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First Special Service Force
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Not to be confused with 1st Special Service Brigade.
"Devil's Brigade" redirects here. For other uses, see Devil's Brigade (disambiguation).
1st Special Service Force
1st Special Service Force shoulder patch
Active
9 July 1942 - 5 December 1944
Country
Canada
United States
Allegiance
Allied Forces
Branch
Army
Type
Commando
Role
Special operations
Size
1,400
Garrison/HQ
Fort William Henry Harrison
Nickname(s)
The Devil's Brigade, The Black Devils
Equipment
See: 'Unique weapons'
Engagements
See: 'Combat service'
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Robert T. Frederick
The 1st Special Service Force (also called The Devil's Brigade, The Black Devils, The Black Devils' Brigade, and Freddie's Freighters),[1][2] was an elite American-Canadian commando unit in World War II, under command of the United States Fifth Army. The unit was organized in 1942 and trained at Fort William Henry Harrison near Helena, Montana in the United States. The Force served in the Aleutian Islands, and fought in Italy, and southern France before being disbanded in December 1944.
The modern American and Canadian special operations forces trace their heritage to this unit. In 2013, the United States Congress passed a bill to award the 1st Special Service Force the Congressional Gold Medal.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Project Plough
1.3 Canadian recruitment
1.4 US recruitment
1.5 Aleutian Islands, 1943
1.6 Italy, 1943
1.7 Anzio, 1944
1.8 France, 1944
1.9 Disbandment, 1944
2 Training and equipment
3 Name, insignia and uniforms
4 Unit awards, legacy and memorials
5 Battle honors
6 Media depictions
7 Re-enactment
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 Bibliography
10.1 Books
10.2 External links
History[edit]
Background[edit]
Geoffrey Pyke was an English journalist, educationalist, and later an inventor whose clever, but unorthodox, ideas could be difficult to implement. In lifestyle and appearance, he fitted the common stereotype of a scientist-engineer-inventor or in British slang, a "boffin". This was part of the British approach in World War II of encouraging innovative warfare methods and weapons that was personally backed by Churchill. Hobart's Funnies are another example.
While working for the British Combined Operations Command, Pyke devised a plan for the creation of a small, élite force capable of fighting behind enemy lines in winter conditions. This was to have been a commando unit that could be landed, by sea or air, into occupied Norway, Romania and/or the Italian Alps on sabotage missions against hydroelectric plants and oil fields.
In Norway, the chief industrial threat was the creation of the heavy water used in the German atomic weapon research at Rjukan. Furthermore, attacks on Norwegian power stations, which supplied the country with 49% of its power, might drive the Axis powers out of the country and give the Allies a direct link to Russia.[4] In Romania, there were the strategically important Ploiești oil fields that met one quarter of the Germans' consumption, and Italian hydroelectric plants powered most of south German industry. Pyke requested that a tracked vehicle be developed especially for the unit, capable of carrying men and their equipment at high speed across snow-covered terrain.[5]
Project Plough[edit]
In March 1942 Pyke proposed an idea, which he had named Project Plough, to Lord Louis Mountbatten, Chief of Combined Operations Headquarters (COHQ) that Allied commandos be parachuted into the Norwegian mountains to establish a covert base on the Jostedalsbreen, a large glacier plateau in German-occupiedNorway, for guerrilla actions against the German army of occupation. Equipped with Pyke's proposed snow vehicle, they would attack strategic targets, such as hydroelectric power plants. Pyke persuaded Mountbatten that such a force would be virtually invulnerable in its glacier strongholds and would tie down large numbers of German troops trying to dislodge it.[6]
However, given the demands upon both Combined Operations and British industry, it was decided to offer it instead to the United States at the Chequers Conference of March 1942. General George Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army, accepted the suggestion for Project Plough. In April 1942, since no suitable vehicle existed, the U.S. government asked automobile manufacturers to look into such a design. Studebaker subsequently created the T-15 cargo carrier, which later became the M29 Weasel.[5]
In May 1942, the concept papers for Plough were scrutinized by Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Frederick, a young officer in the Operations Division of the U.S. General Staff. Frederick predicted Plough would be a military fiasco on the following grounds. Firstly, he argued that Plough endeavored to achieve unrealistic objectives with the number of troops that the plan called for. Similarly, he argued that the small, elite division would be outnumbered and overtaken in any defensive attempts to hold an area once it was captured.[7] Furthermore, Frederick concluded that there was no concrete way to evacuate the troops after a mission. Finally, the plan had called for troops to be dropped by airplane to their targets, which Frederick said was impossible at the moment, as there were no planes to fly the men into Norway. Ultimately, he concluded that a small squad of elite men would not do enough damage to justify the risk of putting them into battle[8] and instead proposed a series of strategic bombings to achieve the plan's objectives.[7]
Generals Marshall and Eisenhower had already discussed Plough with the British High Command and were unwilling to compromise a chance to open an American front in Europe. It was believed that Plough offered the possibility of defeating the Germans, and the Americans wanted allied efforts to shift to the Pacific Theater. The sooner the Germans were defeated, it was argued, the sooner this would become a reality.[8]
The first officer picked to lead the unit, Lieutenant Colonel Howard R. Johnson, did not get along well with Pyke. Johnson was transferred after arguing with Mountbatten and Eisenhower about the feasibility of the plan.[9] (Johnson went on to form and command the 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment.) he was replaced by Frederick, following a suggestion by Mountbatten, which was approved by Eisenhower. Frederick was given the task of creating a fighting unit for Project Plough and was promoted to colonel to command it. By July 1942 Frederick had eased Pyke out of the picture.
The First Special Service Force was activated on 9 July 1942 as a joint Canadian-U.S. force of three small regiments and a service battalion. Fort William Henry Harrison in Helena, Montana was chosen as the primary training location, due to its flat terrain for airborne training and its close proximity to mountains for ski and winter training.[5]
Frederick enjoyed a very high priority in obtaining equipment and training areas. Originally, due to its winter warfare mission, it had been intended that the unit should be equally made up of American, Canadian, and Norwegian troops. However, a lack of suitable Norwegians saw this changed to half American and half Canadian.[10]
Canadian recruitment[edit]
In July 1942, the Canadian Minister of National Defence, James Ralston, approved the assignment of 697 officers and enlisted men for Project Plough, under the guise that they were forming Canada's first airborne unit, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion (1CPB).
