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Federal Bureau of Investigation
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"FBI" redirects here. For other uses, see FBI (disambiguation).
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Badge of an FBI Special Agent
Agency overview
Formed
July 26, 1908; 109 years ago (1908-07-26) as the Bureau of Investigation
Jurisdiction
U.S. Government
Headquarters
J. Edgar Hoover Building
Northwest, Washington, D.C., U.S.
Motto
Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity
Employees
35,104[1] (October 31, 2014)
Annual budget
8.7 billion USD (FY 2016)[2]
Agency executives
Christopher A. Wray, Director
Andrew McCabe, Deputy Director
Parent agency
Department of Justice
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Website
fbi.gov
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence.[3] A leading U.S. counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.[4][5]
Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.[6][7]
Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe. These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.[8] The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,[9] just as the CIA has a limited domestic function; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies.
The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, D.C.
Contents
[hide]
1 Budget, mission, and priorities
2 History
2.1 Background
2.2 Creation
2.3 J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director
2.3.1 National security
2.3.2 Japanese American internment
2.3.3 Sex Deviates Program
2.3.4 Civil Rights Movement
2.3.5 Kennedy's assassination
2.4 Organized crime
2.5 Special FBI teams
2.6 Notable efforts in the 1990s
2.7 September 11 attacks
2.8 Faulty bullet analysis
3 Organization
3.1 Organizational structure
3.2 Rank structure
4 Legal authority
4.1 Indian reservations
5 Infrastructure
6 Personnel
6.1 Hiring process
6.2 BOI and FBI directors
7 Firearms
8 Publications
8.1 Crime statistics
8.1.1 Uniform Crime Reports
8.1.2 National Incident-Based Reporting System
9 eGuardian
10 Controversies
10.1 Files on US citizens
10.2 Covert operations on political groups
10.3 Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates
10.4 Activities in Latin America
10.5 Internal investigations of shootings
10.6 The Whitey Bulger case
10.7 Robert Hanssen
10.8 Death of Filiberto Ojeda Rios
10.9 Wikipedia edits
10.10 Hillary Clinton email investigation
10.11 2017 dismissal of Director Comey
11 Media portrayal
12 Notable FBI personnel
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Budget, mission, and priorities
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide
In the fiscal year 2016, the Bureau's total budget was approximately $8.7 billion.[2]
The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.[5]
Currently, the FBI's top priorities are:[10]
Protect the United States from terrorist attacks,
Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage,
Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes,
Combat public corruption at all levels,
Protect civil rights,
Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises,
Combat major white-collar crime,
Combat significant violent crime,
Support federal, state, local and international partners, and
Upgrade technology to enable, and further, the successful performances of its missions as stated above.
History
Background
In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them.[11]
The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th Century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General.[12]
Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service, for personnel, investigators in particular. On May 27, 1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department.[13] Again at Roosevelt's urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, which would then have its own staff of special agents.[11]
Creation
The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was created on July 26, 1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer.[11] Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds,[11] hired thirty-four people, including some veterans of the Secret Service,[14][15] to work for a new investigative agency. Its first "Chief" (the title is now known as "Director") was Stanley Finch. Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908.[11]
The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935.[14] In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.
J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director
J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director from 1924 to 1972
J. Edgar Hoover served as FBI Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. But as detailed below, his proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau Director, especially in its later years. After Hoover's death, the Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years.
Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders. During the "War on Crime" of the 1930s, FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who carried out kidnappings, robberies, and murders throughout the nation, including John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, Kate "Ma" Barker, Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and George "Machine Gun" Kelly.
Other activities of its early decades included a decisive role in reducing the scope and influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Additionally, through the work of Edwin Atherton, the BOI claimed success in apprehending an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-1920s, east of San Diego, California.
Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers.[16] In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping.[16] After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but did allow bugging.[16] In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court.[16] After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations, as long as they obtained warrants beforehand.[16]
National security
Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort called "The Venona Project"—with which the FBI was heavily involved—broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence.[17] Hoover was administering this project, but he failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of it until 1952. Another notable case was the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957.[18] The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.
Japanese American internment
In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list.[19] Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor.[20] Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody.[21] On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed.[22] The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests.[20] The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials) and grooming informants to monitor dissidents and "troublemakers." After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.[20]
Sex Deviates Program
According to Douglas M. Charles, the FBI's Sex Deviates Program began on April 10, 1950 when J. Edgar Hoover forwarded the White House, U.S. Civil Service Commission, and branches of the armed services a list of 393 alleged federal employees who were allegedly arrested in Washington D.C., since 1947, on charges of "sexual irregularities". On June 20, 1951, Hoover expands the program by issuing a memo establishing a "uniform policy for the handling of the increasing number of reports and allegations concerning present and past employees of the United State Government who assertedly [sic] are sex deviates." The program was expanded to include non-government jobs. According to Athan Theoharis, "In 1951 he [Hoover] had unilaterally instituted a Sex Deviates program to purge alleged homosexuals from any position in the federal government, from the lowliest clerk to the more powerful position of White house aide." On May 27, 1953, Executive Order 10450 goes into effect. The program is expanded further by this executive order by making all federal employment by homosexuals illegal. On July 8, 1953, the FBI forwarded to the U.S. Civil Service Commission information from the Sex Deviates Program. In 1977–1978, 300,000 pages, collected between 1930 to the mid-1970s, in the Sex Deviate Program were destroyed by FBI officals.[23][24][25]
Civil Rights Movement
During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or "fellow travellers." In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee, Emmett Till, and other blacks in the South.[26] The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO, a portmanteau derived from "COunter-INTELligence PROgram."[27] It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who is addressed in more detail below.[28]
The so-called "suicide letter",[29] mailed anonymously to King by the FBI
