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Cultivation of tobacco
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Tobacco plants growing in a field in Intercourse, Pennsylvania, 2006
The cultivation of tobacco usually takes place annually. The tobacco is germinated in cold frames or hotbeds and then transplanted to the field until it matures. It is grown in warm climates with rich, well-drained soil. About 4.2 million hectares of tobacco were under cultivation worldwide in 2000, yielding over seven million tonnes of tobacco.[1]
Contents
1 Sowing and growth
2 Harvest
3 Global production
3.1 Trends
3.2 Major producers
3.2.1 United States
3.2.2 China
3.2.3 Brazil
3.2.4 India
3.3 Problems in tobacco production
3.3.1 Child labor
3.3.2 Economy
3.3.3 Environment
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Sowing and growth[edit]
Tobacco cultivation in a dry river bed, Tireli, Mali, 1980
Tobacco seeds are scattered onto the surface of the soil, as their germination is activated by light. In colonial Virginia, seedbeds were fertilized with wood ash or animal manure (frequently powdered horse manure). Seedbeds were then covered with branches to protect the young plants from frost damage, and the plants were left alone until around April.
In the 19th century, young plants came under increasing attack from certain types of flea beetles, Epitrix cucumeris or Epitrix pubescens, which destroyed half the U.S. tobacco crops in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the flea beetle. By 1880, growers discovered that replacing the branches with a frame covered with thin fabric effectively protected plants from the beetle. This practice spread, becoming ubiquitous in the 1890s.
In Asian, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent, the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) is a great pest to the tobacco plant. The caterpillar's vigorous eating habits can cause up 23-50% in yield losses, resulting in economic strain to the local agricultural economies.[2] The cabbage looper is also known to have caused damage to tobacco plants in North Carolina, which became a concern as farmers lacked a suitable method for controlling the caterpillars.[3]
Shade tobacco is the practice of growing the plants under a screen of cheesecloth fabric. The thin leaves were used for the outer wrappings of cigars.[4]
Harvest[edit]
Basma leaves drying in the sun at Pomak village of Xanthi, Greece, 2001
Tobacco harvesters in the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia) around 1920.
Tobacco can be harvested in several ways. In the oldest method, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a sickle. In the nineteenth century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. As the plants grow, they usually require topping and suckering. "Topping" is the removal of the tobacco flowers while "suckering" is the pruning out of leaves that are otherwise unproductive. Both procedures ensure that as much of the plant's energy as possible focuses on producing the large leaves that are harvested and sold. "Cropping", "Pulling", and "Priming" are terms for removing mature leaves from tobacco plants. Leaves are cropped as they ripen, from the bottom to the top of the stalk.
The first crop of leaves located near the base of the tobacco stalk are called "sand lugs" in more rural southern tobacco states. They are called "sand lugs" because these leaves are close to the ground and get splashed with sand and clay when heavy rains hit the soil. Sand lugs weigh the most, and are most difficult to work with. Their weight is due to their large size and the added weight of soil; slaves lugged each stack to the "stringer" or "looper", typically a female slave, who bundled each stack of leaves. Eventually, workers carried the tobacco and placed it on sleds or trailers.
As the industrial revolution approached America, the harvesting wagons that transported leaves were equipped with man powered stringers, an apparatus that used twine to attach leaves to a pole. In modern times, large fields are harvested by a single piece of farm equipment, though topping the flower and in some cases the plucking of immature leaves is still done by hand.
Some farmers still use "tobacco harvesters". They are not very efficient yet highly cost effective for harvesting premium and rare strains of tobacco. The harvester trailers for in-demand crops are now pulled by diesel fueled tractors. "Croppers" or "primers" pull the leaves off in handfuls and pass these to the "stringer" or "looper", which bundles the leaves to a four-sided pole with twine. These poles are hung until the harvester is full. The poles are then placed in a much larger wagon to be pulled by modern farm tractors to their destination. For rare tobaccos they are often cured on the farm. Traditionally, the slaves who cropped and pulled had a particularly tough time with the first pull of the large, dirty, base leaves. The leaves slapped their faces and dark tobacco sap, which dries into a dark gum, covered their bodies, and then soil stuck to the gum.
There was one perk however: nicotine in tobacco acts as a powerful insecticide. Slaves could enjoy a bug free day of forced labor when harvesting tobacco. The croppers were men, and the stringers, who were seated on the higher elevated seats, were women and children. The harvesters had places for one team of ten workers: eight people cropping and stringing, plus a packer who moved the heavy strung poles of wet green tobacco from the stringers and packed them onto the pallet section of the harvester, plus a horseman. The outer seats were suspended from the harvester - slung out over to fit into the rows of tobacco. As these seats were suspended it was important to balance the weight of the two outside teams (similar to a playground see-saw). Having too heavy or light a person in an unbalanced combination often resulted in the harvester tipping over especially when turning around at the end of a row. Water tanks were a common feature on the harvester due to heat and danger of dehydration.
Global production[edit]
Trends[edit]
Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, during which 4.2 million tons of leaf were produced, and 1997, during which 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced.[5] According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the UN, tobacco leaf production is expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record high production of 1992, during which 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced.[6] The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%.[7]
During that same time period, production in developed countries actually decreased.[6] China's increase in tobacco production was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997.[5] This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a high import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff has been reduced from 64% in 1999 to 10% in 2004,[8] it still has led to local, Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost.
