unless improvements were made.[2] Rosenbloom even considered using $12–20 million of his own money to help fund the building of a new football only stadium on land in adjoining Baltimore County.[3] By November 1971, Rosenbloom announced that the Colts would not return to Memorial Stadium when their lease ran out following the 1972 season and that he was not interested in negotiating with the city anymore.[4] He wanted out of Baltimore for a few reasons—team revenue, problems with Baltimore Orioles ownership relating to Memorial Stadium revenues, a running feud with the Baltimore press, and his new wife's desire to move to the West Coast.[4][5] Real estate investor Will Keland was originally slated to buy the Colts from Rosenbloom. Keland could not generate enough funds necessary to purchase the team, but his golfing buddy Robert Irsay, who originally was only slated to own 1 percent of the team, did possess the necessary funds and moved in to make the purchase. On July 13, 1972, Irsay became owner of the Colts. Under the terms of the arrangement, he bought the Los Angeles Rams for $19 million, then traded them to Rosenbloom for the Colts and $3 million in cash.
In 1971, Baltimore mayor William Donald Schaefer and the state's governor, Marvin Mandel, created a stadium committee to examine the city's stadium needs. Their report was a blow to Memorial Stadium. Some of the problems mentioned: 10,000 of the stadium's seats had views that were "less than desirable"; 20,000 seats were out-dated bench seats that had no back support; 7,000 so called seats were actually poorly constructed temporary bleachers that were installed for football games only. Also, there was not enough office space for the front offices of either the Orioles or Colts, much less both teams combined. Both teams had to share locker rooms, the upper deck of Memorial Stadium did not circle the field, ending instead at the 50-yard line. Any expansion plans for the stadium had usually mentioned less attractive (and less expensive) end-zone seats, not upper deck seating. Lastly, the number of bathroom facilities in Memorial Stadium was deemed inadequate.[4]
Baltodome project[edit]
Maryland's planners came up with an ambitious project. Nicknamed the Baltodome,[6] the original plan was to create a facility near the city's Inner Harbor known as Camden Yards. The new stadium would host 70,000 fans for football games, 55,000 for baseball, and 20,000 as an arena for hockey or basketball. For an estimated $78 million, the city would build a facility that would have kept all parties happy; Orioles owner Hoffberger, Colts owner Irsay, the Stadium Complex Authority (whose Chairman Edmond Rovner reiterated in 1972 that "A major consideration in Mr. Irsay's trading of franchises was the city's firm commitment to proceed with these plans."[6]), Baltimore Mayor Schaefer, and the state's governor, Marvin Mandel.[4]
But the proposal did not receive support to pass the Maryland legislature, in spite of assurances that contributions from taxpayers would be limited strictly to city and state loans. On February 27, 1974, Maryland's Governor Mandel pulled the plug on the idea.[6] Orioles owner Jerold Hoffberger was blunt: "I will bow to the will of the people. They have told us what they want to tell us. First, they don't want a new park and second, they don't want a club."[4][6] Robert Irsay was willing to wait. "It's not a matter of saying that there will be no stadium. It's a matter of getting the facts together so everybody is happy when they build the stadium. I'm a patient man. I think the people of Baltimore are going to see those new stadiums in New Orleans and Seattle opening in a year or two around the country, and they are going to realize they need a stadium ... for conventions and other things besides football."[4][6]