The FBI frequently investigated Martin Luther King, Jr. In the mid-1960s, King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most "notorious liar" in the United States.[30] In his 1991 memoir, Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide.[31] Historian Taylor Branch documents an anonymous November 1964 "suicide package" sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him "You are done. There is only one way out for you..." with audio recordings of King's sexual indiscretions.[32]
In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burgled by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson.[33] The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens—including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin.[33] The country was "jolted" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of the Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs.[33] The phones of some members of the Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.[33]
Kennedy's assassination
When President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed, the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President Lyndon B. Johnson directed the FBI to take over the investigation.[34] To ensure clarity about the responsibility for investigation of homicides of federal officials, the Congress passed a law that included investigations of such deaths of federal officials, especially by homicide, within FBI jurisdiction. This new law was passed in 1965.[35][36][37]
Organized crime
An FBI surveillance photograph of Joseph D. Pistone (aka Donnie Brasco), Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero and Edgar Robb (aka Tony Rossi), 1980s
In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers.[38] After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who may fall under the Act's provisions.
In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime informant program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement."[39] The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison.[39] Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster Joseph Barboza. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.[40]
Special FBI teams
FBI SWAT agents in a training exercise
In 1982, the FBI formed an elite unit[41] to help with problems that might arise at the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles, particularly terrorism and major-crime. This was a result of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, when terrorists murdered the Israeli athletes. Named the Hostage Rescue Team, or HRT, it acts as the FBI lead for a national SWAT team in related procedures and all counter-terrorism cases. Also formed in 1984 was the Computer Analysis and Response Team, or CART.[42]
From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War,[42] the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.
Notable efforts in the 1990s
An FBI agent tags the cockpit voice recorder from EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the USS Grapple (ARS 53) at the crash site on November 13, 1999.
Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted.[43] But Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations,[44] in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation; this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of the bombing.
After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.
September 11 attacks
September 11 attacks at the Pentagon
During the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower, and he stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.[45]
In February 2001, Robert Hanssen was caught selling information to the Russian government. It was later learned that Hanssen, who had reached a high position within the FBI, had been selling intelligence since as early as 1979. He pleaded guilty to treason and received a life sentence in 2002, but the incident led many to question the security practices employed by the FBI. There was also a claim that Hanssen might have contributed information that led to the September 11, 2001, attacks.[46]
The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004, stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001, attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI.[47] While the FBI did accede to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.[48]
On July 8, 2007, The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart's book Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11.[49] The Post reported, from Zegart's book, that government documents showed that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices continued to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff, classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors.[50]
Faulty bullet analysis
For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico had believed that lead alloys used in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It was analyzing the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop conducting bullet lead analyses.[51]
After a 60 Minutes/Washington Post investigation in November 2007, two years later, the Bureau agreed to identify, review, and release all pertinent cases, and notify prosecutors about cases in which faulty testimony was given.[52]
Organization
Organizational structure
FBI field divisions map
Organization chart for the FBI as of July 15, 2014
Redacted policy guide for the Counterterrorism Division (part of the FBI National Security Branch)
The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.
Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director. The functions branches of the FBI are:
FBI Intelligence Branch
FBI National Security Branch
FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch
FBI Science and Technology Branch
FBI Information and Technology Branch
FBI Human Resources Branch
The Office of the Director serves as the central administrative organ of the FBI. The office provides staff support functions (such as finance and facilities management) to the five function branches and the various field divisions. The office is managed by the FBI associate director, who also oversees the operations of both the Information and Technology and Human Resources Branches.
Office of the Director
Immediate Office of the Director
Office of the Deputy Director
Office of the Associate Director
Office of Congressional Affairs
Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs
Office of the General Counsel
Office of Integrity and Compliance
Office of the Ombudsman
Office of Professional Responsibility
Office of Public Affairs
Inspection Division
Facilities and Logistics Services Division
Finance Division
Records Management Division
Resource Planning Office
Security Division
An FBI agent at a crime scene
Rank structure
The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI (in ascending order):[53]
Field Agents
Probationary Agent
Special Agent
Senior Special Agent
Supervisory Special Agent
Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge (ASAC)
Special Agent-in-Charge (SAC)
James Comey speaks at the White House following his nomination by President Barack Obama to be the next director of the FBI, 21 June 2013
FBI Management
Deputy Assistant Director
Assistant Director
Associate Executive Assistant Director
Executive Assistant Director
Associate Deputy Director
Deputy Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff and Special Counsel to the Director
Deputy Director
Director
Legal authority
FBI badge and service pistol, a Glock Model 22, .40 S&W caliber
The FBI's mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States."[54] Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes.
The FBI's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records[55] of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s).
In the early 1980s, Senate hearings were held to examine FBI undercover operations in the wake of the Abscam controversy, which had allegations of entrapment of elected officials. As a result, in following years a number of guidelines were issued to constrain FBI activities.
A March 2007 report by the inspector general of the Justice Department described the FBI's "widespread and serious misuse" of national security letters, a form of administrative subpoena used to demand records and data pertaining to individuals. The report said that between 2003 and 2005, the FBI had issued more than 140,000 national security letters, many involving people with no obvious connections to terrorism.[56]
Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U.S. Attorney or Department of Justice official, who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted.
The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security,[57] and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative manpower as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force.
Indian reservations
FBI Director visits the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota
The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating[58] and prosecuting serious crime on Indian reservations.[59]
There are 565 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States, and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations. This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Justice Services (BIA-OJS).

