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Military production during World War II
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Russian women working in city factory at the height of the Siege of Leningrad
Assembly line of Messerschmitt Bf 109G-6s fighters in a German aircraft factory
Military production during World War II includes the arms, ammunitions, personnel and financing which were mobilized for the war. Military production, in this article, means everything produced by the belligerents from the occupation of Austria in early 1938 to the surrender and occupation of Japan in late 1945.
The mobilization of funds, people, natural resources and matériel for the production and supply of military equipment and military forces during World War II was a critical component of the war effort. During the conflict, the Allies outpaced the Axis powers in most production categories. Access to the funding and industrial resources necessary to sustain the war effort was linked to their respective economic and political alliances. As formerly neutral powers (such as the United States) joined the escalating conflict, territory changed hands, combatants were defeated, the balance of power shifted in favour of the Allies (as did the means to sustain the military production required to win the war).
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical context
2 Production summaries 1939–1945
2.1 Personnel
2.2 Major weapons groups
2.3 Economy
2.4 Vital commerce and raw materials
3 Production overview: service, power and type
3.1 Land forces
3.2 Air forces
3.3 Naval forces
3.4 Commercial forces
3.5 Resources
4 Reference data for summary tables
4.1 GDP
5 United States World War II GDP (compared to other countries)
5.1 GDP during World War II
5.2 Unemployment during World War II
5.3 Price of war
5.3.1 Production during War
5.4 Personnel – Allied – Britain, dominions and possessions
5.5 Personnel – Axis – German Reich
5.6 Aircraft – Allied – British Empire
5.7 Aircraft – Allies – France, Poland and minor powers
5.8 Aircraft - Axis - All
6 Propaganda posters
7 See also
8 Notes
8.1 Citations
8.2 Table data
8.2.1 Personnel -Allied - British Empire
8.2.2 Personnel - Axis
8.2.3 Aircraft - Allied
8.2.4 Aircraft - Axis
8.3 Raw materials
8.4 Official histories
8.5 Bibliography
9 External links
Historical context[edit]
German poster entitled "Designing and Building the East"
During the 1930s, political forces in Germany increased their financial investment in the military to develop the armed forces required to support near- and long-term political and territorial goals. Germany's economic, scientific, research and industrial capabilities were one of the most technically advanced in the world at the time and supported a rapidly growing, innovative military. However, access to (and control of) the resources and production capacity required to entertain long-term goals (such as European control, German territorial expansion and the destruction of the USSR) were limited. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders. Germany's military production was tied to resources outside its area of control, a dynamic not found amongst the Allies.
British Empire in 1921
In 1938 the Britain was a global superpower, with political and economic control of a quarter of the world's population, industry and resources, in addition to its close allies in the independent Dominion nations (such as Canada and South Africa). From 1938 to mid-1942, the British coordinated the Allied effort in all global theatres. They fought the German, Italian, Japanese and Vichy armies, air forces and navies across Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, India, the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Arctic Oceans. British forces destroyed Italian armies in North and East Africa and occupied overseas colonies of occupied European nations. Following engagements with Axis forces, British Empire troops occupied Libya, Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran and Iraq. The Empire funded and delivered needed supplies by Arctic convoys to the USSR, and supported Free French forces to recapture French Equatorial Africa. Britain also established governments in exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied effort. The British defeated, held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing their globally integrated economy and industrial infrastructure to build what became, by 1942, the most extensive military apparatus of the war. This allowed their later allies (such as the United States) to mobilise their economies and develop the military forces required to play a role in the war effort, and for the British to go on the offensive in its theatres of operation.
The first atomic bomb
The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941 injected financial, human and industrial resources into Allied operations. The US produced more than its own military forces required and armed itself and its allies for the most industrialized war in history.[1] At the beginning of the war, the British and French placed large orders for aircraft with American manufacturers and the US Congress approved plans to increase its air forces by 3,000 planes. In May 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt called for the production of 185,000 aeroplanes, 120,000 tanks, 55,000 anti-aircraft guns and 18 million tons of merchant shipping in two years. Adolf Hitler was told by his advisors that this was American propaganda; in 1939, annual aircraft production for the US military was less than 3,000 planes. By the end of the war US factories had produced 300,000 planes,[2][3] and by 1944 had produced two-thirds of the Allied military equipment used in the war[citation needed] — bringing military forces into play in North and South America, the Caribbean, the Atlantic, Western Europe and the Pacific.
The U.S. produced vast quantities of military equipment into late 1945, including nuclear weapons, and became the strongest, most technologically advanced military forces in the world. In addition to out-producing the Axis, the Allies produced technological innovations; through the Tizard Mission, British contributions included radar (instrumental in winning the Battle of Britain), sonar (improving their ability to sink U-boats), and the proximity fuze; the Americans led the Manhattan Project (which eliminated the need to invade Japan). The proximity fuze, for example, was five times as effective as contact or timed fuzes and was devastating in naval use against Japanese aircraft and so effective against German ground troops that General George S. Patton said it "won the Battle of the Bulge for us."[4]
The human and social costs of the war on the population of the USSR were immense, with combat deaths alone in the millions. Recognising the importance of their population and industrial production to the war effort, the USSR evacuated the majority of its European territory—moving 2,500 factories, 17 million people and great quantities of resources to the east.[5] Out of German reach, the USSR produced equipment and forces critical to the Axis defeat in Europe. Over one million women served in the Soviet armed forces.
