text:
United States presidential eligibility legislation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Constitutional Law
of the United States
Overview
Articles
Amendments
History
Judicial review
Principles
Separation of powers
Individual rights
Rule of law
Federalism
Republicanism
Government structure
Legislative branch
Executive branch
Judicial branch
State government
Local government
Individual rights
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom of the press
Freedom of assembly
Right to petition
Freedom of association
Right to keep and bear arms
Right to trial by jury
Criminal procedural rights
Right to privacy
Freedom from slavery
Due process
Equal protection
Citizenship
Voting rights
Theory
Living Constitution
Originalism
Purposivism
Textualism
Strict constructionism
v
t
e
Article Two, Section 1 of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as President of the United States:
No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.[1]
The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution also sets constraints on who may be elected to the Presidency:
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.[2]
The controversy arising from conspiracy theories over Barack Obama's citizenship and eligibility for the presidency prompted a number of Republican state and federal legislators to propose legislation aimed at requiring future presidential candidates to release copies of their birth certificates. The Hawaii State legislature went in the opposite direction, to limit the lengths that proponents can go in pursuit of this issue, as the pursuits have drained resources from the state.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal initiatives
1.1 Electoral College
1.2 Birth certificate
1.3 Hawaii statehood
2 State initiatives
2.1 Alabama
2.2 Arizona
2.3 Colorado
2.4 Connecticut
2.5 Georgia
2.6 Hawaii
2.7 Indiana
2.8 Iowa
2.9 Kansas
2.10 Louisiana
2.11 Maine
2.12 Michigan
2.13 Missouri
2.13.1 Constitutional amendment
2.13.2 Legislation
2.13.3 Other
2.14 Montana
2.15 Nebraska
2.16 New Hampshire
2.17 Oklahoma
2.18 Pennsylvania
2.19 Tennessee
2.20 Texas
3 See also
4 References
Federal initiatives[edit]
Electoral College[edit]
Activists lobbied members of Congress to reject the Electoral College vote and block Obama's election as president in its sitting on January 8, 2009, to certify and tally the results of the election. Two Republican members of the House of Representatives, John Linder and Ron Paul, were heavily lobbied by activists who believed that the two lawmakers would be more willing than other members of Congress to raise objections to Obama's confirmation.[4] The lobbying was unsuccessful and Congress unanimously declared Obama to be the winner of the election.[5]
Birth certificate[edit]
"H.R. 1503" redirects here. For the star, see Beta Caeli.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
H.R. 1503 (2009)
In March 2009, Representative Bill Posey, a newly elected Republican from Florida's 15th congressional district, introduced a bill, H.R. 1503, in the U.S. House of Representatives. Had this bill been enacted into law, it would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to require candidates for the Presidency "to include with the [campaign] committee's statement of organization a copy of the candidate's birth certificate" plus supporting documentation.[6]
The bill did not initially have any co-sponsors and was introduced without the Republican leadership being informed.[7] Florida Today, the newspaper serving his constituency, commented that the bill "stems from fringe opponents of President Barack Obama who, during the 2008 election campaign, questioned whether Obama was born in Hawaii," but added that Posey's office "does not question Obama's citizenship."[8] Posey explained his motivation as being to "prevent something like this [controversy] from happening in the future" by requiring "the birth certificate up front and take [the issue] off the table". His initiative was strongly criticized by Florida Democrats, who accused Posey of trying to "fan the rumors on the extreme fringe of the Republican Party" and "pandering to the right wing".[9]
Satirist Stephen Colbert also mocked Posey for not addressing rumors that he was "part alligator";[10] Posey responded by commenting that there was "no reason to say that I'm the illegitimate grandson of an alligator". He also stated that there was now "no reason to question" that Obama is a U.S. citizen.[11]
Posey's bill gained the support of twelve Republican co-sponsors - Representatives John R. Carter, Kenny Marchant, Louie Gohmert, John Culberson, Randy Neugebauer, Mike Conaway and Ted Poe (all from Texas), Rep. John Campbell (California), Rep. Bob Goodlatte (Virginia), Rep. Dan Burton (Indiana), Rep. Marsha Blackburn (Tennessee), and Rep. Trent Franks (Arizona).[12][13] Republican Senator Tom Coburn (Oklahoma) also stated that he would "likely support it" if the bill reached the Senate, saying that Obama "meets the constitutional requirement to be president," and that "It is each state's responsibility to determine the eligibility of those running for federal office."[14] H.R. 1503 was never voted upon by either house of Congress and died when the 111th Congress adjourned at the end of 2010.[15]
Hawaii statehood[edit]
On July 27, 2009, the House of Representatives passed a resolution commemorating the 50th anniversary of Hawaii's statehood. The resolution, containing language recognizing Hawaii as President Obama's birth state, passed by a vote of 378 to 0.[16] Some of the cosponsors of the Posey bill, namely Campbell, Carter and Marchant, did not cast a vote.[17] The House has 435 members when all seats are filled.
State initiatives[edit]
Alabama[edit]
Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator Slade Blackwell would require any candidate running for an office with an age requirement to present their birth certificate.[18]
Arizona[edit]
On April 19, 2010, the Arizona House of Representatives voted in favor of a rider to require presidential candidates "to submit documents proving they meet the constitutional requirements to be president".[19] If enacted, the law would give the Arizona Secretary of State the power to omit a candidate's name on the state ballot if there is "reasonable cause" to believe that the documents are not adequate proof of the requirements for office. The rider passed the Arizona House of Representatives on a 31–29 vote, with only Republicans voting in favor and some Republicans joining with Democrats to oppose.[20] The bill then went to the Arizona State Senate, which declined to vote on the bill before the April 2010 end of legislative session, the deadline for the bill's passage.[21][22][23]
In reaction to the proposed legislation, The Arizona Republic referred to it as a "nutty birther bill" that would make Arizona seem to be a place where "any crackpot whim can be enshrined in law".[24] Arizona Republican State Representative Cecil Ash, who supported the bill, appeared on CNN's Anderson Cooper 360° to discuss the bill. Ash stated that he believed President Obama was an American citizen, but there has been "a lot of controversy over the issue". Cooper then likened the people who believe there is a birth certificate controversy to people who believe the moon is made of cheese and asked Ash if he knew the moon was not made of cheese without investigation. Ash responded in the affirmative.[25][26]
