text:
Kurtwood Smith
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kurtwood Smith
Smith at the 2010 Comic Con in San Diego
Born
Kurtwood Larson Smith
(1943-07-03) July 3, 1943 (age 74)
New Lisbon, Wisconsin, U.S.
Residence
Glendale, California, U.S.
Alma mater
San Jose State University, B.A. 1965
Stanford University, MFA 1969
Occupation
Actor, voice actor
Years active
1980–present
Spouse(s)
Cecilia Souza (m. 1964–1974) (divorced)
Joan Pirkle (m. 1988)
Children
2
Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Smith was born in New Lisbon, Wisconsin, the son of Mabel Annette Lund (née Larson) and George Smith.[1] Smith's mother was a fan of a country singer named Kurt (or Curt) in the early 1940s. However, she thought "Kurt Smith" was too short a name, so she added "wood" ("she just tacked it on to the end", he said). Smith has said that he is likely the only Kurtwood.[2] Smith grew up in the San Fernando Valley and graduated from Canoga Park High School of Canoga Park, California in 1961; he was class president in his senior year.[1] Smith graduated from San Jose State University in 1965 with a B.A. and Stanford University in 1969 with an MFA[3]
Career[edit]
Onstage, Smith won three Drama-Logue Awards for his performances in Billy Budd, Idiot's Delight, and Green Grow the Lilacs. In his film career, he portrayed Clarence Boddicker, the villain in Paul Verhoeven's science fiction action movie RoboCop and the father role as Red Forman on the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, which ran from 1998 to 2006. After That '70s Show ended, Smith played Senator Blaine Mayer in the seventh season of the action thriller 24, and portrayed Dick Clayton in the CBS series Worst Week. He enjoyed a recurring role as a rogue FBI agent in Seasons 3–5 of the NBC (later CBS) series Medium, appearing in later episodes as a ghost after his character's death. More recently, he played the main character Henry Langston in the ABC sci-fi/drama Resurrection which ran for two seasons (2014–15). Currently, he is a regular on the Amazon original dramedy series Patriot.
Before That '70s Show his other roles included playing Mr. Sue on Fox's "espionage comedy" The New Adventures of Beans Baxter from 1987 to 1989. He also starred as the strict father of Robert Sean Leonard's Neil in 1989's Dead Poets Society. He made a number of appearances in the Star Trek franchise, playing the President of the Federation in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, a Cardassian named Thrax in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Things Past", and a Krenim scientist named Annorax in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Year of Hell".
He also has an extensive voice acting résumé, appearing in computer games such as Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel, and FreeSpace 2, and on a number of animated series. He played a recurring role on the claymation series Gary & Mike as the vengeful Officer Dick and voiced the dinosaurian military commander character General Galapagos in the Savage Steve Holland produced Fox animated series Terrible Thunderlizards. He played the voice of Bob Johnson on Squirrel Boy and provided the voice of Kanjar Ro in Green Lantern: First Flight and starred as the sheriff in Last of the Dogmen. Recently Smith appeared on the Netflix show The Ranch as farmer Peterson.
Personal life[edit]
Smith married Cecilia Souza in 1964. The couple divorced in 1974. Smith married Joan Pirkle, who appeared with him in Robocop, in 1988. Smith has one daughter, Laurel Garner, and one son, Shannon Smith. Smith lives in Glendale, California.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1980 Roadie Security Guard
1981 Zoot Suit Sergeant Smith
1983 Staying Alive Choreographer
1983 Going Berserk Clarence
1984 Blue Thunder Bill Spradley
1984 Flashpoint Carson
1987 RoboCop Clarence Boddicker
1987 The Delos Adventure Arthur McNeil
1988 Rambo III Robert Griggs
1988 Two Idiots in Hollywood District Attorney
1989 True Believer Robert Reynard
1989 Dead Poets Society Mr. Perry
1989 Heart of Dixie Professor Flournoy
1990 Quick Change Russ Crane/Vince Lombino
1991 Oscar Lt. Toomey, Chicago PD
1991 Company Business Elliot Jaffe, CIA
1991 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Federation President
1991 Shadows and Fog Vogel's Follower
1992 Fortress Prison Director Poe
1993 Boxing Helena Dr. Alan Harrison
1993 The Crush Cliff Forrester
1993 Heart and Souls Patterson Uncredited
1993 Big Wave Daves Jack Lord
1994 Dead on Sight Julian Thompson
1995 To Die For Earl Stone
1995 Under Siege 2: Dark Territory General Stanley Cooper
1995 Last of the Dogmen Sheriff Deegan
1996 Citizen Ruth Norm Stoney
1996 Broken Arrow Secretary of Defense, Baird
1996 A Time to Kill Stump Sisson
1997 Prefontaine Curtis Cunningham
1998 Shelter Tom Cantrell
1998 Deep Impact Otis Hefter
1999 Girl, Interrupted Dr. Crumble
2002 Teddy Bears' Picnic Secretary of Transportation, William Easter
2004 Evil Remains Dr. Theodore Rosen
2005 The Trouble with Dee Dee William Rutherford
2006 Hard Scrambled Benno
2007 Entry Level Nick
2009 Green Lantern: First Flight Kanjar Ro Voice
2009 All in the Bunker Adolf Hitler Short film
2011 Cedar Rapids Orin Helgesson
2012 Men in a Box Dr. Skinner Short film
2012 Hitchcock Geoffrey Shurlock
2013 Turbo The CEO Voice
2015 Raise the ToyGantic Ted Greenley Short film
2015 Regular Show: The Movie Gene Voice
2017 Amityville: The Awakening Dr. Milton
2017 El Camino Christmas Sheriff Bob Fuller
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1980 Soap Man in laundromat 1 episode
1980 Me and Maxx Dwayne Episode: "Some Are Savers"
1980–1981 Lou Grant DeGaetano / DeRopp / Fire Captain 3 episodes
1983 Renegades Captain Scanlon 6 episodes
1984 The A-Team Mr. Carson Episode: "The Battle of Bel Air"
1984 Blue Thunder Bill Spradley Episode: "Revenge in the Sky"
1984 Riptide Merle Wilson Episode: "The Orange Grove"
1985 Stir Crazy Bo Carter Episode: "The Ping Pong Caper"
1985 The Midnight Hour Captain Warren Jensen Television film
1985 The Best Times Sam Ballard Episode: "Volleyball"
1985 The Paper Chase Episode: "Security"
1985 It's a Living Senior Agent Episode: "Hail to the Chef"
1985 Deadly Messages Lieutenant Burton Television film
1986 Stingray Sgt. Edward Fiddler Episode: "Sometimes You Gotta Sing the Blues"
1986 North and South Col. Hiram Berdan Miniseries
1986 Newhart Chet Episode: "Dick the Kid"
1986 The Christmas Gift Jake Richards Television film
1987 21 Jump Street Spencer Phillips 2 episodes
1987 The New Adventures of Beans Baxter Mr. Sue 5 episodes
1988 It's Garry Shandling's Show Paul Bosgang Episode: "Save the Planet"
1989 The Nightmare Years Dr. Joseph Goebbels Miniseries
1990 12:01 PM Myron Castleman Television short film
1990 The Famous Teddy Z Episode: "Loyalty"
1993 Picket Fences Barry Jenkins Episode: "Be My Valentine"
1993 Big Wave Dave's Jack Lord 6 episodes
1993–1996 Eek! The Cat Dinosaur Military Commander (voice) 6 episodes
1993–1997 The Terrible Thunderlizards General Galapagos
1994 While Justice Sleeps Leonard Rosenglass Television film
1995 500 Nations (voice) 3 episodes
1996 The X-Files Agent Bill Patterson "Grotesque"
1996 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Thrax Episode: "Things Past"
1997 Men in Black: The Series Agent H / Forbis (voice) 2 episodes
1997 Star Trek: Voyager Annorax Episode: "Year of Hell"
1998 The Magnificent Seven Col. Emmett Anderson Episode: "Ghosts of the Confederacy"
1998 A Bright Shining Lie General Westmoreland Television film
1998 Safety Patrol Principal Tromp Television film
1998–2006 That '70s Show Red Forman Main Cast
1999 3rd Rock from the Sun Jacob Solomon Episode: "Dick Solomon of the Indiana Solomons"
1999 Todd McFarlane's Spawn Robert Sullivan (voice) Episode: "Seed of the Hellspawn"
2001 Gary and Mike Officer Dick
2001 Batman Beyond Agent James Bennet(voice) Episode: "Countdown"
2001 UC: Undercover William Murphy Episode: "Of Fathers and Sons"
2001 Justice League Prosecutor (voice) Episode: "In Blackest Night"
2001–2002 The Zeta Project Agent James Bennet (voice) 14 episodes
2002 Fillmore! Mr. Galser (voice) Episode: "To Mar a Stal"
2002 Everybody Loves Raymond Famous Baseball Player
2004 Malcolm in the Middle Principal Block Episode: " Dirty Magazine"
2004–2006 The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy Grim's Dad 2 episodes
2005 ChalkZone Himself with Stephen Colbert
2005 Robot Chicken Various voices 2 episodes
2005 Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! Ciracus (voice) Episode: "Girl Trouble"
2006 Handy Manny Mr. Noodlander (voice) Episode: "A Sticky Fix/Paint Job"
2006–2007 Squirrel Boy Robert "Bob" Johnson (voice) 15 episodes
2006–2009 Medium Agent Edward Cooper 3 episodes
2007 Psych Captain Conners Episode: "Forget Me Not"
2007 House MD Dr. Obyedkov Episode: "Half-Wit"
2007 Shorty McShorts' Shorts Truant Officer Fabian (voice) Episode: "Troy Ride"
2008–2009 Worst Week Dick Clayton 16 episodes
2009 24 Senator Blaine Mayer 7 episodes
2009 Family Guy Himself (voice)
2009 Titan Maximum Mercury General (voice) 2 episodes
2010 Neighbors from Hell Don Killbride (voice) 10 episodes
2010 Childrens Hospital Ben Hayflick 2 episodes
2011 Love Bites Ed Strathmore Episode: "How To..."
2011 CHAOS H.J. Higgins 13 episodes
2011 Green Lantern: The Animated Series Shyir Rev (voice) Episode: "Beware My Power"
2012–2017 Regular Show Gene (voice) Recurring
2012 Dan Vs. Mechanic Mike (voice) Episode: "Dan Vs. The Mechanic"
2012 Wedding Band Hank Henderson Episode: "I Don't Wanna Grow Up"
2012 Robot and Monster Mr. Wheelie (voice) Episode: "Dirty Money/What J.D. Wants"
2013 Body of Proof Earl Brown Episode: "Daddy Issues"
2013–2014 Beware the Batman Lt. James Gordon (voice) 15 episodes
2014–2015 Resurrection Henry Langston 21 episodes
2015 Maron Tier 4 Episode: "The Node"
2015 Rick and Morty General Nathan (voice) Episode: "Get Schwifty"
2015 Tim & Eric's Bedtime Stories Father Krang Episode: "Tornado"
2015–2016 Agent Carter Vernon Masters 7 episodes
2015–present Patriot Leslie Claret 10 episodes
2016 TripTank Coach (voice) Episode: "The D.O.N.G."
2016–present Pig Goat Banana Cricket Angry Old Raisin (voice) 8 episodes
2017 The Ranch Old Man Peterson Season 2
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Kurtwood Smith biography". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ According to an interview with Smith on Caroline Rhea's syndicated television show
Jump up ^ "Kurtwood Smith". TVGuide.com. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kurtwood Smith.
Kurtwood Smith on IMDb
Kurtwood Smith at the TCM Movie Database
Kurtwood Smith at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 106986948
LCCN: no97051938
ISNI: 0000 0000 7704 1944
BNF: cb140440800 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurtwood_Smith&oldid=820737448"
Categories:
1943 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
College of San Mateo alumni
Male actors from California
Male actors from Wisconsin
People from Juneau County, Wisconsin
People from Glendale, California
People from the San Fernando Valley
San Jose State University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from May 2017
BLP articles lacking sources from August 2014
All BLP articles lacking sources
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Български
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 09:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources

values:
/wiki/24_(series)
mw-redirect
24 (series)

values:
/wiki/Canoga_Park,_California
mw-redirect
Canoga Park, California

values:
/wiki/Action_movie
mw-redirect
Action movie

values:
/wiki/Terrible_Thunderlizards
mw-redirect
Terrible Thunderlizards

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Big_Wave_Daves
mw-redirect
Big Wave Daves

values:
/wiki/Renegades_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Renegades (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Riptide_(American_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Riptide (American TV series)

values:
/wiki/Stingray_(NBC_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Stingray (NBC TV series)

values:
/wiki/North_and_South_(TV_miniseries)
mw-redirect
North and South (TV miniseries)

values:
/wiki/Gary_and_Mike
mw-redirect
Gary and Mike

values:
/wiki/Childrens_Hospital_(TV_Series)
mw-redirect
Childrens Hospital (TV Series)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001748/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p66474

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/106986948

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000077041944

values: Category:20th-century American male actors

values: Category:21st-century American male actors

values: Category:American male television actors

values: Category:People from Juneau County, Wisconsin

values: Category:People from Glendale, California

values: Category:People from the San Fernando Valley

values: Category:San Jose State University alumni

values: Category:BLP articles lacking sources from August 2014

values: Category:All BLP articles lacking sources

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Kurtwood_Smith
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: Къртууд Смит – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: کرتوود اسمیت – Persian

values: 커트우드 스미스 – Korean

values: קורטווד סמית' – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: カートウッド・スミス – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Смит, Кертвуд – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Кертвуд Сміт – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kurtwood_Smith rootpage-Kurtwood_Smith skin-vector action-view


