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Total Eclipse of the Heart
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For the episode of "The Vampire Diaries", see Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries).
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Artwork for UK and some European releases
Single by Bonnie Tyler
from the album Faster Than the Speed of Night
B-side
"Take Me Back" (UK)
"Straight from the Heart" (US)
Released
1983
Format
7"
12"
CD
Length
6:59 (album version)
5:53 (2013 re-recording for the album Rocks and Honey)
5:32 (music video version)
4:35 (2011 single version)
4:30 (single version)
3:49 (2005 re-recording for the album Wings)
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Jim Steinman
Producer(s)
Jim Steinman
Bonnie Tyler singles chronology
"Sayonara Tokyo"
(1981) "Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1983) "Take Me Back"
(1983)
"Sayonara Tokyo"
(1981) "Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1983) "Take Me Back"
(1983)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was written and produced by Jim Steinman, and released on Tyler's fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983). The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States.
The song became Tyler's biggest career hit, topping the UK Singles Chart, and becoming the fifth-best-selling single in 1983 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the single spent four weeks at the top of the charts, and was Billboard's number-six song of the year for 1983.
Worldwide, the single has sales in excess of 6 million copies[1] and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release, updated to Platinum in 2001 when the certification threshold changed.[2] In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Live performances
5 Credits and personnel
6 Other versions by Bonnie Tyler
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Sales and certifications
8 Formats and track listings
8.1 Track listing
9 Cover versions and impact in mainstream media
9.1 Nicki French version
9.1.1 Weekly charts
9.1.2 Year-end charts
9.1.3 Sales and certifications
9.2 Westlife version
9.3 Yuridia version
9.4 Parody versions
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Background and composition[edit]
After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981, Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden and after seeing Meat Loaf perform "Bat Out of Hell" live on The Old Grey Whistle Test, approached Meat Loaf's producer Jim Steinman and asked him to be her producer.[4] Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager, where she was presented with two tracks: "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" and "Goin' Through the Motions". She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her, he would have rejected Tyler's invitation to collaborate.[4] She returned to his studio apartment weeks later, where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" for her. He also hand-picked the recording band for the song.[5]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" had to be shortened for radio play. Tyler did not believe that the song was radio-friendly at its full length; the song was reduced from seven minutes and two seconds to four minutes and thirty seconds.[6]
The power ballad[7] remains Tyler's most successful song, peaking at No. 1 in the United States, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. At its peak, it sold 60,000 copies per day, and approximately 6 million copies in total.[1] It won the Variety Club award in the UK for best single of 1983.[8] The song also made number 82 of VH1's top 100 love songs.
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
A sample of "Total Eclipse of the Heart", performed by Bonnie Tyler.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Tyler told Record Mirror that she thought the song was about "someone who wants to love so badly she's lying there in complete darkness."[9]
Steinman said in an interview with Playbill:
with 'Total Eclipse of the Heart', I was trying to come up with a love song and I remembered I actually wrote that to be a vampire love song. Its original title was 'Vampires in Love' because I was working on a musical of Nosferatu, the other great vampire story. If anyone listens to the lyrics, they're really like vampire lines. It's all about the darkness, the power of darkness and love's place in the dark...[10]
He also told People magazine that he thought Tyler sounded like John Fogerty, and wrote the song "to be a showpiece for her voice."[11] Tyler described the song as "a challenge [to sing]," stating that she "[doesn't] like songs that anybody can sing. I like songs that need a lot of energy." After Steinman presented her with the song she told The Times, "I just had shivers right up my spine. ... I couldn't wait to actually get in and record it."[12]
According to Meat Loaf, Steinman had written the song, along with "Making Love Out of Nothing at All", for Meat Loaf's album Midnight at the Lost and Found; however, Meat Loaf's record company refused to pay Steinman and he wrote separate songs himself. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was then given to Bonnie Tyler and "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" to Air Supply.[13] Tyler has denied this claim.[14] "Meat Loaf was apparently very annoyed that Jim gave that to me," Tyler stated. "But Jim said he didn't write it for Meat Loaf, that he only finished it after meeting me."[15]
Critical reception[edit]
Mike DeGagne from AllMusic retrospectively described "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as "one of the finest ballads ever to hit radio." He noted the "lush instrumentation" and said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics." He described Roy Bittan's piano playing as "dreamy" and described Tyler's voice as "wonderfully gritty."[16] Donald A. Guarisco, also from AllMusic, retrospectively reviewed Faster Than the Speed of Night, and noted the song as an "epic ballad," describing the whole album as "rock at its most melodramatic."[17] Jim Beviglia from American Songwriter said that Tyler's raspy vocals helped to legitimize the "melodrama inherent in the lyrics," and described the song as a "garment-rending, chest-beating [and] emotionally exhausting ballad" that suits the throes of a turbulent relationship.[11]
Music video[edit]
Holloway Sanatorium steps which features in the video
The music video for "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was directed by Russell Mulcahy[18] and was filmed on location at the Holloway Sanatorium, a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water, Surrey, England.[19] The video features Bonnie Tyler clad in white, dreaming or fantasizing about her students in a boys' boarding school. Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir.
