text:
Cabinet of Nigeria
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Nigeria
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politics and government of
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Muhammadu Buhari
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The Cabinet of Nigeria is the Executive Branch of the Government of Nigeria. The Cabinet members are appointed by the President and report to the President. The Cabinet currently oversees 24[1] Federal Ministries, each responsible for some aspect of providing government services, as well as a number of parastatals (government-owned corporations).
Contents
[hide]
1 Relationship to Civil Service
2 Ministers and Ministers of State
3 Current cabinet
4 See also
5 References
Relationship to Civil Service[edit]
The ministries and parastatals are staffed by career civil servants. Each is headed by a Permanent Secretary, a senior civil servant appointed by the Head of the Civil Service. The Permanent Secretary is accountable to a Minister, who sits in the Cabinet and reports to the President. The Minister is appointed by the President subject to approval by the Senate and is responsible for policy, while the Permanent Secretary is responsible for implementation of policy.[2]
Ministers and Ministers of State[edit]
By convention, there must be one Cabinet member from each of the 36 states in Nigeria, although there are only 19 ministries and at times a Federal minister is responsible for more than one ministry (e.g. Environment and Housing), or the President takes direct control of a key ministry such as Petroleum Resources. To ensure representation from each state, a Minister is often assisted by one or more Ministers of State.[3]
Current cabinet[edit]
Cabinet of Nigeria: 11 November 2015 – Present[4]
Portrait
Portfolio
Incumbent
Term
President
Commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces
Minister of Petroleum Muhammadu Buhari 2015–
Vice President Yemi Osinbajo 2015–
Minister of Justice
Attorney General[5] Abubakar Malami 2015–
Minister of Foreign Affairs Geoffrey Onyeama 2015–
Minister of Finance Folake Adeosun 2015–
Minister of Defence Mansur Dan Ali 2015–
Minister of Education Adamu Adamu 2015–
Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment[6] Okechukwu Enelamah 2015–
Minister of Labour and Employment Chris Ngige 2015–
Minister of Federal Capital Territory Mohammed Musa Bello 2015–
Minister of Science and Technology Ogbonnaya Onu 2015–
Minister of Solid Minerals John Kayode Fayemi 2015–
Minister of Interior Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau 2015–
Minister of Budget and National Planning Udoma Udo Udoma 2015–
Minister of Power, Works and Housing Babatunde Fashola 2015–
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Audu Ogbeh 2015–
Minister of Transportation Rotimi Amaechi 2015–
Minister of Health Isaac Adewole 2015–
Minister of Women Affairs Aisha Alhassan 2015–
Minister of Niger Delta Usani Uguru Usani 2015–
Minister of Information Lai Mohammed 2015–
Minister of Environment Amina J. Mohammed 2015–2016
Minister of Water Resources Suleiman Adamu Kazaure 2015–
Minister of Youth and Sports Solomon Dalong 2015–
Minister of State for Aviation Sirika Hadi 2015–
Minister of State for Environment Ibrahim Jibrin 2015–
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Khadija Bukar Abba Ibrahim 2015–
Minister of State for Solid Minerals Bawa Bwari Abubakar 2015–
Minister of State for Health Osagie Ehanire 2015–
Minister of State for Niger Delta Omole Daramola 2015–
Minister of State for Power, Works and Housing Mustapha Baba Shauri 2015–
Minister of State for Power, Works and Housing Suleiman Hassan 2017–
Minister of State for Education Anthony Onwuka 2015–
Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development Heineken Lokpobiri 2015–
Minister of State for Labour and Employment Stephen Ocheni 2017– **
Minister of State for Budget and National Planning Zainab Ahmed 2015–
Minister for Communication Adebayo Shittu 2015–
Minister of State for Industry, Trade and Investment Aisha Abubakar 2015–
Minister of State for Petroleum Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu 2015–
Predecessor, James Ocholi Died in Office

See also[edit]
Nigerian Civil Service
Federal Ministries of Nigeria
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "List of Federal Ministers of Nigeria, Permanent Secretaries & Their Ministries". STATE HOUSE Office of the President, Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Permanent Secretaries". Office of the Head of Service of the Federation. Archived from the original on 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Government Ministries in Nigeria". Commonwealth of Nations. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
