text:
Orangeburg, South Carolina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Orangeburg, South Carolina
City
Russell Street in Downtown Orangeburg
Motto: "The Garden City"

Location in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Coordinates: 33°29′49″N 80°51′44″W / 33.49694°N 80.86222°W / 33.49694; -80.86222Coordinates: 33°29′49″N 80°51′44″W / 33.49694°N 80.86222°W / 33.49694; -80.86222
Country
United States
State
South Carolina
County
Orangeburg
Government
• Mayor
Michael C. Butler
• City Council
Members[show]
Richard F. Stroman
Charles W. Jernigan (Mayor Pro Tem)
Charles B. Barnwell, Jr.
Bernard Haire
L. Zimmerman Keitt
Sandra P. Knotts
Area
• Total
8.3 sq mi (21.5 km2)
• Land
8.3 sq mi (21.47 km2)
• Water
0.0 sq mi (0.02 km2)
Elevation
243 ft (74.676 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
13,964
• Density
1,685/sq mi (650.4/km2)
Time zone
EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes
29115-29118
Area code(s)
803
FIPS code
45-53080[1]
GNIS feature ID
1249990[2]
Website
www.orangeburg.sc.us
Russell Street, downtown's main street
Downtown Loop
Central Business District
Orangeburg, also known as The Garden City, is the principal city in and the county seat of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States.[3] The population of the city was 13,964 according to the 2010 United States census. The city is located 37 miles southeast of Columbia, on the north fork of the Edisto River in the Piedmont area.
Two historically black institutions of higher education are located in Orangeburg: Claflin University (a liberal arts college) and South Carolina State University (a public university).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 18th century
1.2 19th century
1.3 20th century
1.4 21st century
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Government and crime
4.1 Government
4.2 Crime
5 Education and Health
5.1 Colleges and universities
5.2 Public schools
5.3 Charter schools
5.4 Private schools
5.5 Health
6 Media
7 Transportation
7.1 Terminals
7.2 Highways
8 Events and attractions
8.1 Garden
8.2 Museum
8.3 Festivals
8.4 Landmarks
9 Notable people
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
18th century[edit]
European settlement in this area started in 1704 when George Sterling set up a post here for fur trade with Indians. To encourage settlement, the General Assembly of the Province of South Carolina in 1730 organized the area as a township, naming it Orangeburg for Prince William IV of Orange, the son-in-law of King George II of Great Britain. In 1735, a colony of 200 Swiss, German and Dutch immigrants formed a community near the banks of the North Edisto River. The site was attractive because of the fertile soil and the abundance of wildlife. The river provided the all-important transportation waterway to the port of Charleston on the Atlantic coast for the area's agriculture and lumber products, and for shipping goods upriver. The town soon became a well-established and successful colony, composed chiefly of small yeomen farmers.
Orangeburg's first church was established by a German Lutheran congregation. It later identified as an Anglican Church, which was the established church and exempt from colonial taxation. The church building was erected prior to 1763 in the center of the village; it was destroyed by fighting during the Revolutionary War. A new church was built; during the Civil War, it was used as a smallpox hospital by General William Tecumseh Sherman on his march through with Union forces.
19th century[edit]
After the American Revolution, the character of the county changed dramatically. Invention by Eli Whitney of a mass-produced cotton gin for processing short-staple or "green seed" cotton made this type of cotton profitable. It was easily grown in the upland areas, and the county was rapidly developed into large cotton plantations. Agricultural labor was provided by enslaved African Americans, many brought into the area in a forced migration from the coastal areas or the Upper South via the domestic slave trade. Slaves became the majority of population in the county and city. Freed after the Civil War, blacks began to gain educations, and two colleges were established in the city, the second designated as a land grant institution for all black students in the state under segregation. Blacks were also subject to Jim Crow laws passed by the Democrat-dominated state legislature; they were deprived of their ability to vote by South Carolina's disenfranchising constitution passed at the turn of the 20th century, which erected barriers to voter registration. In 1919 The Orangeburg Regional Medical Center opened.
20th century[edit]
Efforts by blacks to regain civil rights increased in the postwar period after World War II. In the 1960s, Orangeburg was a major center of Civil Rights Movement activities by students from both Claflin College and South Carolina State College as well as black residents of the city. After the US Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declaring segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional, local blacks sought integration of local schools in 1956. Whites retaliated economically, sometimes firing activists or evicting them from rental housing. College students came to their support with hunger strikes, boycotts, and mass marches. In 1960, over 400 students were arrested on sit-ins and integration marches organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
In August 1963, the Orangeburg Freedom Movement (OFM), chaired by Dr. Harlowe Caldwell of the NAACP, submitted 10 pro-integration demands to the Orangeburg Mayor and City Council. After negotiations failed, mass demonstrations similar to those in the Birmingham campaign in Alabama resulted in more than 1,300 arrests. Local efforts to end segregation in public places continued, particularly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On February 8, 1968, after days of protests against a segregated bowling alley, violence broke out near the bowling alley as police attacked Black students from South Carolina State. Police opened fire on a crowd of students, killing Samuel Hammond, Henry Smith, and Delano Middleton, and wounding 27 others in what became known as the "Orangeburg Massacre".[4]
21st century[edit]
In May 2000, the city created the Orangeburg County Community of Character initiative. It is a collaborative effort in community development by the Downtown Orangeburg Revitalization Association (DORA), The Times and Democrat newspaper, the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce, and the Orangeburg County Development Commission.[5] In 2005, the National Civic League awarded Orangeburg County the All-America City Award which recognizes and encourages civic excellence. It honors communities in which citizens, government, businesses, and non-profit organizations demonstrate successful resolution of critical community issues.[6]
In 2007, Orangeburg hosted the first Democratic U.S. presidential candidate debate of the campaign season at Martin Luther King Jr. Auditorium on the campus of South Carolina State University; former president Barack Obama, was one of the debaters.
Geography[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.3 square miles (21.5 km²), of which, 8.3 square miles (21.5 km²) of it is land and 0.12% is water.
Climate[edit]
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Orangeburg has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[7]
[hide]Climate data for Orangeburg, South Carolina
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
16
(60) 17
(62) 21
(69) 25
(77) 29
(84) 32
(90) 33
(92) 33
(91) 31
(87) 26
(78) 19
(67) 15
(59) 24
(76)
Average low °C (°F)
3
(37) 4