But Hyman Pressman, Baltimore's comptroller, was against using any public funds to build a new stadium. During the 1974 elections, Pressman had an amendment to the city's charter placed on the fall ballot. Known as Question P,[4] the amendment called for declaring "the 33rd Street stadium as a memorial to war veterans and prohibiting use of city funds for construction of any other stadium." The measure passed 56 percent to 44 percent, and the same political motivations that had been used to upgrade the then Baltimore Stadium, originally built in 1922, in the late 1940s and rename it Memorial Stadium, effectively destroyed any chance of a new, modern sports complex being built in Baltimore.[4][6]
1975–1980[edit]
Although the Colts made the playoffs for three straight years from 1975 to 1977, there had still been no progress made on a new park for the team. Robert Irsay first spoke with Phoenix, Arizona in 1976 and then Indianapolis, Indiana in 1977 about the possibility of relocating his team to one of those cities. In 1976, he acknowledged publicly that he had received an "attractive offer" to move the franchise to Phoenix, Arizona.[6] Then, in 1977, he said, "I like Baltimore and want to stay there, but when are we going to find out something about our stadium? I'm getting offers from towns like Indianapolis to build me a new stadium and give me other inducements to move there. I dont want to but I'd like to see some action in Baltimore."[6] In 1979, Hoffberger sold the Orioles to Washington D.C. attorney Edward Bennett Williams, who declared 1980 to be a trial year for the fans of Baltimore. He then went on to explain his concerns with Memorial Stadium, saying it had "inadequate parking and inadequate access and egress. Frankly, I don't know if those problems will ever be solvable at that location."[6] Irsay began shopping the Colts around in earnest, talking first to officials from the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission, Memphis, Tennessee, and Jacksonville, Florida[5] where he visited the Gator Bowl packed with 50,000 cheering fans trying to convince him that Jacksonville would be the best home for the Colts. That same year Irsay presented Maryland's Governor Harry Hughes with a request for $25 million in renovation to the 64,124 seat Memorial Stadium.[7] Irsay's request for $25 million in improvements was decreased to $23 million by the Maryland legislature. The plan added more seats (but none of the revenue-generating skyboxes), improving the plumbing and would have given both teams better office space. The plan's approval was contingent on both the Colts and Baltimore Orioles signing long term leases. The Orioles challenged the requested football improvements and refused to sign anything more than a one-year lease. Irsay also refused to sign long term. As a result, the funds and improvements never came.[4][8]
Relocation to Indianapolis[edit]
"I have not any intentions of moving the goddamn team. If I did, I will tell you about it, but I'm staying here."
—Robert Irsay, January 20, 1984[9]
The Hoosier Dome was constructed with a view to attracting an NFL franchise to Indianapolis
Under the administration of Mayor (and future U.S. Senator) Richard Lugar and then continuing with successor William Hudnut, the City of Indianapolis was making a serious effort to reinvent itself into a "Great American City." In 1979, Indianapolis community leaders created the Indiana Sports Corp. in order to attract major sports events to central Indiana. The next year, Indianapolis Mayor William Hudnut appointed a committee to study the feasibility of building a new stadium that could serve primarily as a boon to the city's convention business and, secondarily, as a lure for an NFL team.[10]
Construction of the Hoosier Dome begins[edit]
In 1982, construction on the Hoosier Dome (later renamed the RCA Dome) began. Deputy Mayor David Frick, who would later lead the negotiations with the Colts and then go on to become chairman of the Indiana state commission that would oversee construction of the RCA Dome's replacement, Lucas Oil Stadium, would say that the RCA Dome was a key to changing the city's image. "Sports was an element in our game plan to change the image of the city back in the late 1970s, early 1980s."[10]
