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Armand (The Vampire Chronicles)
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Armand
The Vampire Chronicles character
Antonio Banderas as Armand (1994)
First appearance
Interview with the Vampire (1976)
Portrayed by
Antonio Banderas (1994)
Information
Nickname(s)
Andrei
Amadeo
Aliases
The "vagabond angel child of Satan"
Species
Vampire
Gender
Male
Occupation
Coven Leader
Title
All Father
Family
Ivan (father)
Significant other(s)
Marius de Romanus (maker/lover)
Bianca Solderini (lover)
Sybelle and Benji
Louis de Pointe du Lac (lover)
Daniel Molloy (fledgling/lover)
Religion
Orthodox (as a human)
Catholic
Nationality
Russian
Armand is a fictional character in The Vampire Chronicles novels written by Anne Rice. At the end of the series, he is approximately 500 years of age. His outward appearance is that of a beautiful adolescent boy, 5’6, with curly auburn hair, large brown eyes and slender fingers. His features are at times compared figuratively to those of Cupid or a Botticelli angel.
Contents
1 Fictional biography
1.1 As a human
1.2 As a vampire
2 Vampire family
3 Portrayal in other media
4 References
Fictional biography[edit]
As a human[edit]
Armand is born in 1481 in the former Kiev Rus to the acclaimed hunter Ivan. Armand's original name is Andrei.[1]
As a child he has the ability to paint vivid pictures of Jesus Christ, Madonna, and the Eastern Orthodox Saints. His astonished parents eventually reveal his gift to the monks in the Monastery of the Caves, who live an ascetic life buried beneath earth, sustained only by water and small amounts of food. Both the monks and Andrei believe he is destined to live such a life, while his father is appalled by the idea. When their ruler, Prince Michael, orders Andrei to paint an icon and bring it to the castle of his brother, the supposedly dead Prince Feodor, Andrei is captured by Tartars and brought as a slave to Constantinople and subsequently sold to a Venetian brothel. There, he is subjected to horrific sexual abuse and develops amnesia.[1]
Marius, a 1500-year-old vampire then living as a painter in Venice, rescues Andrei, giving him an education and a luxurious life. Marius renames him Amadeo. Marius is in love with a courtesan named Bianca Solderini, yet cannot bring himself to turn her into a vampire. Instead, he chooses Amadeo for his beauty, youth and painting skills (apparently lost, along with his memories) to educate 'in the way of the blood', so as to eventually make him a vampire. Amadeo loves Marius single-mindedly and is eager to become a vampire. He does not understand Marius' hesitation to turn him, and in an act of rebellion and anger he seduces an English Lord, whom he eventually abandons after a few nights. However, the English Lord becomes obsessed with Amadeo and enraged by his betrayal, wounds him with a poisoned blade. In doing this, he forces Marius to turn Amadeo into a vampire to save his life. Amadeo is 17 years old at the time of his transformation.[1][2]
As a vampire[edit]
Shortly after Amadeo becomes a vampire, Marius' Palazzo is attacked by a Satanic cult of vampires, led by the vampire Santino. They set Marius on fire and kidnap Amadeo and the other children at the Palazzo and take them to Rome. Santino tortures Amadeo by burning his friends to death right in front of him and starving him in a cellar until he is forced to feed on his best friend and innocent children. After five months of such psychological torture, Amadeo is ready to believe everything the cult said in exchange for their love and to forget all he has known before. Because of his strength, he is named the leader of the Parisian coven in 1580, and renamed Armand, since a name with the word 'God' (Deo) in it seemed unfit for the leader of a satanic coven.[1]
Roughly two hundred years later the coven tries to capture Lestat (turned vampire by Magnus, another old target of the coven) and considers destroying him, but Lestat is stronger than Armand, and declares them ridiculous and unfit for the times in which they lived. He disproves their beliefs that they could not look upon crosses, walk into churches, or live in places of light. Realizing that Lestat is right about the coven's obsolescence, Armand falls into despair and destroys most of his own followers. He tries to persuade Lestat to take him along on his journeys, but Lestat refuses. Instead, Armand joins the Théâtre des Vampires and learns to move among mortals.