(39) 7
(44) 11
(52) 15
(59) 20
(68) 21
(70) 21
(69) 18
(65) 12
(53) 6
(42) 3
(37) 12
(53)
Average precipitation cm (inches)
8
(3) 9.4
(3.7) 9.7
(3.8) 8.4
(3.3) 8.6
(3.4) 11.4
(4.5) 13.7
(5.4) 13.2
(5.2) 11.2
(4.4) 6.1
(2.4) 5
(2) 7.9
(3.1) 112
(44.1)
Source: Weatherbase [8]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1860 997 —
1870 246 −75.3%
1880 2,140 769.9%
1890 2,964 38.5%
1900 4,455 50.3%
1910 5,906 32.6%
1920 7,290 23.4%
1930 8,776 20.4%
1940 10,521 19.9%
1950 15,322 45.6%
1960 13,852 −9.6%
1970 13,252 −4.3%
1980 14,933 12.7%
1990 13,739 −8.0%
2000 12,765 −7.1%
2010 13,964 9.4%
Est. 2016 13,196 [9] −5.5%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census[1] of 2010, there were 13,964 people, 4,512 households, and 2,526 families residing in the city. The population density was 1648.8 There were 5,168 housing units at an average density of 623.1 per square mile (240.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 75.04% African American, 28.41% White, 0.18% Native American, 1.74% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 4,421 households out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.5% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the city, the population was spread out with 17.7% under the age of 18, 28.6% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 76.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,306, and the median income for a family was $37,008. Males had a median income of $30,310 versus $21,935 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,263. About 17.9% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.7% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.
Government and crime[edit]
Government[edit]
The city operates under the council-manager form of government. The governing body is composed of a mayor and six members. The mayor is determined through a nonpartisan, at-large election for a four-year term of office while Council Members are chosen through nonpartisan, single-member district (SMD) elections. Council members are elected to staggered four-year terms of office.
The City council is a legislative body, establishing policies with recommendations from the professional city administrator, who is hired by the council. The city administrator acts as the chief administrator of the council's policies implemented through the administrative control of city departments given to him by ordinance. shish renzi
Mayor
Michael C. Butler
Council Members
Richard F. Stroman
Charles W. Jernigan
Charles B. Barnwell, Jr.
Bernard Haire
L. Zimmerman Keitt (Mayor Pro Tem)
Sandra P. Knotts
State Senators
Brad Hutto
John Matthews
Crime[edit]
The following table shows Orangeburg's crime rate in 6 crimes that Morgan Quitno uses in its calculations for "America's most dangerous cities" rankings, in comparison to 10,000 people. The statistics provided are not for the actual number of crimes committed, but for the number of crimes committed per capita.[10]
Crime
Orangeburg, SC (2009)
per 10,000 people
Murder 12 .75
Rape 9 6.78
Robbery 34 25.61
Assault 35 26.36
Burglary 232 174.73
Automobile Theft 65 48.95
Arson 2 1.51
Education and Health[edit]
Colleges and universities[edit]
Claflin University, founded in 1869, is the oldest historically black university in the state of South Carolina. In 2014 it was ranked by Washington Monthly as the top liberal arts college in the state and the top HBCU in the country.[11]
South Carolina State University is 4-year public historically Black institution in Orangeburg, funded in 1896.
Orangeburg–Calhoun Technical College is a member of the American Association of Community Colleges and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) to award Associate's degrees.
Public schools[edit]
Orangeburg Consolidated School District Three
Consolidated School District Four
Orangeburg Consolidated School District Five
Charter schools[edit]
OCSD5 High School for Health Professions
Felton Laboratory Charter School
Private schools[edit]
Orangeburg Preparatory Schools, Inc.
Orangeburg Christian Academy
Health[edit]
The Orangeburg Regional Medical Center
Media[edit]
The Times and Democrat serves as the daily newspaper for the Orangeburg area.
Transportation[edit]
Terminals[edit]
Orangeburg Municipal Airport
Greyhound
Southeastern Stages
Highways[edit]
U.S. Route 301
U.S. Route 601
U.S. Route 21
U.S. Route 178
South Carolina Highway 4
South Carolina Highway 33
Events and attractions[edit]
St. Paul's United Methodist Church, Orangeburg, South Carolina
Garden[edit]
The Edisto Memorial Gardens displays past and current award-winning roses from the All-American Rose Selections. Some 4,000 plants representing at least 75 labeled varieties of roses are always on display in the Gardens. The site was first developed in the 1920s with some azaleas on 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land. A playground was added in 1922, and a greenhouse and nursery facility in 1947. To extend the season of beauty, the first rose garden was planted in 1951. Currently, there are more than 50 beds of roses ranging from miniatures from grandiflora to climbers on over 150 acres (0.61 km2) of land.
Museum[edit]
The IP Stanback Museum & Planetarium, named for the first African-American chairman of the University's Board of Trustees, Israel Pinkney Stanback, had its origin in the basement of the then South Carolina State College's library in the early 1970s. The Museum and Planetarium is located on the campus of South Carolina State University and signifies their commitment to community service. The Museum's exhibition area is one of the largest in the state. Its forty-foot planetarium dome, located across the foyer adjacent to the galleries, has an auditorium capacity of eighty-two seats and a Minolta IIB Planetarium Projector. The building is easily accessible to the handicapped and is a uniquely adaptable facility, capable of hosting many different types of presentations.
Festivals[edit]
The Orangeburg Festival of Roses began as a vision held by a group of citizens seeking a way to enhance the development of Orangeburg and improve the quality of life for its residents. As a result of that vision, the first festival was held in 1972. The Greater Orangeburg Chamber of Commerce was the sole sponsor of that first festival. At present the City of Orangeburg and the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce are co-sponsors of the event. The festival includes such events as a river race, a basscatcher tournament, the Princess of Roses pageant, and various sports tournaments.
During the winter in Orangeburg, more festivities get under way when raccoon hunters from throughout the Southeast gather for the Grand American Coon Hunt. Also on the "Top Twenty" list, the hunt, which takes place each year in early January, in the largest field trial for coon dogs in the United States and is a qualifying event for the World Coon Hunt. Thousands of people come to the fairgrounds to see the dogs, exhibits and the sights and sounds of this one of a kind event.
Landmarks[edit]
The following notable buildings and districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[12]
Alan Mack Site (38OR67)
All-Star Triangle Bowl
Amelia Street Historic District
Claflin College Historic District
Dixie Library Building
Donald Bruce House
Dukes Gymnasium
East Russell Street Area Historic District
Ellis Avenue Historic District
Enterprise Cotton Mills Building
F.H.W. Briggman House
Great Branch Teacherage
Hodge Hall
Hotel Eutaw
Lowman Hall, South Carolina State College
Maj. John Hammond Fordham House
Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church
Orangeburg City Cemetery
Orangeburg County Fair Main Exhibit Building
Orangeburg County Jail