Jump up ^ http://www.leadership.ng/news/473836/buhari-inaugurates-cabinet-assigns-portfolios
Jump up ^ http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/finally-buhari-appoints-ministers-appoints-self-in-charge-of-petroleum/225328/
Jump up ^ http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/11/11/nigeria-politics-cabinet-idINL8N1362TP20151111
[show]
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Cabinet ministries of Nigeria
First Nigerian Republic
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Second Nigerian Republic
Shehu Shagari
Third Nigerian Republic
Ernest Shonekan
Fourth Nigerian Republic
Olusegun Obasanjo
Umaru Yar'Adua
Goodluck Jonathan
Muhammadu Buhari
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text:
Back to You (Selena Gomez song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Back to You"
Single by Selena Gomez
from the album 13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (Music from the Original TV Series)
Released
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Dance-pop
electropop
Length
3:27
Label
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Amy Allen
Selena Gomez
Micah Premnath
Diederik Van Elsas
Parrish Warrington
Producer(s)
Trackside
Ian Kirkpatrick
Selena Gomez singles chronology
"Wolves"
(2017) "Back to You"
(2018)
"Back to You" is a song by American singer Selena Gomez. It was written by Amy Allen, Gomez, Micah Premnath, Diederik Van Elsas and Parrish Warrington, while the production was handled by Trackside and Ian Kirkparick. The track was released on May 10, 2018, as the lead single from the soundtrack of the second season of Netflix's original series 13 Reasons Why, a series adaptation of the eponymous book.[1]
Commercially, the song has reached the top 10 in Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland and Slovakia; as well as the top 20 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In the United States, the song became Gomez's 15th consecutive top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100, the longest active run of any artist.
Contents
1 Release
2 Composition
3 Music video
3.1 Release and synopsis
4 Accolades
5 Track listing
6 Charts
7 Certifications
8 Release history
9 References
Release[edit]
Before its official announcement, the song was registered in ASCAP and teased by various US radio stations such as 104.7 KISS FM.[2] Gomez finally confirmed the release through social media on May 1, as well as its inclusion on the soundtrack of the second season of the Netflix's original series 13 Reasons Why, in which she takes part as an executive producer.[3] The song premiered on May 10 in Zane Lowe's Apple Music radio show Beats 1 as the release day's "World Record". She was also interviewed by Lowe and confirmed that her third solo studio album was being completed.[4][5] A remix for the song by Riton and Kah-Lo included on Interescope's EDM compilation album Helix, Vol. 2 was released on July 17, 2018.[6]
Composition[edit]
The song was written by Amy Allen, Selena Gomez, Micah Premnath, Diederik Van Elsas and Parrish Warrington. The production was handled by Trackside and Ian Kirkpatrick, the latter also working on Gomez's previous single "Bad Liar".[5] The track has been described as an emotional[5][7] acoustic midtempo[8] with country influences,[7] being also called a "dance-pop anthem"[5][1] ballad.[8] Gomez said that it was a "very special record" and that she wanted it to be "a beautiful message in a really complicated way but really fun".[8]
The song is performed in the key of F♯ major with a tempo of 102 beats per minute in 4/4 time and follows a chord progression of D♯m–B–F♯. Gomez’ vocals span two octaves, from C♯3 to C♯5.[9]
Music video[edit]
A lyric video with scenes of the second season of 13 Reasons Why was released on May 10, 2018.[10]
Release and synopsis[edit]
The official music video was directed by Scott Cudmore.[11] The imagery for the music video is inspired from the 1965 French New Wave film Pierrot le Fou. The music video takes place in a much more fantastical world. It starts with Gomez, dressed in a vintage feather-trimmed green sequined high-neck dress, locking eyes with a sharply suited man (Andrey Kupchenko), and they hop into a convertible and end up frolicking in a bucolic pasture. Gomez wears an ensemble fit for the French countryside: a vintage white skirt and a sleeveless orange-and-yellow crop top. and take Gomez’s twist on iconic ’60s French-girl style as some summer style inspiration.[12]