In the late 19th century, Lestat's fledglings Claudia and Louis happen upon the theater. Armand sees Louis as a new possibility of integrating into the modern world. When he cannot persuade Louis to leave Claudia, he manages to get rid of her by burning her to death in the sun, and then lets Louis burn the theater with the vampires in it so they can leave together. They stay together until around the 1920s, then part because Louis has never fully recovered from the loss of Claudia, and knows that Armand is at least partly responsible for her death.[1][3]
After the incidents in Interview with the Vampire, Daniel Molloy tries to find Lestat, but is instead found by Armand. Daniel provides a link for Armand to the new time, and they form a relationship. However, Daniel grows more and more impatient, longing to be turned to a vampire, and he and Armand become estranged. By 1985, Daniel manages to destroy his health to such a degree that he is near death, so Armand finally turns him into a vampire. Daniel is Armand's only fledgling to date, and they can no longer stay together afterward.
When Lestat brings back Veronica's Veil from his journey in Memnoch the Devil, Armand is struck by the sight of it; his religious fervor revived, he goes into the sun in an attempt to destroy and redeem himself. He not only survives, however, but manages miraculously to save a girl named Sybelle from her abusive brother. Sybelle and her protector, Benji, restore Armand with the blood of a drug dealer, and the three of them become very close. When Armand dictates the book The Vampire Armand to David Talbot, former head of the Talamasca and by then Lestat's fledgling, he leaves Sybelle and Benji in Marius' care. The latter then turns them into vampires.[1]
Vampire family[edit]
show
v
t
e
Anne Rice Vampire Chronicles tree
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Amel
Akasha
Rhoshamandes
Enkil
Khayman
(The Queen's
Blood)
Benedict
Mekare
Maharet
(The First
Brood)
Avicus
Teskhamen
Cyril
Magnus
Jesse
Reeves
Thorne
Eric
Marius
de Romanus
Lestat
de Lioncourt
Pandora
Armand
Bianca
Solderini
Benjamin
"Benji" Mahmoud
Nicolas "Nicki"
de Lenfent
Claudia
David
Talbot
Flavius
Arjun
Daniel
Molloy
Sybelle
Gabrielle
de Lioncourt
Louis
du Pointe
du Lac
Antoine
Mona
Mayfair
Madeleine
Merrick
Mayfair
Notes:
Status key: = Existing = Fate unknown = Destroyed

Portrayal in other media[edit]
In the 1994 film Interview with the Vampire, Armand was portrayed by Antonio Banderas.[4] Contrary to his book description, this version of Armand was a fully-grown adult (of Spanish origin instead of Russian) when he was turned into a vampire.
In the 2002 film Queen of the Damned, Armand was portrayed by Matthew Newton.[4]
In the 2006 musical, Lestat, Armand was first portrayed by Jack Noseworthy, who left the role a week after the pre-Broadway performance began, and was then replaced by his understudy Drew Sarich, who went with the production onto Broadway.[5][6]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rice, Anne (10 October 1998). The Vampire Armand. The Vampire Chronicles. United States of America: Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45447-2.
Jump up ^ Rice, Anne (16 October 2001). Blood and Gold. The Vampire Chronicles. United States of America: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45449-7.