A long-running urban legend is that the boy who appears throughout the video and who shakes Tyler's hand at the end is former Italian footballer Gianfranco Zola. In a 2012 interview, Zola confirmed that he did not appear in the video.[20]
Live performances[edit]
Since the song's release, Tyler performs "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in every concert she performs.[21] "I sing it much better now than I used to," she told The Huffington Post. "I think my voice is probably not as husky as it was, I think it's mellowed a bit."[22] The song was performed at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, on 28 February 1984.[23] Tyler performed a brief, live performance of this song on a Royal Caribbean cruise during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017.[24][25]
Live recordings of Tyler performing the song have been released on her live albums Bonnie Tyler Live (2006) and Live in Germany 1993 (2011). Video performances have also been released on Tyler's DVDs, Bonnie on Tour (2006) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from AllMusic (from the album, Faster Than the Speed of Night):[26]
Bonnie Tyler – lead vocals
Rick Derringer – guitar
Steve Buslowe – bass guitar
Roy Bittan – piano
Larry Fast – synthesizers
Steve Margoshes – additional synths
Max Weinberg – drums
Jimmy Maelen – percussion
Holly Sherwood – lead backing vocals
Rory Dodd – "Turn around" and backing vocals
Eric Troyer – backing vocals
Other versions by Bonnie Tyler[edit]
Since the original release in 1983, Tyler has re-recorded the song several times for albums and subsequent single releases. Her first and most successful re-recording of the song was released in 2003. Tyler recorded a French/English duet version called "Si demain... (Turn Around)" with Kareen Antonn. It peaked at number one in France and Belgium.[27][28] Tyler released another version of the song in 2004 as a duet with Peter Brocklehurst on his album For You.[29] A solo version of the recording was released on her studio album Wings in the following year.
BabyPinkStar recorded the song with Tyler in a punk/electronic remix version that was released as a single in the UK in January 2007.[30] In 2009, Tyler released another version of the song with Welsh choral group Only Men Aloud![1] In 2011, Tyler re-recorded the song on an EP named after the song, released by Cleopatra Records.[31] Her most recent recording of the song appears as a bonus track on her album Rocks and Honey (2013).
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[32] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[33] 14
Canada (RPM 50 Singles)[34] 1
Canada (RPM Adult Contemporary)[35] 9
France (IFOP)[36] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[37] 16
Ireland (IRMA)[38] 1
Italy (FIMI)[39] 14
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[40] 24
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[41] 18
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[42] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[43] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[44] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[45] 9
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[46] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[47] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[48] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[49] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[49] 1
US Billboard Top Tracks[49] 23
US Cash Box[50] 1
Year
Chart
Peak
position
2008 UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[51] 57
2011 Belgium (Back Catalogue Singles Flanders)[52] 17
Denmark (Tracklisten)[53] 35
2012 France (SNEP)[54] 57
2013 France (SNEP)[55] 98
2014 France (SNEP)[56] 114
2017 US Billboard Digital Songs[57] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1983)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[58] 6
Canada (RPM Top 100 Singles)[59] 5
France (IFOP)[60] 15
Italy (FIMI)[39] 81
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[61] 5
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[62] 3
UK Singles Chart 5
US Billboard Hot 100[63] 6
US Cash Box[64] 5
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[65]
Platinum 100,000^
France (SNEP)[66]
Gold 632,000[67]
Italy (FIMI)[68]
Platinum 30,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[69]
Gold 500,000^
United States (RIAA)[70]
Platinum 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
[show]Order of precedence
Preceded by
"Electric Avenue" by Eddy Grant Canadian CHUM number-one single
20 August 1983 – 27 August 1983 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Maniac" by Michael Sembello
Preceded by
"White Wedding" by Billy Idol Canadian RPM number-one single
13 August 1983 – 20 August 1983 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Our House" by Madness
Preceded by
"I Was Only Nineteen" by Redgum Australian number-one single
30 May 1983 – 4 July 1983 (6 weeks) Succeeded by
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" by Irene Cara
Preceded by
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson New Zealand number-one single
3 July 1983 – 24 July 1983 (4 weeks)
Preceded by
"Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson Irish Singles Chart number-one single
13 March 1983 – 27 March 1983 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Let's Dance" by David Bowie
UK Singles Chart number-one single
12 March 1983 – 19 March 1983 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Is There Something I Should Know?" by Duran Duran
Preceded by
