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Driving under the influence
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"DUI" and "DWI" redirect here. For other uses, see DUI (disambiguation) and DWI (disambiguation).
For the legal definition, see Drug–impaired driving. For driving under the influence of alcohol specifically, see Drunk drivers.
Sobriety checkpoint in Stralsund, Germany
Warning of the dangers of driving and drinking in Himachal Pradesh, India
Road sign discouraging drinking and driving in Karnataka, India
Driving under the influence (DUI), driving while impaired/driving while intoxicated (DWI), or drink-driving (UK) is currently the crime or offense of driving or operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely.[1] People who receive multiple DUI offenses are often people struggling with alcoholism or alcohol dependence.
Traffic accidents are predominantly caused by driving under the influence; for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, DUI is one of the main causes of mortality.[2] According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related crashes cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually.[3] DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated $45 billion in damages every year. Between attorney fees, fines, court fees, ignition interlock devices, and DMV fees a DUI charge could cost thousands to tens of thousands of dollars.[4]
With alcohol consumption, a drunk driver's level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of blood alcohol content or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the criminal offense with no need to prove impairment.[5] In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The US state of Colorado has a maximum blood content of THC for drivers who have consumed cannabis.
In most countries, sobriety checkpoints (roadblocks of police cars where drivers are checked), driver's licence suspensions, fines and prison sentences for DUI offenders are used as a deterrent. Anyone who is convicted of driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs can be heavily fined or given a prison sentence. In some jurisdictions, impaired drivers who injure or kill another person while driving may face heavier penalties. In addition, many countries have prevention campaigns that use advertising to make people aware of the danger of driving while impaired and the potential fines and criminal charges, discourage impaired driving, and encourage drivers to take taxis or public transport home after using alcohol or drugs. In some jurisdictions, the bar that served an impaired driver may face civil liability. In some countries, non-profit advocacy organizations, a well-known example being Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) run their own publicity campaigns against drunk driving.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Definition
3 Alcohol
3.1 Blood alcohol content
3.2 Risks
4 Other drugs
4.1 Recreational drugs
4.2 Prescription drugs (DUI-D)
5 Field sobriety testing
6 Other charges
7 DUI lawyers and defense attorneys
8 Laws by country
8.1 Argentina
8.2 Australia
8.3 Canada
8.4 South Korea
8.5 United Kingdom
8.6 United States
8.6.1 Prevalence
8.6.2 Implied consent
9 Employment policies
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 Further reading
13 External links
Terminology[edit]
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The name of the offense varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from legal to colloquial terminology. In the USA, the specific criminal offense is usually called driving under the influence (DUI), but in some states "driving while intoxicated" (DWI), "operating while impaired" (OWI), or "operating a vehicle under the influence" (OVI). Such laws may also apply to boating or piloting aircraft. Vehicles can include farm machinery and horse-drawn carriages. Other commonly used terms to describe these offenses include drinking and driving, drunk driving, drunken driving, impaired driving, operating under the influence, or "over the prescribed limit".
In the United Kingdom, the offense is often known as "drunk in charge of a motor vehicle" or "drunk in charge" due to the wording of the Licensing Act 1872. In relation to motor vehicles, the Road Traffic Act 1988 creates a narrower offense of driving (or being in charge of) a vehicle while having breath, blood or urine alcohol levels above the prescribed limits (colloquially called "being over the limit"); and a broader offense of "driving while unfit through drink or drugs", which can apply even with levels below the limits. A separate offense in the 1988 Act applies to bicycles. While the 1872 Act is mostly superseded, the offense of being "drunk while in charge ... of any carriage, horse, cattle, or steam engine" is still in force; "carriage" has sometimes been interpreted as including mobility scooters.
Definition[edit]
The criminal offense may not involve actual driving of the vehicle, but rather may broadly include being physically in control of a car while intoxicated even if the person charged is not driving.[6][7] For example, a person found in the driver's seat of a car while intoxicated and holding the keys, even while parked, may be charged with DUI, because he or she is in control of the vehicle. In construing the terms DUI, DWI, OWI and OVI, some states therefore make it illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence or driving while intoxicated while others indicate that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle. There is a split of authority across the country regarding this issue. Some states permit enforcement of DUI/DWI and OWI/OVI statutes based on "operation and control" of a vehicle, while others require actual "driving". "The distinction between these two terms is material, for it is generally held that the word 'drive,' as used in statutes of this kind, usually denotes movement of the vehicle in some direction, whereas the word 'operate' has a broader meaning so as to include not only the motion of the vehicle, but also acts which engage the machinery of the vehicle that, alone or in sequence, will set in motion the motive power of the vehicle." (State v. Graves (1977) 269 S.C. 356 [237 S.E.2d 584, 586-588, 586. fn. 8].
Merriam Webster's Dictionary[8] defines DUI as the "crime of driving a vehicle while drunk; also : a person who is arrested for driving a vehicle while drunk; the act or crime of driving while affected by alcohol or drugs; a person who is arrested for or convicted of driving under the influence or an arrest or conviction for driving under the influence. In some countries (including Australia and many jurisdictions throughout the United States), a person can be charged with a criminal offense for riding a bike, skateboard, or horse while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol.[9][10][11]
Alcohol[edit]
Main article: Drunk drivers
Blood alcohol content[edit]
Main article: Blood alcohol content
A law enforcement grade Breathalyzer, specifically an Alco-Sensor IV
Drinking enough alcohol to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning.