Due to a decision to raise an actual Canadian parachute battalion, the Canadian volunteers for Project Plough were also sometimes known unofficially as the "2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion". (The Canadians did not be officially become a unit until April–May 1943, under the designation, 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion.)
While its members remained part of the Canadian Army, subject to its code of discipline and paid by the Canadian government, they were to be supplied with uniforms, equipment, food, shelter and travel expenses by the US Army. It was agreed that a Canadian would serve as second in command of the force and that half of the officers and one third of the enlisted men would be Canadian. After Lieutenant Colonel McQueen, the senior Canadian member broke his leg during parachute training, the highest ranking Canadian in the force was Lieutenant Colonel Don Williamson, who commanded the 2nd Regiment.[11]
US recruitment[edit]
The U.S. volunteers for the force consisted initially of officers from Forts Belvoir and Benning.
Letters of recruitment were posted to all US Army units in the Southwest and on the Pacific coast. The letters called for single men, aged 21–35 with three or more years of grammar school. Occupations preferred: Rangers, lumberjacks, northwoodsmen, hunters, prospectors, explorers and game wardens. Inspection teams also scoured the western camps for ideal candidates. Those chosen, owing to the secrecy of the mission, were often told that they had been selected to undergo training for a parachute unit. Indeed, the unit was so secretive, that many soldiers did not know where they were when they arrived in Helena for training, as the windows of the trains carrying the troops were painted black.[12]
The combat force was to be made up of three regiments. Each regiment was led by a lieutenant colonel and 32 officers and boasted a force of 385 men. The regiments were divided into two battalions with three companies in each battalion and three platoons in each company. The platoon was then broken up into two sections.[13]
Following initial training period in Montana, the FSSF relocated to Camp Bradford, Virginia, on 15 April 1943, and to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, on 23 May 1943.
Aleutian Islands, 1943[edit]
It was decided that the FSSF would be blooded against Japanese forces occupying islands off Alaska. The FSSF arrived at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation on 4 July 1943.[14]
On 10 July the Devil's Brigade sailed for the Aleutian Islands off Alaska. On 15 August 1943, 1st SSF was part of the invasion force of the island of Kiska, but after discovering the island was recently evacuated by Japanese forces, it re-embarked and left ship at Camp Stoneman, California, and returned to Fort Ethan Allen, arriving 9 September 1943.[14]
Italy, 1943[edit]
In late 1943, the original Project Plough (with its target as Norway) was abandoned,[15][16] but in October 1943, the commander of the United States Fifth Army, Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, brought the 1st Special Service Force to Italy where its members demonstrated the value of their unique skills and training. The Devil's Brigade arrived in Casablanca in French Morocco in November 1943 and quickly moved to the Italian front arriving at Naples on 19 November 1943 and immediately going into the line with the U.S. 36th Infantry Division.
The force was tasked with taking two heavily fortified German positions in the Italian mountains; one at Monte La Difensa and the other at Monte La Remetanea. These positions were controlled by the 104th Panzer Grenadier Regiment with the Herman Goering Panzer Division in reserve (the former an infantry formation, and the latter an armored division).[17] The importance of these mountains lay in their position relative to Hitler's Gustav Line. That is, the German Winter line positioned on La Difensa and Remetanea were the last entrenched line before the Gustav[18] and an allied push through the mountains would enable them to advance closer to Rome.[19] Strategically, the mountains provided a commanding view of the countryside and highway, giving German artillery on the mountain control of the surrounding area. The German artillery atop La Defensa were also using a new weapon - the Nebelwerfer.[20] The paths leading up La Difensa were heavily scouted by the force prior to their attack and it was reported to Lt. Col. T.C. MacWilliam (who would lead the 2nd regiment's assault on Remetanea) that the best way to approach the entrenched enemy was up an almost vertical escarpment over the right of the hill mass.[21] In doing this, the force hoped to catch the Germans off guard, as previous allied attacks on the mountain had met the enemy head on.
The assault was planned for December 2, while the men were trained in mountain climbing and fighting tactics at their temporary barracks at Santa Maria. The plan was as follows (all regiments were in the 1st Company): At 16:30 hours on December 1, 2nd Regiment would be trucked to within 6 miles (9.7 km) of the base of the mountain and march the rest of the way to La Difensa (6 hour march). 1st Regiment, coupled with U.S. 36th Infantry Division would be the reserve units for the 2nd Regiment. 3rd Regiment would be split in two, half to supply the 2nd Regiment following the initial assault and the other half to be reserves with the 1st Regiment and 36th Infantry Division. All identification on Force soldiers was to be removed except their dog tags.
After reaching the base of the mountain and having had a single night's rest, 2nd Regiment (600 men total) began their ascent of La Difensa on December 2 at dusk under cover of a heavy artillery barrage. One soldier recalls the severity of the shelling: "It looked as if we were marching into Hell. The whole mountain was being shelled and the whole mountain seemed to be on fire".[22]
The soldiers of the 2nd Regiment came within range of the German positions at midnight and began to climb the final cliff, which jutted steeply upwards for 1,000 feet (300 m).[22] The men climbed with ropes tied to one another in the freezing rain. Upon reaching the top, MacWilliam signaled his men to move forward into a depression in front of the German entrenchment. Initially, the soldiers were given the order to hold their fire until 6am, but the Germans were made aware of the allied positions after members of the force tripped over loose gravel while moving along the mountaintop. German flares shot into the air and the battle began. Through gun and mortar fire, the men of the 2nd Regiment managed to set up machine guns and return fire, surprising and overwhelming the Germans. The 5th Army Staff had guessed that the battle would last between 4–5 days, but within two hours, the Germans on La Difensa had retreated to La Remetanea.[23]
Previously, American and British forces had suffered many casualties in futile attempts to take the important Camino Ridge. The 1st SSF was successful in taking their initial objective of La Defensa but were delayed in obtaining their actual objective of Monte La Remetanea (Hill 907). The attack on 907 was halted after the death of the 1st Battalion CO Lt. Col. T.C. MacWilliam. While he desired that the force momentum continue, Frederick ordered a halt in the advance on 907 in order to wait for reinforcements and supplies. The force dug in at Difensa, anticipating a German counterattack.
