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Interstate 95 in North Carolina
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This article is about the section of Interstate 95 in North Carolina. For the entire route, see Interstate 95.
Interstate 95
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
I-95 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by NCDOT
Length
181.71 mi[2][3] (292.43 km)
Existed
1958[1]–present
Major junctions
South end
I-95 at the SC state line
I-74 / US 74 near Lumberton
US 13 / NC 295 in Eastover
I-40 near Benson
I-795 / US 264 near Wilson
US 64 in Rocky Mount
North end
I-95 at the VA state line
Location
Counties
Robeson, Cumberland, Harnett, Johnston, Wilson, Nash, Halifax, Northampton
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
North Carolina Highway System
Interstate
U.S.
State
Scenic
← NC 94 NC 96 →
Interstate 95 (I-95) is a major Interstate Highway, running along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maine. In North Carolina, I-95 runs diagonally across the eastern third of the state, from Rowland at the South Carolina border to Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. From south to north, the route passes through or near the cities of Lumberton, Fayetteville, Wilson, Rocky Mount and Roanoke Rapids. The route goes through a mostly rural area of the state, avoiding most of the major metro areas of North Carolina. It forms the informal border between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of the state. There are two auxiliary routes for I-95 in the state: Future I-295, a partially completed bypass of Fayetteville and I-795, a spur route connecting I-95 to the city of Goldsboro.
Contents
1 Route description
1.1 Services
1.2 Dedicated and memorial names
2 History
2.1 Tolls
3 Future
4 Auxiliary routes in North Carolina
5 Exit list
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Route description[edit]
Interstate 95 enters North Carolina at the South Carolina line, just north of the South of the Border attraction and just to the south of the town of Rowland. Traveling mostly northeast from the border, the road enters Lumberton where it interchanges with I-74. Frontage roads through Lumberton have extensive travel services, including restaurants, shops, and hotels. Leaving Lumberton, the route turns due north through a rural area of the state, past the small farming community of St. Pauls. I-95 serves as the eastern bypass of Fayetteville where Interstate 95 Business, an older alignment, connects I-95 to downtown Fayetteville.
I-95 interchanges with I-40 in Benson, North Carolina, U.S. 264 in Wilson, and U.S. 64 in Rocky Mount, three of the main east-west routes in the eastern part of the state. The last city it passes is Roanoke Rapids before leaving the state near the unincorporated community of Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. For most of the route, I-95 is paralleled closely by U.S. 301.
Services[edit]
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) operate and maintain two welcome centers and six rest areas along I-95. Welcome centers, which have a travel information facility on site, are located at mile markers 5 (northbound) and 181 (southbound); rest areas are located at mile markers 47 (north and southbound), 99 (north and southbound) and 142 (north and southbound). Common at all locations are public restrooms, public telephones, vending machines, picnic area and barbecue grills.[4]
The North Carolina Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) operate and maintain four truck inspection/weigh stations along I-95. The Robeson County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 24, each has one fixed scale. The Halifax County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 151, each has two fixed scales.[5]
Dedicated and memorial names[edit]
Interstate 95 in North Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges, interchanges and stretches of freeway.
Blue Star Memorial Highway: Official North Carolina honorary name of Interstate 95 throughout the state (approved on June 13, 1980).[6][7][8]
Dick Fleming Freeway: Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 from exit 95, in Smithfield, to exit 97, in Selma, in Johnston County. He is honored as being a visionary businessman, who help spur businesses along the two exits and the establishment of Carolina Pottery Store in 1983, which later grew to become Carolina Premium Outlets (approved January, 2013; dedicated March 22, 2013).[9]
Hector MacLean Highway: Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 within Lumberton city limits (approved on October 3, 1997).[6]
History[edit]
I-95 Entering into NC from VA
Established in 1956, as part of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, I-95 was routed along or near existing US 301 throughout the state of North Carolina. By 1961, two stretches of the interstate opened: from mile marker 56, in Fayetteville, to mile marker 107, near Kenly; the other a small bypass near Saint Pauls. In 1964, the Saint Pauls section extended further south into Lumberton; while another small stretch opened from US 158, in Roanoke Rapids, to the Virginia state line. In 1969, I-95 was extended further south from Roanoke Rapids to exit 145, in Rocky Mount (later used for NC 4). In 1973, Interstate 95 was completed from Saint Pauls to the South Carolina state line.
By the mid 1970s, I-95 had two gaps along its route in Fayetteville and Kenly-Gold Rock. In May 1978, two Interstate 95 Business loops were established, both overlapping US 301, to help connect through the gaps and make I-95 appear as one continuous route throughout the state. In November 1978, the first gap to be completed was the Kenly-Gold Rock section.[10] The final section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1980, an easterly bypass of Fayetteville.[11][12]
Tolls[edit]
The idea of tolling I-95 started in 2001 as a way to pay for improvements along the route. In 2003, state officials sought permission from the Federal Highway Administration for a plan that would cost $3 billion and put toll booths every thirty miles along the entire route. However, this was quickly killed by Governor Mike Easley, who did not support tolls.[13]
In 2006, when the Virginia General Assembly passed the resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway, North Carolina was asked to join in on the compact of putting tolls along the entire length of Interstate 95 in both states.[14] Again, this was stopped by Governor Mike Easley, who did not see the benefit in such a compact and reiterated his opposition of tolls along Interstate 95.[12]
In 2010, North Carolina leaders revived talks on tolling Interstate 95, submitting a request to the Federal Highway Administration to toll the entire route. Approval would be considered after an environmental assessment and other conditions. Support has grown in a number of factors including the fact that the interstate is mostly rural and used predominantly by out-of-state drivers.[12]
On January 20, 2012, NCDOT received final approval of the Environmental Assessment for improvements along I-95 in North Carolina. The following recommendations were made:
Widen I-95 to eight lanes (four lanes in each direction) from exit 31 to exit 81;
Widen the remaining sections of I-95 to six lanes (three lanes in each direction);
Make necessary repairs to pavement;
Raise and rebuild bridges;
Improve interchanges; and
Bring I-95 up to current safety standards for interstates.
It is estimated to cost $4.4 billion with recommendation that it should be paid through tolls. Construction would begin in two phases: Phase 1 (exit 31-exit 81) would begin in 2016 with tolls starting after completion; phase 2 would begin in 2019, which covers the remainder of the interstate.[15][16][17] With a possible 2019 start date for the tolls, NCDOT plans to install nine overhead toll collection sensors every twenty miles with additional toll collection sensors at exits before tolls (to reduce drivers from jumping off and on at each toll); main toll stations will charge twenty miles each while exit tolls will charge ten miles each. Gaps along the route, where no toll collectors are located, will allow local traffic to utilize the interstate toll free. Though the toll rates have not been established, a NCDOT report suggest charging 19.2 cents per mile (11.9 ¢/km) for cars in the phase 1 section, with a much lower rate of 6.4 ¢/mi (4.0 ¢/km) on phase 2 sections; which would work out to be $19.20 from border to border (trucks with three axles or more will be charged more). Drivers that do not carry a toll transponder (i.e. North Carolina Quick Pass) will have their license numbers recorded by cameras and will be billed by mail, at a higher toll rate.[18]
Future[edit]
NCDOT plans to widen I-95 from four to six lanes between mile markers 14 and 21, in Robeson County. However, it is currently flagged "Scheduled for Reprioritization," with no estimated cost or date established.[19]
An improvement project along I-95 includes widening sections of the interstate in Cumberland and Robeson counties between Exit 22 & Exit 40 and in Harnett & Johnston counties between Exit 71 & Exit 81 to eight lanes. Currently, funding is expected for the Cumberland and Robeson section after 2027 and construction scheduled for the Harnett & Johnston counties section in 2026.[20]
Auxiliary routes in North Carolina[edit]
Interstate
City
Type
Notes
Interstate 95 Business Fayetteville Business loop Expressway and boulevard grades.
Interstate 95 Business Wilson and Rocky Mount Business loop Boulevard grade. Decommissioned.
Interstate 295 Fayetteville Bypass Future; completed segments designated as NC 295.
Interstate 495 Raleigh Connector Connected between I-40 and I-540; future to I-95 in Rocky Mount. Replaced by I-87.
Interstate 795 Wilson and Goldsboro Spur
Exit list[edit]
County
Location
mi[3]
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes
Robeson
0.00
0.00 I-95 south – Florence Continuation into South Carolina
1 US 301 / US 501 – Rowland, Laurinburg, Dillon Signed as exits 1A (south) and 1B (north) southbound; exits 1 northbound and 1A southbound are in South Carolina

