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Moons of Jupiter
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This article is about the moons of Jupiter. For the Alice Munro short story, see The Moons of Jupiter (short story). For the Alice Munro book, see The Moons of Jupiter. For other uses, see Moons of Jupiter (disambiguation).
A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons (distance and sizes not to scale)
The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft.
There are 69 known moons of Jupiter.[1] This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System.[2] The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 65 known moons and the rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.
Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass, and so would be considered (dwarf) planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. Eighteen of the irregular satellites have not yet been named.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Origin and evolution
3 Discovery
4 Naming
5 Groups
5.1 Regular satellites
5.2 Irregular satellites
6 List
7 Exploration
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Characteristics[edit]
The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).
Origin and evolution[edit]
Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk.[3][4] They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.[3][5]
The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.
Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it. However, only 2% the proto-disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.[3] Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter, because of drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula.[3] By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[5] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other, which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.[3]
The outer, irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids, whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit. Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today.[6]
Discovery[edit]
Jupiter and the Galilean moons through a 25 cm (10 in) Meade LX200 telescope
The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto
The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter
See also: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter's moons is that of Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC.[7] However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609.[8] By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30× magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610.[9] Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo, though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614, and the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa.[10] No additional satellites were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892.[11] With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century. Himalia was discovered in 1904,[12] Elara in 1905,[13] Pasiphae in 1908,[14] Sinope in 1914,[15] Lysithea and Carme in 1938,[16] Ananke in 1951,[17] and Leda in 1974.[18] By the time that Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto which had been observed in 1975,[19] but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis, Adrastea, and Thebe.[20]
No additional moons were discovered for two decades but, between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers found and later named another 34 moons using sensitive ground-based detectors.[21] These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across. All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces;[22] but very little is known about them. Since 2003, 18 additional moons have been discovered but not yet named,[23] bringing the total number of known moons of Jupiter to 69.[1] As of 2017, this is the most of any planet in the Solar System; but additional undiscovered, tiny moons may exist.
Some of the 69 known satellites of Jupiter are considered lost because they have not been observed since their discovery and hence their orbits are not well-known enough to pinpoint their current locations. Work has been done to recover many of them in surveys from 2009 onwards (in which some new moons were also discovered), but six – S/2003 J 12, S/2003 J 10, S/2003 J 19, S/2003 J 4, S/2003 J 2, and S/2011 J 1 – still remain lost today.[24][25][26] Follow-up observations in 2018 are planned to secure their orbits and perhaps find new moons.[27]
Naming[edit]
Main article: Naming of moons
The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610.[28] However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on.[28] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12).[29] Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion.[21]
The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s.[30] In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII,[31] and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered.[31] The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants.[32] All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus.[32] Names ending with "a" or "o" are used for prograde irregular satellites (the latter for highly inclined satellites), and names ending with "e" are used for retrograde irregulars.[33] The most recently confirmed moons Jupiter LI through LX (with the exception of Jupiter LIII Dia) have not received names.
Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.
Groups[edit]
The orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites, and how they cluster into groups: by semi-major axis (the horizontal axis in Gm); by orbital inclination (the vertical axis); and orbital eccentricity (the yellow lines). The relative sizes are indicated by the circles.
Regular satellites[edit]
These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups:
Inner satellites or Amalthea group: Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. These orbit very close to Jupiter; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day. The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on its present orbit, but farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body.[34] These moons, along with a number of as-yet-unseen inner moonlets, replenish and maintain Jupiter's faint ring system. Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.[35][36]
Main group or Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet. Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter. They are respectively the fourth-, sixth-, first-, and third-largest natural satellites in the Solar System, containing approximately 99.997% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons.[note 1] The inner moons are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto.[37] Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans.
Irregular satellites[edit]
Jupiter's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits
Main article: Irregular satellite
The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[23][38][39]
Prograde satellites:
Themisto[38] is the innermost irregular moon and not part of a known family.[23]
The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes, 1.6° in inclination (27.5 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt.[38]
Carpo is the outermost prograde moon and not part of a known family.[23]
Retrograde satellites: inclinations (°) vs. eccentricities, with Carme's (orange) and Ananke's (yellow) groups identified
Retrograde satellites:
S/2003 J 12 and S/2011 J 1 are the innermost of the retrograde moons, and are not part of any known family.
The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (165.7 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27. It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated from a D-type asteroid progenitor, possibly a Jupiter Trojan.[22]
The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 8.1° in inclination (between 145.7° and 154.8°), and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28. Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.[22]
The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed, with a spread over 1.3 Gm, inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.[22] The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions. Sinope, sometimes included in the Pasiphae group,[22] is red and, given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently;[38] Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter.[40]
S/2003 J 2 is the outermost moon of Jupiter, and is not part of a known family.
List[edit]
The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The four inner moons are much smaller, the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde.
Order
[note 2]
Label
[note 3]
Name
Pronunciation
(key)
Image
Diameter
(km)[note 4]
Mass
(×1016 kg)
Semi-major
axis
(km)[41]
Orbital period
(d)[41][note 5]
Inclination
(°)[41]
Eccentr.