In January 2011, similar legislation again was introduced in the Arizona House of Representatives.[27] On April 14, 2011 the Arizona legislature passed a bill requiring presidential and vice presidential candidates to show the Arizona secretary of state proof that they are natural-born citizens. Such proof could be either a long-form birth certificate or at least two other forms of accepted proof, such as an early baptismal certificate, circumcision certificate or hospital birth record.[28] On April 18, Governor Jan Brewer vetoed the bill.[29]
A state legislator introduced a similar bill in 2012.[30] In March 2012, a senate committee voted favorably on a bill that would require candidates for the presidency and vice presidency to submit an affidavit attesting to their eligibility to serve.[31]
Colorado[edit]
Legislation introduced in April 2011 by 11 Republican state legislators would require any elected official to provide proof of citizenship before being sworn in.[32] The bill was not voted out of committee.[33]
Connecticut[edit]
In January 2011, Connecticut state Sen. Michael McLachlan introduced legislation that would mandate presidential and vice presidential candidates to provide their birth certificates for their names to be placed on the ballot.[34] The bill did not make it out of committee.[35]
Georgia[edit]
In April 2010, Georgia state representative Mark Hatfield introduced legislation that would require presidential and vice presidential candidates to submit an affidavit "stating the candidate’s citizenship and age and shall append to the affidavit documents that prove the candidate is a natural born citizen, prove the candidate’s age, and prove that the candidate meets the residency requirements for President of the United States."[36]
In February 2011, Hatfield again introduced similar legislation, but it was not voted out of committee.[37][38]
Hawaii[edit]
In May 2010, Hawaii enacted a law allowing the state to ignore requests for information if deemed "duplicative or substantially similar" to a prior query.[39][40][41][42][43]
In January 2011, Hawaii state representative Rida Cabanilla introduced legislation allowing the Hawaii Department of Health to provide upon request a copy of the birth certificate of a "Person of civic prominence" (that is, a candidate or officeholder for which United States citizenship is required), and to charge the requesting party a surcharge of $100.[44]
Indiana[edit]
In January 2011, Indiana state senator Mike Delph introduced legislation requiring presidential candidates to file a certified copy of a birth certificate along with additional documentation to be on the Indiana ballot.[45] The legislation was not voted out of committee.[46]
Iowa[edit]
In March 2011, Iowa state Senator Kent Sorenson introduced legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to submit certified copies of their birth certificates, which would be available for public inspection.[47]
Kansas[edit]
In February 2012, a committee in the Kansas House of Representatives approved a bill that would require candidates for state and federal offices to provide proof of citizenship.[48]
Louisiana[edit]
Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator A.G. Crowe and state Representative Alan Seabaugh would require candidates for federal office to file a birth certificate.[49] The legislation was not voted out of committee.[50]
Maine[edit]
State representative Richard Cebra introduced legislation requiring candidates to submit a birth certificate and government-issued identification.[51]
Michigan[edit]
Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Mike Callton would require presidential candidates to submit their birth certificates.[52]
Missouri[edit]
Constitutional amendment[edit]
Fifteen Republican members of the Missouri House of Representatives sponsored an amendment to the Missouri Constitution in March 2009 that would require "candidates who are required by the Constitution of the United States to be natural born citizens" to provide a birth certificate to the Missouri Secretary of State to confirm their eligibility. A certificate of live birth would not be accepted. Failure to comply would result in the candidate being deemed ineligible to stand. The only political offices to be affected would be the President and Vice President, which are the only two positions for which there is a specific constitutional citizenship requirement. The proposed amendment is part of a "voter’s bill of rights", which would serve "as a defense against corruption, fraud, and tyranny". Political commentators interpreted the proposal as being "aimed at advancing the claims of the fringe movement that doubts President Barack Obama's eligibility to serve as president".[53][54] The proposed amendment, House Joint Resolution No. 34, was subsequently withdrawn.[55]
Legislation[edit]
In January 2011, Republican State Representative Lyle Rowland introduced legislation that would require "proof of identity and proof of United States citizenship" for all presidential and vice-presidential candidates."[56] In May 2011, the requirement that presidential candidates present proof of natural born citizenship was added but later trimmed from an omnibus election law reform bill.[57] Rowland introduced similar legislation in 2012.[58] On March 29, 2012, the House of Representatives passed legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to prove their U.S. citizenship before appearing on the ballot.[59] The bill then passed a Missouri senate committee.[60]
Other[edit]
A number of Missouri Republican politicians have continued to support claims and litigation on the citizenship issue. State Representatives Cynthia L. Davis, Timothy W. Jones and Casey Guernsey have committed to participating as plaintiffs in a lawsuit filed in Missouri challenging Obama's citizenship.[61] State Representative Edgar G. H. Emery told reporters in July 2009 that he "questions Obama’s citizenship and ... believes his alleged lack of a legitimate birth certificate ignores the Constitution."[62]
Montana[edit]
In January 2011, Montana state representative Bob Wagner introduced legislation requiring all candidates for federal office file affidavits with the Montana secretary of state verifying that they are qualified; presidential candidates would be required to provide the state with a valid copy of their birth certificates.[63]
Nebraska[edit]
Proposed legislation introduced in January 2011 would have required a presidential or vice presidential candidate to provide proof of birth that includes the names of the candidate's parents, and proof that the parents were United States citizens at the time of the candidate's birth; the candidate would also have to swear of affirm, "I was born a citizen of the United States of America and was subject exclusively to the jurisdiction of the United States of America, owing allegiance to no other country at the time of my birth. On the day I was born, both my birth mother and birth father were citizens of the United States of America."[64] The proposed legislation failed to be voted out of committee.[65]
New Hampshire[edit]
Legislation introduced in March 2011 would have required presidential candidates to present their birth certificates when filing their nomination papers; the proposed enactment date was changed to 2013 and thus would not have affected the 2012 presidential elections.[66] The proposed legislation was not voted out of committee.[67]
Similar legislation proposed in 2012 also was not voted out of committee.[68]
Oklahoma[edit]