Orangeburg Downtown Historic District
South Carolina State College Historic District
William P. Stroman House
Tingley Memorial Hall, Claflin College
Treadwell Street Historic District
Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church
White House United Methodist Church
Whitman Street Area Historic District
Williams Chapel A.M.E. Church
Notable people[edit]
Brice Johnson: basketball star at University of North Carolina. First-Team All-American at UNC and led the Tar Heels to the National Championship game. 1st Round NBA draft pick of the Los Angeles Clippers.
Donnie Abraham: football player for East Tennessee State University, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New York Jets.
Alex Barron: Florida State tackle, drafted by the St. Louis Rams 19th overall in the 2005 NFL Draft.
Shelton Benjamin: professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler who notably worked for World Wrestling Entertainment, born in Orangeburg on June 23, 1977.
Gloria Blackwell: educator and civil rights activist.
Monique Coleman: actress and singer, most notably from High School Musical, High School Musical 3: Senior Year and High School Musical 2.
Angell Conwell: actress, born in Orangeburg, SC on August 2, 1983.
Bob Corker: U.S. senator from Tennessee, born in Orangeburg on August 24, 1952.
Don Covay: musician, born in Orangeburg on March 24, 1938.
Woodrow Dantzler: Clemson University quarterback and AFL player; first player in NCAA history to pass for more than 2,000 yards (1,800 m) and rush for more than 1,000 yards (910 m) in a single season.
Manish Dayal: actor, born in Orangeburg on June 17, 1983.
Ralph B. Everett: President and CEO of the Washington, D.C.-based Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, born in Orangeburg, SC on June 23, 1951.
Nikki Haley, from neighboring Bamberg County, educated at Orangeburg Preparatory; she is South Carolina's first governor who is female as well as the first minority governor.
Deveron Harper, NFL player
Dwayne Harper: professional football cornerback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League.
Israel Hicks (1943–2010): stage director who presented August Wilson's entire 10-play Pittsburgh Cycle.[13]
Tim Jennings: University of Georgia cornerback, drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2nd round of the 2006 NFL Draft.
Maurice Kelly: NFL and CFL player
Mikki Moore: professional basketball player who has played for 9 teams.
Walter Merritt Riggs, engineering professor, first football coach at Clemson University, President of Clemson University, 1910-1924, born in Orangeburg on January 24, 1873.
Eugene Robinson: op-ed columnist, The Washington Post, born in Orangeburg in 1955.
Rusty Russell: football player for the Philadelphia Eagles, Orlando Predators, Charlotte Rage and Florida Bobcats.
Mike Sharperson (1961-1996): Major League Baseball player for Los Angeles Dodgers, Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves, member of 1988 World Series championship team; born in Orangeburg on Oct. 4, 1961.
Shawnee Smith: actress and musician, well known for her roles as Amanda Young in Saw I-VI and Linda in the TV series Becker; also half of the country-rock band Smith & Pyle alongside actress Missi Pyle; born in Orangeburg, SC on July 3, 1970.
Steve Sonic: musician, founder of seminal punk band Red Menace and member of punk band Bored Suburban Youth.
Bill Spiers: Major League Baseball player for Milwaukee Brewers, New York Mets, and Houston Astros.
Karen J. Williams: Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, born in Orangeburg in 1951.
Herm Winningham: Major League Baseball player and World Series champion (1990).
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ "History & Timeline", Civil Rights Movement Veterans
Jump up ^ "Our Mission".
Jump up ^ "County Wins All-America City Award". The Times and Democrat. June 27, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Orangeburg, South Carolina Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
Jump up ^ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on September 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Orangeburg, South Carolina (SC 29117) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders". City-data.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Claflin University Receives Top State HBCU Ranking by Washington Monthly", Claflin University, 28 August 2014
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce. "Israel Hicks, Director of August Wilson’s Cycle, Dies at 66", The New York Times, July 7, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
a b c "Census QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Census.gov. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orangeburg, South Carolina.
City website
The Orangeburg Regional Medical Center
[show]
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States
County seat: Orangeburg
City
Orangeburg
Towns
Bowman
Branchville
Cope
Cordova
Elloree
Eutawville
Holly Hill
Livingston
Neeses
North
Norway
Rowesville
Santee
Springfield
Vance
Woodford
CDPs
Brookdale
Edisto
Wilkinson Heights
Unincorporated
communities
Providence
Sixty Six
Wells
[show]
v
t
e
State of South Carolina
Columbia (capital)
Regions
Atlantic Coastal Plain
Blue Ridge Mountains
Grand Strand
High Hills of Santee
Lake Murray Country
Lowcountry
Metrolina
Midlands
Ninety-Six District
Olde English District
Pee Dee
Piedmont
Sandhills
Sea Islands
Upstate
Larger cities
Charleston
Columbia
Greenville
North Charleston
Rock Hill
Spartanburg
Smaller cities
Aiken
Anderson
Beaufort
Bennettsville
Camden
Cayce
Conway
Easley
Florence
Forest Acres
Gaffney
Georgetown
Greenwood
Greer
Goose Creek
Hilton Head Island
Isle of Palms
Laurens
Lexington
Mauldin
Myrtle Beach
North Augusta
North Myrtle Beach
Orangeburg
Simpsonville
Summerville
Sumter
Union
Walterboro
West Columbia
York
Towns
Abbeville
Barnwell
Batesburg-Leesville
Bluffton
Clemson
Darlington
Dillon
Edgefield
Fort Mill
Fountain Inn
Great Falls
Hardeeville
Irmo
Jefferson
Kingstree
Liberty
Marion
McCormick
Moncks Corner
Mount Pleasant
Newberry
Pageland
Pendleton
Pickens
Seneca
Sullivan's Island
Travelers Rest
Walhalla
Westminster
Williamston
CDPs
Berea
Carolina Forest
Dentsville
Gantt
Garden City
Ladson
Parker
Red Hill
Saint Andrews
Seven Oaks
Socastee
Taylors
Wade Hampton
Counties
Abbeville
Aiken
Allendale
Anderson
Bamberg
Barnwell
Beaufort
Berkeley
Calhoun
Charleston
Cherokee
Chester
Chesterfield
Clarendon
Colleton
Darlington
Dillon
Dorchester
Edgefield
Fairfield
Florence
Georgetown
Greenville
Greenwood
Hampton
Horry
Jasper
Kershaw
Lancaster
Laurens
Lee
Lexington
Marion
Marlboro
McCormick
Newberry
Oconee
Orangeburg
Pickens
Richland
Saluda
Spartanburg
Sumter
Union
Williamsburg
York
Topics
Airports
Amusement parks
Census areas
Colleges and universities
Congressional districts
Famous people
Governors
Highways
Historic places
History
Legislature
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
Rivers
Shopping malls
Sports venues
State House
State parks
Tourist attractions
Wildlife refuges
Society
Crime
Culture
Demographics
Economy
Education
Politics
Sports
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orangeburg,_South_Carolina&oldid=797720783"
Categories:
Cities in South Carolina
Cities in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
County seats in South Carolina
University towns in the United States
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Català
Cebuano
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Kreyòl ayisyen
Magyar
Malagasy
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Türkçe
اردو
Volapük
Winaray
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 20:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: td

