text:
All men are created equal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a Philosophy series on
Humanism
History
Renaissance humanism
in Northern Europe
in France
Humanist Manifesto
Secular humanism
Center for Inquiry
A Secular Humanist Declaration
Amsterdam Declaration
Religious humanism
Christian
Jewish
Buddhist
Other forms
Cosmic
Deistic
Existential
Integral
Marxist
Neo
Personism
Rationalist
Trans
Organizations
International Humanist and
Ethical Union (IHEU)
American Humanist Association
Humanists UK
Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands
Humanist Society Scotland
Human-Etisk Forbund
See also
Antihumanism
Posthumanism
Ethical movement
Outline
List of secular humanists
Philosophy portal
v
t
e
Rights
Theoretical distinctions
Claim rights and liberty rights
Individual and group rights
Natural and legal rights
Negative and positive rights
Human rights
Civil and political
Economic, social and cultural
Three generations
Rights by beneficiary
Animals
Authors
Children
Consumers
Creditors
Elders
Fathers
Fetuses
Gun owners
Humans
Natives
Intersex
Kings
LGBT
Men
Minorities
Mothers
Patients
Plants
Prisoners
Self defense
Students
Victims
Women
Workers
Youth
Disabled persons
Other groups of rights
Civil liberties
Digital
Linguistic
Property
Reproductive
Self-determination of people
Water and sanitation
v
t
e
The quotation "All men are created equal" has been called an "immortal declaration," and "perhaps [the] single phrase" of the American Revolutionary period with the greatest "continuing importance."[1][2] Thomas Jefferson first used the phrase in the U.S. Declaration of Independence, which he penned in 1776 during the beginning of the American Revolution. It was thereafter quoted and incorporated into speeches by a wide array of substantial figures in American political and social life in the United States. The final form of the phrase was stylized by Benjamin Franklin.[3]
Contents
1 Origin of Thomas Jefferson's use of the phrase
2 Slavery and the phrase
3 Criticism
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin of Thomas Jefferson's use of the phrase[edit]
Thomas Jefferson, through his friendship with Lafayette, was heavily influenced by French philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu. In their often censored writings, those philosophers advocated that men were born free and equal. This later led to the French Revolution of 1789 and the concept of Human Rights (Droits de l'Homme in French). At the age of 33, Jefferson may have also borrowed the expression from an Italian friend and neighbor, Philip Mazzei,[4] as noted by Joint Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress as well as by John F. Kennedy in A Nation of Immigrants.[6][7]
In 1776 the Second Continental Congress asked Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman to write the Declaration of Independence. This Committee of Five voted to have Thomas Jefferson write the document. After Jefferson finished he gave the document to Franklin to proof. Franklin suggested minor changes, one of which stands out far more than the others: "We hold these truths to be sacred and un-deniable..." became "We hold these truths to be self-evident."
The second paragraph of the United States Declaration of Independence starts as follows:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;[8]
The Virginia Declaration of Rights, chiefly authored by George Mason and approved by the Virginia Convention on June 12, 1776, contains the wording:
all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights of which . . . they cannot deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.[9]
George Mason was an elder-planter who had originally stated John Locke's theory of natural rights:
All men are born equally free and independent and have certain inherent natural rights of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; among which are the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.[10]
Mason's draft was accepted by a small committee and then rejected by the Virginia Convention. Thomas Jefferson, a competent Virginia lawyer, saw this as a problem in legal writing and chose words that were more acceptable to the Second Continental Congress.
The Massachusetts Constitution, chiefly authored by John Adams in 1780, contains in its Declaration of Rights the wording:
Article I. All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness.[11]
The plaintiffs in the cases of Brom and Bett v. John Ashley and Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison argued that this provision abolished slavery in Massachusetts.[12] The latter case resulted in a "sweeping declaration . . . that the institution of slavery was incompatible with the principles of liberty and legal equality articulated in the new Massachusetts Constitution".[13]
The phrase has since been considered a hallmark statement in democratic constitutions and similar human rights instruments, many of which have adopted the phrase or variants thereof.[15]
Slavery and the phrase[edit]