Every year 6.7 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (39.6%), India (8.3%), Brazil (7.0%) and the United States (4.6%).[9]
Major producers[edit]
Worldwide tobacco production
United States[edit]
In the United States, as of 2014 North Carolina was the largest producer of tobacco, with around 1,800 tobacco farms employing 30,000 workers yielding in 400 million pounds of the crop annually.[10]
In the US, the decline in the number of smokers, the end of the Tobacco Transition Payment Program in 2014, and competition from growers in other countries, made tobacco farming economics more challenging as of 2015.[11]
China[edit]
At the peak of global tobacco production, there were 20 million rural Chinese households producing tobacco on 2.1 million hectares of land.[12] While it is the major crop for millions of Chinese farmers, growing tobacco is not as profitable as cotton or sugar cane. This is because the Chinese government sets the market price. While this price is guaranteed, it is lower than the natural market price because of the lack of market risk. To further control tobacco in their borders, China founded the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA) in 1982. STMA controls tobacco production, marketing, imports, and exports; and contributed 1.3% to national income between 1982 and 2004.[13]
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil around 135,000 family farmers cite tobacco production as their main economic activity.[12] Tobacco has never exceeded 0.7% of the country's total cultivated area.[14] In the southern regions of Brazil, Virginia and Amarelinho flue-cured tobacco as well as Burley and Dark (Galpão Comum) air-cured tobacco are produced. These types of tobacco are used for cigarettes. In the northeast, darker, air-cured and sun-cured tobacco are grown. These types of tobacco are used for cigars, twists and dark-cigarettes.[14] Brazil's government has made attempts to reduce the production of tobacco, but has not had a successful systematic anti-tobacco farming initiative. Brazil's government, however, provides small loans for family farms, including those that grow tobacco, through the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF).[15]
India[edit]
India has 96,865 registered tobacco farmers[16] and many more who are not registered. Around 0.25% of India's cultivated land is used for tobacco production.[17] Since 1947, the Indian government has supported growth in the tobacco industry. India has seven tobacco research centers that are located in Jeelugumilli, A.P., Kandukuru, A.P., Guntur, A.P., Kalavacherla, A.P., Hunsur, Karnataka., Vedasandur, Tamil Nadu, Dinhata, West Bengal and Rajamundry houses the core research institute. The government has set up Tobacco Board, Guntur which works to increase exports of Indian tobacco. Guntur is also well known place for tobacco plantation. The Central Tobacco Research Institute works under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.[18] Tobacco crop is cultivated in an area of 0.45 M ha (0.27% of the net cultivated area) producing ≈750 M kg of tobacco leaf. India is the 2nd largest producer and exporter (in quantity terms) after China and Brazil, respectively. The production of Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco is about 300 million kg from an area of 0.20 M ha while 450 M kg non-FCV tobacco is produced from an area of 0.25 M ha. In the global scenario, Indian tobacco accounts for 10% of the area and 9% of the total production. By virtue of the dominant role played by this commercial crop, the Indian Central Tobacco Committee (ICTC) established Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI) in Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh) in 1947. The Institute was under the administrative control of ICTC, Madras from 1947 to 1965 and subsequently transferred to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. ICAR acts as a repository of information and provides consultancy on agriculture, horticulture, resource management, animal sciences, agricultural engineering, fisheries, agricultural extension, agricultural education, home science, and agricultural communication. It has the mandate to co-ordinate agricultural research and development programmes and to develop linkages at national and international level with related organisations to enhance the quality of life of the farming community.
Problems in tobacco production[edit]
Child labor[edit]
The International Labour Office reported that the most child-laborers work in agriculture, which is one of the most hazardous types of work.[19][not in citation given (See discussion.)] The tobacco industry houses some of these working children. There is widespread use of children on farms in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malawi and Zimbabwe.[20] While some of these children work with their families on small family-owned farms, others work on large plantations. In late 2009 reports were released by the London-based human-rights group Plan International, claiming that child labor was common on Malawi (producer of 1.8% of the world's tobacco[5]) tobacco farms. The organization interviewed 44 teens, who worked full-time on farms during the 2007-2008 growing season. The child-laborers complained of low pay, long hours as well as physical and sexual abuse by their supervisors.[21] They also reported suffering from green tobacco sickness, a form of nicotine poisoning. When wet leaves are handled, nicotine from the leaves gets absorbed in the skin and causes nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Children were exposed to 50-cigarettes worth of nicotine through direct contact with tobacco leaves. This level of nicotine in children can permanently alter brain structure and function.[19][not in citation given (See discussion.)]
In 2014, Human Rights Watch released a report detailing child labor on U.S. tobacco farms. The report states 73% of the children they interviewed reported getting sick with nausea, headaches, respiratory illnesses, and skin conditions, while 66% reported symptoms consistent with acute nicotine poisoning.[22] The report states most children they interviewed worked between 10 and 12 hours per day and some children reported earning less than minimum wage with deductions by the contractor or grower for drinking water or for reasons that were not explained to them.[23]
In United States children were found to be working for 12 Hours in Tobacco Fields.[24]
Families that farm tobacco often have to make the difficult decision between having their children work or go to school. Unfortunately working often beats education because tobacco farmers, especially in the developing world, cannot make enough money from their crop to survive without the cheap labor that children provide.