Located within the FBI's Criminal Investigative Division, the Indian Country Crimes Unit (ICCU) is responsible for developing and implementing strategies, programs, and policies to address identified crime problems in Indian Country (IC) for which the FBI has responsibility.
—  Overview, Indian Country Crime[60]
The FBI does not specifically list crimes in Native American land as one of its priorities.[61] Often serious crimes have been either poorly investigated or prosecution has been declined. Tribal courts can impose sentences of up to three years, under certain restrictions.[62][63]
Infrastructure
J. Edgar Hoover Building, FBI Headquarters
FBI Mobile Command Center, Washington Field Office
The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C., with 56 field offices[64] in major cities across the United States. The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States, as well as over 50 legal attachés at United States embassies and consulates. Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico, Virginia, as well as a "data campus" in Clarksburg, West Virginia, where 96 million sets of fingerprints "from across the United States are stored, along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan."[65] The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division, which processes Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, to Winchester, Virginia.[66]
According to The Washington Post, the FBI "is building a vast repository controlled by people who work in a top-secret vault on the fourth floor of the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington. This one stores the profiles of tens of thousands of Americans and legal residents who are not accused of any crime. What they have done is appear to be acting suspiciously to a town sheriff, a traffic cop or even a neighbor."[65]
The FBI Laboratory, established with the formation of the BOI,[67] did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974. The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA, biological, and physical work. Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The services the lab conducts include Chemistry, Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), Computer Analysis and Response, DNA Analysis, Evidence Response, Explosives, Firearms and Tool marks, Forensic Audio, Forensic Video, Image Analysis, Forensic Science Research, Forensic Science Training, Hazardous Materials Response, Investigative and Prospective Graphics, Latent Prints, Materials Analysis, Questioned Documents, Racketeering Records, Special Photographic Analysis, Structural Design, and Trace Evidence.[68] The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state, local, and international agencies free of charge. The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy.
The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia, is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents. Going through the 21-week course is required for every Special Agent.[69] First opened for use in 1972, the facility located on 385 acres (1.6 km2) of woodland. The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit, Firearms Training Unit, Forensic Science Research and Training Center, Technology Services Unit (TSU), Investigative Training Unit, Law Enforcement Communication Unit, Leadership and Management Science Units (LSMU), Physical Training Unit, New Agents' Training Unit (NATU), Practical Applications Unit (PAU), the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the "College of Analytical Studies."
The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia
In 2000, the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology (IT) infrastructure. This project, originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $380 million, ended up over budget and behind schedule.[70] Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful, but attempts to develop new investigation software, outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), were not. Virtual Case File, or VCF, as the software was known, was plagued by poorly defined goals, and repeated changes in management.[71] In January 2005, more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion, the FBI officially abandoned the project. At least $100 million (and much more by some estimates) was spent on the project, which never became operational. The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade-old Automated Case Support system, which IT experts consider woefully inadequate. In March 2005, the FBI announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project, code-named Sentinel, which they expected to complete by 2009.[72]
The FBI Field Office in Chelsea, Massachusetts.
Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight.
The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division[73] is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.
FBI is in charge of National Virtual Translation Center, which provides "timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the Intelligence Community."[74]
Personnel
An FBI Evidence Response Team
Agents in training on the FBI Academy firing range
As of December 31, 2009, the FBI had a total of 33,852 employees. That includes 13,412 special agents and 20,420 support professionals, such as intelligence analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and other professionals.[75]
The Officer Down Memorial Page provides the biographies of 69 FBI agents who have died in the line of duty from 1925 to July 2017.[76]
Hiring process
To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37. Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, preference-eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision.[77] The applicant must also hold American citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance.[78] To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management.[79] Special Agents candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use.[80] Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI.[81]
BOI and FBI directors
Main article: Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
FBI Directors are appointed (nominated) by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by the United States Senate to serve a term of office of ten years, subject to resignation or removal by the President at his/her discretion before their term ends . Additional terms are allowed following the same procedure
J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation, as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, requiring Senate confirmation of appointments of future Directors.[82] As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover. The last FBI Director was James B. Comey, who was appointed in 2013 by President Barack Obama. In 2017 he was fired by President Donald J. Trump.[83]
The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along with the Deputy Director, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is manned with qualified agents. Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then, the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who in turn reports to the President.
Firearms
A Glock 22 pistol in .40 S&W caliber
Upon qualification, an FBI special agent is issued a full-size Glock 22 or compact Glock 23 semi-automatic pistol, both of which are chambered in the .40 S&W cartridge. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock, in .40 S&W, for general agent use, and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Glock 23 "FG&R" (finger groove and rail; either 3rd generation or "Gen4") is the issue sidearm.[84] New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy. The Glock 26 (subcompact 9mm Parabellum), Glock 23 and Glock 27 (.40 S&W compact and subcompact, respectively) are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are also authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock 21 in .45 ACP.[85]
Special agents of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Armory Professional Model 1911 pistol in .45 ACP.[86][87][88]
In June 2016, the FBI awarded Glock a contract for new handguns. Unlike the currently issued .40 S&W chambered Glock pistols, the new Glocks will be chambered for 9mm Parabellum. The contract is for the full-size Glock 17M and the compact Glock 19M. The "M" means the Glocks have been modified to meet government standards specified by a 2015 government request for proposal.[89][90][91][92]
Publications
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is published monthly by the FBI Law Enforcement Communication Unit,[93] with articles of interest to state and local law enforcement personnel. First published in 1932 as Fugitives Wanted by Police,[94] the FBI Law Bulletin covers topics including law enforcement technology and issues, such as crime mapping and use of force, as well as recent criminal justice research, and Vi-CAP alerts, on wanted suspects and key cases.
The FBI also publishes some reports for both law enforcement personnel as well as regular citizens covering topics including law enforcement, terrorism, cybercrime, white-collar crime, violent crime, and statistics.[95] However, the vast majority of federal government publications covering these topics are published by the Office of Justice Programs agencies of the United States Department of Justice, and disseminated through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