In February 1983, after relations between Irsay and the city of Baltimore had deteriorated significantly, Baltimore Mayor Schaefer asked the Maryland General Assembly to approve $15 million for renovation to Memorial Stadium. The legislature did not approve the request until the following spring, after the Colts' lease had expired, and only half of that $15 million would go toward improvements that the Colts were seeking (The other half for the Orioles').[citation needed] However, Baltimore reportedly did offer Irsay a $15 million loan at 6.5%, a guarantee of at least 43,000 tickets sold per game for six years, and the purchase of the team's Owings Mills training facility for $4 million.[5]
Negotiations with Phoenix and Indianapolis[edit]
On March 2, 1984 NFL owners voted to give Irsay permission to move his franchise to the city of his choosing.[11] Irsay continued discussions with several cities hungry for an NFL franchise (New York City, Phoenix, Arizona, Indianapolis, Indiana, Birmingham, Alabama, Jacksonville, Florida, and Memphis, Tennessee[12]) eventually narrowing the list of cities to two, Phoenix and Indianapolis.[13] In January 1984, Baltimore's mayor Schaefer stated, "We're not going to build a new stadium. We do not have the bonding capacity. We don't have the voters or taxpayer who can support a $60 million stadium. One-third of the people in Baltimore pay taxes. Unless private enterprise builds it, we won't build it."[6] The Phoenix Metropolitan Sports Foundation, headed by real estate developer Eddie Lynch, along with Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt and other top Arizona officials, had secretly met with Irsay early in January 1984.[11] Preliminary talks seemed promising. Phoenix was offering a below market rate $15 million loan and rent-free use of the 71,000 seat Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University. (Sun Devil Stadium would later serve as the home to the Arizona Cardinals from 1988 to 2005 after the team moved there from St. Louis, Missouri; that team has since moved into University of Phoenix Stadium within that market.) A second meeting was scheduled between Irsay and the Phoenix group. But when word of a second scheduled meeting leaked out and was reported by the media on the Friday before the Super Bowl, Irsay canceled.[13] Meanwhile, Indianapolis and local real estate developer Robert Welch, were lobbying the NFL to bring an expansion team to the city, with Welch as team owner. Welch also had personal discussions with New Orleans Saints owner John Mecom about buying the team and moving it to Indianapolis.
In January 1984, NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle announced that expansion had been put on hold. As a result of that announcement, Indiana Pacers' owner Herb Simon contacted Colts officials in order to take negotiations between the club and Indianapolis to the next level. Mayor Hudnut then assigned deputy mayor David Frick to begin secret negotiations with Colts counsel Michael Chernoff. On February 13, Colts representatives came to town to look at the Hoosier Dome construction.[14] Colts owner Robert Irsay visited on February 23. "He [Irsay] was visibly moved," former deputy mayor Dave Frick said commenting on Irsay's reaction to entering the brand new domed stadium. "Emotionally, he was making the move."[15]
Meanwhile, in Baltimore, the Maryland State Legislature became involved in the dispute. On March 27, 1984, the Maryland Senate passed legislation giving the city of Baltimore the right to seize ownership of the Colts by eminent domain,[5] an idea first floated in a memo written by Baltimore mayoral aide Mark Wasserman. Robert Irsay said that his move was "a direct result" of the eminent domain bill.[8] Chernoff would say of the move by the Maryland legislature: "They not only threw down the gauntlet, but they put a gun to his head and cocked it and asked, 'Want to see if it's loaded?' They forced him to make a decision that day."[5][14]
March 29, 1984[edit]
Although Maryland Governor Harry Hughes signed a bill allowing the city of Baltimore to seize the Colts by eminent domain, it was too late to prevent the organization from moving to Indianapolis.