Economy[edit]
A large percent of the profits from tobacco production go to large tobacco companies rather than local tobacco farmers. Also many countries have government subsidies for tobacco farming.[25] Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production. Philip Morris, British American Tobacco and Japan Tobacco each own or lease tobacco manufacturing facilities in at least 50 countries and buy crude tobacco leaf from at least 12 more countries.[26] This encouragement, along with government subsidies has led to a glut in the tobacco market. This surplus has resulted in lower prices, which are devastating to small-scale tobacco farmers. According to the World Bank, between 1985 and 2000 the inflation-adjusted price of tobacco dropped 37%.[27]
Environment[edit]
Tobacco production requires the use of a large amount of pesticides. Tobacco companies recommend up to 16 separate applications of pesticides just in the period between planting the seeds in greenhouses and transplanting the young plants to the field.[28] Pesticide use has been worsened by the desire to produce bigger crops in less time because of the decreasing market value of tobacco. Pesticides often harm tobacco farmers because they are unaware of the health effects and the proper safety protocol for working with pesticides. These pesticides as well as fertilizers, end up in the soil, the waterway and the food chain.[29] Coupled with child labor, pesticides pose an even greater threat. Early exposure to pesticides may increase a child's lifelong cancer risk as well as harm his or her nervous and immune systems.[30]
Tobacco is often heavily fertilized.[31] Some of the mineral apatite in Florida used to produce phosphate for U.S.A. tobacco crops contains uranium, radium, lead-210 and polonium-210 and radon.[32][33] The radioactive smoke from tobacco fertilized this way is deposited in lungs[34] and releases radiation even if a smoker quits the habit.[34] The combination of carcinogenic tar and radiation in a sensitive organ such as lungs increases the risk of cancer[citation needed]. If the smoker also breathes in the asbestos fibers which commonly occur in urban and industrial environments, the risk of cancer is greatly increased[citation needed].
See also[edit]
Tobacco
References[edit]
Jump up ^ FAO projections of tobacco production, consumption, and trade to the year 2010 (2003) http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4956E/Y4956E00.HTM
Jump up ^ "NOCTUIDAE - Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)" (PDF). LepIntercept.
Jump up ^ Elsey, K. D.; Rabb, R. L. (1967-12-01). "Biology of the Cabbage Looper on Tobacco In North Carolina1". Journal of Economic Entomology. 60 (6): 1636–1639. doi:10.1093/jee/60.6.1636. ISSN 0022-0493.
Jump up ^ McGregory, Jerrilyn (1997-04-01). Wiregrass Country. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 30–. ISBN 9780878059263. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Projection of tobacco production, consumption and trade for the year 2010." Rome, 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Higher World Tobacco use expected by 2010-growth rates slowing down." (Rome, 2004).
Jump up ^ Rowena Jacobs, et. al, "The Supply-Side Effects Of Tobacco Control Policies," in Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, Jha and Chaloupka eds., Oxford University Press, 2000.
Jump up ^ Hu T-W, Mao Z, et al. "China at the Crossroads: The Economics of Tobacco and Health". Tobacco Control. 2006;15:i37–i41.
Jump up ^ US Census Bureau-Foreign Trade Statistics, (Washington DC; 2005)
Jump up ^ "Just 13, and Working Risky 12-Hour Shifts in the Tobacco Fields". The New York Times. September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bomey, Nathan (September 2, 2015). "Thousands of farmers stopped growing tobacco after deregulation payouts". USA Today.
^ Jump up to: a b Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Issues in the Global Tobacco Economy"
Jump up ^ People's Republic of China. "State Tobacco Monopoly Administration <<http://www.gov.cn/english/2005-10/03/content_74295.htm>>.
^ Jump up to: a b International Tobacco Growers' Association. "Tobacco Farming: Sustainable Alternative." Volume II East Sussix:
Jump up ^ High Level Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. "Report from South America." 2006.
Jump up ^ Shoba, John and Shailesh Vaite. Tobacco and Poverty: Observations from India and Bangladesh. Canada, 2002.
Jump up ^ 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Issues in the Global Tobacco Economy"
Jump up ^ "About Institute- CTRI,Rajahmundry". www.ctri.org.in. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b ILO. International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations: Field Crop Worker
Jump up ^ UNICEF, The State of the World's Children 1997 (Oxford, 1997); US Department of Agriculture By the Sweat and Toil of Children Volume II: The Use of Child Labor in US Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor (Washington, 1995); ILO Bitter Harvest: Child Labour in Agriculture (Geneva, 1997); ILO Child Labour on Commercial Agriculture in Africa (Geneva 1997)
Jump up ^ Plan International. "Malawi Child Tobacco Pickers' '50-a-day habit" http://plan-international.org/about-plan/resources/media-centre/press-releases/malawi-child-tobacco-pickers-50-a-day-habit/?searchterm=tobacco
Jump up ^ "Tobacco's Hidden Children - Hazardous Child Labor in United States Tobacco Farming". hrw.org. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tobacco's Hidden Children - Hazardous Child Labor in United States Tobacco Farming". hrw.org. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Just 13, and Working Risky 12-Hour Shifts in the Tobacco Fields". The New York Times. September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tobacco Epidemic: Much More than a Health Issue" (PDF). Fact sheet N°155. Geneva: World Health Organization Press Office. May 1997. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ "International Cigarette Manufacturers," Tobacco Reporter, March 2001
Jump up ^ 14. Tobacco Free Kids. "Golden Leaf, Barren Harvest: The Costs of Tobacco Farming." http://tobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/FCTCreport1.pdf
Jump up ^ Taylor, Peter, "Smoke Ring: The Politics of Tobacco", Panos Briefing Paper, September 1994, London
Jump up ^ FAO Yearbook, Production, Volume 48, 1995
Jump up ^ National Research Council, 1995, Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, National Academy Press.