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values: Location in Orangeburg County, South Carolina

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries
mw-redirect
List of countries

values: Political divisions of the United States

values: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; display: none; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border:none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values:
/wiki/1_E%2B7_m%C2%B2
mw-redirect
1 E+7 m²

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone
mw-redirect
Eastern Standard Time Zone

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time
mw-redirect
Eastern Daylight Time

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.orangeburg.sc.us

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Historically black colleges and universities

values: Episcopal Church in the United States of America

values:
/wiki/General_William_Tecumseh_Sherman
mw-redirect
General William Tecumseh Sherman

values: Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era

values:
/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement
mw-redirect
Civil Rights Movement

values:
/wiki/Orangeburg_Massacre
mw-redirect
Orangeburg Massacre

values: background: #FF7800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFCB97; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #7171FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;

values: padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px; font-size:110%; text-align:center

values: text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black

values: border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:center

values: border-spacing: 1px; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:right

values:
/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
African American (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
White (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
Native American (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
Asian (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)
mw-redirect
Race (United States Census)

values:
/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
Hispanic (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)
mw-redirect
Latino (U.S. Census)

values:
/wiki/Poverty_line
mw-redirect
Poverty line

values: Historically black college and university

values: American Association of Community Colleges

values: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools

values: Orangeburg Consolidated School District Three (page does not exist)

values: Consolidated School District Four (page does not exist)

values: Orangeburg Consolidated School District Five (page does not exist)

values: Southeastern Stages (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Route_601_in_South_Carolina
mw-redirect
U.S. Route 601 in South Carolina

values: Edisto Memorial Gardens (page does not exist)

values: IP Stanback Museum & Planetarium (page does not exist)

values: Orangeburg Festival of Roses (page does not exist)

values: Grand American Coon Hunt (page does not exist)

values: East Russell Street Area Historic District

values: Lowman Hall, South Carolina State College

values: Orangeburg County Fair Main Exhibit Building

values: South Carolina State College Historic District

values: Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (Orangeburg, South Carolina)

values: -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

values:
/wiki/Alex_Barron_(football_player)
mw-redirect
Alex Barron (football player)

values:
/wiki/Florida_State
mw-redirect
Florida State

values:
/wiki/St._Louis_Rams
mw-redirect
St. Louis Rams

values:
/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment
mw-redirect
World Wrestling Entertainment

values: National Collegiate Athletic Association

values: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies

values:
/wiki/Bamberg_County
mw-redirect
Bamberg County

values:
/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Cycle
mw-redirect
The Pittsburgh Cycle

values:
/wiki/Maurice_Kelly_(American_football)
mw-redirect
Maurice Kelly (American football)

values:
/wiki/Steve_Sonic
mw-redirect
Steve Sonic

values:
nofollow
external text
http://factfinder2.census.gov

values:
nofollow
external text
http://geonames.usgs.gov

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.crmvet.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://quickfacts.census.gov

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.trmchealth.org

values: Template:Orangeburg County, South Carolina

values: Template talk:Orangeburg County, South Carolina

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Map of South Carolina highlighting Orangeburg County

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Edisto, Orangeburg County, South Carolina (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of cities and towns in South Carolina

values: Category:Census-designated places in South Carolina

values: Index of South Carolina-related articles

values: Category:Amusement parks in South Carolina

values: List of colleges and universities in South Carolina

values: South Carolina's congressional districts

values: List of numbered highways in South Carolina

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina

values: List of radio stations in South Carolina

values: List of television stations in South Carolina

values: Category:Shopping malls in South Carolina

values: Category:Sports venues in South Carolina

values: Category:Tourist attractions in South Carolina

values: Category:National Wildlife Refuges in South Carolina

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Cities in Orangeburg County, South Carolina

values: Category:University towns in the United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: أورانجبورغ – Arabic

values: ارینجبرق، گونئی کارولینا – South Azerbaijani

values: Orangeburg (South Carolina) – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Orangeburg (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano

values: ارینجبرگ، کارولینای جنوبی – Persian

values: Orangeburg, Kawolin disid – Haitian Creole

values: オレンジバーグ (サウスカロライナ州) – Japanese

values: Orangeburg (Karolina Południowa) – Polish

values: Orangeburg (Carolina do Sul) – Portuguese

values: Оринџбург (Јуж. Каролина) – Serbian

values: Orangeburg, South Carolina – Serbo-Croatian

values: اورینجبرگ، جنوبی کیرولائنا – Urdu

values: 奥兰治堡 (南卡罗来纳州) – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Orangeburg_South_Carolina rootpage-Orangeburg_South_Carolina skin-vector action-view


