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Mandate of Heaven
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The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming (Chinese: 天命; pinyin: Tiānmìng) is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the Emperor of China. According to this belief, heaven (天, Tian)—which embodies the natural order and will of the universe—bestows the mandate on a just ruler of China, the "Heavenly Son" of the "Celestial Empire". If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.[1]
The Mandate of Heaven does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, depending instead on the just and able performance of the rulers and their heirs. Dynasties such as the Han and Ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins. The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not confer an unconditional right to rule. Intrinsic to the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate from the ruler. Throughout Chinese history, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the incumbent ruler unjust and thus in need of replacement. The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler.
The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), and legitimize their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty (1600–1069 BCE). It was used throughout the history of China to legitimize the successful overthrow and installation of new emperors, including non-Han ethnic monarchs such as the Qing dynasty. This concept was also used by monarchs in neighboring countries like Korea and Vietnam.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 The right to rule and the right of rebellion
2 Transition between the Shang and the Zhou
3 Five Dynasties period
4 Neighboring countries
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Bibliography
The right to rule and the right of rebellion[edit]
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Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that the Mandate of Heaven had passed. In China, the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler has been a part of political philosophy ever since the Zhou dynasty, and the successful rebellion was interpreted by Chinese historians as evidence that divine approval had passed on to the successive dynasty. The Right of Rebellion is not coded into any official law, rather rebellion is always outlawed and severely punished, but still is a positive right grounded in the Chinese moral system. Often, it is used as a justification for actions to overthrow a previous dynasty after a rebellion has been successful and a new dynastic rule has been established. Since the winner is the one who determines who has obtained the Mandate of Heaven and who has lost it, some Chinese scholars consider it to be a sort of Victor's justice, best characterized in the popular Chinese saying "The winner becomes king, the loser becomes outlaw" (Chinese: ”成者為王，敗者為寇“). Due to the above, it is considered that Chinese historical accounts of the fall of a dynasty and the rise of a new one need to be handled with caution. Chinese traditional historical compiling methods produce accounts that tend to fit their account to the theory; emphasize aspects tending to prove that the old dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven and the new one gained it, and de-emphasize other aspects.
Transition between the Shang and the Zhou[edit]
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The prosperous Shang dynasty saw its rule filled with many outstanding accomplishments. Notably, the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations. During this period, the dynasty enjoyed a period of peace and tranquility in which citizens could make a good living. The government was originally able to control most of its internal affairs due to the firm support provided by the people. As time went on, however, the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability. The corruption in this dynasty created the conditions necessary for a new ruling house to rise —the Zhou dynasty. Rebellion against the Shang was led by Zhou Wu. They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule. They believed that the Shang ruling house had become morally corrupt, and that the Shang leaders' loss of virtue entitled their own house to take over. The overthrow of the Shang Dynasty, they said, was in accordance with the mandate given by Heaven.[3]
After the Zhou became the ruling dynasty, they mostly appointed their own officials. The Zhou Dynasty had their own way of assigning their officials. However, in order to appease some of the citizens, they allowed some Shang beneficiaries to continue governing their small kingdoms in compliance with Zhou rules and regulations. As the empire continued to expand, intermarriage increased because the rulers believed that it was a method of forming strong alliances that enabled them to absorb more countries into the dynasty. In case of a war, the Zhou dynasty boasted an excellent military and technology mostly because of influence from annexed countries. They also excelled in shipbuilding, which, coupled with their discovery of celestial navigation, made them excellent mariners. Intellectually, the Zhou excelled in fields of literature and philosophy while many governmental positions were filled according to the intellectual ability of a candidate. A large amount of literature survives from the Zhou period, including the Book of Changes, Book of History, Book of Etiquette, Book of Song, Book of Odes, and the Book of Rites. Most of these works are commentaries on the progress and political movement of the dynasty. In philosophical terms, Confucius and his followers played an important role in shaping the mentality of the government as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships. These critical thinkers served as a foundation for the government. Their works primarily stressed the importance of the ruling class, respect and their relationship with the lower class. Due to the growing size of the dynasty, it became apparent that a centralized government would lead to a lot of confusion and corruption because the government would not be able to exert its influence or accede to the needs of everyone. To address this political barrier, the dynasty formed a decentralized government in which the empire was broken down into sections. Within these districts were administrators who were appointed by the government, in return, they had to maintain their allegiance to the main internal government. In effect, the Zhou dynasty became a collection of districts. Consequently, this marked the fall of the dynasty as it became difficult for the central government to exert influence on all other regions of the empire.