On March 28, 1984, due to the Maryland Senate's actions, the Phoenix group withdrew its offer.[16] That afternoon, Irsay paid a call to Mayor Hudnut and the city of Indianapolis offered the Colts owner a $12.5 million loan, a $4 million training complex, and the use of the brand new $77.5 million, 57,980 seat Hoosier Dome. Irsay agreed, which set a chain of events into motion that would bring about the move.[17]
After he got off the phone with Irsay, Hudnut called his neighbor and friend, John B. Smith, after the deal was finalized. Smith was the chief executive officer of Mayflower Transit, an Indiana-based moving company, and Hudnut asked him to assist the team in their move. Smith sent fifteen Mayflower trucks to Owings Mills and they arrived at the Colts' facility at around 10 p.m. The reasoning for the late hour of the move was out of fear that the Maryland House of Delegates would also approve the eminent domain bill the State Senate had, which would have resulted in the team being seized the next morning once Maryland Governor Harry Hughes signed the bill into law.[18][14] Workers loaded all of the team's belongings and the trucks left for Indianapolis.[19] Within eight hours of the Mayflower trucks' arrival in Owings Mills, the Colts were completely gone from Baltimore.[20] Later that day, the House of Delegates indeed passed the bill by a count of 103–19 and Governor Hughes signed it, but by that time it was too late.[21]
All fifteen moving trucks took a different route to Indianapolis from Baltimore, done as a diversion tactic so the Maryland State Police could not delay them until the eminent domain law was signed (which they would have been able to act upon once it took effect to force the Colts back to Baltimore). Once a truck got to Indiana, the Indiana State Police would meet it and escort it to Indianapolis—a process repeated until all fifteen vans had reached the destination. Indianapolis Mayor Hudnut held a press conference March 29 to announce the agreement.[22] The deal was sealed March 30 with approval by the Capital Improvement Board, which operated the Hoosier Dome. Two days later, 20,000 new Colts fans cheered as Mayor Hudnut proclaimed March 29, 1984, "one of the greatest days in the history of this city."[10] Baltimore's Mayor Schaefer appeared on the front page of the Baltimore Sun in tears. After the Colts left, and in spite of his earlier stance that the city of Baltimore would not build a new stadium,[6] he placed the building of a new stadium at the top of his legislative agenda.[8]
Later John Moag, Jr., chairman of the Maryland Stadium Authority, stated in sworn testimony before the U.S. Senate subcommittee responsible for the Fan Freedom and Community Protection Act: "It was the failure of our local (Baltimore) and state elected officials in Maryland to provide the Colts with a firm proposal for a new stadium that led Mr. Irsay to accept an offer from Indianapolis to play in a new dome in that city."[23]
Aftermath[edit]
Not only were Baltimore Colts' fans heartbroken about losing their team, but they also lost the team name. (The Colts were named in honor of the city's Preakness Stakes and Maryland horse farmers.) In elections that year, city voters repealed Question P by a measure of 62 percent to 38 percent. However, the amendment's author (Hyman Pressman) remained as an elected City Comptroller for 28 years (seven terms in a row) until retiring in 1991.[24] The team's move triggered a flurry of legal activity, which ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court and bills were filed in both the U.S. House and Senate seeking to block the move. In December 1985, a U.S. District Court judge threw out the lawsuit which sought to return the team to Maryland, though the city of Baltimore was allowed to keep the Vince Lombardi Trophy that the Colts won in Super Bowl V.
The United States Football League reacted promptly to the move. The league's 1984 champions, the Philadelphia Stars, relocated to Baltimore for the 1985 season to capitalize on the departure of the Colts. Unfortunately for the Stars, the Colts, despite abandoning Memorial Stadium, were still able to block the Stars from using it,[citation needed] forcing the team to move to the University of Maryland's Byrd Stadium, much closer to Washington, D.C and over 30 miles south of Baltimore. The rechristened "Baltimore Stars" won the 1985 championship as well. Had the USFL played its proposed fall season in 1986, Baltimore, by virtue of not being up against an NFL team in its market, would have been a part of it, but the league suspended operations and ultimately folded before the season could take place.