However, massive allied artillery barrages and the flooding of both the Rapido and Garigliano rivers prevented the Germans from reforming. While waiting for the orders to attack Remetanea, the 2nd Regiment were resupplied by the 1st and 3rd Regiments, who brought them whiskey and condoms (to keep the barrels of their guns dry in the rain). Once the British forces broke through the German lines at Monte Camino, the force was ordered to attack their primary objective (Hill 907).[24] The successful assault on Difensa was the basis for the 1968 motion picture titled The Devil's Brigade.
The 1st SSF immediately continued its attack, assaulting Monte La Remetanea from 6 to 9 December. It captured Hill 720, starting from Monte Sammucro on 25 December, and after difficulties assaulted Monte Majo and Monte Vischiataro almost simultaneously on 8 January 1944.
During the mountain campaign the 1st SSF suffered 77% casualties: 511 total, 91 dead, 9 missing, 313 wounded with 116 exhaustion cases. They were relieved by the 142nd Infantry.[25]
Anzio, 1944[edit]
Personnel being briefed before setting out on a patrol at the Anzio beachhead
Following the Québec Conference in August 1943, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was moved to London to plan for the Normandy landings. Command of the Mediterranean Theater was given to British General Henry Maitland Wilson. General Sir Harold Alexander, commanding the Allied Armies in Italy, had formulated the plan to land Allied troops at Anzio in order to outflank German positions in the area. German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring commanded the four German divisions at Anzio, which included the Herman Goering Division and the 35th Panzer Grenadier Regiment of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS Division. Combined German and Italian strength at Anzio was an estimated 70,000 men.[26]
The Special Force brigade was withdrawn from the mountains in January and on 1 February was landed at the beachhead created by Operation Shingle at Anzio, south of Rome, replacing the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions, which had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Cisterna. Their task was to hold and raid from the right-hand flank of the beachhead marked by the Mussolini Canal/Pontine Marshes. 1st Regiment was positioned on the force's right front, which comprised one-third of the entire line, while the 3rd Regiment guarded the remaining two-thirds of the line. 2nd Regiment, which had been reduced to three companies following the attacks on La Difensa, Sammucio and Majo, were tasked with running night patrols into Axis territory.[27] Shortly after the SSF took over the Mussolini Canal sector, German units pulled back up to 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to avoid their aggressive patrols. The force's constant night raids forced Kesselring to fortify the German positions in their area with more men than he had originally planned. Reconnaissance missions performed by the Devil's often went as deep as 1,500 feet (460 m) behind enemy lines.[27]
Frederick was greatly admired by the soldiers of the First Special Service Force for his willingness to fight alongside the men in battle. On the beachhead in Anzio, for example, a nighttime Force patrol walked into a German minefield and was pinned down by machine gun fire. Colonel Frederick ran into battle and assisted the litter bearers in clearing the wounded Force members.[28]
German prisoners were often surprised at how few men the force actually contained. A captured German lieutenant admitted to being under the assumption that the force was a division. Indeed, General Frederick ordered several trucks to move around the forces area in order to give the enemy the impression that the force comprised more men than it actually did. An order was found on another prisoner that stated that the Germans in Anzio would be "fighting an elite Canadian-American Force. They are treacherous, unmerciful and clever. You cannot afford to relax. The first soldier or group of soldiers capturing one of these men will be given a 10 day furlough."[29]
It was at Anzio that the Germans dubbed the 1st Special Service Force the "Devil's Brigade." They were referred to as "black" devils because the brigade's members smeared their faces with black boot polish for their covert operations in the dark of the night. During Anzio, the 1st SSF fought for 99 days without relief. It was also at Anzio that the 1st SSF used their trademark stickers; during night patrols soldiers would carry stickers depicting the unit patch and a slogan written in German: "Das dicke Ende kommt noch," said to translate colloquially to "The worst is yet to come". Its literal translation is actually "The thick tnd is coming soon", inferring that a larger force was on its way imminently, placing these stickers on German corpses and fortifications. Canadian and American members of the Special Force who lost their lives are buried near the beach in the Commonwealth Anzio War Cemetery and the American Cemetery in Nettuno, just east of Anzio.
When the U.S. Fifth Army's breakout offensive began on 25 May 1944, the 1st SSF was sent against Monte Arrestino, and attacked Rocca Massima on 27 May. The 1st SSF was given the assignment of capturing seven bridges in the city to prevent their demolition by the withdrawing Wehrmacht. During the night of 4 June, members of the 1st SSF entered Rome, one of the first Allied units to do so. After they secured the bridges, they quickly moved north in pursuit of the retreating Germans.
In August 1944 1st SSF came under the command of Colonel Edwin A. Walker[30] when Brigadier General Frederick, who had commanded the force since its earliest days, left on promotion to major general to command the 1st Airborne Task Force.[31]
France, 1944[edit]
On 14 August 1944, the 1st SSF landed on the islands of Port Cros and Île du Levant during Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. They fought the small Battle of Port Cros in which they captured the five forts on the islands from the German Army. Nine men were killed in action or died of wounds received in combat. On 22 August it was attached to the 1st Airborne Task Force, a provisional Seventh Army airborne division, and later made part of the Task Force. On 7 September it moved with the 1st Airborne Task Force to defensive positions on the Franco-Italian border. During the war the 1,800-man unit accounted for some 12,000 German casualties, captured some 7,000 prisoners, and sustained an attrition rate of over 600%.
Disbandment, 1944[edit]
The 1st SSF was disbanded 5 December 1944 in a field near Menton, on the extreme southeast Mediterranean coast France. Menton holds a special place in the history of the force, not only because the unit was broken up there, but also because it is one of the villages that the 1st SSF had the hardest time capturing in southern France, on 26 August 1944. The day the unit was disbanded, the American commander held a parade honouring the unit. To end the ceremony, the Canadian elements were dismissed by being honoured by the American troops with a Pass in Review, eyes right, officers salute. After the unit's break up, the Canadians were sent to other Canadian units (most of them became replacements for the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion). Some American members were sent to airborne divisions as replacements, others to Ranger Battalions, and still others formed the 474th Infantry Regiment, which served with the Third United States Army and performed occupation duty in Norway. United States Army Special Forces Groups (lineal descendants of 1st Special Service Force) celebrate Menton Day every December 5 with their Canadian military comrades and surviving members of the force. Usually there is a combined parachute jump, a pass in review, and a formal ball.