2.3
3.7 2 NC 130 to NC 904 – Rowland, Fairmont

7.2
11.6 7 Raynham Road – McDonald, Raynham

10.4
16.7 10 US 301 south – Raynham South end of US 301 overlap
Lumberton
13.0
20.9 13 I-74 / US 74 – Whiteville, Wilmington, Laurinburg, Rockingham Signed as exits 13A (east) and 13B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes
13.7
22.0 14 US 74 Permanently closed in 2007; replaced by exit 13
17.0
27.4 17 NC 72 / NC 711 – Lumberton, Pembroke, Red Springs
18.7
30.1 19 Carthage Road
19.9
32.0 20 NC 211 to NC 41 – Lumberton, Red Springs, Fairmont
21.5
34.6 22 US 301 north – Lumberton North end of US 301 overlap

25.0
40.2 25 US 301
St. Pauls
31.4
50.5 31 NC 20 – St. Pauls, Raeford
33.0
53.1 33 US 301 to NC 71 – Parkton, St. Pauls

I-295 Proposed interchange (unfunded)[21]
Cumberland
40.0
64.4 40 I-95 Bus. north to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg
Hope Mills
41.3
66.5 41 NC 59 north – Hope Mills

43.9
70.7 44 Snow Hill Road – Fayetteville Regional Airport

46.0
74.0 46 NC 87 – Elizabethtown, Fayetteville Signed as exits 46A (south) and 46B (north); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes
Fayetteville
49.0
78.9 49 NC 53 / NC 210 – Fayetteville
Vander
51.6
83.0 52 NC 24 – Fayetteville, Clinton Signed as exits 52A (east) and 52B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes
Eastover
54.6
87.9 55 Murphy Road
55.1
88.7 56 I-95 Bus. south to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg
58.0
93.3 58 US 13 north / NC 295 south to US 401 – Newton Grove, Fort Bragg Southern terminus of US 13

61.2
98.5 61 Wade–Steadman Road – Wade

65.3
105.1 65 NC 82 – Godwin, Falcon
Harnett
69.5
111.8 70 Bud Hawkins Road

70.8
113.9 71 Long Branch Road
Dunn
72.4
116.5 72 Pope Road
73.0
117.5 73 US 421 / NC 55 – Dunn, Clinton, Newton Grove

75.0
120.7 75 Jonesboro Road

76.9
123.8 77 Hodges Chapel Road
Johnston Benson
79.5
127.9 79 NC 50 / NC 242 to NC 27 – Benson, Newton Grove
81.0
130.4 81 I-40 – Wilmington, Raleigh, Durham Signed southbound as exits 81A (west) and 81B (east)
Four Oaks
87.6
141.0 87 Keen Road – Four Oaks
89.8
144.5 90 US 701 south / NC 96 – Newton Grove
Smithfield
93.1
149.8 93 Brogden Road – Smithfield
94.8
152.6 95
US 70 Bus. – Smithfield, Goldsboro To Carolina Premium Outlets
Selma
96.9
155.9 97 US 70 (NC 39) – Selma, Pine Level, Goldsboro
98.0
157.7 98 Pine Level–Selma Road – Selma
Micro
101.4
163.2 101 Pittman Road
102.5
165.0 102 Main Street – Micro
Kenly
104.6
168.3 105 Bagley Road
106.0
170.6 106 Truck Stop Road
107.2
172.5 107 US 301 – Kenly, Wilson To Gov. Charles B. Aycock Birthplace and Tobacco Farm Life Museum
Wilson
116.4
187.3 116 NC 42 – Wilson, Clayton
Wilson
119.4
192.2 119A I-795 south / US 264 east – Wilson, Greenville, Goldsboro Signed as exits 119A (east/south) and 119B (west)
Cloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways
119B US 264 west – Raleigh
121.5
195.5 121
US 264 Alt. – Wilson, Sims
Nash
126.9
204.2 127 NC 97 – Rocky Mount–Wilson Regional Airport

132.4
213.1 132 To NC 58 / Sandy Cross Road
Rocky Mount
Sunset Avenue Proposed interchange (unfunded).[22][23]
138.5
222.9 138 US 64 – Nashville, Raleigh, Rocky Mount, Tarboro Signed as exits 138A (west) 138B (east)
To NC Aquarium and Cape Hatteras National Seashore
Cloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways
Dortches
140.8
226.6 141 NC 43 – Red Oak
Rocky Mount
145.0
233.4 145 NC 4 / NC 48 to US 301 – Gold Rock, Rocky Mount

149.8
241.1 150 NC 33 – Whitakers
Halifax
153.7
247.4 154 NC 481 – Enfield

160.5
258.3 160 NC 561 – Halifax To Medoc Mountain State Park

167.7
269.9 168 NC 903 – Halifax
Roanoke Rapids
170.7
274.7 171 NC 125 – Roanoke Rapids
173.0
278.4 173 US 158 – Roanoke Rapids, Weldon
Northampton
175.8
282.9 176 NC 46 – Gaston, Garysburg