text:
Grizzly bear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Grizzly bear (disambiguation).
"Grizzly" redirects here. For other uses, see Grizzly (disambiguation).
Grizzly bears
Grizzly bear
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: U. arctos ssp.
Binomial name
Ursus arctos
(Linnaeus, 1758)
U. a. californicus†
U. a. gyas
U. a. horribilis
U. a. middendorffi
U. a. nelsoni†
Historic and present range
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos ssp.) is a large subspecies of brown bear inhabiting North America. Scientists generally do not use the name grizzly bear but call it the North American brown bear.
Multiple morphological forms sometimes recognized as subspecies exist, including the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), Kodiak bear (U. a. middendorffi), peninsular grizzly (U. a. gyas), and the recently extinct California grizzly (U. a. californicus†)[1][2] and Mexican grizzly bear (U. a. nelsoni†). On average bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland grizzlies tend to be smaller.
The Ussuri brown bear (U. a. lasiotus) inhabiting Russia, Northern China, and Korea[3][4][5] is sometimes referred to as black grizzly although it is a different subspecies from the bears in America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 Meaning of "grizzly"
1.2 Evolution and genetics
1.2.1 Grizzly phylogenetics
1.2.2 Ursus arctos - the brown bear
1.2.3 Ursus arctos subspecies in North America
2 Appearance
3 Range and population
3.1 Continental United States
4 Longevity
5 Hibernation
6 Reproduction
7 Diet
8 Interspecific competition
9 Ecological role
10 Conflicts with humans
11 Protection
12 Conservation efforts
13 Bear-watching
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
Classification
Meaning of "grizzly"
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first described it as grisley, which could be interpreted as either "grizzly" (i.e., "grizzled"—that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or "grisly" ("fear-inspiring", now usually "gruesome").[6] The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 as U. horribilis, not for its hair, but for its character.[7]
Evolution and genetics
Grizzly phylogenetics
Classification has been revised along genetic lines.[1] There are two morphological forms of Ursus arctos, the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct mtDNA lineages.[8]
Ursus arctos - the brown bear
Brown bears originated in Eurasia and traveled to North America approximately 50,000 years ago,[9][10] spreading into the contiguous United States about 13,000 years ago.[11] In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. However, by 1928 only seven grizzlies remained[2] and by 1953 only one species remained globally.[12] However, modern genetic testing reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly.[13] Therefore, everywhere it is the "brown bear"; in North America, it is the "grizzly", but these are all the same species, Ursus arctos.
Ursus arctos subspecies in North America
In 1963 Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one, Ursus arctos middendorffi[14]
Further testing of Y-chromosomes is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies.[1]
Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of "brown bear" or "Alaskan brown bear" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different species from grizzlies. Kodiak grizzly bears were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time there were five different "species" of brown bear, including three in North America.[15]
Appearance
Most adult female grizzlies weigh 130–180 kg (290–400 lb), while adult males weigh on average 180–360 kg (400–790 lb). Average total length in this subspecies is 198 cm (6.50 ft), with an average shoulder height of 102 cm (3.35 ft) and hindfoot length of 28 cm (11 in).[16] Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 grams (1.1 lb). In the Yukon River area, mature female grizzlies can weigh as little as 100 kg (220 lb). One study found that the average weight for an inland male grizzly was around 272 kilograms (600 lb) and the average weight for a coastal male was around 408 kilograms (900 lb). For a female, these average weights would be 136 kilograms (300 lb) inland and 227 kilograms (500 lb) coastal, respectively.[17] On the other hand, an occasional huge male grizzly has been recorded which greatly exceeds ordinary size, with weights reported up to 680 kg (1,500 lb).[18] A large coastal male of this size may stand up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall on its hind legs and be up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) at the shoulder.[19]
Although variable in color from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown with darker legs and commonly white or blond tipped fur on the flank and back.[20] A pronounced hump appears on their shoulders; the hump is a good way to distinguish a grizzly bear from a black bear, as black bears do not have this hump. Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their face with short, rounded ears, whereas a black bear has a straight face profile and longer ears.[21] A grizzly bear can also be identified by its rump, which is lower than its shoulders, while a black bear's rump is higher.[21] A grizzly bear's front claws measure about 2-4 inches in length and a black bear's measure about 1-2 inches in length.[21]
Range and population
Grizzly bear in Katmai National Park with partially eaten salmon - the heads, skin and subcutaneous tissue are eaten to obtain the most fat.
Brown bears are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, giving them the widest ranges of bear species.[2] They also inhabited North Africa and the Middle East.[22] In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska down to Mexico and as far east as the western shores of Hudson Bay;[9] the species is now found in Alaska, south through much of western Canada, and into portions of the northwestern United States (including Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming), extending as far south as Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. It is most commonly found in Canada. In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying British Columbia, Alberta, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the northern part of Manitoba.[9]An article published in 1954 suggested they may be present in the tundra areas of the Ungava Peninsula and the northern tip of Labrador-Quebec.[23] In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived.[9] However, population size has since significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2003, researchers from the University of Alberta spotted a grizzly on Melville Island in the high Arctic, which is the most northerly sighting ever documented.[24][25] In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories, mark-and-recapture, and a refined multiple regression model.[26] A revised Grizzly bear count in 2012 for British Columbia was 15,075.[27]
The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province/state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supplies such as salmon are more abundant.[28] The Admiralty Island National Monument protects the densest population — 1,600 bears on a 1,600-square mile island.[29]
Continental United States
Only about 1,500 grizzlies are left in the lower 48 states of the US.[30] Of these, about 800 live in Montana.[31] About 600 more live in Wyoming, in the Yellowstone-Teton area.[32] There are an estimated 70–100 grizzly bears living in northern and eastern Idaho. Its original range included much of the Great Plains and the southwestern states, but it has been extirpated in most of those areas. Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.[9]
In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness ecosystem, by killing a male grizzly bear there.[33] In the North Cascades ecosystem of northern Washington, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be less than 20 bears. One sighting of a grizzly bear in 2010 has been recorded.[34] There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979.[35]
Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly bear currently has legal protection in Mexico, European countries, some areas of Canada and in the United States. However, it is expected that repopulating its former range will be a slow process, due to a variety of reasons including the bear's slow reproductive habits and the effects of reintroducing such a large animal to areas prized for agriculture and livestock. Competition with other predators and predation on cubs are other possible limiting factors for grizzly bear recovery, though grizzly bears also benefit from scavenged carcasses from predators as an easy food source when other food sources decline. There are currently about 55,000 wild grizzly bears total located throughout North America, most of which reside in Alaska.[9]
Longevity
The grizzly bear is, by nature, a long-living animal. The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26.[36] Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; avoiding the seasonal breeding fights in which males engage. The oldest wild inland grizzly was 34 years old in Alaska; the oldest coastal bear was 39,[37] but most grizzlies die in their first few years of life from predation or hunting.[38] Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.[citation needed]
Hibernation
Grizzly bears hibernate for 5–7 months each year[39] except where the climate is warm, as the California grizzly did not hibernate.[2] During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period.[40] To prepare for hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den, and consume an immense amount of food as they do not eat during hibernation. Grizzly bears do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period. The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May.[41]
In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of hyperphagia, before going into hibernation.[42] The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes.[43] There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period.[44] Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens. In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.[45]
Reproduction
Sow with two cubs in the Kananaskis
Except for females with cubs,[46] grizzlies are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 grams (1 lb) at birth. A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America.[47] This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old.[9][48] Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake.[49] On average, females produce two cubs in a litter[48] and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.[9]
Mother grizzly with a cub
Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions.[50] Male grizzly bears have large territories, up to 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi),[47] making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities. Population fragmentation of grizzlies may destabilize the population from inbreeding depression. The gestation period for grizzly bears is approximately 180–250 days.