Training and equipment[edit]
Since the unit needed to be trained quickly, the soldiers began parachuting within 48 hours of their arrival in Helena, Montana. The camp had no training towers and preliminary flights were not carried out, so for many this was their first experience at jumping. This training was completed before any other because it was believed that if all the soldiers earned their jumping badges simultaneously a sense of camaraderie would develop within the camp.
The men were on a strict and physically demanding three phase training schedule: 1) From August to October: parachuting, weapons and demolitions usage, small unit tactics and physical training. 2) From October to November: unit tactics and problem solving. 3) From November to July: skiing, rock climbing, adaptation to cold climates and operation of the M29 Weasel.
The weekly training schedule comprised reveille at 04:30 from Monday to Saturday followed by breakfast at 06:30. The obstacle course was run by 08:00 four times a week followed by the day's training, which differed depending on the month. Soldiers were expected to march double time between training exercises in order to adhere to the strict schedule. Training lectures were given by veterans of overseas wars in the evenings from Monday to Friday. Soldiers were given Saturday evenings and Sundays off. Most of the men went into Helena to relax on their days off.
Marches were done on a 60-mile (97 km) course, the record for which was held by Colonel Marshall's First Regiment, who completed it in twenty hours. The force trained with enemy weapons, taking them apart, reassembling and shooting them until they were as proficient with them as with their own.[32]
The hand-to-hand combat instructor was Dermot (Pat) O'Neill, an ex-Shanghai International Police Officer, who was an expert at unarmed combat. O'Neill, who was well-versed in several forms of martial arts, taught the men to attack the eyes, throat, groin and knees. He also taught knife fighting tactics and showed the men how to quick-draw their pistols. The men attacked one another with unsheathed bayonets as part of the training exercises and injuries were common.[33]
Ski training, taught by Norwegian instructors, began in December. The men received lectures and demonstrations on skiing techniques and most had mastered the basics in two weeks. At this point the men were made to ski cross-country in formation from dawn until dusk with all of their equipment until they were up to Norwegian army standards.[34]
As a light infantry unit destined for alpine or winter combat it was issued various items of non-standard clothing, equipment and rations, including skis, parkas, haversacks and the Mountain ration. From the outset, the 1st Special Service Force was armed with a variety of non-standard or limited-issue weapons, such as the M1941 Johnson machine gun.[35] The Johnson light machine gun in particular helped greatly increase the firepower of the unit and was highly regarded by those who used it in combat. Frederick's staff even considered arming the men with blow darts but it was decided against on the grounds that it may have been considered a war crime.[36] Frederick himself participated in the design of a fighting knife made exclusively for the force called the V-42 combat knife, a derivative of the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife.
Unique weapons
M1941 Johnson machine gun
V-42 combat knife
Name, insignia and uniforms[edit]
While carrying out beachhead operations at Anzio, legend has it that a member of the force uncovered the journal of a German lieutenant from the Herman Goering Division. The journal contained the following entry: "The Black Devils are all around us every time we come into the line. We never hear them come." This legend was never verified as fact by any member of the brigade; however, the force was known as the Black Devils and as the Devil's Brigade. The members of the brigade preferred the latter. General Frederick had cards printed up with the unit's insignia on them and the words Das dicke Ende kommt noch! or "The worst is yet to come" printed in red ink down the right side[37] which the force would leave on the bodies of dead Germans as a form of psychological warfare.[38] This was so effective that Sergeant Victor Kaisner reported hearing a German soldier whisper "Schwarzer Teufel" ("Black Devil") as the German's throat was being sliced on the beachhead.[39] However, recent historiography surrounding the unit debates whether or not Frederick and his general staff made up the nickname in order to instill fear in the enemy.[39]
The unit was unofficially first known as the "Braves". Their spearhead shoulder insignia was chosen with this name in mind.[13] The formation patch was a red spearhead with the words USA written horizontally and CANADA written vertically. The branch of service insignia was the crossed arrows formerly worn by the U.S. Army Indian Scouts. The unit wore red, white, and blue piping on their garrison cap and on the breast an oval (or trimming) behind their Parachutist Wings. Members of the unit also wore a red, white, and blue fourragère, lanyard, or shoulder cord made out of parachute shroud lines.
American members of the force arrived for training in Helena in standard US Army attire: green twill coveralls, some wearing khaki pants and fatigue hats. Others were dressed in trousers and green uniform jackets and wore green caps. Ultimately, however, the American uniforms did not differ widely from one another. The Canadian troops, however, arrived in all different manners of uniform: some wore kilts, others tartan trousers (trews) and others Bermuda shorts. Headgear differed just as widely, depending on where the soldier was from – wedge caps for some, black berets for troops taken from armoured regiments and large khaki Tam o' Shanters for soldiers from Scottish regiments. Eventually, it was decided that the uniforms would come from an American supplier and olive drab trousers and blouses were issued. The only thing that differentiated an American Force member from a Canadian one was the identification disc, aka "dog tags," worn by the soldier (Americans wore American metal ID tags and Canadians wore Canadian ID discs). Forcemen also wore a red, white and blue aiguillette. For mountain warfare, the men were given baggy ski pants, parkas and a helmet. Standard boots were originally the same as those issued to parachuting regiments, but these were substituted with infantry combat boots in Italy.[40]
Colonel Frederick worried from the outset that the soldiers from both countries would have trouble forming a cohesive unit. On a base level, the techniques and commands used by either army were confusing to the other. Commands for marching, for example, had to be homogenized in order for the unit to operate in the field effectively. In order to satisfy the men from both countries, compromises were made. Canadian bagpipers were put into American unit marching bands to play "Reveille" every morning. The marching styles and commands of the American and Canadian armies were mixed and uniforms were made identical.[41] In the end, Frederick's fears were unfounded as the men bonded through training and dedication to the force.[42]
Unit awards, legacy and memorials[edit]
Unit awards
The First Special Service Force was awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star, as well as the Distinguished Unit Citation for extraordinary heroism. A large number of the "Devil's Brigade" members were honored for their acts of valor, including Tommy Prince, Canada's most decorated First Nations soldier of World War II. Also, U.S. member Wendell C. Johnson (Fifth Company, Third Regiment, serial # 37 168 437), risking his life to save a fellow Black Devil, walked into a minefield and brought his brigade comrade to safety. When they tried to give him a medal for his act of heroism, Wendell declined saying, "Give it to the man who lost his leg".