A breathalyzer is a device for estimating BAC from a breath sample. It was developed by inventor Robert Frank Borkenstein[12] and registered as a trademark in 1954, but many people use the term to refer to any generic device for estimating blood alcohol content .[13] With the advent of a scientific test for BAC, law enforcement regimes moved from sobriety tests (e.g., asking the suspect to stand on one leg) to having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol content while driving. However, this does not preclude the simultaneous existence and use of the older subjective tests in which police officers measure the intoxication of the suspect by asking them to do certain activities or by examining their eyes and responses. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight.[14] Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown in the illustration. BAC does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille (promille) measurement, which is equal to ten times the percentage value, is used in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[15]
Depending on the jurisdiction, BAC may be measured by police using three methods – blood, breath, or urine. For law enforcement purposes, breath is the preferred method, since results are available almost instantaneously. The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized.[16] Improper testing and equipment calibration is often used in defense of a DUI or DWI. There have been cases in Canada where officers have come upon a suspect who is unconscious after an accident and officers have taken a blood sample.
Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some it is illegal for an open container of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. There have been cases of drivers being convicted of a DUI when they were not observed driving after being proven in court they had been driving while under the influence.[6][7]
In the case of an accident, car insurance may be automatically declared invalid for the intoxicated driver, i.e. the drunk driver is fully responsible for damages. In the American system, a citation for driving under the influence also causes a major increase in car insurance premiums.[17]
The German model serves to reduce the number of accidents by identifying unfit drivers and removing them from until their fitness to drive has been established again. The Medical Psychological Assessment (MPA) works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender.[18]
George Smith, a London Taxi cab driver, ended up being the first person to be convicted of driving while intoxicated, on September 10, 1897. He was fined 25 shillings, which is equivalent to £130 in 2016.[19]
Risks[edit]
Relative risk of an accident based on blood alcohol levels[20]
Percentage of US car crash fatalities where driver blood alcohol level was .01 and above, 1999–2012
Studies show that a high BAC increases the risk of accidents whereas it is not clear if a BAC of 0.01–0.05% slightly increases or decreases the risk.[21] One study suggests that already a BAC of 0.04–0.05% would slightly increase the risk whereas some studies suggest that a BAC of 0.01–0.04% would slightly lower the risk, possibly due to the drivers being more cautious.
Both the influential study by Borkenstein et al. and the empirical German data on the 1990s demonstrated that the risk of accident is lower or the same for drivers with a BAC of 0.04% or less than for drivers with a BAC of 0%. For a BAC of 0.15% the risk is 25-fold. The 0.05% BAC limit in Germany (since 1998, 0.08% since 1973) and the limits in many other countries were set based on the study by Borkenstein et al.[22]
Würzburg University researchers showed that all extra accidents caused by alcohol were due to at least 0.06% BAC, 96% of them due to BAC above 0.08%, and 79% due to BAC above 0.12%. In their study based on the 1990s German data, the effect of alcohol was higher for almost all BAC levels than in Borkenstein et al.[22]
In the Blomberg et al. study the crash statistics indicated a lowered risk for BACs 0.01% to 0.04% (87–92% of the risk of a sober driver). When adjusted for the demographic variables, already at 0.05% BAC the risk seemed to be slightly higher than for the same drivers in 0% although less than for average 0% drivers. After this adjustment, the lower risk at BAC 0.01–0.03% (92–94%) was not significant. When also the estimated selection bias was corrected, the risk for these drivers was estimated to be 3-6% higher than for sober drivers, although the difference was not significant. In Alsop's Grand Rapids study the accident risk at BAC 0.01–0.03% was just 80–96% of that of sober drivers.[23] Also in the Grand Rapids study by Alsop, 0.01–0.03% BAC lead to a crash risk that was 80–96% of the risk of a sober driver, possibly due to extra caution.[23]
Traffic accidents are predominantly caused by driving under the influence for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, it is one of the main causes of mortality.[2] According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related crashes cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually.[3] Every 51 minutes someone dies from an alcohol-related crash. When it comes to risk-taking there is a larger male to female ratio as personality traits, antisociality and risk-taking are taken into consideration as they all are involved in DUI's.[24] Over 7.7 million underage people ages 12-20 claim to drink alcohol, and on average, for every 100,000 underage Americans, 1.2 died in drunk-driving traffic accidents.[25].
Other drugs[edit]
For drivers suspected of drug-impaired driving, drug testing screens are typically performed in scientific laboratories so that the results will be admissible in evidence at trial. Due to the overwhelming number of impairing substances that are not alcohol, drugs are classified into different categories for detection purposes. Drug impaired drivers still show impairment during the battery of standardized field sobriety tests, but there are additional tests to help detect drug impaired driving.
The Drug Evaluation and Classification program is designed to detect a drug impaired driver and classify the categories of drugs present in his or her system. The DEC program breaks down detection into a twelve-step process that a government-certified Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) can use to determine the category or categories of drugs that a suspect is impaired by. The twelve steps are:
Breath Alcohol Test
Interview with arresting officer (who notes slurred speech, alcohol on breath, etc.)