Representatives of Baltimore and the Colts organization reached a settlement in March 1986 in which all lawsuits regarding the relocation were dismissed, and the Colts would endorse a new NFL team for Baltimore.[14]
The Colts' move prompted city and state officials to redouble efforts to retain Baltimore's remaining major-league team, the Orioles. Oriole Park at Camden Yards, a facility designed specifically for baseball, was constructed near the proposed Baltodome site and opened in 1992. Its retro-classic design was well-received and inspired the designs of new MLB stadiums for the next twenty years.[25]
One aspect that would remain in Baltimore would be the Baltimore Colts Marching Band. According to an ESPN 30 for 30 documentary called The Band That Wouldn't Die, directed by Baltimore native Barry Levinson, band leaders got advance warning that the team was being moved from Baltimore to Indianapolis overnight and were able to remove their equipment from team headquarters before the moving vans arrived. At the time of the move, the band's uniforms were being dry-cleaned. Band President John Ziemann contacted the owner of the dry cleaners, who was sympathetic, told Ziemann where the uniforms were and offered to let Ziemann take the company van "for a walk".[26] Ziemann and some associates then hid the uniforms in a nearby cemetery until the wife of then-Colts owner Robert Irsay said they could keep them. From 1984 until the NFL returned to Baltimore in 1996, the band stayed together, playing at football halftime shows and marching in parades, eventually becoming well known as "Baltimore's Pro-Football Musical Ambassadors".[27] The band remained an all-volunteer band as it is today and supported itself. At one point, John Ziemann pawned his wife's wedding ring for the money to buy new equipment.[26]
Colts Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas, who had settled with his family in Baltimore after his playing career was over, was angered by the move to Indianapolis and cut all ties with the team.[28] Unitas aligned himself with the Ravens when they moved to Baltimore, and a statue of him was placed outside of M&T Bank Stadium.[29]
When the Canadian Football League decided to expand into the United States in the mid-1990s, Baltimore was viewed as a natural selection for an American CFL team, both because the city was much larger closer to Canada than the other expansion teams' markets, but also on account of the city's lingering bitterness toward the NFL. The Baltimore Stallions were originally named the Baltimore CFL Colts, but an injunction by the NFL compelled the name change to Stallions. Even after the name change, the team continued to use the logo and colours that had originally been designed for the "CFL Colts." After winning a division championship in its first year and then winning the Grey Cup the next, the team disbanded after the NFL's return to Baltimore became inevitable. The Stallions' ownership and front office staff subsequently established a "new" CFL team in the Canadian city of Montreal, where they were able to re-sign much of the Stallions' roster. The CFL subsequently recognized the "new" Montreal Alouettes to be a resumption of the previous Alouettes franchise that had ceased operations in 1987 and not a continuation of the Baltimore Stallions.
Ironically, the NFL would return to Baltimore in a very similar manner to the way in which it left. On November 6, 1995, Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell announced his intention to move the Browns to Baltimore for the 1996 NFL season. Like most other sports teams relocations including that of the Colts, Modell had intended on keeping the Browns name, colors, history, trophies, archives, and other artifacts with him to Baltimore for the rechristened Baltimore Browns. Like the Colts' move, the Browns' relocation led to lawsuits by the City of Cleveland. At the same time, a number of Baltimore football fans balked at Modell's intention to rechristen his team as the "Baltimore Browns." As badly as they wanted to see the NFL return, they were uneasy at the prospect of taking Cleveland's football history in a manner that seemed similar to how they believed Irsay had taken the Colts' legacy with him to Indianapolis.
Eventually, Modell agreed to a settlement with the NFL that granted him an "expansion" franchise in Baltimore that in turn would assume the then-current contracts of Cleveland Browns players and personnel. However, he was required to leave the Browns' name, colors, history, records, trophies, awards and archives in Cleveland. However, no owner was ready to start a new football organization on such short notice, and Cleveland Stadium had been ruled out even for temporary use until a new stadium could be built. Without a viable owner or facility available in Cleveland, the league agreed to allow the Browns to officially suspend operations until the 1999 NFL season. That season, the Browns resumed operations complete with an established name, colors, history, records, trophies, awards, and archives. For all intents and purposes, however, they were an expansion team with a roster stocked primarily via an expansion draft similar to every other North American professional sports team established in the modern era. The last NFL team to completely suspend operations temporarily, coincidentally, was also a Cleveland team at the time: the Rams, who suspended operations for one year in 1943 because of World War II, moved to Los Angeles in 1946.
Modell's "expansion" franchise in Baltimore would subsequently become the Baltimore Ravens, and would later adopt the Colts Marching Band, which in 1998, when the team, which had played its first two seasons at Memorial Stadium, moved into a new stadium at Camden Yards, was renamed Baltimore's Marching Ravens.