The contradiction between the claim that "all men are created equal" and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration of Independence was first published. Before final approval, Congress, having made a few alterations to some of the wording, also deleted nearly a fourth of the draft, including a passage criticizing the slave trade. At that time many members of Congress, including Jefferson, owned slaves, which clearly factored into their decision to delete the controversial "anti-slavery" passage. Jefferson, an abolitionist at heart, believed adding such a passage would dissolve the independence movement. Jefferson decades before the declaration of independence, argued in court for abolition of a slave. The court dismissed the case outright. In writing the declaration, Jefferson believed the phrase "all men are created equal" to be self evident, and would ultimately resolve slavery. [16] In 1776, abolitionist Thomas Day wrote:
If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot, signing resolutions of independency with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves.[16]
Criticism[edit]
The phrase "all men are created equal" has received criticism from elitists and traditional conservatives. For instance, Richard M. Weaver writing in one of the cornerstone works of traditional conservatism, Ideas Have Consequences (1948), paraphrased a 19th-century writer in writing that "no man was ever created free and no two men [were] ever created equal". He continues:
The comity of peoples in groups large or small rests not upon this chemerical notion of equality but upon fraternity, a concept which long antedates it in history because it goes immeasurably deeper in human sentiment. The ancient feeling of brotherhood carries obligations of which equality knows nothing. It calls for respect and protection, for brotherhood is status in family, and family is by nature hierarchical.[17]
Legacy[edit]
The Vietnamese proclamation of independence, written in 1945, uses the phrase "all men are created equal" and mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence in it as well.
The Rhodesian declaration of independence, ratified in November 1965, is based on the American one, however, it omits the phrase "all men are created equal", along with "the consent of the governed".[18][19][20]
See also[edit]
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), article 1: "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good."
Is-ought problem
John Ball (1381), "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?"
Second-class citizen
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), article 1: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights..."
Equality before the law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Jack P. Greene, All Men Are Created Equal: Some Reflections on the Character of the American Revolution (1000. p. 5: "Perhaps no single phrase from the Revolutionary era has had such continuing importance in American public life as the dictum 'all men are created equal'".
Jump up ^ John Wynne Jeudwine, Pious Phrases in Politics: An Examination of Some Popular Catchwords, their Misuse and Meanings (1919), p. 27, quoting Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as referencing the "immortal declaration that all men are created equal".
Jump up ^ Peterson, Merrill. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A biography. p. 90. Oxford University Press, 1970.
Jump up ^ Philip Mazzei, The Virginia Gazette, 1774. Translated by a friend and neighbor, Thomas Jefferson:
Tutti gli uomini sono per natura egualmente liberi e indipendenti. Quest'eguaglianza è necessaria per costituire un governo libero. Bisogna che ognuno sia uguale all'altro nel diritto naturale.
Translated by Jefferson as follow:
All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government.
All men must be equal to each other in natural law
He may also have influenced Thomas Paine's Common Sense.
All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government.
All men must be equal to each other in natural law
Jump up ^ "103D CONGRESS : 2D SESSION : H. J. RES. 175" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office.
Jump up ^ According to Joint Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress, "the phrase in the Declaration of Independence 'All men are created equal' was suggested by the Italian patriot and immigrant Philip Mazzei.[5]
Jump up ^ "The great doctrine 'All men are created equal' incorporated into the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, was paraphrased from the writing of Philip Mazzei, an Italian-born patriot and pamphleteer, who was a close friend of Jefferson." by John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants pp. 15–16
Jump up ^ s:United States Declaration of Independence
Jump up ^ Virginia Declaration of Rights
Jump up ^ Blumrosen, Alfred W. and Ruth G., Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies and Sparked the American Revolution, Sourcebooks, 2005, pp. 125–26.
Jump up ^ Article I, Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1780)
Jump up ^ John J. Patrick, Founding the Republic, pp. 74–75
Jump up ^ The Massachusetts Constitution, Judicial Review and Slavery – The Quock Walker Case, Massachusetts Judicial Branch (2007).
Jump up ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". The United Nations.
Jump up ^ UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Preamble: Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity, and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world & Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[14]
^ Jump up to: a b Armitage, David. The Declaration Of Independence: A Global History. 76–77. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-674-02282-9
Jump up ^ Weaver, Richard. Ideas Have Consequences. 41-42. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. ISBN 0-226-87678-0