Litter size is between one and four cubs, averaging twins or triplets. Cubs are always born in the mother's winter den while she is in hibernation. Female grizzlies are fiercely protective of their cubs, being able to fend off predators as large as male bears bigger than they are in defense of the cubs.[51] Cubs feed entirely on their mother's milk until summer comes, after which they still drink milk but begin to eat solid foods. Cubs gain weight rapidly during their time with the mother — their weight will have ballooned from 4.5 to 45 kg (10 to 99 lb) in the two years spent with the mother. Mothers may see their cubs in later years but both avoid each other.[52]
Diet
See also: Hypocarnivore
Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally omnivores: their diets consist of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as moose, elk, caribou, white-tailed deer, mule deer, bighorn sheep, bison, and even black bears; though they are more likely to take calves and injured individuals rather than healthy adults. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as salmon, trout, and bass, and those with access to a more protein-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than inland individuals. Grizzly bears also readily scavenge food or carrion left behind by other animals.[53] Grizzly bears will also eat birds and their eggs, and gather in large numbers at fishing sites to feed on spawning salmon. They frequently prey on baby deer left in the grass, and occasionally they raid the nests of raptors such as bald eagles.[54]
Canadian or Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the American Rocky Mountains. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In Yellowstone National Park in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of whitebark pine nuts, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths, and scavenged carcasses.[55] None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. With the high fat content of salmon, it is not uncommon to encounter grizzlies in Alaska weighing 540 kg (1,200 lb).[56] Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries. In areas where salmon are forced to leap waterfalls, grizzlies gather at the base of the falls to feed on and catch the fish. Salmon are at a disadvantage when they leap waterfalls because they cluster together at their bases and are therefore easier targets for the grizzlies.[57] Grizzly bears are well-documented catching leaping salmon in their mouths at Brooks Falls in Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska. They are also very experienced in chasing the fish around and pinning them with their claws.[58][59] At such sites such as Brooks Falls and McNeil Falls in Alaska, big male grizzlies fight regularly for the best fishing spots.[60] Grizzly bears along the coast also forage for razor clams, and frequently dig into the sand to seek them.[61] During the spring and fall, directly before and after the salmon runs, berries and grass make up the mainstay of the diets of coastal grizzlies.[62]
Grizzly bear fishing for salmon at Brooks Falls, Alaska
Inland grizzlies may eat fish too, most notably in Yellowstone grizzlies eating Yellowstone cutthroat trout.[63] The relationship with cutthroat trout and grizzlies is unique because it is the only example where Rocky Mountain grizzlies feed on spawning salmonid fish.[63] However, grizzly bears themselves and invasive lake trout threaten the survival of the trout population and there is a slight chance that the trout will be eliminated.[64]
Meat, as already described, is an important part of a grizzly's diet. Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as marmots, ground squirrels, lemmings, and voles.[65] The most famous example of such predation is in Denali National Park and Preserve, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up Arctic ground squirrels to eat.[66] In some areas, grizzly bears prey on hoary marmots, overturning rocks to reach them, and in some cases preying on them when they are in hibernation.[67] Larger prey includes bison and moose, which are sometimes taken by bears in Yellowstone National Park. Because bison and moose are dangerous prey, grizzlies usually use cover to stalk them and/or pick off weak individuals or calves.[68][69] Grizzlies in Alaska also regularly prey on moose calves, which in Denali National Park may be their main source of meat. In fact, grizzly bears are such important predators of moose and elk calves in Alaska and in Yellowstone, that they may kill as many as 51 percent of elk or moose calves born that year. Grizzly bears have also been blamed in the decline of elk in Yellowstone National Park when the actual predators were thought to be gray wolves.[70][71][72][73][74] In northern Alaska, grizzlies are a significant predator of caribou, mostly taking sick or old individuals or calves.[75] Several studies show that grizzly bears may follow the caribou herds year-round in order to maintain their food supply.[76][77] In northern Alaska, grizzly bears often encounter muskox. Despite the fact that muskox do not usually occur in grizzly habitat and that they are bigger and more powerful than caribou, predation on muskox by grizzlies has been recorded.[78]
Grizzly bears along the Alaskan coast also scavenge on dead or washed up whales.[79] Usually such incidents involve only one or two grizzlies at a carcass, but up to ten large males have been seen at a time eating a dead humpback whale. Dead seals and sea lions are also consumed.[citation needed]
Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%.[80] Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include blueberries, blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salmon berries (Rubus spectabilis), cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccos), buffalo berries (Shepherdia argentea), soapberries (Shepherdia canadensis), and huckleberries (Vaccinium parvifolium), depending on the environment. Insects such as ladybugs, ants, and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on miller moths that congregate on mountain slopes.[81] When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of legumes, such as Hedysarum, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts.[82] When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.
Interspecific competition
Grizzly bear cub in Western Canada
The removal of wolves and the grizzly bear in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox.[83] With the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[84] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).[85] While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the latter was in defense mode.[86][87]
Black bears generally stay out of grizzly territory, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. There is at least one confirmed observation of a grizzly bear digging out, killing and eating a black bear when the latter was in hibernation.[88]
The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources.[89] For example, many Pacific coastal islands off British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly, but rarely both.[90] In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as age of forest, elevation and openness of land. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears.[89]
The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged by smaller animals.[91] Cougars generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, it will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up. Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills.[92] There have been several accounts, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death.[93]
Coyotes, foxes, and wolverines are generally regarded as pests to the grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear finishes eating, leaving more scraps than normal for the smaller animal.[91] Packs of coyotes have also displaced grizzly bears in disputes over kills.[94]
Ecological role
The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces.[95] This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.[96]
While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems.[97] An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an area that contains just undisturbed land.[97] Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes nitrogen to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment. An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.[98]
Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests.[99] It has been found that spruce tree (Picea glauca) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed.[100] These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.[101]
Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain.[102] An experiment in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming in the United States showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase.[103] This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds.[103] This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator, having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.[102]
When grizzly bears fish for salmon along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia, they often only eat the skin, brain and roe of the fish. In doing so, they provide a food source for gulls, ravens, and foxes, all of which eat salmon as well; this benefits both the bear and the smaller predators.[104]
Conflicts with humans
See also: Bear attack and List of fatal bear attacks in North America
Native Americans fighting a Grizzly Bear, painting by George Catlin.
A rough and tumble with a grizzly by H. Bullock Webster, watercolor
Grizzlies are considered more aggressive compared to black bears when defending themselves and their offspring.[105] Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies do not climb trees well and respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers.[106] Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, and are responsible for 70% of humans killed by grizzlies.[107]
Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantage they rarely actively hunt humans.[108] Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting their offspring.[109] A bear killing a human in a national park may be killed to prevent its attacking again.[110]
Hugh Glass being attacked by a grizzly bear, from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin
Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears[109] e.g. in the fall, when grizzly bears congregate near streams to feed on salmon when anglers are also intensively using the river.
Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat.[111] Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting chemicals, or acoustic deterrent devices attempt to condition bears to associate humans with unpleasantness, but is ineffectual when bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food.[112] Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The B.C. government kills approximately 50 problem bears each year[112] and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears and kill them.[112]