Preliminary evaluation
Evaluation of the eyes
Psychomotor tests
Vital signs
Dark room examinations
Muscle tone
Injection sites (for injection of heroin or other drugs)
Interrogation of suspect
Opinion of the evaluator
Toxicological examination[26]
DREs are qualified to offer expert testimony in court that pertains to impaired driving on drugs. The use of the twelve step process is scientifically validated by numerous field studies.
Recreational drugs[edit]
Drivers who have smoked or otherwise consumed cannabis products such as marijuana or hashish can be charged and convicted of impaired driving in some jurisdictions. A 2011 study in the B.C. Medical Journal stated that there "...is clear evidence that cannabis, like alcohol, impairs the psychomotor skills required for safe driving." The study stated that while "[c]annabis-impaired drivers tend to drive more slowly and cautiously than drunk drivers,... evidence shows they are also more likely to cause accidents than drug and alcohol-free drivers".[27] In Canada, police forces such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have "...specially trained drug recognition and evaluation [DRE] officers... [who] can detect whether or not a driver is drug impaired, by putting suspects through physical examinations and co-ordination tests.[27] In 2014, in the Canadian province of Ontario, Bill 31, the Transportation Statue Law Amendment Act, was introduced to the provincial legislature. Bill 31 contains driver's license "...suspensions for those caught driving under the influence of drugs, or a combination of drugs and alcohol.[28] Ontario police officers "...use standard field sobriety tests and drug recognition evaluations to determine whether the officer believes the driver is under the influence of drugs." [28] In the province of Manitoba, an "...officer can issue a physical coordination test. In B.C., the officer can further order a drug recognition evaluation by an expert, which can be used as evidence of drug use to pursue further charges."[28]
In the US state of Colorado, the state government indicates that "[a]ny amount of marijuana consumption puts you at risk of driving impaired." [29] Colorado law states that "drivers with five nanograms of active tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in their whole blood can be prosecuted for driving under the influence (DUI). However, no matter the level of THC, law enforcement officers base arrests on observed impairment." [29] In Colorado, if consumption of marijuana is impairing your ability to drive, "it is illegal for you to be driving, even if that substance is prescribed [by a doctor] or legally acquired." [29]
Prescription drugs (DUI-D)[edit]
Prescription drugs such as opioids and benzodiazepines often cause side effects such as excessive drowsiness, and, in the case of opioids, nausea.[30] Other prescription drugs including antiepileptics and antidepressants are now also believed to have the same effect.[31] In the last ten years, there has been an increase in motor vehicle accidents, and it is believed that the use of impairing prescription drugs has been a major factor.[31] Workers are expected to notify their employer when prescribed such drugs to minimise the risk of motor vehicle accidents while at work.
If a worker who drives has a health condition which can be treated with opioids, then that person's doctor should be told that driving is a part of the worker's duties and the employer should be told that the worker could be treated with opioids.[32] Workers should not use impairing substances while driving or operating heavy machinery like forklift trucks or cranes.[32] If the worker is to drive, then the health care provider should not give them opioids.[32] If the worker is to take opioids, then their employer should assign them work which is appropriate for their impaired state and not encourage them to use safety sensitive equipment.[33]
Field sobriety testing[edit]
Main article: Field sobriety testing
To attempt to determine whether a suspect is impaired, police officers usually will administer field sobriety tests to determine whether the officer has probable cause to arrest an individual for suspicion of driving under the influence (DUI).
A police officer in the United States must have Probable Cause to make an arrest for driving under the influence. In establishing probable cause for a DUI arrest officers frequently consider the suspect's performance of Standardized Field Sobriety Tests. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) developed a system for validating field sobriety tests that led to the creation of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) battery of tests. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) established a standard battery of three roadside tests that are recommended to be administered in a standardized manner in making this arrest decision.[34] There are Non-Standardized Field Sobriety Tests as well; however the Non-Standardized Field Sobriety Tests have not received NHTSA Validation. This is the difference between the "Standardized" and the "Non-Standardized" Field Sobriety Tests. The NHTSA has published numerous training manuals associated with SFSTs. As a result of the NHTSA studies, the Walk-and-Turn test was determined to be 68% accurate in predicting whether a test subject is at or above 0.08%, and the One-Leg Stand Test was determined to be 65% accurate in predicting whether a test subject is at or above 0.08% when the tests are properly administered to people within the study parameters.
The three validated tests by NHTSA are:
The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen or other stimulus) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction to the stimulus
The Walk-and-Turn Test (heel-to-toe in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.
The One-Leg-Stand Test
Alternative tests, which have not been validated by the NHTSA, include the following:
The Romberg Test, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds).
The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).
The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet).
The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).
The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a digit other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending in a digit other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).
The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).
In the US, field sobriety tests are voluntary; however, some states mandate commercial drivers accept preliminary breath tests (PBT). Refusal to take a preliminary breath test (PBT) in Michigan subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" penalty,[35] but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law.[36] In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable probative value in a drunk driving prosecution.