Jump up ^ Palley, Claire (1966). The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control (First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 750. OCLC 406157.
Jump up ^ Hillier, Tim (1998). Sourcebook on Public International Law (First ed.). London & Sydney: Cavendish Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 1-85941-050-2.
Jump up ^ Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990). Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia (First ed.). Leiden and New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 71. ISBN 0-7923-0811-5.
External links[edit]
Letter Addressed to the Commonalty of Scotland by John Knox, 1558 – an early historical occurrence of the phrase "all men are equal"
show
v
t
e
Historical documents of the United States
show
Constitution
Preamble
and Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin (State Domestic Institutions)
Child Labor
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
See also
List of Constitutional Amendments
Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–10)
Reconstruction Amendments (Amendments 13–15)
Amendment proposals in Congress
Conventions to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bill of credit
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility (Emolument)
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Congressional enforcement
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Judicial review
Nondelegation doctrine
Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Signatories
Convention President
George Washington
New Hampshire
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Connecticut
William Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman
New York
Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey
William Livingston
David Brearley
William Paterson
Jonathan Dayton
Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robert Morris
George Clymer
Thomas Fitzsimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouverneur Morris
Delaware
George Read
Gunning Bedford Jr.
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jacob Broom
Maryland
James McHenry
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
John Blair
James Madison
North Carolina
William Blount
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson
South Carolina
John Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler
Georgia
William Few
Abraham Baldwin
Convention Secretary
William Jackson
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
show
Declaration of Independence
Primary author
Thomas Jefferson
Signatories
President of Congress
John Hancock (Massachusetts)
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New York
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Delaware
George Read
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
Maryland
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Thomas Lynch Jr.
Arthur Middleton
Georgia
Button Gwinett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
Related
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Lee Resolution
Committee of Five
Document's history
signing
portrait
Second Continental Congress
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
Signers Memorial
American Revolution
show
Articles of Confederation
Signatories
Primary drafter
John Dickinson
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.
Massachusetts
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten
Rhode Island
William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams
New York
James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris
New Jersey
John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed
Delaware
Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke
Maryland
John Hanson
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee
North Carolina
John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams
South Carolina
Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Georgia
John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy
Related
Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation
American Revolution
Perpetual Union
show
Continental Association
Signatories
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph
New Hampshire
John Sullivan
Nathaniel Folsom
Massachusetts Bay
Thomas Cushing
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
Samuel Ward
Connecticut
Eliphalet Dyer
Roger Sherman
Silas Deane
New York
Isaac Low
John Alsop
John Jay
James Duane
Philip Livingston
William Floyd
Henry Wisner
Simon Boerum
New Jersey
James Kinsey
William Livingston
Stephen Crane
Richard Smith
John De Hart
Pennsylvania
Joseph Galloway
John Dickinson
Charles Humphreys
Thomas Mifflin
Edward Biddle
John Morton
George Ross
The Lower Counties
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
George Read
Maryland
Matthew Tilghman
Thomas Johnson, Junr
William Paca
Samuel Chase
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
George Washington
Patrick Henry, Junr
Richard Bland
Benjamin Harrison
Edmund Pendleton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
Richard Caswell
South Carolina
Henry Middleton
Thomas Lynch
Christopher Gadsden
John Rutledge
Edward Rutledge
Related
Virginia Association
First Continental Congress
Carpenters' Hall
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
show
v
t
e
Human rights
Human's
Children's
Intersex
Women's
Fundamental concepts
and philosophies
Natural law
Positive law
Sovereignty
Universal jurisdiction
Distinctions