180.0
289.7 180 NC 48 – Gaston

181.7
292.4 I-95 north – Richmond Continuation into Virginia
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Closed/former
Concurrency terminus
Unopened
See also[edit]
North Carolina portal
U.S. Roads portal
Cape Fear River
Lake Gaston
Lumber River
Neuse River
Roanoke River
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I-95 Fact Sheet" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 21, 2008. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration Route Log and Finder List, Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002
^ Jump up to: a b Google (February 13, 2012). "Interstate 95 in North Carolina" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NCDOT: North Carolina Rest Areas System". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NCDPS - Weigh Stations". North Carolina Department of Public Safety. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities" (PDF). Retrieved October 7, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "NCDOT: NC Blue Star Memorial Marker Locations". Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Blue Star Memorial Marker Program Directory" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (March 22, 2013). "NCDOT Names Section of I-95 in Johnston County as Dick Fleming Freeway". Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Opening of I-95 Set For Monday". Spring Hope Enterprise. November 16, 1978. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NCRoads.com: I-95". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Siceloff, Bruce (June 13, 2010). "Talk of I-95 tolls revives". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interstate-Guide: Interstate 95". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "SJ 184 Interstate Route 95". Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (January 20, 2012). "Environmental Assessment Approved for I-95 Improvements". NCDOT. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (January 21, 2012). "NC report recommends tolls on Interstate 95". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dorsey, Steve (January 21, 2012). "NC DOT considers making I-95 a toll road". Durham, NC: WTVD-TV. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Siceloff, Bruce (February 12, 2012). "Plan fights evasion of I-95 toll in North Carolina". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NCDOT: Project I-3806". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ webmaster. "NCDOT News Release: Fourteen New Projects for Division 6 in Updated Draft Transportation Plan". apps.ncdot.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
Jump up ^ Staff. "NCDOT Project U-2519". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff. "City of Rocky Mount TIP Status Report" (PDF). City of Rocky Mount. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff. "NCDOT Project U-5026". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
External links[edit]
Route map:
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 95 in North Carolina
KML is from Wikidata
Media related to Interstate 95 in North Carolina at Wikimedia Commons
Driving95|I-95 Corridor Planning & Financial Study
Internatate 95 North Carolina @ SoutheastRoads.com (AARoads)
Exitlists.com (I-95)
Interstate 95
Previous state:
South Carolina North Carolina Next state:
Virginia
hide
v
t
e
Auxiliary routes of Interstate 95
Florida
195
295
395
595
7952
Georgia
Business
North Carolina
2952
4951
795
Business
Virginia
195
295
395
495
5951
8951
District of Columbia
295
395
495
695
Maryland
195
295
395
495
5954
695
795
895
Delaware
295
495
8951
Pennsylvania
295
4951
6953
8953
New Jersey
195
295
4951
6953
8953
New York
295
495
695
8951
Connecticut
395
Rhode Island
195
295
8953
Massachusetts
195
295
395
495
6953
8953
Maine
195
295
395
4954
1Former
2Future
3Unbuilt
4Unsigned
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_95_in_North_Carolina&oldid=865563647"
Categories:
Interstate 95
Interstate Highways in North Carolina
Transportation in Fayetteville, North Carolina
Transportation in Robeson County, North Carolina
Transportation in Cumberland County, North Carolina
Transportation in Harnett County, North Carolina
Transportation in Johnston County, North Carolina
Transportation in Wilson County, North Carolina
Transportation in Nash County, North Carolina
Transportation in Halifax County, North Carolina
Transportation in Northampton County, North Carolina
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Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk
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This article is about the US Army military versions and operators of the S-70 family. For USAF variants, see Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk. For an overview of the S-70 family and for its civilian models and operators, see Sikorsky S-70.
UH-60 Black Hawk
A UH-60L Black Hawk flies a low-level mission over Iraq in January 2004.
Role
Utility helicopter
Manufacturer
Sikorsky Aircraft
First flight
17 October 1974
Introduction
1979
Status
In service
Primary users
United States Army
Japan Self Defense Forces
Colombian Armed Forces
Turkish Armed Forces
Produced
1974–present
Number built
about 4,000[1]
Unit cost
UH-60: US$21.3 million (avg. U.S. procurement, 2012)[2]
Developed from
Sikorsky S-70
Variants
Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk
Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk
Mitsubishi H-60
The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft. Sikorsky submitted the S-70 design for the United States Army's Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition in 1972. The Army designated the prototype as the YUH-60A and selected the Black Hawk as the winner of the program in 1976, after a fly-off competition with the Boeing Vertol YUH-61.
Named after the Native American war leader Black Hawk, the UH-60A entered service with the U.S. Army in 1979, to replace the Bell UH-1 Iroquois as the Army's tactical transport helicopter. This was followed by the fielding of electronic warfare and special operations variants of the Black Hawk. Improved UH-60L and UH-60M utility variants have also been developed. Modified versions have also been developed for the U.S. Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. In addition to U.S. Army use, the UH-60 family has been exported to several nations. Black Hawks have served in combat during conflicts in Grenada, Panama, Iraq, Somalia, the Balkans, Afghanistan, and other areas in the Middle East.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
1.1 Initial requirement
1.2 Upgrades and variations
2 Design
3 Operational history
3.1 Australia
3.2 Brazil
3.3 China (People's Republic of China)
3.4 Taiwan (Republic of China)
3.5 Colombia
3.6 Israel
3.7 Mexico
3.8 Slovakia
3.9 Sweden
3.10 Turkey
3.11 United States
3.12 Other and potential users
4 Variants
4.1 Utility variants
4.2 Special purpose
4.3 Export versions
4.4 S-70A
5 Military operators
6 Accidents
7 Specifications (UH-60L)
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Notes
9.2 Citations
9.3 Bibliography
10 External links
Development[edit]
Initial requirement[edit]
In the late 1960s, the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH-1 Iroquois, and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS). The Army also initiated the development of a new, common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the General Electric T700. Based on experience in Vietnam, the Army required significant performance, survivability and reliability improvements from both UTTAS and the new powerplant.[3] The Army released its UTTAS request for proposals (RFP) in January 1972.[4] The RFP also included air transport requirements. Transport aboard the C-130 limited the UTTAS cabin height and length.[5]