The Ravens play the Colts in the 2012-13 playoffs.
The Colts' final game in Baltimore was played on December 18, 1983 against the Houston Oilers. The Colts won 20–10. Thirteen years later the Oilers would play their final game before moving to Tennessee against the Baltimore Ravens at Memorial Stadium (the Tennessee Titans are currently one of the Colts' division rivals). The Colts would not play another game in Baltimore until 1998. Since then, the Colts have played in Baltimore several more times during the regular season (most recently in 2012). The teams have had three playoff match-ups, playing two in Baltimore (2006 and 2012), and one in Indianapolis (2009). The Colts won the 2006 game en route to their first Super Bowl win since moving to Indianapolis. The Colts also won the 2009 game but lost the 2012 game, in what was Ray Lewis' last home game. The current rivalry between the two teams is in favor of the Colts (who lead the series ten wins to four overall [8-3 in the regular season, and 2-1 in the playoffs]). In each game that Indianapolis has played in Baltimore the scoreboard has listed only the city, Indy, never acknowledging the team's name, Colts.
Punter Rohn Stark was the last active NFL player who played for the Colts while in Baltimore, retiring after the 1997 NFL season. Stark is also the only player to play for the Baltimore Colts and against the Baltimore Ravens (no player ever played for both the Baltimore Colts and Baltimore Ravens). Ted Marchibroda is the only person to coach the Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Ravens, and the Indianapolis Colts.
Since the formation of the Ravens, both teams have won the Super Bowl. The Ravens won Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII, while the Colts won Super Bowl XLI and played in Super Bowl XLIV. As of the 2015 NFL season, the Colts have now played in Indianapolis longer than Baltimore.
See also[edit]
Relocation of professional sports teams
History of the Baltimore Colts
History of the Indianapolis Colts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, Phillip B. (January 4, 2013). "Colts' move still stings for some in Baltimore". USA Today. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Colts May Build Own Stadium". Free Lance-Star. November 18, 1968. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Descendants of the Mayflower by Michael Devitt". Tripod.com. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Swift, E.M. (December 15, 1986). "NOW YOU SEE HIM, NOW YOU DON'T". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Morgan, Jon (1997). Glory for Sale: Fans, Dollars, and the New NFL. Bancroft Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780963124654. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Euchner, Charles C. (1994-09-01). Playing the Field: Why Sports Teams Move and Cities Fight to Keep Them. JHU Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780801849732. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Euchner, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Jon (January 15, 1997). "Robert Irsay, Colts owner, dies at 73 Controversial figure broke fans' hearts, moving team to Ind.". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Galer, Sara (January 4, 2008). "RCA Dome nears last game". WTHR. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Colt's Irsay reportedly leaning towards Phoenix". Palm Beach Post. Associated Press. March 17, 1984. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
Jump up ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE; New Talks on Colts". New York Times. 1984-02-28. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Descendants of the Mayflower – A History of the Indianapolis Colts". Tripod.com. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "History of the Indianapolis Colts". The Indianapolis Star. December 29, 2000. Archived from the original on August 6, 2001. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richards, Phil (August 14, 2008). "The dome that put Indy on the map". The Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Phoenix bid to Irsay is withdrawn". The Daily Courier. UPI. March 28, 1984. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ Bell, Steve (April 2, 2014). "Flashback: The Colts Come to Indy—30 Years Later". Indianapolis Monthly. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Baltimore Colts timeline: anatomy of a move". The Baltimore Sun. March 26, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Dave (March 29, 1984). "Twelve Vans to Indianapolis". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ward, Tyler (June 12, 2012). "What Would Have Happened If the Colts Never Moved to Indianapolis?". Bleacher Report. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hank Lowenkron (March 30, 1984). "Now they're the Indianapolis Colts". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Mayor Hudnut at Press Conference to Announce the Move of the Colts from Baltimore to Indianapolis, March 1984". Bringing the Colts to Indianapolis. University of Indianapolis Digital Mayoral Archives. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Should Congress Stop the Bidding War for Sports Franchises? Volume 3: Municipal Authorities" (PDF). The Heartland Institute. August 1996. p. 25. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Erin (May 17, 2006). "The Next Mayor Is...: ...Out There Somewhere. Who Wants the Job, And Who Could Actually Win It?". Baltimore City Paper. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Justice, Richard (April 3, 2012). "Marlins Park a work of art in every facet". MLB.com. Retrieved May 8, 2017. When Camden Yards opened in 1992, it marked a departure from the cookie-cutter flying-saucer parks of the previous two decades. It was constructed of steel and brick and concrete, with the hope of taking fans back to a day when ballparks really were parks. Major League Baseball was changed forever. For the next 20 years, most new parks had a retro feel to them.