Nevertheless, Gomez's video, is saturated with Godard's quintessential filmmaking quirks: fragmented editing; characters breaking the fourth wall; melodramatic dialogue; a garish, primary color-focused palette; and cartoonish neorealism. Cinemaphiles will immediately notice parallels, as the music video's opening visual directly mirrors the famous party scene in "Pierrot le Fou," both doused in deep, ever-changing colors. The inane dialogue from side characters serves to highlight the shallow, bourgeois lifestyle that Pierrot wants to escape from. They burn a car. They fall in and out of love.[13]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Ceremony
Award
Result
Ref
2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Song Won [14]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[15]
"Back to You" – 3:30
Riton and Kah-Lo remix[16][17]
"Back to You" (Riton and Kah-Lo remix) – 3:27
Joey Pecoraro remix[17]
"Back to You" (Joey Pecoraro remix) – 3:46
Anki remix[17]
"Back to You" (Anki remix) – 4:41
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[18]
8
Australia (ARIA)[19]
4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[20]
8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[21]
12
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[22]
37
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[23]
4
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[24]
14
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[25]
15
Croatia (Croatia Singles Chart)[26]
17
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[27]
39
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[28]
3
Denmark (Tracklisten)[29]
12
Dominican Republic (Monitor Latino Anglo)[30]
11
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[31]
8
France (SNEP)[32]
51
Germany (Official German Charts)[33]
19
Greece International Digital (IFPI)[34]
5
Hungary (Single Top 40)[35]
22
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[36]
3
Ireland (IRMA)[37]
4
Italy (FIMI)[38]
49
Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard)[39]
8
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[40]
11
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[41]
7
Malaysia (RIM)[42]
3
Mexico (Monitor Latino Anglo)[43]
16
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[44]
5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[45]
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[46]
8
Norway (VG-lista)[47]
10
Panama (Monitor Latino Anglo)[48]
9
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[49]
5
Portugal (AFP)[50]
8
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[51]
9
Singapore (RIAS)[52]
3
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[53]
92
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[54]
2
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[55]
44
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[56]
14
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[57]
20
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[58]
13
US Billboard Hot 100[59]
22
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[60]
27
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[61]
9
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[62]
Platinum 70,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[63]
Gold 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[64]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[65]
Gold 500,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Version
Label
Ref.
Various
May 10, 2018 Digital download Original Interscope [15]
United States
May 15, 2018 Contemporary hit radio [66]
Various
August 10, 2018 Digital download Remixes [16][17]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hugh McIntyre (May 10, 2018). "Selena Gomez Continues Her Latest Era With New EDM-Pop Single 'Back To You'". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Sam Prance (May 1, 2018). "Selena Gomez Appears to Start Teasing Her Next Single". MTV UK.
Jump up ^ Shanté Honeycutt (May 1, 2018). "Selena Gomez Announces New Song 'Back To You': 'I'm So Excited'". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Ben Kaye (May 10, 2018). "Selena Gomez shares new song "Back to You": Stream". Consequence of Sound.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mike Wass (May 10, 2018). "Selena Gomez's "Back To You" Is A Deeply Emotional (Post) Breakup Song". Idolator.
Jump up ^ Kat Bein (July 27, 2018). "Selena Gomez' 'Back To You' Gets Remixed by Riton & Kah-Lo For 'HELIX Vol. 2': Listen". Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b Erica Russell (May 10, 2018). "Selena Gomez Drops Country-Hued New Single 'Back to You'". PopCrush.
^ Jump up to: a b c Claire Dodson (May 10, 2018). "Selena Gomez Released a New Single for the "13 Reasons Why" Soundtrack". Teen Vogue.
