text:
Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Expressway 37
Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway
Route information
Maintained by ANIH Berhad
(formerly known as MetaCorp Sdn Bhd)
Length
8.1 km (5.0 mi)
Existed
1974 – present
History
Completed in 1982
Major junctions
North end
Jalan Istana, Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1
Besraya Expressway
SMART Tunnel
East–West Link Expressway
New Pantai Expressway
Maju Expressway
Shah Alam Expressway
Bukit Jalil Highway
North–South Expressway Southern Route
South end
Sungai Besi Toll Plaza
Location
Primary
destinations
Kuala Lumpur, Sungai Besi, Taman Desa, Kuchai Lama, Desa Petaling, Sri Petaling, Kompleks Sukan Negara, Seremban, Malacca, Johor Bahru
Highway system
Highways in Malaysia
Expressways
Federal
State
The Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway is a main expressway in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This 8.1 km (5.0 mi) expressway linking Kuala Lumpur in the north to Seremban, Negeri Sembilan in the south.
Some maps label this highway as E2 as it links directly with the North–South Expressway Southern Route; however this appellation is not strictly correct as the highway does not have a government route code; this is because this particular stretch of road is not managed by PLUS Malaysia Berhad, but rather by ANIH Berhad (formerly known as Metramac Corporation (MetaCorp)) – consequently the toll rate at Sungai Besi Toll Plaza includes an extra payment to cover the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway.
In 2007, the expressway was assigned its own route number of E37 together with Salak Expressway.
Contents
1 Route background
2 History
3 Toll rates
3.1 Toll Road D
4 List of interchanges
5 References
6 External links
Route background[edit]
The Kilometre Zero of the expressway starts at the Razak Mansion Interchange while its southern terminus is right before the Sungai Besi toll plaza at the North–South Expressway Southern Route E2. Its final kilometre (KM8.1) is also the final kilometre of the North–South Expressway E2 (KM310.8).[1]
History[edit]
See also: North–South Expressway Southern Route
Sungai Besi Toll Plaza is the largest expressway toll plaza in Malaysia.
The Jalan Istana junction on the KL–Seremban Expressway in Kuala Lumpur.
The north bound entrance of SMART Tunnel on the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway.
The construction of the 63.4 km (39.3 mi) controlled-access expressway from Kuala Lumpur to Seremban began on 27 March 1974 as one of the Second Malaysia Plan (RMK-2) project, with the total cost of RM32.9 million.[2] It consists of 14 interchanges, 2 laybys and 6 toll plaza (Sungai Besi, UPM, Kajang, Bangi, Nilai and Seremban). Funded by a loan by the World Bank,[3] the expressway was constructed in three phases; the first phase was from Kuala Lumpur to Nilai, while the second phase was from Nilai to Seremban.[2] The third phase was the rehabilitation of the old Federal Route 1 from Kuala Lumpur to Seremban as a toll-free alternative to motorists.[2] The expressway was opened to motorists on 16 June 1982, where the Minister of Works at that time, Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu himself became the first motorist to pay the toll of the expressway.[3] The Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway was the first expressway in Malaysia to implement the closed-toll system in Malaysia.[1]
The RM32.9 million expressway became a pioneer route for the North–South Expressway Southern Route. Initially, the expressway ended at Jalan Seremban–Tampin intersection in Senawang before being extended southwards as part of the North–South Expressway; Exit 220 Senawang Interchange was constructed to divert the expressway through traffic to Ayer Keroh. After the extension of the expressway to Ayer Keroh was completed in 1986, the old Seremban toll plaza at Labu was demolished and was replaced with three toll plazas at Seremban, Port Dickson and Senawang interchanges.[1]
In 1987, the North–South Expressway project was privatised and was taken over by Highway Concessionaires Berhad (now PLUS Expressways Berhad). However, Plus Expressways Berhad only took over the section from Sungai Besi Toll Plaza southwards, leaving the remaining 8.1-km section under the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) management until 1992 when the remaining 8.1-km section was upgraded to six lanes by Metramac Corporation Sdn Bhd (MetaCorp), together with the East–West Link Expressway.[1]
On 7 April 2011, MetaCorp changed its name to ANIH Berhad after taking over the operations of toll concession from MTD Prime Sdn Bhd and MetaCorp who respectively owned the concessions for Kuala Lumpur–Karak Expressway, East Coast Expressway Phase 1, and Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway (including East–West Link Expressway) with effect from 6 December 2011.
Today, the name Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway is only applied to the remaining stretch (from Razak Mansion to Sungai Besi toll plaza) managed by ANIH Berhad after PLUS Malaysia Berhad acquired the southern stretch from Sungai Besi toll plaza onwards on 1988 and the Seremban Layby was transformed into a major Rest and Service Area.
Toll rates[edit]
The toll collection for the highway at Sungai Besi toll plaza has ceased on June 1, 2018. This is following announcement by the Malaysian Highway Authority, toll concessions for the Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Expressway and Salak Expressway will end.[4]
Toll Road D[edit]
Class
Type of vehicles
Rate (in Malaysian Ringgit (RM))
0 Motorcycles, bicycles or vehicles with 2 or less wheels Free
1 Vehicles with 2 axles and 3 or 4 wheels excluding taxis RM0.80
2 Vehicles with 2 axles and 5 or 6 wheels excluding buses RM1.20
3 Vehicles with 3 or more axles RM1.70
4 Taxis RM0.40
5 Buses RM0.60
List of interchanges[edit]
Below is a list of interchanges (exits) and laybys along the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway. The entire expressway is built as a six-lane divided expressway with the speed limit of 80 km/h and is located within the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.
Legend:
I/C - interchange, I/S - intersection, RSA - Rest and service area, OBR - overhead bridge restaurant, L/B - layby, V/P - vista point, TN - tunnel, T/P - toll plaza, BR - bridge