[23]
Discovery
year[21]
Discoverer[21]
Group
[note 6]
1 16 !XVI Metis /ˈmiːtɪs/
0059 !60 × 40 × 34 1636 !≈ 3.6 00127 !7005127690000000000♠127690 0074 !+7h 4m 29s 00006 !0.06[42] 0.0002 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1) Inner
2 15 !XV Adrastea /əˈdræstiə/
0020 !20 × 16 × 14 152 !≈ 0.2 00128 !7005128690000000000♠128690 0079 !+7h 9m 30s 00003 !0.03[42] 0.0015 1979 Jewitt
(Voyager 2) Inner
3 05 !V Amalthea /əˈmælθiə/[43]
0171 !250 × 146 × 128
(7002167000000000000♠167±4.0) 18208 !208 0018 !7005181366000000000♠181366 008 !+11h 57m 23s 000374 !0.374[42] 0.0032 1892 Barnard Inner
4 14 !XIV Thebe /ˈθiːbiː/
0116 !116 × 98 × 84 1743 !≈ 43 002 !7005221889000000000♠221889 009 !+16h 11m 17s 001076 !1.076[42] 0.0175 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1) Inner
5 01 !I Io /ˈaɪoʊ/
3660 !7003366000000000000♠3660.0
× 7003363740000000000♠3637.4
× 7003363060000000000♠3630.6 2289 !7006893190000000000♠8931900 004 !7005421700000000000♠421700 01 !+7000176910000000000♠1.7691 00005 !0.050[42] 0.0041 1610 Galilei Galilean
6 02 !II Europa /ˌjʊəˈroʊpə/[44]
3121 !7003312160000000000♠3121.6 2248 !7006480000000000000♠4800000 006 !7005671034000000000♠671034 03 !+7000355120000000000♠3.5512 00047 !0.471[42] 0.0094 1610 Galilei Galilean
7 03 !III Ganymede /ˈɡænɪˌmiːd/[45][46]
5362 !7003526239999999999♠5262.4 2315 !7007148190000000000♠14819000 010 !7006107041200000000♠1070412 07 !+7000715460000000000♠7.1546 000204 !0.204[42] 0.0011 1610 Galilei Galilean
8 04 !IV Callisto /kəˈlɪstoʊ/
4820 !7003482060000000000♠4820.6 2311 !7007107590000000000♠10759000 018 !7006188270900000000♠1882709 08 !+7001166890000000000♠16.689 000205 !0.205[42] 0.0074 1610 Galilei Galilean
9 18 !XVIII Themisto /θɪˈmɪstoʊ/ 0008 !8 1469 !6998690000000000000♠0.069 07 !7006739321600000000♠7393216 +129.87 045 !45.762 0.2115 1975/2000 Kowal & Roemer/
Sheppard et al. Themisto
10 13 !XIII Leda /ˈliːdə/
0016 !16 1611 !0.6 7007111877810000000♠11187781 +240.82 027562 !27.562 0.1673 1974 Kowal Himalia
11 06 !VI Himalia /haɪˈmeɪliə/
0170 !170 1867 !670 7007114519710000000♠11451971 +250.23 030 !30.486 0.1513 1904 Perrine Himalia
12 10 !X Lysithea /laɪˈsɪθiə/ 0036 !36 1663 !6.3 7007117405600000000♠11740560 +259.89 027006 !27.006 0.1322 1938 Nicholson Himalia
13 07 !VII Elara /ˈɛlərə/
0086 !86 1787 !87 7007117780340000000♠11778034 +257.62 029 !29.691 0.1948 1905 Perrine Himalia
14 53 !LIII Dia /ˈdaɪə/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007125704240000000♠12570424 +287.93 027584 !27.584 0.2058 2001 Sheppard et al. Himalia
15 46 !XLVI Carpo /ˈkɑːrpoʊ/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007171448730000000♠17144873 +458.62 056 !56.001 0.2735 2003 Sheppard et al. Carpo
16 99 !— S/2003 J 12 0001 !1 1215 !6996150000000000000♠0.00015 7007177395390000000♠17739539 −482.69 142.680 0.4449 2003 Sheppard et al. ?
17 34 !XXXIV Euporie /juːˈpɒrɪiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007190884340000000♠19088434 −538.78 144.694 0.0960 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
18 60 !LX S/2003 J 3 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007196217800000000♠19621780 −561.52 146.363 0.2507 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
19 99 !— S/2011 J 1 0001 !1 7007201552900000000♠20155290 −582.22 162.8 0.2963 2011 Sheppard et al. ?