Claim rights and liberty rights
Individual and group rights
Natural and legal rights
Negative and positive rights
Aspects
Corporal punishment
Organizations
List of human rights organisations
of national human rights institutions
By continent
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Portal:Human rights
show
v
t
e
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
2nd U.S. Vice President (1797–1801)
1st U.S. Secretary of State (1790–1793)
U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
Delegate, Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding
documents of
the United States
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
1776 Declaration of Independence
Committee of Five
authored
physical history
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
freedom of religion
French Revolution
Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Presidency
Inaugural Address (1801
1805)
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Corps of Discovery
timeline
Empire of Liberty
Red River Expedition
Pike Expedition
Cumberland Road
Embargo Act of 1807
Chesapeake–Leopard affair
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
First Barbary War
Native American policy
Marbury v. Madison
West Point Military Academy
State of the Union Addresses (texts
1801
1802
1805)
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Other noted
accomplishments
Early life and career
Founder, University of Virginia
history
Land Ordinance of 1784
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Anti-Administration party
Democratic-Republican Party
Jeffersonian democracy
First Party System
republicanism
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measure of the United States (1790)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801)
American Creed
Jeffersonian
architecture
Barboursville
Farmington
Monticello
gardens
Poplar Forest
University of Virginia
The Rotunda
The Lawn
Jefferson Hall
Virginia State Capitol
White House Colonnades
Other writings
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
1787 European journey memorandums
Indian removal letters
Jefferson Bible (1895)
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
Committee of the States
Founding Fathers of the United States
Franco-American alliance
Jefferson and education
Religious views
Jefferson and slavery
Jefferson and the Library of Congress
Jefferson disk
Jefferson Pier
Pet mockingbird
National Gazette
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Sally Hemings
Jefferson–Hemings controversy
Betty Hemings
Separation of church and state
Swivel chair
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Elections
United States Presidential election 1796
1800
1804
Legacy
Bibliography
Jefferson Memorial
Mount Rushmore
Birthday
Thomas Jefferson Building
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
Jefferson Lecture
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
Thomas Jefferson (Karl Bitter statues)
Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
Jefferson Lab
Monticello Association
Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson College
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Thomas Jefferson University
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Other placenames
Currency depictions
Jefferson nickel
Two-dollar bill
Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar
U.S. postage stamps
Popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
Family
Martha Jefferson (wife)
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
Madison Hemings (son)
Eston Hemings (son)
Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
Francis Eppes (grandson)
George W. Randolph (grandson)
John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
Peter Jefferson (father)
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
Isham Randolph (grandfather)
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
← John Adams
James Madison →
Category
show
v
t
e
George Mason
United States
Founding events
Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
"All men are created equal"
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
Freedom of the press
Freedom of religion
Consent of the governed
Baseless search and seizure
Cruel and unusual punishment
Speedy trial
1776 Virginia Constitution
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
history
Founding Father
Writings inspired
1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France)
1789 United States Bill of Rights
Life
Chopawamsic plantation
Gunston Hall
On slavery
Ohio Company
Legacy
George Mason Memorial
George Mason University
George Mason Stadium
George Mason Memorial Bridge
George Mason High School
18-cent postage stamp
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Revolution
patriots
Wilson v. Mason
Hollin Hall
Woodbridge plantation
Mason's Island
Family
George Mason V (son)
William Mason (son)
Thomson Mason (son)
John Mason (son)
Thomas Mason (son)
George Mason III (father)
Thomson Mason (brother)
George Mason II (grandfather)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_men_are_created_equal&oldid=865764510"
Categories:
Concepts in ethics
Egalitarianism
Human rights concepts
Political catchphrases
English phrases
United States Declaration of Independence
Ethical principles
Humanism
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latina
Română
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 00:32 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #a8f;

