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Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
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Eric Harris
Senior year picture, 1998
Born
Eric David Harris
(1981-04-09)April 9, 1981
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Died
April 20, 1999(1999-04-20) (aged 18)
Columbine, Colorado, U.S.[1]
Cause of death
Suicide by gun
Occupation
Shift manager at Blackjack Pizza
Parent(s)
Wayne Harris
Katherine Poole
Motive
Bullying, psychopathy, sadism[2]
Details
Date
April 20, 1999
11:19 a.m. – 12:08 p.m.
Location(s)
Columbine High School
Target(s)
Students, teachers, and police
Killed
8
Injured
24 (combined total)
Weapons
Hi-Point 995 Carbine, Savage 67H pump-action shotgun, explosives and two knives
Dylan Klebold
Senior year picture, 1998
Born
Dylan Bennet Klebold
(1981-09-11)September 11, 1981
Lakewood, Colorado, U.S.
Died
April 20, 1999(1999-04-20) (aged 17)
Columbine, Colorado, U.S.[1]
Cause of death
Suicide by gun
Occupation
Employee at Blackjack Pizza
Parent(s)
Thomas Klebold
Susan Yassenoff
Motive
Bullying, depression
Details
Date
April 20, 1999
11:19 a.m. – 12:08 p.m.
Location(s)
Columbine High School
Target(s)
Students, teachers, and police
Killed
5
Injured
24 (combined total)
Weapons
Intratec TEC-DC9, Stevens 311D double barreled sawed-off shotgun, explosives and two knives
Eric David Harris (April 9, 1981 – April 20, 1999) and Dylan Bennet Klebold (/ˈkliːboʊld/; September 11, 1981 – April 20, 1999) were two American mass murderers who killed 13 people and wounded 24 others armed with firearms and knives on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado. They were twelfth grade (senior) students at the high school. The shooting rampage came to be known as the Columbine High School massacre.[3][4] Harris and Klebold committed suicide in the library, where they had killed 10 of their victims.[5]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Eric Harris
1.2 Dylan Klebold
1.3 Columbine High School
1.4 Initial legal encounters
1.5 Hitmen for Hire
2 Massacre
2.1 Day of the massacre
2.2 Suicide
2.3 Acquiring arms
3 Aftermath
3.1 Motivations
3.1.1 Bullying
3.2 Journals and investigation
3.3 Media accounts
3.4 Psychological analysis
3.5 Reaction of Sue Klebold
3.6 Lawsuits against their families
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background
Eric Harris
Harris was born in Wichita, Kansas. The Harris family relocated often, as Eric's father, Wayne Harris, was a U.S. Air Force transport pilot. His mother, Katherine Ann Poole, was a homemaker. The family moved from Plattsburgh, New York, to Littleton, Colorado, in July 1993, when Wayne Harris retired from military service.[6]
The Harris family lived in rented accommodations for the first three years that they lived in the Littleton area. During this time, Eric met Dylan Klebold. In 1996, the Harris family purchased a house south of Columbine High School. Eric's older brother attended college at the University of Colorado Boulder.[7][8]
Dylan Klebold
Klebold was born in Lakewood, Colorado, to Thomas and Susan Klebold.[6] His parents were pacifists and attended a Lutheran church with their children. Both Dylan and his older brother attended confirmation classes in accordance with the Lutheran tradition.[9] As had been the case with his older brother, Dylan was named after a renowned poet – in Dylan's case, the playwright Dylan Thomas.[10]
At the family home, the Klebolds also observed some rituals in keeping with Klebold's maternal grandfather's Jewish heritage.[9][11] Klebold attended Normandy Elementary in Littleton, Colorado for the first two grades before transferring to Governor's Ranch Elementary and became part of the CHIPS ("Challenging High Intellectual Potential Students") program.[12] He found the transition to Ken Caryl Middle School difficult.[6]
Columbine High School
At Columbine High, Harris and Klebold were active in school play productions, operated video productions and became computer assistants maintaining the school's computer server.[6]
According to early accounts of the shooting, Harris and Klebold were very unpopular students and targets of bullying. While sources do support accounts of bullying directed toward the pair,[13][14][15] accounts of them being outcasts have been reported to be false.[16][17]
Harris and Klebold were initially reported to be members of a group that called themselves the "Trenchcoat Mafia", although in fact they had no particular connection with the group, and did not appear in a group photo of the Trenchcoat Mafia in the 1998 Columbine yearbook.[18][19] Harris's father stated that his son was "a member of what they call the Trenchcoat Mafia" in a 911 call he made on April 20, 1999.[20] Klebold attended the high school prom three days before the shootings with a classmate named Robyn Anderson.[5]