Jump up ^ Gomez, Selena. "Selena Gomez "Back to You" Sheet Music in F♯ Major". Musicnotes LLC. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez – Back to You (Lyric Video)". YouTube. May 10, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez – Back to You". YouTube. June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Watch Selena Gomez Dress Like a '60s New Wave French Muse in Her New Music Video". Vogue.com. June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez's New Music Video Parallels a French Film — And Fans Can't Decide If It's an Homage Or Rip-Off". uk.businessinsider.com.com. June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Iansimone, Ashley (August 12, 2018). "Teen Choice Awards Winners 2018: See the Full List". Billboard. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (Music from the Original TV Series) by Selena Gomez, OneRepublic & YUNGBLUD". iTunes (US). Retrieved May 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Helix, Vol. 2 by Various Artists". iTunes (US), Apple Music. July 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d All remixes of "Back to You" released on August 10, 2018:
Riton and Kah-Lo remix (firstly released on July 27, 2018 through Interscope's Helix complilation album): "Helix, Vol. 2 by Various Artists". iTunes (US), Apple Music. July 27, 2018. "Back to You (Riton & Kah-Lo Remix) - Single by Selena Gomez". iTunes (US), Apple Music. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Joey Pecoraro remix: "Back to You (Joey Pecoraro Remix) - Single by Selena Gomez". iTunes (US), Apple Music. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Anki remix: "Back to You (Anki Remix) - Single by Selena Gomez". iTunes (US), Apple Music. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Anglo Argentina – Del 18 al 24 de Junio, 2018" (in Spanish). Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Selena Gomez – Back to You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Selena Gomez – Back to You" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Selena Gomez – Back to You" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Croatia Singles Chart". Croatia Singles Chart. June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201830 into search. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201823 into search. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". Tracklisten. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TOP 20 ANGLO – República Dominicana". Monitor Latino (in Spanish). Retrieved June 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez: Back to You" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles – SNEP (Week 24, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Selena Gomez – Back to You". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greece Official IFPI Charts: Digital Singles Chart (International) – Εβδομάδα: 22/2018". IFPI Charts. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Selena Gomez". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". Top Digital Download. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Japan Hot Overseas" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Latvijas Top 40". Latvijas Radio. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Selena Gomez". The Official Lebanese Top 20. June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 21 (18/05/18 – 24/05/18)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TOP 20 ANGLO - México". Monitor Latino (in Spanish). Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 24, 2018" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Selena Gomez – Back to You" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Selena Gomez – Back to You". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". VG-lista. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TOP 20 ANGLO – Panama". Monitor Latino (in Spanish). Retrieved June 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ ""Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 26"". Recording Industry Association (Singapore). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201825 into search. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201823 into search. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Selena Gomez – Back to You". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Selena Gomez – Back to You". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Selena Gomez – Back To You". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 13, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter Back To You in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Selena Gomez – Back To You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 27, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018.
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St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"St George's Chapel" redirects here. For other uses, see St George's Chapel (disambiguation).
Church in Windsor, England
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
The Queen's Free Chapel of the College of St George, Windsor Castle
51°29′02″N 0°36′24″W / 51.48376°N 0.60678°W / 51.48376; -0.60678Coordinates: 51°29′02″N 0°36′24″W / 51.48376°N 0.60678°W / 51.48376; -0.60678
Location
Windsor
Country
England
Denomination
Church of England
Previous denomination
Roman Catholicism
Churchmanship
High Church
Website
www.stgeorges-windsor.org
History
Status
Chapel
Dedication
St George
Architecture
Functional status
Active
Heritage designation
Grade I listed
Style
Gothic
Years built
14th century
Administration
Diocese
Jurisdiction: Royal Peculiar
Location: Oxford
Clergy
Dean
David Conner
Precentor
Martin Poll (also Chaplain)
Canon(s)
Mark Powell (Steward)
Canon Treasurer
Hueston Finlay
Laity
Organist/Director of music
James Vivian
Music group(s)
Choir of St George's Chapel
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England, is a chapel designed in the high-medieval Gothic style. It is both a Royal Peculiar, a church under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch, and the Chapel of the Order of the Garter. Seating approximately 800,[1] it is located in the Lower Ward of the castle.