20 55 !LV S/2003 J 18 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007202196480000000♠20219648 −587.38 146.376 0.1048 2003 Gladman et al. Pasiphae
21 52 !LII S/2010 J 2 0001 !1 7007203071500000000♠20307150 −588.36 150.4 0.307 2010 Veillet Ananke
22 42 !XLII Thelxinoe /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007204537530000000♠20453753 −597.61 151.292 0.2684 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
23 33 !XXXIII Euanthe /juːˈænθiː/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007204648540000000♠20464854 −598.09 143.409 0.2000 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
24 45 !XLV Helike /ˈhɛlɪkiː/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007205402660000000♠20540266 −601.40 154.586 0.1374 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
25 35 !XXXV Orthosie /ɔːrˈθɒsɪiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007205679710000000♠20567971 −602.62 142.366 0.2433 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
26 54 !LIV S/2016 J 1 0003 !3 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007205954830000000♠20595483 −603.83 139.839 0.1377 2016 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
27 24 !XXIV Iocaste /aɪoʊˈkæstiː/ 0005 !5 1419 !6998190000000000000♠0.019 7007207225660000000♠20722566 −609.43 147.248 0.2874 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
28 99 !— S/2003 J 16 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007207437790000000♠20743779 −610.36 150.769 0.3184 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
29 27 !XXVII Praxidike /prækˈsɪdɪkiː/ 0007 !7 1443 !6998429999999999999♠0.043 7007208239480000000♠20823948 −613.90 144.205 0.1840 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
30 22 !XXII Harpalyke /hɑːrˈpælɪkiː/ 0004 !4 1412 !6998120000000000000♠0.012 7007210638140000000♠21063814 −624.54 147.223 0.2440 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
31 40 !XL Mneme /ˈniːmiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007211297860000000♠21129786 −627.48 149.732 0.3169 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
32 30 !XXX Hermippe /hərˈmɪpiː/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007211820860000000♠21182086 −629.81 151.242 0.2290 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
33 29 !XXIX Thyone /θaɪˈoʊniː/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007214055700000000♠21405570 −639.80 147.276 0.2525 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
34 12 !XII Ananke /əˈnæŋkiː/ 0028 !28 163 !3.0 7007214549520000000♠21454952 −640.38 151.564 0.3445 1951 Nicholson Ananke
35 50 !L Herse /ˈhɜːrsiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007221343060000000♠22134306 −672.75 162.490 0.2379 2003 Gladman et al. Carme
36 31 !XXXI Aitne /ˈɛtniː/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007222851610000000♠22285161 −679.64 165.562 0.3927 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
37 37 !XXXVII Kale /ˈkeɪliː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007224092070000000♠22409207 −685.32 165.378 0.2011 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
38 20 !XX Taygete /teɪˈɪdʒɪtiː/ 0005 !5 1416 !6998160000000000000♠0.016 7007224386480000000♠22438648 −686.67 164.890 0.3678 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
39 99 !— S/2003 J 19 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227090610000000♠22709061 −699.12 164.727 0.1961 2003 Gladman et al. Carme?
40 21 !XXI Chaldene /kælˈdiːniː/ 0004 !4 1375 !6997750000000000000♠0.0075 7007227134440000000♠22713444 −699.33 167.070 0.2916 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
41 58 !LVIII S/2003 J 15 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227209990000000♠22720999 −699.68 141.812 0.0932 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
42 99 !— S/2003 J 10 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227308130000000♠22730813 −700.13 163.813 0.3438 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme?
43 99 !— S/2003 J 23 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227396540000000♠22739654 −700.54 148.849 0.3930 2004 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae?
44 25 !XXV Erinome /ɪˈrɪnoʊmiː/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007229862660000000♠22986266 −711.96 163.737 0.2552 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
45 41 !XLI Aoede /eɪˈiːdiː/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007230441750000000♠23044175 −714.66 160.482 0.4311 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
46 44 !XLIV Kallichore /kəˈlɪkoʊriː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007231118230000000♠23111823 −717.81 164.605 0.2041 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
47 23 !XXIII Kalyke /ˈkælɪkiː/ 0005 !5 1419 !6998190000000000000♠0.019 7007231807730000000♠23180773 −721.02 165.505 0.2139 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
48 11 !XI Carme /ˈkɑːrmiː/ 0046 !46 1713 !13 7007231979920000000♠23197992 −763.95 165.047 0.2342 1938 Nicholson Carme
49 17 !XVII Callirrhoe /kəˈlɪroʊiː/
0009 !9 1487 !6998870000000000000♠0.087 7007232149860000000♠23214986 −727.11 139.849 0.2582 2000 Spahr, Scotti Pasiphae
50 32 !XXXII Eurydome /jʊəˈrɪdəmi/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007232308580000000♠23230858 −723.36 149.324 0.3769 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
51 38 !XXXVIII Pasithee /pəˈsɪθɪiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007233073180000000♠23307318 −726.93 165.759 0.3288 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
52 51 !LI S/2010 J 1 0002 !2 7007233143350000000♠23314335 −722.83 163.2 0.320 2010 Jacobson et al. Carme
53 49 !XLIX Kore /ˈkɔːriː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007233450930000000♠23345093 −776.02 137.371 0.1951 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
54 48 !XLVIII Cyllene /sɪˈliːniː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007233962690000000♠23396269 −731.10 140.148 0.4115 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
55 56 !LVI S/2011 J 2 0001 !1 7007234009810000000♠23400981 −731.32 148.77 0.3321 2011 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
56 47 !XLVII Eukelade /juːˈkɛlədiː/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007234836940000000♠23483694 −735.20 163.996 0.2828 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
57 59 !LIX S/2017 J 1 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007234839780000000♠23483978 −734.15 149.197 0.3969 2017 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
58 99 !— S/2003 J 4 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007235707900000000♠23570790 −739.29 147.175 0.3003 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae?