The UTTAS requirements for improved reliability, survivability and lower life-cycle costs resulted in features such as dual-engines with improved hot and high altitude performance, and a modular design (reduced maintenance footprint); run-dry gearboxes; ballistically tolerant, redundant subsystems (hydraulic, electrical and flight controls); crashworthy crew (armored) and troop seats; dual-stage oleo main landing gear; ballistically tolerant, crashworthy main structure; quieter, more robust main and tail rotor systems; and a ballistically tolerant, crashworthy fuel system.[6]
UH-60A Black Hawks over Port Salinas during the invasion of Grenada, 1983. The conflict saw the first use of the UH-60 in combat.
Four prototypes were constructed, with the first YUH-60A flying on 17 October 1974. Prior to delivery of the prototypes to the US Army, a preliminary evaluation was conducted in November 1975 to ensure the aircraft could be operated safely during all testing.[7] Three of the prototypes were delivered to the Army in March 1976, for evaluation against the rival Boeing-Vertol design, the YUH-61A, and one was kept by Sikorsky for internal research. The Army selected the UH-60 for production in December 1976. Deliveries of the UH-60A to the Army began in October 1978 and the helicopter entered service in June 1979.[8]
Upgrades and variations[edit]
After entering service, the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles, including mine laying and medical evacuation. An EH-60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH-60 variant to support its missions.[9]
Due to weight increases from the addition of mission equipment and other changes, the Army ordered the improved UH-60L in 1987. The new model incorporated all of the modifications made to the UH-60A fleet as standard design features. The UH-60L also featured more power and lifting capability with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines and a stronger gearbox, both developed for the SH-60B Seahawk.[10] Its external lift capacity increased by 1,000 lb (450 kg) up to 9,000 lb (4,100 kg). The UH-60L also incorporated the automatic flight control system (AFCS) from the SH-60 for better flight control due to handling issues with the more powerful engines.[11] Production of the L-model began in 1989.[10]
UH-60s equipped with machine guns near An Najaf, Iraq in May 2005.
Development of the next improved variant, the UH-60M, was approved in 2001, to extend the service life of the UH-60 design into the 2020s. The UH-60M incorporates upgraded T700-GE-701D engines, improved rotor blades, and state of the art electronic instrumentation, flight controls and aircraft navigation control. After the U.S. DoD approved low-rate initial production of the new variant,[12] manufacturing began in 2006,[13] with the first of 22 new UH-60Ms delivered in July 2006.[14] After an initial operational evaluation, the Army approved full-rate production and a five-year contract for 1,227 helicopters in December 2007.[15] By March 2009, 100 UH-60M helicopters had been delivered to the Army.[16] In November 2014, US military ordered 102 aircraft of various H-60 types, worth $1.3 billion.[17]
Following an operation in May 2011, it emerged that the 160th SOAR used a secret version of the UH-60 modified with low-observable technology which enabled it to evade Pakistani radar. Analysis of the tail section, the only remaining part of the aircraft which crashed during the operation,[18][19] revealed extra blades on the tail rotor and other noise reduction measures, making the craft much quieter than conventional UH-60s. The aircraft appeared to include features like special high-tech materials, harsh angles, and flat surfaces found only in stealth jets.[Nb 1][20] Low observable versions of the Black Hawk have been studied as far back as the mid-1970s.[21]
In September 2012, Sikorsky was awarded a Combat Tempered Platform Demonstration (CTPD) contract to further improve the Black Hawk's durability and survivability. The company is to develop new technologies such as a zero-vibration system, adaptive flight control laws, advanced fire management, a more durable main rotor, full-spectrum crashworthiness, and damage tolerant airframe; then they are to transition them to the helicopter. Improvements to the Black Hawk are to continue until the Future Vertical Lift program is ready to replace it.[22][23]
In December 2014, the 101st Airborne Division began testing of new resupply equipment called the Enhanced Speed Bag System (ESBS). Soldiers pinned down in the field requiring quick resupply have depended on speed bags, bags filled with items airdropped from a UH-60. However, all systems were ad-hoc with bags not made to keep things secure from impacts, so up to half of the airdropped items would be damaged upon hitting the ground. Started in 2011, the ESBS sought to standardize the airdrop resupply method and keep up to 90 percent of supplies intact. The system includes a hands-free reusable linear brake and expendable speed line and multipurpose cargo bag; when the bag is deployed, the brake applies friction to the rope, slowing it down enough to keep the bag oriented down on the padded base, a honeycomb and foam kit inside to dissipate energy. The ESBS not only better protects helicopter-dropped supplies, it allows the Black Hawk to fly higher above the ground, 100 ft (30 m) up from 10 feet, while traveling 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h), limiting exposure to ground fire. Each bag can weigh 125–200 lb (57–91 kg) and up to six can be deployed at once, dropping 40–50 feet per second (12–15 m/s). Since supplies can be delivered more accurately and the system can be automatically released on its own, the ESBS can enable autonomous resupply from unmanned helicopters.[24][25][26]
Design[edit]
UH-60A Black Hawk parked on flight line
The UH-60 features four-blade main and tail rotors, and is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines.[27] The main rotor is fully articulated and has elastomeric bearings in the rotor head. The tail rotor is canted and features a rigid crossbeam.[28] The helicopter has a long, low profile shape to meet the Army's requirement for transporting aboard a C-130 Hercules, with some disassembly.[27] It can carry 11 troops with equipment, lift 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg) of cargo internally or 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) of cargo (for UH-60L/M) externally by sling.[15]
The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions, including the tactical transport of troops, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. A VIP version known as the VH-60N is used to transport important government officials (e.g., Congress, Executive departments) with the helicopter's call sign of "Marine One" when transporting the President of the United States.[29] In air assault operations, it can move a squad of 11 combat troops or reposition a 105 mm M119 howitzer with 30 rounds ammunition, and a four-man crew in a single lift.[15] The Black Hawk is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics for increased survivability and capability, such as the Global Positioning System.
A view of a UH-60L cockpit
The UH-60 can be equipped with stub wings at the top of fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments. The initial stub wing system is called External Stores Support System (ESSS).[30] It has two pylons on each wing to carry two 230 US gal (870 L) and two 450 US gal (1,700 L) tanks in total.[11] The four fuel tanks and associated lines and valves form the external extended range fuel system (ERFS).[31] U.S. Army UH-60s have had their ESSS modified into the crashworthy external fuel system (CEFS) configuration, replacing the older tanks with up to four total 200 US gal (760 L) crashworthy tanks along with self-sealing fuel lines.[32] The ESSS can also carry 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) of armament such as rockets, missiles and gun pods.[11][33] The ESSS entered service in 1986. However, it was found that the four fuel tanks obstruct the field of fire for the door guns; thus, the external tank system (ETS), carrying two fuel tanks on the stub wings, was developed.[11]