Jump up ^ Moore, J. M.; Harris, G. H. "Fertilization" (PDF). www.caes.uga.edu. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Proctor, Robert N. (2006-12-01). "Puffing on Polonium". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ EPA,OAR,ORIA,RPD, US. "Radiation Protection - US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 9 April 2018. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Martell, E. A. (1975). "Tobacco Radioactivity and Cancer in Smokers: Alpha interactions with chromosomes of cells surrounding insoluble radioactive smoke particles may cause cancer and contribute to early atherosclerosis development in cigarette smokers". American Scientist. 63: 404–412. JSTOR 27845575.
Further reading[edit]
Evan P. Bennett, When Tobacco Was King: Families, Farm Labor, and Federal Policy in the Piedmont. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2014.
International Labor Office, Bitter Harvest: Child Labour in Agriculture. Geneva, 1997.
International Labor Office, Child Labour, Targeting the Intolerable. Geneva, 1996.
International Labor Office, International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations: Field Crop Worker.
External links[edit]
The Back-breaking Leaf, a 1959 documentary on tobacco harvesting
"Tobacco Pests". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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Hank Moody
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hank Moody
David Duchovny as Hank Moody
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Grace"
Created by
Tom Kapinos
Portrayed by
David Duchovny
Information
Occupation
Writer
Professor
Family
Al Moody (Father)
Significant other(s)
Karen Van der Beek
Children
Rebecca Moody (Daughter)
Levon (Son)
Henry James "Hank" Moody, portrayed by David Duchovny, is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Showtime television series Californication. Moody is an esteemed but erratic writer who frequently becomes embroiled in bizarre, and in some cases, scandalous situations. Duchovny has received praise for his performance, winning the 2008 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy and being nominated for the same honor three more times.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character arc
1.1 Characteristics
1.2 Publications
1.3 Other works
2 Development
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Character arc[edit]
Hank was born in Levittown, New York on Long Island. In his pursuit to become a writer, he moved to New York City; and eventually, his talent and gift were noticed by the literary community. Hank met Karen Van der Beek at CBGB and soon after she became pregnant in 1994, later giving birth to their daughter, Becca. After the publication of God Hates Us All, which grew his popularity, Hank, Karen and Becca moved to Los Angeles so that Hank could work on the screenplay for the movie adaptation.
After his novel God Hates Us All is adapted into a Hollywood film that he despises, A Crazy Little Thing Called Love, Hank Moody is suffering from writer's block and wallowing in alcohol, drugs and promiscuous sex. Karen is engaged to a man he despises, Bill Lewis. Hank meets a young woman in a bookshop reading his book and sleeps with her. He later learns that she is Mia, Bill's sixteen-year-old daughter.[1] Mia proceeds to harass Hank during his visits to his family and uses the threat of statutory rape charges to extort stories from him that she passes off as her own for her high-school creative-writing class. During a stay in New York for his father's funeral, Hank writes a manuscript drawing from his encounter with Mia. When the only copy falls into the hands of Mia, she slightly alters it and tries to have it published as her own; Fucking & Punching sees much interest from the publishing world. On Karen and Bill's wedding day, Hank chooses to be unselfish and accept the situation so as not to destroy his beloved's wedding day. But that evening, as he and Becca leave the reception, Karen runs out and jumps into his car and they drive off.[2]
Although they planned to move back to New York,[3] Hank and Karen split up after learning that Hank has possibly impregnated Sonja, Karen's friend that she set Hank up with while they were separated.[4] Hank becomes fast friends with rock music producer Lew Ashby, who recruits the writer to pen his biography. After Hank has a cancer scare and Sonja gives birth to a black child, Hank and Karen reconcile. However, Hank volunteers to stay in California for Becca's sake while Karen goes to New York for work.[5]
With Karen in New York, the status of her and Hank's relationship is unclear. After causing writer/professor Richard Bates to compromise his sobriety, Hank is recruited as a creative writing college professor in his place.[6] During a short visit by Karen, it is decided that Hank and Becca will finally move back to New York with her. However, Mia returns to Los Angeles with her manager/boyfriend, to whom she has confessed sleeping with Hank while underage and stealing Fucking & Punching from him. When her manager suggests Mia and Hank reveal their story publicly, Hank attacks him, after which the manager calls the police. Hank returns home to confess everything to Karen, who breaks down and runs out into the street as cops arrive to arrest him.[7]