Harris and Klebold linked their personal computers on a network and both played many games over the Internet. Harris created a set of levels for the game Doom, which later became known as the 'Harris levels'. Harris had a web presence under the handle "REB" (short for Rebel, a nod to the nickname of Columbine's sports teams) and other cyber aliases, including "Rebldomakr", "Rebdoomer", and "Rebdomine", while Klebold went by the names "VoDKa" and "VoDkA". Harris had various websites that hosted Doom and Quake files, as well as team information for those he gamed with online. The sites openly espoused hatred for the people of their neighborhood and the world in general. When the pair began experimenting with pipe bombs, they posted results of the explosions on the websites. The website was shut down by America Online after the shootings and was preserved for the FBI.[21]
Initial legal encounters
The two boys got into trouble with the law for breaking into a locked van and stealing computers. In January 1998, they were charged with mischief, breaking and entering, trespassing, and theft. They both left good impressions on the juvenile officers, who offered to expunge their criminal records if they agreed to attend a diversionary program to include community service, received psychiatric treatment, and obeyed the law. Harris was required to attend anger management classes where, again, he made a favorable impression. They were so well-behaved that their probation officer discharged them from the program a few months earlier than the due date. Of Harris, it was remarked that he was "a very bright individual who is likely to succeed in life", while Klebold was said to be intelligent, but "needs to understand that hard work is part of fulfilling a dream." On April 30, Harris handed over the first version of a letter of apology he wrote to the owner of the van, which he completed the next month.[22] In the letter, Harris expressed regret about his actions; however, in one of his journal entries dated April 12, he wrote: "Isnt america supposed to be the land of the free? how come, If im free, I cant deprive some fucking dumbshit from his possessions If he leaves them sitting in the front seat of his fucking van in plain sight in the middle of fucking nowhere on a fri-fucking-day night? Natural selection. Fucker should be shot. [sic]".[23][24]
Hitmen for Hire
In December 1998, Harris and Klebold made Hitmen for Hire, a video for a school project in which they swore, yelled at the camera, made violent statements, and acted out shooting and killing students in the hallway of their school as Hitmen for Hire.[25][26] They both displayed themes of violence in their creative writing projects for school; of a Doom-based story written by Harris on January 17, 1999, Harris's teacher said: "Yours is a unique approach and your writing works in a gruesome way — good details and mood setting."[27][28]
Massacre
Main article: Columbine High School massacre
Day of the massacre
Harris and Klebold on the security camera the day of the shooting before committing suicide.
On April 20, 1999, while smoking a cigarette at the start of lunch break, Brooks Brown saw Harris arrive at school. Brown had severed his friendship with Harris a year earlier because Harris had thrown a chunk of ice at his car windshield; Brown patched things up with Harris just prior to the shooting. Brown scolded Harris for skipping his morning classes, because Harris was always serious about schoolwork and being on time. Harris reportedly said, "It doesn't matter anymore" and also said, "Brooks, I like you now. Get out of here. Go home."[29] Brown quickly left the school grounds. At 11:19 a.m., he heard the first gunshots after he had walked some distance away from the school, and he informed the police via a neighbor's cell phone.
By that time, Dylan Klebold had already arrived at the school in a separate car, and the two boys left two gym bags, each containing a 20-pound propane bomb, inside the school cafeteria. When these devices failed to detonate, Harris and Klebold launched a shooting attack against their classmates. It was the deadliest attack ever perpetrated at an American high school until the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting on February 14, 2018.[30][31] Harris was responsible for eight of the thirteen confirmed deaths (Rachel Scott, Daniel Rohrbough,[32] a teacher identified as Dave Sanders, Steve Curnow, Cassie Bernall, Isaiah Shoels, Kelly Fleming, and Daniel Mauser), while Klebold was responsible for the remaining five (Kyle Velasquez, Matthew Kechter, Lauren Townsend, John Tomlin, and Corey DePooter). There were 24 wounded, most in critical condition.
Suicide
At 12:02 p.m., Harris and Klebold returned to the library. This was 20 minutes after their lethal shooting spree had ended, leaving 12 students dead, one teacher dying, and another 24 students and staff injured. Ten of their victims had been killed in the library. Harris and Klebold went to the west windows and opened fire on the police outside. Six minutes later, they walked to the bookshelves near a table where Patrick Ireland lay badly wounded and unconscious. Student Lisa Kreutz, injured in the earlier library attack, was also in the room, unable to move.
At 12:08 p.m., art teacher Patti Nielson, who had locked herself inside a break room with student Brian Anderson and library staff, overheard Harris and Klebold shout out in unison: "One! Two! Three!" followed immediately by the sound of gunfire.[5] Harris had fired his shotgun through the roof of his mouth, and Klebold had shot himself in the left temple with his TEC-9 semi-automatic handgun.