The unit cost of the H-60 models varies due to differences in specifications, equipment and quantities. For example, the unit cost of the Army's UH-60L Black Hawk is $5.9 million while the unit cost of the Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk is $10.2 million.[34]
Operational history[edit]
Australia[edit]
Australia has 34 Black Hawks as of 2015. It has deployed the aircraft to East Timor[35] and the Solomon Islands.[36] It did not deploy Black Hawks to Afghanistan because Angus Houston, the then-defence chief, advised the government that the aircraft lacked armour and self-defence systems.[37]
Brazil[edit]
Brazilian Air Force UH-60L
Brazil received four UH-60L helicopters in 1997, for the Brazilian Army peacekeeping forces. It received six UH-60Ls configured for special forces, and search and rescue use in 2008. It ordered ten more UH-60Ls in 2009; deliveries began in March 2011.[38]
China (People's Republic of China)[edit]
In December 1983, examples of the Aerospatiale AS-332 Super Puma, Bell 214ST SuperTransport and Sikorsky S-70A-5 (N3124B) were airlifted to Lhasa for testing. These demonstrations included take-offs and landings at altitudes to 17,000 feet (5,200 m) and en route operations to 24,000 feet (7,300 m). At the end of this testing, the People's Liberation Army Air Force purchased 24 S-70C-2s, equipped with more powerful GE T700-701A engines for improved high-altitude performance.[39] While designated as civil variants of the S-70 for export purposes, they are operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force.
Taiwan (Republic of China)[edit]
Taiwan S-70C
Taiwan operated S-70C-1/1A after the Republic of China Air Force received ten S-70C-1A and four S-70C-1 Bluehawk helicopters in June 1986, for Search And Rescue.[40] Four further S-70C-6s were received in April 1998. The ROC Navy received the first of ten S-70C(M)-1s in July 1990. 11 S-70C(M)-2s were received beginning April 2000.[41] In January 2010, the US announced a Foreign Military Sale of 60 UH-60Ms to Taiwan for the ROC Army.[42]
Colombia[edit]
Colombia first received UH-60s from the United States in 1987. The Colombian National Police, Colombian Air Force, and Colombian Army use UH-60s to transport troops and supplies to places which are difficult to access by land for counter-insurgency (COIN) operations against drug and guerrilla organizations, for search and rescue, and for medical evacuation. Colombia also operates a militarized gunship version of the UH-60, with stub wings, locally known as Arpía (English: Harpy).[43][44]
The Colombian Army became the first worldwide operator of the S-70i with Terrain Awareness and Warning Capability (HTAWS) after taking delivery of the first two units on 13 August 2013.[45]
In March 2017, the National Police of Colombia ordered 10 additional UH-60 helicopters that will increase their total to 19 helicopters in operation.[46]
Israel[edit]
Israel Air Force UH-60 Yanshuf
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) received 10 surplus UH-60A Black Hawks from the United States in August 1994.[47] Named Yanshuf (English: Owl) by the IAF,[48] the UH-60A began replacing Bell 212 utility helicopters.[47] The IAF first used the UH-60s in combat during 1996 in southern Lebanon[47] in Operation "Grapes of Wrath" against the Hezbollah.
Mexico[edit]
The Mexican Air Force ordered its first two UH-60Ls in 1991, to transport special forces units, and another four in 1994.[49] In July and August 2009, the Federal Police used UH-60s in attacks on drug traffickers.[50][51] In August 2011, the Mexican Navy received three upgraded and navalized UH-60M.[52] On 21 April 2014, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of 18 UH-60Ms to Mexico pending approval from Congress.[53] In September 2014, Sikorsky received a $203.6 million firm-fixed-price contract modification for the 18 UH-60 designated for the Mexican Air Force.[54]
Slovakia[edit]
In February 2015, the U.S. State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of nine UH-60Ms with associated equipment and support to Slovakia and sent to Congress for its approval.[55][56] In April 2015, Slovakia's government approved the procurement of nine UH-60Ms along with training and support.[57][58] In September 2015, Sikorsky was contracted for four UH-60Ms and equipment for Slovakia.[59] In June 2017 the first 2 UH-60Ms were delivered. By late 2019 Slovakia is to have 9 UH-60Ms in total that will replace the old Soviet Mil Mi-17s.[60][61]
Sweden[edit]
Sweden requested 15 UH-60M helicopters by Foreign Military Sale in September 2010.[62] The UH-60Ms were ordered in May 2011, and deliveries began in January 2012.[63] In March 2013, Swedish ISAF forces began using Black Hawks in Afghanistan for MEDEVAC purposes.[64] The UH-60Ms are to be fully operational by 2017.[65]
Turkey[edit]
A Turkish Land Forces UH-60 inside of a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III while being transported to Afghanistan in order to support Operation Enduring Freedom.
Turkey has operated the UH-60 during NATO deployments to Afghanistan and the Balkans. The UH-60 has also been used in counter-terror/internal security operations.[citation needed]
The Black Hawk competed against the AgustaWestland AW149 in the Turkish General Use Helicopter Tender, to order up to 115 helicopters and produce many of them indigenously, with Turkish Aerospace Industries responsible for final integration and assembly.[66][67] On 21 April 2011, Turkey announced the selection of Sikorsky's T-70.[68][69][70]
In the course of the coup d'état attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, eight Turkish military personnel of various ranks landed in Greece′s northeastern city of Alexandroupolis on board the Black Hawk helicopter and claimed political asylum in Greece.[71] The helicopter was returned to Turkey shortly thereafter.[72]
United States[edit]
U.S. Army MH-60L during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993
The UH-60 entered service with the U.S. Army's 101st Combat Aviation Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division in June 1979.[73] The U.S. military first used the UH-60 in combat during the invasion of Grenada in 1983, and again in the invasion of Panama in 1989. During the Gulf War in 1991, the UH-60 participated in the largest air assault mission in U.S. Army history with over 300 helicopters involved. Two UH-60s (89-26214 and 78-23015) were shot down, both on 27 February 1991, while performing Combat Search and Rescue of other downed aircrews, an F-16C pilot and the crew of a MEDEVAC UH-1H that were shot down earlier that day.[74]
In 1993, Black Hawks featured prominently in the assault on Mogadishu in Somalia. Black Hawks also saw action in the Balkans and Haiti in the 1990s.[11] U.S. Army UH-60s and other helicopters conducted many air assault and other support missions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The UH-60 has continued to serve in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.[11]
Customs and Border Protection Office of Air and Marine (OAM) uses the UH-60 in its operations specifically along the southwest border. The Black Hawk has been used by OAM to interdict illegal entry into the U.S. Additionally, OAM regularly uses the UH-60 in search and rescue operations.
Highly modified H-60s were employed during the U.S. Special Operations mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden on 1 May 2011.[20][75] One such MH-60 helicopter crash-landed during the operation, and was destroyed by the team before it departed in the other MH-60 and a backup MH-47 Chinook with bin Laden's remains. Two MH-47s were used for the mission to refuel the two MH-60s and as backups.[76] News media reported that the Pakistani government granted the Chinese military access to the wreckage of the crashed 'stealth' UH-60 variant in Abbotabad;[77][78][79] Pakistan and China denied the reports,[77][78] and the U.S. Government has not confirmed Chinese access.[78]
Other and potential users[edit]