St. George's castle chapel was established in the 14th century by King Edward III and began extensive enlargement in the late 15th century. It has been the location of many royal ceremonies, weddings and burials. Windsor Castle is a principal residence for Queen Elizabeth II and St. George's Chapel is the planned burial site for the Queen.
The day-to-day running of the Chapel is the responsibility of the Dean and Canons of Windsor who make up the religious College of St George, which is directed by a Chapter of the Dean and four Canons, assisted by a Clerk, Virger (traditional spelling of verger) and other staff. The Society of the Friends of St George's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter, a registered charity, was established in 1931 to assist the College in maintaining the Chapel.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Queen's Beasts
2 Order of the Garter
2.1 Garter Service
2.2 Heraldry
3 Chantries
3.1 Rutland Chantry
4 Weddings
5 Burials
5.1 Altar
5.2 Quire
5.3 Royal Vault
5.4 Near West Door
5.5 King George VI Memorial Chapel
5.6 Albert Memorial Chapel
5.7 Gloucester Vault
5.8 Other
6 In media
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
St George's Chapel (left) at Windsor Castle in 1848, showing the absence of the Queen's Beasts on the pinnacles (since replaced).
In 1348, King Edward III founded two new religious colleges: St Stephen's at Westminster and St George's at Windsor. The new college at Windsor was attached to the Chapel of St Edward the Confessor which had been constructed by Henry III in the early thirteenth century. The chapel was then rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, Edward the Confessor and George the Martyr. Edward III also built the Aerary Porch in 1353–54. It was used as the entrance to the new college.
The Quire of St George's Chapel, by Charles Wild, from W.H. Pyne's Royal Residences, 1818.
St George's Chapel became the Mother Church of the Order of the Garter, and a special service is still held in the chapel every June and is attended by the members of the order. Their heraldic banners hang above the upper stalls of the choir where they have a seat for life.
The period 1475–1528 saw a radical redevelopment of St George's Chapel under the designs of King Henry VII's most prized counsellor Sir Reginald Bray (later Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster), set in motion by Edward IV and continued by Henry VII and Henry VIII. The thirteenth-century Chapel of Edward the Confessor was expanded into a huge new Cathedral-like chapel under the supervision of Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury, and the direction of the master mason Henry Janyns. The Horseshoe Cloister was constructed for the new community of 45 junior members: 16 vicars, a deacon gospeller, 13 lay clerks, 2 clerks epistoler and 13 choristers. The choristers of St George's Chapel are still in existence to this day, although the total number is not fixed and is nearer to 20. The choristers are educated at St George's School, Windsor Castle. They are full boarders at the school. In term time they attend practice in the castle every morning and sing Matins and Eucharist on Sundays and sing Evensong throughout the entire week, with the exception of Wednesdays.
St George's Chapel was a popular destination for pilgrims during the late medieval period. The chapel was purported to contain several important relics: the bodies of John Schorne and Henry VI and a fragment of the True Cross held in a reliquary called the Cross of Gneth. These relics all appear to have been displayed at the east end of the south choir aisle.
The Chapel suffered a great deal of destruction during the English Civil War. Parliamentary forces broke into and plundered the chapel and treasury on 23 October 1642. Further pillaging occurred in 1643 when the fifteenth-century chapter house was destroyed, lead was stripped off the chapel roofs, and elements of Henry VIII's unfinished funeral monument were stolen. Following his execution in 1649, Charles I was buried in a small vault in the centre of the choir at St George's Chapel which also contained the coffins of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. A programme of repair was undertaken at St George's Chapel following the Restoration of the monarchy.