Descendant units
The 1st Special Service Force is claimed as a direct ancestor by two modern special operations units; the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command and the 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) of the United States Army Special Operations Command.
In 1952 Colonel Aaron Bank (an operator for the Office of Strategic Services [OSS] during WW II) created another elite unit using the training, strategies, and lessons learned from various OSS team missions as well as the experiences of the First Special Service Force (FSSF). This force evolved into the United States Army Special Forces (aka the Green Berets) which draws its lineage from both the OSS and the FSSF. In Canada Military Intelligence and Logistical Operations 1952–1988, the Canadian Airborne Regiment 1968–1995 which formed part of the Special Service Force 1977-1995 and today's Canadian Special Operations Regiment, like United States Army Special Forces, trace their roots to the FSSF. Just like in World War II, Canada's elite JTF2 and the United States' elite SFOD-D operators were united once again into a special assignment force for the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
Plaque located on Interstate 15 between Helena and Great Falls.
As part of the brigade's 65th anniversary celebration, a Canadian special forces soldier arrives at Fort Lewis.
In 2006 the Canadian members of the 1st Special Service Force received the United States Army's Combat Infantryman Badge for participation in front-line combat. On February 3, 2015, the FSSF was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award congress can give to civilians.
Other memorials
In 1996, Interstate 15 in Montana between Helena and Sweet Grass was renamed the "First Special Service Force Memorial Highway".[43] This highway was chosen because it was the route taken in 1942 by the Canadian volunteers to join their American counterparts for training at Fort Harrison.[43] The entire length of Alberta Highway 4 received the same name in 1999.[43]
The force is also memorialized in a commemorative plaque outside the Protestant Cemetery, Rome, next to the Pyramid of Cestius and another on the Embassy of the United States in Rome, facing Via Vittorio Veneto.
US Army Special Forces Tab
When the Special Forces Tab was created in 1983 for wear by members of the US Army Special Forces, it was also retroactively awarded to members of wartime combat units that had been identified as predecessors of the Special Forces. Thus, any soldier who had spent 120 days in wartime service with the First Special Service Force was authorized to wear the Special Forces Tab.[44]
Battle honors[edit]
Aleutians campaign, 1943
Kiska and Little Kiska – 15 – 19 August 1943
Segula Island – 17 August 1943
Italian (Naples-Foggia, Anzio, Rome-Arno) campaigns 1943–1944
Monte la Difensa, Rocca d'Evandro – 3–6 December 1943
Monte la Remetanea, Rocca d'Evandro – 6–9 December 1943
Monte Sambúcaro, S.Pietro-S.Vittore – 25 December (Christmas Day), 1943
Radicosa, S.Vittore – 4 January 1944
Monte Majo – 6 January 1944
Monte Vischiataro – 8 January 1944
Anzio – 2 February – 10 May 1944
Monte Arrestino – 25 May 1944
Rocca Massima – 27 May 1944
Colle Ferro – 2 June 1944
Rome – 4 June 1944
Southern France, (Alpes-Maritimes) campaign, 1944
Port Cros – 15 August 1944
Îles d'Hyères – 15–17 August 1944
Grasse – 24 August 1944
Villeneuve-Loubet – 26 August 1944
Vence – 1 September 1944
Drap – 3 September 1944
L'Escarène – 5 September 1944
La Turbie – 6 September 1944
Menton – 7 September 1944
Rhineland campaign, 1944
Franco-Italian border – 7 September – 30 November 1944
Media depictions[edit]
The Devil's Brigade is a 1968 film starring William Holden, Cliff Robertson, and Vince Edwards, focusing on the force's training and deployment to Italy.
The 1968 film Anzio featured Peter Falk as Corporal Jack Rabinoff, who identified himself to co-star Robert Mitchum as a member of the American-Canadian 1st Special Service Force.
Three documentaries have been made about the force: "Black Devils" in 2000, an episode of History Channel's "Dangerous Missions" series, written produced and directed by Darryl Rehr; Daring to Die: The Story of the Black Devils, written and directed by Greg Hancock and Wayne Abbot,[45] and Devil's Brigade, a 2006 TV miniseries produced by Frantic Films.[46]
Quentin Tarantino's 2009 film Inglourious Basterds features a character named Lt. Aldo Raine aka "Aldo the Apache" played by Brad Pitt who wears the unit's crossed arrows collar insignia and red arrowhead shoulder patch. Tarantino cited the 1SSF as an influence.[47]
The Devil's Brigade by Robert H. Adleman & George H. Walton is an autobiography and historical reference for the First Special Service Force.
Re-enactment[edit]
The First Special Service Force is represented by several military reenactment groups which are known as The First Special Service Force Living History Group (FSSF-LHG). These groups are made up of men from Canada, United States, Italy, France, Russia, and Great Britain. As of January 2010 there are approximately 1000 World War II reenactors portraying the FSSF. Members of the FSSF-LHG Ontario section (John Dallimore and Kyle McNally) and the Scottish section (Paul Dray) ventured to Monte La Difensa in 2005 where they placed a memorial plaque dedicated to the men of the force. Members of the FSSF-LHG also attend the veterans reunions annually where they participate in functions with the veterans and their families.
See also[edit]
Winter Line
Operation Shingle/Battle of Anzio
Operation Dragoon
List of former United States special operations units
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "The Black Devil Brigade: The True Story of the First Special Service Force in World War II, An Oral History: Joseph A. Springer: 9780935553505: Amazon.com: Books". amazon.com.
Jump up ^ "Devil's Brigade granted top U.S. honours - The World Daily". blogs.com.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-385-66141-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Werner, Bret; Michael Welply (2006). First Special Service Force 1942–44. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-968-1.