59 08 !VIII Pasiphae /pəˈsɪfeɪiː/ 0060 !60 173 !30 7007236090420000000♠23609042 −739.80 141.803 0.3743 1908 Melotte Pasiphae
60 39 !XXXIX Hegemone /hɪˈdʒɛməniː/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007237025110000000♠23702511 −745.50 152.506 0.4077 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
61 43 !XLIII Arche /ˈɑːrkiː/ 0003 !3 1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007237170510000000♠23717051 −746.19 164.587 0.1492 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
62 26 !XXVI Isonoe /aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/ 0004 !4 1375 !6997750000000000000♠0.0075 7007238006470000000♠23800647 −750.13 165.127 0.1775 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
63 99 !— S/2003 J 9 0001 !1 1215 !6996150000000000000♠0.00015 7007238578080000000♠23857808 −752.84 164.980 0.2761 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme?
64 57 !LVII S/2003 J 5 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007239739260000000♠23973926 −758.34 165.549 0.3070 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
65 09 !IX Sinope /sɪˈnoʊpiː/ 0038 !38 1675 !7.5 7007240578650000000♠24057865 −739.33 153.778 0.2750 1914 Nicholson Pasiphae
66 36 !XXXVI Sponde /ˈspɒndiː/ 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007242526270000000♠24252627 −771.60 154.372 0.4431 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
67 28 !XXVIII Autonoe /ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/ 0004 !4 139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007242644450000000♠24264445 −772.17 151.058 0.3690 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
68 19 !XIX Megaclite /mɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/ 0005 !5 1421 !6998210000000000000♠0.021 7007246872390000000♠24687239 −792.44 150.398 0.3077 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
69 99 !— S/2003 J 2 0002 !2 1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007285704100000000♠28570410 9 !2997018450000000000♠−981.55 153.521 0.4074 2003 Sheppard et al. ?
Exploration[edit]
Main articles: Exploration of Jupiter, Ganymede (moon) § Exploration, Europa (moon) § Exploration, Callisto (moon) § Exploration, and Io (moon) § Observational history
The first spacecrafts to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons.[47] The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites' orbital parameters.
The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. During this period, Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede.
In 2016, the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion.[48]
See also[edit]
Jupiter's moons in fiction
Galilean moons
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jupiter Mass of 1.8986 × 1027 kg / Mass of Galilean moons 3.93 × 1023 kg = 4,828
Jump up ^ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.
Jump up ^ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming.
Jump up ^ Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough.
Jump up ^ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
Jump up ^ "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 26: 197–198. Bibcode:1914PASP...26..197N. doi:10.1086/122336.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 50: 292–293. Bibcode:1938PASP...50..292N. doi:10.1086/124963.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, S. B. (1951). "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 63 (375): 297–299. Bibcode:1951PASP...63..297N. doi:10.1086/126402.
Jump up ^ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal. 80: 460–464. Bibcode:1975AJ.....80..460K. doi:10.1086/111766.
Jump up ^ Marsden, Brian G. (3 October 1975). "Probable New Satellite of Jupiter" (discovery telegram sent to the IAU). International Astronomical Union Circulars. Cambridge, US: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 2845. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
Jump up ^ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science. 210 (4471): 786–788. Bibcode:1980Sci...210..786S. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. PMID 17739548.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). U.S. Geological Survey. 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C. (May 5, 2003). "An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter". Nature. 423 (6937): 261–263. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..261S. doi:10.1038/nature01584. PMID 12748634.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sheppard, Scott S. "Jupiter's Known Satellites". Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
Jump up ^ Beatty, Kelly (4 April 2012). "Outer-Planet Moons Found — and Lost". www.skyandtelescope.com. Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Brozović, Marina; Jacobson, Robert A. (9 March 2017). "The Orbits of Jupiter's Irregular Satellites". The Astronomical Journal. 153 (4). Bibcode:2017AJ....153..147B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa5e4d.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, B.; Brozović, M.; Gladman, B.; Alexandersen, M.; Nicholson, P. D.; Veillet, C. (28 September 2012). "Irregular Satellites of the Outer Planets: Orbital Uncertainties and Astrometric Recoveries in 2009–2011". The Astronomical Journal. 144 (5). Bibcode:2012AJ....144..132J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/5/132. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Sheppard, Scott S. (2017). "New Moons of Jupiter Announced in 2017". home.dtm.ciw.edu. Retrieved 27 June 2017. We likely have all of the lost moons in our new observations from 2017, but to link them back to the remaining lost 2003 objects requires more observations a year later to confirm the linkages, which will not happen until early 2018. ... There are likely a few more new moons as well in our 2017 observations, but we need to reobserve them in 2018 to determine which of the discoveries are new and which are lost 2003 moons.