km
Exit
Name
Destinations[1]
Notes
Through to Jalan Sungai Besi
D1.3
SMART Tunnel I/C SMART Tunnel – Bukit Bintang, Imbi, Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur city centre From / To south only
For cars only
Maximum clearance: 2.1 m
D1.8
Salak I/C East–West Link Expressway – Bangsar, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Klang, Cheras, Kajang
BR
Sungai Kerayong bridge
D2.5
Kuchai Lama I/C New Pantai Expressway – Jalan Kuchai Lama, Bandar Sunway, Bangsar, Subang Jaya
Maju Expressway – Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
D3.3
L/B
Petron L/B Southbound
D4.0
Desa Petaling I/C Desa Petaling No access from southbound
D4.8
Besraya entry ramp Besraya Expressway – Jalan Kuchai Lama, Salak South Northbound only
D4.9
L/B
Sri Petaling Furnishing Centre and Shell L/B Northbound
D6.3
Sri Petaling I/C Shah Alam Expressway – Subang Jaya, Shah Alam, Klang, Pulau Indah
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 – Cheras, Ampang, Kuantan
BR
Sungai Mindah bridge
National Sports Complex car park National Sports Complex car park - Northbound
D7.2
L/B
Petronas L/B Petronas - Petronas McDonald's Dunkin Donuts Northbound
D7.8
Technology Park I/C Bukit Jalil Highway – Puchong, Bandar Kinrara, National Sports Complex, Selangor Turf Club, Mines Resort City, Seri Kembangan
D7.9
L/B
Shell, Petron and Nouvelle Hotel L/B Shell, Petron and Nouvelle Hotel L/B - Shell Petron McDonald's Southbound
Through to North–South Expressway Southern Route
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Reviu dan sejarah Lebuhraya Kuala Lumpur-Seremban E37" (in Malay). Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia. 2014-06-18. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Timeline Photo". Facebook. Malaysian Ministry of Works. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pembukaan Plaza Tol Lebuhraya Kuala Lumpur-Seremban". Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah (in Malay). Arkib Negara Malaysia. 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
Jump up ^ Tay, Chester (31 May 2018). "No toll for KL-Seremban and Salak highways starting June 1". The Edge Markets. The Edge (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
External links[edit]
ANIH Berhad (Formally known as Metramac Corporation Sdn Bhd)
hide
v
t
e
Malaysian Expressway System
Interstate
(Peninsula Malaysia)
North–South Expressway Northern Route (including New Klang Valley Expressway)
North–South Expressway Southern Route
North–South Expressway Central Link (including Putrajaya Link) (NSECL/ELITE)
Kuala Lumpur–Karak Expressway and East Coast Expressway (LPT/ECE)
Butterworth–Kulim Expressway (BKE)
Kajang–Seremban Highway (LEKAS/KASEH)
# West Coast Expressway (LPB/WCE)
^ Paroi–Senawang–KLIA Expressway (PSKE)
^ Port Dickson–Banting Expressway (PDBE)
^ Jelas Expressway (Jelas)
^ Perlis–Langkawi Bridge
Greater Kuala Lumpur/
Klang Valley
and Selangor
New Klang Valley Expressway (part of the North–South Expressway Northern Route)
Shah Alam Expressway (SAE/KESAS)
Cheras–Kajang Expressway (CKE/Grand Saga)
Besraya Expressway (BESRAYA)
New Pantai Expressway (NPE) (including ^ NPE Extension Expressway)
Damansara–Puchong Expressway (LDP)
Ampang–Kuala Lumpur Elevated Highway (AKLEH)
Kemuning–Shah Alam Highway (LKSA)
Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway (SILK)
Maju Expressway (MEX) (Kuala Lumpur – Putrajaya Expressway (KLPE) and KL–KLIA Dedicated Expressway)
Sprint Expressway (Kerinchi Link, Damansara Link and Penchala Link)
Kuala Lumpur–Kuala Selangor Expressway (KLS) (Assam Jawa–Templer Park Highway (LATAR))
South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE)
# East Klang Valley Expressway (EKVE) (Kuala Lumpur Outer Ring Road (KLORR))
New North Klang Straits Bypass (NNKSB)
# Damansara–Shah Alam Elevated Expressway (DASH)
Duta–Ulu Klang Expressway (DUKE)
Guthrie Corridor Expressway (GCE)
East–West Link Expressway and Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel)
# Setiawangsa–Pantai Expressway (SPE)
# Sungai Besi–Ulu Klang Elevated Expressway (SUKE)
* Kuala Lumpur Arah Serendah Expressway (KLAS)
^ Serdang–Kinrara–Putrajaya Expressway (SKIP)
* Kinrara–Damansara Expressway (KIDEX)
|Greater Penang and Penang
Butterworth Outer Ring Road (BORR)
Butterworth–Kulim Expressway
* Penang Outer Ring Road (PORR)
Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge (Second Penang Bridge)
Penang Bridge
* Penang Undersea Tunnel
Iskandar Malaysia
and Johor
Second Link Expressway (Malaysia–Singapore Second Link) (MSSC/LINKEDUA)
Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway (EDL)
Senai–Desaru Expressway (SDE)
^ Johor Bahru–Pasir Gudang Elevated Expressway (JOPGEX)
Others
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway (SPDH)
^ Malacca Strait Bridge
^ South Kedah Expressway (Lekas)
# Kota Bharu–Kuala Krai Expressway
^Jelas Expressway
#: under construction, ^: under planning and development, *: cancelled / postponded / on hold
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuala_Lumpur–Seremban_Expressway&oldid=847322880"
Categories:
Expressways in Malaysia
Expressways and highways in the Klang Valley
Hidden categories:
CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Melayu
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 June 2018, at 14:12 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