text:
Rock-a-bye Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the film, see Rock-A-Bye Baby (film). For the children's musical group, see Rockabye Baby! For the mixtape by Cassie, see RockaByeBaby.
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Nursery rhyme
Published
c. 1765
'Rock-a-bye Baby' is a nursery rhyme and lullaby. The melody is a variant of the English satirical ballad Lillibullero.[citation needed] It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 2768.
Contents
1 Lyrics
2 Origins and development
3 Publication
4 Melody
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The first printed version from Mother Goose's Melody (London, c. 1765), has the following lyrics:
Rock-a-bye baby
On the tree tops,
When the wind blows,
The cradle will rock
When the bough breaks,
The cradle will fall,
and down will come Baby,
Cradle and all.
The version from Songs for the Nursery (London, 1805), contains the wording:
Rock-a-bye baby, thy cradle is green,
Father's a nobleman, mother's a queen...
Alternate Lyrics as shown in The Real Mother Goose published in 1916:
Rock-a-bye baby, thy cradle is green;
Father's a nobleman, mother's a queen;
And Aggy's a lady, and wears a gold ring;
And Johnny's a drummer, and drums for the king.
The most common version used today is:
Rock-a-bye baby, on the tree tops,
When the wind blows, the cradle will rock,
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby, cradle and all.
The full versions lyrics are:
Rock-a-bye baby, in the tree tops
When the wind blows the cradle will rock
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall
Down will come baby, cradle and all
Baby is drowsing, cosy and fair
Mother sits near in her rocking chair
Forward and back, the cradle she swings
Though baby sleeps, he hears what she sings
Rock-a-bye baby, do not you fear
Never mind, baby, mother is near
Wee little fingers, eyes are shut tight
Now sound asleep - until morning light
Origins and development[edit]
Various theories exist to explain the origins of the rhyme.
One theory suggests the rhyme narrates a mother gently rocking her baby to sleep, as if the baby were riding the treetops during a breeze; then, when the mother lowers the baby to her crib, the song says "down will come baby."
Another identifies the rhyme as the first poem written on American soil, suggesting it dates from the 17th century and that it may have been written by an English immigrant who observed the way native-American women rocked their babies in birch-bark cradles, which were suspended from the branches of trees, allowing the wind to rock the baby to sleep.[1][2] The words appeared in print in England c. 1765.
In Derbyshire, England, local legend has it that the song relates to a local character in the late 18th century, Betty Kenny (Kate Kenyon), who lived with her husband, Luke, and their eight children in a huge yew tree in Shining Cliff Woods in the Derwent Valley, where a hollowed-out bough served as a cradle.[3]
Yet another theory has it that the lyrics, like the tune "Lilliburlero" it is sung to, refer to events immediately preceding the Glorious Revolution. The baby is supposed to be the son of James VII and II, who was widely believed to be someone else's child smuggled into the birthing room in order to provide a Roman Catholic heir for James. The "wind" may be that Protestant "wind" or force "blowing" or coming from the Netherlands bringing James' nephew and son-in-law William of Orange, who would eventually depose King James II in the revolution (the same "Protestant Wind" that had saved England from the Spanish Armada a century earlier). The "cradle" is the royal House of Stuart.[4] The earliest recorded version of the words in print appeared with a footnote, "This may serve as a warning to the Proud and Ambitious, who climb so high that they generally fall at last",[5] which may be read as supporting a satirical meaning. It would help to substantiate the suggestion of a specific political application for the words however if they and the 'Lilliburlero' tune could be shown to have been always associated.
Yet another theory is that the song is based around a 17th century ritual that took place after a newborn baby had died. The mothers would hang the child from a basket on a branch in a tree and waited to see if they would come back to life. The line “ when the bough breaks the baby will fall” would suggest that the baby was dead weight so heavy enough to break the branch.
Another possibility is that the words began as a "dandling" rhyme - one used while a baby is being swung about and sometimes tossed and caught. An early dandling rhyme is quoted in The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book which has some similarity:
Catch him, crow! Carry him, kite!
Take him away till the apples are ripe;
When they are ripe and ready to fall,
Here comes baby, apples and all, woop woop.[6]
Publication[edit]
The words first appeared in print in Mother Goose's Melody (London, c. 1765), possibly published by John Newbery (1713–1767), and which was reprinted in Boston in 1785.[2] Rock-a-bye as a phrase was first recorded in 1805 in Benjamin Tabart's Songs for the Nursery, (London, 1805).[2][7]
Melody[edit]
It is unclear though whether these early rhymes were sung to either of the now-familiar tunes. At some time, however, the Lilliburlero-based tune and the 1796 lyric, with the word "Hush-a-bye" replaced by "Rock-a-bye", must have come together and achieved a new popularity. A possible reference to this re-emergence is in an advertisement in The Times newspaper in 1887 for a performance in London by a minstrel group featuring a "new" American song called 'Rock-a-bye':
"Moore and Burgess Minstrels, St James's-hall TODAY at 3, TONIGHT at 8, when the following new and charming songs will be sung...The great American song of ROCK-A-BYE..."[8]
This minstrel song, whether substantially the same as the nursery rhymes quoted above or not, was clearly an instant hit: a later advertisement for the same company in the paper's October 13 edition promises that "The new and charming American ballad, called ROCK-A-BYE, which has achieved an extraordinary degree of popularity in all the cities of America will be SUNG at every performance."
If this is, in fact, the same song, then this implies that it was an American composition and already popular there. An article in the New York Times of August 1891 (p. 1) refers to the tune being played in a parade in Asbury Park, N.J.[9] and clearly by this date the song was well established in America. Newspapers of the period, however, credit its composition to two separate persons, both resident in Boston: one is Effie Canning (later referred to as Mrs. Effie D. Canning Carlton[10][11] and the other the composer Charles Dupee Blake.[12]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody
Eugene Field, Rock-a-Bye Lady
Rockabye (song) A song based off the lullaby from Clean Bandit, Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Book Lover, 1904: quoted in I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, (O.U.P., 1951).
^ Jump up to: a b c H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 326.
Jump up ^ "Ambergate Walk leaflet" (PDF). Ambervalley.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28.
Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199811/ai_n8808905
Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, (O.U.P., 1951), p. 61.
Jump up ^ I Opie, and P. Opie, The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book (O.U.P., 1955) p. 10.
Jump up ^ Morag Styles, From the garden to the street: an introduction to 300 years of poetry for children (Cassell, 1998),p. 105.
Jump up ^ The Times, Monday, Sep 19, 1887; pg. 1; Issue 32181
Jump up ^ New York Times, August 4, 1891 (p. 1) refers to the tune being played at a Baby Parade at Asbury Park, N.J.: "The line of march formed at the Asbury Avenue Pavilion, and, headed by the full band of the United States steamship Trenton playing "Rock-a-Bye Baby," proceeded up the promenade and countermarched, returning in files of four."
Jump up ^ new York Times, Sunday January 7, 1940, Section: Obituaries, Page 51: "MRS. CARLTON DIES; COMPOSED LULLABY; Wrote 'Rock-a-Bye Baby' at Age of 15--Succumbs in Boston Hospital at 67 WAS ACTRESS 30 YEARS Played Opposite Gillette in 'Private Secretary' and in Own Repertory Group..."
Jump up ^ “The composer of the popular song, “Rock-a-Bye Baby”, which beautifully adapts and incorporates the old and familiar lullaby, is Miss Effie L. Canning, a young girl who was born and formerly lived in Rockland, Me. She is now a resident of Boston. Her success at either verse or music had not been especially great until, by a sort of sudden inspiration, she one day produced the now celebrated lullaby whose popularity, it is a pleasure to state, in the face of so many unlike instances, has been a source of much profit to the composer. Miss Canning is a tall, slender girl, with big brown eyes, full of the sympathy that finds its best expression in art.” New York Times, Wednesday September 10, 1893, Page 11).
Jump up ^ “Charles Dupee Blake, aged fifty-seven, widely known as a composer of popular music...died yesterday at his home in Brookline (Boston)...Mr. Blake composed more than 5,000 songs and pieces of music. Probably his best known work is Rock-a-Bye Baby.” New York Times, Wednesday November 25, 1903, p. 9.
External links[edit]
musipedia
hide
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Three Little Kittens"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Stella Ella Ola"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock-a-bye_Baby&oldid=851828345"
Categories:
Lullabies
Roud Folk Song Index songs
English nursery rhymes
Songs about children
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikisource
Languages
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 July 2018, at 21:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan class style

value: abbr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class style

values: Lilliburlero does not have words or melody similar to Rock-a-bye Baby. (July 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Shining_Cliff_Woods
mw-redirect
Shining Cliff Woods

values:
/wiki/King_James_II_of_England
mw-redirect
King James II of England

values:
/wiki/Moore_and_Burgess_Minstrels
mw-redirect
Moore and Burgess Minstrels

values:
/wiki/Effie_Crockett
mw-redirect
Effie Crockett

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/I._Opie_and_P._Opie
mw-redirect
I. Opie and P. Opie

