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Origination Clause
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The Origination Clause, sometimes called the Revenue Clause, is part of Article I of the United States Constitution. This clause says that all bills for raising revenue must start in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as in the case of other bills.
The Origination Clause stemmed from a British parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading (and any other initial readings) in the House of Commons before being sent to the House of Lords. This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people, although the British practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills.
This clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states. The large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate, and so the Origination Clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate, compensating the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states.
Contents
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1 Text
2 Background leading up to adoption
3 Developments since 1789
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Text[edit]
The Origination Clause, also known as the Revenue Clause,[1][2] reads as follows:
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Background leading up to adoption[edit]
The federal Constitution was written in 1787 and adopted in 1789. Prior to 1787, several state constitutions followed British practice by providing that "money bills" must start in the more representative branch of the state legislature.[3]
Vesting the power of origination in the U.S. House of Representatives was part of the Great Compromise, in which the framers also agreed to allow equality in the Senate regardless of a state's population, while creating representation based on a State's population in the House.[4] The framers adopted the Great Compromise on July 16, 1787. At that point, the draft clause stated: "all bills for raising or appropriating money....shall originate in the [representative house], and shall not be altered or amended by the [other house]...."[5]
The Origination Clause was modified later in 1787 to reduce the House's power by allowing the Senate to amend revenue bills,[6] and by removing appropriation bills from the scope of the clause (the House and Senate have disagreed on the latter point).[1][7][8] However, a proposal was defeated that would have reduced the House's power even more by changing "bills for raising revenue" to "bills for raising money for the purpose of revenue".[5] James Madison explained:[9]
In many acts, particularly in the regulations of trade, the object would be twofold. The raising of revenue would be one of them. How could it be determined which was the primary or predominant one; or whether it was necessary that revenue shd: be the sole object, in exclusion even of other incidental effects.
Ben Franklin (left) and Elbridge Gerry urged adoption of an origination clause.[10]
John Dickinson (left) and Edmund Randolph joined Franklin and George Mason to urge reinsertion of the clause.[10]
Regarding the decision to allow Senate amendments, some of the reasoning was given by Theophilus Parsons during the convention in Massachusetts that ratified the Constitution; Parsons said that, otherwise, "representatives might tack any foreign matter to a money-bill, and compel the Senate to concur or lose the supplies."[11] Madison believed that the difference between a permissible Senate amendment and an impermissible Senate amendment would, "turn on the degree of connection between the matter & object of the bill and the alteration or amendment offered to it."[12]
During that era, the Continental Congress had a rule stating: "No new motion or proposition shall be admitted under color of amendment as a substitute for a question or proposition under debate until it is postponed or disagreed to."[3] At the Virginia convention to ratify the Constitution, delegate William Grayson was concerned that a substitute amendment could have the same effect as an origination: "the Senate could strike out every word of the bill except the word whereas, or any other introductory word, and might substitute new words of their own."[13] Grayson was not convinced by Madison's argument that "the first part of the clause is sufficiently expressed to exclude all doubts" about where the origination must occur.[14]
In its final form, the Origination Clause was a major selling point for ratification of the Constitution. James Madison, who supported the final version during and after the 1787 Convention,[10] wrote the following in Federalist 58 as the debate over ratification was raging:[13]
The house of representatives can not only refuse, but they alone can propose the supplies requisite for the support of government. They in a word hold the purse; that powerful instrument by which we behold, in the history of the British constitution, an infant and humble representation of the people, gradually enlarging the sphere of its activity and importance, and finally reducing, as far as it seems to have wished, all the overgrown prerogatives of the other branches of the government. This power over the purse, may in fact be regarded as the most compleat and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure.
This clause resonated with a citizenry opposed to taxation without representation.[15]
Developments since 1789[edit]
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Many scholars have written about the Origination Clause. Among the most widely influential was Joseph Story, who wrote in 1833 that the clause refers only to bills that levy taxes:[16][17]
[The clause] has been confined to bills to levy taxes in the strict sense of the words, and has not been understood to extend to bills for other purposes, which may incidentally create revenue. No one supposes, that a bill to sell any of the public lands, or to sell public stock, is a bill to raise revenue, in the sense of the constitution. Much less would a bill be so deemed, which merely regulated the value of foreign or domestic coins, or authorized a discharge of insolvent debtors upon assignments of their estates to the United States, giving a priority of payment to the United States in cases of insolvency, although all of them might incidentally bring, revenue into the treasury.