value: i

attrs: scope style

values: row text-align:right

values:
/wiki/Kompleks_Sukan_Negara
mw-redirect
Kompleks Sukan Negara

values: List of expressways and highways in Malaysia

values:
/wiki/PLUS_Expressway_Berhad
mw-redirect
PLUS Expressway Berhad

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Malaysian_Ringgit
mw-redirect
Malaysian Ringgit

values:
/wiki/Dunkin_Donuts
mw-redirect
Dunkin Donuts

values:
/wiki/Malaysian_Ministry_of_Works
mw-redirect
Malaysian Ministry of Works

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.metacorp.com.my

values: Template talk:Malaysian Expressway System

values: Port Dickson–Banting Expressway (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: NPE Extension Expressway (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Outer_Ring_Road
mw-redirect
Kuala Lumpur Outer Ring Road

values: Setiawangsa–Pantai Expressway (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Expressways and highways in the Klang Valley

values: Category:CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kuala_Lumpur–Seremban_Expressway rootpage-Kuala_Lumpur–Seremban_Expressway skin-vector action-view


text:
Water cycle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 September 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
Diagram of the Water Cycle
The water cycle
Play media
Earth's water cycle
Play media
As the Earth's surface water evaporates, wind moves water in the air from the sea to the land, increasing the amount of freshwater on land.
Play media
Water vapor is converted to clouds that bring fresh water to land in the form of rain snow and sleet
Play media
Precipitation falls on the ground, but what happens to that water depends greatly on the geography of the land at any particular place.
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Processes
2 Residence times
3 Changes over time
4 Effects on climate
5 Effects on biogeochemical cycling
6 Slow loss over geologic time
7 History of hydrologic cycle theory
7.1 Floating land mass
7.2 Source of rain
7.3 Precipitation and percolation
7.4 Precipitation alone
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Description[edit]
The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule H
2O has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen, N
2 and O
2. Due to the significant difference in molecular mass, water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of buoyancy. However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.
Processes[edit]
Many different processes lead to movements and phase changes in water
Precipitation
Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.[1] Approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2] The rain on land contains 107,000 km3 (26,000 cu mi) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi).[3] 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean.[4]
Canopy interception
The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.
Snowmelt
The runoff produced by melting snow.
Runoff
The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.
Infiltration
The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater.[5] A recent global study using water stable isotopes, however, shows that not all soil moisture is equally available for groundwater recharge or for plant transpiration.[6]
Subsurface flow
The flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.
Evaporation
The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.[7] The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi) of which evaporates from the oceans.[2] 86% of global evaporation occurs over the ocean.[4]
Sublimation
The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.[8]
Deposition
This refers to changing of water vapor directly to ice.
Advection
The movement of water — in solid, liquid, or vapor states — through the atmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land.[9]
Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.[10]
Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that cannot be seen.
Percolation
Water flows vertically through the soil and rocks under the influence of gravity
Plate tectonics
Water enters the mantle via subduction of oceanic crust. Water returns to the surface via volcanism.
Water cycle thus involves many of the intermediate processes.
Residence times[edit]
Average reservoir residence times[11]
Reservoir
Average residence time
Antarctica 20,000 years
Oceans 3,200 years
Glaciers 20 to 100 years
Seasonal snow cover 2 to 6 months
Soil moisture 1 to 2 months
Groundwater: shallow 100 to 200 years
Groundwater: deep 10,000 years
Lakes (see lake retention time) 50 to 100 years
Rivers 2 to 6 months
Atmosphere 9 days
The residence time of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir (see adjacent table). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.
Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called fossil water. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.
The major ice sheets - Antarctica and Greenland - store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.[12]
In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on the principle of conservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).
An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of isotopic techniques. This is done in the subfield of isotope hydrology.
Changes over time[edit]
Time-mean precipitation and evaporation as a function of latitude as simulated by an aqua-planet version of an atmospheric GCM (GFDL’s AM2.1) with a homogeneous “slab-ocean” lower boundary (saturated surface with small heat capacity), forced by annual mean insolation.
Global map of annual mean evaporation minus precipitation by latitude-longitude
The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi3 (1,386,000,000 km3) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3 (1,338,000,000 km3) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.[13]
During colder climatic periods more ice caps and glaciers form, and enough of the global water supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle. The reverse is true during warm periods. During the last ice age glaciers covered almost one-third of Earth's land mass, with the result being that the oceans were about 400 ft (122 m) lower than today. During the last global "warm spell," about 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 18 ft (5.5 m) higher than they are now. About three million years ago the oceans could have been up to 165 ft (50 m) higher.[13]