Finally, when the Zhou dynasty's power decreased, it was wiped out by the State of Qin, which believed that the Zhou had become weak and their rule unjust.[4] This transition emphasizes the customary trend of the Mandate of Heaven, which provided leeway for the rise of a new power. The Qin initially attempted to capitalize on the errors made by the Zhou, either by eliminating the source of error or reforming it. During this reformation, administrative changes were made and a system of legalism was developed which stated that the law is supreme over every individual, including the rulers. Although significant progress was made during the Qin dynasty, the persecution of scholars and ordinary citizens led to an unstable state.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, first emperor of the Qin dynasty, a widespread revolt by prisoners, peasants, and unhappy soldiers inevitably led to the fall of the Qin dynasty due to its tyrannical practices.[citation needed] The establishment of the Han dynasty marked a great period in China’s history marked by significant changes in the political structure of the country. Under the Han emperors, significant changes were made in which the government introduced entrance examinations known as civil service or imperial examinations for governmental positions. Additionally, the Han dynasty prospered economically through the Silk Road and other trading means.
Five Dynasties period[edit]
Main article: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, there was no dominant Chinese dynasty that ruled all of China. This created a problem for the Song Dynasty that followed, as they wanted to legitimize their rule by claiming that the Mandate of Heaven had passed on them. The scholar-official Xue Juzheng compiled the Old History of the Five Dynasties (五代史) during the 960s and 970s, after the Song Dynasty had taken northern China from the last of the Five Dynasties, the Later Zhou. A major purpose was to establish justification for the transference of the Mandate of Heaven through these five dynasties, and thus to the Song Dynasty. He argued that these dynasties met certain vital criteria to be considered as having attained the Mandate of Heaven despite never having ruled all of China. One is that they all ruled the traditional Chinese heartland. They also held considerably more territory than any of the other Chinese states that had existed conterminously in the south.
However, there were certain other areas where these dynasties all clearly fell short. The brutal behavior of Zhu Wen and the Later Liang was a source of considerable embarrassment, and thus there was pressure to exclude them from the Mandate. The following three dynasties, the Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han were all non-Han Chinese dynasties, all having been ruled by the Shatuo ethnic minority. There is also the concern that though each of them was the most powerful Chinese kingdom of its respective era, none of them ever really had the ability to unify the entire Chinese realm as there were several powerful states to the south. However, it was the conclusion of Xue Juzheng that the Mandate had indeed passed through each of the Five Dynasties, and thus onto the Song Dynasty when it conquered the last of those dynasties.
Neighboring countries[edit]
The concept of the Mandate of Heaven eventually spread to nearby countries as a justification for rule by divine political legitimacy. In Korea, it was first adopted by the Choson dynasty and became an enduring state ideology.[5]
The Japanese government found the concept ideologically problematic, preferring not to have divine political legitimacy that was conditional and that could be withdrawn. The Japanese Taihō Code, formulated in 703, was largely an adaptation of the governmental system of China's then Tang Dynasty, but the Mandate of Heaven was specifically omitted. In later times, this need was obviated because the Imperial House of Japan claimed to be descended in an unbroken line from the Japanese sun goddess, Amaterasu. Nevertheless, while maintaining this role, the Japanese emperor became politically marginalized in the Nara and Heian periods by powerful regents of the Fujiwara clan who seized executive control of state. Even though the Japanese imperial line itself remained unbroken after the eighth century, actual political authority passed through successive dynasties of regents and shoguns which cycled in a manner similar to that of Chinese dynasties. Even after the Meiji restoration in 1868, when the emperor was placed back in the center of the political bureaucracy, the throne itself had very little power vis-à-vis the Meiji oligarchy. Actual political power has passed through at least four systems since the Meiji restoration: the Taishō democracy, the militarists, the Occupation of Japan, and postwar democracy. The emperor today is a political figurehead and not a ruling sovereign. It could be said the imperial line of Japan survived for so long precisely because it did not have control over the state, and that the turmoil of succession was projected onto a series of proxy rulers.