The U.S. Supreme Court has decided several cases involving this clause, and all of those challenges to federal statutes failed.[18] For example, in the 1911 case of Flint v. Stone Tracy Company, the Court held: "The amendment was germane to the subject-matter of the bill and not beyond the power of the Senate to propose."[19] But, the plaintiffs in one lower court decision succeeded in striking down a federal statute on Origination Clause grounds.[20] The Supreme Court stated in the 1990 case of United States v. Munoz-Flores:[21]
Both parties agree that "revenue bills are those that levy taxes in the strict sense of the word, and are not bills for other purposes which may incidentally create revenue." Twin City Bank v. Nebeker, 167 U. S. 196, 202 (1897) (citing 1 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution § 880, pp. 610–611 (3d ed. 1858)). The Court has interpreted this general rule to mean that a statute that creates a particular governmental program and that raises revenue to support that program, as opposed to a statute that raises revenue to support Government generally, is not a "Bil[l] for raising Revenue" within the meaning of the Origination Clause.
Justice Joseph Story
What this means exactly is disputed. According to one scholar, a statute is outside the scope of the Origination Clause if it, "imposes an exaction not to raise revenue, but to enforce a statute passed under the Commerce Clause or other enumerated power."[22] However, according to another scholar, even exactions imposed only under the taxing powers of Congress are outside the scope of the Origination Clause if Congress "earmarks revenues to fund a program it creates."[23] Regarding the latter view, Justice John Paul Stevens suggested in 1990 that its tendency was to "convert the Origination Clause into a formal accounting requirement...."[21]
A bill that lowers taxes instead of raises taxes may still be a bill for raising revenue, according to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[13] Assuming that a bill is for raising revenue, a further ambiguity in the clause involves how far the Senate’s right to amend extends.[7] According to law professor Jack Balkin, the Senate may take a House-originated revenue bill, and "substitute a different bill on a different subject."[24] On the other hand, law professor Randy Barnett says: "The Supreme Court has never approved the 'strike-and-replace' procedure...."[25]
Not only the House of Representatives, but also the Senate and the judiciary have sometimes tried to guard the role of the House with regard to origination of revenue bills. For example, as early as 1789, the Senate deemed itself helpless to pass a law levying a tax.[1] And, as mentioned, a federal court in 1915 struck down legislation contrary to the clause.[20] The U.S. Supreme Court has expressed willingness to address such issues, according to its 1990 opinion by Justice Thurgood Marshall in Munoz-Flores:
A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment.
In 2012, the joint dissent in the U.S. Supreme Court case National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius mentioned that "the Constitution requires tax increases to originate in the House of Representatives" per the Origination Clause,[26] though that issue was not addressed by the majority opinion.[27] In 2014, Sissel v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, a challenge to the Affordable Care Act brought by the Pacific Legal Foundation based upon this clause, was rejected by a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia,[28] and that court later declined a request to put the matter before all of its judges ("en banc") over a lengthy dissent authored by Judge Brett Kavanaugh.[29]
In 2013, during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 and the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013, the Republican-led House of Representatives could not agree on or pass an originating resolution to end the government crisis, as had been agreed, so the Democratic-led Senate used bill H.R. 2775 to resolve the impasse by using the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, an insignificant bill that originated in the House, which it amended all the tax and appropriation measures so to satisfy the formal requirements of the Originating Clause.
See also[edit]
Revenue-raising bills must have started in the House (right) and moved to the Senate (left).
Article One of the United States Constitution (where the Origination Clause is located)
Blue slip (when the House protests on Origination Clause grounds)
Taxing and Spending Clause (authorizes Congress to levy taxes)
Sixteenth Amendment (expands ability of Congress to levy taxes)
Seventeenth Amendment (provides for direct election of two Senators for each state)
Shell bill (legislative maneuver)
Substitute amendment (legislative maneuver)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. The Invention of the United States Senate, p. 188 (Taylor & Francis 2004).
Jump up ^ Gold, Martin. Senate Procedure and Practice, p. 135 (Rowman & Littlefield 2008).
^ Jump up to: a b Sargent, Noel. "Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions", Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 4, p. 330 (1919).
Jump up ^ Jensen, Erik and Monaghan, Henry. The Taxing Power: a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 170 (2005). ISBN 0-313-31229-X
^ Jump up to: a b Meigs, William. The Growth of the Constitution in the Federal Convention of 1787, pp. 110–112 (Lippincott 1900).