The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary for Policymakers[14] is for the water cycle to continue to intensify throughout the 21st century, though this does not mean that precipitation will increase in all regions. In subtropical land areas — places that are already relatively dry — precipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century, increasing the probability of drought. The drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward margins of the subtropics (for example, the Mediterranean Basin, South Africa, southern Australia, and the Southwestern United States). Annual precipitation amounts are expected to increase in near-equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate, and also at high latitudes. These large-scale patterns are present in nearly all of the climate model simulations conducted at several international research centers as part of the 4th Assessment of the IPCC. There is now ample evidence that increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue to have a profound impact on the water sector through the hydrologic cycle, water availability, water demand, and water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels.[15] Research published in 2012 in Science based on surface ocean salinity over the period 1950 to 2000 confirm this projection of an intensified global water cycle with salty areas becoming more saline and fresher areas becoming more fresh over the period:[16]
Fundamental thermodynamics and climate models suggest that dry regions will become drier and wet regions will become wetter in response to warming. Efforts to detect this long-term response in sparse surface observations of rainfall and evaporation remain ambiguous. We show that ocean salinity patterns express an identifiable fingerprint of an intensifying water cycle. Our 50-year observed global surface salinity changes, combined with changes from global climate models, present robust evidence of an intensified global water cycle at a rate of 8 ± 5% per degree of surface warming. This rate is double the response projected by current-generation climate models and suggests that a substantial (16 to 24%) intensification of the global water cycle will occur in a future 2° to 3° warmer world.[17]
An instrument carried by the SAC-D satellite launched in June, 2011 measures global sea surface salinity but data collection began only in June, 2011.[16][18]
Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive.[19]
Human activities that alter the water cycle include:
agriculture
industry
alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere
construction of dams
deforestation and afforestation
removal of groundwater from wells
water abstraction from rivers
urbanization
Effects on climate[edit]
The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling.[20] Without the cooling, the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of 67 °C (153 °F), and a warmer planet.[citation needed]
Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water in the hydrosphere, and has been postulated to be a contributor to sea-level rise.[21]
Effects on biogeochemical cycling[edit]
While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle,[22] flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus[23] from land to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies.[24] The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.[25]
Slow loss over geologic time[edit]
Main article: Atmospheric escape
The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as Hydrogen to move up to the exobase, the lower limit of the exosphere, where the gases can then reach escape velocity, entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind.[26] Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.[27]
History of hydrologic cycle theory[edit]
Floating land mass[edit]
In ancient times, it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth. Examples of this belief can be found in the works of Homer (circa 800 BCE).
Source of rain[edit]
In the ancient near east, Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea, the sea never became full (Ecclesiastes 1:7). Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage: "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits. All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again" (Ecclesiastes 1:6-7, KJV).[28] Scholars are not in agreement as to the date of Ecclesiastes, though most scholars point to a date during the time of Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, "three thousand years ago,[28] there is some agreement that the time period is 962-922 BCE.[29] Furthermore, it was also observed that when the clouds were full, they emptied rain on the earth (Ecclesiastes 11:3). In addition, during 793-740 BC[30] a Hebrew prophet, Amos, stated that water comes from the sea and is poured out on the earth (Amos 5:8, 9:6).
Precipitation and percolation[edit]
In the Adityahridayam (a devotional hymn to the Sun God) of Ramayana, a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BC, it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain. By roughly 500 BCE, Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. The origin of rain was also known by then. These scholars maintained the belief, however, that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers. Examples of this thinking included Anaximander (570 BCE) (who also speculated about the evolution of land animals from fish[31]) and Xenophanes of Colophon (530 BCE).[32] Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BC) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts.[33] The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BCE) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BCE). Both Plato (390 BCE) and Aristotle (350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle.
Precipitation alone[edit]
In the Biblical Book of Job, dated between 7th and 2nd centuries BCE,[29] there is a description of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle,[28] "For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof; Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly" (Job 36:27-28, KJV). Also found in the book of Ecclesiastes "All the rivers flow into the sea, Yet the sea is not full. To the place where the rivers flow, There they flow again." (Ecclesiastes 1:7)
Up to the time of the Renaissance, it was thought that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water. Bartholomew of England held this view (1240 CE), as did Leonardo da Vinci (1500 CE) and Athanasius Kircher (1644 CE).
The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was Bernard Palissy (1580 CE), who is often credited as the "discoverer" of the modern theory of the water cycle. Palissy's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674, in a study commonly attributed to Pierre Perrault. Even then, these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century.[34]
See also[edit]
Water portal
Ecology portal
Bioprecipitation
Drought
Ecohydrology
Flood
Moisture advection
Moisture recycling
Planetary boundaries
Water use