^ Jump up to: a b Marazzini, C. (2005). "The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius". Lettere Italiane (in Italian). 57 (3): 391–407.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Seth Barnes (April 1939). "The Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 51 (300): 85–94. Bibcode:1939PASP...51...85N. doi:10.1086/125010.
Jump up ^ Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia; Haramundanis, Katherine (1970). Introduction to Astronomy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-478107-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Marsden, Brian G. (3 October 1975). "Satellites of Jupiter". International Astronomical Union Circulars. 2846. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers International Astronomical Union (IAU)
Jump up ^ M. Antonietta Barucci, Hermann Boehnhardt, Dale P. Cruikshank, Alessandro Morbidelli, eds. (2008). "Irregular Satellites of the Giant Planets". The Solar System Beyond Neptune (PDF). p. 414. ISBN 9780816527557. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Anderson, J.D.; Johnson, T.V.; Shubert, G.; et al. (2005). "Amalthea's Density Is Less Than That of Water". Science. 308 (5726): 1291–1293. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1291A. doi:10.1126/science.1110422. PMID 15919987.
Jump up ^ Burns, J.A.; Simonelli, D. P.; Showalter, M.R.; et al. (2004). "Jupiter's Ring-Moon System". In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; et al. (1999). "The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings". Science. 284 (5417): 1146–1150. Bibcode:1999Sci...284.1146B. doi:10.1126/science.284.5417.1146. PMID 10325220.
Jump up ^ Canup, Robin M.; Ward, William R. (2002). "Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 124 (6): 3404–3423. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.3404C. doi:10.1086/344684.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Grav, T.; Holman, M.; Gladman, B.; Aksnes K. (2003). "Photometric survey of the irregular satellites". Icarus. 166 (1): 33–45. arXiv:astro-ph/0301016  . Bibcode:2003Icar..166...33G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.005. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C.; Porco, Carolyn (2004). "Jupiter's outer satellites and Trojans". In Fran Bagenal; Timothy E. Dowling; William B. McKinnon. Jupiter. The planet, satellites and magnetosphere (PDF). Cambridge planetary science. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 263–280. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ Nesvorný, David; Beaugé, Cristian; Dones, Luke (2004). "Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 127 (3): 1768–1783. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.1768N. doi:10.1086/382099.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service". IAU: Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2011-01-08. Note: some semi-major axis were computed using the µ value, while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; et al. (2000). The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report). IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Amalthea - definition of Amalthea in English from the Oxford dictionary". OxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary". OxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary". OxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Ganymede". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ File:Pioneer-10 jupiter moons.jpg
Jump up ^ Juno Approach Movie of Jupiter and the Galilean Moons, NASA, July 2016
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Jupiter.
Jupiter's Known Satellites
The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page
Simulation showing the position of Jupiter's moons
Animated tour of Jupiter's moons, University of South Wales
Jupiter:Moons by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Perlman (15 May 2003). "43 more moons orbiting Jupiter". San Francisco Chronicle.
Archive of Jupiter System Articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries
An animation of the Jovian system of moons
Cain, Fraser: Astronomy Cast Ep 57: Jupiter's Moons
[show]
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Moons of Jupiter
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text:
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the television film. For other uses, see Coat of many colors (disambiguation).
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors
Promotional poster
Genre
Drama
Screenplay by
Pamela K. Long
Story by
Dolly Parton
Directed by
Stephen Herek
Starring
Alyvia Alyn Lind
Jennifer Nettles
Ricky Schroder
Gerald McRaney
Narrated by
Dolly Parton
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Executive producer(s)
Pamela K. Long
Sam Haskell
Dolly Parton
Running time
120 minutes
Production company(s)
Magnolia Hill Productions
DP Productions
Warner Bros. Television
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
December 10, 2015 (2015-12-10)
Chronology
Followed by
Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors is a 2015 American made-for-television drama film based on a true story by Dolly Parton, written by Pamela K. Long and directed by Stephen Herek.[1] The film premiered on NBC on December 10, 2015.[2] The film received generally positive reviews from critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Casting
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Ratings
4.3 Awards
5 Sequel
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Coat of Many Colors details Dolly Parton's upbringing in 1955 as her family struggles to live in Tennessee's Great Smoky Mountains, putting a strain on love and faith. Dolly (Alyvia Alyn Lind) aspires to be something greater but must cope with family troubles, including the premature birth and death of a baby brother. Dolly's mother, Avie Lee Parton (Jennifer Nettles) uses the baby's blanket to make Dolly her patchwork coat of many colors. Although Dolly is at first proud of it, she changes her mind after school bullies make fun of her. Meanwhile, Dolly's father, Lee Parton (Ricky Schroder) suffers a personal crisis brought about by the baby's death combined with the depression of his wife and a drought which threatened his tobacco crop. Eventually, faith brings the family together again.