"Tell Her About It" by Billy Joel US Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
1 October 1983 – 22 October 1983 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Islands in the Stream" by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton
Preceded by
"The Safety Dance" by Men Without Hats US Cash Box number-one single
8 October 1983 – 29 October 1983 (4 weeks)
Preceded by
"Främling" by Carola Häggkvist Norwegian number-one single
22/1983 – 26/1983 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"The Heat Is On" by Agnetha Fältskog
Preceded by
"Up Where We Belong"
by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes South African number-one single
3 June 1983 – 15 July 1983 (7 weeks) Succeeded by
"Drop the Pilot" by Joan Armatrading
Formats and track listings[edit]
UK 7" single[71]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 4:29
"Take Me Back" – 5:05
US 7" single
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 4:29
"Straight from the Heart" – 3:38
UK 12" single
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 6:59
"Take Me Back" – 5:22
Track listing[edit]
Promotional CD single[72][73]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Verse Club Mix)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Dub Mix)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Radio Edit)
Cover versions and impact in mainstream media[edit]
In a 2013 UK survey, the song came first in a list of most popular songs to sing in the shower, above songs by Justin Bieber, Robbie Williams, One Direction and Elton John.[74] In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[75]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" received substantial media attention during the solar eclipse of March 20, 2015. Tyler's version received a 214% increase of Spotify streams throughout the day.[76] A similar impact was experienced during the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, when Nielsen Music reported a 503% increase in record sales.[77] Around that time, the song hit number one on the iTunes chart.[78] On 16 August 2017, it was announced that Tyler would perform the song aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas during the total solar eclipse, backed by American dance-rock band DNCE.[79]
In 2014, the Electric Picnic festival announced Bonnie Tyler as part of the lineup.[80] Tickets were already sold out, though Irish rugby player Cian Healy won the Irish Women's rugby team extra tickets for a comic miming video published on Instagram.[81]
Nicki French version[edit]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Single by Nicki French
from the album Secrets
Released
27 February 1995
Format
CD single
cassette single
7"
12"
Recorded
1994
Genre
Hi-NRG[82]
Length
3:50
Label
Bags of Fun
Love This
Mega
Songwriter(s)
Jim Steinman
Producer(s)
Mike Stock
Matt Aitken
Nicki French singles chronology
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1995) "For All We Know"
(1995)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1995) "For All We Know"
(1995)
Nicki French released a Hi-NRG remake of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in 1995, which was also a worldwide hit. In the United States, French's version peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100,[83] behind "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" by Bryan Adams and it garnered frequent airplay on AC radio. It also reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart after being re-issued in 1995.[84]
French had made her first dance version recording of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in 1994: she had purchased the Bonnie Tyler original as a teenager in 1983 and reacted negatively to the original suggestion that she (i.e. French) remake the song as dance track — "I thought, no, it's too strong a song to go down the dance route. You know, it demeans it almost. But then I thought well, I'll give it a go. And as soon as I heard the track, I thought it actually does work."[85] French's first recording of "Total Eclipse of the Heart", made with John Springate of the Glitter Band producing, came to the attention of Mike Stock and Matt Aitken who produced their own recording of the song by French and it was this version which appeared on the UK chart dated 15 October 1994 at No. 54. French would recall: "I just thought oh well that was great...I've [worked with] Mike Stock and Matt Aitken and it was a dream come true...we tried and I had a great time...And then about two months later I had a call out of the blue from Mike saying the buzz will not die down on this track so we're going to re-record the beginning...and we're going to re-release it at the beginning of 1995."[86]
According to French, her remake of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" became popular in the UK and the US in distinct remixes: "the slower version was the one that actually took a hold in the UK where originally they started with the fast one and then decided to go with the [remix which began] in the same vein as the Bonnie Tyler version [and then] sped up when the chorus came in...In the US it was the [remix] which was fast all the way through."[86]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[84] 54
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[87] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[88] 14
Canada (RPM 100 Hit Tracks)[89] 16
Canada (RPM Adult Contemporary)[90] 17
Canada (RPM Dance)[91] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[92] 65
Ireland (IRMA)[38] 15