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Precipitation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Dr. Art's Guide to Planet Earth. The Water Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ http://www3.geosc.psu.edu/~dmb53/DaveSTELLA/Water/global%20water/global_water.htm - Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle
^ Jump up to: a b "Salinity - Science Mission Directorate".
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center. Hydrologic Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Evaristo, Jaivime; Jasechko, Scott; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. (2015-09-03). "Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow". Nature. NPG. 525 (7567): 91–94. Bibcode:2015Natur.525...91E. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26333467. doi:10.1038/nature14983.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Evaporation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Sublimation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Advection. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Condensation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ PhysicalGeography.net. CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Jouzel, J. .; Masson-Delmotte, V. .; Cattani, O. .; Dreyfus, G. .; Falourd, S. .; Hoffmann, G. .; Minster, B. .; Nouet, J. .; Barnola, J. M.; Chappellaz, J.; Fischer, H.; Gallet, J. C.; Johnsen, S.; Leuenberger, M.; Loulergue, L.; Luethi, D.; Oerter, H.; Parrenin, F.; Raisbeck, G.; Raynaud, D.; Schilt, A.; Schwander, J.; Selmo, E.; Souchez, R.; Spahni, R.; Stauffer, B.; Steffensen, J. P.; Stenni, B.; Stocker, T. F.; Tison, J. L. (2007). "Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years". Science. 317 (5839): 793–796. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..793J. PMID 17615306. doi:10.1126/science.1141038.
^ Jump up to: a b http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.html USGS, The Water Cycle: Water Storage in Oceans - Retrieved on 2008-05-14
Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, WG1 Summary for Policymakers Archived 1996-01-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. xv. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Justin Gillis (April 26, 2012). "Study Indicates a Greater Threat of Extreme Weather". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul J. Durack; Susan E. Wijffels & Richard J. Matear (27 April 2012). "Ocean Salinities Reveal Strong Global Water Cycle Intensification During 1950 to 2000". Science. 336 (6080): 455–458. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..455D. PMID 22539717. doi:10.1126/science.1212222.
Jump up ^ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (June 1, 2009). "Aquarius Mission Overview". NASA. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ U.S. Geologic Survey. GLACIER RETREAT IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Water Cycle — Science Mission Directorate". Retrieved 7 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rising sea levels attributed to global groundwater extraction". University of Utrecht. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Biogeochemical Cycles. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Phosphorus Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet. Nitrogen and the Hydrologic Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ NASA's Earth Observatory. The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Nick Strobel (June 12, 2010). "Planetary Science". Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rudolf Dvořák (2007). Extrasolar Planets. Wiley-VCH. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-3-527-40671-5. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Morris, Henry M. (1988). Science and the Bible (Trinity Broadcasting Network Edition, 1988 ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 369. ISBN 0195046455.
Jump up ^ Merrill, Eugene H.; Rooker, Mark F.; Grisanti, Michael A. (2011). The World and the Word. Nashville, TN: B&H Academic. p. 430. ISBN 9780805440317.
Jump up ^ Kazlev, M.Alan. "Palaeos: History of Evolution and Paleontology in science, philosophy, religion, and popular culture : Pre 19th Century".
Jump up ^ http://philosophy.unc.edu/people/faculty/james-lesher/xenophanes%20scepticism.pdf (page 9-10)
Jump up ^ Science?, Symposium on the Basis of Civilization--Water (1 January 2004). "The Basis of Civilization--water Science?". International Association of Hydrological Science – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ http://hydrologie.org/ACT/OH2/actes/03_dooge.pdf
Further reading[edit]
Anderson, J. G.; Wilmouth, D. M.; Smith, J. B.; Sayres, D. S. (2012). "UV Dosage Levels in Summer: Increased Risk of Ozone Loss from Convectively Injected Water Vapor". Science. 337 (6096): 835. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..835A. PMID 22837384. doi:10.1126/science.1222978.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water cycle.
The Water Cycle, United States Geological Survey
The Water Cycle for Kids, United States Geological Survey
The water cycle, from Dr. Art's Guide to the Planet.
Water cycle slideshow, 1 Mb Flash multilingual animation highlighting the often-overlooked evaporation from bare soil, from managingwholes.com.
Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier? - Climate research summary from NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory including text, graphics, and animations
[show]
v
t
e
Water
Overviews
Outline
Data
Model
Properties
States
Liquid
Ice
Vapor
Steam
Forms
Semiheavy
Heavy
Tritiated
Hydronium
On Earth
Cycle
Distribution
Hydrosphere
Hydrology
Hydrobiology
Origin
Pollution
Resources
management
policy
Supply
Portal
Category
Commons
Wiktionary
[show]
v
t
e
Biogeochemical cycles
Cycles
Carbon cycle
Hydrogen cycle
Iron cycle
Mercury cycle
Mineral cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Oxygen cycle
ozone
Phosphorus cycle
Rock cycle
Selenium cycle
Sulfur cycle
Water cycle
Research groups
DAAC
GEOTRACES
IMBER
NOBM
SOLAS
Related topics
Biogeochemistry
geochemical cycle
chemical cycling
environmental chemistry
Biosequestration
carbon sequestration
carbon sink
soil carbon
biological pump
mycorrhizal fungi
Ocean acidification
acid rain
Methane clathrate
clathrate gun hypothesis
Arctic methane emissions
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
Nitrification
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen assimilation
Phosphorus assimilation
Sulfur assimilation
Planetary boundaries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&oldid=800928517"
Categories:
Biogeochemical cycle
Forms of water
Hydrology
Soil physics
Water
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
ChiShona
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Igbo
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latgaļu
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
ᏣᎳᎩ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 16:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Page protected with pending changes level 1