Crime statistics
In the 1920s, the FBI began issuing crime reports by gathering numbers from local police departments.[96] Due to limitations of this system found during the 1960s and 1970s—victims often simply did not report crimes to the police in the first place—the Department of Justice developed an alternate method of tallying crime, the victimization survey.[96]
Uniform Crime Reports
Main article: Uniform Crime Reports
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes.[95] Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.
Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report for 2006 was released on June 4, 2006. The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1.3%, but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2.9% compared to 2005.[97]
National Incident-Based Reporting System
Main article: National Incident-Based Reporting System
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state, and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary-based UCR system. As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI.
eGuardian
eGuardian is the name of an FBI system, launched in January 2009, to share tips about possible terror threats with local police agencies. The program aims to get law enforcement at all levels sharing data quickly about suspicious activity and people.[98]
eGuardian enables near real-time sharing and tracking of terror information and suspicious activities with local, state, tribal, and federal agencies. The eGuardian system is a spin-off of a similar but classified tool called Guardian that has been used inside the FBI, and shared with vetted partners since 2005.[99]
Controversies
Throughout its history, the bureau has been the subject of a number of controversial cases, both at home and abroad.
Files on US citizens
The FBI has maintained files on numerous people, including celebrities such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, the band MC5, Lou Costello, Sonny Bono, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, and Mickey Mantle. The files were collected for various reasons. Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party (Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx), or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War (John Denver, John Lennon, and Jane Fonda). Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them (Sonny Bono, John Denver, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Mickey Mantle, Groucho Marx, and Frank Sinatra).[100]
Covert operations on political groups
Image from the FBI monograph of the Nation of Islam (1965): Elijah Muhammad
COINTELPRO tactics have been alleged to include discrediting targets through psychological warfare; smearing individuals and groups using forged documents and by planting false reports in the media; harassment; wrongful imprisonment; and illegal violence.[101][102] The FBI's stated motivation was "protecting national security, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order."[103]
FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed "subversive",[104] including communist and socialist organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations; black nationalist groups (e.g., Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party); the American Indian Movement; a broad range of organizations labeled "New Left", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the National Lawyers Guild; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups, including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party.[105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115]
Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates
The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s. Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials: in 1937 (Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States), in 1950 (attempted murder), and in 1954 (after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session; although not present, Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind).[116] The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s.[117]
In the 2000s, researchers obtained files released by the FBI under the Freedom of Information Act revealing that the San Juan FBI office had coordinated with FBI offices in New York, Chicago and other cities, in a decades-long surveillance of Albizu Campos and Puerto Ricans who had contact or communication with him. The documents available are as recent as 1965.[118][119]
Activities in Latin America
From the 1950s to the 1980s, the governments of many Latin American and Caribbean countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico and others were infiltrated by the FBI.[120] These operations began in World War II as 700 agents were assigned to monitor Nazi activity, but soon expanded to monitoring communist activity in places like Ecuador. [121]
Internal investigations of shootings
During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was "suspiciously low." In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.[122]
The Whitey Bulger case
The FBI has been criticized for its handling of Boston organized crime figure Whitey Bulger.[123][124][125] Beginning in 1975, Bulger served as an informant for the FBI.[126] As a result, the Bureau largely ignored his organization in exchange for information about the inner workings of the Italian American Patriarca crime family.[127][128][129]
In December 1994, after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding. For 16 years, he remained at large. For 12 of those years, Bulger was prominently listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.[130] Beginning in 1997, the New England media exposed criminal actions by federal, state, and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger. The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI.[131][132][133] In 2002, Special Agent John J Connolly was convicted of federal racketeering charges for helping Bulger avoid arrest. In 2008, Special Agent Connolly completed his term on the federal charges and was transferred to Florida where he was convicted of helping plan the murder of John B Callahan, a Bulger rival. In 2014, that conviction was overturned on a technicality. Connolly was the agent leading the investigation of Bulger.[134]
In June 2011, the 81-year-old Bulger was arrested in Santa Monica, California.[135][136][137][138][139] Bulger was tried on 32 counts of racketeering, money laundering, extortion, and weapons charges; including complicity in 19 murders.[140] In August 2013, the jury found him guilty on 31 counts, and having been involved in 11 murders.[141] Bulger was sentenced to two consecutive life terms plus five years.[142]
Robert Hanssen
On 20 February 2001, the bureau announced that a special agent, Robert Hanssen (born 1944) had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001. He is serving 15 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado. Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at Foxstone Park[143] near his home in Vienna, Virginia, and was charged with selling US secrets to the USSR and subsequently Russia for more than US$1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22-year period.[144] On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 15 counts of espionage in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.[145][146] His spying activities have been described by the US Department of Justice's Commission for the Review of FBI Security Programs as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".[147]
Death of Filiberto Ojeda Rios
Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005.
In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents that some charged was an assassination.[citation needed] Puerto Rico Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá criticized the FBI assault as "improper" and "highly irregular" and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it.[148] The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident. The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court.[149] Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Archbishop Roberto Octavio González Nieves, ex-Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, and numerous other personalities.[150]
In the aftermath of his death, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution urging a "probe of [the] pro-independence killing, human rights abuses", after "Petitioner after petitioner condemned the assassination of Mr. Ojeda Rios by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)".[151]
Wikipedia edits
In August 2007 Virgil Griffith, a Caltech computation and neural-systems graduate student, created WikiScanner, a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made. The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia edits with publicly available records pertaining to the Internet IP addresses edits were made from.[152] Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress,[153][154][155][156] and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves. The tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits.[157] Among his findings were that FBI computers were used to edit the FBI article on Wikipedia.[158] Although the edits correlated with known FBI IP addresses, there was no proof that the changes actually came from a member or employee of the FBI, only that someone who had access to their network had edited the FBI article on Wikipedia.[154] Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith's "WikiScanner" positively, noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles[158] as well as increasing transparency[154][159] and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts.[160]