Oklahoma Republican state Representative Mike Ritze proposed a bill in December 2008, requiring any candidate for public office in Oklahoma to show proof of citizenship. Ritze declared that he "does not believe Obama submitted an authentic copy of his birth certificate".[69] He also unsuccessfully approached Oklahoma Republican Senators Tom Coburn and James Inhofe to persuade them to mount a challenge to Obama's confirmation by Congress.[4] The bill, House Bill 1329, was criticized by The Norman Transcript newspaper as "an outright attempt to embarrass President Barack Obama whose own citizenship was questioned, mostly by those pajama guerrillas trolling on the Internet".[70] The bill gained a 23–20 vote in favor, but failed to meet the 25-vote threshold required to pass.[71]
In February 2011, similar legislation was reintroduced in the Oklahoma state senate.[72]
Pennsylvania[edit]
Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Daryl Metcalfe would require candidates for president and vice president to provide proof of citizenship to qualify for a spot on the state ballot.[73]
Tennessee[edit]
In Tennessee, four Republican state Representatives—Stacey Campfield, Glen Casada, Frank S. Niceley and Eric H. Swafford—announced in February 2009 that they would be joining a legal action to force Obama to release his birth certificate and prove his citizenship. Casada, the Tennessee House Republican caucus chairman, said that he believes Obama has further proof of eligibility, and would like him to make it available: "Yes, people may say, you're just chasing some conspiracy theory ... [but] it's a simple act on his part to just do, and we're done—move on." The alternative newspaper Nashville Scene described Swafford as joining a "wacky legal action" and quoted Tennessee house Democrat Larry Miller as saying: "What is the mentality of these kind of people who continuously make these kind of goofy statements? It's embarrassing." Attorney Orly Taitz of California said she planned to file the suit, representing the Defend Our Freedoms Foundation.[74][75]
Legislation proposed in January 2011 would require anyone running for elected office to furnish a birth certificate before being declared an eligible candidate."[76] It failed to be voted out of a subcommittee.[77]
In January 2016, two Democratic legislators proposed barring the Secretary of State from placing on the ballot any presidential or vice-presidential candidate who was not a natural-born citizen.[78]
Texas[edit]
On November 16, 2010, Texas state representative Leo Berman introduced legislation requiring any candidate for president or vice president running in Texas to submit to the Texas Secretary of State an "original birth certificate indicating that the person is a natural-born United States citizen.” In introducing the bill, Berman said that the "bill is necessary because we have a president whom the American people don’t know whether he was born in Kenya or some other place.” If signed into law, the bill would take effect September 1, 2011, about 6 months ahead of the Texas presidential primaries for the 2012 presidential election.[79]
By inserting the word "original" into the bill, Berman addressed concerns by conspiracy theorists that other bills that do not contain that word are "flawed". His bill would therefore specifically disallow the use of the reproduced certificate that Obama has used since June 2008 as evidence. The legality of such a bill is unknown, as reproduced certificates are generally accepted by government agencies as proof of birth.[80]
See also[edit]
Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence, US Government Printing Office
Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence, US Government Printing Office
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (May 13, 2010). "Hawaii's 'birther bill'". Politico.
^ Jump up to: a b Weigel, David (January 8, 2009). "GOP Senators Give Hope to Anti-Obama Activists". Washington Independent. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Jim (2009-01-08). "Congress Declares Obama the Next President". Seattle, Washington: Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-06-12. In centuries-old tradition, Congress confirms Obama as the next president
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (March 13, 2009). "Birther bill hits Congress". Politico.com. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Preston, Mark (March 13, 2009). "Republican wants WH candidates to prove citizenship". Political Ticker blog. CNN. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kim Eun Kyung (March 14, 2009). "Posey to president hopefuls: Prove it". Florida Today. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Mark (March 13, 2009). "Posey: Future presidential candidates should show their birth certificates; won't say whether he believes Obama is a US citizen". Orlando Sentinel. Florida. Archived from the original on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
Jump up ^ Colbert, Stephen (March 19, 2009). "Bill Posey Alligator Rumors". The Colbert Report. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Mark K. (April 9, 2009). "New Rep. Bill Posey gains his footing after rough start". The Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status: 111th Congress (2009 - 2010): H.R.1503: Cosponsors
Jump up ^ thomas.loc.govthomas.loc.gov.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (June 19, 2009). "Coburn backing Birther bill". Politico.com. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status: 111th Congress (2009 - 2010): H.R.1503
Jump up ^ Stein, Sam (July 27, 2009). "Resolution Proclaiming Hawaii Obama's Birthplace Passes House Unanimously". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Final vote results for roll call 647". Clerk of the House of Representatives. July 27, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Beyerle, Dana (April 22, 2011). "DANA BEYERLE: Have senators offered 'birther' bill?". Gadsden Times.
Jump up ^ "Ariz House: Check Obama's Citizenship". April 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Arizona birthers: No clue, but plenty of company". The Washington Post. April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Arizona 'birther bill' won't get Senate vote". The Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. Associated Press. April 29, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Arizona State Legislature". Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona Legislature. Retrieved June 7, 2010. The 49th Legislature, 2nd Regular Session Adjourned Sine Die on Thursday, April 29, 2010 at 11:07 p.m.