Before Hank is even out on bail, the story behind Fucking & Punching is reported in the media. Upon being released, he is hired to rewrite the screenplay for its film adaptation. Although the assault charges are dropped, Hank is newly arrested when the district attorney decides to prosecute him for statutory rape.[8] After an accidental overdose on alcohol and pills, Karen assumes Hank is suicidal and warms to him. But after learning he is not, she begins to date the father of Becca's new friend. Hank is found guilty, but is relieved when he only receives three years probation, a fine and community service.[9]
Over two years later, Hank has been living in New York City while Karen is in California and married to Richard Bates, with Hank surprisingly accepting of the marriage. To get away from a break up with his year-long casual partner Carrie, who sets his apartment on fire, Hank visits California to write the script for Santa Monica Cop starring rapper Samurai Apocalypse.[10] He also comes to blows with Becca's boyfriend Tyler, an inspiring writer who shares several characteristic traits with a young Hank Moody. After falling back into alcoholism, Richard ends his marriage to Karen and gives his blessing for her to be with Hank, with the two eager to be with one another again. However, Carrie makes a surprise visit and tricks Hank into drinking a drugged alcoholic beverage in an effort to end both their lives.[11]
Although Hank recovers fully, Carrie is left in a persistent vegetative state with her family deciding to end her life. Hank feels responsible and falls into severe alcoholism, until his friends and daughter stage an intervention. After an early-leaving of rehab, he agrees to write the script to a rock musical adaptation of A Crazy Little Thing Called Love with rock musician Atticus Fetch writing the songs.[12] Becca, having begun experimenting with sex and drugs believing it will help her become a writer, much to Hank's chagrin, departs to travel the world on a "literary pilgrimage." Although he embarked on a tour with Atticus, Hank leaves hoping to finally be with Karen.[13]
Hank is contacted by a young man, Levon, who informs him that he is Hank's son.[14] Hank apparently impregnated his mother, Julia, just before he met Karen. While trying to connect with his son, Hank becomes one of several writers on the television adaptation of Santa Monica Cop. Becca returns with the news that she is getting married. Although he tries to dissuade the marriage, Hank ultimately gets on the plane to the ceremony in New York after reading to Karen a piece he wrote declaring he will never give up on the two of them being together.[15]
Characteristics[edit]
However shallow Hank may come across as being, most episodes of Californication reveal at least some degree of depth to his persona, in many cases exposing a surprisingly vulnerable Hank, especially in relation to his long-term on-and-off girlfriend Karen and their daughter, Becca. He is shown on more than one occasion to be broken, empty and desolate, seeing himself as beyond saving.
Hank loves rock music and collects classic vinyl records. His favorite artist appears to be Warren Zevon. Along with the consumption of whiskey and weed, Hank listens to Zevon songs, every time he completes a piece of writing. He also mentions Black Sabbath lyrics from time to time.
He owns a classic Gibson Les Paul. In the second season, he reveals to Lew Ashby that the first album he ever bought with his own money was Led Zeppelin II. Interestingly, three of Hank's novels, South of Heaven, Seasons in the Abyss and God Hates Us All are named after the albums by the American thrash metal band, Slayer.
During the first four seasons of the series, Hank is seen driving a 1990 Porsche 964 Cabriolet with one headlight smashed.[16] The car is characterized by its messy and dusty look that Hank maintains with his daughter Becca's support. They both claim that it "has character". Hank buys a new Porsche 996 Cabriolet in the ninth episode of the first season but it's soon carjacked, so Hank goes back to his original Porsche. In the fourth season when the car is crashed by Becca, Hank subsequently buys another of the same model and color. He is seen using a tire iron to break the right headlight of the new car, even before leaving the used car lot on Washington Boulevard in Marina Del Rey, to resemble his old car. However in Season 5 Hank is given a new Porsche (initially a 997, then a 991) by Charlie and subsequently drives that for the rest of the series. The series finale ends with a shot of the car. This solidifies that Hank is leaving his lifestyle behind to finally be with Karen, as they fly to New York for Becca's wedding.
Publications[edit]
South of Heaven – Written before the show.
Seasons in the Abyss – Written before the show.
God Hates Us All – Written before the show. The movie adaptation has just been finished before the first season begins. In the sixth season Hank writes a musical based on the book with Atticus Fetch, although he is fired in the debut episode of the subsequent season.
Fucking & Punching – Written during the first season, it was stolen by Mia Lewis, who then got it published as her own work and received critical acclaim. Hank regains attribution for the novel between the third and fourth seasons, and assists in the development of the film adaptation after being hired to rewrite the script.
Lew Ashby, A Biography – Written during the second season. It was published posthumously after Lew Ashby mistakenly snorted a fatal heroin overdose.
Californication – Written between the fourth and fifth season.