value: li

value: ul

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0.6em 0.6em;

values: International Humanist and Ethical Union

values:
/wiki/Human-Etisk_Forbund
mw-redirect
Human-Etisk Forbund

values: vertical-navbox nowraplinks toccolours plainlist

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #a8f;

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Origin of Thomas Jefferson's use of the phrase

values: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

values:
/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution
mw-redirect
Massachusetts Constitution

values:
/wiki/Traditional_conservatism
mw-redirect
Traditional conservatism

values: Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

values: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values:
/wiki/Is-ought_problem
mw-redirect
Is-ought problem

values: s:United States Declaration of Independence

values: s:Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1780)

values:
nofollow
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/406157

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Historical American Documents

values: Preamble to the United States Constitution

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Article Five of the United States Constitution

values: Article Six of the United States Constitution

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Article_the_First
mw-redirect
Article the First

values: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: Signing of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Bill_of_credit
mw-redirect
Bill of credit

values: Oath of office of the President of the United States

values: List of clauses of the United States Constitution

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: United States constitutional sentencing law

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_powers
mw-redirect
Enumerated powers

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: George Read (American politician, born 1733)

values: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

values: United States Constitution and worldwide influence

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)

values: William Williams (Connecticut politician)

values: Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)

values: Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

values: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

values:
/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina
mw-redirect
Province of North Carolina

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
*_Human's
*_Children's
*_Intersex
*_Women's

values: Human rights in North America (page does not exist)

values: Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)

values: Human rights in South America (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of Secretaries of State of the United States

values: A Summary View of the Rights of British America

values: s:Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address

values: s:Thomas Jefferson's Second Inaugural Address

values: Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

values:
/wiki/Pike_expedition
mw-redirect
Pike expedition

values: History of the United States Military Academy

values: List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson

values: Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson

values: Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

values: Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787

values: United States presidential election, 1796

values: United States presidential election, 1800

values: United States presidential election, 1804

values: Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service

values: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

values: George Washington and Jefferson National Forests

values: List of places named for Thomas Jefferson

values: List of Presidents of the United States on currency

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:United States Declaration of Independence

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Semua manusia diciptakan setara – Indonesian

values: Tutti gli uomini sono stati creati uguali – Italian

values: Toți oamenii sunt creați egali – Romanian

values: 人皆生而平等 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-All_men_are_created_equal rootpage-All_men_are_created_equal skin-vector action-view


text:
New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
British – New Zealand relations