In the recent wake of legalized marijuana, law enforcement has sought a method of breath testing to determine the content of THC present in an individual. Law enforcement efficiently combats driving under the influence with tools like breathalyzers during field sobriety tests. Excluding edibles, a THC breathalyzer has the potential to measure how ‘high’ an individual may be at the time. The legality of marijuana does not entail safety on the road, and accurate methods have become required to determine driver impairment. A THC breathalyzer could revolutionize roadside sobriety testing for drivers suspected of impairment.[37]
Other charges[edit]
In the US state of Colorado, impaired drivers may potentially be charged with child endangerment if they are arrested for DUI with minor children in the vehicle.[38]
DUI lawyers and defense attorneys[edit]
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DUI lawyers are criminal law attorneys who specialize in DUI law. They can be hired to defend or otherwise assist people who are arrested for driving under the influence charges, in understanding DUI laws and making informed decisions about how to plead in a DUI case. Since DUI laws are constantly changing, a criminal defense lawyer who practices DUI law also helps to protect the legal rights of an individual facing a DUI charge. DUI lawyers may contest the legality of the charge or challenge technical aspects of the field testing or BAC testing procedure.
Laws by country[edit]
Main article: Drunk driving law by country
The laws relating to drunk driving vary between countries or subnational regions (e.g., states or provinces) and varying blood alcohol content is required before a charge or conviction can be made.[39]
The specific criminal offense may be called, depending on the jurisdiction, "driving under the influence" [of alcohol or other drugs] (DUI), "driving under the influence of intoxicants" (DUII), "driving while impaired" (DWI), "operating vehicle under the influence of alcohol or other drugs" (OVI), "operating under the influence" (OUI), "operating while intoxicated" (OWI), "operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated" (OMVI), "driving under the combined influence of alcohol or other drugs", "driving under the influence per se" or "drunk in charge" [of a vehicle]. Many such laws apply also to motorcycling, boating, piloting aircraft, use of mobile farm equipment such as tractors and combines, riding horses or driving a horse-drawn vehicle, or bicycling, possibly with different BAC level than driving. In some jurisdictions there are separate charges depending on the vehicle used, such as BWI (bicycling while intoxicated), which may carry a lighter sentence.[citation needed]
Some jurisdictions have multiple levels of BAC for different categories of drivers; for example, the state of California has a general 0.08% BAC limit, a lower limit of 0.04% for commercial operators, and a limit of 0.01% for drivers who are under 21 or on probation for previous DUI offenses.[40]
Some jurisdictions have judicial guidelines requiring a mandatory minimum sentence.[citation needed]
DUI convictions may result in multi-year jail terms and other penalties ranging from fines and other financial penalties to forfeiture of one's license plates and vehicle. In many jurisdictions a judge may also order the installation of an ignition interlock device. Some jurisdictions require that drivers convicted of DUI offenses use special license plates that are easily distinguishable from regular plates. These plates are known in popular parlance as "party plates"[41] or "whiskey plates".
Argentina[edit]
In Argentina, it is a criminal offence to drive if one's level of alcohol is 0,3% or greater at local/municipal jurisdiction, stopped by a municipal police force and 0,4% if driving on a route or highway and stopped by a State Highway Patrol, Argentina Federal Police, or Argentina Gendarmerie. At the Cordoba State highways and routes, a zero-tolerance police is enforced by Cordoba State Highway Patrol and it is an offence to drive with an alcohol level greater than 0,00%.
Australia[edit]
In Australia it is a criminal offence to drive under the influence of alcohol if one's level of alcohol is .05% or greater.[citation needed] Australian police utilize random breath testing stations, and any police vehicle can pull over any vehicle at any time to conduct a random breath test.[citation needed] People found to have excessive alcohol are taken to either a police station or a random breath testing station for further analysis. Those over .08% will receive an automatic disqualification of their licence and must appear in court.[citation needed]
Canada[edit]
The Federal government of Canada has adopted truth in sentencing laws that enforce strict guidelines on sentencing, differing from previous practice where prison time was reduced or suspended after sentencing had been issued.[citation needed]
In Canada, refusal to blow into a blood alcohol testing device provided by a police officer carries the same penalties as being found guilty of drunk driving.[citation needed]
South Korea[edit]
In Republic of Korea, it is crime to drive if one's level of alcohol is .05% or greater.[42] Police often operates sobriety checkpoints without notice in advance, and it is criminal offense to refuse sobriety test. Driving under influence of alcohol result in suspension or disqualification of driver's license.
United Kingdom[edit]
In British law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle. The definition depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle, and having access to a means of starting the vehicle's engine and driving it away (i.e., the keys to a vehicle).
The UK's drug driving laws were amended in 2015. The changes included a new roadside testing kit, which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect's saliva; zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs, Limits were also set for certain prescription medications. The laws, however, did not end the use of the field impairment test, but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation, or cannot be identified by the limited use of a device, that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine.[43][44]
United States[edit]
La Mesilla Community Center, located in Mesilla, New Mexico houses a driving while intoxicated (DWI)sSchool
See also: Drunk driving in the United States
Under the laws of the United States, it is unlawful to drive a motor vehicle when your ability to do so is materially impaired by the consumption of alcohol or drugs, including prescription medications.[45] For impaired driving charges involving the consumption of alcohol, the blood alcohol level at which impairment is presumed is 0.08, although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving with a lower blood alcohol level.[46]
For example, the state of California has two basic drunk driving laws with nearly identical criminal penalties:[47]
V.C. Sec. 23152(a) - it is a misdemeanor to drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
V.C. Sec. 23152(b) - it is a misdemeanor to drive with .08% or more of alcohol in one's blood.