Cast[edit]
Alyvia Alyn Lind as Dolly Parton, a precocious nine-year-old who hopes to be a famous singer
Jennifer Nettles as Avie Lee Parton, the devout matriarch of the Partons living in the mountains
Ricky Schroder as Robert Lee Parton, the hard-working patriarch of the Partons with faith issues
Gerald McRaney as Rev. Jake Owens, Avie Lee's father and preacher
Carson Meyer as Willadeene Parton, Dolly's oldest sister
Hannah Nordberg as Judy Ogle, Dolly's schoolmate-turned-friend
Mary Lane Haskell as Miss Moody, school teacher who is firm yet supportive of Dolly's aspiration
Stella Parton as Corla Bass, owner of the town market and a gossip
Forrest Deal as Rudy Sanders, a school bully
Kennedy Brice as Gloria Sanders, Rudy's sister and another bully
Farrah Mackenzie as Stella Parton, Dolly's younger sister
Parker Sack as David Parton, Dolly's oldest brother
Dylan Rowen as Denver Parton, Dolly's second-oldest brother
Blane Crockarell as Bobby Parton, Dolly's younger brother
Jennifer D. Taylor as Aunt Dorothy Jo
Dolly Parton as the narrator
Production[edit]
The coat used in the movie that is displayed in the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee.
Filming[edit]
Coat of Many Colors was filmed in Covington and Conyers, Georgia, and Sevier County, Tennessee, the latter at Dollywood for introductory and closing scenes from Dolly Parton.[3][4][5]
Casting[edit]
Parton, whose childhood is told in the film's story written by her, is also executive producer. She spoke about the casting process, beginning with singer Jennifer Nettles, who plays her mother: "When she started reading I thought, Oh my lord, that's momma. And, she is incredible ... I didn't even know she acted." For her father, Parton already had someone in mind, Ricky Schroder, because "he reminds me so much of my daddy." In casting the younger Dolly, several hundred children auditioned. Parton stated "God's going to send her." Alyvia Alyn Lind auditioned and could "sing...act" and "cry on cue", said Parton, adding, "When she came in, it just kind of blew it all out of the water and she got the part."[3] In addition, Dolly's younger sister Stella Parton appears in the film, playing town gossip Corla Bass.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Coat of Many Colors received favorable reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has received a 78% rating from nine critics.[6] Among eight reviews at Metacritic, it holds a "generally favorable" score of 65 out of 100.[7]
Ken Tucker of Yahoo TV gave the film its highest praise, stating "The pastoral nostalgia that this TV-movie taps into is powerful, if maudlin, stuff. This is the time of year when sentimentality can be a warming thing, and Parton's Coat will keep an awful lot of people warm this winter."[8]
The Guardian's Brian Moylan commented on the film's faith storyline: "For those who don’t regularly visit the house of the Lord, it will make your eyes roll like loose marbles in the back of a station wagon."[9]
David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle was the most critical but commented "Although it's a struggle at times, you do suspend disbelief and go with it because Lind is so adorable, and you want to accept that the saccharine story line could have played out in real life just the way it's depicted in the film."[10]
Ratings[edit]
In its initial December 10, 2015 broadcast, Coat of Many Colors was seen by 13.03 million viewers and received a 1.8/6 rating/share in the 18-49 age demographic.[11] This marks the highest viewership for any television film (made for TV or theatrical) or miniseries on the broadcast networks since 2012.[12]
Awards[edit]
On April 3, 2016, Coat of Many Colors was honored during the Academy of Country Music Awards ceremony with the Tex Ritter Award, which is presented to a film released in the previous year that features country music. Dolly Parton accepted the award.[13]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love
In May 2016, it was announced that a sequel to the film is in the works. In Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love, Jennifer Nettles, Ricky Schroder, Gerald McRaney and Alyvia Alyn Lind reprised their roles. Stephen Herek returned to direct the sequel written by Pamela K. Long.[14] Dolly Parton herself also had a cameo. The film aired on NBC on November 30, 2016.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors" to Air Thursday, Dec. 10 (9-11 P.M.)". The Futon Critic (Press release). August 18, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick (August 18, 2015). "NBC Sets Airdate for Original Movie Based on Dolly Parton's 'Coat of Many Colors'". Variety. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Haynes, Beth (November 26, 2015). "Behind the scenes of Dolly Parton's 'Coat of Many Colors'". wbir.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wynn, Ron (December 10, 2015). "Flipping Channels: Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors Tonight on NBC". nashvillescene.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ho, Rodney (December 8, 2015). "Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors (NBC Dec. 10) uses Covington, Conyers". radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors". Metacritic. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (December 10, 2015). "'Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors' Is A Sentimental Beauty". yahoo.com. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moylan, Brian (December 10, 2015). "Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors: sugary TV movie sings one-note tune". theguardian.com. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wiegand, David (December 9, 2015). "Poorly made 'Coat' still warms the heart". chron.com. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 11, 2015). "Thursday final ratings: 2 Broke Girls and other CBS shows adjust down with NFL pre-emptions". tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 11, 2015). "TV Ratings Thursday: 'Coat of Many Colors' does well for NBC, 'Bones' goes below 1.0". tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dolly Parton, Katy Perry to Duet on ACM Awards