Acquiring arms
9 mm Hi-Point 995 carbine, one of the guns Eric Harris used
9 mm TEC-DC9 pistol also known as the TEC-9, one of the guns Dylan Klebold used
Because Harris and Klebold were both underage at the time, Robyn Anderson (with whom Klebold attended the prom three days before the shooting), an 18-year-old Columbine student and old friend of Klebold's, made a straw purchase of two shotguns and a Hi-Point carbine for the pair. In exchange for her cooperation with the investigation that followed the shootings, no charges were filed against Anderson. After illegally acquiring the weapons, Klebold sawed off his Savage 311-D 12-gauge double-barrel shotgun, shortening the overall length to approximately 23 inches (0.58 m), a felony under the National Firearms Act, while Harris's Savage-Springfield 12-gauge pump shotgun was sawed off to around 26 inches (0.66 m).[33]
The shooters also possessed a TEC-DC9 semi-automatic handgun, which had a long history. The manufacturer of the TEC-DC9 first sold it to Miami-based Navegar Incorporated. It was then sold to Zander's Sporting Goods in Baldwin, Illinois in 1994. The gun was later sold to Thornton, Colorado, firearms dealer Larry Russell. In violation of federal law, Russell failed to keep records of the sale, yet he determined that the purchaser of the gun was twenty-one years of age or older. He was unable to identify the pictures of Klebold, Anderson, or Harris shown to him by police after the shooting. Two men, Mark Manes and Philip Duran, were convicted of supplying weapons to the two.[34]
The bombs used by the pair varied and were crudely made from carbon dioxide canisters, galvanized pipe, and metal propane bottles. The bombs were primed with matches placed at one end. Both had striker tips on their sleeves. When they rubbed against the bomb, the match head would light the fuse. The weekend before the shootings, Harris and Klebold had purchased propane tanks and other supplies from a hardware store for a few hundred dollars. Several residents of the area claimed to have heard glass breaking and buzzing sounds from the Harris family's garage, which later was concluded to indicate they were constructing pipe bombs. The two boys purchased six more propane tanks on the morning of the attack.[35]
More complex bombs, such as the one that detonated on the corner of South Wadsworth Boulevard and Ken Caryl Avenue, had timers. The two largest bombs built were found in the school cafeteria and were made from small propane tanks. Only one of these bombs went off, only partially detonating. It was estimated that if any of the bombs placed in the cafeteria had detonated properly, the blast could have caused extensive structural damage to the school and would have resulted in hundreds of casualties.[36]
Aftermath
There was controversy over whether the perpetrators should be memorialized. Some were opposed, saying that it glorified murderers, while others argued that the perpetrators were also victims. Atop a hill near Columbine High School, crosses were erected for Harris and Klebold along with those for the people they killed,[37] but the father of Daniel Rohrbough cut them down, saying that murderers should not be memorialized in the same place as victims.[38]
Motivations
Harris and Klebold wrote much about how they would carry out the massacre, but less about why. A journal found in Harris's bedroom contained almost every detail that the boys planned to follow after 5:00 a.m. on April 20, 1999.[39] In journal entries, the pair often wrote about events such as the Oklahoma City bombing, the Waco siege, the Vietnam War and other similar events, including blurbs and notes on how they wished to "outdo" these events, focusing especially on what Timothy McVeigh did in Oklahoma City. They mentioned how they would like to leave a lasting impression on the world with this kind of violence.[40]
Much speculation occurred over the date chosen for their attack. The original intended date of the attack may have been April 19; Harris required more ammunition from Mark Manes, who did not deliver it until the evening of April 19.[41][42]
Harris and Klebold were both avid fans of KMFDM, an industrial band led by German multi-instrumentalist Sascha Konietzko. It was revealed that lyrics to KMFDM songs ("Son of a Gun", "Stray Bullet", "Waste") were posted on Harris' website,[43] and that the date of the massacre, April 20, coincided with both the release date of the album Adios[44] and the birthday of Adolf Hitler.[45] Harris noted the coincidence of the album's title and release date in his journal.[24]
The media was quick to jump on the apparent connection of the massacre to violent entertainment and Nazism.[46] In response, Konietzko issued a statement:
First and foremost, KMFDM would like to express their deep and heartfelt sympathy for the parents, families and friends of the murdered and injured children in Littleton. We are sick and appalled, as is the rest of the nation, by what took place in Colorado yesterday.[44][47]
KMFDM are an art form—not a political party. From the beginning, our music has been a statement against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others. While some of the former band members are German as reported in the media, none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever.[47][48]
The attack occurred on Hitler's birthday, which led to speculation in the media. Some people, such as Robyn Anderson, who knew the perpetrators, stated that the pair were not obsessed with Nazism nor did they worship or admire Hitler in any way. Anderson stated, in retrospect, that there were many things the pair did not tell friends. Dave Cullen, author of the 2009 book Columbine, cites evidence that Harris did revere the Nazis. He praised them often in his journal, and some of his friends grew irritated at his frequent Nazi salutes and quotations in the months leading up to the shooting. At a certain point, Harris realized he needed to reduce this behavior, for fear of revealing his plans. He commented in his journal about how hard it was to wait until April to express all his hatred for the human race.[49] In his journal, Harris mentioned his admiration of what he imagined to be natural selection, and wrote that he would like to put everyone in a super Doom game and see to it that the weak die and the strong live.[24] On the day of the massacre, Harris wore a white T-shirt with the words "Natural selection" printed in black.[17]
Bullying