Assembly line production of fighter aircraft near Niagara Falls, New York
The statistics below illustrate the extent to which the Allies outproduced the Axis. Production of machine tools tripled, and thousands of ships were built in shipyards which did not exist before the war.[6] According to William S. Knudsen, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."[7]
Access to resources and large, controlled international labour pools and the ability to build arms in relative peace were critical to the eventual victory of the Allies. Donald Douglas (founder of the Douglas Aircraft Company) declared, "Here's proof that free men can out-produce slaves."[8]
Production summaries 1939–1945[edit]
Personnel[edit]
Service
Allies
Axis
Combat
Auxiliary
Merchant Marine
Irregulars
Total 80,000,000 30,000,000
Major weapons groups[edit]
System
Allies
Axis
Tanks, self-propelled artillery, vehicles 4,358,649 670,288
Artillery, mortars, guns 6,792,696 1,363,491
Aircraft 637,248 229,331
Missiles (only for test) 45,458
Ships 54,932 1,670
Economy[edit]
In thousands of international dollars, at 2014 prices.[citation needed]
Service
Allies
Axis
GDP 97,707,908,723.20 10,268,201,776.37
Expenditure
[9]
Vital commerce and raw materials[edit]
To move raw materials and supply distant forces, large numbers of cargo ships had to be built
Category
Allies
Axis
Cargo ships 47,118 x
Merchant shipping 46,817,172 5,621,967
Coal 4,581,400,000 2,629,900,000
Crude oil 1,043,000,000 66,000,000
Steel 733,006,633 x
Aluminium 5,104,697 1,199,150
Asbestos 3,934,043 x
Cargo and resources in metric tonnes
Production overview: service, power and type[edit]
Land forces[edit]
See also: British armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II, French combat vehicle production during World War II, American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II, Soviet combat vehicle production during World War II, and German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II
Power
Tanks & SPGs
Armoured vehicles
Other vehicles
Artillery
Mortars
Machine guns
Personnel
British Empire 47,862 47,420 1,475,521 226,113 239,540 1,090,410 11,192,533
USA and territories 108,410 2,382,311 257,390 105,055 2,679,840 10,000,000
USSR 106,025 197,100 516,648 200,300 1,477,400 34,401,807
Other
Allies 256,297 47,420 4,054,932 1,000,151 544,895 5,247,650
Germany and territories 67,429 345,914 159,147 73,484 674,280 1,000,730 16,540,835
Hungary 908 447 4,583
Romania 91 251 2,800 10,000
Italian Empire 3,368 83,000 7,200 22,000
Japanese Empire 4,524 165,945 13,350 29,000 380,000
Other
Axis 76,320 346,165 408,092 97,281 725,280 1,395,313
Air forces[edit]
Power
Total
Fighters
Attack
Bombers
Recon
Transport
Training
Other
Personnel
British Empire 177,025 38,786 33,811 38,158 7,014 12,585 46,256 415 1,927,395
USA and territories 324,000 99,000 197,000 123,900 57,000 2,400,000
USSR 136,223 22,301 37,549 21,116 17,332 4,061
Other
Allies 637,248 164,087 71,360 156,274 7,014 153,817 107,317 415
Germany and territories 133,387 57,653 8,991 28,577 5,025 8,396 14,311 11,361 3,402,200
Romania 1,113 513 272 128 0 200 0 0
Italian Empire 13,402 6,157 34 3,381 388 2,471 968 3
Japanese Empire 64,484 33,405 9,558 11,943 3,709 1,073 3,420 1,376
Other 9,849 881 4 395 318 1,880 5,145 57
Axis 222,235 98,609 18,859 44,424 11,002 14,020 22,944 12,794
Naval forces[edit]
Power
Total large ships
Carriers
Battleships
Cruisers
Destroyers
Frigates
Corvettes
Sloops
Patrol boats
Submarines
De/ Mining
Landing craft
Personnel
British Empire 890 41(24) 6[note 1] 102 291 209 387 33 4,209 238 1,244 9,538 1,227,415
USA and territories 6,771 124(101) 8 48 349 245 35,000 x
USSR 2[note 2] 2 25 52
Other
Allies 165(125) 16 152 665 209 387 33 4,209 568 1,244 44,538
Germany & territories 1 2 17 1,152 540 1,500,000
Italian Empire 1 3 6 6 63
Japanese Empire 18 2 9 63 199
Romania 8 2 5
Other
Axis ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1,416
During the war, Romania built the minelayer Amiral Murgescu, the submarines Rechinul and Marsuinul, a class of four minesweepers, a class of two gunboats[10] and completed six British Power Boat motor torpedo boats.[11][12]
Commercial forces[edit]
British Empire
USA
USSR
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Romania
Harbour craft 1,092
Cargo 1,361
Cargo tonnage 12,823,942 33,993,230 1,469,606 4,152,361
Resources[edit]
Country
Coal
Iron ore
Crude oil
Steel
Aluminium
Nickel
Zinc
!a -9999 -9999 -9999
USA 2,149.7 396.9 833.2
Britain[13] 1,441.2 119.2 90.8 3.700 0.205
Australia 83.1 1.56
India[14] 196.7 6.0 1.12
Canada 101.9 3.6 8.4 16.4 3.500[15]
New Zealand[16] 18
USSR 590.8 71.3 110.6 0.263[17] 0.069[18] 0.384[18]
Total Allied
4581.4 597 1043
Germany 2,420.3 240.7 33.4[19] 1.9[20] 0.046[20] 2.1[20]
Japan 184.5 21.0 5.2
Italy 16.9 4.4
Hungary 6.6 14.1 3.1
Romania 1.6 10.8 25.0
Total Axis
2629.9 291
~z 99999999 99999999 99999999
All figures in millions of tonnes
See also: Swedish iron-ore mining during World War II
Reference data for summary tables[edit]
The relationship in GDP between the major Allied and Axis powers 1938–1945
GDP[edit]
GDP provides insight into the relative strength of the belligerents in the run up to, and during the conflict.
Gross domestic product[nb 1][21][22]
Country
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
United Kingdom 284 287 316 344 353 361 346 331
Dominions 115
Colonies 285
British Empire
684 687 716 744 753 761 746 731
France 186 199 82 130 116 110 93 101
Colonies 49
French Empire
235 248 131 179 165 159 142 150
Soviet Union 359 366 417 359 274 305 362 343
Occupied
Soviet Union Total
359 366 417 359 274 305 362 343
United States 800 869 943 1094 1235 1399 1499 1474
Colonies 24
United States Total
824 893 968 1118 1259 1423 1523 1498
Nationalist China
320.5
German Reich 351 384 387 412 417 426 437 310
Occupied 77 430 733 733 430 244
German Reich Total
351 461 817 1145 1150 856 681 310
Italy 141 151 147 144 145 137 117 92
Colonies 3
Occupied 20 20 20 20
Italian Empire
144 154 170 167 168 160 140 115
Japan 169 184 192 196 197 194 189 144
Colonies 63
Occupied
Japanese Empire
232 247 255 259 260 257 252 207
Romania
24
Hungary
24
Bulgaria
10
Albania
1
Romanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Albanian GDP calculated by multiplying the GDP per capita of the four countries in 1938 ($1,242 for Romania, $2,655 for Hungary, $1,595 for Bulgaria and over $900 for Albania)[23] by their estimated populations in 1938: 19,750,000 for Romania,[24] 9,082,400 for Hungary,[25] 6,380,000 for Bulgaria[26] and 1,040,400 for Albania.[27]
Jump up ^ Billions of international dollars, at 1990 prices. Adjusted annually for changing compositions within each alliance.
Table notes
France to Axis: 1940:50% (light green), 1941–44:100% (brown)
USSR to Allies: 1941:44% (light green), 1942–1945:100%.
US direct support to the Allies begins with Lend Lease in March 1941, though the US made it possible for the Allies to purchase US-produced materiel from 1939[28]
Italy to Allies and Axis: 1938:0%, 1939–1943:100% Axis (brown), 1944-1945:100% Allies
Japanese to Axis begins with Tripartite Pact in 1940
The Allied and Axis totals are not the immediate sum of the table values; see the distribution rules[clarification needed] used above.