Other works[edit]
Aside from his books, Hank has written the screenplay for the movie adaption of his God Hates Us All, titled A Crazy Little Thing Called Love. He has also written the musical based on the movie. In the first season, he writes a blog for Hell-A Magazine, which is owned by Bill Lewis. In the fourth season, he rewrote the Fucking & Punching screenplay and dialogue for Slowly We Rot 2. In season five Hank writes the screenplay for Santa Monica Cop and the lyrics to a song for singer Kali. Season seven sees Hank becoming a staff writer for the television adaptation of Santa Monica Cop.[17]
Development[edit]
David Duchovny stated that following The X-Files, he wanted to work on a comedy series, but believed casting directors and audiences would not be receptive to his being cast in such a role because of the dark tone of his previous work. He also felt that the "underdog comedies" being made at the time would not have suited him.[18]
He was attracted to Californication because the show is a "hyper-articulate comedy" and deals with adults trying to solve their problems.[18][19] Duchovny looked at his character as the emotional anchor of the show, giving "balance to all the other craziness and [keeping] it from floating away into ridiculous escapades."[19] He revealed that creator Tom Kapinos allowed him to improvise his lines, allowing for a natural feel.[19] Hank's iconic saying of the word "motherfucker" in a falsetto voice was one of these instances.[18]
Duchovny said that the show's premise that a writer is interesting to people is Kapinos's fantasy; "To make a show about a writer and to have that writer be attractive to women and powerful in the world and all these things. It’s just complete wish fulfillment for Tom, and for writers in general, he would say."[20] Marilyn Manson, who plays himself in season 6, said Kapinos told him that when creating the character of Hank Moody he wanted him to be a rock star; "He was writing about himself, so he wanted to combine a writer who behaved like a rock star."[21]
Duchovny revealed that he wanted Hank to die at the end of the series; "Everything had to catch up with him. You can't drink and smoke like that and get away with it for too long. I wanted it to be complete. I wanted Hank to get married to Karen right before he died."[18]
Reception[edit]
David Duchovny's performance has been praised by critics. Robert Bianco of USA Today felt that he "makes the unlikeliest twists believable and the most heinous behavior forgivable."[22] Similarly, Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News said that the actor makes a character that might seem "repugnant into a charming, engaging, surprisingly self-aware human being."[23] Tim Goodman for SFGate claimed that Duchovny takes Kapinos's dialogue and turns it into "a kind of verbal weapon all too lacking on television."[24] The Boston Globe's Matthew Gilbert wrote that "Duchovny manages to make Hank almost heroic at moments -- a bitter cynic whose inappropriate honesty marks him as an outsider in a town that thrives on pretty lies."[25] Reviewers for Slate, New York and Variety all praised the actor's comedy chops.[26][27][28] However, LA Weekly's Robert Abele wrote that "Duchovny is too self-consciously cool an actor to suggest anything out of control about a guy who is having sex with that many women, which means he just seems square-ish, weak or bored when Hank pleads for Karen to reunite with him, or hugs his daughter."[29]
Duchovny won the 2008 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy for his performance as Hank Moody. He was nominated for the same award three more times; 2009, 2010, and 2012.[30] In 2008 he was also nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephen Hopkins (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Pilot". Californication. Season 1. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Scott Winant (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "The Last Waltz". Californication. Season 1. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ David Duchovny (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Slip of the Tongue". Californication. Season 2. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ David Von Ancken (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "The Raw & the Cooked". Californication. Season 2. Episode 4. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Bart Freundlich (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "La Petite Mort". Californication. Season 2. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ David Duchovny (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Wish You Were Here". Californication. Season 3. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Stephen Hopkins (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Mia Culpa". Californication. Season 3. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ David Von Ancken (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Exile on Main St.". Californication. Season 4. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "...And Justice for All". Californication. Season 4. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ John Dahl (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "JFK to LAX". Californication. Season 5. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be". Californication. Season 5. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ David Duchovny (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "The Unforgiven". Californication. Season 6. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Stephen Hopkins (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "I'll Lay My Monsters Down". Californication. Season 6. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ David Duchovny (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Levon". Californication. Season 7. Episode 1. Showtime.
Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (director); Tom Kapinos (writer). "Grace". Californication. Season 7. Episode 12. Showtime.
Jump up ^ http://porsche-mania.com/californication-how-hank-lost-his-porsches-headlight/2011/03/28/
Jump up ^ "Californication - Levon". IMDB. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Exit Interview: David Duchovny on the End of 'Californication'". Rolling Stone. 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c "'Californication' Finale: David Duchovny Says Goodbye to Hank Moody". Variety. 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
Jump up ^ "The GQ+A: David Duchovny is Only Medium-Happy With Californication's Finale: "It's Not My Ending"". GQ. 2014-04-11. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
Jump up ^ "The Sun Sets On 'Californication': David Duchovny Discusses the Show's Rock n' Roll Connection (Q&A)". Billboard. 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Duchovny delights in 'Californication'". USA Today. 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "McCollum: Showtime makes its move with smart comedies". San Jose Mercury News. 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Tim Goodman: David Duchovny's a lovable loser in 'Californication'". SFGate. 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Different truth is out there for Duchovny on Showtime". The Boston Globe. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Californication: A literate sex fantasy for the quasi-literary". Slate. 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Slouching Toward La-La Land". New York. 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Californication'". Variety. 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Californication: Cock and Bull". LA Weekly. 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Winners & Nominees Best Performance by an Actor In A Television Series - Comedy or Musical". Goldenglobes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
External links[edit]
God Hates Us All page at Simon & Schuster
Hank Moody-The Writer
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New7Wonders of the World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 September 2017.
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This article is about the New7Wonders Foundation list. For other uses, see Wonders of the World.