Jump up ^ Perutz, Max F. (2002). I Wish I'd Made You Angry Earlier: Essays on Science, Scientists, and Humanity. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-19-859027-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Adelman, Robert H.; George Walton (2004). The Devil's Brigade. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-004-8.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 58.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 191
Jump up ^ "First Special Service Force". US Army JFK Special Warfare Museum. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
Jump up ^ See: Geoffrey Pyke#Military inventions
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 16.
Jump up ^ McGeer, Eric (2007). The Canadian Battlfields in Italy" Ortona & the Liri Valley. Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-9783441-0-8.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Peppard, Herb (1994). The Lighthearted Soldier. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. pp. 82–87.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 18.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 19.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 20–21.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 21.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 29.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 32.
Jump up ^ Fredricksen, John C. (2012). Fighting Elites: A History of U. S. Special Forces. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-59884-810-6.
Jump up ^ Fredricksen, John C. (1999). American military leaders: from colonial times to the present, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-57607-001-7.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 67.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Pikula, Major Sam (1998). The Armalite AR-10. Regnum Fund Press. ISBN 9986-494-38-9.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 66.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 207.
^ Jump up to: a b Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 203.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. p. 64.
Jump up ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. p. 73.
Jump up ^ Peppard, Herb (1994). The Lighthearted Soldier. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Highway renaming set for this weekend". The Lethbridge Herald. September 15, 1999. p. 4. Retrieved February 20, 2017 – via NewspaperArchive.com. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Military Awards: Summary of Change" (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daring to Die: The Story of the Black Devils. Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Devil's Brigade (Television miniseries). History Television. 7 November 2006. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino: One Helluva BASTERD". Fangoria. 22 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
Bibliography[edit]
Books[edit]
Adleman, Robert H.; Colonel George Walton (1966). The Devil's Brigade. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chilton Books. ISBN 1-59114-004-8.
Burhans, Robert D. (1947). The First Special Service Force: A Canadian/American Wartime Alliance: The Devil's Brigade. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press Inc.
Cottingham, Peter Layton Once Upon a Wartime: A Canadian Who Survived the Devil's Brigade (P.L. Cottingham, Manitoba Canada, 1996)
Gassend, Jean-Loup (2014). Autopsy of a Battle: the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera, August September 1944. Atglen PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 9780764345807.
Hope, Tom, ed. Bonding for Life: The post World War II story of the elite strike brigade, First Special Service Force (First Special Service Force Association, 2007) ISBN 978-0-9797275-0-4
Joyce, Kenneth H. (2006). Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-094-2.
Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell: The true story of the FSSF, Forgotten Commandos of the Second World War. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 0-385-66140-1.
Hicks, Ann (2006). The Last Fighting General: The Biography of Robert Tryon Frederick. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-2430-6.
Ross, Robert Todd (2000). The Supercommandos First Special Service Force, 1942-1942, An Illustrated History. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-1171-9.
Springer, Joseph (2001). The Black Devil Brigade: The True Story of the First Special Service Force. Pacifica Military History. ISBN 0-935553-50-9.
Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books ISBN 0-8117-0157-3
Werner, Brett (2006). First Special Service Force 1942 – 44. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-968-1.
Wickham, Kenneth. "An Adjutant General Remembers" (Adjutant General's Corps Regimental Association, 1991).
Wood, James (Autumn 2003). "'Matters Canadian' and the Problem with Being Special: Robert T. Frederick on the First Special Service Force". Canadian Military History. 12 (4): 17–33.
Wood, James A. We Move Only Forward: Canada, the United States, and the First Special Service Force, 1942–1944 (St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing, 2006).
External links[edit]
Tripod.com: FSSF—First Special Service Force Living History Group
WWII.ca: FSSF webpage
SpecialForcesRoh.com: FSSF Roll of Honour – awards and images
CanadianSoldiers.com: "First Special Service Force" article
Discovery in 2006 of a mass grave of german soldiers killed by the FSSF during the fighting in Villeneuve-Loubet
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Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date. Awesome Mix Vol. 2 was the United States' eighth best-selling album of 2017 with 600,000 copies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
1.1 Background
1.2 Track listing
1.3 Commercial performance
1.4 Charts
1.4.1 Weekly charts
1.4.2 Year-end charts
1.5 Certifications
1.6 Accolades
2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)
2.1 Background
2.2 Track listing
3 References
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)[edit]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
April 21, 2017
Studio
Various, across the United States and the United Kingdom
Genre
Rock
soundtrack
Length
51:59
Label
Hollywood
Marvel Music
Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology
Doctor Strange
(2016) Doctor Strange2016 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
(2017) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 22017 Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming2017
Background[edit]
By August 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 writer and director James Gunn had "some ideas listed, but nothing for sure" in terms of songs to include in Quill's Awesome Mix Vol. 2 mixtape.[1] In April 2015, Gunn said he felt "a little pressure for the soundtrack because so many people loved [the first film's soundtrack] and we went platinum and all that other stuff. But I feel like the soundtrack in the second one is better."[2] In June 2015, Gunn stated that all of the songs for Awesome Mix Vol. 2 had been chosen and built into the script.[3] One of the most exciting things for Gunn in selecting the songs for the album "was knowing I would be making bands that may have been forgotten suddenly be a topic of conversation."[4] Gunn had hoped to include "She's Gone" by Hall & Oates in the film, calling it "one of the greatest pop songs ever written", but could not find a place for it,[5] as with "Teenage Lament '74" by Alice Cooper.[6] In January 2016, Gunn stated that he had chosen an additional Bowie song to appear in the film (after "Moonage Daydream" was featured in the first film) but had cut the original scene it was featured in. The inclusion would have made Bowie the only artist to be featured on both mixtapes. With Bowie's death however, Gunn hoped to find a way to include the chosen song somewhere else in the film as a "fair and appropriate" way to honor him, as Bowie was one of Gunn's idols.[7] Gunn called the Awesome Mix Vol. 2 "more diverse" than the first one, with "some really incredibly famous songs and then some songs that people have never heard."[8]