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick (May 11, 2016). "NBC Sets Sequel to 'Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors' for This Year". variety.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reiter, Annie (August 24, 2016). "Dolly Parton Shares Air Date For 'Christmas Of Many Colors'". tasteofcountry.com. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Stephen Herek
Critters (1986)
Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991)
The Mighty Ducks (1992)
The Three Musketeers (1993)
Mr. Holland's Opus (1995)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Holy Man (1998)
Rock Star (2001)
Life or Something Like It (2002)
Man of the House (2005)
Picture This (2008)
Dead like Me: Life After Death (2009)
Into the Blue 2: The Reef (2009)
The Cutting Edge: Fire and Ice (2010)
The Chaperone (2011)
Jinxed (2013)
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors (2015)
The Great Gilly Hopkins (2015)
Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Dolly Parton
Albums
Singles
Studio albums
Hello, I'm Dolly (1967)
Just Because I'm a Woman (1968)
In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad) (1969)
My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy (1969)
The Fairest of Them All (1970)
The Golden Streets of Glory (1971)
Joshua (1971)
Coat of Many Colors (1971)
Touch Your Woman (1972)
My Favorite Songwriter, Porter Wagoner (1972)
My Tennessee Mountain Home (1973)
Bubbling Over (1973)
Jolene (1974)
Love Is Like a Butterfly (1974)
The Bargain Store (1975)
Dolly (1975)
All I Can Do (1976)
New Harvest...First Gathering (1977)
Here You Come Again (1977)
Heartbreaker (1978)
Great Balls of Fire (1979)
Dolly, Dolly, Dolly (1980)
9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (1980)
Heartbreak Express (1982)
Burlap & Satin (1983)
The Great Pretender (1984)
Real Love (1985)
Rainbow (1987)
White Limozeen (1989)
Eagle When She Flies (1991)
Slow Dancing with the Moon (1993)
Something Special (1995)
Treasures (1996)
Hungry Again (1998)
The Grass Is Blue (1999)
Little Sparrow (2001)
Halos & Horns (2002)
For God and Country (2003)
Those Were The Days (2005)
Backwoods Barbie (2008)
Better Day (2011)
Blue Smoke (2014)
Pure & Simple (2016)
Compilations
As Long as I Love (1970)
The Best of Dolly Parton (1970)
Just the Way I Am (1972)
Mine (1973)
Best of Dolly Parton (1975)
Greatest Hits (1982)
Collector's Series (1985)
Think About Love (1986)
The Best There Is (1987)
Best of Dolly Parton, Vol. 3 (1987)
I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits (1996)
Ultimate Dolly Parton (2003)
The Very Best of Dolly Parton (2007)
Playlist: The Very Best of Dolly Parton (2008)
Exclusives
Precious Memories (1999)
Sha-Kon-O-Hey! Land of Blue Smoke (2009)
Collaborations
Just Between You And Me
Just the Two of Us
Always, Always
Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca
Once More
Two of a Kind
The Right Combination • Burning the Midnight Oil
Together Always
We Found It
Love & Music
Porter 'n' Dolly
Say Forever You'll Be Mine
Porter & Dolly
The Winning Hand
Trio
Honky Tonk Angels
Trio II
Songs
"Dumb Blonde"
"Mule Skinner Blues"
"Joshua"
"Coat of Many Colors"
"Touch Your Woman"
"My Tennessee Mountain Home"
"Jolene"
"I Will Always Love You"
"Love is Like a Butterfly
"The Bargain Store"
"The Seeker"
"We Used To"
"All I Can Do"
"Light of a Clear Blue Morning"
"Here You Come Again"
"Two Doors Down" / "It's All Wrong, But It's All Right"
"Heartbreaker"
"Baby I'm Burning"
"You're The Only One"
"Sweet Summer Lovin'"
"Starting Over Again"
"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You"
"9 to 5"
"But You Know I Love You"
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Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Komm, gib mir deine Hand" / "Sie liebt dich"
Single by The Beatles
A-side
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand" ("I Want to Hold Your Hand")
B-side
"Sie liebt dich" ("She Loves You")
Released
4 February 1964 (1964-02-04) (Germany)[1]
21 May 1964 (1964-05-21) (United States)[2]
Format
Vinyl, 7" Single, 45 RPM
Recorded
17 October 1963 and 29 January 1964,[1] EMI Pathe Marconi Studios, Paris
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
2:26 ("Komm, gib mir deine Hand")
2:19 ("Sie liebt dich")
Label
Odeon Records (Germany)
Swan Records 4182 ("Sie liebt dich" only, US)
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney (tracks 1–2)
Jean Nicolas (tracks 1–2)
Heinz Hellmer (only track 1)
Lee Montogue (only track 2)
Producer(s)
George Martin
The Beatles singles chronology
"I Want to Hold Your Hand"
(1963) I Want to Hold Your Hand1963 "Komm, gib mir deine Hand"/"Sie liebt dich"
(1964) String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found1964 "Can't Buy Me Love"
(1964) Can't Buy Me Love1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand" / "Sie liebt dich" (English: "Come, Give Me Your Hand" / "She Loves You") was a single released on 4 February 1964 by The Beatles in Germany. They are the German language versions of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You", respectively.