Jump up ^ Rice, Anne (1985). The Vampire Lestat. The Vampire Chronicles. United States of America: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-345-31386-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Armand (Character)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Jack Noseworthy Departs B'way-Bound Lestat; Understudy Sarich to Go On". Broadway.com. 22 December 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Former Lestat Understudy Drew Sarich Assumes Role of Armand Full-Time". Broadway.com. 16 January 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
show
v
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The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice
Novels
Interview with the Vampire (1976)
The Vampire Lestat (1985)
The Queen of the Damned (1988)
The Tale of the Body Thief (1992)
Memnoch the Devil (1995)
The Vampire Armand (1998)
Merrick (2000)
Blood and Gold (2001)
Blackwood Farm (2002)
Blood Canticle (2003)
Prince Lestat (2014)
Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis (2016)
New Tales of the Vampires
Pandora (1998)
Vittorio the Vampire (1999)
Film adaptations
Interview with the Vampire (1994)
Queen of the Damned (2002)
Musical adaptations
Lestat (2006)
Characters
Lestat de Lioncourt
Aaron Lightner
Armand
Claudia
Daniel Molloy
Jesse Reeves
Khayman
Louis de Pointe du Lac
Maharet and Mekare
Marius de Romanus
Nicolas de Lenfent
Santiago
Talamasca Caste
List of characters
Related works
Lives of the Mayfair Witches (1990–1994)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armand_(The_Vampire_Chronicles)&oldid=862964093"
Categories:
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Hidden categories:
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text:
Compact disc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"CD" redirects here. For other uses, see CD (disambiguation).
Compact Disc
The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to diffract into a full visible spectrum.
Media type
Optical disc
Encoding
Various
Capacity
Typically up to 700 MiB (up to 80 minutes audio)
Read mechanism
780 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser, 1200 Kibit/s (1×)
Standard
Red Book
Developed by
Philips, Sony
Usage
Audio and data storage
Extended from
LaserDisc
Extended to
CD-RW
Released
1982
Optical discs
General[show]
Optical disc
Optical disc drive
Optical disc authoring
Authoring software
Recording technologies
Recording modes
Packet writing
Optical media types[show]
Compact disc (CD): CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i
DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-R DS, DVD+R DS, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-D, DVD-A, HVD, EcoDisc
Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R & BD-RE, Ultra HD Blu-ray
Blu-ray 3D
Universal Media Disc (UMD)
Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM
High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
VCDHD
GD-ROM
Personal Video Disc (PVD)
MiniDisc (MD), Hi-MD
LaserDisc (LD), LD-ROM, LV-ROM
Video Single Disc (VSD)
Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
Five dimensional disc (5D DVD)
Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
Archival Disc
Professional Disc
Standards[show]
SFF ATAPI/MMC
Mount Rainier (packet writing)
Mount Fuji (layer jump recording)
Rainbow Books
File systems
ISO 9660
Joliet
Romeo
Rock Ridge / SUSP
El Torito
Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
Universal Disk Format (UDF)
ISO 13490
See also[show]
History of optical storage media
High-definition optical disc format war
v
t
e
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.
Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers.
At the time of the technology's introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive, which would typically hold 10 MB. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much storage space as a thousand CDs, while their prices had plummeted to commodity level. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide.[1]
From the early 2000s CDs were increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that by 2010 the number of audio CDs being sold in the U.S. had dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remained one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry.[2] In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Digital audio laser-disc prototypes
1.2 Collaboration and standardization
1.3 Initial launch and adoption
1.4 Further development and decline
1.5 Awards and accolades
2 Physical details
2.1 Integrity
2.2 Disc shapes and diameters
3 Logical format
3.1 Audio CD
3.2 Super Audio CD
3.3 CD-MIDI
3.4 CD-ROM
3.5 Video CD (VCD)
3.6 Super Video CD
3.7 Photo CD
3.8 CD-i
3.9 CD-i Ready
3.10 Enhanced Music CD (CD+)
3.11 Vinyl Disc
4 Manufacture
5 Writable compact discs
5.1 Recordable CD
5.2 ReWritable CD
5.2.1 Speed
6 Copy protection
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp.[4][5] Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.[6][7][8]
The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.[9] Although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit,[10] the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled.[11] In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.[12] By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes.[13][14] The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.[15]
Digital audio laser-disc prototypes[edit]
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog[16] optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.[17] However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974.[16] In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.[16][18]
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.[19] Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation.[20] In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels.[20] Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"[21] in Eindhoven, Netherlands.[22]
Collaboration and standardization[edit]
Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer Kees Schouhamer Immink was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980
Sony executive Norio Ohga, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and Heitaro Nakajima were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.[23]
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology.[21] After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
Philips coined the term compact disc in line with another audio product, the Compact Cassette,[18] and contributed the general manufacturing process, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), which offers a certain resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the error-correction method, CIRC.