Under the first law, you may be convicted of impaired driving based upon your inability to safely operate a motor vehicle, no matter what your blood alcohol level. Under the second law, it is per se unlawful to drive with a blood alcohol level of .08 or greater.
Repeated impaired driving offenses or an impaired driving incident that results in bodily injury to another may trigger more significant penalties, and potentially trigger a felony charge.[48]
Many states in the US have adopted truth in sentencing laws that enforce strict guidelines on sentencing, differing from previous practice where prison time was reduced or suspended after sentencing had been issued.[49]
Prevalence[edit]
In the United States, local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1996, compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983.[50] In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DWI offenders were in prison or jail, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986.[51] In the United States, DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated $45 billion in damages every year.[52] In some US and German studies BAC level 0.01-0.03% predicted a lower crash risk than BAC 0%,[22][23] possibly due to extra caution,[23] whereas BACs 0.08% or higher seem to be responsible for almost all extra accidents caused by alcohol.[22] For a BAC of 0.15% the risk is 25-fold.[22]
Implied consent[edit]
All U.S. states recognize "implied consent", pursuant to which drivers are deemed to have consented to being tested for intoxication as a condition of their operating motor vehicles on public roadways.[53] Implied consent laws may result punishment for those who refuse to cooperate with blood alcohol testing after an arrest for suspected impaired driving, including civil consequences such as a driver's license suspension.[54] The State of Kansas found unconstitutional a state law that makes it an additional crime to refuse such a test when no court-ordered warrant for testing exists.[55]
Employment policies[edit]
Many employers or occupations have their own rules and BAC limits; for example, the United States Federal Railroad Administration has a 0.04% limit for train crew.[56] Certain large corporations have their own rules; for example, Union Pacific Railroad has their own BAC limit of 0.02%[citation needed] that, if violated during a random test or a for-cause test—for example, after a traffic accident—can result in termination of employment with no chance of future rehire.
See also[edit]
Alcoholism
Breathalyzer
DR10, UK police code
Drug–impaired driving
Drunk drivers
Drunk walking
DUI California
DWI court
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
National Motorists Association
Responsible drug use
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Driving Under the Influence". Rhode Island Bar Association. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Alonso, Francisco; Pasteur, Juan C.; Montero, Luis; Esteban, Cristina (2015). "Driving under the influence of alcohol: frequency, reasons, perceived risk and punishment". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 10 (11). Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Impaired Driving | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)". www.nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
Jump up ^ "Average Costs of a DUI or DWI Arrest and Conviction". Select Insurance Group. 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Bruce. "Nevada's Driving Under the Influence (DUI) laws". NVPAC. Advisory Council for Prosecuting Attorneys. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Voas, Robert B.; Lacey, John H. "Issues in the enforcement of impaired driving laws in the United States". The College of Information Sciences and Technology. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tekenos-Levy, Jordan (29 July 2015). "Impaired Driving in Canada: Cost and Effect of a Conviction". National College for DUI Defense. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "DUI | the crime of driving a vehicle while drunk also : a person who is arrested for driving a vehicle while drunk". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
Jump up ^ Rowling, Troy (14 October 2008). "In Mt Isa it's RUI: riding under the influence". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pedestrian Safety". Police Department, University of Colorado. Retrieved 19 July 2017. ("[I]f you bicycle while intoxicated you will be held to the same standards as other motorists and may be issued a DUI.")
Jump up ^ "Ore. skateboarder collides with van, charged with DUI". Crimesider. CBS News. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Douglas Martin (reporter) (August 17, 2002). "Robert F. Borkenstein, 89, Inventor of the Breathalyzer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-12-23. Robert F. Borkenstein, who revolutionized enforcement of drunken driving laws by inventing the Breathalyzer to measure alcohol in the blood, died last Saturday at his home in Bloomington, Ind. He was 89. ...Robert Frank Borkenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Ind., on Aug. 31, 1912.
Jump up ^ "Breathalyzer". USPTO. May 13, 1958. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
Jump up ^ "Ethanol Level". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "On DWI Laws in Other Countries". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. March 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bates, Marsha E. "Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs." The Correspondence between Saliva and Breath Estimates of Blood Alcohol Concentration: Advantages and Limitations of the Saliva Method". Journal of Studies in Alcohol, 1 Jan. 1993. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
Jump up ^ Tchir, Jason (10 June 2014). "How an impaired driving conviction can affect your car insurance rates". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Medical Psychological Assessment: An Opportunity for the Individual, Safety for the Genera Public" (PD). Retrieved 2012-10-10.
Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Preventing road traffic injury: A public health perspective for Europe
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and Driving". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk, H.-P. Krüger, J. Kazenwadel and M. Vollrath, Center for Traffic Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Crash Risk of Alcohol Involved Driving: A Case-Control Study Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Blomberg, Richard D; Peck, Raymond C; Moskowitz, Herbert; Burns, Marcelline; Fiorentino, Dary. Abstract. Dunlap and Associates, Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2005. Mainly pages xviii and 108.
Jump up ^ Anum, EA; Silberg, J; Retchin, SM. "Heritability of DUI convictions: a twin study of driving under the influence of alcohol". Twin Res Hum Genet. 17: 10–5. doi:10.1017/thg.2013.86. PMID 24384043.
Jump up ^ “Underage Drinking.” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/underagedrinking/underagefact.htm.