Jump up ^ "Bill Status Overview – SB1024". Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona Legislature. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lawmakers, bury the 'birther bill'". Editorial. Arizona Republic. April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Birthers Reemerge; Will Ash Cloud Threat Continue?". Anderson Cooper. CNN. April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Anderson Cooper Confronts Birther Legislator". Jason Linkins. Huffington Post. April 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Birther Bill' back in Arizona; Rep. Judy Burges pitches birth certificate legislation again". Michael Sheridan. Daily News. January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Condon, Stephanie (April 15, 2011). ""Birther" bill passes in Arizona legislature". CBS News.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Brewer Vetoes Birther Bill, Guns on Campus". myfoxphoenix.com. Phoenix: KSAZ-TV. April 18, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Political Insider: For Arpaio, all publicity is good". Arizona Republic. December 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Powers, Ashley (March 15, 2012). "Arizona Senate panel joins Sheriff Arpaio on 'birther' bandwagon". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "GOP introduces 'birther' resolution at state legislature". KDVR. April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ ""Birther" bill killed in committee". The Colorado Independent. May 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Davis, Stacy (January 31, 2011). "McLachlan sponsors birth certificate bill in Hartford". The News-Times. Danbury, Connecticut: Hearst Corporation. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Perrefort, Dirk (April 26, 2011). "Danbury lawmaker's 'birther' bill dead". The News-Times. Danbury, Connecticut: Hearst Corporation. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Galloway, Jim (April 21, 2010). "A measure to force Obama to address citizenship in 2012". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hunt, April (March 1, 2011). "94 Georgia lawmakers back 'birther' bill". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hunt, April (March 15, 2011). "Birther bill sponsor tries, fails to get vote". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii considering law to ignore 'birthers'". msnbc.com. Associated Press. March 17, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Niesse, Mark (March 17, 2010). "Hawaii Mulls Law to Ignore Obama 'Birthers'". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Michael (May 13, 2010). "Aloha 'Birthers': Hawaii law lets state ignore repeated demands for Obama's birth certificate". Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii State Legislature 2010 Regular Session SB2937 SD1 HD1 CD1".
Jump up ^ "New Hawaii law shuns Obama birth document requests". KHON-TV. Associated Press. May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Niesse, Mark (January 27, 2011). "Hawaii lawmakers want release of Obama birth info". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Associated Press. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Social issues return to agenda". Niki Kelly. Journal Gazette. January 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Birther' bill fails, will be studied again". Ty Jepson. The Exponent. March 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Jason (March 4, 2011). "'Birther' legislation introduced by Sorenson". Iowa Independent. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Tim (February 15, 2012). "House panel passes bill derided as 'birther' inspired". Topeka Capital-Journal.
Jump up ^ Moller, Jan (April 18, 2011). "Gov. Jindal will sign 'birther' bill if it reaches his desk". Times-Picayune.
Jump up ^ Moller, Jan (June 14, 2011). "Author of presidential birth-certificate bill gives up without a hearing". Times-Picayune.
Jump up ^ Mistler, Steve (February 10, 2011). "Secretary of state backs bill requiring proof of citizenship to run for state office". Sun Journal.
Jump up ^ McMillin, Zane (April 27, 2011). "Pres. hopefuls could face certificate requirements". State News.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (March 4, 2009). "Missouri Republicans push birth certificate questions to oppose 'tyranny'". Politico.com. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "House Joint Resolution No. 34, 95th General Assembly". Missouri House of Representatives. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "House Joint Resolution No. 34". Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Missouri Republicans Still Concerned With Obama's Citizenship". Fired Up! Missouri. January 21, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Birther' provision removed from election bill". Missouri News Horizon. May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, John (February 15, 2012). "Missouri Lawmaker Says Show Me Your Papers". KMOX.
Jump up ^ Crisp, Elizabeth (March 29, 2012). "Missouri House approves "birther" bill". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Karr, Cole (May 1, 2012). ""Born in the USA" Bill Takes Another Step Forward". KMOX.
Jump up ^ Noble, Jason (July 1, 2009). "Orly Taitz questions Obama's citizenship in Jeff City; receives support from 5 state lawmakers". Prime Buzz blog. Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Messenger, Tony (July 1, 2009). "Missouri Republicans continue to question Obama citizenship". Political Fix blog. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Montana Lawmaker Introduces 'Birther' Bill". Kellyn Brown. Flathead Beacon. January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weigel, David (February 3, 2011). "The Trouble with Birther Bills". Slate. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schulte, Grant (March 11, 2011). "Neb. legislative committee kills bill requiring birth certificates for presidential hopefuls". The Republic. Associated Press. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (March 9, 2011). "N.H. birther bill defanged". Politico. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Hampshire narrowly rejects seeking birth records from candidates". Daily Caller. Associated Press. March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Spolar, Matthew (February 15, 2012). "Committee votes down birther bill". Concord Monitor.
Jump up ^ McNutt, Michael (December 12, 2008). "Law sought to prove candidate citizenship in Oklahoma". The Oklahoman. Oklahoma City. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Oklahoma's department of frivolous". The Norman Transcript. Norman, Oklahoma. February 14, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bill to require citizenship proof fails". The Edmond Sun. Associated Press. April 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bar, Andy (February 14, 2011). "Birther debate alive across U.S." Politico. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Latimer, John (April 14, 2011). "Local reps support birth certificate bill". Lebanon Daily News.
Jump up ^ Emery, Theo (February 13, 2009). "Four Tennessee legislators want Obama to prove citizenship". The Tennessean. Nashville. Retrieved February 13, 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Woods, Jeff (February 12, 2009). "Democrats Ridicule Lawmaker for Demanding Obama's Birth Certificate". Nashville Scene. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Daly, Kyle (February 17, 2011). "Birther bills flood state houses across USA, somehow avoiding Colorado". The Colorado Independent. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Editorial: Two misguided bills crash in Nashville". Knoxville News Sentinel. April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (January 22, 2016). "Tennessee Dems want eligibility check on presidential ballot". WRCB.
Jump up ^ Enrique Rangel; Terry Greenberg (November 17, 2010). "State representatives file birth certificate bill filed for presidential candidates". Lubbock Avalanche Journal. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
Jump up ^ Weigel, David (November 17, 2010). "Texas Republican Files Birther Bill". Slate. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation&oldid=843600816"
Categories:
United States constitutional law
Article Two of the United States Constitution
United States nationality law
Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 06:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: li