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rock-a-bye_Baby
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rock-a-bye_Baby rootpage-Rock-a-bye_Baby skin-vector action-view


text:
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Long title
An Act to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act
Acronyms (colloquial)
INA of 1965
Nicknames
Hart–Celler
Enacted by
the 89th United States Congress
Effective
June 30, 1968
Citations
Public law
Pub.L. 89–236
Statutes at Large
79 Stat. 911
Codification
Acts amended
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
Titles amended
8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality
U.S.C. sections amended
8 U.S.C. ch. 12 (§§ 1101, 1151–1157, 1181–1182, 1201, 1254–1255, 1259, 1322, 1351)
Legislative history
Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2580 by Rep. Emanuel Celler (D-NY)
Committee consideration by Judiciary
Passed the House on August 25, 1965 (318–95)
Passed the Senate on September 22, 1965 (76–18) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on September 30, 1965 (320–70)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 3, 1965
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (H.R. 2580; Pub.L. 89–236, 79 Stat. 911, enacted June 30, 1968), also known as the Hart–Celler Act,[1] changed the way quotas were allocated by ending the National Origins Formula that had been in place in the United States since the Emergency Quota Act of 1921. Representative Emanuel Celler of New York proposed the bill, Senator Philip Hart of Michigan co-sponsored it, and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts helped to promote it.
The Hart–Celler Act abolished the quota system based on national origins that had been American immigration policy since the 1920s. The 1965 Act marked a change from past U.S. policy which had discriminated against non-northern Europeans.[2] In removing racial and national barriers the Act would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S.[2]
The new law maintained the per-country limits, but also created preference visa categories that focused on immigrants' skills and family relationships with citizens or U.S. residents. The bill set numerical restrictions on visas at 170,000 per year, with a per-country-of-origin quota. However, immediate relatives of U.S. citizens and "special immigrants" had no restrictions.[1]
Contents
1 Background
2 Provisions
3 Wages under Foreign Certification
4 Legislative history
5 Long-term impact
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
The Hart–Celler Act of 1965 marked a radical break from the immigration policies of the past. Previous laws restricted immigration from Asia and Africa, and gave preference to northern and western Europeans over southern and eastern Europeans.[3] In the 1960s, the United States faced both foreign and domestic pressures to change its nation-based formula, which was regarded as a system that discriminated based on an individual's place of birth. Abroad, former military allies and new independent nations aimed to delegitimize discriminatory immigration, naturalization and regulations through international organizations like the United Nations.[4] In the United States, the national-based formula had been under scrutiny for a number of years. In 1952, President Truman had directed the Commission on Immigration and Naturalization to conduct an investigation and produce a report on the current immigration regulations. The report, Whom We Shall Welcome, served as the blueprint for the Hart–Celler Act.[5] At the height of the Civil Rights Movement the restrictive immigration laws were seen as an embarrassment. President Lyndon Johnson signed the 1965 act into law at the foot of the Statue of Liberty.
The immigration into the country, of "sexual deviants", including homosexuals, was still prohibited under the legislation. The INS continued to deny entry to homosexual prospective immigrants on the grounds that they were "mentally defective", or had a "constitutional psychopathic inferiority" until the Immigration Act of 1990 rescinded the provision discriminating against gay people.[6]
Provisions[edit]
The Hart–Celler Act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran-Walter Act), while it upheld many provisions of the Immigration Act of 1924. It maintained per-country limits, which had been a feature of U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s, and it developed preference categories.[7]
One of the main components aimed to abolish the national-origins quota. This meant that it eliminated national origin, race, and ancestry as basis for immigration.
It created a seven-category preference system, which gave priority to relatives of U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents and to professionals and other individuals with specialized skills.
Immediate relatives and "special immigrants" were not subject to numerical restrictions. Some of the "special immigrants" include ministers, former employees of the U.S. government, foreign medical graduates, among others.
For the first time, immigration from the Western Hemisphere was limited.
It added a labor certification requirement, which dictated that the Secretary of Labor needed to certify labor shortages.
Refugees were given the seventh and last category preference with the possibility of adjusting their status. However, refugees could enter the United States through other means as well like those seeking temporary asylum.
Wages under Foreign Certification[edit]
As per the rules under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), U.S. organizations are permitted to employ foreign workers either temporarily or permanently to fulfill certain types of job requirement. The Employment and Training Administration (ETA) under the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) is the body that usually provides certification to employers allowing them to hire foreign workers in order to bridge qualified and skilled labor gaps in certain business areas. Employers must confirm that they are unable to hire American workers willing to perform the job for wages paid by employers for the same occupation in the intended area of employment. However, some unique rules are applied to each category of visas. They are as follows:
H-1B and H-1B1 Specialty (Professional) Workers should have a pay, as per the prevailing wage – an average wage that is paid to a person employed in the same occupation in the area of employment; or that the employer pays its workers the actual wage paid to people having similar skills and qualifications.
H-2A Agricultural Workers should have the highest pay in accordance to the (a) Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR), (b) the present rate for a particular crop or area, or (c) the state or federal minimum wage. The law also stipulates requirements like employer-sponsored meals and transportation of the employees as well as restrictions on deducting from the workers' wages.
H-2B Non-agricultural Workers should receive a pay that is in accordance with the prevailing wage (mean wage paid to a worker employed in a similar occupation in the concerned area of employment).
D-1 Crewmembers (longshore work) should be paid the current wage (mean wage paid to a person employed in a similar occupation in the respective area of employment).
Permanent Employment of Aliens should be employed after the employer has agreed to provide and pay as per the prevailing wage trends and that it should be decided on the basis of one of the many alternatives provisioned under the said Act. This rule has to be followed the moment the Alien has been granted with permanent residency or the Alien has been admitted in the United States so as to take the required position.[8]
Legislative history[edit]
October 3, 1965: President Lyndon Johnson visits the Statue of Liberty to sign the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.
The Hart–Celler Act was widely supported in Congress. Senator Philip A. Hart introduced the administration-backed immigration bill which was reported to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Immigration and Naturalization Subcommittee.[9] Representative Emanuel Celler introduced the bill in the House of Representatives, which voted 320 to 70 in favor of the act, while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 76 to 18.[9] In the Senate, 52 Democrats voted yes, 14 no, and 1 abstained. Among Senate Republicans, 24 voted yes, 3 voted no, and 1 abstained.[10] In the House, 202 Democrats voted yes, 60 voted no and 12 abstained, 118 Republicans voted yes, 10 voted no and 11 abstained.[11] In total, 74% of Democrats and 85% of Republicans voted for passage of this bill. Most of the no votes were from the American South, which was then still strongly Democratic. During debate on the Senate floor, Senator Kennedy, speaking of the effects of the act, said, "our cities will not be flooded with a million immigrants annually. ... Secondly, the ethnic mix of this country will not be upset".[12]
Senator Hiram Fong (R-HI) answered questions concerning the possible change in our cultural pattern by an influx of Asians:
"Asians represent six-tenths of 1 percent of the population of the United States ... with respect to Japan, we estimate that there will be a total for the first 5 years of some 5,391 ... the people from that part of the world will never reach 1 percent of the population .. .Our cultural pattern will never be changed as far as America is concerned." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1965, pp.71, 119.)[13]
[Note: From 1966 to 1970, 19,399 immigrants came from Japan, more than three times Sen. Fong's estimate. Immigration from Asia as a whole has totaled 5,627,576 from 1966 to 1993. 6.8% of the American population is currently of Asian birth or heritage.]
Michael A. Feighan and other conservative Democrats had insisted that "family unification" should take priority over "employability", on the premise that such a weighting would maintain the existing ethnic profile of the country. That change in policy instead resulted in Chain migration dominating the subsequent patterns of immigration to the United States.[14][15]
On October 3, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the legislation into law, saying, "This [old] system violates the basic principle of American democracy, the principle that values and rewards each man on the basis of his merit as a man. It has been un-American in the highest sense, because it has been untrue to the faith that brought thousands to these shores even before we were a country".[16]
Long-term impact[edit]
Foreign-born in US labor force 1900-2015
The proponents of the Hart–Celler Act argued that it would not significantly influence United States culture. President Johnson called the bill "not a revolutionary bill. It does not affect the lives of millions."[17] Secretary of State Dean Rusk and other politicians, including Senator Ted Kennedy, asserted that the bill would not affect US demographic mix.[2] However, the ethnic composition of immigrants changed following the passage of the law.[18][19] Specifically, the Hart–Celler Act allowed increased numbers of people to migrate to the United States from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.The 1965 act, however, imposed the first cap on immigration from the Americas. This marks the first time numerical limitations were placed on legal immigration from Latin American countries including Mexico.[20]
Prior to 1965, the demographics of immigration stood as mostly Europeans; 68 percent of legal immigrants in the 1950s came from Europe and Canada. However, in the years 1971–1991, immigrants from Hispanic and Latin American countries made 47.9 percent of immigrants (with Mexico accounting for 23.7 percent) and immigrants from Asia 35.2 percent. Not only did it change the ethnic makeup of immigration, but it also greatly increased the number of immigrants—immigration constituted 11 percent of the total U.S. population growth between 1960 and 1970, growing to 33 percent from 1970–80, and to 39 percent from 1980–90.[21] The elimination of the National Origins Formula and the introduction of numeric limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere, along with the strong demand for immigrant workers by U.S. employers, led to rising numbers of illegal immigrants in the U.S. in the decades after 1965, especially in the Southwest.[22] Policies in the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 that were designed to curtail migration across the Mexican-U.S. border led many unauthorized workers to settle permanently in the U.S.[23] These demographic trends became a central part of anti-immigrant activism from the 1980s leading to greater border militarization, rising apprehension of migrants by the Border Patrol, and a focus in the media on the criminality of immigrants.[24]