From left to right, top to bottom: Chichen Itza, Christ the Redeemer, Great Wall of China, Machu Picchu, Petra, Taj Mahal, and Colosseum.
New7Wonders of the World (2000–2007) was a campaign started in 2000 to choose Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments.[1] The popularity poll was led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the New7Wonders Foundation based in Zurich, Switzerland, with winners announced on 7 July 2007 in Lisbon.[2][3]
The New7Wonders Foundation claimed that more than 100 million votes were cast through the Internet or by telephone. Voting via the Internet was limited to one vote for seven monuments per person/identity, but multiple voting was possible through telephone.[4] Hence the poll was considered unscientific.[5] According to John Zogby, founder and current President/CEO of the Utica, New York-based polling organization Zogby International, New7Wonders Foundation drove "the largest poll on record".[6][5] After supporting the New7Wonders Foundation at the beginning of the campaign by providing advice on nominee selection, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), by its bylaws having to record all and give equal status to world heritage sites, distanced itself from the undertaking in 2001 and again in 2007.[7][8]
The New7Wonders Foundation, established in 2001, relied on private donations and the sale of broadcast rights and received no public funding or taxpayers' money.[9] After the final announcement, New7Wonders said it didn't earn anything from the exercise and barely recovered its investment.[10]
Although N7W describes itself as a not-for-profit organization, the company behind it—the New Open World Corporation (NOWC)—is a commercial business. All licensing and sponsorship money is paid to NOWC.
The foundation has run two subsequent programs: New7Wonders of Nature, the subject of voting until 2011, and New7WondersCities, which wound up in 2014.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Reactions
2.1 United Nations
2.2 Brazil
2.3 Peru
2.4 Chile
2.5 India
2.6 Jordan
2.7 Mexico
3 Other finalists
4 References
5 External links
Winners[edit]
Location of the New7Wonders winners
The Great Pyramid of Giza, largest and oldest of the three pyramids at the Giza Necropolis in Egypt and the only surviving (and oldest) of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was granted honorary status.
Wonder
Location
Image
Year
Great Pyramid of Giza
(honorary status) Giza Necropolis, Egypt 2560 BCE
Great Wall of China China 700 BCE
Petra Jordan 312 BCE
The Colosseum Rome, Italy 80 CE
Chichen Itza Yucatán, Mexico 600 CE
Machu Picchu Cuzco Region, Peru 1450 CE
Taj Mahal Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India 1643 CE
Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1931 CE
Reactions[edit]
United Nations[edit]
In 2007 the New7Wonders Foundation contracted a partnership with the United Nations in recognition of the efforts to promote the UN's Millennium Development Goals". The UN posted on its website:[11]
The New7Wonders campaigns aim to contribute to the process of uplifting the well being and mutual respect of citizens around the world, through encouraging interaction, expression opinion and direct participation by voting and polling on popular global issues which are understandable to everyone.
— United Nations Office of Partnerships
However, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in a press release on June 20, 2007, reaffirmed that it has no link with the "private initiative". The press release concluded:[8]
There is no comparison between Mr. Weber's mediatised campaign and the scientific and educational work resulting from the inscription of sites on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The list of the 8 New Wonders of the World will be the result of a private undertaking, reflecting only the opinions of those with access to the Internet and not the entire world. This initiative cannot, in any significant and sustainable manner, contribute to the preservation of sites elected by this public.
— UNESCO
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil there was a campaign Vote no Cristo (Vote for the Christ) which had the support of private companies, namely telecommunications operators that stopped charging voters to make telephone calls and SMS messages to vote.[12] Additionally, leading corporate sponsors including Banco Bradesco and Rede Globo spent millions of reals in the effort to have the statue voted into the top seven.[3] Newsweek reports the campaign was so pervasive that:[3]
One morning in June, Rio de Janeiro residents awoke to a beeping text message on their cell phones: "Press 4916 and vote for Christ. It's free!" The same pitch had been popping up all over the city since late January—flashing across an electronic screen every time city-dwellers swiped their transit cards on city buses and echoing on TV infomercials that featured a reality-show celebrity posing next to the city's trademark Christ the Redeemer statue.
— Elizabeth Dwoskin, Newsweek
According to an article in Newsweek, around 10 million Brazilians had voted in the contest by early July.[3] This number is estimated as the New7Wonders Foundation never released such details about the campaign. An airplane message, with a huge inscription "4916 VOTE FOR CHRIST" flew in Rio de Janeiro for a month.
Peru[edit]
An intensive campaign led by the Peruvian Ministry of Commerce and Tourism in Peru had a great impact in the media and consequently Peruvian people voted massively for its national wonder. The announcement of the new World Wonders generated great expectation and the election of Machu Picchu was celebrated nationwide.
Chile[edit]
The Chilean representative for Easter Island's Moais, Alberto Hotus, said Weber gave him a letter saying that the Moais had finished eighth and were morally one of the New Seven Wonders. Hotus said he was the only participant to receive such an apology.[13]
India[edit]
A campaign to publicize the Taj Mahal in India gathered speed and it reached a climax in July 2007 with news channels, radio stations, and many celebrities asking people to vote for the Taj Mahal.