United States World War II GDP (compared to other countries)[edit]
The United States had the highest amount of gross domestic product out of a total of six empires during World War II, including the British empire, French empire, the Soviet Union, the German Reich, Italian empire, and finally the Japanese empire. Through the years of 1938 and 1945 each year you can see a rise in GDP of almost double the amount of other countries. Most stats were measured in the 800s through thousands, while other empires only had numbers ranging from 200 to 400.[29]
GDP during World War II[edit]
Debt and higher taxes led to GDP growth percentages over 17%. This trend continued throughout the war and stopped increasing after the war ended. For the United States, government spending was used as a positive indicator of GDP growth. However the high rates of government only was beneficial for a short period of time, a trend that can be seen in most wars.[30]
Before World War II government spending in 1941 represented 30% of GDP, or about $408 billion. in 1944 at the peak of World War II, government spending had risen to over $1.6 trillion about 79% of the GDP. During this three-year period the total GDP represented by government spending rose 394%.[31]
Unemployment during World War II[edit]
During World War II Unemployment by 1945 had fallen to 1.9% from 14.6% in 1940. 20% of the population during the war was employed within the armed forces.[32]
The beginning years of World War II shows a spike in employment, but towards the end of the war decreased significantly. The employment spike was in relation to the tremendous amount of production the United States was making. Examples of high numbers of employment could have been seen in at Gulf Shipbuilding which obtained 240 employees at the beginning of 1940 and increased to 11,600 employees in 1943. Alabama Dry dock also was an exemplary business in employment that raised number from 1,000 workers to 30,000 in the most productive years of the war. Demographics of employment consisted of eight million women including African Americans and Latinas, adding to the 24 million that searched for defensive jobs outside of the war. [33] [34]
Price of war[edit]
Many concerns and political influence come from the price of war. While GDP can easily increase Federal expenditures, it also can influence political elections and government decision making. No matter how much percentages of GDP increase or decrease we need higher amounts of GDP in order to pay for more investments, one of those investments being more wars. To pay for these wars, taxes are held at a very high rate. For example, by the end of World War II tax rates went from 1.5% to 15%. Along with tax percentages reaching high amounts, spending on non-defense programs were cut in half during the period of World War II. Tax cuts allow one to see GDP in effect for the average American. Still, almost ten years after World War II, in 1950 and 1951 congress raised taxes close to 4% in order to pay for the Korean War. After the Korean War, in 1968 taxes again were raised 10% to pay for the Vietnam War. This caused GDP to raise 1%. Although research can support positive relationship between production and jobs with GDP, research can also show the negative relationship with tax increases and GDP.[35]
Production during War[edit]
The United States took caution on the amount of production created during World War II because of their still recovering from the Great Depression. However FDR set enormous production goals to fulfill during the war. The early 1940s were set to have 60,000 aircraft increasing to 125,000 in 1943, also with the production of 120,000 tanks and 55,000 aircraft in the same time period. Ford Motor Company in Michigan built one Ford car made of 15,000 parts on the assembly lines every 63 seconds. Fords production contributed to America's total production of vehicles in 1941 totaling three million. America surpassed production numbers that caused employment to skyrocket. Compared to Japan, America excelled production at the rate it took Japan all war, building more planes in 1944 than Japan built in the years 1939–1945. As a result, half of the production of war from the whole world came from America. Government paid for production using techniques of selling war bonds to finical institutions, rationing household items, and creating more tax revenues. Contributing to the manufacturing boom during the war can trace back to the 1930s and the help of the Alcoa plant. The Alcoa plant prepared millions of pound of aluminum that was used for the production of 304,000 airplanes created during the war. The United States quickly adjusted to huge amount of production loads that can be credited for the hundreds of thousands military and war products used during World War II.[36]
Personnel – Allied – Britain, dominions and possessions[edit]
Including all non-British subjects in British services.[37]
Army Army (female) Navy Navy (female) Marines Air Force Air Force (female) Auxiliary Merchant marine Partisans Total combat Other labour
Aden 1,200
Australia 727,703 24,026 36,976 3,000 0 124,007 27,000 4,500 942,712
Argentine volunteers[38] 1,700 1,700 600 4,000
Basutoland/Bechuana/Swaziland 10,000 36,000
Free Belgian Forces 42,300 1,200 1,900 45,770 370
Britain 3,300,000 210,309 865,000 74,000 78,500 1,208,000 181,909 1,500,000 185,000 7,602,718
B. Indian Ocean 6,500 6,500
Canada 705,374 25,251 99,822 7,100 222,501 27,123 82,163 18,000 1,187,334
Caribbean / Bermuda 10,000
Ceylon 26,000
Chinese volunteers 10,000 10,000
Cyprus 30,000 30,000
Czech volunteers 4,000 2,000 6,000
East Africa 200,000 228,000
Egypt 100,000 100,000
Falklands 200
Fiji 7,000 1,071 7,000
Free French Forces 3,700 20 3,720
Free Greek 5,000 8,500 250 14,000
Gibraltar 700
Guiana, British 32 10 42 33 48 196 31
Hong Kong 2,200 2,200
India 2,500,000 11,000 45,947 30,000 50,000 2,586,957 14,000,000
Ireland 70,000 70,000
Lesoto 21,000 21,000
Free Luxembourg 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80
Malaysia 1,500 0 1,450 0 0 0 0 3,215 0 4,800 10,965
Malta 8,200
Mauritius 6,800 3,500
Nepal 250,280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250,280
Free Dutch 4,000 1,000 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 6,000
Note:
Auxiliary units include Home Guard, Reserves, Police regiments, etc.
Personnel – Axis – German Reich[edit]
This includes all German and non-German subjects serving within German Reich forces
Army
Army (female)
Navy
Navy (female)
Marines
Air force
Air force (female)
Auxiliary
Merchant marine
Partisans
Total combat
Other labour
Albania 9,000 9,000
Arab legion 20,000 20,000
Belgium 22,000 22,000
British Empire 3,500 3,500
Bulgaria 30,000 90,000
Croatia 55,500 500 400 32,000 88,400
Czech
Denmark 12,000 12,000
Finland vol 2,500 2,500
France & territories 8,000 4,500 5,080 17,580 348,500
Germany & territories 14,793,200 1,500,000 3,400,000 19,693,200
Greece 22,000 22,000
Hungary 40,000 40,000
Italy 18,000 18,000
Luxembourg 12,035 12,035
Netherlands 45,000 45,000
Norway 50,000 1,500 1,500 53,000
Poland 75,000 45,000 120,000
Portugal 200 200
Romania 55,000 55,000
Serbia 10,000 10,000
Slovakia
Slovenia 6,000 6,000
Spain 47,000 47,000
Sweden 300 300
Switzerland 800 800
USA 20 20
USSR 1,051,000 300 100,000 1,151,300
German Reich 16,336,755 1,506,500 3,402,200 204,080 21,449,535 348,000