United Kingdom

New Zealand
Diplomatic Mission
British High Commission, Wellington
New Zealand High Commission, London
Envoy
High Commissioner Jonathan Sinclair
High Commissioner Sir Jerry Mateparae
New Zealand – United Kingdom relations refers to bilateral relations between New Zealand and the United Kingdom. New Zealand has maintained a strong and steadfast relationship with Great Britain.[1]
Both New Zealand and the United Kingdom are constitutional monarchies, independently sharing the same Queen, Elizabeth II.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-independence relations
1.2 Settlers
2 Toponymy
3 Law
4 Citizenship and nationality
5 Economic relations
6 Travel
7 Sport
8 Co-involvement in international organizations and multilateral treaties
9 Bilateral representation
10 Official visits
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Pre-independence relations[edit]
Further information: First voyage of James Cook and Treaty of Waitangi
During the first voyage, James Cook reached New Zealand on 6 October 1769, becoming the first British explorer to do so.[citation needed] Secret directives had been supplied to Cook for this portion of his expedition, instructing him to search firstly for the fabled Terra Australis and, if unsuccessful, to make instead as extensive an exploration of the New Zealand coast as resources allowed. The document that Cook was given declared that these missions were intended to further demonstrate Great Britain's maritime prowess, to bring honour to the Crown and to explore new opportunities for trade and navigation.[2]
Almost sixty years later, formal British representation in New Zealand began with the posting of James Busby to the islands as the British Resident, who was sent in response to the concerns of a number of northern Māori leaders over the lawlessness of local European settlers. Since 1816, a number of Māori chiefs had travelled to England and the colonies to explore options for the establishing of a Māori government and, in 1834, Busby drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand, ratified by a number of northern chiefs in 1835. As part of this process, King William IV recognised and agreed to act as protector for the newly formed state.
the Treaty of Waitangi was formed, which was signed by a number of Māori chiefs and representatives of the British Crown on 6 February 1840. British sovereignty was declared later in May of that year.
New Zealand became a separate British Colony in 1841 and, eleven years later, the British Parliament passed the first fully implemented Act to grant self-governance to the new colony. Formal British influence gradually diminished, as the power of successive Governors waned with respect to that of the nascent New Zealand Parliament. Dominion status followed in 1907, providing almost complete independence from the government of Britain and New Zealand separately joined the League of Nations in 1926. The Balfour declaration of 1926 emphasised the equal status of members of the British Empire and their free association in the British Commonwealth, (latterly the Commonwealth of Nations).
With the 1931 Statute of Westminster, the complete independence of the Dominions was confirmed by the British Parliament, though this was not adopted in New Zealand until some time later, through the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.
Settlers[edit]
Much of the migration to New Zealand took place from the constituent countries of the British Isles. This was facilitated from 1839 by the New Zealand Company founded for the purpose of colonization. The work of the Otago Association and Canterbury Association in establishing the primarily Scottish settlement in Dunedin and the primarily English settlement in Christchurch, respectively, encouraged further New Zealand-bound emigration from Britain.
Around 80% of New Zealanders can claim some British ancestry and an estimated 17% are entitled to British passports.[3]
Toponymy[edit]
Main article: New Zealand place names
Captain James Cook's map of New Zealand, using a mixture of English and Māori place-names.
From the anglicisation of the Dutch appellation Nieuw Zeeland onward, historical ties with the United Kingdom have contributed substantially to New Zealand's toponymy.[citation needed] James Cook's early map combined local Māori place-names with a number of his own coinages. Subsequent settlers added references to places in United Kingdom, aristocratic sponsors, early British explorers, the Royal Family, battles in which the United Kingdom was involved and notable institutions such as Christ Church, Oxford.[4]
Many of these contributions have been retained in common usage, often alongside pre-existing Māori placenames.
Law[edit]
Through the first Act of the First New Zealand Parliament (in 1854), those applicable English laws that were enacted prior to the appointment of William Hobson, were adopted in New Zealand.[5] As such, New Zealand inherited an uncodified constitution but, unlike the other former dominions, it has not been codified through an overarching document or documents.[6]
Enactments by the UK Parliament specifically and substantially relating to New Zealand include:
Canterbury Settlement Lands Act 1850
Canterbury Association Act 1851
New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 (repealed 1852)
New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (repealed by the Constitution Act 1986)
New Zealand Boundaries Act 1863[7]
Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (repealed 1947)
Statute of Westminster 1931 (leading to the New Zealand adoption Act - Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947)
New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947 (as a result of the New Zealand Constitution (Request and Consent) Act 1947)
Taxation
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (New Zealand) Order 2004[8]
The Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (New Zealand) Order 2008[9]
A number of these acts were repealed through the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989.[10]
Citizenship and nationality[edit]
The British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 established the legal concept of New Zealand citizenship; prior to this, all people born or naturalised in New Zealand had the status of "British subject", just as those born or naturalised in the United Kingdom, or any of the other dominions.[11] At a similar time, those in the dominions were omitted from a new status, defined in the British Nationality Act 1948, of "Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies", a forerunner to the modern concept of British citizenship. New Zealand passports carried the wording "British Subject" until the Citizenship Act 1977.
Economic relations[edit]
Britain has however tied itself somewhat to European trade in recent years, forcing New Zealand and Australia to seek new markets and trade with the Asia-Pacific region. New Zealand has a large influence over former British colonies in the Pacific and the British territory of Pitcairn.
Up to about the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline when the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) in 1973, with the share of exports going to Britain having fallen to only 6.2 percent in 2000.[12] Historically, some industries, such as dairying, a major economic factor in the former colony, had even more dominant trade links, with 80–100% of all cheese and butter exports going to Britain from around 1890 to 1940.[13]
According to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, recent annual New Zealand exports to the United Kingdom have accounted for at least NZ$1.76 billion worth of trade, and over NZ$1 billion in the opposite direction. Meat products make up almost half of exports and the largest imports are machinery and vehicles.[1]