The United Arab Emirates requested 14 UH-60M helicopters and associated equipment in September 2008, through Foreign Military Sale.[80] It had received 20 UH-60Ls by November 2010.[81] Bahrain ordered nine UH-60Ms in 2007.[82][83]
In November 2009, the Iraqi government requested the sale of up to 27 light and medium utility helicopters, including 12 UH-60Ms.[citation needed]
In December 2011, the Royal Brunei Air Force ordered twelve S-70i helicopters, which are similar to the UH-60M; four aircraft had been received by December 2013.[84] On 12 June 2012, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress that Qatar requested the purchase of twelve UH-60Ms, engines, and associated equipment.[85]
On 25 February 2013, the Indonesian Army announced its interest in buying UH-60 Black Hawks as part of its effort to modernize its weaponry. The army wants them for combating terrorism, transnational crime, and insurgency to secure the archipelago.[86]
On 27 May 2014, Croatian Defence Minister Ante Kotromanović announced the beginning of negotiations with the US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel for the purchase of 15 used Black Hawks; the deal is expected to be completed by 2017.[87]
Tunisia requested 12 armed UH-60M helicopters in July 2014 through Foreign Military Sale.[88] In August 2014, the U.S. ambassador stated that the U.S. "will soon make available" the UH-60Ms to Tunisia.[89]
On 23 January 2015, the Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein confirmed that Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) is receiving S-70A Blackhawks from the Brunei government. These helicopters, believed to be four in total, were expected to be transferred to Malaysia by September with M134D miniguns added. The four Blackhawks were delivered to Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAF) in 1999[90] are currently operated by the 4th Squadron.[citation needed]
Variants[edit]
The UH-60 comes in many variants, and many different modifications. The U.S. Army variants can be fitted with the stub wings to carry additional fuel tanks or weapons.[11] Variants may have different capabilities and equipment to fulfill different roles.
Utility variants[edit]
Six UH-60L Black Hawks from B Company "Lancers", 5th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment, on an air assault mission in Iraq
U.S. Army UH-60A MEDEVAC evacuating simulated casualties during a training exercise
YUH-60A: Initial test and evaluation version for U.S. Army. First flight on 17 October 1974; three built.
UH-60A Black Hawk: Original U.S. Army version, carrying a crew of four and up to 11 equipped troops.[91] Equipped with T700-GE-700 engines.[92] Produced 1977–1989. U.S. Army is equipping UH-60As with more powerful T700-GE-701D engines and also upgrading A-models to UH-60L standard.[93]
UH-60C Black Hawk: Modified version for Command and control (C2) missions.[11][92]
CH-60E: Proposed troop transport variant for the U.S. Marine Corps.[94]
UH-60L Black Hawk: UH-60A with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines, improved durability gearbox, and updated flight control system.[11] Produced 1989–2007.[95] UH-60Ls are also being equipped with the GE T700-GE-701D engine.[93]
UH-60V Black Hawk: Upgraded version of the UH-60L with the electronic displays (glass cockpit) of the UH-60M. Upgrades performed by Northrop Grumman featuring a centralized processor with a partitioned, modular operational flight program enabling capabilities to be added as software-only modifications.[96]
UH-60M Black Hawk: Improved design wide chord rotor blades, T700-GE-701D engines (max 2,000 shp or 1,500 kW each), improved durability gearbox, Integrated Vehicle Health Management System (IVHMS) computer, and new glass cockpit. Production began in 2006.[97] Planned to replace older U.S. Army UH-60s.[98]
UH-60M Upgrade Black Hawk: UH-60M with fly-by-wire system and Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit suite. Flight testing began in August 2008.[99][100]
Special purpose[edit]
EH-60A Black Hawk: UH-60A with modified electrical system and stations for two electronic systems mission operators. All examples of type have been converted back to standard UH-60A configuration.[92]
YEH-60B Black Hawk: UH-60A modified for special radar and avionics installations, prototype for stand-off target acquisition system.[92]
EH-60C Black Hawk: UH-60A modified with special electronics equipment and external antenna.[92] (All examples of type have been taken back to standard UH-60A configuration.)
EUH-60L (no official name assigned): UH-60L modified with additional mission electronic equipment for Army Airborne C2.[92]
EH-60L Black Hawk: EH-60A with major mission equipment upgrade.[92]
UH-60Q Black Hawk: UH-60A modified for medical evacuation.[92][101] The UH-60Q is named DUSTOFF for "dedicated unhesitating service to our fighting forces".[102]
HH-60L (no official name assigned): UH-60L extensively modified with medical mission equipment.[92] Components include an external rescue hoist, integrated patient configuration system, environmental control system, on-board oxygen system (OBOGS), and crashworthy ambulatory seats.[101]
HH-60M Black Hawk: UH-60M with medical mission equipment (medevac version) for U.S. Army.[92][103]
HH-60U: USAF UH-60M version modified with an electro-optical sensor and rescue hoist. Three in use by Air Force pilots and special mission aviators since 2011. Has 85% commonality with HH-60W.[104]
HH-60W: Modified version of the UH-60M for the U.S. Air Force as a Combat Rescue Helicopter to replace HH-60G Pave Hawks with greater fuel capacity and more internal cabin space, dubbed the "60-Whiskey". Deliveries to begin in 2019.[105]
Aeromedical configuration
MH-60A Black Hawk: 30 UH-60As modified with additional avionics, night vision capable cockpit, FLIR, M134 door guns, internal auxiliary fuel tanks and other Special Operations mission equipment in early 1980s for U.S. Army.[106][107] Equipped with T700-GE-701 engines.[92] Variant was used by the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. The MH-60As were replaced by MH-60Ls beginning in the early 1990s and passed to the Air National Guard.[94][108]
MH-60K Black Hawk: Special operations modification first ordered in 1988 for use by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers").[94] Equipped with the in-flight refueling probe,[109] and T700-GE-701C engines. More advanced than MH-60L, the K-model also includes an integrated avionics system (glass cockpit), AN/APQ-174B terrain-following radar, color weather map, improved weapons capability, and various defensive systems.[109][110]
MH-60L Black Hawk: Special operations modification, used by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers"), based on the UH-60L with T700-701C engines. It was developed as an interim version in the late 1980s pending fielding of the MH-60K.[111] Equipped with many of the systems used on MH-60K, including FLIR, color weather map, auxiliary fuel system, and laser rangefinder/designator.[111][112] A total of 37 MH-60Ls were built and some 10 had received an in-flight refueling probe by 2003.[111]
MH-60L DAP: The Direct Action Penetrator (DAP) is a special operations modification of the baseline MH-60L, operated by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment.[113] The DAP is configured as a gunship, with no troop-carrying capacity. The DAP is equipped with ESSS or ETS stub wings, each capable of carrying configurations of the M230 Chain Gun 30 mm automatic cannon, 19-shot Hydra 70 rocket pod, AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, GAU-19 gun pods, and M134 minigun pods,[114] M134D miniguns are used as door guns.[107] which are typically fixed forward for firing during strafing runs.[citation needed]
MH-60M Black Hawk: Special operations version of UH-60M for U.S. Army. Features the Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) glass cockpit and more powerful YT706-GE-700 engines.[115][116] All special operations Black Hawks to be moderized to MH-60M standard by 2015.[117]
