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Vare-Washington School
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For the former school building on Moyamensing Avenue, see Abigail Vare School.
George Washington School
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
George Washington School, April 2010
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Location
1198 S. 5th St.,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Coordinates
39°56′01″N 75°09′10″W / 39.9337°N 75.1528°W / 39.9337; -75.1528Coordinates: 39°56′01″N 75°09′10″W / 39.9337°N 75.1528°W / 39.9337; -75.1528
Area
2 acres (0.81 ha)
Built
1935–1937
Architect
Irwin T. Catharine
Architectural style
Moderne, Art Deco
MPS
Philadelphia Public Schools TR
NRHP reference #
86003343[1]
Added to NRHP
December 4, 1986
Vare-Washington School, is a K-8 school in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is a part of the School District of Philadelphia. It occupies the former George Washington School building in the Dickinson Narrows neighborhood,[citation needed] in proximity to Southwark.[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Feeding
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The historic school building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1935-1937. It is a three-story, brick and limestone building in the Art Deco / Moderne-style. It features ribbon windows, brick piers, and a projecting entrance with skyscraper-like details and rounded corners with decorative figures.[3] The school was originally established to serve children of workers in the Philadelphia Navy Yard and had been in operation since the U.S. Civil War period.[4]
In 1985 Washington and one other school were the first two Philadelphia public schools to sign up for Education for Parenting, a program in which students are taught about parenting by observing real infants.[5]
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.[1]
In December 2012 Superintendent William R. Hite Jr. presented a proposal that would close Washington and move Abigail Vare School into Washington's building. At the time Washington's building was in a better condition compared to Vare's, while the Vare school had an academic performance superior to that of Washington's.[6] In March 2013, the school district voted to close Washington.[2] Vare moved from its previous building to current building,[7] and was renamed Vare-Washington School. Since the move, the former Vare School has remained empty.
As a result of the closing of Washington, all Washington staff and teachers were to lose their positions, even though the Washington building was staying open. On May 14, 2013, the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers filed a grievance to try to reverse this decision.[2]
Feeding[edit]
Residents of the current Vare-Washington zone,[8] and residents of the former Abigail Vare School zone, are zoned to Furness High School.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c Medina, Regina. "Philly union challenges teacher-dump decision." Philadelphia Inquirer. May 24, 2013. Retrieved on November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania" (Searchable database). CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Note: This includes B. Mintz (July 1986). "Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form: George Washington School" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-03.
Jump up ^ George Washington School Homepage. School District of Philadelphia. January 9, 201. Retrieved on November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Woodall, Martha. "At School, Babies Offer Lessons Of Value." Philadelphia Inquirer. May 6, 1990. Retrieved on November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Graham, Kristen A. "Philadelphia superintendent identifies schools he intends to close." Philadelphia Inquirer. December 15, 2012. Retrieved on November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Graham, Kristen. "SRC votes to spare four schools." Philadelphia Inquirer. Thursday October 17, 2013. Retrieved on November 30, 2015. "CLOSING:[...]George Washington Elementary School, 1198 S. 5th Street Abigail Vare Elementary School, 1621 E. Moyamensing Avenue (building only, moves into George Washington Elementary)"
Jump up ^ "School Finder." School District of Philadelphia. Retrieved on November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Horace Furness High School Geographic Boundaries" (Archive). School District of Philadelphia. Retrieved on October 4, 2011.
External links[edit]
Vare-Washington School
Former Abigail Vare attendance boundary (Archive)
Former George Washington ES attendance boundary (Archive)
Former George Washington ES site: 2010 and 2013 at the Wayback Machine (archive index) - 1999-2007 at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
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United States federal executive departments
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Executive Department" redirects here. For the idea of executive departments in general, see Cabinet (politics).
The United States federal executive departments are the primary units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States. They are analogous to ministries common in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems but (the United States being a presidential system) they are led by a head of government who is also the head of state. The executive departments are the administrative arms of the President of the United States. There are currently 15 executive departments.
The heads of the executive departments receive the title of Secretary of their respective department, except for the Attorney-General who is head of the Justice Department (and the Postmaster General who until 1971 was head of the Post Office Department). The heads of the executive departments are appointed by the President and take office after confirmation by the United States Senate, and serve at the pleasure of the President. The heads of departments are members of the Cabinet of the United States, an executive organ that normally acts as an advisory body to the President. In the Opinion Clause (Article II, section 2, clause 1) of the U.S. Constitution, heads of executive departments are referred to as "principal Officer in each of the executive Departments".
The heads of executive departments are included in the line of succession to the President, in the event of a vacancy in the presidency, after the Vice President, the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current executive departments
2 Past executive departments
3 See also
4 Citations
5 References
6 External Links
Current executive departments[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2012)
Departments are listed by their present-day name and only departments with past or present cabinet-level status are listed.