Hillary Clinton email investigation
Main article: Hillary Clinton email controversy
On July 5, 2016, FBI Director Comey announced the bureau's recommendation that the United States Department of Justice file no criminal charges relating to the Hillary Clinton email controversy.[161] During an unusual 15 minute press conference in the J. Edgar Hoover Building, Comey called Secretary Clinton's and her top aides' behavior "extremely careless", but concluded that "no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case".[161] Comey's public comments came after Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that she would "fully" accept the recommendation of the FBI regarding the probe. It was the first time the FBI disclosed its prosecutorial recommendation to the Department of Justice publicly.[161] On July 7, 2016, Comey was questioned by a Republican-led House committee during a hearing regarding the FBI's recommendation.[162][163]
On October 28, 2016, less than two weeks before the presidential election, Director Comey, a long-time Republican, announced in a letter to Congress that additional emails potentially related to the Clinton email controversy had been found and that the FBI will investigate "to determine whether they contain classified information as well as to assess their importance to our investigation."[164] At the time Comey sent his letter to Congress, the FBI had still not obtained a warrant to review any of the e-mails in question and was not aware of the content of any of the e-mails in question.[165] Comey's announcement was inconsistent with Justice Department policy and he was warned by lawyers at the Department of Justice against proceeding with his letter to Congress. Both Republican and Democrat lawmakers, as well as both the Clinton and Trump campaigns have called on Comey to provide additional details.[166]
After Comey's letter to Congress, commentator Paul Callan of CNN and Niall O'Dowd of Irish Central compared Comey to J. Edgar Hoover in attempting to influence and manipulate elections.[167][168] On October 30, 2016, Richard Painter, chief White House ethics lawyer in the George W. Bush Administration, published an op-ed piece in the NY Times, stating that he had filed a complaint against the FBI with the Office of Special Counsel, which investigates possible violations of the Hatch Act of 1939, and with the Office of Government Ethics with respect to the sending of the letter. In the days after the FBI intervention, Rudy Giuliani indicated that the Trump campaign was briefed by the FBI days before Comey's letter was sent to Congress.[169][170]
On November 6, 2016, in the face of constant pressure from both Republicans and Democrats, Comey conceded in a second letter to Congress that through the FBI's review of the new e-mails, there was no wrongdoing by Clinton. Comey conceded, "Based on our review, we have not changed our conclusions that we expressed in July." While the e-mail matter is resolved, legal questions on Comey's actions remain.[171][172] Comey and the FBI have been broadly criticized on the editorial pages from both the right and the left, with headlines reading: "James Comey should be fired" (Chicago Tribune);[173] "FBI chief James Comey should resign" (The Washington Times);[174] and "FBI Director James Comey is Unfit for Public Service" (Newsweek).[175] On November 12, 2016, unsuccessful presidential candidate Hillary Clinton directly attributed her election loss to FBI Director James Comey.[176]
On January 12, 2017, the Department of Justice's Office of Inspector General announced a formal investigation into whether the FBI followed proper procedures in its investigation of Clinton or whether "improper considerations" were made by FBI personnel.[177]
2017 dismissal of Director Comey
Main article: Dismissal of James Comey
On May 9, 2017, President Trump dismissed FBI Director Comey after Comey had misstated several key findings of the email investigation in his testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee.[178] Some[who?] question whether the dismissal was in response to Comey's request for more resources to expand the probe into Russian interference into the Presidential election.[179] Following Comey's dismissal, Deputy Director Andrew G. McCabe became Acting Director.[180] On August 1, 2017, President Trump's nominee for FBI director Christopher A. Wray was officially confirmed by the Senate in a 92–5 vote and was sworn in as Director the next day.[181]
Media portrayal
Main article: FBI portrayal in media
The popular 1993–2002 TV series The X-Files depicted the fictional FBI Special Agents Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) who investigated paranormal phenomena.
The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases.[182] A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993–2002 series The X-Files, which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents, and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) agency in the TV drama 24, which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division. The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia. The 2015 TV series Quantico, titled after the location of the Bureau's training facility, deals with Probationary and Special Agents, not all of whom, within the show's format, may be fully reliable or even trustworthy.
Notable FBI personnel
Edwin Atherton
Ed Bethune
Alaska P. Davidson
Sibel Edmonds
James R. Fitzgerald
W. Mark Felt
J. Edgar Hoover
Robert Hanssen
Lon Horiuchi
Richard Miller
Robert Mueller
Eric O'Neill
John P. O'Neill
Joseph D. Pistone
Melvin Purvis
Coleen Rowley
Ali Soufan
Sue Thomas
Clyde Tolson
Loy F. Weaver
Frederic Whitehurst
See also
Government of the United States portal
Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics portal
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
FBI Honorary Medals
FBI Victims Identification Project
Federal law enforcement in the United States
Inspector
Law enforcement in the United States
Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
State bureau of investigation
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE/HSI)
United States Marshals Service (USMS)
United States Secret Service (USSS)
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Jump up ^ Shovelan, John (2004-06-23). "9/11 Commission finds 'deep institutional failings'". ABC Au. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Ex-FBI Chief On Clinton's Scandals". CBS News. 2004-10-06. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Jump up ^ Zegart, Amy (2007-09-01). "Spying Blind". Princeton University Press. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
Jump up ^ Zegart, Amy (2007-07-08). "Our Clueless Intelligence System". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
Jump up ^ "FBI Laboratory Announces Discontinuation of Bullet Lead Examinations". fbi.gov. FBI National Press Office. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Evidence Of Injustice". CBS News. 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
Jump up ^ "fbi.gov". fbi.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
Jump up ^ "US CODE: Title 28,533. Investigative and other officials; appointment". Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
Jump up ^ Egelko, Bob; Maria Alicia Gaura (March 10, 2003). "Libraries post Patriot Act warnings: Santa Cruz branches tell patrons that FBI may spy on them". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey Rosen (April 15, 2007). "Who's Watching the F.B.I.?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
Jump up ^ "The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Efforts to Protect the Nation's Seaports" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Inspector General. March 2006. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Indian Country Crime" Archived August 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. FBI website, accessed August 10, 2010
Jump up ^ "Native Americans in South Dakota: An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System". Usccr.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Overview, Indian Country Crime". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ FBI "Facts and Figures" Archived September 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. See prominently displayed list of priorities, accessed August 10, 2010
Jump up ^ Michael Riley, "Expansion of tribal courts' authority passes Senate" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., The Denver Post Posted: 25 June 2010 01:00:00 am MDT Updated: 25 June 2010 02:13:47 am MDT Accessed June 25, 2010
Jump up ^ Michael Riley, "President Obama signs tribal-justice changes" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., The Denver Post, Posted: 30 July 2010 01:00:00 am MDT, Updated: 30 July 2010 06:00:20 am MDT, accessed July 30, 2010