"Sie liebt dich", along with the original "She Loves You" B-side "I'll Get You", was released as a single in the United States on 21 May 1964.[2] This release reached number 97 in the Billboard Hot 100.[3]
Both tracks are currently available on the Past Masters double CD compilation by the Beatles, most recently remastered in 2009 with the rest of the band's discography.
Contents
1 Composition
2 Recording
3 Outside Germany
4 Personnel
5 References
Composition[edit]
The lyrics were translated to German language by Camillo Felgen, a Luxembourger singer, lyricist and television/radio presenter,[4] upon request by EMI's German producer Otto Demler.[5] Demler also asked Felgen to fly to Paris, where the Beatles were on tour, to teach them phonetically the new lyrics of their songs during a recording session.[4] Felgen used "Jean Nicolas" as alias for his songwriting credit—his full name was Camillo Jean Nicolas Felgen.[4] Two other non-Beatles are credited, one "Lee Montague" on "Sie liebt dich", and a "Heinz Hellmer" on "Komm, gib mir deine Hand".
Recording[edit]
The German sub-label of EMI, Odeon Records, persuaded George Martin and Brian Epstein, insisting that the Beatles "should record their biggest songs in German so that they could sell more records there."[6] Martin agreed to the proposal, and persuaded the Beatles to comply.[1]
In their only post-Parlophone-signing recording session outside the United Kingdom, the Beatles recorded Paul McCartney's new song "Can't Buy Me Love", and the German versions of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You", "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" and "Sie liebt dich", respectively, on 29 January 1964 at EMI's Pathé Marconi Studios in Paris.[6][7] The band was in France for a 19-day series of concerts at the Olympia Theatre.[1] The recording session was scheduled for 27 January, but the Beatles were reluctant to attend it.[7]
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand" was the first song to be recorded. The Beatles recorded eleven takes, and the new German vocals were mixed with the original instrumental.[1] The handclaps were overdubbed.[1] As the original instrumental of "She Loves You" was destroyed by EMI after it had been mixed for mono, the Beatles had to re-record "Sie liebt dich" from scratch.[7][8] The Beatles recorded the instrumental in thirteen takes, and then they recorded their German vocals.[7] "Sie liebt dich" kept the "Yeah, yeah, yeah" refrain from the original.[8]
The stereo mixes of "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" and "Sie liebt dich" were mixed by George Martin on 13 March 1964 at Abbey Road Studios, while the Beatles were filming A Hard Day's Night. Copies of the mixes were sent to West Germany and the United States.[9]
Martin later said of the songs: "They were right, actually, it wasn't necessary for them to record in German, but they weren't graceless; they did a good job."[10]
Outside Germany[edit]
Parlophone released "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" b/w "Sie liebt dich" by "Die Beatles" (A8117) as a single in Australia during the band's tour of that country, on 21 June 1964. It was the only Beatles single not to chart in that country.
"Sie liebt dich" was released as a single in the United States on 21 May 1964, by Swan Records. The single also contained the original "She Loves You" B-side, "I'll Get You".[2] Swan Records had released "She Loves You" in September 1963, and claimed the rights to issue "Sie liebt dich" as well.[2] The single peaked at number 97 in the Billboard Hot 100.[3] "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" was released by Capitol Records as a track on the American Beatles album Something New on 20 July 1964.[4]
Personnel[edit]
Komm, gib mir deine Hand[1]
George Harrison – vocals, lead guitar, handclaps
John Lennon – vocals, rhythm guitar, handclaps
Paul McCartney – vocals, bass, handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps
George Martin – producer
Norman Smith – engineer
Sie liebt dich[8]
George Harrison – vocals, lead guitar
John Lennon – vocals, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – vocals, bass
Ringo Starr – drums
George Martin – producer
Norman Smith – engineer
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Komm, Gib Mir Deine Hand". The Beatles Bible. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "21 May 1964: US single: Sie Liebt Dich". The Beatles Bible. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taking Peaks, Part 1: Nos. 100–76 – Chart Beat". Billboard. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dave Rybaczewski. ""Komm, gib mir deine Hand" by the Beatles". Beatles Music History. The in-depth story behind the songs of the Beatles. Recording History. Songwriting History. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "German Songs: The Beatles in German – Camillo Felgen". New York City, NY: About.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Loker, Bradford E. (30 June 2009). History with the Beatles. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-60844-039-9. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "29 January 1964: Recording: Komm, gib mir deine Hand, Sie liebt dich, Can't Buy Me Love". The Beatles Bible. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sie liebt dich". The Beatles Bible. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "13 March 1964: Mixing: Komm, gib mir deine Hand, Sie liebt dich". The Beatles Bible. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions. London: Hamlyn. p. 88. ISBN 0-600-55798-7.
hide
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1965
"Rock and Roll Music" / "I'm a Loser" (Europe, Australia)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
"Michelle" / "Girl" (Europe)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komm,_gib_mir_deine_Hand_/_Sie_liebt_dich&oldid=845818073"
Categories:
1964 singles
1964 songs
The Beatles songs
German-language songs
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Swan Records singles
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Use British English from September 2013
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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