Jordan[edit]
Queen Rania Al-Abdullah of Jordan joined the campaign to back Petra, Jordan's national treasure.[3]
Mexico[edit]
There was a campaign on the news programs to encourage people to vote for Chichen Itzá.[citation needed]
Other finalists[edit]
The other 13 finalists,[14] listed alphabetically, were:
Wonder
Location
Image
Year
Acropolis of Athens Athens, Greece 447 BCE
Alhambra Granada, Spain 1333
Angkor Wat Angkor, Cambodia 1113
Eiffel Tower Paris, France 1887
Hagia Sophia İstanbul, Turkey 537
Kiyomizu-dera Kyoto, Japan 1633
Moai Easter Island, Chile 1250
Neuschwanstein Füssen, Germany 1869
Red Square Moscow, Russia 1561
Statue of Liberty New York City, United States 1886
Stonehenge Amesbury, United Kingdom 2400 BCE
Sydney Opera House Sydney, Australia 1959
Timbuktu Timbuktu, Mali 1327
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How the New7Wonders movement all began - World of New7Wonders". World of New7Wonders.
Jump up ^ "The project founder Bernard Weber - A Short History - World of New7Wonders". World of New7Wonders.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dwoskin, Elizabeth (2007-07-09). "Vote for Christ". Newsweek. ISSN 0028-9604. Archived from the original on 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Voting Analysis". World of New7Wonders. Archived from the original on 2013-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b The Seven Wonders of the World, 2.0, Los Angeles Times, 2007-07-07
Jump up ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth (2007-07-09). "Vote for Christ". Newsweek. ISSN 0028-9604.
Jump up ^ "New7Wonders and UNESCO: Separate organizations, common goals". World of New7Wonders. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "UNESCO confirms that it is not involved in the "New7Wonders of the World" campaign". UNESCO. July 9, 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interesting questions and answers". World of New7Wonders.
Jump up ^ Oh Taj! 7 wonders won’t get campaign money, indianexpress.com, 2007-07-22 Archived August 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "World Votes for New7Wonders".
Jump up ^ "Sete Maravilhas: Brasil comemora eleição de Cristo Redent" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Líder pascuense furioso porque le dieron a la isla un triunfo moral" Las Últimas Noticias July 10, 2007 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "New7Wonders of the World". World of New7Wonders.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Poll of 100 million votes names new Seven Wonders of the World
A map visualization of the New7Wonders of the World.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Seven Wonders of the World.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New7Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=801424720"
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Anything, Anything (I'll Give You)
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2015)
"Anything, Anything (I'll Give You)"
Single by Dramarama
from the album Cinéma Vérité
B-side
"I Wish I Was Your Mother"
Released
1985
Recorded
1985
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
3:25
Label
Chameleon Records
Songwriter(s)
John Easdale
Producer(s)
Dramarama
Dramarama singles chronology
"You Drive Me"
(1983) You Drive Me1983 "Anything, Anything (I'll Give You)"
(1985) Anything, Anything (I'll Give You)1985 "It's Still Warm"
(1985) It's Still Warm1985
"Anything, Anything (I'll Give You)" is a 1985 song by the alternative rock band Dramarama released as the first single from their debut album Cinéma Vérité. The single was featured on the A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master soundtrack and is one of the most requested songs in the history of Los Angeles radio station KROQ.[1] A short clip of it was also featured in an episode of Entourage. Since 2009 the song as been the name and title of Rich Russo's free form radio show Anything Anything with Rich Russo where the song opens the show each week. The song also features in the 2014 film Two Night Stand, as well as the 2003 film 11:14.
Music video[edit]
The video consists of clips of Edie Sedgwick from the underground 1972 film, Ciao! Manhattan.
Cover versions[edit]
In 1994, punk band Big Boy Tomato covered the song on their EP Hormones and Hangovers
In 1997, grunge band Grey Daze covered the song on their album ...No Sun Today.
In 2000, rock band Buckcherry covered the song for the Road Trip movie soundtrack.
In 2005, punk band Heads Held High covered the song on their EP Building Up To The Breakdown
In 2006, punk band Lucky Boys Confusion covered the song for the EP How to Get Out Alive.
In 2016, alt rock band Beach Slang covered the song for the EP Here I Made This For You: Vol 1.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What's That Hundred Dollar Bill Song?". The World Famous KROQ. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
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Ronny Machuga
Ken Moutenout
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Studio albums
Cinéma Vérité (1985)
Box Office Bomb (1987)
Stuck in Wonderamaland (1989)
Vinyl (1991)
Hi-Fi Sci-Fi (1993)
Everybody Dies (2005)
Live albums
Live at the China Club (1990)
Compilation albums
10 from 5 (1993)
The Best of Dramarama: 18 Big Ones (1996)
EPs
Vinyl (1992)
Singles
"Anything, Anything (I'll Give You)"

This 1980s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything,_Anything_(I%27ll_Give_You)&oldid=808252855"
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City of Palaces
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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City of Palaces may refer to:
Mexico City (nickname coined in 1834)
Kolkata, India, nicknamed City of Palaces because of the British Raj buildings in the 19th century
Mysore, Karnataka, India, nicknamed City of Palaces
Bahawalpur "city of palaces" in province of Punjab Pakistan
Others[edit]
City of Palaces (ship), convict ship to Western Australia in 1857
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title City of Palaces.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Palaces&oldid=864180003"
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