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[93] 7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[94] 10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[95] 13
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[96] 5
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[49] 20
US Billboard Adult Top 40[83] 36
US Billboard Hot 100[83] 2
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[83] 37
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[83] 5
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[83] 12
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[83] 1
US Cash Box[97] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[98] 17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[99] 80
Canada (RPM Top 50 Dance Tracks)[100] 7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[101] 80
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[102] 90
US Billboard Hot 100[103] 19
US Cash Box[104] 27
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[105]
Platinum 70,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[106]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[107]
Gold 600,000[108]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Boom Boom Boom" by The Outhere Brothers Canadian RPM Dance number-one single
7 August 1995 – 14 August 1995 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Be My Lover" by La Bouche
Preceded by
"I Know" by Dionne Farris US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream number-one single
10 June 1995 (1 week) Succeeded by
"I'll Be There for You" by The Rembrandts
Westlife version[edit]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Promotional single by Westlife
from the album The Love Album
Released
2007[72]
Format
CD Single
Genre
Pop
Length
4:40
Label
Sony BMG
Songwriter(s)
Jim Steinman
Irish boy band Westlife recorded a cover of the song on their 2006 album The Love Album.[109] The song would have been released as the album's second single but was cancelled due to their The Love Tour conflicts, though a promo release still reached No. 5 on the radio charts in the Philippines. Three official remixes have been made for their version as well as a remix done by Jim Steinman, which was ultimately rejected by the record label but has surfaced on the Internet. The song was released as promotional single on 2007.
Yuridia version[edit]
Mexican singer Yuridia covered the song in Spanish as "Eclipse Total del Amor" from her second studio album Habla El Corazón in 2006. The single peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart.[110]
Parody versions[edit]
A parody of the song and music video were published in 2009, in what the fans and makers call a "literal video version", which is a type of video that replaces the original song lyrics with humorous lyrics describing the images in the video. Time magazine listed it as the 6th best viral video of 2009.[111] This was also the 6th literal video produced by professional video editor David A. Scott Jr.; the singer who performed for this re-dub was Scott's friend Felisha Noble using the pseudonym Persephone Maewyn.[112] The video is still viewable on Funny or Die's website, where it has received over 100,000 views, qualifying it for "Immortal" status since April 2012.[113]
In 2010, Tyler appeared in an advertisement for MasterCard, performing a short parody of the song with its noted new lyric "Turn around, Neville."[114] She performed the original song in a similar advertisement for Westpac in 2012.[115]
Warby Parker produced a parody video in anticipation of the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017.[116]
See also[edit]
1983 in British music
List of best-selling singles
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Australia)
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Canada)
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Ireland)
List of number-one singles in 1983 (New Zealand)
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Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (21 August 2017). "'Total Eclipse of the Heart' Sales Rise More Than 500%". Billboard. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Pelletiere, Nicole (21 August 2017). "'Total Eclipse of the Heart' hits no. 1 on iTunes for solar eclipse". ABC News. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bruner, Raisa (16 August 2017). "Bonnie Tyler Will Sing 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' During the Actual Eclipse". Time. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Balfe, John (12 August 2014). "80s Power Ballad queen Bonnie Tyler announced for Electric Picnic". entertainment.ie. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Video: Cian Healy's hilarious rendition of 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' wins Irish Women's rugby team ticket to Electric Picnic". Irish Independent. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
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External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Bonnie Tyler songs
Discography
The World Starts Tonight
"Lost in France"
"More Than a Lover"
Natural Force
"It's a Heartache"
"Living for the City"
"Heaven"
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
"Here Am I"
Diamond Cut
"Too Good to Last"
"My Guns Are Loaded"
Goodbye to the Island
"I'm Just a Woman"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
"Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean"
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love"
Faster Than the Speed of Night
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?"