One of Harris' last journal entries read: "I hate you people for leaving me out of so many fun things. And no don't … say, 'Well that's your fault,' because it isn't, you people had my phone number, and I asked and all, but no. No no no don't let the weird-looking Eric KID come along."[17]
Dylan Klebold said on the Basement Tapes, "You've been giving us shit for years. You're fucking gonna pay for all the shit! We don't give a shit. Because we're gonna die doing it."[50][51]
Accounts from various parents and school staffers describe bullying at the school as "rampant."[52] Nathan Vanderau, a friend of Klebold, and Alisa Owen, Harris's eighth-grade science partner, reported that Harris and Klebold were constantly picked on. Vanderau noted that a "cup of fecal matter" was thrown at them.[53] "People surrounded them in the commons and squirted ketchup packets all over them, laughing at them, calling them faggots," Brooks Brown says. "That happened while teachers watched. They couldn't fight back. They wore the ketchup all day and went home covered with it."[13] In his book, No Easy Answers: The Truth Behind Death at Columbine, Brown wrote that Harris was born with mild chest indent. This made him reluctant to take his shirt off in gym class, and other students would laugh at him.[14]
"A lot of the tension in the school came from the class above us," Chad Laughlin states. "There were people fearful of walking by a table where you knew you didn't belong, stuff like that. Certain groups certainly got preferential treatment across the board. I caught the tail end of one really horrible incident, and I know Dylan told his mother that it was the worst day of his life." That incident, according to Laughlin, involved seniors pelting Klebold with "ketchup-covered tampons" in the commons.[15]
Journals and investigation
Harris began keeping a journal in April 1998, a short time after the pair was convicted of breaking into a van, for which each received ten months of juvenile intervention counseling and community service in January 1998. They began to formulate plans then, as reflected in their journals.[42]
Harris wanted to join the United States Marine Corps, but his application was rejected shortly before the shootings because he was taking the drug fluvoxamine, an SSRI antidepressant, which he was required to take as part of court-ordered anger management therapy. According to the recruiting officer, Harris did not know about this rejection. Though some friends of Harris suggested that he had stopped taking the drug beforehand,[54] the autopsy reports showed low therapeutic or normal (not toxic or lethal) blood-levels of Luvox (fluvoxamine) in his system, which would be around 0.0031-0.0087 mg%,[55] at the time of death.[56] After the shootings, opponents of contemporary psychiatry like Peter Breggin[57] claimed that the psychiatric medications prescribed to Harris after his conviction (ostensibly for obsessive-compulsive disorder) may have exacerbated his aggressiveness.[58]
In April 2009, Professor Aubrey Immelman, Ph.D of the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, published a book, Columbine: A True Crime Story; A Victim, the Killers and the Nation’s Search for Answers, which includes a personality profile of Eric Harris, based on journal entries and personal communication. Immelman's profile believes the materials suggested behavior patterns consistent with a "malignant narcissism ... pathological narcissistic personality disorder with borderline and antisocial features, along with some paranoid traits, and unconstrained aggression". The report notes that such a profile should not be construed as a direct psychiatric diagnosis, which is based on face-to-face interviews, formal psychological testing, and collection of collateral information.[dead link][59]
In his journal, Klebold wrote about his view that he and Harris were "god-like" and more highly evolved than every other human being, but his secret journal records self-loathing and suicidal intentions. Page after page was covered in hearts, as he was secretly in love with a Columbine student. Although both had difficulty controlling their anger, Klebold's anger had led to his being more prone to serious trouble than Harris. Klebold was known to swear at teachers and fight with his boss at Blackjack Pizza. After their arrest, which both recorded as the most traumatic thing they had ever experienced, Klebold wrote a letter to Harris, saying how they would have so much fun getting revenge and killing cops, and how his wrath from the January arrest would be "god-like". On the day of the massacre, Klebold wore a black T-shirt which had the word "WRATH" printed in red.[17] It was speculated that revenge for the arrest was a possible motive for the attack, and that the pair planned on having a massive gun battle with police during the shooting. Klebold wrote that life was no fun without a little death, and that he would like to spend the last moments of his life in nerve-wracking twists of murder and bloodshed. He concluded by saying that he would kill himself afterward in order to leave the world that he hated and go to a better place. Klebold was described as being "hotheaded, but depressive and suicidal."[60]
Some of the home recorded videos, called "The Basement Tapes", have been destroyed by police. Harris and Klebold reportedly discussed their motives for the attacks in these videos and gave instructions in bomb making. Police cite the reason for withholding these tapes as an effort to prevent them from becoming "call-to-arms" and "how-to" videos that could inspire copycat killers.[61]
Media accounts
Initially,[18] the shooters were believed to be members of a clique that called themselves the "Trench Coat Mafia", a small group of Columbine's self-styled outcasts who wore heavy black trench coats. Early reports described the members as also wearing German slogans and swastikas on their clothes.[18] Additional media reports described the Trench Coat Mafia as a cult with ties to the Neo-Nazi movement which fueled a media stigma and bias against the Trench Coat Mafia. The Trench Coat Mafia was a group of friends who hung out together, wore black trench coats, and prided themselves on being different from the 'jocks' who had been bullying the members and who also coined the name Trench Coat Mafia.[62] The trench coat inadvertently became the members' uniform after a mother of one of the members bought it as an inexpensive present.[18]