Jump up ^ Farrelly, Marie. "Special Assessments and the Origination Clause: A Tax on Crooks?", Fordham Law Review, Vol. 58, p. 447 (1989).
^ Jump up to: a b Saturno, James. "The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement", CRS Report for Congress (Mar-15-2011).
Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills, as distinguished from bills that levy taxes. See Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics, pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002). Likewise, according to the Library of Congress, the Constitution is the source of the origination requirement for revenue bills, whereas tradition is the source of the origination requirement for appropriation bills. See Sullivan, John. "How Our Laws Are Made", Library of Congress (accessed August 26, 2013).
Jump up ^ Naroll, Raoul. Clio and the Constitution: The Influence of the Study of History on the Federal Convention of 1787, p. 140 (UCLA 1953).
^ Jump up to: a b c Graham, John. Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution, pp. 238–240 (Pelican Publishing, 2009).
Jump up ^ Luce, Robert. Legislative Problems: Development, Status, And Trend Of The Treatment And Exercise Of Lawmaking Powers, p. 417 (Houghton Mifflin 1935, reprinted by The Lawbook Exchange 2005).
Jump up ^ Watson, David. The Constitution of the United States: its history application and construction, p. 346 (Callaghan 1910).
^ Jump up to: a b c Medina, J. Michael. The Origination Clause in the American Constitution: A Comparative Survey, Tulsa Law Journal, Vol. 23, p. 165 (1987). Madison also wrote this in Federalist No. 45: "[T]he present Congress have as complete authority to REQUIRE of the States indefinite supplies of money for the common defense and general welfare, as the future Congress will have to require them of individual citizens."
Jump up ^ Horn, Stephen. Unused Power: The Work of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, p. 249 (Brookings Institution Press 1970).
Jump up ^ Vile, John. A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments, p. 35 (ABC-CLIO, 2010).
Jump up ^ Nowell, Edwin. A history of the relations between the two houses of parliament in Tasmania and South Australia: in regard to amendments to bills containing provisions relating to the public revenue or expenditure, pp. 130–131 (Tasmania 1890).
Jump up ^ Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution (1833).
Jump up ^ Krotoszynski, Ronald. "Reconsidering the Nondelegation Doctrine: Universal Service, the Power to Tax, and the Ratification Doctrine", Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 80 (2005).
Jump up ^ Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911).
^ Jump up to: a b Hubbard v. Lowe, 226 F. 135 (S.D.N.Y. 1915), appeal dismissed mem., 242 U.S. 654 (1916).
^ Jump up to: a b United States v. Munoz-Flores, 495 U.S. 385 (1990).
Jump up ^ Sandefur, Timothy. "So it's a Tax, Now What?: Some of the Problems Remaining After NFIB v. Sebelius", Texas Review of Law and Politics, Vol. 17, p. 204 (2013).
Jump up ^ Kysar, Rebecca. "The 'Shell Bill' Game: Avoidance and the Origination Clause", Washington University Law Review, Vol. 91 (2014).
Jump up ^ Balkin, Jack. "The Right Strikes Back: A New Legal Challenge for ObamaCare", The Atlantic (September 17, 2012).
Jump up ^ Barnett, Randy. "New Obamacare Challenge: The Origination Clause", The Volokh Conspiracy (September 13, 2012).
Jump up ^ Fisher, Daniel. "Obamacare Dissents Poke Holes In Roberts' Reasoning", Forbes (June 29, 2012).
Jump up ^ Eastman, John. "Hidden Gems in the Historical 2011–2012 Term, and Beyond", Charleston Law Review, Vol. 7, p. 19 (2012).
Jump up ^ Sissel v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2014). See also Hotze v. Burwell (5th Cir. 2015).
Jump up ^ Sissel v. DHS , "On Petititon for Rehearing En Banc" (August 7, 2015).
External links[edit]
"Article 1, Section 7, Clause 1", The Founders' Constitution, University of Chicago (2000).
Zotti, Priscilla and Schmitz, Nicholas. “The Origination Clause: Meaning, Precedent, and Theory from the 12th Century to the 21st Century”, British Journal of American Legal Studies, Vol. 3 (Spring 2014).
Jensen, Erik, “The Origination Clause”, The Heritage Guide to the Constitution.
Natelson, Robert. The Founders’ Origination Clause (and Implications for the Affordable Care Act), The Independence Institute (August 3, 2014), via SSRN.