Jump up ^ Drug Evaluation and Classification Program. NHTSA. pp. Sev IV Pg. 5–6.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Canadians can be charged with driving under the influence of cannabis without ever smoking a joint".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ontario to bring in stronger punishment for driving under influence of drugs".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Marijuana and Driving — Colorado Department of Transportation - CDOT".
Jump up ^ Kaye, Adam M. (12 January 2013). "Basic Concepts in Opioid Prescribing and Current Concepts of Opioid-Mediated Effects on Driving". The Ochsner Journal. 13: 525–32. PMC 3865831  . PMID 24358001. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Sigona, Nicholas (2014-10-13). "Driving Under the Influence, Public Policy, and Pharmacy Practice". Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 28: 119–123. doi:10.1177/0897190014549839. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (February 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, retrieved 24 February 2014 , which cites
Weiss, MS; Bowden, K; Branco, F; et al. (2011). "Opioids Guideline". In Kurt T. Hegmann. Occupational medicine practice guidelines : evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers (online March 2014) (3rd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. p. 11. ISBN 978-0615452272.
Jump up ^ "The proactive role employers can take: Opioids in the Workplace" (PDF). National Safety Council. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Validated at BACS Below 0.10 Percent | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)". www.nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
Jump up ^ "SOS - Substance Abuse and Driving".
Jump up ^ Committee, Oregon Legislative Counsel. "ORS 813.136 (2015) - Consequence of refusal or failure to submit to field sobriety tests".
Jump up ^ Smith, Aaron (26 May 2017). "These companies are racing to develop a Breathalyzer for pot". CNN Money. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Child Endangerment Drunk Driving Laws" (PDF). MADD. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Criminal Law Amendment Act, Reference". Scc.lexum.org. 1970-06-26. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Actions Resulting In Loss Of License Alcohol Impairment Charts" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-10.
Jump up ^ Gus Chan, The Plain Dealer (2011-01-10). "Cuyahoga County Council's finalists for boards of revision include employee with criminal past". Blog.cleveland.com. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "국가법령정보센터". www.law.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-11.
Jump up ^ Waugh, Rob (12 May 2015). "How UK's new drug-driving laws really work – as first drivers are charged". Metro. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Adams, Lucy (21 April 2017). "Drug-driving limits and roadside testing to be introduced". BBC. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Drunken / Impaired Driving". NCSL. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (26 May 2016). "Drunk and Impaired Driving Offenses". ExpertLaw.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "California Vehicle Code, Sec. 23152". California Legislative Information. California State Legislature. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Conness A. "Felony DUI Cases at a Glance" (PDF). Central California Appellate Program. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Rosich, Katherine J.; Kane, Kamala M. "Truth in Sentencing and State Sentencing Practices". National Institute of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Four in Ten Criminal Offenders Report Alcohol as a Factor in Violence: But Alcohol-Related Deaths and Consumption in Decline, April 5, 1998, United States Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Jump up ^ DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision, June 1999, United States Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Jump up ^ "Impaired Driving: Get the Facts". CDC. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Soronen, Lisa. "Blood Alcohol Testing: No Consent, No Warrant, No Crime?". NCSL. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (23 August 2016). "Blood Alcohol Testing in Drunk and Impaired Driving Cases". ExpertLaw.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kansas DUI law that makes test refusal a crime is ruled unconstitutional". kansascity. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and Drug Testing Regulations (Parts 219 and 40) Interpretive Guidance Manual" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-01-06.
Further reading[edit]
Barron H. Lerner (2011). One for the Road: Drunk Driving Since 1900. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drunk driving.
Impaired driving on MedlinePlus
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Fez (That '70s Show)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fez
That '70s Show character
First appearance
"That '70s Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
"That '70s Finale"
(episode 8.22)
Created by
Mark Brazill
Portrayed by
Wilmer Valderrama
Information
Nickname(s)
The Foreign Kid, The Foreigner, Julie, Boy With The Accent, Cocoa Puff, Ali Baba, Hadji, Pele, Tarzan, Sabu, Anwar, Tonto, Desi, Captain Pooface, Chocolate Milk, Fezzy, Tutankhamen, Johnny Table, Anlar, Pantyboy, Mushmouth, Muhammad Ali, Prince Edwardo, Ferrari (Fez Ferrari), That Kid from "Not America"
Gender
Male
Occupation
High school student (formerly; graduated)
Foto Hut clerk (formerly)
DMV clerk (formerly)
Shampoo boy (currently)
Family
Unnamed father
Unnamed mother
Unnamed sister
Rebecca Erdman (Host Mother)
Matthew Erdman (Host Father)
Spouse(s)
Laurie Forman (ex-wife)
Significant other(s)
Marsha Sullivan (ex-girlfriend)
Patty (ex-girlfriend)
Caroline (ex-girlfriend)
Nina (ex-girlfriend)
Big Rhonda (ex-girlfriend)
Hillary (ex-girlfriend)
Jackie Burkhart (girlfriend)
Nationality
Unknown
Fez (born August 4, 1960) is a fictional character and one of the four male leads on the Fox Network's That '70s Show, portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama.[1] He was the foreign exchange student in a group of six local teenagers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Fez's homeland
3 Personality
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
Fez was born on August 4, 1960. His real name is deemed unpronounceable by his friends, so they call him "Fez" (short for Foreign Exchange Student). The series' official web site explains the spelling "Fez" (as opposed to "Fes") as "poetic license".[2][3] Red usually calls him "the foreign kid", or by a random foreign (or Native American) name through various backgrounds (e.g., Hadji, Tonto, Anwar, Sabu, Muhammad Ali, Ali Baba, Pelé, Ahmad, Tutankhamun, etc.), which Fez does not mind, with one exception: he hates being called Tarzan because Tarzan is a white man. Eric's grandmother calls him "Desi".