The film's trailers featured Sweet's "Fox on the Run",[9] George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord", Fleetwood Mac's "The Chain", Jay and the Americans' "Come a Little Bit Closer",[10] Bowie's "Suffragette City",[11] and Parliament's "Flash Light",[12] which Gunn noted were all being considered for inclusion on the Awesome Mix Vol. 2.[13] "Fox on the Run" and "Surrender" had been considered for inclusion in the first film on Awesome Mix Vol. 1.[14]
"Mr. Blue Sky" by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) is included in the beginning of the film, which Gunn felt was "the perfect song to start the movie because it's really joyous, but there's a really dark underpinning to it," and felt it would go well with "the most hugely insane shot I've ever done".[4] The sequence originally included the ELO song "Livin' Thing".[15] Acquiring the rights to "Mr. Blue Sky" proved difficult for Gunn, noting Marvel "had to really fight to get the song, and I personally appealed to Jeff Lynne," which was made harder due to Lynne previously approving a song for the first film which ended up being cut. Gunn added that "The Chain" and "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" were the two songs that were "the most deeply embedded into the fibers of the film."[4] Looking Glass lead guitarist and vocalist Elliot Lurie felt the inclusion of "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" in the film allowed for a deeper meaning to be explored from the song, noting "maybe, in retrospect, subconsciously [the song] was a metaphor. [The film] is certainly the use that has shined the brightest light on the song since it was originally a hit."[16]
Skip Haynes, the only surviving member of Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah, "was so thrilled" that Lake Shore Drive, a regional hit in the Midwest where Gunn grew up, was included and "rescued from historical oblivion", that he "recorded a new version incorporating the director’s name into the chorus."[17] "Guardians Inferno" is an original song for the film, co-written by Gunn and score composer Tyler Bates, "meant as a sort of Guardians take on Meco's disco Star Wars theme ["Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band"]."[4] David Hasselhoff was chosen as the vocalist because he is one of Peter Quill's childhood heroes, and Gunn was a fan of Hasselhoff when he starred on Knight Rider.[4][18] Edgar Wright, director of Baby Driver, consulted with Gunn before Vol. 2 released, to ensure the two films would not feature the same songs on their soundtracks.[19]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.2: Awesome Mix Volume 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017.[4] It was released on cassette on June 23, 2017 and on vinyl LP on August 11, 2017. The vinyl version is a deluxe edition featuring Bates' original score from the film.[20] Marvel and Doritos partnered for their Rock Out Loud campaign to create "a custom-designed, limited-edition series of Doritos bags featuring a built-in cassette tape deck-inspired player that plays" Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and can be recharged. The custom bags were available to purchase on April 28, 2017 on Amazon.com. In addition, on May 5, 2017, Doritos hosted Rock Out Loud pop-up recording booths in New York and Los Angeles, where fans got the chance to sing one of the songs from Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and "have the opportunity to win various prizes, including the custom cassette player replica Doritos bags, concert and other event tickets, and free bags of Doritos."[21]
On August 6, 2017, Marvel released the music video of "Guardians Inferno" to promote the home media release of the film. The 1970s-style video was directed by David Yarovesky, and features Hasselhoff alongside James Gunn, Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Pom Klementieff, Karen Gillan, Michael Rooker and Sean Gunn. Stan Lee and Guillermo Rodriguez also make cameo appearances on the video.[22][23]
Track listing[edit]
All songs—with the exception of "Fox on the Run", which is played in the trailer—are featured in the film.[4] Also featured in the film was the song "Un Deye Gon Hayd (The Unloved Song)" by Jimmy Urine. It was written for the film and appears during the scene on Contraxia.[24]
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length
1. "Mr. Blue Sky" Electric Light Orchestra 5:03
2. "Fox on the Run" Sweet 3:25
3. "Lake Shore Drive" Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah 3:49
4. "The Chain" Fleetwood Mac 4:27
5. "Bring It On Home to Me" Sam Cooke 2:43
6. "Southern Nights" Glen Campbell 2:57
7. "My Sweet Lord" George Harrison 4:37
8. "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" Looking Glass 3:03
9. "Come a Little Bit Closer" Jay and the Americans 2:46
10. "Wham Bam Shang-A-Lang" Silver 3:32
11. "Surrender" Cheap Trick 4:14
12. "Father and Son" Cat Stevens 3:39
13. "Flash Light" Parliament 4:28
14. "Guardians Inferno" The Sneepers featuring David Hasselhoff 3:16
Total length: 51:59
Commercial performance[edit]
The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 chart with 34,000 units in its first week, almost all of which came from traditional album sales.[25] It later peaked at number four, reaching 87,000 units, again nearly all traditional album sales.[26] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 finished 2017 as the country's eighth highest-selling album with 600,000 copies,[27] and has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[28]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[29]
2
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[30]
3
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[31]
13
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[32]
20
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[33]
6
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[34]
44
French Albums (SNEP)[35]
24
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[36]
6
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[37]
32
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[38]
3
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[39]
8
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[40]
4
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[41]
17
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[42]
7
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[43]
9
US Billboard 200[26]
4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[44]
9
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[45]
34
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[46]
62
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[47]
64
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[48]
42
US Billboard 200[49]
43
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[50]
Gold 600,000[27]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref(s)
2018 Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Pending [51]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)[edit]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)
Film score by Tyler Bates
Released
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
Recorded
January 2017
Studio
Abbey Road Studios
Genre
Film score
Length
43:34
Label
Hollywood
Marvel Music
Tyler Bates chronology
John Wick: Chapter 2
(2017)John Wick: Chapter 22017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
(2017) Atomic Blonde
(2017)Atomic Blonde2017
Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology
Doctor Strange
(2016) Doctor Strange2016 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
(2017) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 22017 Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming2017
Background[edit]
Tyler Bates had returned to score the film by August 2015.[52] As with Guardians of the Galaxy, Bates wrote some of the score first so that Gunn could film to the music, as opposed to Bates scoring to the film.[53] Recording for the score began in January 2017 at Abbey Road Studios.[54] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score) was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017,[55] and on vinyl LP on August 11, 2017, as part of a deluxe edition that also includes Awesome Mix Volume 2.[20]
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Tyler Bates[55].
No.