The Compact Disc Story,[16] told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around four to eight persons,[10][24] though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team."[25]
Initial launch and adoption[edit]
Philips established the Polydor Pressing Operations plant in Langenhagen near Hannover, Germany, and quickly passed a series of milestones.
The first test pressing was of a recording of Richard Strauss's Eine Alpensinfonie (An Alpine Symphony) played by the Berlin Philharmonic and conducted by Herbert von Karajan, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.[26]
The first public demonstration was on the BBC television programme Tomorrow's World in 1981, when the Bee Gees' album Living Eyes (1981) was played.[27]
The first commercial compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982. It was The Visitors (1981) by ABBA.[28]
The first 50 titles were released in Japan on 1 October 1982,[29] the very first of which was a rerelease of the Billy Joel album 52nd Street.[30]
The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982 on BBC Radio Scotland (Jimmy Mack programme, Followed by Ken Bruce and Eddie Mair all BBC Scotland), with the first CD played on UK independent radio station shortly after (Radio Forth, Jay Crawford Show). The CD was Dire Straits, Love over Gold. [31]
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe[32] and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles).[33] This 1983 event is often seen as the "Big Bang"[by whom?] of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Discman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. An advantage of the format was the ability to produce and market boxed sets and multi-volume collections.[11] The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms.[34] The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.[35] On February 26, 1987, the first four UK albums by The Beatles were released in mono on compact disc.[36] In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.[37]
Further development and decline[edit]
Sony CD Walkman D-E330
The CD was planned to be the successor of the vinyl record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention.[38] In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips.[39] Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the audio cassette player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.[40] With the increasing popularity of portable digital audio players, such as mobile phones, and solid state music storage, CD players are being phased out of automobiles in favor of minijack auxiliary inputs, wired connection to USB devices and wireless Bluetooth connection.[41]
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%,[42] although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly.[43] As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States.[44] By 2015[update], only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, ⅔ of this consisting of CDs;[45] however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats.[46]
Despite the rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology remained for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores targeting buyers least able to utilize Internet-based distribution.[11] However, in 2018, Best Buy announced plans to end CD sales in its stores on July 1, 2018, with Target Corporation planning to only offer CDs on a consignment basis.[47]
Awards and accolades[edit]
Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include
Technical Grammy Award for Sony and Philips, 1998.[48]
IEEE Milestone award, 2009, for Philips only with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."[49]
Physical details[edit]
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Diagram of CD layers.
A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.
A shiny layer reflects the laser.
A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer.
Artwork is screen printed on the top of the disc.
A laser beam reads the CD and is reflected back to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data
A CD is made from 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, polycarbonate plastic and weighs 15–20 grams.[50][better source needed] From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm.
A thin layer of aluminium or, more rarely, gold is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally spin coated directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by screen printing or offset printing.
CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as "pits", encoded in a spiral track moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as "lands". Each pit is approximately 100 nm deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5 µm in length.[51] The distance between the tracks, the pitch, is 1.6 µm.[52][53][54]
A motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (constant linear velocity) – equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. (A disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback.)
Comparison of various optical storage media
The program area is 86.05 cm2 and the length of the recordable spiral is (86.05 cm2 / 1.6 µm) = 5.38 km. With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes, or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by most players (though some old ones fail). Using a linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track pitch of 1.5 µm increases the playing time to 80 minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB.
The pits in a CD are 500 nm wide, between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and 150 nm deep
A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.
Philips CDM210 CD Drive
The pits and lands do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).
Integrity[edit]
CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits.[55] The fungus Geotrichum candidum has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.[56][57]
Disc shapes and diameters[edit]
Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not-to-scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.
* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. The official Philips history says this capacity was specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga so as to be able to contain the entirety of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc.[23] This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in December 1979. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm, but instead the information density was lowered by 30% to keep the playing time at 74 minutes.[58][10][59] The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. The 80 mm diameter discs ("Mini CDs") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB.