A flashback episode shows when Fez first meets the others. They rescue him from a janitor's closet where several bullies have hung him on a coat hook. The bullies had asked him if he wanted to hang out; he tells the group he "shouldn't have said yes". Moments later, he states his real name, which is drowned out by a long, ringing school bell (what Valderrama was actually saying was the first names of the main actors who appear in the show), after which Hyde (hearing the name) says "OK... I'm not going to remember that." The only known fact about his name is, as he states in the episode "Killer Queen", the first five K's of his last name are silent. His name has no consonants, only vowels.
Valderrama has stated that he fabricated the accent he used on the show so that no one could identify which country his character is from, a mystery the show creators deliberately kept a secret.
Fez's host parents, Matthew (Kevin Farley) and Rebecca Erdman (Shannon Holt) appear only in one episode, "Drive In".
Fez's homeland[edit]
Fez's secret country of origin is one of the longest running gags on the show.[4] Through all eight seasons, Fez's nationality remains a mystery, even to his closest friends, and the continual hints and clues Fez drops about his country only leave them more confused. In the episode "Eric's Birthday," Kitty, fantasizing about Eric's friends causing trouble, imagines Fez saying, "in my home country of...wherever it is I'm from; I can never tell..." Much is revealed in the episode "Love of My Life," where one of Fez's compatriots (played by Justin Long) comes for a visit. In the first teaser, when his friend suggests that he goes home, he says "Yes, I will go to Brazil...and then catch a flight home." In the final teaser, when Hyde finally asks them, "Where the hell are you guys from?", his friend says that the name depends on whether you ask the British or the Dutch. But the British won't say it, Fez explains, because they hate the island, and no one understands a word the Dutch say. The friend has a heavy English accent; Fez's explanation to this is that his friend is from the west side of the island. We also see throughout the show that Fez almost says where he is from but then stops right before he says it.
Fez is often assumed to be of Hispanic or Latino descent; it is never revealed if this is so, though earlier episodes, such as "Sunday, Bloody Sunday," imply he can speak Spanish. In "Eric's Burger Job," during a job interview at Fatso Burger, Fez claims he can speak Dutch. In "The Immigrant Song," Fez retells his catch phrase ("I said good day!") in his native tongue, which sounds like gibberish.
Personality[edit]
Initially burdened by cultural barriers, Fez is fascinated by American life and thinks the knowledge he gains from America makes him superior to other people from his island. In an early episode, he suggests he would one day return to his home country "and rule with an iron fist." Fez is openly regarded as weird by his friends. He exhibits a creepy side, which manifests itself in Fez spying on Kelso and Eric when they are making out with their girlfriends (with Kelso even allowing him to do so). More than once he is caught hiding in Donna's closet. He frequently complains about being lonely and love-starved.
Later on, Fez develops metrosexual habits, appreciating stylish clothes and at times appearing vain and narcissistic about his looks. He shares an antagonistic relationship with his landlord Fenton (played by Jim Rash) because of a previous dispute over what Fez described as "a pair of pants that made my butt look like an oil painting." Fez shows off his superior dancing skills in numerous episodes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wilmer Valderrama". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Jump up ^ Barlow, Helen (2007-01-03). "Charmer out of the '70s". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez". Overthinking It. May 4, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
External links[edit]
Mastro, Dana. and Morawitz, Elizabeth. Latino Representation on Primetime Television: A Content Analysis, Section Stereotypes of Latinos, pp. 7.
Thanu Yakupitiyage Battling or Creating Stereotypes in ‘Aliens in America’?, October 19, 2007, Racewire.
Ben Megargel Reality spin-off falls into familiar traps, The Michigan Daily, February 6, 2007.
[hide]
v
t
e
That '70s Show
Characters
Teenagers
Eric Forman
Donna Pinciotti
Steven Hyde
Michael Kelso
Jackie Burkhart
Fez
Adults
Kitty Forman
Red Forman
Midge and Bob Pinciotti
Leo
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Related articles
Home video
That '80s Show
Days Like These
Point Place
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fez_(That_%2770s_Show)&oldid=828322834"
Categories:
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Fictional cannabis users
Fictional characters from Wisconsin
Fictional characters introduced in 1998
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Teenage characters in television
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Ingo Rademacher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ingo Rademacher
Born
(1971-04-22) 22 April 1971 (age 46)
Iserlohn, West Germany
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1993–present
Spouse(s)
Ehiku Rademacher
Children
2
Ingo Rademacher (born 22 April 1971) is a West German-born, US-based, Australian television actor, perhaps best known for his role of Jasper "Jax" Jacks on the American daytime soap opera General Hospital, which he has played almost continuously since the role's inception in 1996. In 2012, he played Officer Sacks in the film Alex Cross. Rademacher placed 5th on the 16th season of Dancing with the Stars.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Other
5 Filmography
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Rademacher was born in Iserlohn, West Germany, the son of Roswitha and Arndt Rademacher. He has a sister named Anne. His parents moved the family to Australia when Ingo was 10.