Riddick, Floyd. "Revenue", Senate Procedure, p. 1214 (1992).
Hinds, Asher. "Prerogatives of the House as to Revenue Legislation", Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States, p. 942 (U.S. Government Printing Office 1907).
The Original Meaning of the Origination Clause: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, April 29, 2014
Smyth, Daniel. The Original Public Meaning of Amendment in the Origination Clause Versus the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, British Journal of American Legal Studies, Vol. 6(2), forthcoming.
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This article is about the traditional winter holiday song. For the song by Crazy Frog, see Jingle Bells/U Can't Touch This. For the musical instrument, see Jingle bell.
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late 1857
Genre
Christmas
Composer(s)
James Lord Pierpont
Lyricist(s)
James Lord Pierpont
originally known as "One Horse Open Sleigh"
"Jingle Bells" is one of the best-known[1] and commonly sung[2] American songs in the world. It was written by James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) and published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857. It has been claimed that it was originally written to be sung by a Sunday school choir; however, historians dispute this, stating that it was much too "racy" (and secular) to be sung by a children's church choir in the days it was written.[3]
Although originally intended for the Thanksgiving season,[3] and having no connection to Christmas,[4] it became associated with Christmas music and the holiday season in general decades after it was first performed on Washington Street in Boston in 1857. Some area choirs adopted it as part of their repertoire in the 1860s and 1870s, and it was featured in a variety of parlor song and college anthologies in the 1880s.[5] It was first recorded in 1889 on an Edison cylinder.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Lyrics
2.1 Original lyrics
3 Melody
4 Recordings and performances
4.1 First song in outer space
5 Parodies and homages
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Composition[edit]
Plaque at 19 High Street, Medford, Massachusetts
Historical marker in Savannah, Georgia
One Horse Open Sleigh
Title page
First half of the chorus
Second half of the chorus and other verses
Musical notations of the original version
It is an unsettled question where and when Pierpont originally composed the song that would become known as "Jingle Bells". A plaque at 19 High Street in the center of Medford Square in Medford, Massachusetts commemorates the "birthplace" of "Jingle Bells," and claims that Pierpont wrote the song there in 1850, at what was then the Simpson Tavern. According to the Medford Historical Society, the song was inspired by the town's popular sleigh races during the 19th century.[7]
"Jingle Bells" was originally copyrighted with the name "One Horse Open Sleigh" on September 16, 1857.[8] Mrs. Otis Waterman, one of Pierpoint's friends, described the song as a "merry little jingle", which became part of its new name when published in 1859 under the revised title of "Jingle Bells, or the One Horse Open Sleigh."[9] The song has since passed into the public domain.
The date of the song's copyright casts some doubt on the theory that Pierpont wrote the song in Medford, since by that date he was the organist and music director of the Unitarian Church in Savannah, Georgia, where his brother, Rev. John Pierpont Jr., was employed. In August of the same year, James Pierpont married the daughter of the mayor of Savannah. He stayed on in the city even after the church closed due to its abolitionist leanings.[10]
"Jingle Bells" was often used as a drinking song at parties: people would jingle the ice in their glasses as they sang.[11][12] The double-meaning of "upsot" was thought humorous, and a sleigh ride gave an unescorted couple a rare chance to be together, unchaperoned, in distant woods or fields, with all the opportunities that afforded.
Lyrics[edit]
Music historian James Fuld notes that "the word jingle in the title and opening phrase is apparently an imperative verb."[13] In the winter in New England in pre-automobile days, it was common to adorn horses' harnesses with straps bearing bells as a way to avoid collisions at blind intersections, since a horse-drawn sleigh in snow makes almost no noise. The rhythm of the tune mimics that of a trotting horse's bells. However, "jingle bells" is commonly taken to mean a certain kind of bell.
Jingle Bells
Dashing through the snow
In a one-horse open sleigh
O'er the fields we go
Laughing all the way

Bells on bob tail ring
Making spirits bright
What fun it is to ride and sing
A sleighing song tonight!

Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way.
Oh! what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh.

Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way;
Oh! what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh.