Physical size
Audio Capacity
CD-ROM Data Capacity
Definition
120 mm 74–80 min 650–700 MiB Standard size
80 mm 21–24 min 185–210 MiB Mini-CD size
80x54 mm – 80x64 mm ~6 min 10-65 MiB "Business card" size
Logical format[edit]
Audio CD[edit]
Main article: Compact Disc Digital Audio
The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.
CD-Text is an extension of the Red Book specification for audio CD that allows for storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the lead-in area of the CD, where there is roughly five kilobytes of space available, or in the subcode channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes.
Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.
CD + Extended Graphics (CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the Compact Disc + Graphics (CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG utilizes basic CD-ROM features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very few, if any, CD+EG discs have been published.
Super Audio CD[edit]
Main article: Super Audio CD
Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution read-only optical audio disc format that was designed to provide higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Book. Introduced in 1999, it was developed by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the Red Book. SACD was in a format war with DVD-Audio, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to the Scarlet Book standard.
Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward compatible.
CD-MIDI[edit]
CD-MIDI is a format used to store music-performance data, which upon playback is performed by electronic instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original Red Book CD-DA, these recordings are not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension of the original Red Book.
CD-ROM[edit]
Main article: CD-ROM
For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. However, in 1988, the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data computer data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.
Video CD (VCD)[edit]
Main article: Video CD
Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern DVD-Video players, personal computers, and some video game consoles.
The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC and is referred to as the White Book standard.
Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to VHS video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and does not deteriorate further with each use.
352x240 (or SIF) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of NTSC video. 352x288 is similarly one quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall) resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a much lower horizontal resolution.
Super Video CD[edit]
Main article: Super Video CD
Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality.
SVCD has two thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.
Photo CD[edit]
Main article: Photo CD
Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with suitable software (irrespective of operating system). The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.
CD-i[edit]
Main article: Philips CD-i
The Philips Green Book specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for CD-i players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks which can be played on regular CD players, but CD-i discs are not compatible with most CD-ROM drives and software. The CD-i Ready specification was later created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the CD-i Bridge specification was added to create CD-i compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives.
CD-i Ready[edit]
Main article: CD-i Ready
Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called CD-i Ready, which puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players.
Enhanced Music CD (CD+)[edit]
Main article: Blue Book (CD standard)
Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format which combines audio tracks and data tracks on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first session and data in a second session. It was developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the Blue Book.
Vinyl Disc[edit]
Main article: VinylDisc
Vinyl Disc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the vinyl record. The vinyl layer on the disc's label side can hold approximately three minutes of music.
Manufacture[edit]
Main article: CD manufacturing
Individual pits are visible on the micrometre scale
In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98.[60] On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent.[60] When 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the apparent value increased. This continued from vinyl to CDs but was broken when Apple marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is very small.[61]
Writable compact discs[edit]
Recordable CD[edit]
700 MiB CD-R next to a mechanical pencil
Main article: CD-R
Recordable Compact Discs, CD-Rs, are injection-molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the CD recorder changes the colour of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard CD player to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players. CD-Rs follow the Orange Book standard.
CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. However, testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions.[62][63] This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.[64]
The recordable audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder. These consumer audio CD recorders use SCMS (Serial Copy Management System), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the AHRA (Audio Home Recording Act). The Recordable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to lower production volume and a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.[65]
High-capacity recordable CD is a higher-density recording format that can hold 90 or 99 minutes of audio on a 12 cm (5 in) disc (compared to about 80 minutes for Red Book audio) or 30 minutes of audio on an 8 cm (3 in) disc (compared to about 24 minutes for Red Book audio).[66] The higher capacity is incompatible with some recorders and recording software.[67]
ReWritable CD[edit]
Main article: CD-RW
CD-RW is a re-recordable medium that uses a metallic alloy instead of a dye. The write laser in this case is used to heat and alter the properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of the alloy, and hence change its reflectivity. A CD-RW does not have as great a difference in reflectivity as a pressed CD or a CD-R, and so many earlier CD audio players cannot read CD-RW discs, although most later CD audio players and stand-alone DVD players can. CD-RWs follow the Orange Book standard.