The reign of Queen Victoria saw further changes made to the architecture of the chapel. The east end of the choir was reworked in devotion to Prince Albert; the Lady Chapel, which had been abandoned by Henry VII, was completed; a royal mausoleum was completed underneath the Lady Chapel; and a set of steps were built at the west end of the chapel to create a ceremonial entrance to the building. In the 21st century, St George's accommodates approximately 800 persons for services and events.[1]
St George's Chapel in the Lower Ward at right
Queen's Beasts[edit]
The Queen's Beasts shown atop the pinnacles
On the roof of the chapel, standing on the pinnacles, and also on pinnacles on the sides, are seventy-six heraldic statues representing the Queen's Beasts, showing the Royal supporters of England. They represent fourteen of the heraldic animals: the lion of England, the red dragon of Wales, the panther of Jane Seymour, the falcon of York, the black bull of Clarence, the yale of Beaufort, the white lion of Mortimer, the greyhound of Richmond, the white hart of Richard II, the collared silver antelope of Bohun, the black dragon of Ulster, the white swan of Hereford, the unicorn of Edward III and the golden hind of Kent.[2]
The original beasts dated from the sixteenth century, but were removed in 1682 on the advice of Sir Christopher Wren. Wren had condemned the Reigate stone, the calcareous sandstone of which they were constructed. The present statues date from 1925, when the chapel was restored.[3][4]
Order of the Garter[edit]
Garter Service[edit]
Further information: Order of the Garter
Emblem of the Order of the Garter
Members of the Order of the Garter meet at Windsor Castle every June for the annual Garter Service. After lunch in the State Apartments in the Upper Ward of the Castle they process on foot, wearing their robes and insignia, down to St George's Chapel where the service is held. If any new members have been admitted to the Order they are installed at the service. After the service, the members of the order return to the Upper Ward by carriage or car.
Members of the public outside St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, waiting for the Garter Procession
The Order formerly had frequent services at the chapel, but, after becoming infrequent in the 18th century, they were discontinued in 1805. The ceremony was revived in 1948 by King George VI for the 600th anniversary of the founding of the Order, and has since become an annual event.
Heraldry[edit]
Interior of the chapel
After their installation, members are each assigned a stall in the chapel choir above which his or her heraldic devices are displayed.
A member's sword is placed below a helm which is decorated with a mantling and topped by a crest, coronet or crown. Above this, a member's heraldic banner is flown emblazoned with his or her arms. A Garter stall plate, a small elaborately enamelled plate of brass, is affixed to the back of the stall displaying its member's name and arms with other inscriptions.
On a member's death, the sword, helm, mantling, crest, coronet or crown, and banner are removed. A ceremony marking the death of the late member must be held before the stall can be assigned to anyone else. This ceremony takes place in the chapel, during which the Military Knights of Windsor carry the banner of the deceased member and offer it to the Dean of Windsor, who places it on the altar.
The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the members throughout history.
Chantries[edit]
Fan vaulting of the Choir of St George's Chapel, with the Garter banners on either side below.
St George's Windsor is among the most important and ambitious medieval chantry foundations to have survived in England. The college, itself a medieval chantry, also contains a number of independent chantries in the form of altars and small chapels dedicated to various members of the English monarchy and also to a number of prominent courtiers, deans and canons. Masses, the Office and prayers would be offered in these chantries for the good of the founder. Henry VIII had intended a chantry to be set up in the chapel, despite the fact that he instituted the religious changes which brought about the Reformation in England and the eventual suppression of chantries.
The much-admired iron gates in the sanctuary of the chapel as well as the locks on the doors of the chapel are the work of the medieval Cornish metalsmith John Tresilian.[5] The status of the college as a royal foundation saved it from dissolution at the Reformation. As a result, many of the smaller chantries within the chapel were preserved. These are the only remaining chantries of their kind in England which have never formally been suppressed.