Bear awareness programs have been developed by numerous towns in British Columbia, Canada, to help prevent conflicts with both black and grizzly bears. The main premise of these programs is to teach humans to manage foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe, securing livestock behind electric fences, and storing pet food indoors are all measures promoted by bear awareness programs. The fact that grizzly bears are less numerous and even protected in some areas, means that preventing conflict with grizzlies is especially important. Revelstoke, British Columbia is a community that demonstrates the success of this approach. In the ten years preceding the development of a community education program in Revelstoke, 16 grizzlies were destroyed and a further 107 were relocated away from the town. An education program run by Revelstoke Bear Aware was put in place in 1996. Since the program began just four grizzlies have been eliminated and five have been relocated.[113]
For back-country campers, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a bear canister.[114]
Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while hiking in bear country.[115]
Grizzly bears are especially dangerous because of the force of their bite, which has been measured at over 8 megapascals (1160 psi). It has been estimated that a bite from a grizzly could even crush a bowling ball.[116]
Protection
A grizzly in Denali National Park
The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada.[117] As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the COSEWIC registry[118] and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[119]
Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho), Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 750 in the Northern Continental Divide, 550 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings.[120] These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a precise count. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed.[121] U.S. and Canadian national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect the bears.
A sign at a BC Park warns campers to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache.
On 9 January 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species.[122] In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population,[123] effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge Donald W. Molloy reinstated protection due to the decline of whitebark pine tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears.[124] In 1996 the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the grizzly bear to the lower risk "Least Concern" status on the IUCN Red List.[125][126]
Farther north, in Alberta, Canada, intense DNA hair-snagging studies in 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears.[127] In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed.[128] In 2010, the provincial government formally listed its population of about 700 grizzlies as "Threatened".[129]
Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[130] In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model.[131]
The Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos nelsoni) is extinct.[132][133]
Conservation efforts
Drum or barrel trap, used to safely relocate bears, adjacent to a building in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming, United States
Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British Columbia. One example of these efforts is the Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary located along the north coast of British Columbia; at 44,300 hectares (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies in the area.[134] When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.
The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on Grouse Mountain in Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001.[135] The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.
Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered.[136] In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads.[137] Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem.[138] To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift.[139] Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.
In the United States, national efforts have been made since 1982 for the recovery plan of grizzly bears.[140] A lot of the efforts made have been through different organizations efforts to educate the public on grizzly bear safety, habits of grizzly bears and different ways to reduce human-bear conflict. The Interagency Grizzly Bear Recovery Committee is one of many organizations committed to the recovery of grizzly bears in the lower 48 states.[141] There are five recovery zones for grizzly bears in the lower 48 states including the North Cascades ecosystem in Washington state.[142] The National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife initiated the process of an environmental impact statement that started in the fall of 2014 to begin the recovery process of grizzly bears to the North Cascades region.[142] A final plan and environmental impact statement was released in the spring of 2017 with a record of decision to follow.[142][143]
In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was "delisted" in June 2017.[142][144][143]
Bear-watching
In the past 20 years in Alaska, ecotourism has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Katmai National Park and Preserve, and the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge. Here bears gather in large numbers to feast on concentrated food sources, including sedges in the salt marshes, clams in the nearby tidal flats, salmon in the estuary streams, and berries on the neighboring hillsides.
Bear catches a salmon at Brooks Falls
Katmai National Park and Preserve is one of the best spots to view brown bears. The bear population in Katmai is estimated at a healthy 2,100.[145] The park is located on the Alaskan Peninsula about 480 km (300 mi) southwest of the city of Anchorage. At Brooks Camp, a famous site exists where grizzlies can be seen catching salmon from atop a platform—you can even view this online from a cam.[146] In coastal areas of the park, such as Hallo Bay, Geographic Harbor, Swikshak Lagoon, American Creek, Big River, Kamishak River, Savonoski River, Moraine Creek, Funnel Creek, Battle Creek, Nantuk Creek,[147] Kukak Bay, and Kaflia Bay you can often watch bears fishing alongside wolves, eagles, and river otters. Coastal areas host the highest population densities year round because there is a larger variety of food sources available, but Brooks Camp hosts the highest population (100 bears).[148]
The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge, on the McNeil River, is home to the greatest concentration of brown bears in the world. An estimated 144 individual bears have been identified at the falls in a single summer with as many as 74 at one time;[149] 60 or more bears at the falls is a frequent sight, and it is not uncommon to see 100 bears at the falls throughout a single day.[150] The McNeil River State Game Refuge, containing Chenik Lake and a smaller number of grizzly bears, has been closed to grizzly hunting since 1995.[151] All of the Katmai-McNeil area is closed to hunting except for Katmai National Preserve, where regulated legal hunting takes place.[152] In all, the Katmai-McNeil area has an estimated 2,500 grizzly bears.[153]
Admiralty Island, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as Xootsnoowú, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only 140 km (90 mi) long.[154] The best place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, in the Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary. 20 to 30 grizzlies can be observed at the creek at one time and like Brooks Camp, visitors can watch bears from an above platform.[155] Kodiak Island, hence its name, is another good place to view bears. An estimated 3,500 Kodiak grizzly bears inhabit the island, 2,300 of these in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.[156][157] The O'Malley River is considered the best place on Kodiak Island to view grizzly bears.[158]
See also
Brown bear
"Grizzly Bear Standing", Kalispel chief
Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills)
Grizzly–polar bear hybrid
List of fatal bear attacks in North America
Timothy Treadwell
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Schwartz, C. C., Miller, S. D. and Haroldson, M. A. (2003). "Grizzly bear". pp. 556–586 in G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson and J. A. Chapman, eds. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Storer, T. I.; Tevis, L. P. (27 December 1996). California Grizzly. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 335. ISBN 0520205200.
Jump up ^ California Grizzly by Tracy Irwin Storer, Lloyd Pacheco Tevis. Publisher University of California Press, 1996 ISBN 0-520-20520-0
Jump up ^ "Homepage" (PDF). Wildpro. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V. G. Heptner and N. P. Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9
Jump up ^ Wright, William Henry (1909). The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named". Daily Republic. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Cronin, M. A.; Armstrup, S. C.; Garner, and E. R. Vyse, G. W.; Vyse, E.R. (1991). "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)". Can. J. Zool. 69 (12): 2985–2992. doi:10.1139/z91-421.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Blood, D. A. (2002). "Grizzly Bears in British Columbia" (PDF). Province of British Columbia: Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection.
Jump up ^ Paabo, Svante (February 15, 2000). "Of bears, conservation genetics, and the value of time travel." (PDF). PNAS. 97 (4): 1320–1321. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1320. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Leonard, J.A.; Wayne, R.K.; Cooper, A. (2000). "Population genetics of ice age brown bears.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97: 1651–1654. doi:10.1073/pnas.040453097.
Jump up ^ Erdbrink, D.P. (1953). A review of the fossil and extinct bears of the old world. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Rausch, Robert (1953). "On the status of some arctic animals". Arctic. 6: 91–148. doi:10.14430/arctic3870.
Jump up ^ Rausch, R.L. (1963). "Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length.". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 41: 33–45. doi:10.1139/z63-005.
Jump up ^ Grizz: Of Men and the Great Bear. National Geographic Article, February 1986. Douglas H. Chadwick.
Jump up ^ Grizzly or Brown Bear. The Mammals of Texas – Online Edition
Jump up ^ "Brown Bear". Bear Trust International.
Jump up ^ Wood, G. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
Jump up ^ "Kodiak Bear Fact Sheet". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Species Profile: Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Ecos.fws.gov. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Western Wildlife Outreach Project: Grizzly Bear Identification". Western Wildlife Outreach Project. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Calvignac, Sebastien; Hughes, Sandrine; Hanni, Catherine (2009). "Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa". Diversity and Distributions. 15: 742–750. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Elton, C. (1954). "Further evidence about the barren-ground grizzly bear in northeast Labrador and Quebec". Journal of Mammalogy. 35: 345–357. doi:10.2307/1375959.
Jump up ^ Harington, C.R. (2008). "The evolution of Arctic marine mammals.". Ecological Applications. 18: S23-S40. PMID 18494361. doi:10.1890/06-0624.1.