MH-60 Black Hawk stealth helicopter: One of two (known) specially modified MH-60s used in the raid on Osama bin Laden's hideout in Pakistan on 1 May 2011 was damaged in a hard landing, and was subsequently destroyed by U.S. forces.[118][119] Subsequent reports state that the Black Hawk destroyed was a previously unconfirmed, but rumored, modification of the design with reduced noise signature and stealth technology.[19][20] The modifications are said to add several hundred pounds to the base helicopter including edge alignment panels, special coatings and anti-radar treatments for the windshields.[20]
VH-60Ns used to transport the President of the United States
UH-60A RASCAL: NASA-modified version for the Rotorcraft-Aircrew Systems Concepts Airborne Laboratory; a US$25M program for the study of helicopter maneuverability in three programs, Superaugmented Controls for Agile Maneuvering Performance (SCAMP), Automated Nap-of-the-Earth (ANOE) and Rotorcraft Agility and Pilotage Improvement Demonstration (RAPID).[120][121] The UH-60A RASCAL performed a fully autonomous flight on 5 November 2012. U.S. Army personnel were on board, but the flying was done by the helicopter. During a two-hour flight, the Black Hawk featured terrain sensing, trajectory generation, threat avoidance, and autonomous flight control. It was fitted with a 3D-LZ laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system. The autonomous flight was performed between 200 and 400 feet. Upon landing, the onboard technology was able to pinpoint a safe landing zone, hover, and safely bring itself down.[122]
OPBH: On 11 March 2014, Sikorsky successfully conducted the first flight demonstration of their Optionally Piloted Black Hawk (OPBH), a milestone part of the company's Manned/Unmanned Resupply Aerial Lifter (MURAL) program to provide autonomous cargo delivery for the U.S. Army. The helicopter used the company's Matrix technology (software to improve features of autonomous, optionally-piloted VTOL aircraft) to perform autonomous hover and flight operations under the control of an operator using a man-portable Ground Control Station (GCS). The MURAL program is a cooperative effort between Sikorsky, the US Army Aviation Development Directorate (ADD), and the US Army Utility Helicopters Project Office (UH PO). The purpose of creating an optionally-manned Black Hawk is to make the aircraft autonomously carry out resupply missions and expeditionary operations, while increasing sorties and maintaining crew rest requirements and leaving pilots to focus more on sensitive operations.[123][124]
VH-60D Night Hawk: VIP-configured HH-60D, used for Presidential transport by USMC. T700-GE-401C engines.[92] Variant was later redesignated VH-60N.[125]
VH-60N White Hawk: Modified UH-60A with some features from the SH-60B/F Seahawks.[126] It is used for Presidential and VIP transport by USMC. It entered service in 1988 and nine were delivered.[126]
Export versions[edit]
UH-60J Black Hawk: Variant for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force produced under license by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Also known as the S-70-12.[127]
UH-60JA Black Hawk: Variant for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It is license produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.[127]
AH-60L Arpía: Export version for Colombia developed by Elbit, Sikorsky, and the Colombian Air Force. It is Counter-insurgency (COIN) attack version with improved electronics, firing system, FLIR, radar, light rockets and machine guns.[11][128]
AH-60L Battle Hawk: Export armed version unsuccessfully tendered for Australian Army[11] project AIR87, similar to AH-60L Arpía III. Sikorsky has also offered a Battlehawk armed version for export in the form of armament kits and upgrades. Sikorsky's Armed Black hawk demonstrator has tested a 20 mm turreted cannon, and different guided missiles.[129][130] The United Arab Emirates ordered Battlehawk kits in 2011.[131]
UH-60P Black Hawk: Version for South Korea army, based on UH-60L with some improvements.[94] Around 150 were produced under license by Korean Air.[92][132][133]
S-70A[edit]
Norwegian soldiers in a UH-60
S-70A-9 in Australian Army service
UH-60L in the Brazilian Army service
Sikorsky military model for the export market:
S-70A-1 Desert Hawk: Export version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
S-70A-L1 Desert Hawk: Aeromedical evacuation version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
S-70A-5 Black Hawk: Export version for the Philippine Air Force.
S-70A-6 Black Hawk: Export version for Thailand.
S-70A-9 Black Hawk: Export version for Australia, assembled under licence by Hawker de Havilland. First eight delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force, subsequently transferred to the Australian Army; remainder delivered straight to the Army after rotary-wing assets divested by the Air Force in 1989.[134]
S-70A-11 Black Hawk: Export version for the Royal Jordanian Air Force.
S-70A-12 Black Hawk: Search and rescue model for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force. Also known as the UH-60J.
S-70A-14 Black Hawk: Export version for Brunei.
S-70A-16 Black Hawk: Engine test bed for the Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM 332.
S-70A-17 Black Hawk: Export version for Turkey.
S-70A-18 Black Hawk: UH-60P and HH-60P for South Korea built under license.[135]
Sikorsky/Westland S-70-19 Black Hawk: This version is built under license in the United Kingdom by Westland. Also known as the WS-70.
S-70A-20 Black Hawk: VIP transport version for Thailand.
S-70A-21 Black Hawk: Export version for Egypt.
S-70A-22 Black Hawk: VH-60P for South Korea built under license. Used for VIP transport by the Republic of Korea Air Force. Its fuselage is tipped with white to distinguish from normal HH-60P.[136]
S-70A-24 Black Hawk: Export version for Mexico.
S-70A-26 Black Hawk: Export version for Morocco.
S-70A-27 Black Hawk: Search and rescue version for the Hong Kong Government Flying Service; three built.
S-70A-30 Black Hawk: Export version for Argentine Air Force, used as a VIP transport helicopter by the Presidential fleet; one built.[137]
S-70A-33 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Brunei Air Force.
S-70A-39 Black Hawk: VIP transport version for Chile; one built.
S-70A-42 Black Hawk: Export version for Austria.
S-70A-43 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Thai Army.
S-70A-50 Black Hawk: Export version for Israel; 15 built.
S-70C-2 Black Hawk: Export version for People's Republic of China; 24 built.[39]
S-70i Black Hawk: International military version assembled by Sikorsky's subsidiary, PZL Mielec in Poland.[138]
See Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk, and Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk for other Sikorsky S-70 variants.
Military operators[edit]
See Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk, Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk, and Sikorsky S-70 for operators of other H-60/S-70 family helicopters
An Australian Army S-70A-9 Black Hawk
Black Hawk of the Colombian Air Force launching flares, 2011.
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force UH-60JA
U.S. Army National Guard UH-60 Black Hawk with snow-ski kit
Swedish Air Force UH-60M
Afghanistan
Afghan Air Force - 4 as of 2017[139][140]
Australia
Australian Army Aviation – 34 as of 2016[141]
Austria
Austrian Air Force – 9 (3 more on order) as of 2016[141]
Bahrain
Royal Bahraini Air Force – 8 as of 2016[141]
Brazil
Brazilian Air Force – 16 as of 2016[141]
Brazilian Army – 3 as of 2016[141]
Brazilian Navy (see SH-60 Seahawk)
Brunei
Royal Brunei Air Force – 12 (see S-70i) as of 2016[141]
Chile
Chilean Air Force – 1 as of 2017,[142][143] with 6 more S-70i helicopters on order, to be delivered in 2018 and 2019.[144]
People's Republic of China
People's Liberation Army – 23 (see S-70) as of 2016[141]
Colombia
Colombian Air Force – 24 as of 2016[141]
Colombian Army – 55 as of 2016[141]
Egypt