Department
Creation
Order of
succession[1]
Notes
2009 Outlays
in billions
of dollars
Employees
State 1789[2] 4 Initially named "Department of Foreign Affairs" 16.39 18,900
Treasury 1789[3] 5 19.56 115,897
Justice 1870[4] 7 Attorney General created in 1789, but had no department until 1870 46.20 113,543
Interior 1849[5] 8 90.00 71,436
Agriculture 1889[6] 9 Elevated to Cabinet level in 1889 134.12 109,832
Commerce 1903[7] 10 Originally named Commerce and Labor; Labor later separated 15.77 43,880[8]
Labor 1913[9] 11 137.97 17,347
Defense 1947[10] 6 Created by the National Security Act of 1947. Initially named "National Military Establishment" 1947-49. Created from a merger of the Department of War and Department of the Navy. 651.16 3,000,000
Health and Human Services 1953[9] 12 Originally the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Education later separated 879.20 67,000
Housing and Urban Development 1965[11] 13 40.53 10,600
Transportation 1966[12] 14 73.20 58,622
Energy 1977[13] 15 24.10 109,094
Education 1979[14] 16 45.40 4,487
Veterans Affairs 1989[15] 17 Formerly an independent agency as the Veterans Administration 97.70 235,000
Homeland Security 2002[16] 18 Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 40.00 240,000
Total outlays, employees: 2,311.30Bn 4,214,652
Past executive departments[edit]
Department
Dates of Operation
Notes
Department of War 1789–1947 Split into Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force in the National Security Act of 1947
Post Office Department 1792–1971 Reorganized as quasi-independent agency, United States Postal Service
Department of Commerce and Labor 1903–1913 Divided between Department of Commerce and Department of Labor
Department of the Army 1947–1949 From 1947-1949, these departments were executive departments with non-cabinet level secretaries who reported to the civilian Secretary of Defense with cabinet rank but no department. From 1949 on, they were Military Departments within the Department of Defense[17]
Department of the Navy 1798–1949
Department of the Air Force 1947–1949
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1953–1979 Divided between Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Education
See also[edit]
Independent agencies of the United States government
British government departments
Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, Reid (October 20, 2013). "The Presidential order of succession". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1776-1783 - Articles of Confederation". History.state.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "History". Treasury.gov. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "USDOJ: About DOJ". Justice.gov. 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "History of Interior". Doi.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.usda.gov/documents/timeline.pdf
Jump up ^ "Secretaries | Department of Commerce". Commerce.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Department of Commerce FY 2009 Budget in Brief". Osec.doc.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "The U.S. Department of Labor Historical Timeline - U.S. Department of Labor". Dol.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "About The Department of Defense (DOD)". Defense.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "HUD History/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". Portal.hud.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived August 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Department of Energy Organization Act" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. August 4, 1977.
Jump up ^ "Overview and Mission Statement | U.S. Department of Education". .ed.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs. "History - VA History - About VA". Va.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Creation of the Department of Homeland Security | Homeland Security". Dhs.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2005). "Chapter 24: Peace Becomes Cold War, 1945-1950". American Military History. Army Historical Series. II. United States Army. pp. 531–533. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
References[edit]
Relyea, Harold C. "Homeland Security: Department Organization and Management" (PDF), Report for Congress, 2002. RL31493 (August 7, 2002).
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Staling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Stale" redirects here. For the village, see Stale, Poland.
Stale bread
Staling, or "going stale", is a chemical and physical process in bread and other foods that reduces their palatability. Stale bread is dry and leathery.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism and effects
2 Countermeasures
3 Culinary uses
4 Destaling
5 References
6 Further reading
Mechanism and effects[edit]
Staling is not, as is commonly believed, simply a drying-out process due to evaporation. Bread will stale even in a moist environment, and stales most rapidly at temperatures just above freezing.[1] Bread stored in the refrigerator will have increased staling rates, and therefore bread should be kept at room temperature. However, refrigeration delays the growth of mold and extends the shelf life of bread.
One important mechanism is the migration of moisture from the starch granules into the interstitial spaces, degelatinizing the starch. The starch amylose and amylopectin molecules realign themselves causing recrystalisation. This results in stale bread's leathery, hard texture. Additionally, pleasant "fresh" flavor is lost to the air, and often unpleasant flavor is absorbed from it as well, especially in a confined space with other food such as when in a refrigerator.
Countermeasures[edit]
Anti-staling agents used in bread include wheat gluten, enzymes, and glycerolipids, mainly monoglycerides and diglycerides.
Culinary uses[edit]
Specifically stale bread is an important ingredient in many dishes, some of which were invented for the express purpose of using up otherwise unpalatable stale bread. Examples include bread pudding, bread sauce, bread soup, skordalia, garbure, fondue, fattoush, croutons, haslet, gazpacho, wodzionka, french toast, Tunisian leblebi, bread dumplings and flummadiddle.
In medieval cuisine, slices of stale bread, called trenchers, were used instead of plates.
Destaling[edit]
Stale bread can be partially destaled by heating to 60 °C (140 °F) in a conventional oven or microwave oven. However, if not eaten before it cools or dries, the bread is even worse than before due to the moisture loss.
References[edit]
Food portal
Jump up ^ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (2nd ed.). New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.
Further reading[edit]
Look up staling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Gray, J.A.; Bemiller, J.N. (January 2003), "Bread Staling: Molecular Basis and Control", Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2 (1): 1–21, doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00011.x
Xie, Feng (1998). The study of bread staling using visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (PDF) (Ph.D.). Kansas State University. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staling&oldid=807199710"
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