See also[edit]
Auctoritas
Divine right of kings
Khvarenah
Noblesse oblige
Translatio imperii
Tian (Heaven) / Shangdi (God)
Tian Xia (All under Heaven)
Tian Chao (Dynasty of Heaven)
Tian Kehan (Khan of Heaven)
Tian Zi (Son of Heaven)
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Szczepanski, Kallie. "What Is the Mandate of Heaven in China?". About Education. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Brian. "Why the North Vietnamese will keep fighting" (PDF). RAND. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tignor, Robert L., et al. Worlds together, worlds apart. 4th ed., vol. 1, W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tignor, Robert L., et al. Worlds together, worlds apart. 4th ed., vol. 1, W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.
Jump up ^ Diplomat, Gi-Wook Shin and Rennie J. Moon, The. "South Korea's President Lost the 'Mandate of Heaven'". The Diplomat. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Jiang Yonglin (2011). The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code. Asian Law Series. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295990651.
Lee Jen-der (2014), "Crime and Punishment: The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu", Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 156–165, ISBN 978-0-231-15987-6 .
Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
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Hamilton (album)
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This article is about the 2015 Broadway cast recording. For the musical, see Hamilton (musical). For the 2016 mixtape inspired by the show, see The Hamilton Mixtape.
Hamilton
Cast recording by Various artists
Released
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
Recorded
August 16–21, 2015 (Men) August 17–21 (Women)
Studio
Avatar Studios
Genre
Show tune
hip hop
R&B
soul
dancehall
ballad
Length
142:13
Label
Atlantic
Producer
Alex Lacamoire
Bill Sherman
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Ahmir Thompson
Tariq Trotter
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
Billboard [2]
Pitchfork Media 6.9/10[3]
Rolling Stone [4]
Vice A[5]
Hamilton is the cast album to the 2015 musical Hamilton. The musical is based on the 2004 biography of Alexander Hamilton written by Ron Chernow, with music, lyrics, and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda. The recording stars Lin-Manuel Miranda, Leslie Odom Jr., Phillipa Soo, Renée Elise Goldsberry, Christopher Jackson, Daveed Diggs, Anthony Ramos, Okieriete Onaodowan, Jasmine Cephas Jones, and Jonathan Groff. It also features Jon Rua, Thayne Jasperson, Sydney James Harcourt, Ariana DeBose, and Sasha Hutchings. It achieved the largest first week sales for a digital cast album and is the highest-charting cast album since 1963.[6] It was the highest-selling Broadway cast album of 2015 and peaked at number one on the Rap Album chart, the first cast album to ever do so.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Debut and reception
2 Track listing
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Certifications
5 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Debut and reception[edit]
The cast album for the musical premiered in September 2015 on NPR's website."[8] Its digital release on September 25, 2015 debuted on numerous charts and was released in stores as a two-disc set on October 16, 2015. It debuted at number one on the Top Broadway Albums chart as well as number 3 on Top Rap Albums, number 5 on the Top Digital Albums, and number 9 on the Top Current Albums chart.[6] Hamilton's debut was the second biggest first week sales of a Broadway cast album, just behind the cast album for the musical Rent. It debuted at number 12 on the overall Billboard 200 chart for sales, with over 2.1 million streams combined from digital service providers, the largest streaming debut for a cast album ever.[6] Following the 2016 Tony Awards, the album re-peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200 chart, making it one of only three cast recordings to reach the top 10 in the last 50 years.[9]
The album was the highest-selling Broadway cast album of 2015 and peaked at number one on the Rap Album chart, the first cast album to ever do so.[7] It achieved the largest first week sales for a digital cast album and was the highest-charting cast album debut since 1963.[6] It sold 169,000 copies in 2015, and a further 739,000 copies in 2016, making it the fifth best-selling album of 2016.[10] It was certified Triple Platinum by the RIAA on February 24, 2017.[11]
Billboard called the album an "eye-popping debut," giving it a 5-out-of-5 star review and listing it at number 2 on the magazine's "50 Best Albums of 2015."[2] Rolling Stone gave it a 4.5-out-of-5 star rating, listing it at number 8 on the magazine's "Top 50 Albums of 2015."[4][12] Robert Christgau wrote in Vice, "I can attest that the intrinsic intellectual interest [Lin-Manuel Miranda] powers up here is so impressive it's exciting."[5]
Lin Manuel Miranda made a conscious decision to exclude one scene in the performance from the cast album, "Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us." [13]
Track listing[edit]
Disc one
No.