"Faster Than the Speed of Night"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"Straight from the Heart"
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire
"If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)"
"Loving You's a Dirty Job but Somebody's Gotta Do It"
"Band of Gold"
"Lovers Again"
"Holding Out for a Hero"
Hide Your Heart
"Hide Your Heart"
"Don't Turn Around"
"Save Up All Your Tears"
"To Love Somebody"
"The Best"
Bitterblue
"Against the Wind"
"Bitterblue"
"Where Were You"
Angel Heart
"Fools Lullaby"
"I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night"
Silhouette in Red
"You Are So Beautiful"
Free Spirit
"You're the One"
"Making Love Out of Nothing at All"
"Bridge over Troubled Water"
"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad"
All in One Voice
"Angel of the Morning"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"The Rose"
"He's the King"
"Silent Night"
Heart Strings
"Human Touch"
"Everybody Hurts"
"Amazed"
"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"
"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going"
"Lean on Me"
"In My Life"
"Learning to Fly"
"Right Here Waiting"
"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For"
"I Can't Make You Love Me"
"Need Your Love So Bad"
"It's Over"
Simply Believe
"Si demain... (Turn Around)"
"Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)
"Darlin'"
Wings
"Louise"
Rocks and Honey
"This Is Gonna Hurt"
"Believe in Me"
"What You Need from Me"
"Love Is the Knife"
"Mom"
Collaborations
"A Rockin' Good Way (to Mess Around and Fall in Love)"
"Islands"
"Vergiß Es (Forget It)"
"Amour Éternel (Eternal Flame)"
"Love's Holding On"
Other songs
"Sayonara Tokyo"
"Here She Comes"
"The Desert Is in Your Heart"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
[show]
v
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e
Westlife
Nicky Byrne
Kian Egan
Mark Feehily
Shane Filan
Brian McFadden
Albums
Studio albums
Westlife
Coast to Coast
World of Our Own
Turnaround
Allow Us to Be Frank
Face to Face
The Love Album
Back Home
Where We Are
Gravity
Compilations
Unbreakable: The Greatest Hits Volume 1
Greatest Hits
Videos
Video albums
The Karaoke Collection
Concert DVD
Where We Are Tour: Live from the O2
Concert tours
Where Dreams Come True Tour
World of Our Own Tour
Unbreakable Tour
Turnaround Tour
No. 1's Tour
Face to Face Tour
The Love Tour
Back Home Tour
Where We Are Tour
Gravity Tour
Greatest Hits Tour
Book
Westlife: Our Story
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Originals
Covers
Tours
Awards
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Westlife singles
Discography
Westlife
"Swear It Again"
"If I Let You Go"
"Flying Without Wings"
"I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun"
"Fool Again"
Coast to Coast
"Against All Odds"
"My Love"
"What Makes a Man"
"I Lay My Love on You"
"Uptown Girl"
"When You're Looking Like That"
World of Our Own
"Queen of My Heart"
"Evergreen"
"World of Our Own"
"Bop Bop Baby"
Unbreakable
"Unbreakable"
"Tonight/Miss You Nights"
Turnaround
"Hey Whatever"
"Mandy"
"Obvious"
Allow Us to Be Frank
"Ain't That a Kick in the Head"
"Fly Me To The Moon"
"Smile"
Face to Face
"You Raise Me Up"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Amazing"
The Love Album
"The Rose"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Back Home
"Home"
"Us Against the World"
"Something Right"
Where We Are
"What About Now"
Gravity
"Safe"
Greatest Hits
"Lighthouse"
"Beautiful World"
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Only Men Aloud!
Studio albums
Only Men Aloud! (2008)
Band of Brothers (2009)
In Festive Mood (2011)
Singles
"All by Myself"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Featured singles
"Caliban's Dream"
Television
Last Choir Standing
Related articles
Only Boys Aloud
[show]
v
t
e
Yuridia
Solo albums
La Voz de un Ángel (2005)
Habla El Corazón (2006)
Entre Mariposas (2007)
Nada es color de rosa (2009)
Para Mí (2011)
Compilation albums
Yuridia Remixes (2008)
Singles
"Ángel"
"Maldita Primavera"
"Como Yo Nadie Te Ha Amado"
"Habla el Corazón"
Collaborations
"Eclipse Total del Amor"
Related
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&oldid=801138606"
Categories:
1980s ballads
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Bonnie Tyler songs
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Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy
Nek songs
Number-one dance singles in Canada
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Aluminum joining
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (April 2018)
Aluminum alloys are often chosen due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, low cost, high thermal and electrical conductivity. There are a variety of techniques to join aluminum including mechanical fasteners, welding, adhesive bonding, brazing and soldering, etc. Various techniques are used based on the cost and strength required for the joint. In addition, process combinations can performed to provide means for difficult to join assemblies and to reduce certain process limitations.