A bilateral business association, British New Zealand Business Association Inc., was established in 1917 and aims to promote reciprocal trade and the interests of association members undertaking trade between the two nations.[14]
Travel[edit]
New Zealand residency grants by country - 2004
According to the New Zealand High Commission in London, Britain is the third largest source of tourists to New Zealand.[15]
London has the highest density of people born in New Zealand of all British regions, 47% of them choosing to live there according to the 2001 census.[16]
Sport[edit]
Several popular sports in New Zealand find their origins in English sporting history such as rugby union, rugby league and cricket. The first interclub rugby union match in New Zealand, in Nelson, took place in 1870 and was inspired by a teacher returning from England with a knowledge of the new game.[17] The London New Zealand Cricket Club is a popular cricket team which plays in the United Kingdom.
Co-involvement in international organizations and multilateral treaties[edit]
New Zealand and Britain are both members of a number of international bodies, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and the OECD. Defence arrangements involving both Britain and New Zealand include the Five Power Defence Arrangements, and the UK-USA Security Agreement for intelligence sharing. Since 2006, New Zealand has been a party to the ABCA interoperability arrangement of national defence forces, which has always included Britain. ANZUK was a tripartite force formed by Australia, New Zealand and Britain to defend the Asian Pacific region after Britain withdrew forces from the east of Suez in the early seventies. The ANZUK force was formed in 1971 and disbanded in 1974. The SEATO anti-communist defence organisation also extended membership to both countries for the duration of its existence from 1955 to 1977.
Bilateral representation[edit]
The High Commission of New Zealand to the United Kingdom in London
The High Commission of the United Kingdom to New Zealand in Wellington
New Zealand has maintained a resident Head of Mission in the United Kingdom since 1871. The current High Commissioner from New Zealand to the United Kingdom is Lockwood Smith. The current High Commissioner from the United Kingdom to New Zealand is Jonathan Sinclair. The Governor-General of New Zealand fulfilled the role of the High Commissioner from the United Kingdom to New Zealand from its inception until 1939. Subsequently, separate appointments were made; this distinguished the representation of the British Government in New Zealand from that of the shared monarch, in sympathy with the principles set out under the Balfour declaration thirteen years earlier.
Several New Zealand public bodies have official representatives in Britain and Honorary Consuls are based in the UK constituent countries of Scotland and Northern Ireland.[18]
Official visits[edit]
Regular ministerial and VIP visits from New Zealand to Britain, and vice versa, take place each year. During 2009, at least 10 such official visits took place from New Zealand to the United Kingdom and at least 8 from the United Kingdom to New Zealand.[19]
See also[edit]
New Zealand portal
United Kingdom portal
International relations portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "United Kingdom Country Information Paper". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Secret Instructions to Captain Cook, 30 June 1768" (PDF). National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Country Profile: New Zealand". Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK). Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Carrington, C E, John Robert Godley of Canterbury, CUP, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-521-07275-5
Jump up ^ "Law and the Economy". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Contrast with Constitution of Canada, Constitution of South Africa, Constitution of Australia, Constitution of the Irish Free State
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Boundaries Act 1863 (c.23)". Office of Public Sector Information (UK). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (New Zealand) Order 2004". Office of Public Sector Information (UK). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (New Zealand) Order 2008". Office of Public Sector Information (UK). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989 (c. 43)". Office of Public Sector Information (UK). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating 60 Years of New Zealand Citizenship". The Department of Internal Affairs (NZ). Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand's Export Markets year ended June 2000 (provisional)". Statistics New Zealand. June 2000. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Historical Atlas – McKinnon, Malcolm (Editor); David Bateman, 1997, Plate 61
Jump up ^ For more information: "About Us". British New Zealand Business Association Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Relationship between the United Kingdom and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Born Abroad: An immigration map of Britain". BBC. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rugby Union Football; History". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Representatives Overseas; United Kingdom". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom Country Information Paper (Visits)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ). Retrieved 15 June 2010.
External links[edit]
Media related to New Zealand – United Kingdom relations at Wikimedia Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of New Zealand
Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Mexico
United States
Asia
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Malaysia
North Korea
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Turkey
Vietnam
Europe
Denmark
France
Greece
Ireland
Norway
Poland
Russia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Samoa
Multilateral relations
European Union
United Nations
Free trade agreements
Diplomatic relations of / in New Zealand
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
[show]
Bilateral relations
Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Kenya
Libya
Morocco
Namibia
Nigeria
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
Cyprus
India (Cayman Islands)
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Mongolia
Malaysia
North Korea
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
France
Germany
Greece
Holy See
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Lithuania
Malta
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
North America
Barbados
Canada
Cuba
Grenada
Mexico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States (Special Relationship • Cayman Islands • Bermuda)
Oceania
Australia
Nauru
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Uruguay
Venezuela
[show]
Multilateral relations
UK and the United Nations
Commonwealth of Nations
European Union
[show]
Diplomacy
History
1814–1919
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Secretary of State
Diplomatic missions of / in the United Kingdom
Category
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand–United_Kingdom_relations&oldid=828164458"
Categories:
New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
Bilateral relations of New Zealand
Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom
Relations of colonizer and former colony
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
한국어
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 February 2018, at 22:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Map indicating locations of United Kingdom and New Zealand