Note:
Auxiliary units include Home Guard, Wehrmachtsgefolge, Reserves, Police regiments, etc.
USSR includes Armenia 4k SS,14k Wehr, 7k Aux; Azerbaijan 55k SS, 70k Wehr; Belarus 12k Wehr, 20k Aux; Cossack 200k Wehr; Estonia 20k SS, 50k Wehr, 7k Aux; Georgia 10k SS; 30k Wehr; Kalmyk 5k Wehr; Latvia 55k SS; 87k Wehr, 300 Air, 23k Aux; Lithuania 50k Wehr, 10 Aux; North Caucuses 4k SS; Russia 60k SS, 26k Wehr; Turkestan 16k Wehr; Ukrainian 300k Wehr; 2k Aux; Tatar/Urals 12k Wehr
Aircraft – Allied – British Empire[edit]
See also: List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II
Within the UK, initially aircraft production was very vulnerable to enemy bombing. To expand and diversify the production base the British setup "Shadow factories". These brought other manufacturing companies – such as vehicle manufacturers – into aircraft production, or aircraft parts production. These inexperienced companies were set up in groups under the guidance or control of the aircraft manufacturers. New factory buildings were provided with government money.[39]
Fighters
Australia
Britain
Canada
India
NZ
SA
Total
Bristol Blenheim[note 3] 5,519 626 6,145
CAC Boomerang 250 250
Bristol Brigand 147 147
Boulton Paul Defiant[note 4] 1,065 1065
Blackburn Firebrand 230 230
Fairey Firefly 872 872
Fairey Fulmar 600 600
de Havilland Hornet[note 5] 197 197
Gloster Meteor 250 250
North American Mustang 200 200
Blackburn Roc 136 136
Supermarine Seafire[note 6] 2,334 2,334
Gloster Gladiator[note 7] 98 98
Supermarine Spitfire 20,351 20,351[40]
Hawker Tempest 1,702 1,702
de Havilland Vampire 244 244
Westland Whirlwind[note 8] 116 116
450
37,705
626
5
38,703
Attack
Australia
Britain
Canada
India
NZ
SA
Bristol Beaufighter 364 5,564 5,928
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver 1,134 1,134
Hawker Hurricane[note 9] 14,231 1,451 15,682
de Havilland Mosquito 212 6,199 1,134 7,545
Blackburn Skua 192 192
Hawker Typhoon 3,330 3,330
576 29,516 3,719 33,811
Bomber Australia Britain Canada India NZ SA
Fairey Albacore 800 800
Fairey Barracuda 2,607 2,607
Bristol Beaufort 700 1,429 2,129
Bristol Buckingham 119 119
Handley Page Halifax 6,178[note 10] 6,178
Handley Page Hampden[note 11] 1,270 160 1,430
Handley Page Hampden 152 152
Avro Lancaster 7,307 430 7,377
Avro Lincoln[note 5] 73 530 1 604
Avro Manchester 202 202
Short Stirling 2,383 2,383
Fairey Swordfish[note 11] 2,396 2,396
Vickers Wellington[note 11] 11,461 11,461
Armstrong Whitworth Whitley[note 11] 1,780 1,780
773 36,794 591 38,158
Reconnaissance
& patrol Australia Britain Canada India NZ SA
Taylorcraft Auster 1,800 1,800
Bristol Bolingbroke[note 12] 676 626
Bristol Bombay[note 13] 51 51
Blackburn Botha 580 580
Piper Cub 150 150
Saro Lerwick 21 21
Hawker Osprey 9 9
Consolidated Canso 721[citation needed] 993
Supermarine Sea Otter 292 292
Short Seaford 10 10
Blackburn Shark 17 17
Supermarine Stranraer 17 40 57
Short Sunderland 767 767
Supermarine Walrus 746 746
Vickers Warwick 845 845
5,410 1604 7,014
Transport
Aus Britain Can India NZ SA
de Havilland Albatross 7 7
Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle 602 602
CAC Gliders 8 8
Northrop/Canadian Vickers Delta 19 19
De Havilland Australia DHA-G1/G2 8 8
de Havilland Dragon 87 87
de Havilland Dragon Rapide/Dominie 474 474
Short Empire 42 42
Armstrong Whitworth Ensign 15 15
de Havilland Flamingo 14 14
Fleet 50 Freighter 5 5
General Aircraft Hamilcar[note 14] 412 412
Slingsby Hengist 18 18
Airspeed Horsa[note 14] 5,000 5,000
General Aircraft Hotspur 1,015 1,015
Avro Lancastrian 82 6 82
Westland Lysander 1,445 225 1,670
Miles Messenger 93 93
Miles Monarch 11 11
Miles Monitor 22 22
Noorduyn Norseman 861 861
Short S.26 3 3
Whitley 1,814 1,814
Avro York 259 1 259
Other
103 11,380 1,117 12,600
Training Aus Britain Can India NZ SA
Avro Anson 8,488 3,197 11,685
Fairey Battle[note 15] 2,201
Bristol Buckmaster 112
Fairchild Cornell (PT-19/26) 1,642
de Havilland Don 30
Fleet Finch 606
Fleet Fort 101
Harlow PC-5 5 50
North American Harvard 3,985
Miles Magister 1,303
Miles Martinet 1,724
Miles Master 3,250
Miles Mentor 45
de Havilland Moth Minor 100
Airspeed Oxford 8,586
Percival Proctor 1,143
de Havilland Tiger Moth 1,080 5,738 1,748 150 8,716
Avions Fairey Tipsy B 15
CAC Wackett 202
CAC Wirraway 755
2,037 32,735 11,284 50 150 46,256
Other Australia Canada Britain India NZ SA Empire
Prototypes[note 16] 2 3 61
Other 10 339
2 13[note 17] 400[note 18] 415
Total 'x x x x x x x
Aircraft – Allies – France, Poland and minor powers[edit]
Production numbers until the time of the German occupation of the respective country. Some types listed were in production before the war, those listed were still in production at the time of or after the Munich crisis.
Fighters
Belgium
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Poland
Yugoslavia
Total
Avia B.534-IV/Bk.534 274
Caudron CR.714 90
Dewoitine D.520 403
Fokker D.XXI 10 110 120
Koolhoven F.K.58 20[note 19]
Avions Fairey Fox VI/VII 106
Fokker G.I 63
Hawker Hurricane I 15 20
Ikarus IK-2 12
Rogozarski IK-3 12
Bloch MB.151/152 636
Morane-Saulnier MS.406 1,077
Potez 630/631 280
PZL.50 Jastrząb (6)[note 20]
PZL P.24 118[note 21]
Arsenal VG.33/36/39 40[note 22]
Total
121
274
10
2,526
193
119 (+5)
44
3,287[note 23]
Attack
Belgium
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Poland
Yugoslavia
Total
Breguet Br.690 230
Laté 298 121
Loire-Nieuport LN.40 68
Fairey P.4/34 (12)[note 24]
Rogožarski PVT[note 25] 61
Total
(12)
419
61
480[note 26]
Bombers
Belgium
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Poland
Yugoslavia
Total
Aero A.101 64
Aero A.304 19
Amiot 351/354 80
Avia B-71 61
Fairey Battle I 18 [note 27]
Fokker C.X/Fokker C.XI 53
Dornier Do 17K 70
Farman F.222.2/F.223 25
LeO 45 452
LWS-6 Żubr 17
Bloch MB.131 143
Bloch MB.174/175 79
Bloch MB.210 298
Potez 633 55
PZL.37 120
PZL.43 54[note 28]
PZL.46 2[note 29]
Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H 19
Fokker T.V 16
Fokker T.VIII 36
Total
18
144
1,132
105
193
89
1,681
Aircraft - Axis - All[edit]
Occupied countries produced weapons for the Axis powers. Figures are for the period of occupation only.
Fighters
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech
Netherlands
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Poland
Romania
Yugoslavia
Total
Mitsubishi A6M Zero 10,939
Nakajima A6M2-N 327
Arado Ar 240 14
Avia B-135 12
Avia B-534 78
Bachem Ba 349 36[note 30]
Messerschmitt Bf 109 33,142 309 33,984
Messerschmitt Bf 110 6,170 6,170
Macchi C.200/Macchi C.202/Macchi C.205 2,766
Fiat CR.25 12
Fiat CR.42 1,782
Dewoitine D.520[note 31] 440
Dornier Do 17Z-7/Z-10 12
Dornier Do 335 37
Caproni Vizzola F.5 14
Koolhoven F.K.52 6
Focke-Wulf Fw 190 20,000
Fiat G.50 666
Fiat G.55 305
Heinkel He 100[note 32] 25
Heinkel He 112 60
Heinkel He 162 320
Heinkel He 219 300
IAR 80 346
Nakajima J1N 479
Mitsubishi J2M 621
Kawasaki Ki-10 283
Nakajima Ki-27 3,399
Nakajima Ki-43 5,919
Nakajima Ki-44 1,227
Kawasaki Ki-45 1,701
Kawasaki Ki-61 3,159
Nakajima Ki-84 3,514
Kawasaki Ki-100 395
Bloch MB.150[note 31] 35
Messerschmitt Me 163 /Mitsubishi J8M 370 7 377
Messerschmitt Me 262 1,430
Mörkö-Morane[note 33] 41
Morane-Saulnier MS.410[note 34] 74
Kawanishi N1K 1,435
PZL P.24 25 25 50
Reggiane Re.2000, 2001, 2002 & 2005 204 531 735
IMAM Ro.44 35
IMAM Ro.57 75
Ambrosini SAI.207 14
Focke-Wulf Ta 152 & Focke-Wulf Ta 154 200 these are unrelated types.