Rutland Chantry[edit]
Monumental brass in St Leger Chantry to Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter (1439–1476) and her second husband Thomas St Leger (c.1440–1483), founder of the chapel
The Rutland Chantry, forming the northern transept of St George's Chapel, was founded in 1491 to honour Sir Thomas St Leger (c.1440–1483) and Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter (1439–1476)[6]; Sir Thomas was Anne's second husband. She was the eldest surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and thus elder sister of kings Edward IV (1442–1483, reigned 1461–1483) and Richard III (1452–1485, reigned 1483–1485). A monumental brass in memory of Anne of York and Sir Thomas survives on the east wall of the Rutland Chantry, the inscription of which records that the chantry was founded "with two priests singing forevermore":
"Wythin thys Chappell lyethe beryed Anne Duchess of Exetur suster unto the noble kyng Edward the forte. And also the body of syr Thomas Sellynger knyght her husband which hathe funde within thys College a Chauntre with too prestys sy’gyng for ev’more. On whose soule god have mercy. The wych Anne duchess dyed in the yere of oure lorde M Thowsande CCCCl xxv"
The chantry received its current name in honour of the earls of Rutland, descendants of Anne and Sir Thomas; their daughter, also named Anne, married George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros and gave birth to Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. The tomb of George and Anne Manners is a prominent feature of the chantry; their effigies are carved in English alabaster.[6]
Weddings[edit]
Wedding of the Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark, 1863
The chapel has been the site of many royal weddings, particularly of the children of Queen Victoria. These weddings include:
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra respectively)
Princess Helena and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg in 1866
Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne (later Duke of Argyll) in 1871
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia in 1879
Princess Frederica of Hanover and Baron Alphons von Pawel-Rammingen in 1880
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany and Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1882
Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein and Prince Aribert of Anhalt in 1891
Princess Alice of Albany and Prince Alexander of Teck (later Earl of Athlone) in 1904
Princess Margaret of Connaught and Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden (later King of Sweden) in 1905
Lady Helena Cambridge and Major John Gibbs, Coldstream Guards in 1919
Anne Abel Smith and David Liddell-Grainger in 1957
Lady Helen Windsor and Timothy Taylor in 1992
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999
The union of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005 received a blessing from the Archbishop of Canterbury
Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly in 2008
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan Markle in 2018[7]
The forthcoming wedding of Princess Eugenie of York and Jack Brooksbank on 12 October 2018
Burials[edit]
The chapel has been the site of many royal funerals and interments. Persons interred here include:
Altar[edit]
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Bedford, on 22 March 1479
Mary of York, in 1482
Edward IV, King of England (1461–1470; 1471–1483), in 1483
Henry VI, King of England (1422–1461; 1470–1471), reburied from Chertsey Abbey in 1484
the coffins of two unidentified children suggested to be the Princes in the Tower
Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV (1464–1483), on 12 June 1492
Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1901–1910), on 20 May 1910
Alexandra of Denmark, wife of Edward VII (1863–1910), on 28 November 1925
Quire[edit]
Jane Seymour, Queen of England, in 1537
Henry VIII, King of England and Ireland, in 1547
Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, in 1649
Stillborn son of Queen Anne (last monarch of the House of Stuart), in 1698.
Royal Vault[edit]
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom in 1810
Princess Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1813
Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1817
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1818
George III, King of the United Kingdom, in 1820
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn in 1820
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence in 1821
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany in 1827
George IV, King of the United Kingdom, in 1830
William IV, King of the United Kingdom, in 1837
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom in 1840
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1849
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850) (reburial) in 1930
George V, King of Hanover, in 1878
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (1797–1889) (reburial) in 1930
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge in 1897
Francis, Duke of Teck in 1900
Near West Door[edit]
George V, King of the United Kingdom, in 1936
Mary of Teck, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1953
King George VI Memorial Chapel[edit]
George VI, King of the United Kingdom, died 1952. Interred 26 March 1969 following its construction.[8]
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (ashes), in 2002
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 2002
Albert Memorial Chapel[edit]
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, in 1884
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, in 1892
Gloucester Vault[edit]
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1805
Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1807
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1834
Princess Sophia of Gloucester, in 1844
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1857[9]
Other[edit]
William, 1st Baron Hastings (1431–1483), a nobleman and close friend of King Edward IV; in the north aisle of St George's Chapel, next to Edward IV.