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: Freedom of religion in the United States

values: Freedom of the press in the United States

values: Right to keep and bear arms in the United States

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Template:United States constitutional law

values: Template talk:United States constitutional law

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories

values:
/wiki/John_Carter_(Texas)
mw-redirect
John Carter (Texas)

values:
/wiki/Missouri_Constitution
mw-redirect
Missouri Constitution

values:
/wiki/Missouri_Secretary_of_State
mw-redirect
Missouri Secretary of State

values:
/wiki/Cynthia_L._Davis
mw-redirect
Cynthia L. Davis

values:
/wiki/James_Inhofe
mw-redirect
James Inhofe

values:
/wiki/Troll_(Internet)
mw-redirect
Troll (Internet)

values:
/wiki/Texas_Secretary_of_State
mw-redirect
Texas Secretary of State

values: United States presidential election, 2012

values:
/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)
mw-redirect
Politico (newspaper)

values:
nofollow
http://thomas.loc.gov/
external text

values:
/wiki/Gadsden_Times
mw-redirect
Gadsden Times

values:
nofollow
http://www.azleg.gov/
external text

values:
/wiki/Arizona_Legislature
mw-redirect
Arizona Legislature

values:
/wiki/Arizona_Republic
mw-redirect
Arizona Republic

values:
/wiki/Hearst_Corporation
mw-redirect
Hearst Corporation

values:
/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution
mw-redirect
Atlanta Journal-Constitution

values:
/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)
mw-redirect
Daily News (New York)

values:
/wiki/Topeka_Capital-Journal
mw-redirect
Topeka Capital-Journal

values:
/wiki/Daily_Caller
mw-redirect
Daily Caller

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ldnews.com/news/ci_17847778

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:United States constitutional law

values: Category:Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Category:Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation rootpage-United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation skin-vector action-view