Contents
1 Mechanical fasteners
2 Adhesive bonding
2.1 Surface preparation
2.2 Type of adhesives
3 Welding
4 Brazing and soldering
5 References
Mechanical fasteners[edit]
Example of aluminum aircraft panel
A simple and cheap method to join aluminum is using mechanical fasteners (i.e. bolts and nuts). Normally a hole is drilled into the base material and a fastener is placed inside. This type of joiner requires some type of overlapping material for a joint to be made. Aluminum rivets or bolts and nuts can be used; however, high-stress applications would require higher strength fastener material such as steel. This could lead to galvanic corrosion of different materials which have varying electrochemical potential. Significant corrosion would weaken the assembly over time and possibly lead to failure. In addition, different materials could result in thermal fatigue cracking from differing coefficients of thermal expansion. As the assembly is repeatedly heated stresses can build up and enlarge the mounting hole. A commonplace mechanical fasteners are used is riveting of aluminum panels on airplane exteriors.[1]
Adhesive bonding[edit]
Aluminum can be joined with a variety of adhesives. Aluminum may require some level of surface preparation and passivation to remove any unwanted chemical from the surface. Passivation could be as simple as rubbing alcohol or ultrasonic cleaning. Before bonding, a dry fit should be conducted to confirm proper fitting of the components. Adhesives may require heat, pressure, or both during curing; however, the adhesive application should be conducted per the adhesive manufacturer's instructions.[2]
Surface preparation[edit]
Aluminium oxide nanoparticles prepared by biopolymer mineralization
In order for a proper adhesive bond, some surface preparation is necessary. A surface cleaning to remove any impurities is made. The surface of the parts to be joined may be roughened with an abrasive such as sandpaper. This provides interlocking surface asperities and increases surface area for bonding. A chemical treatment may also be needed to increase the surface energy of the adherent and remove the oxide layer. Aluminum oxide is weakly bonded to the underlying aluminum metal and without removal, the adhesive joint is dramatically weakened. Oxides layers can separate from the metal substrate and is a key principle for adhesive failure theory, Bikerman weak boundary layer. One way to strength the oxide layer and prevent oxide to substrate failure is to anodize the material. Anodizing creates a strong hexagonal oxide layer with additional surface area for adhesive joining.
Type of adhesives[edit]
Adhesive selection can be dictated based on cost, strength and needed ductility. Hobbyist commonly uses cyanoacrylate (super glue), epoxy, or JB Weld. Silicone may also be used in an application in which waterproofing is needed.
Welding[edit]
US Navy 101018-N-6362C-056 Hull Maintenance Technician 3rd Class Christopher Pizzino makes a welding repair to an aluminum boat on the fantail.
Most aluminum alloys can be joined by welding together; however, certain aircraft grade aluminum and other special alloys are unweldable using conventional methods. Aluminum is commonly welded with gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Due to aluminum's oxide layer, a positive polarity is needed break up the surface to ensure a proper weld. Alternating current (AC) is also used to allow the benefits of a negative polarity which provides penetration and enough positive polarity for a containment free weld. For more details on welding parameters structural aluminum welding codes can be found in AWS D1.2.[3] Aluminum welding typically creates a softened region in the weld metal and heat affected zone. Additional heat treatments may be needed to obtain an acceptable material for an application.[4] Industrial welding is also commonly found in joining aluminum: friction stir welding, laser welding, and ultrasonic welding are some of the many processes used.
Brazing and soldering[edit]
Automobile radiator joined with brazing.
Aluminum can be brazed or soldered to almost any material including concrete, ceramics, or wood. Brazing and soldering can be applied manually or through an automated technique. Manual aluminum brazing can be difficult due to no observable color change before melting. Similar to other techniques, aluminum's strong oxide can prevent proper bonding. Strong acids and bases can be used to weaken the oxide or aggressive fluxes may be used. Brazing alloys for aluminum must have a relatively low melting temperature which is below aluminum's melting temperature (660 °C).[5] In addition, aluminum alloys with high magnesium content can "poison" fluxes and depress the melting temperature which can result in a weak joint. In some cases, the aluminum parts can be clad with a different material and brazed with a more common technique and filler material. Brazed joints require overlapping of parts. The amount of overlap can greatly affect the strength of the joint.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bonenberger, Paul R. (2005). The First Snap-Fit Handbook. 6915Valley Avenue,Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USA: Hanser Gardner Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-56990-388-3.