VL Myrsky 51
VL Pyry 41
Total
90
6
133
549
62,116
513
6,200
33,405
25
371
96,551
Attack
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech
Netherlands
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Poland
Romania
Yugoslavia
Nakajima B5N 1,149
Nakajima B6N 1,268
Aichi B7A 114
Breda Ba.65 218
Breda Ba.88 149
Aichi D3A 1,486
Yokosuka D4Y 2,038
CANSA FC.12 11
CANSA FC.20 6
Heinkel He 115 138
Heinkel He 118[note 35] 15
Henschel Hs 123[note 36] 250
Henschel Hs 129 865
Junkers Ju 87 Stuka 6,500
Mitsubishi Ki-51 2,385
Kawasaki Ki-102 238
Aichi M6A 28
Messerschmitt Me 210[note 37] 400 272 672
Messerschmitt Me 410[note 38] 1,189
Yokosuka MXY7 852
Fiat RS.14 188
Savoia-Marchetti SM.85 34
Total
9,092
272
606
9,558
30,903
Bombers
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech
Netherlands
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Poland
Romania
Yugoslavia
Aero A.304 4
Arado Ar 234 210
Bloch MB.174/175[note 39] 38
Fiat BR.20 602
Caproni Ca.135 140
Caproni Ca.309-314 1,516
Dornier Do 22 30
Dornier Do 17E/F 405
Dornier Do 17K 14
Dornier Do 17M/P/R/S/U 448
Dornier Do 17Z 875
Dornier Do 215 105
Dornier Do 217 1,025
Fieseler Fi 167 14
Focke-Wulf Fw 200 276
Mitsubishi G3M 1,048
Mitsubishi G4M 2,435
Heinkel He 111 7,300
Heinkel He 177 1,190
IAR 37 380
Junkers Ju 88/188/388 16,517
Kaproni-Bulgarski KB.6 24
Mitsubishi Ki-21 2,064
Mitsubishi Ki-30 704
Kawasaki Ki-32 854
Kawasaki Ki-48 1,997
Nakajima Ki-49 819
Mitsubishi Ki-67/Mitsubishi Ki-109 767
LeO 45[note 31] 162
Piaggio P.108 35
Yokosuka P1Y 1,102
Kyushu Q1W 153
Letov Š-328 80
Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 1,350
Savoia-Marchetti SM.82[note 40] 379
Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 246
Weiss WM-21 128
CANT Z.506B 320
CANT Z.1007 660
CANT Z.1018 15
Total
24
84
200
28,444
128
5,228
11,943
380
44,802
Propaganda posters[edit]
Vichy France poster: "At work in Germany you are an ambassador of French quality"
Japanese Organized Labour Service Corps poster
USSR: "Everything for the Front. Everything for Victory"
French-Canadian poster: "I'm making bombs and buying bonds!-Buy Victory Bonds."
Italy: "Work and Fight for your Country and Victory"
Australia: "He's coming south—it's fight, work or perish"
See also[edit]
Allied technological cooperation during World War II
Combined Food Board
Combined Munitions Assignments Board
Combined Raw Materials Board
Combined Shipping Adjustment Board
American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II
British armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II
German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II
Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II
United States aircraft production during World War II
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
Technology during World War II
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ the five King George V class were started prior to war, a further four battleships were cancelled to make resources available for construction of other ships (Gazarke & Dulin)
Jump up ^ Two battlecruisers of Kronshtadt-class laid down but never progressed
Jump up ^ The majority of Blenheims were built as light bombers
Jump up ^ Total includes 140 unarmed Defiants produced as target tugs
^ Jump up to: a b includes post-war production
Jump up ^ Includes some post-war production and conversions of Spitfires
Jump up ^ wartime production. Majority of Gladiators in service were built before the war. 165 additional to export customers. Sea Gladiator conversions and production listed in Sea Gladiator entry.
Jump up ^ changed to ground attack role during war
Jump up ^ up to 1942 the Hurricane was chiefly used as a fighter aircraft
Jump up ^ includes transport and Coastal Command reconnaissance versions
^ Jump up to: a b c d Includes pre-war production
Jump up ^ Blenheim variant, includes 457 produced as trainers
Jump up ^ light bomber/transport used in Middle East and Mediterranean theatres
^ Jump up to: a b assault gliders generally not reusable following use
Jump up ^ Initially used as light bomber e.g. during Battle of France
Jump up ^ Including: Arpin A-1 (1) , Airspeed Cambridge (2), Airspeed Fleet Shadower (1), Avro Tudor (2), Blackburn B-20 (1), Boulton Paul P.92 (1), Burnelli CBY-3 (2), CAC Woomera, Australia (2), Chrislea Airguard (1) , de Havilland Dove (1), de Havilland T.K.5 (1) , Fairey Spearfish (5), Fane F.1/40 (1), General Aircraft Cagnet (1), General Aircraft Owlet (1), General Aircraft Fleet Shadower (1), General Aircraft GAL.47 (1), General Aircraft GAL.55 (2), General Aircraft GAL.56 (4), Canadian Car and Foundry FDB-1, Canada (1), Gloster F.5/34 (2) , Gloster F.9/37 (2) , Handley Page Manx (1), Hawker Hotspur (1), Hawker Tornado (4), Miles M.20 (2), Miles X Minor (1), Miles M.35 (1), Miles M.39 (1), Miles LR 5 (1), Parnall 382 (1), Reid and Sigrist R.S.1/2 (2), Saro A33 (1), Saro Shrimp (1), Short Shetland (2), Supermarine Type 322 (2), Vickers Type 432 (1), Vickers VC.1 Viking (1), Vickers Windsor (3)
Jump up ^ includes: CCF Maple Leaf Trainer II (2 plus 10 built in Mexico )
Jump up ^ includes: Folland Fo.108 engine test bed (12), General Aircraft Cygnet (10), General Aircraft Monospar ST-25 (30)[clarification needed], Hawker Henley (200)[clarification needed], Hawker Sea Fury (10), Miles M.15 (2), Miles M.18 (3) , Miles Mercury (6), Percival Petrel (27), Percival Vega Gull (~20), Supermarine Spiteful fighter (19)
Jump up ^ Delivered to France.
Jump up ^ First prototype incomplete by German occupation.
Jump up ^ Only 1 (designated P.11g) used by Poland in 1939. The remaining ones were exported to various Balkan countries.
Jump up ^ Around 200 more airframes were in advanced production stage.
Jump up ^ not counting uncompleted PZL.50
Jump up ^ Production was started in Denmark, but not completed before the German invasion.
Jump up ^ Originally an advanced fighter-training aircraft, this type was later used as a light attack plane, in particular by the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia.
Jump up ^ not counting P.4/34
Jump up ^ According to some sources license production started in Denmark but not completed before the German invasion.
Jump up ^ All but 5 delivered to Bulgaria.
Jump up ^ Prototypes that were used in combat.
Jump up ^ Never entered service
^ Jump up to: a b c Number refers to production resumed after German occupation.
Jump up ^ Produced shortly before the war and mainly used for testing and propaganda purposes.
Jump up ^ Conversion from MS.406/410.
Jump up ^ Conversion from MS.406.
Jump up ^ Produced before the war and 2 used by Japanese for testing.
Jump up ^ All produced before the war, but used until 1944.
Jump up ^ Only 90 German-built Me 210 were completed and delivered, about 100 Hungarian-built were supplied to Germany
Jump up ^ Also used as a fighter and for reconnaissance
Jump up ^ Produced for Germany after German occupation.
Jump up ^ Only bomber versions listed here.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, p. IX, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
Jump up ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 7, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
Jump up ^ Wrynn, V. Dennis. Forge of Freedom: American Aircraft Production in World War II, pp. 4-5, Motorbooks International, Osceola, WI, 1995. ISBN 0-7603-0143-3.
Jump up ^ Baldwin, Ralph B. The Deadly Fuze: Secret Weapon of World War II, pp. 4-6, 11, 50, 279, Presidio Press, San Rafael, California, 1980. ISBN 978-0-89141-087-4.
Jump up ^ Kumanev, G.A., "War and the evacuation of the USSR: 1941-1942", New Age, 2006
Jump up ^ Sawyer, L. A. and Mitchell, W. H. The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War, Second Edition, pp. vii, 1-8, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London, England, 1985. ISBN 1-85044-049-2.
Jump up ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 5, 7, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
Jump up ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 8, Cypress, California, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
Jump up ^ "Financial Calculators". dollartimes.com.