text:
Babies On Board
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Babies On Board
新生
Genre
Drama
Romance
Family
Pregnancy
Written by
张彦平 Cheong Yan Peng
Directed by
卢燕金 Loo Yin Kam
陈稖元 Chen Bang Yuan
Starring
Main Casts:
Tay Ping Hui 郑斌辉
Jesseca Liu 刘子绚
Ya Hui 雅慧
Supporting Casts:
Mei Xin 美心
Hong Huifang 洪慧芳
Terence Cao 曹国辉
Ben Yeo 杨志龙
Eelyn Kok 郭惠雯
Rao Zijie 饶梓杰
Michelle Wong 黄怡灵
Kayly Loh 卢传瑾
Ryan Lian 廖永谊
Shine Koh 高慧姍
Yap Huixin 叶慧馨
Hazelle Teo 张颖双
Gao Meigui 高美贵
Dennis Toh 卓庆成
Opening theme
Accidents Other Than Love(爱以外的意外) by Lin Sitong and Tay Ping Hui
Ending theme
借来的亲人by Lin Sitong
Country of origin
Singapore
Original language(s)
Chinese
No. of episodes
22
Production
Executive producer(s)
黄光荣 Wong Kuang Yong
Running time
approx. 45 minutes (excluding advertisements)
Release
Original network
Mediacorp Channel 8
Original release
7 May – 5 June 2018
Chronology
Preceded by
A Million Dollar Dream
Followed by
Fifty & Fabulous
Babies On Board (Chinese: 新生) is a Chinese television drama that airs on the Singaporean television channel Mediacorp Channel 8 on weeknights. The show aired at 9pm on weekdays and had a repeat telecast at 8am the following day. It stars Tay Ping Hui , Jesseca Liu ,Ya Hui , Mei Xin , Hong Huifang , Terence Cao , Ben Yeo , Eelyn Kok , Rao Zijie , Michelle Wong , Kayly Loh , Ryan Lian , Shine Koh , Yap Huixin , Hazelle Teo , Gao Meigui & Dennis Toh as the casts of this series.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Sun (Zhihui)'s family
2.3 Li (Xinyue)'s family
2.4 Huang (Lifeng)'s family
2.5 Other cast members
2.6 Cameo appearances
3 Original soundtrack (OST)
4 Trivia
5 See also
6 References
Plot[edit]
Peng Shiyun (Jesseca Liu) is a famous gynaecologist who owns a successful practice. Suffering from a condition called Adenomyosis, she is unable to conceive and seeks to rent the womb of Li Xinyue (Ya Hui), who is in need of money. Peng Shiyun’s husband Sun Zhihui (Tay Ping Hui), was a successful surgeon, until his failed surgery on his best friend’s mother. Unable to take the setback, he gave up his profession to become a chef. Li Xinyue is successfully impregnated and by a stroke of luck, moved in with Peng Shiyun and Sun Zhihui. But Peng Shiyun soon found out that Li Xinyue and Sun Zhihui actually knew each other. Not only do they share a secret, but also a very queer and mysterious connection. Li Xinyue gradually falls for Sun Zhihui, and the three of them soon develop an unusual relationship.
Li Xinyue suffers complication during childbirth, will Peng Shiyun save her? What will be their choices?
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Cast
Character
Description
Episodes Appeared
Tay Ping Hui
郑斌辉 Sun Zhihui
孙智辉 Chef Sung (孙大厨)
Sun Yun'en's older brother
Peng Shiyun's husband
Peng Weide's brother-in-law
Li Xinyue's love interest
Yang Yihao's best friend
Previously a surgeon, currently a chef
1-22
Jesseca Liu
刘子绚 Peng Shiyun
彭诗韵 Dr Pang (彭医生), SY Pang
Peng Weide's older sister
Li Xinyue's best friend and rival in love
Pregency Checkup Clinic's boss/ gynaecologist
Aborted a baby due to Edward Syndrome
Suffered from adenomyosis
Unable to conceive and sought help from Li Xinyue
1-22
Ya Hui
雅慧 Li Xinyue
李心悦 Happy Lee
In love with Sun Zhihui
Peng Shiyun's best friend and rival in love
Peng Shiyun's surrogate mother
Currently work as a part-time model promoter
Suffered from fibroids
1-22
Sun (Zhihui)'s family[edit]
Cast
Character
Description
Episodes Appeared
Tay Ping Hui
郑斌辉 Sun Zhihui
孙智辉 Chef Sung (孙大厨)
See Main Casts
Jesseca Liu
刘子绚 Peng Shiyun
彭诗韵 Dr Pang (彭医生), SY Pang
See Main Casts
Ya Hui
雅慧 Li Xinyue
李心悦 Happy Lee
See Main Casts
Lin Daorui
林道锐 Sun Kangyue
孙康悦 Baby version portrayed by Soo Kexin (苏可昕)
Little Bean Sprout (小豆芽)
Li Xinyue's surrogate son
Peng Shiyun and Sun Zhihui's son
Was resuscitated at Episode 22 as there is no heartbeat in Episode 21.
21-22
Kayly Loh
卢传瑾 Sun Yun'en
孙芸恩
Sun Zhihui's younger sister
Peng Shiyun's sister-in-law
Zhenqiang's wife
Suffered from Zika Virus
Had miscarried twice, but carried a baby to 8 months before giving birth to a girl at home
1-2, 4-6, 8, 10-12, 17-22
Darius Tan
陈日成 Zhenqiang
振强
Sun Yun'en's husband
1-2, 10-12, 17-22
Xu Xuanya
许绚雅 Ruoling
若灵
Sun Yun'en's and Zhenqiang's daughter
22
Ryan Lian
廖永谊 Peng Weide
彭伟德
Peng Shiyun's younger brother
Coco's husband
1, 5-6, 8, 11, 13, 16-21
Shine Koh
高慧姍 Coco
Air Stewardess
Peng Weide's wife
Suffered from Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Bore a stillborn baby
Later gave birth to a girl
Pregnant with another girl in episode 22
5-6, 8, 11, 16-22