Title
Personnel
Length
1. "Alexander Hamilton"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Anthony Ramos
Daveed Diggs
Okieriete Onaodowan
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Phillipa Soo
Christopher Jackson
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:56
2. "Aaron Burr, Sir"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Anthony Ramos
Daveed Diggs
Okieriete Onaodowan
2:36
3. "My Shot"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Anthony Ramos
Daveed Diggs
Okieriete Onaodowan
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
5:33
4. "The Story of Tonight"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Anthony Ramos
Okieriete Onaodowan
Daveed Diggs
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:31
5. "The Schuyler Sisters"
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Phillipa Soo
Jasmine Cephas-Jones
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:06
6. "Farmer Refuted"
Thayne Jasperson
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:52
7. "You'll Be Back"
Jonathan Groff
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:28
8. "Right Hand Man"
Christopher Jackson
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
5:21
9. "A Winter's Ball"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:09
10. "Helpless"
Phillipa Soo
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
4:09
11. "Satisfied"
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
5:29
12. "The Story of Tonight (Reprise)"
Anthony Ramos
Okieriete Onaodowan
Daveed Diggs
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Leslie Odom, Jr.
1:55
13. "Wait for It"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:13
14. "Stay Alive" Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton 2:39
15. "Ten Duel Commandments"
Anthony Ramos
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Jon Rua
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:46
16. "Meet Me Inside"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Anthony Ramos
Christopher Jackson
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:23
17. "That Would Be Enough"
Phillipa Soo
Lin-Manuel Miranda
2:58
18. "Guns and Ships"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Daveed Diggs
Christopher Jackson
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
2:07
19. "History Has Its Eyes On You"
Christopher Jackson
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:37
20. "Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)" Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton 4:02
21. "What Comes Next?" Jonathan Groff 1:39
22. "Dear Theodosia"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
3:04
23. "Non-Stop"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Phillipa Soo
Christopher Jackson
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
6:25
Total length: 70:58
Disc two
No.
Title
Personnel
Length
1. "What'd I Miss?"
Daveed Diggs
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Okieriete Onaodowan
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:56
2. "Cabinet Battle #1"
Christopher Jackson
Daveed Diggs
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Okieriete Onaodowan
3:35
3. "Take a Break"
Phillipa Soo
Anthony Ramos
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Renée Elise Goldsberry
4:46
4. "Say No to This"
Jasmine Cephas-Jones
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Sydney James Harcourt
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
4:02
5. "The Room Where It Happens"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Daveed Diggs
Okieriete Onaodowan
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
5:18
6. "Schuyler Defeated"
Anthony Ramos
Phillipa Soo
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Leslie Odom, Jr.
1:03
7. "Cabinet Battle #2"
Christopher Jackson
Daveed Diggs
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Okieriete Onaodowan
2:22
8. "Washington On Your Side"
Leslie Odom Jr.
Daveed Diggs
Okieriete Onaodowan
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:01
9. "One Last Time"
Christopher Jackson
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
4:56
10. "I Know Him" Jonathan Groff 1:37
11. "The Adams Administration" Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton 0:54
12. "We Know"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Daveed Diggs
Leslie Odom Jr.