^ Jump up to: a b Hornaday, Ann (October 8, 2009). "Film Salutes the Baltimore Colts (Yes, Colts) Marching Band". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Staff". Baltimore Ravens. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ SIMERS, T. J. (13 January 1996). "Scratch These Colts : Unitas and Matte Don't Think About How Their Former Team Is Doing, Because They Don't Consider Indianapolis Their Former Team". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuttler, Hillel (24 January 2013). "Ravens Maintain Ties to Baltimore Colts". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
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Widget (beer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Guinness floating widget
Guinness beer bottle widget
A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head. The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness. The "floating widget" is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere, approximately 3 cm in diameter (similar in appearance to a table tennis ball, but smaller) with at least one small hole and a seam. The "rocket widget" is found in bottles, 7 cm in length with the small hole at the bottom.[1]
Contents
1 Background
2 Method
3 Development
4 Beer glass widget
5 References
6 Bibliography
Background[edit]
Draught Guinness, as it is known today, was first produced in 1964. With Guinness keen to produce draught beer packaged for consumers to drink at home, Bottled Draught Guinness was formulated in 1978 and launched into the Irish market in 1979. It was never actively marketed internationally as it required an "initiator" device, which looked rather like a syringe, to make it work.
Method[edit]
Some canned beers are pressurized by adding liquid nitrogen, which vaporises and expands in volume after the can is sealed, forcing gas and beer into the widget's hollow interior through a tiny hole—the less beer the better for subsequent head quality. In addition, some nitrogen dissolves in the beer which also contains dissolved carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally excluded as its presence can cause flavour deterioration.
The presence of dissolved nitrogen allows smaller bubbles to be formed, which increases the creaminess of the head. This is because the smaller bubbles need a higher internal pressure to balance the greater surface tension, which is inversely proportional to the radius of the bubbles. Achieving this higher pressure would not be possible with just dissolved carbon dioxide, as the greater solubility of this gas compared to nitrogen would create an unacceptably large head.
When the can is opened, the pressure in the can quickly drops, causing the pressurised gas and beer inside the widget to jet out from the hole. This agitation on the surrounding beer causes a chain reaction of bubble formation throughout the beer. The result, when the can is then poured out, is a surging mixture in the glass of very small gas bubbles and liquid.
This is the case with certain types of draught beer such as draught stouts. In the case of these draught beers, which before dispensing also contain a mixture of dissolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the agitation is caused by forcing the beer under pressure through small holes in a restrictor in the tap. The surging mixture gradually settles to produce a very creamy head.
Development[edit]
Expired British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969
Diagram of Acorn Can
In 1969 two Guinness brewers at Guinness's St James's Gate brewery in Dublin, Tony Carey and Sammy Hildebrand, developed a system for producing draught type Guinness from cans or bottles through the discharge of gas from an internal compartment. It was patented in British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969, with a complete specification published 8 March 1972.
Development work on a can system under Project ACORN (Advanced Cans Of Rich Nectar) focused on an arrangement whereby a false lid underneath the main lid formed the gas chamber (see diagram below right).