Scarlet Emerie Toh
Coco and Peng Weide's daughter
22
Li (Xinyue)'s family[edit]
Cast
Character
Description
Episodes Appeared
Ya Hui
雅慧 Li Xinyue
李心悦 Happy Lee
See Main Casts
All Episodes
Andrew Lua
赖泰均 Huang Xinbo
黄莘博
Li Xinyue's older brother
6, 10, 11, 12
Rao Zijie
饶梓杰 Ray Zhang
Zhang Rongxuan's older brother
Li Xinyue's ex-boyfriend
(Deceased - A Year ago)
4, 6, 11
Michelle Wong
黄怡灵 Zhang Rongxuan
张蓉萱 Xiao-Xuan (小萱)
Ray Zhang's younger sister
Li Xinyue's friend and foster sister
Once suffered from leukemia
2-3, 8, 10, 17-18, 22
Huang (Lifeng)'s family[edit]
Cast
Character
Description
Episodes Appeared
Hong Huifang
洪慧芳 Huang Lifeng
黄丽凤 Ah Feng (阿凤)
Zhang Meifang and Luo Meixi's mother
Luo Fucheng's love interest
2-3, 6-10, 12
Liu Longwei
刘龙伟 Luo Fucheng
罗富城 Ah Cheng (阿城), Aaron Kwok (郭富城)
Huang Lifeng's love interest
Luo Meixi's father
4-17
He Xueluan
何雪銮 Luo Meixi
罗美希 Baby version portrayed by Lim Jiayi 林佳怡
Daughter of Huang Lifeng and Luo Fucheng
Huang Lifeng’s second daughter
Zheng Meifang's half younger sister
Mentioned by Zheng Meifang in Episode 16
17,22
Mei Xin
美心 Zheng Meifang
郑美芳
Huang Lifeng's daughter
Luo Meixi's half older sister
Peng Shiyun's colleague
Pregnancy Checkup Clinic's employee
1-10, 12-22
Other cast members[edit]
Cast
Character
Description
Episodes Appeared
Terence Cao
曹国辉 Edmund Goh Dr Goh (吴医生)
Sun Zhihui's ex-colleugue
1, 4-5, 11, 18, 22
Ben Yeo
杨志龙 Yang Yihao
杨毅豪 Main Villain
ATM
Sun Zhihui's best friend
Ann's husband
Framed Sun Zhihui that he is in a relationship with Niki
Betrayed Ann
Paired up with Chen Lida to take revenge on Peng Shiyun and Sun Zhihui
1, 3, 5, 7-10, 13, 18-19
Eelyn Kok
郭惠雯 Ann
Yang Yihao's wife
Had experienced 5 failed IVF procedures before successfully conceiving
Bore a boy and married to a Caucasian man and emigrated to the United States
3, 7-9, 13, 18, 22
Yap Huixin
叶慧馨 Niki
Supporting Villain but repented
Li Xinyue's friend
Yang Yihao's mistress
Miscarried before having a tussle with Ann
2-4, 6, 8-10, 13, 16-17
Hazelle Teo
张颖双 Joey Villain
Sun Zhihui's ex-assistant
In love with Sun Zhihui
Went to Peng Shiyun's clinic to humiliate her
1-5
Gao Meigui
高美贵 Gia Zhu Yuzhu
朱玉珠
Pregency Checkup Clinic's employee
Peng Shiyun's and Meifang's colleague
1, 3-7, 9-10, 12, 18, 22
Doreen Chu
朱玉叶 Caiying
菜英
Villain
Chen Lida's mother
Ruan Mingming's mother-in-law
7, 12, 18, 19
Dennis Toh
卓庆成 Chen Lida
陈立达 Supporting Villain but willing to repent
Zheng Meifang's ex-boyfriend
Caiying's son
Mingming's husband
Paired up with Yang Yihao to take revenge on Peng Shiyun and Sun Zhihui
7, 12, 18-19
Shu Yi
舒怡 Ruan Mingming
阮明明
Hailed from Vietnam
Married to Chen Lida
Caiying's daughter-in-law
Had her womb removed due to excessive bleeding after giving birth to a baby girl
Divorced Chen Lida five years later and fought custody for her daughter
7, 12, 18-19, 22
Alicia Lo
卢予萱 Xiaowen
晓雯
He Hua's daughter
Was knocked up by her martial arts teacher
Miscarried
13
Cameo appearances[edit]
Cast
Character
Description
Episodes Appeared
Adele Wong
王筱惠 Connie
Peng Shiyun's best friend
Was duped by her surrogate mother
1, 17
Louis Wu
伍洛毅 Chaojie
超杰
A counsellor who helped out Mingming
Gets along well with Meifang
Married to Meifang 5 years later
19, 20, 22
Terence Tay
郑仲伟 Eric
Villain
Donated $3999 for a dinner date to raise fund for Zhang Rongxuan organised by Li Xinyue
Caused Sun Zhihui and Li Xinyue to meet with a car accident after being upset with the donation
Cyberbullied Li Xinyue after the car accident
3-4
Christian Lamprecht Jason
Ann's husband
Came from the United States
22
Original soundtrack (OST)[edit]
No.
Song Title
Singer(s)
1) 爱以外的意外
(Main Song for the series) Lin Sitong 林思彤 and Tay Ping Hui 郑斌辉
2) 借来的亲人 Lin Sitong 林思彤
Trivia[edit]
The finale episode was aired on TV for 50 minutes including advertisements instead of 1 hour due to S-Pop Sing: Fun With S-Pop Sing
See also[edit]
List of MediaCorp Channel 8 Chinese drama series (2014)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Babies on board @ toggle". toggle. Retrieved 30 Apr 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ya Hui pregnant for a day". channelnewsasia. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babies_On_Board&oldid=849613196"
Categories:
MediaCorp Chinese language programmes
Singapore Chinese dramas
2018 Singaporean television series debuts
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from June 2018
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 10 July 2018, at 05:28 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/MediaCorp_Channel_8
mw-redirect
MediaCorp Channel 8