Okieriete Onaodowan
2:22
13. "Hurricane"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
2:23
14. "The Reynolds Pamphlet" Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton 2:08
15. "Burn" Phillipa Soo 3:45
16. "Blow Us All Away"
Anthony Ramos
Ariana DeBose
Sasha Hutchings
Ephraim Sykes
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
2:53
17. "Stay Alive (Reprise)"
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Anthony Ramos
Phillipa Soo
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
1:51
18. "It's Quiet Uptown"
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Phillipa Soo
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
4:30
19. "The Election of 1800"
Daveed Diggs
Okieriete Onaodowan
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
3:57
20. "Your Obedient Servant"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
2:30
21. "Best of Wives and Best of Women"
Phillipa Soo
Lin-Manuel Miranda
0:47
22. "The World Was Wide Enough"
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton
5:02
23. "Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story" Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton 3:37
Total length: 71:15
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2015–16)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[14]
42
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[15]
181
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[16]
36
Irish Albums (IRMA)[17]
52
New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[18]
5
UK Albums (OCC)[19]
69
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[20]
2
US Billboard 200[21]
3
US Broadway Cast Albums (Billboard)[citation needed]
1
US Top Rap Albums (Billboard)[22]
1
US Top Internet Albums (Billboard)[23]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
US Billboard 200[24]
10
US Digital Albums (Billboard)[25]
7
US Rap Albums (Billboard)[26]
2
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[11]
3× Platinum 908,000[10]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Awards[edit]
Year
Award type
Category
Result
2016 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album[27] Won
NAACP Image Award Outstanding Duo, Group, or Collaboration[28] Nominated
2017 Billboard Music Award Billboard Music Award for Top Soundtrack/Cast Album[29] Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Donelson, Marcy. "Hamilton: An American Musical [Original Broadway Cast Recording] – Lin-Manuel Miranda Archived February 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gale, Alex (October 1, 2015). "Hamilton, the Best Broadway Musical Ever, Boasts an Equally Thrilling Cast Recording: Album Review". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Delerme, Felipe (October 2, 2015). "Various Artist: Hamilton: Original Broadway Cast Recording" Archived February 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved June 25, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Spanos, Brittany (September 25, 2015). "Hamilton: Original Broadway Cast Recording". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert (February 19, 2016). "Poets, Playwrights, and Pranksters: Expert Witness with Robert Christgau". Vice. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Caulfield, Keith (October 7, 2015). "Hamilton's Historic Chart Debut: By The Numbers". Billboard Magazine. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Estevez, Marjua (November 18, 2015). "Hamilton Broadway Album Tops Billboard Rap Chart". Vibe. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jekket, Frannie (September 21, 2015). "Review: Cast Recording, 'Hamilton'". NPR Music. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Hamilton' Cast Album Races to No. 3 on Billboard 200 Chart After Tony Awards". Billboard. June 19, 2016. Archived from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Grein, Paul (December 20, 2016). "The Top-Selling Albums of 2016". Yahoo Music!.
^ Jump up to: a b "American album certifications – Various Artists – Hamilton". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 2, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's Top 50 Albums of 2015". Brooklyn Vegan. December 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Lin Manuel. "COMPLETISTS ONLY (Spoilers)". Lin Manuel Miranda's Official Tumblr. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. June 20, 2016. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Musical – Hamilton - Original Broadway Cast Recording" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2016. 28. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 24, 2016". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. June 20, 2016. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ 17, 2016/7502/ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ 8, 2016/140/ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nick Jonas Debuts at No. 2 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart, Drake's 'Views' Steady at No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Original Broadway Cast – Chart history" Billboard Top Rap Albums for Original Broadway Cast. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Internet Albums". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Digital Albums Year End 2015". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rap Albums Year End 2015". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ward, Marguerite (December 22, 2015). "Hamilton Fan Art: Animation Student Beautifully Recreates Scenes from Lin-Manuel Miranda's Broadway Smash Hit". International Business Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Creed Tops 47th Annual NAACP Image Award Nominations". Ebony. February 5, 2016. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2017 BBMAs Announce Non-Televised Award Recipients". Billboard Music Awards. May 21, 2017. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Hamilton: An American Musical
Songs
Act 1
"Alexander Hamilton"
"My Shot"
"The Story of Tonight"
"The Schuyler Sisters"
"You'll Be Back"
"Helpless"
"Satisfied"
"Wait for It"
"Ten Duel Commandments"
"Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)"
"Dear Theodosia"
Act 2
"Cabinet Battle #1 & #2"
"Say No to This"
"One Last Time"
"The Room Where It Happens"
"The Reynolds Pamphlet"
"It's Quiet Uptown"
"Your Obedient Servant"
"The World Was Wide Enough"
"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"
Related
Alexander Hamilton
Cast album
The Hamilton Mixtape
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Ron Chernow
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_(album)&oldid=797805728"
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