attrs: href title

values: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

attrs: class href

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/640px--Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:360px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="352.88586666667" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Earth's_Water_Cycle.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="553048" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 360 (1.62 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="1615753" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="219872" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="314592" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values: <video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Water_Cycle.ogv/854px--The_Water_Cycle.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="53.40589569161" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="The_Water_Cycle.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/The_Water_Cycle.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 960 × 540 (1.06 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="960" data-height="540" data-bandwidth="1062857" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The_Water_Cycle.ogv/The_Water_Cycle.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1070440" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The_Water_Cycle.ogv/The_Water_Cycle.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="131400" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The_Water_Cycle.ogv/The_Water_Cycle.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="257736" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/The_Water_Cycle.ogv/The_Water_Cycle.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="539680" data-framerate="30"/></video>

values: File:The Water Cycle Watering the Land.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv/854px--The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="53.40589569161" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1031496" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 960 × 540 (1.2 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="960" data-height="540" data-bandwidth="1195141" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="132672" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="265696" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_Watering_the_Land.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="533360" data-framerate="30"/></video>

values: File:The Water Cycle - Following the Water.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv/854px--The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="60.093242630385" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1007096" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 960 × 540 (1.22 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="960" data-height="540" data-bandwidth="1224222" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="129912" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="254600" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv/The_Water_Cycle_-_Following_the_Water.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="504768" data-framerate="30"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Precipitation (meteorology)

values:
/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)
mw-redirect
Sublimation (chemistry)

values:
/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)
mw-redirect
Runoff (hydrology)