Anne St. Leger (1476 – 21 May 1526) and her husband George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros (22 August 1465 – 23 October 1513) in the private Rutland Chapel[10]
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, in 1545
Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey, in 1631
Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort (1629–1700) and his ancestors in the private Beaufort Chapel; the original monument by Grinling Gibbons was moved to St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton, in 1878.
Very Revd Dr Penyston Booth (1681–1765), Dean of Windsor
Dejazmatch Alemayehu Tewodros, son of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, on 21 November 1879
In media[edit]
Wenceslaus Hollar. View and Ground Plan of St. George's Chapel, Windsor ca. 1671.[11][12][13]
John Henry Le Keux. St.Georges Chapel, Windsor. Ground Plan 1810. Engraved after a plan by F.Mackenzie, published in Britton's Architectural antiquities of Great Britain, 1807. Copper engraved antique plan.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Choir of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Dean of Windsor
Dean and Canons of Windsor
Francis Eginton, artist, painted the arms of the knights of the Garter for two Gothic windows in the stalls.
List of Knights and Ladies of the Garter
List of Ladies of the Garter
Order of the Garter
Saint George: Devotions, traditions and prayers
The Society of the Friends of St George's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter
Windsor Castle
Historical monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Royal Chapel of All Saints, a chapel in Windsor Great Park closely connected with St George's Chapel
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b "Harry and Meghan to wed at Windsor in May". BBC News. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Windsor Royal Beasts on St George's Chapel roof". Wordpress. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
Jump up ^ London, H. Stanford (1953). “The” Queen's Beasts: An Account with New Drawings of the Heraldic Animals Witch Stood at the Entrance to Westminster Abbey on the Occasion of the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth II., 2. June 1953. Newman Neame. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Sir Frederick Minter". The Times. 15 July 1976. p. 19.
Jump up ^ Blackburne, Harry W. (2008). The Romance of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. Wildside Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-1-4344-7428-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Eleanor Cracknell (15 July 2011). "The Rutland Chantry". College of St George. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Yeginsu, Ceylan (2018-03-02). "Prince Harry and Meghan Markle Invite Members of Public to Wedding Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St George. 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel by location". College of St George. 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
Jump up ^ "The Roos Monument in the Rutland Chantry Chapel". College of St George. 10 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "View and Ground Plan of St. George's Chapel, Windsor - Wenceslaus Hollar". 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "View and Ground Plan of St. George's Chapel, Windsor - Wenceslaus Hollar". 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "View and Ground Plan of St. George's Chapel, Windsor - Wenceslaus Hollar". 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Picture" (JPG). www.antiqueprints.co.
Jump up ^ "Free stock images for genealogy and ancestry researchers". www.ancestryimages.com.
Sources
Begent, Peter J.; Chesshyre, Hubert; Chesshyre, D. H. B.; Jefferson, Lisa (1999). The most noble Order of the Garter: 650 years. Spink.
Keen, Laurence; Scarff, Eileen, eds. (2002). Windsor: medieval archaeology, art and architecture of the Thames Valley. British Archaeological Association.
Saul, Nigel, ed. (2005). St George's Chapel, Windsor, in the Fourteenth Century. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-117-4.
Richmond, Colin; Scarff, Eileen, eds. (2001). St Georges Chapel, Windsor, in the late Middle Ages. Windsor: Maney Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9539676-1-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.
Official website
Charity Commission website
A church near you / what's on in the chapel
Crests for the Knights of the Garter
A guide to the chapel
Report of Review Group on the Royal Peculiars 2009
Music manuscripts preserved in the Chapter Library
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle&oldid=853108837"
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