attrs: href class title

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: scope style

values:
col
width:50%; text-align:center

values: width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;

values: List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to New Zealand

values:
/wiki/Jonathan_Sinclair_(diplomat)
mw-redirect
Jonathan Sinclair (diplomat)

values: List of High Commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom

values: Edit section: Pre-independence relations

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/British_Resident
mw-redirect
British Resident

values:
/wiki/British_Colony
mw-redirect
British Colony

values:
/wiki/British_Parliament
mw-redirect
British Parliament

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/British_Commonwealth
mw-redirect
British Commonwealth

values: Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947

values:
/wiki/First_New_Zealand_Parliament
mw-redirect
First New Zealand Parliament

values: New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947

values: Edit section: Citizenship and nationality

values:
/wiki/British_citizenship
mw-redirect
British citizenship

values: Citizenship Act 1977 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Pitcairn_Island
mw-redirect
Pitcairn Island

values: Edit section: Co-involvement in international organizations and multilateral treaties

values:
/wiki/UK-USA_Security_Agreement
mw-redirect
UK-USA Security Agreement

values: List of high commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom

values: List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to New Zealand

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bnzba.co.nz/About-Us.asp

values: commons:Category:New Zealand – United Kingdom relations

values: Template:Foreign relations of New Zealand

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of New Zealand

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/New_Zealand_free_trade_agreements
mw-redirect
New Zealand free trade agreements

values: List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand

values: List of diplomatic missions in New Zealand

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

values: col navbox-title 3 background:lightsteelblue;

values: Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations

values: United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations

values: Saint Kitts and Nevis–United Kingdom relations

values: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United Kingdom relations

values: Trinidad and Tobago–United Kingdom relations

values: Papua New Guinea–United Kingdom relations

values: Solomon Islands–United Kingdom relations

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

values: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

values: Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

values: List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom

values: List of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

values: commons:Category:International relations of the United Kingdom

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
background:lightsteelblue;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:New Zealand–United Kingdom relations

values: Category:Bilateral relations of New Zealand

values: Category:Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom

values: Category:Relations of colonizer and former colony

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: 뉴질랜드-영국 관계 – Korean

values: 新西蘭－英國關係 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-New_Zealand–United_Kingdom_relations rootpage-New_Zealand–United_Kingdom_relations skin-vector action-view