Jump up ^ Doupe, J.P.; England, J.H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, D. (2007). "Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories.". Arctic. 60: 271–276.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, A. N. 2008. "Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia." Ministry of Environment, British Columbia.
Jump up ^ Ministry of Forests, Lands; Natural Resource Operations (April 2012). "British Columbia Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for 2012" (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Lynn. "Grizzly Attack – Timothy Treadwell". katmaibears.com.
Jump up ^ "Tongass National Forest - Nature Viewing". Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear Facts | National Geographic". National Geographic. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Montanakids | Grizzly Bears". Montanakids. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "With Deadly Attacks Up, Federal Officials Prepare to Remove Grizzly Protections". outsideonline.com. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly shot in Selway-Bitterroot". Missoulian website. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Welch, Craig (2 July 2011). "Rare grizzly bear photographed in North Cascades". Seattle Times. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wildlife Officials Hope Grizzly Bears Stay Out Of Colorado". CBS Denver. 23 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Brown Bear – Ursus Arctos". National Park Service. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Brown, Gary. The Great Bear Almanac. Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 91.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear Population Ecology and Monitoring Denali National Park and Preserve" (PDF). National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Hibernation in grizzly bears". National Wildlife Federation.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear". Animal Fact Guide. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Hellgren, Eric (1998). "Physiology of hibernation in bears" (PDF). Ursus. 10: 467.
Jump up ^ ""Hibernation-Migration-Fascination" Narrative". National Park Service. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear Information, Photos, and Facts". American Expedition.
Jump up ^ "Denning and Hibernation Behavior". National Park Service. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Di Jensen, Elle. "When Are Grizzly Bears Awake & When Do They Sleep?". Demand Media.
Jump up ^ Grizzly Bears, Grizzly Bear Pictures, Grizzly Bear Facts – National Geographic. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trophy Hunting of BC Grizzly Bears". Pacific Wild. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald, Jason; MacDonald, Paula; MacPhee, Mitchell & Nicolle, Paige. "Endangered Wildlife: Grizzly Bear". Edu.pe.ca.
Jump up ^ Herrero, Stephen. "Grizzly Bear". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ "Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos in Canada" (PDF). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002. ISBN 0-662-32568-0.
Jump up ^ "Bear Wars: Rare Photos of a Mamma Grizzly Battling a Huge Male to Protect Her Cub". Field and Stream. 31 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "THE REINTRODUCTION OF ORPHANED GRIZZLY BEAR CUBS INTO THE WILD" (PDF). Bear Biology.
Jump up ^ Herrero, Stephen (2002). Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-557-X.
Jump up ^ "Food For Thought". Shadow of the Bear.
Jump up ^ "Food Habits of Grizzly Bears and Black Bears in the Yellowstone Ecoystem". National Park Service. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brown Bear: facts, diet, habitat, baby cubs, claws, kodiak". Bear Life.
Jump up ^ "Brown, Grizzly or Kodiak Bear". shadowofthebear.com.
Jump up ^ "The ultimate teddy bears’ picnic as grizzlies congregate for annual salmon catch in US river". London: dailymail.co.uk. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Image of the Month – Brown bear chasing salmon". Expeditions Alaska. 31 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "All About Bears – WildCam Grizzlies". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bears Clamming". The Grizzly Bear Blog.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear – Denali National Park and Preserve". National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grizzly Bears & Cutthroat Trout". National Park Service. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Christine (14 May 2013). "Grizzlies may be link between drops in cutthroat trout and elk calves". trib.com.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly bear feeding habits". National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Encounters Explorer – Grizzly Bear – Natural History". Wild Explorer.
Jump up ^ Whitaker, John O. (1980) The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. Chanticleer Press, New York, p. 388. ISBN 0-394-50762-2.
Jump up ^ "Moose Moms Prefer Traffic to Grizzly Bears, Study Says". National Geographic. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Wyman T (2002). "Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF). Ursus. 13: 375.
Jump up ^ "Predator/Prey Relationships". Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Jump up ^ Manning, Elizabeth (25 June 2001). "Study show grizzlies are killing moose calves". Peninsula Clarion.
Jump up ^ "As calving season gets into full swing, so does the food source for predators". newsminer.com. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Shiras Moose Demography Project". Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
Jump up ^ "Grizzlies, not wolves, major elk calf predator". forwolves.org. 31 October 2004.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Harry V.; Garner, Gerald W.; Reynolds, H. V. (1987). "Patterns of Grizzly Bear Predation on Caribou in Northern Alaska" (PDF). Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Management. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 7: 59–67. JSTOR 3872608. doi:10.2307/3872608.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska". United States Global Service.
Jump up ^ Boertje, R. D.; Gasaway, W. C.; Grangaard, D. V.; Kelleyhouse, D. G. (1988). "Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66 (11): 2492–2499. doi:10.1139/z88-369.
Jump up ^ "GRIZZLY BEAR PREDATION ON MUSKOX". Gobies to Grizzlies. 27 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "MARINE MAMMALS ON THE MENU". Gobies to Grizzlies. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly". Hinterland Who's Who. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August". Yellowstone International. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Derych, John (2001). "Brown / Grizzly Bear Facts". North American Bear Center.
Jump up ^ Clark, Jr., Howard O. (2007). "Hypothetical Relationships Between The San Joaquin Kit Fox, California Grizzly Bear, and Gray Wolf on the Pre-European California Landscape.". Endangered Spec. Update. 24: 14–19.
Jump up ^ Gunther, K. A. & Smith, D. W. (2004). "Interactions between wolves and female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone National Park". Ursus. 15 (2): 232–238. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0232:IBWAFG>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone wolves' return means more grizzly food". Los Angeles Times. 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "How wolves interact with other predators". wolfbehavior.
Jump up ^ "Potential Interactions Between Bears & Wolves". National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Busch, Robert H. (2000) The Grizzly Almanac. New York, p. 94. ISBN 1-58574-143-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Apps, C. D.; McLellan, B. N. & Woods, J. G. (2006). "Landscape partitioning and spatial inferences of competition between black and grizzly bears". Ecography. 29 (4): 561–572. doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04564.x.
Jump up ^ Mattson, T.; Herrero, D. J. & Merrill, S. (2005). "Are black bears a factor in the restoration of North American grizzly bear populations?". Ursus. 16: 11–30. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0011:ABBAFI]2.0.CO;2.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wolverine". Montana Outdoors.
Jump up ^ Hornocker, M., and S. Negri (Eds.). (2009). Cougar: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL, ISBN 0226353443.
Jump up ^ "Cougar vs Bear Accounts (at Archive.org)". Everything about the Cougar / Mountain Lion. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Wildlife – Coyote". yellowstonenationalpark.com. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Meyer, G. & Witmer, M. (1998). "Influence of Seed Processing by Frugivorous Birds on Germination Success of Three North American Shrubs". American Midland Naturalist. 140 (1): 129–139. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0129:IOSPBF]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Willson, M. & Gende, S. (2004). "Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears, Ursus arctos, in Southeastern Alaska". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 118 (4): 499–503.
^ Jump up to: a b Doak, D. & Loso, M. (2003). "Effects of Grizzly Bear Digging on Alpine Plant Community Structure". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 35 (4): 499–503. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0421:EOGBDO]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Tardiff, S. & Stanford, J. (1998). "Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants in Relation to Mineral Nitrogen Availability". Ecology. 79 (7): 2219–2228. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2219:GBDEOS]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Rich, T.; Carlson, S.; Gende, S. & Rich, H. (2009). "Transportation of Pacific Salmon Carcasses from Streams to Riparian Forests by Bears". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 87 (3): 195–203. doi:10.1139/Z09-004.
Jump up ^ Hilderbrand, G.; Hanley, T.; Robbins, C. & Schwartz, C. (1999). "Role of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) in the Flow of Marine Nitrogen into a Terrestrial Ecosystem". Oecologia. 121 (4): 546–550. doi:10.1007/s004420050961.
Jump up ^ Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. (2006). "Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska". Ecosystems. 9 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Peek, J.; Beecham, J.; Garshelis, D.; Messier, F.; Miller, S. & Dale, S. (2003). "Management of Grizzly Bears in British Columbia: A Review by and Independent Scientific Panel" (PDF). Retrieved 28 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Berger, J.; Stacey, P.; Bellis, L. & Johnson, M. (2001). "A Mammalian Predator-Prey Imbalance: Grizzly Bear and Wolf Extinction Affect Avian Neo-Tropical Migrants". Ecological Applications. 11 (4): 947–960. JSTOR 3061004. doi:10.2307/3061004.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear Eating Salmon". The Grizzly Bear Blog. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Gunther, K.A.; Biel, M.J.; Anderson, N.; Waits, L (2002). "Probable Grizzly Bear Predation On An American Black Bear in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF). Ursus. 13: 372–374. JSTOR 3873219.
Jump up ^ Yahner, Richard H. (27 April 2011). "Why are grizzly bears more aggressive than our black bears?". The Daily Collegian. State College, Pennsylvania: Collegian (Students at Pennsylvania State University). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