Jump up ^ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, pp. 38-42
Jump up ^ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, pp. 140-143
Jump up ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1922-1946, p. 362
Jump up ^ Mitchell, B.R. British Historical Statistics, 1988[page needed]
Jump up ^ http://www.teindia.nic.in/mhrd/50yrsedu/15/8P/82/8P820T03.htm
Jump up ^ Dialogue on Aluminium 110 years of history in Canada approximation
Jump up ^ Baker The New Zealand People at War: War Economy 1965[page needed]
Jump up ^ Lend Lease as a Function of the Soviet war Economy
^ Jump up to: a b Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment and the Defense Burden, 1940-1945 Mark Harrison, 1996
Jump up ^ Including 23.4 synthetic.
^ Jump up to: a b c Volume 3 -The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy 1940-1944 only, retrieved June 8, 2014
Jump up ^ "Comparison of GDP adjusted for actual yearly shared contribution to war efforts after Zuljan, Ralph, Allied and Axis GDP", "Articles On War", OnWar.com, 2003, retrieved June 8, 2014
Jump up ^ Harrison, 1998
Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry, Kevin H. O'Rourke, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present, p. 190
Jump up ^ ROMANIA: historical demographical data of the whole country
Jump up ^ HUNGARY: historical demographical data of the whole country
Jump up ^ BULGARIA historical demographical data of the whole country
Jump up ^ ALBANIA: historical demographical data of the whole country
Jump up ^ General Article: Foreign Affairs, pbs.org
Jump up ^ "Military production during World War II". Wikipedia.
Jump up ^ "Institute for Economics and Peace" (PDF). Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference undefined was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Institute of Economics and Peace (PDF) http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Economic-Consequences-of-War-on-US-Economy_0.pdf. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "War Production". The War At Home Production. PBS. Retrieved 12/4/2017. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Graph of U.S. Unemployment Rate, 1930-1945". Bureau Of Labor Statistics. HERB: Resources for Teachers. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Bruce. "The Cost Of War". Forbes.com. Forbes. Retrieved 10/26/17. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ The War at Home Production. PBS http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_war_production.htm. Retrieved 12/4/2017. Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Rose, Patrick (2012). The Indian Army, 1939–47: Experience and Development. Routledge.
Jump up ^ * The Anglo-Argentine Society in conjunction with the Argentine Embassy (6 April 2005). "Wings of Thunder - Wartime RAF Veterans Flying in From Argentina" (Press release). London: PRNewswire.
Jump up ^ Granatstein, Dr. J. L. (May 27, 2005). "ARMING THE NATION: CANADA'S INDUSTRIAL WAR EFFORT, 1939-1945" (PDF). Canadian Council of Chief Executives. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ethell, Jeffrey L. and Steve Pace. Spitfire. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1997. ISBN 0-7603-0300-2. p117
Table data[edit]
Personnel -Allied - British Empire[edit]
Australia 2
"Facts & Information" Canada at War July 4, 2009
Colonel C.P. Stacey. "Chapter XIX Conclusion". Repatriation and Demoblization. The Canadian Army 1939-1945: An Official Historical Summary – via hyperwar.
Daniel Owen Spence, Imperial Loyalties, 'Imagined Communities' and 'Britishness': The Royal Navy and the Cayman Islands
Sherwood, Marika (30 March 2011), Colonies, Colonials and World War Two, BBC History
Gillespie, Oliver A. "I: New Zealand's Responsibility" The Pacific Historical Publications Branch, 1952, Wellington (The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945)
India
"Officers Database FAQ" bharat-rakshak.com
India 3 idsa.in
India Pioneers defencejournal.com
India RIAF BBC WWII Peoples War
Brigade Peron Luxembourg Army
Malay
Merchant Navy
Netherlands
Netherlands
Newfoundland
New Zealand
Nigeria
Saunders, Hilary St. George (1954), "Volume III The Fight Is Won", Royal Air Force 1939-1945, London: HMSO
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa Navy History
Martin Plaut (11 March 2014), African troops who fought in World War Two, Martin Plaut
West Africa
West Africa country-data.com
"Fact File : Commonwealth and Allied Forces", WWII Peoples War, BBC
Personnel - Axis[edit]
Croatia 2, Munoz 1996
Croatia 3, Tomasevich 2001
Croatia, feldgrau.com
Czech
Daniel Laurent, French Volunteers in the Wehrmacht in WWII, feldgrau.com
Germany, feldgrau.com
Poland 2
Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz, Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII, feldgrau.com
The Latvian Squadrons in the Luftwaffe, Latvianaviation.com
Volunteers, Ailsby 2004
Volunteers 2
Volunteer Pilots
Aircraft - Allied[edit]
Australia
Bristol Brigand
Free Dutch
New Zealand
Barnes 1989
Bishop 2002
Bowyer 1980
Butler 2004
Flint 2006
Green 1967
Jackson 1987
Jane's 1989
Mason 1994
Morgan ?
Otway 1990
Swanborough 1997
Tapper 1988
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, 1985
Aircraft - Axis[edit]
Italy
Dressel and Griehl 1994
Encyclopedia of weapons of World War Two
Francillon 1970
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, 1985
Jane's 1989
Mondey 1996
Smith and Anthony ?
Raw materials[edit]
The Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries, Statistical Summary 1938-1944, The Imperial Institute, HMSO, 1948
The Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries, Statistical Summary 1941-1947, The Imperial Institute, HMSO, 1949
Official histories[edit]
History of the Second World War (104 volumes), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1949 to 1993
Official History of Australia in the War of 1939–1945 (22 volumes), Australian Government Printing Service, 1952 to 1977
Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol I Six Years of War, Stacey, C P., Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1955
Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War 1939-45 (24 volumes), Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, India & Pakistan, New Delhi, 1956-1966
Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45, Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, New Zealand, 1965
Bibliography[edit]
Ailsby, Christopher, Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich (Photographic Histories), Potomac Books, 2004
Barnett, Correlli, The audit of war : the illusion & reality of Britain as a great nation, Macmillan, 1986
Barnes, C.H.; James D.N. Shorts Aircraft since 1900, London, Putnam, 1989
Bishop, Chris, The Encyclopaedia of Weapons of World War II, Sterling Publishing, 2002
Bowyer, Michael J.F. Aircraft for the Royal Air Force: The "Griffon" Spitfire, The Albemarle Bomber and the Shetland Flying-Boat, London, Faber & Faber, 1980
Boyd, David, (2009) "Wartime Production by the Commonwealth during WWII" British Equipment of the Second World War
Boyd, David (2009), "British Production of Aircraft By Year During The Second World War", British Equipment of the Second World War
Butler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004
Canada at War, "The Canadian War Industry"
Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: DAG Publications, 1994
Flint, Keith, Airborne Armour: Tetrarch, Locust, Hamilcar and the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment 1938-1950. Helion & Company Ltd., 2006
Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, London, Putnam, 1970
Gregg, W.A ed., Canada’s Fighting Vehicles Europe 1943-1945, Canadian Military Historical Society, 1980
Green, William. War Planes of The Second World War:Volume Seven - Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London: Macdonald, 1967
Harrison, Mark, "The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison", Cambridge University Press, 1998 (Author's overview)
Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, Random House, New York, 2012
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985
Jackson, A.J., De Havilland Aircraft since 1909 (Third ed.), London, Putnam, 1987
Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II, London, Studio Editions Ltd, 1989
"Les luxembourgeois de la Brigade Piron". (in French) Armee.lu. Retrieved 29 June 2013
Long, Jason, Lend Lease as a Function of the Soviet war Economy, sturmvogel.orbat.com, Retrieved June 12, 2014
Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914, London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994
Milward, Alan S., War, economy, and society, 1939-1945, University of California Press, 1979
Morgan, Eric B. "Albemarle" in Twentyfirst Profile, Volume 1, No. 11. New Milton, Hants, UK: 21st Profile Ltd.