Jump up ^ Pocius, Alphonsus V. (2012). Adhesion and Adhesives Technology: An Introduction. 6915 Valley Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USA: Hanser Publications. ISBN 978-3-446-43177-5.
Jump up ^ Society, American Welding. "AWS D1.2, Structural Welding Code – Aluminum : Certification : American Welding Society". www.aws.org. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
Jump up ^ Lippold, John C. (2015). Welding Metallurgy and Weldability. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-23070-1.
Jump up ^ "Aluminium". Wikipedia. 2018-04-23.
Jump up ^ American Welding Society (AWS) C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering (2011). BRAZING HANDBOOK, 5th EDITION. 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126: American Welding Society. ISBN 978-0-87171-046-8.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminum_joining&oldid=846558413"
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Pen-y-ghent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pen-y-ghent
From the path from Horton
Highest point
Elevation
694 m (2,277 ft)
Prominence
c. 306 m. (1,004 ft)
Parent peak
Whernside
Listing
Marilyn, Hewitt, Nuttall
Coordinates
54°09′19″N 2°14′59″W / 54.15528°N 2.24972°W / 54.15528; -2.24972Coordinates: 54°09′19″N 2°14′59″W / 54.15528°N 2.24972°W / 54.15528; -2.24972
Naming
Translation
Hill on the border (Cumbric)
Pronunciation
/ˈpɛnɪɡɛnt/
Geography
Pen-y-ghent
Location of Pen-y-ghent in the
Yorkshire Dales National Park
Location
Yorkshire Dales, England
OS grid
SD838733
Topo map
OS Landranger 98
Pen-y-ghent or Penyghent is a fell in the Yorkshire Dales, England. It is the smallest of the Yorkshire Three Peaks at 2,277 feet (694 m);[1] the other two being Ingleborough and Whernside.[2] It lies 1.9 miles (3 km) east of Horton in Ribblesdale.[3] It features a number of interesting geological features such as Hunt Pot, and further down, Hull Pot. The waters that flow in have created an extensive cave system which rises at Brants Gill head. The Pennine Way links the summit to the village; the route is around 3.1 miles (5 km) in length as the Way curves initially to the north before turning east to reach the summit.[4]
The more direct route that traverses the southern 'nose' of the hill is the route usually taken by those attempting the Yorkshire Three Peaks Challenge, as the walk is usually (but not exclusively) done in an anti-clockwise direction starting and finishing in Horton in Ribblesdale. The other main hillwalking route on the hill heads north from the summit to reach Plover Hill before descending to join Foxup Road, a bridleway at the head of Littondale.[3]
Pen-y-Ghent is made up of a millstone grit top sat upon a bed of carboniferous limestone.[5] The summit acts as a watershed with water flowing east into the River Skirfare and on through to the Humber estuary, and water flowing west dropping into the River Ribble, to ultimately flow into the Irish Sea.[6] The distinctive rakes that adorn the hillside (particularly on the western edge of Pen-y-Ghent) were revealed during a great storm in July 1881. The ferocity of the water cascading down the hillside removed the topsoil and revealed the rakes beneath.[1][6]
In the Cumbric language, exactly as in today's Welsh, Pen meant 'top' or 'head', and y is most likely the definite article (the), exactly as in Modern Welsh y. These elements are common in placenames throughout the island, and especially in Wales (compare Penyberth 'end of the hedge/copse', or Penyffordd 'head of the road/way', etc.). The element ghent is more obscure, however: it could be taken to be 'edge' or 'border'.[7] The name Pen-y-ghent could therefore mean 'Hill on the border' (compare Kent).[8] Alternatively, ghent could mean 'wind' or 'winds' – from the closest Welsh transliteration, gwynt ('wind'). Thus it might mean simply 'Head of the Winds'. It is also possible that ghent may have been a tribal name and that the hill may have once been an important tribal centre. It is also acceptable to write the name as Pen y Ghent rather than Pen-y-ghent.