values:
/wiki/Edward_Syndrome
mw-redirect
Edward Syndrome

values:
/wiki/Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases
mw-redirect
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

values:
/wiki/In_Vitro_Fertilisation
mw-redirect
In Vitro Fertilisation

values: List of MediaCorp Channel 8 Chinese Drama Series (2010s)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:MediaCorp Chinese language programmes

values: Category:2018 Singaporean television series debuts

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Babies_On_Board
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Babies_On_Board rootpage-Babies_On_Board skin-vector action-view


text:
Sporophyte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: Alternation of generations
Young sporophytes of the common moss Tortula muralis. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant generation, while the sporophytes consist of sporangium-bearing stalks growing from the tips of the gametophytes
A sporophyte (/spɔːroʊˌfaɪt/) is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each sporophyte cell therefore has a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent. All land plants, and most multicellular algae, have life cycles in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte phase alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase. In the seed plants, (gymnosperms) and flowering plants (angiosperms), the sporophyte phase is more prominent than the gametophyte, and is the familiar green plant with its roots, stem, leaves and cones or flowers. In flowering plants the gametophytes are very reduced in size, and are represented by the germinated pollen and the embryo sac.
The sporophyte produces spores (hence the name) by meiosis, a process also known as "reduction division" that reduces the number of chromosomes in each spore mother cell by half. The resulting meiospores develop into a gametophyte. Both the spores and the resulting gametophyte are haploid, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. The mature gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both) by mitosis. The fusion of male and female gametes produces a diploid zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations or alternation of phases.
In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises the whole multicellular body except the pollen and embryo sac
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) have a dominant gametophyte phase on which the adult sporophyte is dependent for nutrition. The embryo sporophyte develops by cell division of the zygote within the female sex organ or archegonium, and in its early development is therefore nurtured by the gametophyte.[1] Because this embryo-nurturing feature of the life cycle is common to all land plants they are known collectively as the embryophytes.
Cleistocarpous sporophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens
Most algae have dominant gametophyte generations, but in some species the gametophytes and sporophytes are morphologically similar (isomorphic). An independent sporophyte is the dominant form in all clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms that have survived to the present day. Early land plants had sporophytes that produced identical spores (isosporous or homosporous) but the ancestors of the gymnosperms evolved complex heterosporous life cycles in which the spores producing male and female gametophytes were of different sizes, the female megaspores tending to be larger, and fewer in number, than the male microspores.
During the Devonian period several plant groups independently evolved heterospory and subsequently the habit of endospory, in which the gametophytes develop in miniaturized form inside the spore wall. By contrast in exosporous plants, including modern ferns, the gametophytes break the spore wall open on germination and develop outside it. The megagametophytes of endosporic plants such as the seed ferns developed within the sporangia of the parent sporophyte, producing a miniature multicellular female gametophyte complete with female sex organs, or archegonia. The oocytes were fertilized in the archegonia by free-swimming flagellate sperm produced by windborne miniaturized male gametophytes in the form of pre-pollen. The resulting zygote developed into the next sporophyte generation while still retained within the pre-ovule, the single large female meiospore or megaspore contained in the modified sporangium or nucellus of the parent sporophyte. The evolution of heterospory and endospory were among the earliest steps in the evolution of seeds of the kind produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms today.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ralf Reski(1998): Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses. In: Botanica Acta. Bd. 111, S. 1-15.
P. Kenrick & P.R. Crane (1997) The origin and early evolution of plants on land. Nature 389, 33-39.
T.N. Taylor, H. Kerp and H. Hass (2005) Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 5892-5897.
P.R. Bell & A.R. Helmsley (2000) Green plants. Their Origin and Diversity. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-64673-1
hide
v
t
e
Botany
History of botany
Subdisciplines
Plant systematics
Ethnobotany
Paleobotany
Plant anatomy
Plant ecology
Phytogeography
Geobotany
Flora
Phytochemistry
Plant pathology
Bryology
Phycology
Floristics
Dendrology
Plant groups
Algae
Archaeplastida
Bryophyte
Non-vascular plants
Vascular plants
Spermatophytes
Pteridophyte
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Plant morphology
(glossary)
Plant cells
Cell wall
Phragmoplast
Plastid
Plasmodesma
Vacuole
Tissues
Meristem
Vascular tissue
Vascular bundle
Ground tissue
Mesophyll
Cork
Wood
Storage organs
Vegetative
Root
Rhizoid
Bulb
Rhizome
Shoot
Stem
Leaf
Petiole
Cataphyll
Bud
Sessility
Reproductive
(Flower)
Flower development
Inflorescence
Umbel
Raceme
Bract
Pedicellate
Flower
Whorl
Floral symmetry
Floral diagram
Floral formula
Receptacle
Hypanthium (Floral cup)
Perianth
Tepal
Petal
Sepal
Sporophyll
Gynoecium
Ovary
Ovule
Stigma
Archegonium
Androecium
Stamen
Staminode
Pollen
Tapetum
Gynandrium
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Plant embryo
Fruit
Fruit anatomy
Berry
Capsule
Seed
Seed dispersal
Endosperm
Surface structures
Epicuticular wax
Plant cuticle
Epidermis
Stoma
Nectary
Trichome
Prickle
Plant physiology
Materials
Nutrition
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Plant hormone
Transpiration
Turgor pressure
Bulk flow
Aleurone
Phytomelanin
Sugar
Sap
Starch
Cellulose
Plant growth and habit
Secondary growth
Woody plants
Herbaceous plants
Habit
Vines
Lianas
Shrubs
Subshrubs
Trees
Succulent plants
Reproduction
Evolution
Ecology
Alternation of generations
Sporangium
Spore
Microsporangia
Microspore
Megasporangium
Megaspore
Pollination
Pollinators
Pollen tube
Double fertilization
Germination
Evolutionary development
Evolutionary history
timeline
Plant taxonomy
History of plant systematics
Herbarium
Biological classification
Botanical nomenclature
Botanical name
Correct name
Author citation
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)
- for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
Taxonomic rank
International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
Plant taxonomy systems
Cultivated plant taxonomy
Citrus taxonomy
cultigen
cultivar
Group
grex
Practice
Agronomy
Floriculture
Forestry
Horticulture
Lists
Related topics
Botanical terms
Botanists
by author abbreviation
Botanical expedition
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporophyte&oldid=858808887"
Categories:
Plant morphology
Plant reproduction
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2009
All articles lacking in-text citations
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Кыргызча
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
29 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 September 2018, at 18:58 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_of_plants
mw-redirect
Sexual reproduction of plants

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #90EE90;

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #90EE90;;width:1%

values: Plant evolutionary developmental biology

values: International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

values: International Association for Plant Taxonomy

values: List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2009

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Sporophyte
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofiet
Sporofiet – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: نباتات بوغية – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Спорофит – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofyt
Sporofyt – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofyt
Sporofyt – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyt
Sporophyt – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: اسپوروفیت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofit
Sporofit – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofito
Sporofito – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofit
Sporofit – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofito
Sporofito – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ספורופיט – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: სპოროფიტი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Спорофит – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofyt
Sporofyt – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofytt
Sporofytt – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofit
Sporofit – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Спорофит – Russian

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofyt
Sporofyt – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofit
Sporofit – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporofyt
Sporofyt – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Спорофіт – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sporophyte rootpage-Sporophyte skin-vector action-view