Title
Length
1. "Showtime a-Holes" 1:27
2. "vs the Abilisk" 2:35
3. "The Mantis Touch" 1:53
4. "Space Chase" 3:20
5. "Family History" 3:48
6. "Groot Expectations" 1:57
7. "Mammalian Bodies" 1:50
8. "Starhawk" 1:49
9. "Two-Time-Galaxy Savers" 3:01
10. "I Know Who You Are" 4:20
11. "Ego" 2:47
12. "Kraglin and Drax" 1:34
13. "The Expansion" 1:05
14. "Mary Poppins and the Rat" 3:07
15. "Gods" 1:28
16. "Dad" 2:28
17. "A Total Hasselhoff" 2:01
18. "Sisters" 2:05
19. "Guardians of the Frickin Galaxy" 0:59
Total length: 43:34
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Suskind, Alex (August 4, 2014). "Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy". Vulture. New York. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Crossan, Ashley (April 14, 2015). "'Guardians of the Galaxy' Director James Gunn Says Sequel's Soundtrack 'Is Better' Than the First". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keyes, Rob (June 3, 2015). "'Guardians of the Galaxy 2′ Has Fewer Characters, One New". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hiatt, Brian (April 19, 2017). "Inside the 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Soundtrack". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 Awesome Mixtape – Curated By The Cast". Empire. March 21, 2017. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gunn, James [@JamesGunn] (March 9, 2017). "I'll be honest: I wanted to put this song in but couldn't find a good place. Mega fan of @RealAliceCooper" (Tweet). Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Every, Max (January 11, 2016). "James Gunn Says David Bowie Was Under Consideration for Guardians 2". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peters, Megan (December 12, 2016). "Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 Soundtrack Is More Diverse According To James Gunn". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (December 3, 2016). "'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2': Watch the New Trailer". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sciretta, Peter (February 6, 2017). "'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2': Everything We Learned While On Set - Page 2". /Film. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (February 12, 2017). "'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' TV Spot: The Guardians Go to Suffragette City". /Film. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fuster, Jeremy (March 12, 2017). "New 'Guardians of the Galaxy' Clip: Rocket, Quill Fight Over Controls During Space Battle (Video)". TheWrap. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gunn, James [@JamesGunn] (February 12, 2017). "All of them are from my short lists for songs I'd LIKE to fit in the movie. But not all of them are in the movie..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt (December 18, 2014). "James Gunn Reveals Uncut Awesome Mix: Vol. 1; Includes Cheap Trick and Three Dog Night". Collider. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Failes, Ian (May 17, 2017). "How They Animated Baby Groot In That Epic Opening To 'Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2'". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (May 12, 2017). "'Brandy' Songwriter on How 'Guardians of the Galaxy 2' Finally Gave His Hit a Deeper Meaning". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rottenberg, Josh (May 4, 2017). "Director James Gunn talks mom rock and why Led Zeppelin missed the cut for his 'Guardians 2' mix". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seemayer, Zach (April 19, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: David Hasselhoff Dishes on Singing 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Track: 'It's More Like a Rap'". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bunch, Sonny (June 28, 2017). "From 'Shaun of the Dead' to 'Baby Driver,' Edgar Wright shatters Hollywood's formulas". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaye, Ben (June 6, 2017). "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack coming to vinyl and cassette". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Gail (April 25, 2017). "Doritos & Marvel Partner for 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Promotion: Exclusive". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Knapp, JD (August 6, 2017). "'Guardians of the Galaxy': James Gunn Shares Retro 'Inferno' Music Video (Watch)". Variety. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (August 6, 2017). "James Gunn Posts New 'Guardians Of The Galaxy' Music Video With David Hasselhoff". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gunn, James [@JamesGunn] (May 4, 2017). "Un Deye Gon Hayd (The Unloved Song) by @jimmyurine - our first alien pop song, written specifically for the film" (Tweet). Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Kevin (April 30, 2017). "Kendrick Lamar's 'DAMN.' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200, Incubus & 'Guardians 2' Debut in Top 10". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Caulfield, Keith (May 15, 2017). "Logic's 'Everybody' Album Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Caulfield, Keith (January 3, 2018). "Ed Sheeran's 'Divide' Is Nielsen Music's Top Album of 2017 in U.S." Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gold & Platinum - RIAA". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "On The Charts: May 15, 2017". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 19, 2017)". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2017. 19. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Compilation - Classifica settimanale WK 19 (dal 2017-05-05 al 2017-05-11)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Album - Semanal (del 06 de Mayo al 11 de Mayo)" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes — Semana 18: del 28.04.2017 al 04.05.2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA End of Year Albums 2017". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ö3 Austria Top 40 – Album-Charts 2017". oe3.orf.at. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Los más vendidos 2017" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Albums of 2017". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations: See the Full List". Billboard. April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (August 20, 2015). "'Guardians of the Galaxy 2′: Tyler Bates Will Return to Score Sequel". Collider. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Damore, Meagan (December 4, 2015). "James Gunn Pushes For More Gamora Merchandise, Talks "Guardians Vol 2"". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dolloff, Matt (January 24, 2017). "James Gunn to Live Stream Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Scoring Session". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Score Album Details". Film Music Reporter. April 20, 2017. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
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Entity integrity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Entity integrity is concerned with ensuring that each row of a table has a unique and non-null primary key value; this is the same as saying that each row in a table represents a single instance of the entity type modelled by the table. A requirement of E F Codd in his seminal paper is that a primary key of an entity, or any part of it, can never take a null value.[1] The relational model states that every relation (or table) must have an identifier, called the primary key (abbreviated PK), in such a way that every row of the same relation be identifiable by its content, that is, by a unique and minimal value. The PK is a not empty set of attributes (or columns). The same format applies to the foreign key (abbreviated FK) because each FK matches a preexistent PK. Each of attributes being part of a PK (or of a FK) must have data values (such as numbers, letters or typographic symbols) but not data marks (also known as NULL marks in SQL world). Morphologically, a composite primary key is in a "steady state": If it is reduced, PK will lose its property of identifying every row of its relation but if it is extended, PK will be redundant. Then, primary key is irreducible and inextendable.[2]
See also[edit]
Domain integrity
Referential integrity
NULL marks
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/MDBS01CD/page_39.htm
Jump up ^ Date, C. J., RELATIONAL DATABASE --Selected Writings--. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts et alia, 1986.

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