Investigation revealed that Harris and Klebold were only friends with one member of the group, Kristin Thiebault, and that most of the primary members of the Trench Coat Mafia had left the school by the time that Harris and Klebold committed the massacre. Most did not know the shooters, apart from their association with Thiebault, and none were considered suspects in the shootings or were charged with any involvement in the incident.[18]
Marilyn Manson was blamed by the media in the wake of the Columbine shooting, and responded to criticism in an interview with Michael Moore, in which he was asked, "If you were to talk directly to the kids at Columbine and the people in the community, what would you say to them if they were here right now?", to which he replied, "I wouldn't say a single word to them—I would listen to what they have to say, and that's what no one did."[63]
Psychological analysis
One report suggested that Harris was a psychopath and Klebold was severely depressed, and consequently that Harris was influenced by sadism, whereas Klebold was influenced by revenge. This report suggested that all of the reasons the boys gave for the shooting were justifications in order to present themselves as killers with a cause.[64][65][66]
Although early media reports attributed the shootings to a desire for revenge on the part of Harris and Klebold for bullying that they received, subsequent psychological analysis indicated Harris and Klebold harbored serious psychological problems. According to Supervisory Special Agent Dwayne Fuselier, the FBI's lead Columbine investigator and a clinical psychologist, Harris exhibited a pattern of grandiosity, contempt, and lack of empathy or remorse, distinctive traits of psychopaths that Harris concealed through deception. Fuselier adds that Harris engaged in mendacity not merely to protect himself, as Harris rationalized in his journal, but also for pleasure, as seen when Harris expressed his thoughts in his journal regarding how he and Klebold avoided prosecution for breaking into a van. Other leading psychiatrists concur that Harris was a psychopath.[64]
Reaction of Sue Klebold
See also: A Mother's Reckoning
Sue Klebold, mother of Dylan Klebold, spoke about the Columbine High School massacre publicly for the first time in an essay that appeared in the October 2009 issue of O: The Oprah Magazine. In the piece, Klebold wrote: "For the rest of my life, I will be haunted by the horror and anguish Dylan caused", and "Dylan changed everything I believed about myself, about God, about family, and about love." Stating that she had no clue of her son's intentions, she said, "Once I saw his journals, it was clear to me that Dylan entered the school with the intention of dying there."[67] In Andrew Solomon's 2012 book Far from the Tree, she acknowledged that on the day of the massacre, when she discovered that Dylan was one of the shooters, she prayed he would kill himself. "I had a sudden vision of what he might be doing. And so while every other mother in Littleton was praying that her child was safe, I had to pray that mine would die before he hurt anyone else."[68]
In February 2016, Klebold published a memoir, titled A Mother's Reckoning, about her experiences before and after the massacre.[69][70] It was co-written by Laura Tucker and included an introduction by National Book Award winner Andrew Solomon. It received very favorable reviews, including from the New York Times Book Review.[71] It peaked at #2 on the New York Times bestseller list.[72]
On February 2, 2017, Klebold posted a TED Talk titled, "My son was a Columbine shooter. This is my story."[73] By February 4, it had 286,000 views. The site listed Klebold's occupation as "activist", and stated: "Sue Klebold has become a passionate agent working to advance mental health awareness and intervention."
Lawsuits against their families
In April 2001, the families of more than 30 victims were given shares in a $2,538,000 settlement by the families of the perpetrators, Mark Manes, and Phillip Duran. The Harrises and the Klebolds contributed $1,568,000 to the settlement from their own homeowners' policies, the Manes contributed $720,000, and the Durans contributed $250,000. The Harrises and the Klebolds were ordered to guarantee an additional $32,000 be available against any future claims. The Manes were ordered to hold $80,000 against future claims, and the Durans were ordered to hold $50,000.[74] One family had filed a $250-million lawsuit against the Harrises and Klebolds in 1999 and did not accept the 2001 settlement terms. A judge ordered the family to accept a $366,000 settlement in June 2003.[75][76] In August 2003, the families of five other victims received undisclosed settlements from the Harrises and Klebolds.[75]
In popular culture
Main article: Columbine High School massacre in popular culture
In the 1999 black comedy, Duck! The Carbine High Massacre, which is inspired by the Columbine shooting, the two shooters are played by William Hellfire and Joey Smack, who also co-wrote, directed and produced the film.[77] The shooters are named "Derrick and Derwin", a play on Harris' and Klebold's first names.
The 2002 Michael Moore documentary film Bowling for Columbine focuses heavily on a perceived American obsession with handguns, its grip on Jefferson County, Colorado, and its role in the shooting.
The 2003 Gus Van Sant film Elephant depicts a fictional school shooting, though some of its details were based on the Columbine massacre, such as one scene, in which one of the young killers walks into the evacuated school cafeteria and pauses to sip from someone's glass, as Harris himself did during the shooting.[53][78] In the film, the killers are called "Alex and Eric" after the actors who portray them, Alex Frost and Eric Deulen.
In the 2003 Ben Coccio film Zero Day, which was inspired by the Columbine shooting, the two shooters are played by Andre Kriegman and Cal Gabriel and called "Andre and Calvin" after their actors.[79]
Also in 2003, the Uwe Boll film Heart of America: Home Room was released. The film's main plot focuses on two bullied students, Daniel Lynn and Barry Shultz, who plan to carry out a school shooting on the last day of school after being tortured by the school jocks. Barry, the main character, has second thoughts and quits at the last minute, while Daniel carries out the plan with a female accomplice, Dara McDermott. Barry is played by Michael Belyea, Daniel is played by Kett Turton, and Dara is played by Elisabeth Rosen. The film is believed to have been inspired by several shootings that are listed before the credits, Columbine being among them.
In 2004, the shooting was dramatized in the documentary Zero Hour, in which Harris and Klebold were played by Ben Johnson and Josh Young, respectively.