Jump up ^ How Dangerous are Black Bears. Bear.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ministry of Environment. 2002. Grizzly Bears in British Columbia. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b MacHutchon, A. Grant & Wellwood, Debbie W. (2002). "Reducing bear-human conflict through river recreation management". Ursus. 13: 357–360. JSTOR 3873216.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Todd; 20, National Geographic PUBLISHED August. "What Do You Do With a Bear That Kills a Person?". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
Jump up ^ Austin, M. A., Wrenshall, C. (2004). An Analysis of Reported Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos): Mortality Data for British Columbia from 1978 to 2003 (pdf). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ciarniello, L.; Davis, H. & Wellwood, D. (2002). ""Bear Smart" Community Program Background Report" (PDF). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Revelstoke Bear Aware Annual Report - 2015" - Sue Davies, Community Coordinator |url=http://revelstokebearaware.org/about-us/documents/
Jump up ^ Batin, Christopher (31 January 2006). "How to Outrun a Grizzly [and other really bad ideas]". Outdoor Life.
Jump up ^ Herrero, S.; Higgins, A. (2000). "Human Injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98". Ursus. 14 (1): 44–54. JSTOR 3872956.
Jump up ^ Facts: Casey & Brutus: Grizzly Encounters – National Geographic Channel – UK. Natgeotv.com (2010-04-20). Retrieved 29 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Prairie population". Environment Canada. 8 May 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Species Profile: Grizzly Bear Northwestern Population. In: Species at Risk Public Registry. 2009". Retrieved 11 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Bear Recovery. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009".
Jump up ^ Knibb, David (2008) Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 164–213, ISBN 978-1-59766-037-2.
Jump up ^ Knibb, David (2008) Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 202–204, ISBN 978-1-59766-037-2.
Jump up ^ "Public Meetings for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Proposal to Remove Yellowstone Area Population of Grizzly Bears from List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 29 December 2005.
Jump up ^ "Successful Recovery Efforts bring Yellowstone Grizzly Bears off the Endangered List" (PDF). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Lindsay (22 September 2009). "Judge renews protected status for Yellowstone's grizzly bears". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Bear Specialist Group 1996. "Ursus arctos. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Retrieved 9 April 2008. Globally the population remains large, and is not significantly declining
Jump up ^ Huber, Djuro (January 2010). "Ursus arctos (Brown Bear, Grizzly Bear, Mexican Grizzly Bear)". The IUCN red list of endangered species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wildlife Status – Grizzly bear – Population size and trends". Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Team. "Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008–2013, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 15" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Alberta designates grizzly bears a threatened species. Alberta.ca (2010-06-03). Retrieved 5 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Northwestern population". Environment Canada. 8 May 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, A.N. "Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia. In: Ministry of Environment. 2008" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Bear Specialist Group 1996. "Ursus arctos ssp. nelsoni. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Brown, David Earl (1985). The grizzly in the Southwest : documentary of an extinction.
Jump up ^ "Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary". env.gov.bc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Wildlife and Education: Refuge for Endangered Wildlife". Grouse Mountain: The Peak of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Krebs, C. J. (2009). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance (6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-50743-3.
Jump up ^ Clevenger, A. P.; Waltho, N (2005). "Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals". Biological Conservation. 121 (3): 453–464. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.025.
Jump up ^ Edwards, M. A.; Nagy, J. A.; Derocher, A. E (2008). "Using Subpopulation structure for barren-ground grizzly bear management". Ursus. 19 (2): 91–104. doi:10.2192/1537-6176-19.2.91.
Jump up ^ Michael, F.P., Bruce, N.M., & Curtis S (2002). "Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada" (PDF). Ursus. 8: 153–160. JSTOR 3873196. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan /Environmental Impact Statement". Conservation Northwest. National Park Service and US Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee". Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan/Environmental Impact Statement". Conservation Northwest. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mountain-Prairie. "Secretary Zinke Announces Recovery and Delisting of Yellowstone Grizzly Bear". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Proposes Lifting Protections for Yellowstone-area Grizzlies". March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Be a guest of Katmai's brown bears". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brown Bears of Katmai". National Park Service. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bear Watching in Katmai National Park and Preserve". National Park Service. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Katmai National Park and Preserve Webcams Make Katmai Bears Accessible to the Public". Sierra Sun Times. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "McNeil River — State Game Sanctuary and Refuge". Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Friends of McNeil River Bears – About". Friends of McNeil River. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "McNeil River — State Game Sanctuary and Refuge Permits". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sport Hunting – Katmai National Park and Preserve". National Park Service. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Fiorucci, Dan (17 July 2012). "10,000 Visitors Meet 2,500 Bears at Katmai National Park". articles.ktuu.com.
Jump up ^ "Bear Viewing on Admiralty Island near Juneau, Alaska | Juneau CVB". Travel Juneau.
Jump up ^ "Stan Price — State Wildlife Sanctuary". Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Jump up ^ "Island Of The Big Grizzlies". Outdoor Channel. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kodiak Brown Bear". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "O’Malley River". Kodiak Brown Bear Center.
Further reading
Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006), "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico" (PDF), Molecular Ecology, 15 (14): 4477–4485, PMID 17107477, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x, retrieved 24 September 2011
"Ursus arctos horribilis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2006.
Banfield, A. W. F. (1987). The Mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
CBC News article on possible "grolar bear" (Polar Bear/Grizzly Bear hybrid)
Committee On The Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada, 2002 2.1 MB PDF file.
Cronin, M. A.; et al. (1991). "Interspecific and specific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 69 (12): 2985–2992. doi:10.1139/z91-421.
Herrero, Stephen (1985). Bear Attacks. Piscataway, NJ: New Centuries Publishers. ISBN 0-8329-0377-9.
Waits, L. P.; et al. (1998). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation". Conservation Biology. 12 (2): 408–417. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x.
Snyder, Susan (2003). The California Grizzly Bear in Mind. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mattson, J.; Merrill, Troy (2001). "Extirpations of Grizzly Bears in the Contiguous United States, 1850–2000". Conservation Biology. 16 (4): 1123–1136. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00414.x.
Wielgus, R. B. (2002). "Minimum viable population and reserve sizes for naturally regulated grizzly bears in British Columbia". Biological Conservation. 106 (3): 381–388. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00265-8.
Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (2006). Principles of Conservation Biology (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Lapinski, Mike (2006). Grizzlies and Grizzled Old Men: A Tribute to Those Who Fought to Save the Great Bear. Guilford, CT/Helena, MT: Globe Pequot Press - Falcon Imprint. ISBN 0-7627-3653-4.
Murie, Adolph (1985). The grizzlies of Mount McKinley. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96204-6.
McCory, W.P., Herrero, S.M., Jones, G.W., & Mallam, E.D. (1990). "A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Bears: Their Biology and Management". 8: 11–16. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Proctor, M.F., McLellan, B.N., Strobeck, C., & Barclay, R.M.R. (2005). "Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations". Proc Biol Sci. 272 (1579): 2409–2416. PMC 1559960  . PMID 16243699. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3246. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Ursus arctos horribilis (category)
Wikispecies has information related to: Ursus arctos horribilis
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Grizzly Bear
[hide]
v
t
e
Extant brown bear subspecies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: arctos
Eurasian brown bear (U. a. arctos)
Kamchatka brown bear (U. a. beringianus)
East Siberian brown bear (U. a. collaris)
Grizzly bear (U. a. horribilis)
Himalayan brown bear (U. a. isabellinus)
Ussuri brown bear (U. a. lasiotus)
Marsican brown bear (U. a. marsicanus)
Syrian brown bear (U. a. syriacus)
Kodiak bear (U. a. middendorffi)
Tibetan blue bear (U. a. pruinosus)
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q171004
EoL: 1241477
GBIF: 6163845
iNaturalist: 125461
ITIS: 202385
MSW: 14000979
NCBI: 116960
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grizzly_bear&oldid=800432833"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Grizzly bears
Bears
Apex predators
Carnivorans of North America
Mammals of Canada
Mammals of the United States
Mammals of the Arctic
Megafauna of North America
Fauna of Alaska
Fauna of the Northwestern United States
Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
Natural history of British Columbia
Arctic land animals
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Least concern biota of North America
Least concern biota of the United States
Symbols of California
Symbols of Montana
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 maint: Unfit url
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Use dmy dates from August 2014
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پنجابی
Перем Коми
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Tsetsêhestâhese
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 14:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This article is semi-protected until November 17, 2019, due to vandalism