values:
/wiki/Channel_runoff
mw-redirect
Channel runoff

values:
/wiki/Soil_moisture
mw-redirect
Soil moisture

values:
/wiki/Solar_radiation
mw-redirect
Solar radiation

values:
wikitable
margin-left:1em; text-align:center
right

values: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

values:
/wiki/Glacial_retreat
mw-redirect
Glacial retreat

values:
/wiki/Water_abstraction
mw-redirect
Water abstraction

values:
/wiki/Evaporative_cooling
mw-redirect
Evaporative cooling

values: Previous citation makes no mention of a theoretical surface temperature. (January 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Effects on biogeochemical cycling

values:
/wiki/River_system
mw-redirect
River system

values: Edit section: Slow loss over geologic time

values:
/wiki/Planetary_wind
mw-redirect
Planetary wind

values: Edit section: History of hydrologic cycle theory

values: Edit section: Precipitation and percolation

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333467

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14983

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615306

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1141038

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539717

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1212222

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22837384

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1222978

values:
/wiki/File:Water_droplet.jpg
image
Water droplet

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Water_cycle
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: የውሃ ኡደት – Amharic

values: دورة الماء – Arabic

values: পানিচক্র – Bangla

values: Кръговрат на водата – Bulgarian

values: ཆུ་ཁམས་འཁོར་སྐྱོད། – Tibetan

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeringe
Veeringe – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Κύκλος του νερού – Greek

values: چرخه آب – Persian

values: जल चक्र – Hindi

values: מחזור המים – Hebrew

values: ಜಲ ಚಕ್ರ – Kannada

values: წყლის წრებრუნვა – Georgian

values: Табиғаттағы су айналымы – Kazakh

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik_dlo
Sik dlo – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кружење на водата – Macedonian

values: ജലചംക്രമണം – Malayalam

values: जलचक्र – Marathi

values: ရေ သံသရာလည်ခြင်း – Burmese

values: जलचक्र – Nepali

values: ਜਲ ਚੱਕਰ – Punjabi

values: Круговорот воды в природе – Russian

values: ජල චක්‍රය – Sinhala

values: آبِي چَڪَرُ – Sindhi

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_cai
Daur cai – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values: நீர் சுழற்சி – Tamil

values: జలచక్రం – Telugu

values: วัฏจักรของน้ำ – Thai

values: ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ – Cherokee

values: Кругообіг води – Ukrainian

values: آبی چکر – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Water_cycle rootpage-Water_cycle skin-vector action-view