In 2007, the massacre was documented in an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary series, The Final Report.[80]
In the 2009 film April Showers, which was written and directed by Andrew Robinson, who was a senior at Columbine High School during the shooting,[81] the single shooter, Ben Harris, is played by Benjamin Chrystak.
The 2016 biographical film I'm Not Ashamed, based on the journals of Rachel Scott, includes glimpses of Eric Harris' and Dylan Klebold's lives and of interactions between them and other students at Columbine High School.
See also
Biography portal
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Crime portal
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List of school shootings in the United States
List of attacks related to secondary schools
References
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^ Jump up to: a b c C Shepard. "Columbine shooter Eric Harris' Journals and Writing". Acolumbinesite.com. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ Klebold, Dylan Bennet; Harris, Eric David (December 1998). "Hitmen for Hire". Columbine, Colorado. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hitmen for Hire (1998)". Internet Movie Database. 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Cyn. "Eric's writing: Creative writing story". A Columbine Site. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Cyn. "Gunfire in the halls". A Columbine Site. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Brown, Brooks (April 18, 2007). "Columbine Survivor With Words for Virginia Students". NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Morris, Sam (February 15, 2018). "Mass shootings: what are the deadliest attacks in the US?". The Guardian. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Earl, Jennifer (February 14, 2018). "Florida school shooting among 10 deadliest in modern US history". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Daniel Lee Rohrbough". A Columbine Site. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "How they were equipped that day". CNN. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pankratz, Howard; Simpson, Kevin (November 13, 1999). "Judge gives Manes 6 years". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cullen, David (2009). Columbine. New York: Twelve. p. 40. ISBN 9780446546935. OCLC 236082459.
Jump up ^ Bartels, Lynn (April 12, 2002). "At 'perfect' school, student sat next to bomb". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fong, Tillie (April 28, 1999). "Crosses for Harris, Klebold join 13 others". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Zewe, Charles (May 1, 1999). "Authorities say Columbine shooters acted alone". CNN. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Columbine Documents" (PDF). Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Columbine killers' diaries offer chilling insight". msnbc.com. 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
Jump up ^ Hinton, Sam (2012). "Troubled Children: Dealing with Anger and Depression". Psychology of Children: Coping with the Dangerous Threats. Hammond. p. 20. ISBN 0-275-98207-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryckman, Lisa (May 16, 2000). "Demonic plan was months in making". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Scott (2008). "Columbine". Great Satan's Rage. Manchester University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-7190-7463-9. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "KMFDM And Rammstein Speak Out About Columbine". MTV Networks. April 23, 1999. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Music Linked To Killings?". Philadelphia Daily News. Knight Ridder. April 22, 1999. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Duggan, Paul; Shear, Michael D.; Fisher, Marc (April 22, 1999). "Shooter Pair Mixed Fantasy, Reality". Washington Post. Katharine Weymouth. p. A1.
^ Jump up to: a b "KMFDM.net on April 27, 1999 from archive.org". KMFDM Inc. April 27, 1999. Archived from the original on April 27, 1999. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Boehlert, Eric (April 23, 1999). "An Old Debate Emerges in Wake of School Shooting". Rolling Stone. Jann S. Wenner. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 11,000 Page Report" (PDF). The Boulder Daily Camera.
Jump up ^ "Massacre at Columbine High". Zero Hour. Season 1. Episode 3. 2004. History.
Jump up ^ "Transcript of the Columbine "Basement Tapes"" (PDF). Schoolshooters.info. July 29, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pankratz, Howard (October 3, 2000). "Columbine bullying no myth, panel told". The Denver Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Investigative Reports: Columbine: Understanding Why on YouTube. A&E. 2002
Jump up ^ Gibbs, Nancy; Timothy Roche (December 20, 1999). "The Columbine Tapes". TIME.
Jump up ^ Winek, Charles L.; et al. (2001). "Drug and chemical blood-level data 2001" (PDF). Forensic Science International. 122: 107–123. doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00483-2.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Cyn. "Eric David Harris". A Columbine Site. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Breggin, Peter R. (April 30, 1999). "Was School Shooter Eric Harris Taking Luvox?". Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Larkin, Ralph W. (2007). Comprehending Columbine. Temple University Press. p. 119. ISBN 1-59213-491-2.
Jump up ^ Immelman, Aubrey (August 2004). "Eric Harris: Personality Profile". College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Depressive and the Psychopath". slate.om. 2004-04-20. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
Jump up ^ Mass and Serial Murder in America ISBN 978-3-31944280-8 p. 41
Jump up ^ Brown, Brooks; Merritt, Rob (2002). No easy answers: The truth behind death at Columbine. Lantern Books. pp. 68–70. ISBN 1590560310.
Jump up ^ Michael Moore interviewing Marilyn Manson (October 11, 2002). Bowling for Columbine (Documentary). Los Angeles, California: MGM.
^ Jump up to: a b Cullen, Dave (April 20, 2004). "The Depressive and the Psychopath". Slate. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cullen, Dave (July 21, 2012). "Don't Jump to Conclusions About the Killer". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stenson, Jacqueline (April 20, 2009). "Destined as a psychopath? Experts seek clues". NBC. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Klebold, Susan (November 2009). "I Will Never Know Why". O, The Oprah Magazine. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Columbine Shooter Dylan Klebold's Parents Speak Out". Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Columbine shooter Dylan Klebold's mother to hold first TV interview". ABC News. July 23, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Klebold, Sue. "A Mother's Reckoning: Living in the Aftermath of Tragedy". Amzon.com.