The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.[65]
Speed[edit]
Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both original ReWritable CDs and High Speed ReWritable CDs. Both types of CD-RW discs can be read in most CD drives. Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.
Copy protection[edit]
Main article: CD/DVD copy protection
The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001,[68] attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like FLAC, MP3 or Vorbis). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic AutoPlay to prevent the running of the DRM executable program.
See also[edit]
5.1 Music Disc
Compact Disc bronzing
Digipak
DualDisc
Extended Resolution Compact Disc
High Definition Compatible Digital
K2 High Definition
Longbox
SPARS code
Video Single Disc
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Jump up ^ "Q. How Do You Calculate Moment of Inertia?". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009. a typical disc with ... weight of 15 grams ... maximum allowed weight (20 g)
Jump up ^ "Compact Disc". Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sharpless, Graham (July 2003). "Introduction to CD and CD-ROM" (PDF). Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Council on Library and Information Resources: Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs Archived 15 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Fungus eats CD". Nature. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fungus 'eats' CDs". BBC. June 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ K.A. Schouhamer Immink (2018). "How we made the compact disc". Nature Electronics. 1. Retrieved 2018-04-16. An international collaboration between Philips and the Sony Corporation lead to the creation of the compact disc. The author explains how it came about
Jump up ^ Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Neil Strauss (5 July 1995). "Pennies That Add Up to $16.98: Why CD's Cost So Much – New York Times". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Amy HarmonPublished: 12 October 2003 (12 October 2003). "MUSIC; What Price Music?". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "CD-R Unreadable in Less Than Two Years". cdfreaks.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "CD-R ROT". PC-Active.com via archive.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "5. Conditions That Affect CDs and DVDs — Council on Library and Information Resources". www.clir.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andy McFadden (8 August 2007). "CD-Recordable FAQ". Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Understanding CD-R & CD-RW". Osta.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "CD-Recordable FAQ – Section 3". 9 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Small quantities of 90-minute and 99-minute blanks have appeared [...] Indications are that many recorders and some software don't really work with the longer discs.
Jump up ^ Campaign For Digital Rights (5 December 2001). "Copy Protected CDs (via Archive.org)". Archived from the original on 5 December 2001.
Further reading[edit]
Ecma International. Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM), 2nd edition (June 1996).
Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992). The Compact Disc Handbook. Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. ISBN 0-89579-300-8.
Peek, Hans et al. (2009) Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISBN 978-1-4020-9552-8.
Peek, Hans B., The emergence of the compact disc, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17.
Nakajima, Heitaro; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992) Compact Disc Technology, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd. ISBN 4-274-03347-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Compact disc (category)
Video How Compact Discs are Manufactured
CD-Recordable FAQ Exhaustive basics on CDs
Philips history of the CD (cache)
Patent History (CD Player) – published by Philips in 2005
Patent History CD Disc – published by Philips in 2003
Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章 レコードに代わるものはこれだ) – Sony website in Japanese
Popularized History on Soundfountain
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display: none;

values: תקליטור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values:
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Georgian
ka
ka
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Ықшам дискі – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Компакт диск – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Компактен диск – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: കോംപാക്റ്റ് ഡിസ്ക് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: စီဒီဓါတ်ပြား – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values: コンパクトディスク – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Компакт-диск – Eastern Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values: ਕਮਪੈਕਟ ਡਿਸਕ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: كېښكلى ټيكلى (CD) – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values: ស៊ីឌី – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Компакт-диск – Russian

values: Компакт-диискэ – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: සංයුක්ත තැටිය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values: Компакт-диск – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-levy
CD-levy – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: కంపాక్ట్ డిస్క్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: แผ่นซีดี – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Компакт-диск – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: کمپیکٹ ڈسک – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Wu Chinese
wuu
wuu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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