Jump up ^ "Federal Bureau of Investigation – Field Divisions". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2009-08-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Priest, Dana and Arkin, William (December 2010) Monitoring America Archived December 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., Washington Post
Jump up ^ Reid, Sarah A. (2006-07-26). "One of the biggest things the FBI has ever done". The Winchester Star. Archived from the original on 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ "FBI Laboratory History". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03.
Jump up ^ "FBI Laboratory Services". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Special Agent Career Path Program". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Mark. "Lawmakers criticize FBI director's expensive project". Newszine. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Jump up ^ Gerin, Roseanne (2005-01-14). "SAIC rejects Trilogy criticism". Washington Technology. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Jump up ^ Arnone, Michael (2005-06-25). "Senators seek to fast track FBI's Sentinel". FCW.Com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Jump up ^ "The CJIS Mission". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Lost in Translation? Not at the National Virtual Translation Center". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Jump up ^ "Federal Bureau of Investigation – About Us – Quick Facts". Archived from the original on 2011-10-17.
Jump up ^ The Officer Down Memorial Page. "United States Department of Justice – Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, DC".
Jump up ^ CHCOC. Chcoc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Federal Bureau of Investigation Jobs". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Review of the Security and Emergency Planning Staff's Management of Background Investigations". U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Inspector General. September 2005.
Jump up ^ "FAQ-FBI Jobs". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Marisa. "FBI turns away many applicants who fail lie-detector tests." The McClatchy Company. May 20, 2013. Retrieved on July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub.L. 90–351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197, sec.1101
Jump up ^ Trump fires FBI director Comey, raising questions over Russia investigation | US news. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). "A History of FBI Handguns". American Rifleman. National Rifle Association.
Jump up ^ Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). "A History of FBI Handguns". American Rifleman. National Rifle Association. The only personally owned handguns now on the approved list are the Glock 21 (full-size .45 ACP), the Glock 26 (sub-compact 9 mm) and the 27 (sub-compact .40 S&W).
Jump up ^ Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). "A History of FBI Handguns". American Rifleman. National Rifle Association. Also in the ’80s, HRT adopted the Browning Hi-Power. The first Hi-Powers were customized by Wayne Novak and later ones by the FBI gunsmiths at Quantico. They were popular with the “super SWAT” guys, and several hesitated to give them up when they were replaced by .45 ACP single-action pistols, the first ones built by Les Baer, which used high-capacity Para Ordnance frames. Later, Springfield Armory’s “Bureau Model” replaced the Baer guns. Field SWAT teams were also issued .45s, and most still use them.
Jump up ^ "OPERATOR®, TACTICAL GRAY CONFIGURATION ADDS NEW COLOR AND ADJUSTABLE COMBAT SIGHTS". Springfield Armory. 19 January 2017. Originally developed as a consumer-friendly option for the FBI contract Professional Model 1911, the TRP™ family provides high-end custom shop features in a production class pistol.
Jump up ^ "RO® ELITE SERIES". Springfield Armory. Every new RO Elite series pistol is clad in the same Black-T® treatment specified on Springfield Armory 1911s built for the FBI’s regional SWAT and Hostage Rescue Teams.
Jump up ^ Smith, Aaron (30 June 2016). "Glock wins $85 million FBI contract". CNN.
Jump up ^ "F.B.I. Awards Glock New Duty Pistol Contract!". Blue Sheepdog. 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Terrill, Daniel (30 June 2016). "FBI goes back to 9mm with Glock". Guns.com.
Jump up ^ "FBI Chooses 9mm Glocks for New Service Pistols". Outdoor Hub.
Jump up ^ "Law Enforcement Communication Unit". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17.
Jump up ^ "History of the FBI, The New Deal: 1933 – Late 1930s". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Federal Bureau of Investigation – Reports & Publications". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 12. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Jump up ^ "Preliminary Crime Statistics for 2006". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11.
Jump up ^ "FBI Launches Tip-Sharing For Inauguration". CBS News. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
Jump up ^ "eGuardian – FBI Shares Threat Info With Local Police Agencies". National Terror Alert Response Center. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Reading Room Index". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
Jump up ^ The FBI'S Covert Action Program to Destroy the Black Panther Party Archived January 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. M. Wesley Swearingen. Boston. South End Press. 1995. Special Agent Gregg York: "We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark."
Jump up ^ "Final Report, S. Rep. No. 94-755 (1976), Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans". Intelligence.senate.gov.
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Jump up ^ "Final Report, 2A". ICDC. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Final Report,2Cb". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "Final Report, 3A". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "Final Report, 3G". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "CPUSA". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "SWP". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "Black Nationalist". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "White Hate". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "New Left". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico". ICDC.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". 2006. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ American National Biography, Pedro Abizu Campos, accessed 19 Apr. 2015.
Jump up ^ FBI Files on Puerto Ricans. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "FBI Files on Pedro Albizu Campos". Archived from the original on 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "FBI Files on Surveillance of Puerto Ricans in general". Archived from the original on 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Che Guevara and the FBI: U.S. Political Police Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary. Michael Ratner. 1997. Retrieved 13 December 2103.
Jump up ^ https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-fbi-in-latin-america
Jump up ^ "The F.B.I. Deemed Agents Faultless in 150 Shootings," by Charlie Savage and Michael Schmidt, 18 June 2013, New York Times.
Jump up ^ The Feds Let 'Whitey' Get Away With Murder: FBI agents and other officials protected James "Whitey" Bulger as he roamed free for decades. Is there a statute of limitations on corrupting the system? Mike Barnicle. TIME. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Nagorney, Adam; Lovett, Ian (June 23, 2011). "Whitey Bulger Is Arrested in California". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Zezima, Katie (June 23, 2011). "In South Boston, Mixed Memories of Whitey Bulger". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "law.com". law.com. February 13, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
Jump up ^ "FBI helped Bulger evade detection, ex-cop says". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Whitey Bulger arrest may revive old scandals". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "FBI corruption and Whitey Bulger". necn.com. June 23, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "James J. Bulger". fbi.gov. September 3, 1929. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Rudolf, John (June 24, 2011). "Nabbed Gangster 'Whitey' Bulger Could Spill FBI Corruption Secrets". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-01-19.
Jump up ^ Sonmez, Felicia (June 25, 2011). "James 'Whitey' Bulger's capture could cause trouble inside the FBI". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Capture Of Boston Gangster Could Mean More Scandal"[dead link] NPR.
Jump up ^ Florida Court Overturns Murder Conviction of FBI Agent, by Timothy Williams, 29 May 2014, New York Times
Jump up ^ "Famed crime boss James 'Whitey' Bulger arrested in Santa Monica". Los Angeles Times. June 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Whitey Bulger Is Arrested in California". The New York Times. 23 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Kevin (June 23, 2011). "Mobster Whitey Bulger arrested in California". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "One of America's Top Fugitives James "Whitey" Bulger: Caught in Santa Monica" International Business Times