Egyptian Air Force – 2 as of 2016[141]
Unit 777
Israel
Israeli Air Force – 48 as of 2016[141]
Japan
Japan Air Self-Defence Force – 35 UH-60J (see Mitsubishi H-60) as of 2016[141]
Air Rescue Wing
Japan Ground Self-Defence Force – 36 UH-60JA (see Mitsubishi H-60) as of 2016[141]
Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force – 112 SH-60J/K (see Mitsubishi H-60) as of 2016[141]
Jordan
Royal Jordanian Air Force – 10 as of 2016[141]
Malaysia
Royal Malaysian Air Force (former operator) as of 2016[145][146]
Mexico
Mexican Air Force – 4 as of 2016[141]
Mexican Navy – 3 as of 2016[141]
Morocco
Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie – 2[147]
Philippines
Philippine Air Force (former operator) as of 2016[141][148][149]
South Korea
Republic of Korea Air Force – 29 as of 2016[141]
Republic of Korea Army – 68 as of 2016[141]
Republic of Korea Navy – 8 as of 2016[141]
Saudi Arabia
Royal Saudi Land Forces – 43 as of 2016[141]
Saudi Arabian National Guard – 20 as of 2016[141]
Slovakia
Slovak Air Force – 2 UH-60Ms delivered as of 2017 with 7 remaining on order[59][150][151]
Sweden
Swedish Air Force – 15 as of 2016[141]
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Republic of China Air Force – 13 as of 2016[141]
Republic of China Army – 8 as of 2016[141] (24 more on order)[152]
Republic of China Navy – 18 as of 2016[141]
Thailand
Royal Thai Army – 10 as of 2016[141]
Tunisia
Tunisian Air Force - 4 UH-60M delivered as of 2017 (8 more on order)[153]
Turkey
Turkish Air Force (6 T-70s on order) as of 2016[141]
Turkish Army 58 with 31 more T-70s on order as of 2016[141]
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Air Force – 59 as of 2016[141]
United States
United States Air Force – (see HH-60 Pave Hawk)
United States Army – 2,146 as of 2016[141]
United States Marine Corps (VH-60 "White Hawk", see Marine One and HMX-1)
Accidents[edit]
For accidents involving other Japanese H-60 helicopters, see Mitsubishi H-60 § Accidents.
On 14 April 1994 two US Army UH-60 Black Hawks in northern Iraq were shot down by mistake by US Air Force F-15s patrolling the northern no-fly zone that had been imposed after the 1991 Gulf War. 26 crew and passengers were killed.[154]
On 12 June 1996, the Australian Special Air Service Regiment was conducting counter terrorist training in the High Range area near Townsville, North Queensland, Australia. During night insertion exercises with 5 Aviation Regiment, two S-70A-9 Black Hawks collided and three army air crew and fifteen SAS Regiment personnel were killed.[155]
On 10 March 2015, a UH-60 from Eglin Air Force Base crashed off the coast of the Florida Panhandle near the base. All 11 on board were believed killed.[156]
Specifications (UH-60L)[edit]
Data from Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes,[157] International Directory,[158] Black Hawk[159]
General characteristics
Crew: 2 pilots (flight crew) with 2 crew chiefs/gunners
Capacity: 2,640 lb (1,200 kg) of cargo internally, including 11 troops or 6 stretchers, or 9,000 lb (4,100 kg) (UH-60L) of cargo externally
Length: 64 ft 10 in (19.76 m)
Fuselage length: 50 ft 1 in (15.27 m)
Fuselage width: 7 ft 9 in (2.36 m))
Rotor diameter: 53 ft 8 in (16.36 m)
Height: 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m)
Disc area: 2,260 ft² (210 m²)
Empty weight: 10,624 lb (4,819 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 23,500 lb (10,660 kg)
Rotational speed: Engine 20,900 RPM, main rotor 258 RPM (gear ratio 81:1)[160]
Powerplant: 2 × General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshaft, 1,890 hp (1,410 kW) each
Performance
Never exceed speed: 193 knots (222 mph; 357 km/h)
Maximum speed: 159 kn (183 mph; 294 km/h)
Cruise speed: 150 kn (170 mph; 280 km/h)
Combat radius: 368 mi (320 nmi; 592 km)
Ferry range: 1,380 mi[157] (1,200 nmi; 2,220 km) with ESSS stub wings and external tanks[159]
Service ceiling: 19,000 ft (5,790 m)
Rate of climb: 1,315 ft/min[161] (4.5 m/s)
Disc loading: 7.19 lb/ft² (35.4 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.192 hp/lb (158 W/kg)
Armament
Guns:
2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) M240 machine guns[162]
2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) M134 minigun[159] or
2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) GAU-19 gatling guns[159]
Hardpoints: 4, 2 per ESSS stub wings and provisions to carry combinations of:
Rockets: 70 mm (2.75 in) Hydra 70 rockets[159]
Missiles: AGM-114 Hellfire laser guided missiles, AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles[114][159]
Other: 7.62 mm (0.30 in), 12.7 mm (0.50 in), 20 mm (0.787 in), or 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 gun pods[159]
Bombs: Can be equipped with VOLCANO minefield dispersal system.[159] See UH-60 Armament Subsystems for more information.
See also[edit]
Aviation portal
United States Army portal
Black Hawk Down
Related development
Sikorsky S-70
Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk
Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk
Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
Piasecki X-49
Sikorsky S-92 / Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
AgustaWestland AW149
Bell UH-1 Iroquois
Boeing-Vertol YUH-61
Denel Oryx
Eurocopter AS532 Cougar
HAL Dhruv
Harbin Z-20
KAI Surion
Mil Mi-8/Mil Mi-17
NHIndustries NH90
Related lists
List of helicopters
List of utility helicopters
List of active military aircraft of the United States
List of Sikorsky S-70 Models
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ According to an Army Times article, "During the 1990s U.S. Special Operations Command worked with the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works division, which also designed the F-117, to refine the radar-evading technology and apply it to the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment’s MH-60s, [a retired special operations aviator] said. USSOCOM awarded a contract to Boeing to modify several MH-60s to the low-observable design “in the ’99 to 2000 timeframe," he also said.
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Jump up ^ Botelho, Greg (11 March 2015). "U.S. military helicopter crashes off northwest Florida; human remains found". CNN. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gunston, Bill. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd, 1995. ISBN 1-56619-908-5.
Jump up ^ Frawley, Gerald. The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Tomajczyk 2003, pp. 11, 14–15.
Jump up ^ Thomas Lawrence and David Jenney (31 Aug 2010). "The Fastest Helicopter on Earth". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. UH-60 Black Hawk engine’s output of 20 900 revolutions per minute turns the main rotor only 258 times per minute, a ratio of 81 to 1. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Weapons Systems 2011." U.S. Army. Retrieved: 24 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Bishop 2008, p. 11.
Bibliography[edit]
Bishop, Chris. Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84176-852-6.
Leoni, Ray D. Black Hawk, The Story of a World Class Helicopter. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. ISBN 978-1-56347-918-2.
Tomajczyk, Stephen F. Black Hawk. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI, 2003. ISBN 0-7603-1591-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to UH-60 Black Hawk.
External image
Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk cut-out showing internal components
Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk from Flightglobal.com
Black Hawk U.S. Army fact file
Lockheed Martin's BLACK HAWK page
YUH-60A cutaway image on flightglobal.com
UTTAS program, origin of the Black Hawk on helis.com
UH-60A, H-60, AH-60L and Sikorsky S-70 GlobalSecurity.org
UH-60 Blackhawk medium size utility helicopter(Air recognition)
S-70A-42 Black Hawk of the Austrian Army
Military.com with data on range extending devices
UH-60 Black Hawk on kamov.net
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GND: 7702814-4
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