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Grizzly_bear_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Grizzly bear (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Grizzly_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Grizzly (disambiguation)

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

value: tr

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Least_Concern
mw-redirect
Least Concern

values:
/wiki/Ursus_(biology)
mw-redirect
Ursus (biology)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values: Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

values:
/wiki/American_Southwest
mw-redirect
American Southwest

values:
/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)
mw-redirect
Washington (U.S. state)

values:
/wiki/European_countries
mw-redirect
European countries

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/California_grizzly
mw-redirect
California grizzly

values:
/wiki/Caribou_(North_America)
mw-redirect
Caribou (North America)

values:
/wiki/Whitebark_pine
mw-redirect
Whitebark pine

values:
/wiki/Sedge_grass
mw-redirect
Sedge grass

values:
/wiki/Razor_clams
mw-redirect
Razor clams

values:
/wiki/Gray_wolves
mw-redirect
Gray wolves

values:
/wiki/Miller_moth
mw-redirect
Miller moth

values:
/wiki/San_Joaquin_Kit_Fox
mw-redirect
San Joaquin Kit Fox

values: List of fatal bear attacks in North America

values:
/wiki/Bear_canister
mw-redirect
Bear canister

values:
/wiki/Pascals_(unit)
mw-redirect
Pascals (unit)

values:
/wiki/Denali_National_Park
mw-redirect
Denali National Park

values:
/wiki/Continental_United_States
mw-redirect
Continental United States

values:
/wiki/National_parks
mw-redirect
National parks

values:
/wiki/US_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service
mw-redirect
US Fish and Wildlife Service

values:
/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act
mw-redirect
Endangered Species Act

values: Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Kalispel_tribe
mw-redirect
Kalispel tribe

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1139%2Fz91-421

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.4.1320

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.040453097

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic3870

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1139%2Fz63-005

values:
nofollow
external text
http://beartrust.org/brown-bear

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1375959

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18494361

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0624.1

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bearlife.org/brown-bear.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3872608

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3872608

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1139%2Fz88-369

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=90&cid=8

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1139%2FZ09-004

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004420050961

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3061004

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3061004

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3873219

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3873216

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.outdoorlife.com/node/45053

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3872956

values:
/wiki/Environment_Canada
mw-redirect
Environment Canada

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3873196

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://www.igbconline.org/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17107477

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243699

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2005.3246

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;"letter-spacing: .1px;"

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1241477

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gbif.org/species/6163845

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/125461

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: Category:IUCN Red List least concern species

values: Category:Fauna of the Northwestern United States

values: Category:Natural history of British Columbia

values: Category:Least concern biota of North America

values: Category:Least concern biota of the United States

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Grizzly_bear
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grysbeer
Grysbeer – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: دب رمادي – Arabic

values: Мядзведзь грызлі – Belarusian

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisli
Grisli – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: خرس خاکستری – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzli
Grizzli – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: דוב גריזלי – Hebrew

values: Сұр аю – Kazakh

values: Гризли – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly
Grizzly – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizlis
Grizlis – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гриззли баавгай – Mongolian

values: Гризли – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizli
Grizli – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гризли – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizli
Grizli – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values: கொடுங்கரடி – Tamil

values: หมีกริซลี – Thai

values: خاکستری ریچھ – Urdu

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Grizzly_bear rootpage-Grizzly_bear vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view