Jump up ^ "Mass. Mobster Bulger Reportedly Taken to Hospital". Boston.com. AP. November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Shelley Murphy; Milton J. Valencia; Brian Ballou; John R. Ellement; Martin Finucane (June 12, 2013). "'Whitey' Bulger defense claims he was no informant, questions credibility of prosecution witnesses". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shelley Murphy; Milton J. Valencia; Martin Finucane (August 12, 2013). "Whitey Bulger, notorious Boston gangster, convicted in sweeping racketeering case; jury finds he participated in 11 murders". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Topic Galleries". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-11-17.
Jump up ^ Adrian Havill, crimelibrary.com. His fate is sealed Archived 2007-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved September 10, 2007
Jump up ^ Wise 2003, p. 8
Jump up ^ Transcript of Hanssen Guilty Plea, July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice Thompson Statement Regarding Hanssen Guilty Plea July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "A Review of FBI Security Programs (Webster Report) (March 2002). Commission for Review of FBI Security Programs, United States Department of Justice.
Jump up ^ "Fugitive is killed in FBI stakeout". The Boston Globe. September 25, 2005. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Revés para Puerto Rico en caso de independentista muerto por FBI" (in Spanish). Azcentral. 2008-03-31. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ Funeral Service for Filiberto Ojeda Ríos Retrieved July 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Request for Condemnation of Ojeda-Rios' assassination by the United States".
Jump up ^ Borland, John (November 17, 2005). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign". Wired.
Jump up ^ "Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia". Ars Technica.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fildes, Jonathan (August 15, 2007). "Technology | Wikipedia 'shows CIA page edits'". BBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bobbie Johnson, technology correspondent (August 14, 2007). "Companies and party aides cast censorious eye over Wikipedia". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Susan Duclos (August 12, 2008). "McCain Accused Of Plagiarism, Campaign Releases Internal Memo And Denies Claim". Digital Journal. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Poulsen, Kevin (August 13, 2007). "Vote On the Most Shameful Wikipedia Spin Jobs – UPDATED | Threat Level". Wired. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mikkelsen, Randall (August 16, 2007). "CIA, FBI computers used for Wikipedia edits". Reuters. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CIA caught rewriting Wikipedia biographies". Daily Mail. London. August 15, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wikipedia and the art of censorship". Belfast Telegraph. August 18, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Landler, Mark; Lichtblau, Eric (6 July 2016). "STERN REBUKE, BUT NO CHARGES FOR CLINTON: F.B.I. Calls Email Use 'Extremely Careless'". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Kevin (7 July 2016). "Comey faces grilling by House panel over Clinton emails". Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Wilber, Del Quentin Wilber (7 July 2016). "Comey says FBI did not 'give a hoot about politics' in Clinton email probe". latimes.com. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Ben; et al. (28 October 2016). "Newly discovered emails relating to Hillary Clinton case under review by FBI". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2016. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Isikoff, Michael (29 October 2016). "Exclusive: FBI still does not have warrant to review new Abedin emails linked to Clinton probe". Yahoo. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Horwitz, Sari (29 October 2016). "Justice officials warned FBI that Comey's decision to update Congress was not consistent with department policy". Washington Post. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Callan, Paul (30 October 2016). "Time for FBI director Comey to go". CNN. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Dowd, Niall (30 October 2016). "FBI's James Comey worse than Hoover when it comes to election interference". Irish Central. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Tesfaye, Sophia (4 November 2016). "Rudy Giuliani is now openly boasting that the Trump campaign got advance notice of James Comey's letter". Salon.com. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Charles P. (November 3, 2016). "The FBI. Giuliani. Of Course". Esquire. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Bradner, Eric (6 November 2016). "FBI: Review of new emails doesn't change conclusion on Clinton". CNN. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Hamburger, Tom (6 November 2016). "FBI Director Comey says agency won't recommend charges over Clinton email". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Jennifer (November 7, 2016). "James Comey should be fired". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Constantine, Tim (November 7, 2016). "FBI chief James Comey should resign". The Washington Times. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Eichenwald, Kurt (November 7, 2016). "FBI Director James Comey Is Unfit for Public Service". Newsweek. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "US election: Hillary Clinton blames loss on FBI's James Comey in call with top donors". The Daily Telegraph. 13 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Ahmann, Timothy. "DOJ watchdog investigating FBI decisions in Clinton email probe". Reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "President Trump dismisses FBI Director Comey". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matthew; Apuzzo, Matt (2017-05-10). "Days Before Firing, Comey Asked for More Resources for Russia Inquiry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
Jump up ^ New York Times, May 9, 2017, F.B.I. Director James Comey Is Fired by Trump
Jump up ^ Manchester, Julia (2 August 2017). "Wray officially sworn in as FBI director".
Jump up ^ Powers, Richard Gid (1983). G-Men: Hoover's FBI in American Popular Culture. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-1096-1.
Further reading
HSI BOOK Government HSI Files
Charles, Douglas M. (2007). J. Edgar Hoover and the Anti-interventionists: FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State, 1939–1945. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-1061-1.
Kessler, Ronald (1993). The FBI: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency. Pocket Books Publications. ISBN 978-0-671-78657-1.
Powers, Richard Gid (1983). G-Men, Hoover's FBI in American Popular Culture. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1096-8.
Sullivan, William (1979). The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-01236-1.
Theoharis, Athan G.; John Stuart Cox (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
Theoharis, Athan G.; Tony G. Poveda; Susan Rosenfeld; Richard Gid Powers (2000). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-4228-9.
Theoharis, Athan G. (2004). The FBI and American Democracy: A Brief Critical History. Kansas: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7006-1345-8.
Thomas, William H., Jr. (2008). Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22890-3.
Tonry, Michael (ed.) (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Trahair, Richard C. S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Ballentine: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31955-6.
Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). "A History of FBI Handguns". American Rifleman. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Weiner, Tim (2012). Enemies. A History of the FBI. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6748-0.
Williams, David (1981). "The Bureau of Investigation and its Critics, 1919–1921: the Origins of Federal Political Surveillance". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 68 (3): 560–579. doi:10.2307/1901939. JSTOR 1901939.
FBI — The Year in Review, Part 1, Part 2 (2013)
Church Committee Report, Vol. 6, "Federal Bureau of Investigation." 1975 congressional inquiry into American intelligence operations.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Federal Bureau of Investigation from the Federation of American Scientists
The Vault, FBI electronic reading room (launched April 2011)
Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation at Project Gutenberg
Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
FBI Collection at Internet Archive, files on over 1,100 subjects
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1 In order of service. Italics indicate Acting Directors.
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 136624868
LCCN: n78095617
ISNI: 0000 0004 0481 0043
GND: 35632-3
SELIBR: 133942
SUDOC: 027521052
BNF: cb120073677 (data)
NLA: 35567597
NKC: kn20030825006
BNE: XX150939
Coordinates: 38°53′43″N 77°01′30″W / 38.8952°N 77.0251°W / 38.8952; -77.0251
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation&oldid=814782974"
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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Afrikaans