He dropped out of the University of Queensland (Brisbane) after six months and began to model. After the modelling stint, he entered the acting profession. His first role was the character of surfer Sean Hayden in the Australian soap opera Paradise Beach. After that show was canceled, he moved to Los Angeles in 1994. His former Paradise Beach co-star Jaason Simmons, who had appeared on Baywatch, arranged a place for him to stay in Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
General Hospital producer Wendy Riche saw his (unsuccessful) audition tape for the soap opera The City and immediately cast him as Jasper "Jax" Jacks. The character, a suave tycoon, has been involved with a succession of General Hospital characters, most notably Brenda Barrett (played by Vanessa Marcil), who was also a love interest of Sonny Corinthos (played by Maurice Benard). However, Jax may have met his match – or his soulmate – when he romanced and then married Carly Corinthos (played by Laura Wright), Sonny's ex and the mother of two of Sonny's children. Jax and Carly's relationship has been a passionate and tempestuous one, marked by separations and reunions. Carly's relationship with her ex-husband and his henchman, Jason Morgan, has been the cause of many of hers and Jax's problems; Jax despises Sonny and feels that he and Sonny have put Carly and the children in danger. Jax came close to legally adopting Carly's younger son, Morgan. Together, Jax and Carly have a teenage daughter, Josslyn.
During a one-year break from General Hospital, Rademacher appeared on the short-lived primetime soap opera Titans. Jax reappeared on General Hospital on 23 August 2012. He returned to the show for a several-week-long story arc in 2016. That same year, he also had a recurring role as Robert Coughlin on Hawaii Five-0.
Rademacher was a contestant on the 16th season of Dancing with the Stars and was partnered with two-time champion Kym Johnson.[1][2]
In September 2017, it was announced that Rademacher had joined the cast of The Bold and the Beautiful in the role of Thorne Forrester.[3] He made his first appearance on 27 November 2017.[4]
Personal life[edit]
Rademacher previously dated then-General Hospital co-star Rebecca Herbst in the late 1990's.[5] On 11 July 2008, Ingo and his then girlfriend Ehiku welcomed a son, Peanut Kai Rademacher. The baby was delivered at home by a midwife in Malibu.[6] On 3 October 2009, Ingo and Ehiku married, and on 13 May 2012, they welcomed their second son, Pohaku Zen Rademacher.[7]
Rademacher and his wife Ehiku own Mahiku, an activewear store in Hawaii.[8]
Other[edit]
Rademacher sits on the board of Heal the Bay, a Santa Monica-based environmental organization.[9]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Other notes
1993–94 Paradise Beach Sean Hayden Unknown episodes
1995 Echo Point Unknown Unknown episodes
1996–2013
2016–2017 General Hospital Jasper Jacks Series regular
1996 Clueless Kip Killmore Episode: "Kiss Me Kip"
1997 Veronica's Closet Reg Episode: Pilot
2000–01 Titans David O'Connor 11 episodes
2003 Intimate Portrait Himself Episode: "Vanessa Marcil"
2004 According to Jim Ted Episodes: "When You Wish to Be a Star: Parts 1 & 2"
2004 1 Day With... Himself Episode #1.1
2011 Hawaii Five-0 Malcolm Schafer Episode: "Kiʻilua (Deceiver)"
2012 Alex Cross Officer Sacks Film
2013 'Dancing with the Stars Himself Contestant on season 16 (5th place)
2016 Hawaii Five-0 Robert Coughlin 3 episodes
2017– The Bold and the Beautiful Thorne Forrester Series regular
Role from: November 27, 2017 to present
2017– A Royal Christmas Ball King Charles of Baltamia Film
See also[edit]
German Australian
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dorothy Hamill and Andy Dick among 'Dancing' stars". New York Post. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ http://gma.yahoo.com/dancing-with-the-stars-season-16-new-celebrity-cast-announced-224704383.html
Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the cast of Rademacher in the role of Thorne Forrester:
Eades, Chris (25 September 2017). "General Hospital Star Ingo Rademacher Cast as Thorne on The Bold & the Beautiful!". CBS Soaps In Depth. United States: Bauer Media Group. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
SOD (25 September 2017). "Ingo Rademacher Is B&B's New Thorne". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Giddens, Jamey (25 September 2017). "Ingo Rademacher is B&B's New Throne". Daytime Confidential. United States: Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Fairman, Michael (25 September 2017). "Ingo Rademacher Is The Bold and the Beautiful's New Thorne!". On-Air On-Soaps. United States: Michael Fairman Soaps, Inc. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Logan, Michael (25 September 2017). "The Bold and the Beautiful Casts Ingo Rademacher as the New Thorne Forrester". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ SOD (2 October 2017). "B&B Announces Ingo Rademacher's First Air Date". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Kristin (April 5, 2018). "#TBT - Rebecca Herbst". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "General Hospital Star Explains Naming Son 'Peanut'"
Jump up ^ "Rademacher's a Dad Again". SoapsInDepth.com.
Jump up ^ http://generalhospital.about.com/od/actorbiographies/p/Ingo.htm
Jump up ^ "Official website: Events". ingorademacher.com.
External links[edit]
Official website
Ingo Rademacher on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingo_Rademacher&oldid=834405796"
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This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 15:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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