Hull Pot Beck spilling into Hull Pot. Taken looking north-westwards
Hull Pot Beck rises on the western side of Plover Hill and flows into Hull Pot, which is the largest natural hole in England.[9] Hull Pot measures 300 feet (91 m) long by 60 feet (18 m) wide and 60 feet (18 m) deep.[4] The water then flows under Horton Moor before re-appearing just east of Horton in Ribblesdale as Brants Ghyll Beck, where it flows into the River Ribble.[10] Local legend has it that the waters from Hull Pot and Hunt Pot cross each other underground without mixing. This is said to have first been noted when a sheep wash was undertaken in one stream thereby making it muddy, and oaks being dropped into the other stream and both having exited into the Ribble without mixing together.[11]
A panoramic image of Pen-y-ghent viewed from the west, on the footpath from Horton in Ribblesdale, January 2012. Plover Hill is the lower, more distant hill to the left.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Picture Post: More snow forecast for Pen Y Ghent". The Yorkshire Post. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Terry (17 May 2017). "Yorkshire Dales walk - Pen-Y-Ghent and Plover Hill". yorkshirelife.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "OL2" (Map). Yorkshire Dales - Southern & Western Area; Whernside, Ingleborough & Pen-y-ghent. 1:25,000. Explorer. Ordnance Survey. 2016. ISBN 9780319263310.
^ Jump up to: a b "Walk 33; Pen-y-ghent from Horton" (PDF). nationaltrail.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Seven Wonders - Three Peaks". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pen-y-ghent". yorkshiredales.org.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Bibby, Andrew (2008). The backbone of England : landscape and life on the Pennine watershed (1 ed.). London: Frances Lincoln. p. 120. ISBN 9780711228252.
Jump up ^ Ekwall, Eilert (1960). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names (4 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 363. ISBN 0-19-869103-3.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Walk: Hull Pot". The Yorkshire Post. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brantsghyll Beck". Environment Agency. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Speight, Harry (1892). "XL; All about Pen-y-Ghent". The Craven and North-West Yorkshire Highlands (1 ed.). London: Elliot Stock. p. 391. OCLC 650329471.
Bibliography[edit]
Bibby, Andrew (2008), The Backbone of England, London: Francis Lincoln Limited
Ekwall, Eilert (1960), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pen-y-ghent.
Computer generated summit panoramas Pen-y-ghent index
Photos of Pen-y-ghent and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
Climb Pen-y-ghent from Horton-in-Ribblesdale
[show]
v
t
e
Marilyns of Northern England
1. Northumberland
The Cheviot
Housedon Hill
Long Crag
Peel Fell
Ros Hill
Shillhope Law
Sighty Crag
Tosson Hill
2. Northern Lakeland
Binsey
Blencathra
Knott
Skiddaw
3. Western Lakeland
Blake Fell
Dale Head
Dent
Grasmoor
Great Gable
Grisedale Pike
High Stile
Kirk Fell
Lord's Seat
Low Fell
Mellbreak
Pillar
Robinson
Seatallan
Swinside
Watch Hill
4. Central and
Southern Lakeland
Black Combe
Claife Heights
Coniston Old Man
Hard Knott
Harter Fell
High Raise
High Rigg
Holme Fell
Illgill Head
Kirkby Moor
Lingmoor Fell
Loughrigg Fell
Muncaster Fell
Pike of Blisco
Scafell Pike
Top o' Selside
Whitfell
5. Eastern Lakeland
Arnside Knott
Fairfield
Grayrigg Forest
Great Mell Fell
Gummer's How
Hallin Fell
Helvellyn
High Street
Hutton Roof Crags
Lambrigg Fell
Little Mell Fell
Place Fell
Red Screes
St Sunday Crag
Seat Sandal
Stony Cove Pike
Tarn Crag
Wansfell
Whitbarrow
6. North Pennines
and Durham
Burnhope Seat
Cold Fell
Cross Fell
Dufton Pike
Mickle Fell
7. Northern Yorkshire Dales
Baugh Fell
The Calf
Great Shunner Fell
Hoove
Kisdon
Nine Standards Rigg
Rogan's Seat
Wild Boar Fell
Yarlside
8. Southern Yorkshire Dales
Aye Gill Pike
Birks Fell
Buckden Pike
Calf Top
Cracoe Fell
Dodd Fell Hill
Fountains Fell
Great Coum
Great Knoutberry Hill
Great Whernside
Ingleborough
Pen-y-ghent
Rombald's Moor
Sharp Haw
Whernside
9. North York Moors
to the Humber
Bishop Wilton Wold
Cringle Moor
Gisborough Moor
Urra Moor
10. Forest of Bowland
Easington Fell
Fair Snape Fell
Longridge Fell
Ward's Stone
White Hill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pen-y-ghent&oldid=790526977"
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Hewitts of England
Peaks of the Yorkshire Dales
Nuttalls
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This page was last edited on 14 July 2017, at 09:19.
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