values: مكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي – Arabic

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FBI – Asturian
ast
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values: ফেডারেল ব্যুরো অব ইনভেস্টিগেশন – Bangla

values: Liân-pang Tiāu-cha-kio̍k – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Федераль тикшереүҙәр бюроһы – Bashkir

values: Федэральнае бюро расследаванняў – Belarusian

values: Фэдэральнае бюро расьсьледаваньняў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Федерално бюро за разследване – Bulgarian

values:
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FBI – Bosnian
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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Catalan

values:
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FBI – Welsh
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FBI – Danish
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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – German

values:
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FBI – Greek
el
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values:
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FBI – Spanish
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FBI – Esperanto
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FBI – Basque
eu
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values: اف‌بی‌آی – Persian

values:
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FBI – Faroese
fo
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values:
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FBI – Western Frisian
fy
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values:
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FBI – Galician
gl
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values: 연방수사국 – Korean

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values: फेडरल ब्यूरो ऑफ इन्वेस्टिगेशन – Hindi

values:
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FBI – Croatian
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values:
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FBI – Hebrew
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FBI – Swahili
sw
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FBI – Kurdish
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values: Tabularium Inquisitionum Foederale – Latin

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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Lombard

values: Федерално истражно биро – Macedonian

values: ഫെഡറൽ ബ്യൂറോ ഓഫ് ഇൻവെസ്റ്റിഗേഷൻ – Malayalam

values: फेडरल ब्यूरो ऑफ इन्व्हेस्टिगेशन – Marathi

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FBI – Norwegian Nynorsk
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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Occitan

values: ការិយាល័យសហព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត – Khmer

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FBI – Portuguese
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values: Biroul Federal de Investigații – Romanian

values: Федеральное бюро расследований – Russian

values: Zyra Federative e Hetimit Amerikan – Albanian

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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Slovak

values:
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FBI – Serbo-Croatian
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values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Finnish

values: Federal Bureau of Investigation – Swedish

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values: สำนักงานสอบสวนกลาง – Thai

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FBI – Turkish
tr
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