text:
Australian ten-dollar note
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ten dollars
(Australia)
Value
10 Australian dollars
Width
137 mm
Height
65cfs mm
Security features
Window, Watermark
Paper type
Plastic
Years of printing
1993–94, 1996–98, 2002–03, 2006–2008, 2012–2013, 2015[1]
Obverse
Design
Andrew Barton (Banjo) Paterson
Designer
emerystudios
Design date
20 September 2017
Reverse
Design
Mary Gilmore
Designer
emerystudios
Design date
20 September 2017
The Australian ten dollar banknote was issued when the currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar on 17 February 1966; it replaced the £5 note which had similar blue colouration. There have been four different issues of this denomination, a paper banknote, a commemorative hipolymer note to celebrate the bicentennial of Australian settlement (the first polymer banknote of its kind), the 1993-2017 polymer note, and from September 2017 a polymer note featuring a transparent window.
According to Reserve Bank of Australia statistics, as at June 2016 there were 120 million $10 notes in circulation, with a net value of $1.196 billion. This was 2% of the cash value of all banknotes in circulation, and 8% of the number of all banknotes in circulation.[2]
Since the start of issue of $10 notes, there have been eleven signature combinations, of which the 1967 issue is the most valued. It was issued for one year only, along with the Coombs/Wilson issue of 1966.
Following the issue of a new $5 note in September 2016, the RBA revealed the design for the $10 note and was issued in 20 September 2017.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Printing
2 Design
3 Security features
4 References
Printing[edit]
From 1966–1974 the main title identifying the country was Commonwealth of Australia; there were 470,000,000 notes issued in this period. This was subsequently changed to Australia until the end of issue of paper currency for this denomination in 1993, with 1,265,959,091 of these notes being printed. In the 1988 polymer issue 17,500,000 banknotes were printed and was the new Australia's 10 dollar note.
Design[edit]
Paper note
The people depicted on the paper note issue were Francis Greenway on the obverse along with public building he helped construct, and Henry Lawson on the reverse with his poetry and scenes of the outback gold mining town of Gulgong in the 19th century including the Times Bakery.[4]
Francis Greenway
Henry Lawson
Polymer note
The polymer note, designed by Max Robinson, features Andrew Barton (Banjo) Paterson on the obverse with a horse from the Snowy Mountains region, and a wattle plant, also included is his signature. His poetry is in the background. Dame Mary Gilmore is on the reverse with 19th-century heavy transport with horse and cart and verses from her poetry. Her signature is included. A windmill is in the clear window with the raised wavy lines.[5] The $10 note of 2017 retains the themes of the original, with this issue featuring the Bramble Wattle (Acacia victoriae) and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita).[6]
1993-2017 polymer note—obverse
1993-2017 polymer note—reverse
1988 Commemorative note
Obverse design included the sailing ship HMS Supply anchored at Sydney Cove with the early colony in the background. Above are people who symbolise all who have contributed to Australia, from left the early settlers to right the modern working man.
Reverse includes portraits of the aboriginal population, the main picture is a young native youth with ceremonial paint, and in the background is a Morning Star Pole, other Aboriginal artworks commissioned by the Bank and a human like figure from Dreamtime.[7]
1988 commemorative polymer note—obverse
1988 commemorative polymer note—reverse
Security features[edit]
The paper design included a watermark in the white field of Captain James Cook, the watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes. A metallic strip, first near the centre of the note, then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note. Polymer issue includes a shadow image of the coat of arms which is printed over. Embossing or a raised image in the clear window of wavy lines. Also for this issue fluorescent colouring was added to the serial numbers. A star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse which join under light. Raised print and micro printing of the poem The Man from Snowy River and the denomination value are included.[8][9]
1988 Commemorative This issue includes an optically variable device of Captain James Cook, who first mapped Botany Bay.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/resources/for-collectors/serial-numbers
Jump up ^ "DISTRIBUTION-CIRCULATION AND PRODUCTION STATISTICS, AS AT END JUNE 2016". banknotes.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Next Generation of Banknotes: $10 Design Reveal Reserve Bank of Australia (www.rba.gov.au). February 17, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-02-18.
Jump up ^ Australia's first decimal currency notes Archived 22 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine. retrieved 20 January 2008
Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/ten-dollar/
Jump up ^ NEXT GENERATION BANKNOTE PROGRAM Reserve Bank of Australia (www.rba.gov.au). Retrieved on 2017-02-18.
Jump up ^ First polymer note Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. retrieved 24 August 2006
Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/counterfeit-detection/security-features-overview
Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/banknote-features/
Ian W. Pitt, ed. (2000). Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values (19th ed.). Chippendale, NSW: Renniks Publications. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-9585574-4-6.
[hide]
v
t
e
Australian currency
Decimal coins
1c
2c
5c
10c
20c
50c (round)
$1
$2
Coins of the $
Commemorative coins
Decimal notes
$1
$2
$5
$10
$20
$50
$100
Banknotes of the $
Pre-decimal coins
1⁄2d
1d
3d
6d
1s
2s
5s
Pre-£ coins
Coins of the £
Pre-decimal notes
5s
10s
£1
£5
£10
£20
£50
£100
£1000
Mints
Sydney Mint (1855–1926)
Melbourne Mint (1872–1967)
Perth Mint (1899–)
Royal Australian Mint (1965–)
Topics
Australian dollar
Australian pound (obsolete)
Banknotes of the Australian pound (obsolete)
Note Printing Australia
Pound sterling (obsolete)
Reserve Bank of Australia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_ten-dollar_note&oldid=803985614"
Categories:
Banknotes of Australia
Ten-base-unit banknotes
Currency introduced in 1966
Australian bicentennial commemorations
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from December 2013
Use Australian English from December 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 22:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values:
/wiki/Australian_dollars
mw-redirect
Australian dollars

values: 2017 Australian ten dollar note obverse.jpg

values: 2017 Australian ten dollar note reverse.jpg

values:
/wiki/Gulgong,_New_South_Wales
mw-redirect
Gulgong, New South Wales

values:
/wiki/Australian_aboriginal
mw-redirect
Australian aboriginal

values:
/wiki/Optically_variable_device
mw-redirect
Optically variable device

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Australian_5_shilling_note
mw-redirect
Australian 5 shilling note

values:
/wiki/Australian_10_shilling_note
mw-redirect
Australian 10 shilling note

values:
/wiki/Australian_1_pound_note
mw-redirect
Australian 1 pound note

values:
/wiki/Australian_5_pound_note
mw-redirect
Australian 5 pound note

values:
/wiki/Australian_ten_pound_note
mw-redirect
Australian ten pound note

values: Australian twenty pound note (page does not exist)

values: Australian fifty pound note (page does not exist)

values: Australian 100 pound note (page does not exist)

values: Australian 1000 pound note (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2013

values: Category:Use Australian English from December 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Australian_ten-dollar_note
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: 10ドル紙幣 (オーストラリア) – Japanese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Australian_ten-dollar_note rootpage-Australian_ten-dollar_note vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view