Jump up ^ "Inside The New York Times Book Review Podcast: 'A Mother's Reckoning'". The New York Times. February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "#2 New York Times bestseller: "Mesmerizing, heart-stopping. I beseech". lauratuckerbooks.com. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Klebold, Sue. "My son was a Columbine shooter. This is my story". Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Janofsky, Michael (April 20, 2001). "$2.53 Million Deal Ends Some Columbine Lawsuits". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Columbine High School Shootings Fast Facts". CNN. September 19, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "$250 million Columbine lawsuit filed". CNN. May 27, 1999. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Jason. "Duck! The Carbine High Massacre". Moviefone. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Doland, Angela (May 21, 2003). "2003: Shades Of Columbine". CBS News.
Jump up ^ Roeder, Amy (September 1, 2002). "Zero Score". New England Film. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Final Report: Columbine Archived May 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. National Geographic Channel. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Villarreal, Yvonne (April 16, 2009). "Andrew Robinson's 'April Showers' focuses on survivors of Columbine". The Los Angeles Times
Further reading
Brown, Brooks; Rob Merritt (2002). No Easy Answers: The Truth Behind Death at Columbine. Lantern Books. ISBN 1-59056-031-0.
Cullen, Dave (2009). Columbine. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-54693-3.
Kass, Jeff (2009). Columbine: A True Crime Story. Ghost Road Publishing Group. ISBN 0-9816525-6-5.
Larkin, Ralph W. (2007). Comprehending Columbine. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-491-2.
External links
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Eric David Harris at Find a Grave
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Man of a Thousand Faces (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Man of a Thousand Faces
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Joseph Pevney
Produced by
Robert Arthur
Written by
R. Wright Campbell
Ivan Goff
Ben Roberts
Ralph Wheelwright
Starring
James Cagney
Dorothy Malone
Jane Greer
Jim Backus
Robert Evans
Marjorie Rambeau
Music by
Frank Skinner
Cinematography
Russell Metty
Edited by
Ted Kent
Distributed by
Universal-International
Release date
August 13, 1957 (1957-08-13)
Running time
122 min.
Country
United States
Language
English, American Sign Language
Box office
$2.4 million (US)[1]
Man of a Thousand Faces is a 1957 film detailing the life of silent movie actor Lon Chaney, in which the title role is played by James Cagney.
Directed by Joseph Pevney, the film's cast included Dorothy Malone, Jane Greer and Jim Backus. Chaney's grown son was played by Roger Smith, later the star of television's 77 Sunset Strip, and studio chief Irving Thalberg was portrayed by Robert Evans, who soon left acting and eventually became head of Paramount Pictures. The film's four writers were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 30th Academy Awards.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Plot accuracy
3 Cast
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
In the early 1900s, actor Lon Chaney (James Cagney) is working in vaudeville with his wife Cleva (Dorothy Malone). Chaney quits the show and Cleva announces that she is pregnant. Lon is happy and tells Cleva that he has been hired by the famous comedy team Kolb and Dill for an upcoming show.
Cleva pressures Lon to visit his parents (whom she has never met) in his hometown of Colorado Springs. Lon is reluctant because his parents are both deaf mutes, a fact Lon has never shared. Cleva reacts with disgust and does not want to give birth, fearing that the child will also be a deaf mute and she doesn't want to be the mother of a "dumb thing."
Months later, the baby Creighton is born and it soon becomes clear that the child is not deaf. Despite this good news, Lon's and Cleva's marriage continues to erode over the next few years. Soon she takes a job as a singer in a nightclub, dropping young Creighton off to his father backstage at his theater before being driven to work.
Lon has developed a close but platonic friendship with chorus girl Hazel Hastings (Jane Greer). Hazel is happy to help look after young Creighton. After the child gets sick at the theater, Lon complains to Cleva's employer, who reluctantly agrees to terminate her.
When confronting his wife in her dressing room, Lon discovers that Cleva has been dating Bill, a wealthy patron. Cleva learns she's been fired and reacts by screaming, which causes Bill to enter the dressing room. Bill comforts her and then asks Lon who he is. Lon responds by telling Bill that he is from the collection agency, and that he is here to collect his wife. Bill looks at Cleva with contempt and walks away.
Lon returns to the theater, where he discovers Hazel being accosted in the corridor by a tall, thin man. Lon punches the man in the face and tells him to get up. Hazel explains that he can't and the man lifts up his trousers to the knee, revealing two wooden legs. He is Carl Hastings, her former husband, once rational, but now consumed with bitterness as the result of his accident.
Cleva enters the dressing room to find Lon with his hands on Hazel's shoulders. Cleva screams that she will not go back to being a "nurse maid" so that he can play around with a chorus girl. Cleva leaves home and vanishes. Days later, Lon is performing a dance routine in clown makeup at a matinee when a totally deranged Cleva walks on stage and swallows a bottle of acid in front of an audience, permanently damaging her vocal cords.