Munoz, A.J., For Croatia and Christ: The Croatian Army in World War II 1941–1945, Axis Europa Books,NY, 1996
Mondey, David. The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. New York: Bounty Books, 1996
Ness, Leland, Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles, The Complete Guide, Harper Collins, 2002
Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H. The Second World War 1939-1945 Army: Airborne Forces. London: Imperial War Museum, 1990
Overy, Richard, Why the Allies Won (Paperback), W. W. Norton & Company, 1997
Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies
Smith, J.R. and Anthony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam and Company Ltd.,
Swanborough, Gordon. British Aircraft at War, 1939-1945. East Sussex, UK: HPC Publishing, 1997
Tapper, Oliver. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913. London: Putnam, 1988
Tomasevich, Jozo, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press, 2001
Veterans Affairs Canada, "Canadian Production of War Materials"
Wilson, Stewart, Aircraft of WWII, 1998
Wrynn, V. Dennis. Forge of Freedom: American Aircraft Production in World War II, Motorbooks International, Osceola, WI, 1995
Zuljan, Ralph, "Allied and Axis GDP" Articles On War OnWar.com (2003)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military industrial production during World War II.
Allies and Lend-Lease Museum, Russia
Australia War Memorial official war history online archive
Canada at War
National War Museum, United States
New Zealand in the Second World War, official war history online
South Africa Journal of Military Studies
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Heart-Shaped Box
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2007 book by Joe Hill, see Heart-Shaped Box (novel).
"Heart-Shaped Box"
Single by Nirvana
from the album In Utero
B-side
"Marigold"
Released
August 30, 1993
Recorded
February 1993 at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota
Genre
Grunge[1]
Length
4:39
Label
DGC
Songwriter(s)
Kurt Cobain
Producer(s)
Steve Albini
Nirvana singles chronology
"Puss" / "Oh, the Guilt"
(1993) "Heart-Shaped Box"
(1993) "All Apologies" / "Rape Me"
(1993)
"Puss"/ "Oh, the Guilt"
(1993) "Heart-Shaped Box"
(1993) "All Apologies"/ "Rape Me"
(1993)
In Utero track listing
13 tracks [show]
"Serve the Servants"
"Scentless Apprentice"
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"Rape Me"
"Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle"
"Dumb"
"Very Ape"
"Milk It"
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Radio Friendly Unit Shifter"
"tourette's"
"All Apologies"
"Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip"
Music video
"Heart-Shaped Box" on YouTube
"Heart-Shaped Box" is a song by American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain. The song was released as the first single from the group's third and final studio album, In Utero, in 1993. It was one of two songs from the album mixed by Scott Litt in order to augment the original production by producer Steve Albini. While Nirvana's label DGC Records did not release a physical single for sale in the United States, "Heart-Shaped Box" received much American radio airplay, reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.[2] The international release of the single reached number five on the UK Singles Chart.[3][4] The song's music video, directed by Anton Corbijn, garnered critical plaudits, and won two awards, including Best Alternative Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1994.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and recording
2 Composition and lyrics
3 Release
4 Music video
5 Track listing
6 Chart positions
7 Personnel
8 References
9 Notes
10 External links
Origin and recording[edit]
Kurt Cobain wrote "Heart-Shaped Box" in early 1992.[5] Cobain forgot about the song for a while, but began working on it again when he and his wife, Courtney Love, moved to a house in the Hollywood Hills.[6] In a 1994 Rolling Stone interview, Love said she overheard him working on the song's riff in a closet. She said she asked him if she could use the riff for one of her songs, to which he replied, "[...] off!" and closed the closet door. "He was trying to be so sneaky", said Love. "I could hear that one from downstairs."[7] The couple shared a journal in which they would write lyrics; Cobain biographer Charles R. Cross noted that Love's songwriting sensibility informed Cobain's on the song.[8] The song's name came from a heart-shaped box Love had given Cobain. However, Cobain had originally titled the song "Heart-Shaped Coffin".[8]
Nirvana had difficulty completing the song. Cobain attempted to have the rest of the band complete the song during jam sessions. He said, "During those practices, I was trying to wait for Krist and Dave to come up with something but it just turned into noise all the time." One day Cobain made one last attempt at completing the song. Cobain was able to come up with a vocal melody and the band finally finished writing the song. Cobain said that when they completed "Heart-Shaped Box", "We finally realized that it was a good song."[9]
In January 1993, the band recorded a demo of "Heart-Shaped Box" during sessions with Craig Montgomery in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; it was the first song recorded.[10] The In Utero version was recorded in February 1993 by Steve Albini in Cannon Falls, Minnesota. Prior to the album's release, the track was remixed by Scott Litt. Cobain was unapologetic about the band's decision to remix it, and maintained that the vocals and bass were not prominent enough in the original mixes. Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic was also unhappy with the original mix of "Heart-Shaped Box". In a 1993 Chicago Sun-Times interview, he said the original effect used on the song's guitar solo sounded "like a [...] abortion hitting the floor." When the song was remixed by Litt, Cobain took the opportunity to add acoustic guitar and vocal harmonies.[11]
Composition and lyrics[edit]
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"Heart-Shaped Box", released as the first single from In Utero, was augmented during mixing sessions with Scott Litt. Displeased with the sound of the song, Nirvana had Litt increase the volume of Cobain's vocals and the bass guitar, and the group added acoustic guitar and backing vocals.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Journalist Gillian Gaar described "Heart-Shaped Box" as "the Nirvana formula personified, with a restrained, descending riff played through the verse, building in intensity to the cascading passion of the chorus".[5]
Cobain said the song was inspired by documentaries about children with cancer. He told biographer Michael Azerrad, "Anytime I think about it, it makes me sadder than anything I can think of."[12] Azerrad asserted in his biography Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana that despite Cobain's explanation, the song actually appeared to be about Courtney Love.[9] Charles Cross wrote in his Kurt Cobain biography Heavier Than Heaven that with the lyric "I wish I could eat your cancer when you turn black", the frontman "sang in what has to be the most convoluted route any songwriter undertook in pop history to say 'I love you'".[13] After a performance of the song by singer Lana Del Rey in 2012, Courtney Love asserted on Twitter that the song is about her vagina. The tweets were deleted shortly after.[14] Cobain said that the song's chorus of "Hey/Wait/I've got a new complaint" was him giving an example of how he was perceived by the media.[15]
Release[edit]
In the United States, DGC issued "Heart-Shaped Box" to college, modern rock, and album-oriented rock radio stations in early September 1993. There were no plans to release a single for the song domestically. At the time, Geffen Records' head of marketing told Billboard that the label was not actively courting Top 40 radio, explaining "Nirvana didn't sell nearly 5 million [records] because of a hit single. They sold that many albums because of who they are." The song entered the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart at number seven,[16] and eventually peaked at number one on the chart.[2] The song also reached number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.[17] A single of the song was released in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart.[3][4] Issued in August 1993, the 7-inch vinyl and cassette formats featured "Marigold" as a B-side, while the 12-inch vinyl and CD editions added the In Utero track "Milk It".[18] In 1999 the song was voted in at number 10 in Kerrang! magazine's "100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever!".[19]
Music video[edit]
Nirvana originally wanted Kevin Kerslake, who had directed the videos for the band's singles "Come as You Are", "Lithium", "In Bloom", and "Sliver", to direct the "Heart-Shaped Box" music video. Kerslake prepared five treatments during July and August 1993, but no shoot arrangements were made and by the end of the month, the group decided to work with Dutch photographer and video director Anton Corbijn.[20] Corbijn, who typically created his own ideas for videos, was initially unsure of directing the video since Cobain's treatment was so detailed. Corbijn said, "But then I looked at it and I thought that actually it was pretty good. I was very amazed by somebody writing a song and having those ideas as precise as he did."[21]
The video begins and ends with the band in a hospital setting watching an old man being administered medication through an IV drip. The majority of the video takes place in a surreal outdoor setting that incorporates imagery from the film The Wizard of Oz.[22] During the song's first verse, the old man from the hospital climbs onto a crow-ridden Christian cross. The second verse introduces a young girl in a white robe and peaked cap reaching for human fetuses in a tree, and an overweight woman in a suit with human organs painted onto it and with angel wings affixed to her back. In the video's final cut, the band is only shown performing in the outdoor setting during the choruses, where Cobain's face moves in and out of focus in the camera.[22] While most of the video was devised by Cobain, Corbijn added elements such as the intentionally artificial crows, a ladder for the old man to climb onto the cross with, and a box with a heart at the top that the band performs inside of during the song's final chorus.[23] Corbijn created another cut of the video featuring alternate footage during the final verse, including more shots of the young girl and the woman, and scenes of Cobain lying on his back in the poppy field, with mist surrounding him. This version of the video is featured on the DVD The Work of Director Anton Corbijn.[24][25]
After the video's release, Kevin Kerslake sued Nirvana, alleging copyright infringement. The case was settled out of court.[26] The "Heart-Shaped Box" music video was the number one most played music video on MTV in the US as recorded by Billboard magazine on November 20, 1993.[27] The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 1994, for Best Alternative Video and for Best Art Direction. As the ceremony was held after Kurt Cobain's April 1994 death, the awards were accepted by Cobain's former bandmates Novoselic, Grohl, and touring guitarist Pat Smear.[28] "Heart-Shaped Box" also topped the music video category in the 1993 Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[29] In 2011, NME ranked the song's music video at number 22 on its of the "100 Greatest Music Videos".[30] That same year, Time magazine ranked "Heart-Shaped Box" at number 10 on its list of "The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos", where it was described as "beautiful and [...] terrible".[31]
In February 2016, Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl reunited with the actress, Kelsey Rohr, who played the girl in the "Heart-Shaped Box" music video twenty-three years earlier and who was then just six years old.[32] Rohr stated that "Today reminded me that I peaked at 6 years old BUT I was the most badass kid on the playground. Today was the absolute coolest. Or in Dave’s words seeing each other today was a ‘historic moment’! What a legend!".[32]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Kurt Cobain except where noted.