The INA's elimination of national and ethnic quotas has limited recent efforts at immigration restriction. In January, 2017, president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769 temporarily halted immigration from 7 majority-Muslim nations.[25] However, lower federal courts ruled that the Executive Order violated the INA's prohibitions of discrimination on the basis of nationality and religion. In June, 2017, the US Supreme Court overrode both appeals courts and allowed the second ban to go into effect, but carved out an exemption for persons with "bona fide relationships" in the U.S. In December, 2017, the US Supreme Court allowed the full travel ban to take effect which excludes people who have a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States.[26] In June 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the travel ban, saying that the president’s power to secure the country’s borders, delegated by Congress over decades of immigration lawmaking, was not undermined by the president's history of incendiary statements about the dangers he said Muslims pose to the United States.[27]
See also[edit]
Immigration Act of 1924
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
Luce–Celler Act of 1946
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
National Origins Formula
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sarah Starkweather. "US immigration legislation online". University of Washington, Bothell Library. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jennifer Ludden. "1965 immigration law changed face of America". NPR.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Immigration Before 1965". Retrieved 2016-09-03.
Jump up ^ "The Geopolitical Origins of the U.S. Immigration Acts of 1965". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Whom we shall welcome; report". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
Jump up ^ Tracy J. Davis. "Opening the Doors of Immigration: Sexual Orientation and Asylum in the United States". Human Rights Brief. 6 (3). Archived from the original on August 22, 2002.
Jump up ^ Keely, Charles B. (Winter 1979). "The Development of U.S. Immigration Policy Since 1965". Journal of International Affairs. 33 (2).
Jump up ^ "Wages under Foreign Labor Certification". U.S. Department of Labor. Archived from the original on 2005-09-25. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Association of Centers for the Study of Congress. "Immigration and Nationalization Act". The Great Society Congress. Association of Centers for the Study of Congress. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Keith Poole. "Senate Vote #232 (Sep 22, 1965)". Civic Impulse, LLC.
Jump up ^ Keith Poole. "House Vote #177 (Sep 30, 1965)". Civic Impulse, LLC.
Jump up ^ Bill Ong Hing (2012), Defining America: Through Immigration Policy, Temple University Press, p. 95, ISBN 978-1-59213-848-7
Jump up ^ https://cis.org/Report/Legacy-1965-Immigration-Act
Jump up ^ Tom Gjelten, Laura Knoy (2016-01-21). NPR's Tom Gjelten on America's Immigration Story (Radio broadcast). The Exchange. New Hampshire Public Radio. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
Jump up ^ Gjelten, Tom (2015-08-12). "Michael Feighan and LBJ". Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York". October 3, 1965. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, L.B., (1965). President Lyndon B. Johnson's Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill. Liberty Island, New York October 3, 1965 transcript at lbjlibrary.
Jump up ^ Ngai, Mae M. (2004). Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princenton: Princeton University Press. pp. 266–268. ISBN 978-0-691-16082-5.
Jump up ^ Law, Anna O. (Summer 2002). "The Diversity Visa Lottery – A Cycle of Unintended Consequences in United States Immigration Policy". Journal of American Ethnic History. 21 (4).
Jump up ^ Template:Cite Center for American Progress
Jump up ^ Lind, Michael (1995). The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution. New York: The Free Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-684-82503-8.
Jump up ^ Massey, Douglas S. (2015-09-25). "How a 1965 immigration reform created illegal immigration". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Massey, Douglas S.; Durand, Jorge; Pren, Karen A. (2016-03-01). "Why Border Enforcement Backfired". American Journal of Sociology. 121 (5): 1557–1600. doi:10.1086/684200. ISSN 0002-9602. PMC 5049707.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Leo (2013). The Latino threat : constructing immigrants, citizens, and the nation. Stanford University Press.
Jump up ^ See Wikisource:Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States
Jump up ^ Lydia Wheeler (4 December, 2017). "Supreme Court allows full Trump travel ban to take effect". The Hill.
Jump up ^ "Trump's Travel Ban Is Upheld by Supreme Court". The New York Timrs. June 26, 2018.
External links[edit]
An Act to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act, and for other purposes Text of Public Law 89-236 – October 3, 1965
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Immigration Policy in the United States (2006), Congressional Budget office.
The Great Society Congress
show
v
t
e
Immigration to the United States and related topics
Relevant colonial era,
United States and
international laws
Colonial era
Nationality law in the American Colonies
Plantation Act 1740
18th century
Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798
19th century
Naturalization Law 1802
Civil Rights Act of 1866
14th Amendment (1868)
Naturalization Act 1870
Page Act (1875)
Immigration Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion (1882)
Scott Act (1888)
Immigration Act of 1891
Geary Act (1892)
1900–1949
Naturalization Act 1906
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Immigration Act of 1907
Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Cable Act (1922)
Immigration Act 1924
Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
Nationality Act of 1940
Bracero Program (1942–1964)
Magnuson Act (1943)
War Brides Act (1945)
Luce–Celler Act (1946)
1950–1999
UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965
Refugee Act (1980)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
American Homecoming Act (1989)
Immigration Act 1990
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
21st century
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
REAL ID Act (2005)
Secure Fence Act (2006)
DACA (2012)
Executive Order 13769 (2017)
Executive Order 13780 (2017)
Central American migrant caravans (2018)
Visas and policies
Visa policy
Permanent residence
Visa Waiver Program
Temporary protected status
Asylum
Green Card Lottery
Central American Minors
US-VISIT
Security Advisory Opinion
E-Verify
Section 287(g)
National Origins Formula
Expedited removal
Detention
Trump administration family separation policy
Government
organizations
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Border Patrol
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Executive Office for Immigration Review
Board of Immigration Appeals
Office of Refugee Resettlement
Supreme Court cases
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)
Zadvydas v. Davis (2001)
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)
Related issues
and events
Economic impact
Eugenics in the United States
Guest worker program
Human trafficking
Human smuggling
Coyotaje
Immigration reform
Immigration reduction
Mexico–United States barrier
Labor shortage
March for America
Illegal immigrant population
Reverse immigration
2006 protests
Unaccompanied minors from Central America
List of people deported from the United States
Geography
Mexico–United States border
Canada–United States border
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Proposed legislation
DREAM Act (2001–2010)
H.R. 4437 (2005)
McCain–Kennedy (2005)
SKIL (2006)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
STRIVE Act (2007)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
SAFE Act (2015)
RAISE Act (2017)
Immigration stations
and points of entry
Angel Island
Castle Garden
East Boston
Ellis Island
Sullivan's Island
Washington Avenue
Operations
"Wetback" (1954)
"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
"Babylift" (1975)
"Gatekeeper" (1994)
"Endgame" (2003–2012)
"Front Line" (2004–2005)
"Streamline" (2005–present)
"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
State legislation
California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
Alabama HB 56 (2011)
Non-governmental
organizations
Arizona Border Recon
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
National Immigration Forum
Center for Community Change
We Are America Alliance
CASA of Maryland
Mexica Movement
Mexicans Without Borders
Federation for American Immigration Reform
Minuteman Project
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
Save Our State
Center for Immigration Studies
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
NumbersUSA
Negative Population Growth
Migration Policy Institute
Utah Compact
Center for Migration Studies of New York
show
v
t
e
Lyndon B. Johnson
36th President of the United States (1963–1969)
37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)
U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)
U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)
Presidency
1963 inauguration
1965 inauguration
Great Society
Architectural Barriers Act
Child Nutrition Act
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Transportation
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Head Start Program
Job Corps
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Food Stamp Act of 1964
Glassboro Summit
Gun Control Act of 1968
Higher Education Act of 1965
Upward Bound
TRIO
Teacher Corps
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Johnson Doctrine
Dominican Republic occupation
Medicare
Medicaid
Meritorious Service Medal
National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Humanities
Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts
Executive Order 11375
Older Americans Act
Operation CHAOS
Outer Space Treaty
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
Vietnam War
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
"Credibility gap"
VISTA
Voting Rights Act of 1965
War on Poverty
White House Conference on Civil Rights
White House preservation
State of the Union Address, 1966
1968
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Johnson desk
Life
Early years and career
Operation Texas
Texas Broadcasting Company
Johnson Amendment
Bashir Ahmad
Legacy
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
Memorial Grove on the Potomac
U.S. Postage stamp
Books
Bibliography
Elections
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
United States House of Representatives elections, 1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
United States Senate special elections, 1941
United States Senate elections, 1948
1954
1960
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
1964
1968
Democratic National Convention 1956
1960
1964
United States presidential election, 1960
1964
Popular culture
Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
Daisy advertisement
Johnson cult
The Years of Lyndon Johnson
Path to War, (2002 film)
All the Way (2012 play, 2016 film)
LBJ (2017 film)
Family
Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife)
Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)
Luci Baines Johnson (daughter)
Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)
Rebekah Baines Johnson (mother)
Sam Houston Johnson (brother)
Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. (grandfather)
Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)
George Washington Baines (great-grandfather)
Chuck Robb (son-in-law)
← John F. Kennedy
Richard Nixon →
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n2015026657
VIAF: 315594444
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965&oldid=858617460"
Categories:
United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
1965 in law
History of the United States (1964–80)
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from August 2014
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
עברית
Polski
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 September 2018, at 13:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: caption