Cleva is hospitalized, but runs away once more. The scandal essentially destroys Lon's career in vaudeville. The state takes custody of young Creighton as they deem his home situation to be unsuitable, causing Lon to react angrily. On the advice of press agent Clarence Locan (Jim Backus), Lon moves to Hollywood to try his luck in the new field of motion pictures.
After starting as an extra, Lon's tireless work ethic, and his expertise at makeup, make him an in-demand bit player and later a feature player. Lon is cast in the silent film The Miracle Man as a man thought to be physically challenged who is seemingly cured by a faith healer. His success starts him on the road to stardom in such films as The Hunchback of Notre Dame and The Phantom of the Opera.
As his career soars, Lon face personal challenges. Although he marries Hazel and regains custody of Creighton, ex-wife Cleva reappears, seeking to spend time with Creighton (who has been told by Lon that she is dead). Hazel reveals the truth to Creighton, who leaves to stay with his mother, angry with Lon about the deception.
Lon becomes ill on the set of the sound version of The Unholy Three and is diagnosed with bronchial cancer. Hazel and Locan decide to (initially) hide the truth of his condition from him. Creighton (Roger Smith) reconciles with his father and they take a fishing trip at Lon's mountain cabin. After returning from his fishing trip, Lon collapses and is returned home to live out his final days.
On his deathbed, the dying Chaney (now unable to speak due to the cancer) reverts to the sign language of his childhood to express his love for his friends and family and to ask for forgiveness for unspecified transgressions. Lon signals Creighton to bring him his makeup box. He removes a stick of greasepaint and ads a "Jr." to his own name on the box, signaling to his son his desire for him to carry on his life's work. Creighton leaves with box in hand, ready to start his film career as Lon Chaney, Jr.
Plot accuracy[edit]
Creative license was used in writing the screenplay, and many incidents were sanitized and fictionalized, including the following:
Lon Chaney had stated in interviews at the time that he did not want Creighton (later Lon Chaney, Jr.) to be an actor as is clearly depicted in the film's conclusion. At the time of his father's death, Creighton Chaney had been married for two years, attended business college, and worked at an LA water heater company.[3] When the company failed and financial problems became overwhelming for Creighton, he started to accept film work and was billed under his birth name. It was only in the mid-1930s that he allowed himself (at the insistence of film producers) to be billed as "Lon Chaney, Jr.", an action he often said he felt ashamed of. In later life, Chaney, Jr. stated that he was proud of the name "Lon Chaney", but not of the name "Lon Chaney, Jr."
In the film, Lon is depicted as being at home, and surrounded by family and friends when he passes on. In reality, Chaney died in his hospital room after suffering a hemorrhage.
The depiction of Chaney's makeup for The Phantom of the Opera and The Hunchback of Notre Dame differs significantly from Chaney's original makeup for these films. Cagney's face appears partially immobile behind an elaborate full latex mask and other makeup. Lon Chaney, Sr. actually took great pride in his ability to distort his appearance using only a minimum of makeup, which still allowed for a great deal of facial expression. For instance, Chaney utilized thin wires in his nose and around his eyes, false teeth and dark paint around his eyes and nostrils, plus other methods.
Bud Westmore's recreations of the original makeups are clearly partial masks which resemble the originals. Cagney's face in some scenes is fairly immobile, such as the scene where he speaks to Creighton while wearing his Hunchback of Notre Dame makeup, and when he speaks to the actress at the conclusion of the unmasking scene in The Phantom of the Opera.
Cast[edit]
James Cagney as Lon Chaney
Dorothy Malone as Cleva
Jane Greer as Hazel
Marjorie Rambeau as Gert
Jim Backus as Clarence
Robert Evans as Irving Thalberg
Jeanne Cagney as Carrie Chaney
Roger Smith as Creighton Chaney
See also[edit]
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Grosses of 1957", Variety, 8 January 1958: 30
Jump up ^ "THE 30TH ACADEMY AWARDS - 1958". Oscars.org. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Classic monsters. "http://www.classic-monsters.com/lon-chaney-jr/" Lon Chaney Jr
External links[edit]
Man of a Thousand Faces on IMDb
Man of a Thousand Faces at AllMovie
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Joseph Pevney
Air Cadet (1951)
The Strange Door (1951)
Meet Danny Wilson (1951)
Because of You (1952)
Just Across the Street (1952)
Back to God's Country (1953)
It Happens Every Thursday (1953)
Yankee Pasha (1954)
3 Ring Circus (1954)
Six Bridges to Cross (1955)
Foxfire (1955)
Female on the Beach (1955)
Congo Crossing (1956)
Away All Boats (1956)
Istanbul (1957)
Tammy and the Bachelor (1957)
The Midnight Story (1957)
Man of a Thousand Faces (1957)
Twilight for the Gods (1958)
Torpedo Run (1958)
The Crowded Sky (1960)
Cash McCall (1960)
The Plunderers (1960)
Portrait of a Mobster (1961)
The Night of the Grizzly (1966)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_a_Thousand_Faces_(film)&oldid=805947842"
Categories:
1957 films
1950s drama films
1950s biographical films
American films
American biographical films
American Sign Language films
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Biographical films about actors
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by Joseph Pevney
Screenplays by Robert Wright Campbell
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values: L'Homme aux mille visages (film) – French

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