CD single and 12" vinyl[33]
"Heart-Shaped Box" – 4:39
"Milk It" – 3:52
"Marigold" (Dave Grohl) – 2:33
Cassette and 7" vinyl[34]
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"Marigold"
US 12" vinyl promo single[35]
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip"
2013 20th Anniversary promo CD single[36]
(Released with first 2000 copies of the 20th Anniversary Super Deluxe edition of the In Utero album)
"Heart-Shaped Box" (Original 1993 album version, mixed by Scott Litt)
"Heart-Shaped Box" (Previously unreleased 1993 Steve Albini mix)
"Heart-Shaped Box" (Previously unreleased 2013 Steve Albini mix)
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[37] 21
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[38] 31
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[39] 17
European Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[40] 16
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[41] 9
France (SNEP)[42] 37
Ireland (IRMA)[43] 6
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[44] 32
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[45] 36
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[46] 9
Poland (LP3)[47] 13
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[48] 16
UK Singles Chart[3] 5
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[49] 1
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[50] 4
Personnel[edit]
Kurt Cobain: vocals, guitar
Krist Novoselic: bass
Dave Grohl: drums, backing vocals
References[edit]
Azerrad, Michael (2013) [1st ed. 1993]. Come as You Are. The Story of Nirvana. New York City: Random House. ISBN 0-30783373-9. ISBN 978-0-307-83373-0.
Cross, Charles R. (2012) [1st ed. 2001]. Heavier Than Heaven. A Biography of Kurt Cobain. New York City: Hachette. ISBN 1-44471712-X. ISBN 978-1-444-71712-9.
Gaar, Gillian G. (2006). Nirvana's In Utero. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1-44118609-3. ISBN 978-1-441-18609-6.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Danaher, Michael (August 4, 2014). "The 50 Best Grunge Songs". Paste.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nirvana - Chart History. Alternative Songs - 'Heart-Shaped Box'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nirvana | full Official Charts History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gaar, p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Gaar, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Azerrad, pp. 324–25.
Jump up ^ Fricke, David (December 15, 1994). "Life After Death". Rolling Stone. Now in "Readers' Poll: The 10 Best Nirvana Songs - 3. 'Heart-Shaped Box'". April 10, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Cross, p. 278.
^ Jump up to: a b Azerrad, p. 325.
Jump up ^ Gaar, pp. 23–25.
Jump up ^ Azerrad, p. 338.
Jump up ^ Azerrad, p. 324.
Jump up ^ Cross, p. 281.
Jump up ^ Staff (July 30, 2012). "Courtney Love Tells Lana Del Rey That 'Heart-Shaped Box' Is About Her Vagina". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mothersole, Ben. "Nirvana's Kurt Cobain: Getting to Know Utero". Circus. Retrieved November 30, 1993.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Craig. "Nirvana Set has Smell of Success". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 25, 1993. Now in Rocco, John M.; Rocco, Brian, eds. (1998). "Nirvana Set has Smell of Success (pp. 87ff.)". The Nirvana companion. Two decades of commentary. A chronicle of the end of punk. New York City: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-0286-4930-3; ISBN 978-00-2864-930-6.
Jump up ^ "In Utero - Nirvana | Awards". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gaar, Gillian G. "Verse Chorus Verse: The Recording History of Nirvana". Goldmine. F+W Media. Retrieved February 14, 1997.
Jump up ^ Kerrang! magazine, issue 746, April 17, 1999. (voted by readers).
Jump up ^ Gaar, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Gaar, pp. 90–91.
^ Jump up to: a b Gaar, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Gaar, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Gaar, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Nirvana - "Heart-Shaped Box" (Director's Cut) on YouTube.
Jump up ^ Gaar, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Billboard magazine - November 20, 1993 - p. 41 - "Video Monitor" section americanradiohistory.com. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gaar, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert. "The 1993 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". The Village Voice. March 1, 1994. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NME‘s 100 Greatest Music Videos". Stereogum. July 15, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos: Nirvana, ‘Heart-Shaped Box’ (1993)". Time. July 26, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Dave Grohl meets the girl from Nirvana's 'Heart-Shaped box' music video 23 years later independent.co.uk. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana – 'Heart-Shaped Box'. Companies, credits, notes, barcode and all the versions released". Discogs. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana – 'Heart-Shaped Box' (cassette version). Companies, credits, notes, barcode". Discogs. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana – 'Heart-Shaped Box' (US 12 inch vinyl promo version). Companies, credits, notes, barcode". Discogs. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana – 'Heart-Shaped Box' (2013 20th Anniversary promo single). Companies, credits, notes, barcode". Discogs. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Nirvana – Heart-Shaped Box". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Nirvana – Heart-Shaped Box" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2319." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Music & Media magazine, September 18, 1993.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Nirvana – Heart-Shaped Box" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Heart-Shaped Box". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Nirvana search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Nirvana – Heart-Shaped Box" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Nirvana – Heart-Shaped Box". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "HEART-SHAPED BOX". Polskie Radio. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Nirvana – Heart-Shaped Box". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana – Chart history" Billboard Alternative Songs for Nirvana.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Nirvana.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Heart-Shaped Box
Wikiquote has quotations related to: In Utero (album)
"Heart-Shaped Box" at Discogs (list of releases)
"Heart-Shaped Box" official music video on YouTube
"Heart-Shaped Box" review by Marc Deming on AllMusic
"Still Moving: Photographers' Music Videos" - The New Yorker article featuring commentary by Anton Corbijn about "Heart-Shaped Box" video
Usage in film and television: see "Nirvana - Soundtrack. 'Heart-Shaped Box'" at IMDb
Accolades archived at Acclaimed Music
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