attrs: href class

attrs: scope style

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-89-236

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-79-911

values: United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

values:
/wiki/Immigration_policy
mw-redirect
Immigration policy

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Commission on Immigration and Naturalization (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement
mw-redirect
Civil Rights Movement

values:
/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson
mw-redirect
Lyndon Johnson

values: Edit section: Wages under Foreign Certification

values:
/wiki/Philip_A._Hart
mw-redirect
Philip A. Hart

values:
/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives
mw-redirect
U.S. House of Representatives

values: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

values: Legal challenges to Executive Order 13769

values:
nofollow
http://www.tomgjelten.com/feighan-lbj/
external text

values: Template:Cite Center for American Progress (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F684200

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602

values: wikisource:Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States

values: Template:Immigration to the United States

values: Template talk:Immigration to the United States

values: Nationality law in the American Colonies

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Convention relating to the Status of Refugees

values: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

values: American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act

values:
/wiki/REAL_ID_Act
mw-redirect
REAL ID Act

values: Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)

values: Immigration detention in the United States

values: Trump administration family separation policy

values: United States Department of Homeland Security

values: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

values:
/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol
mw-redirect
U.S. Border Patrol

values: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

values: Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law

values: Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States

values: Immigration reduction in the United States

values: Illegal immigrant population of the United States

values: Reverse immigration in the United States

values: 2006 United States immigration reform protests

values: List of people deported or removed from the United States

values: United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints

values: Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005

values: Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act

values: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006

values: Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007

values: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007

values: Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform

values:
/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland
mw-redirect
CASA of Maryland

values: Federation for American Immigration Reform

values: California Coalition for Immigration Reform

values: Center for Migration Studies of New York

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of United States Senators from Texas

values: Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson

values: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

values: United States Department of Transportation

values:
/wiki/Head_Start_Program
mw-redirect
Head Start Program

values:
/wiki/TRIO_(program)
mw-redirect
TRIO (program)

values: United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)

values: Meritorious Service Medal (United States)

values: Committee for the Preservation of the White House

values: List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson

values: Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates

values: Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies

values: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

values: Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park

values:
/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center
mw-redirect
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

values: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs

values: Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values:
/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography
mw-redirect
Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1940

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1942

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1944

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1946

values: United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1964

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968

values: United States presidential election, 1960

values: United States presidential election, 1964

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/315594444

values: Category:United States federal immigration and nationality legislation

values: Category:History of the United States (1964–80)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – Czech

values: Immigration and Naturalization Services Act of 1965 – German

values: Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad de 1965 – Spanish

values: لایحه مهاجرت و تابعیت ۱۹۶۵ – Persian

values: Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – French

values: חוק ההגירה והאזרחות (ארצות הברית) – Hebrew

values: Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – Polish

values: Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – Finnish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965 rootpage-Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965 skin-vector action-view