Technical difficulties led to this approach being put on hold, and Guinness instead concentrated on bottles using external initiators. Subsequently, Guinness allowed this patent to lapse and it was not until Ernest Saunders centralised the company's research and development in 1984 that work restarted on this invention, under the direction of Alan Forage.
Development sequence for canned draught Guinness
Development sequence for bottled draught Guinness
The design of an internal compartment that could be readily inserted during the canning process was devised by Alan Forage and William Byrne, and work started on the widget during the period 1984–85. The plan was to introduce a plastic capsule into the can, pressurise it during the filling process and then allow it to release this pressure in a controlled manner when the can was opened. This would be sufficient to initiate the product and give it the characteristic creamy head. However, Tony Carey observed that this resulted in beer being forced into the widget during pressurisation, which reduced the quality of the head. He suggested overcoming this by rapidly inverting the can after the lid was seamed on. This extra innovation proved successful.
The first samples sent to Dublin were labelled "Project Dynamite", which caused some delay before customs and excise would release the samples.[citation needed] Because of this the name was changed to Oaktree in recognition of the earlier ACORN project. Another name that changed was "inserts"; the operators called them "widgets" almost immediately after they arrived on site, a name that has now stuck with the industry.[citation needed]
The development of ideas continued and more than one hundred alternatives were considered. The blow-moulded widget was to be pierced with a laser and a blower was then necessary to blow away the plume created by the laser burning through the polypropylene. This was abandoned and instead it was decided to gas-exchange air for nitrogen on the filler,[2] and produce the inserts with a hole in place using straightforward and cheaper injection-moulding techniques.
Commissioning began January 1988, with a national launch date of March 1989. This first-generation widget was a plastic disc held in place by friction in the bottom of the can. This method worked fine if the beer was served cold; when served warm the can would overflow when opened. The floating widget, which Guinness calls the "Smoothifier", was launched in 1997 and does not have this problem.
The diagrams on the left show the development sequences for canned and bottled draught Guinness from 1969 to 1988.
The idea for the widget soon became popular. John Smith's started to include widgets in their cans in 1994 and many beer brands in the UK now use widgets, often alongside regular carbonated products.
Although patented by Guinness, the widget was actually invented by John Lunn, MD of Mclennons of Birmingham, who went on to invent a second for Whitbread and Heineken, so that Whitbread could launch Draught Boddingtons in a can and Murphy's. Lunn then later invented a third widget, the floating one, with two one-way valves, which is the widget that all brewers use now.
Beer glass widget[edit]
Circular widget etched in the base of a standard pint glass
Comparison of bubbles formed in a glass containing a widget (left) and one with a smooth base (right).
The term widget glass can be used to refer to a laser-etched pattern at the bottom of a beer glass which aids the release of carbon dioxide bubbles.[3] The pattern of the etching can be anything from a simple circular or chequered design to a logo or text.
The widget in the base of a beer glass works by creating a nucleation point, allowing the CO2 to be released from the liquid which comes into contact with it, thus assisting in maintaining head on the beer. This has become increasingly popular with Fosters, Estrella and others using them in public houses in the UK.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Daithí Ó hAnluain (17 December 2001). "Foaming Over Guinness in a Bottle". Wired. Cork, Ireland. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Nicholas; John Kuzniarski (3 August 1993). "CA Patent 1320934 - Gas Dissolving Method". Retrieved 2009-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Widget Glass". www.probertencyclopaedia.com. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
Bibliography[edit]
Carey & Hildebrand,Improved method of and means for dispensing carbonated liquids from containers, UK Patent 1266351, published 8 March 1972 — the original invention behind the modern widget.
Forage, et al., "Beverage package and a method of packaging a beverage containing gas in solution". United States Patent 4,832,968. 23 May 1989.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Widget_(beer)&oldid=851118248"
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Industrial gases
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