Although less well-known than the opening, the remaining verses depict high-speed youthful fun. In the second verse, the narrator takes a ride with a girl and loses control of the sleigh:
A day or two ago
I thought I'd take a ride
And soon, Miss Fanny Bright
Was seated by my side,
The horse was lean and lank
Misfortune seemed his lot
He got into a drifted bank
And then we got upsot.[a]
|: chorus :|
In the next verse (which is often skipped), he falls out of the sleigh and a rival laughs at him:
A day or two ago,
The story I must tell
I went out on the snow,
And on my back I fell;
A gent was riding by
In a one-horse open sleigh,
He laughed as there I sprawling lie,
But quickly drove away.
|: chorus :|
In the last verse, after relating his experience, he gives advice to a friend to pick up some girls, find a faster horse, and take off at full speed:
Now the ground is white
Go it while you're young,
Take the girls tonight
and sing this sleighing song;
Just get a bobtailed bay
Two forty as his speed[b]
Hitch him to an open sleigh
And crack! you'll take the lead.
|: chorus :|
Notes to lyrics
Jump up ^ "Upsot" is an alternative poetic version of "upset".
Jump up ^ Two forty refers to a mile in two minutes and forty seconds at the trot, or 22.5 miles per hour. This is a good speed, and suggests the horse should be a Standardbred.
Original lyrics[edit]
The two first stanzas and chorus of the original 1857 lyrics differed slightly from those we know today. It is unknown who replaced the words with those of the modern version.[13]
Dashing thro' the snow,
In a one-horse open sleigh,
O'er the hills we go,
Laughing all the way;
Bells on bob tail ring,
Making spirits bright,
Oh what sport to ride and sing
A sleighing song tonight.

|: chorus :|
Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way;
Oh! what joy it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh.

A day or two ago
I tho't I'd take a ride
And soon Miss Fannie Bright
Was seated by my side.
The horse was lean and lank
Misfortune seemed his lot
He got into a drifted bank
And we—we got upsot.
Jingle Bells, Or The One Horse Open Sleigh
Original melody
Jingle Bells
Performed on Piano, flute, clarinet, French horn
Jingle Bells
Performed on Celesta and Violin
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Melody[edit]
The original 1857 "Jingle Bells" had a slightly different chorus featuring a more classical-style melody. The "I V vi iii IV I V I" chord progression is a common theme in classical music; except for the final two chord changes, the melody as originally written follows the same chord progression as Pachelbel's Canon; the tune would later become more closely associated with another Christmas song, "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas," which appeared about twenty years after "Jingle Bells".
The "Jingle Bells" tune is used in French and German songs, although the lyrics are unrelated to the English lyrics. Both songs celebrate winter fun, as in the English version. The French song, titled "Vive le vent" ("Long Live the Wind"), was written by Francis Blanche[14][15] and contains references to Father Time, Baby New Year, and New Year's Day. There are several German versions of "Jingle Bells", including the popular Roy Black versions of Christkindl and Christmastime.[16]
In Spanish, the lyrics reference Christmas. Religious and secular lyrics both exist for the same melody, though the chorus in both contexts remains the same: Navidad, Navidad / hoy es Navidad / Es un día de alegría / y felicidad ("Christmas, Christmas / today is Christmas / it is a day of joy and happiness.")[citation needed]
The Swedish version titled Bjällerklang (Bell Clang) contains a few extra lines, eight bars long, in the chorus which are followed by a repetition of the last two lines of the chorus. Those were added by the Swedish lyricists, Eric Sandström and Gösta Westerberg.[citation needed]
Chorus in Swedish
Translation
Bjällerklang, bjällerklang, hör dess dingelidong
Flingor som det virvlar om i munter vintersång
Följ oss ut, följ oss ut, Blacken travar på
I hans spår vår släde går där höga furor står

Vi sitter under fällen och snön omkring oss yr
Och inte förr'n till kvällen vi färden hemåt styr
Bjällerklang, bjällerklang, hör dess dingelidong
Flingor som det virvlar om i munter vintersång
Bell clang, bell clang, hear its dingelidong
Snow flakes that twirl around in joyous winter song
Follow us out, follow us out, Blackie trots on
In his trails, our sleigh goes where tall pines stand

We sit under our pelt and the snow whirls around us
And it is not until the evening, that we will be going home
Bell clang, bell clang, hear its dingelidong
Snow flakes that twirl around in joyous winter song
Recordings and performances[edit]
See also: List of artists who have recorded "Jingle Bells"
James Lord Pierpont's 1857 composition "Jingle Bells" became one of the most performed and most recognizable secular holiday songs ever written, not only in the United States, but around the world. In recognition of this achievement, James Lord Pierpont was voted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
"Jingle Bells" was first recorded by Will Lyle on October 30, 1889 on an Edison cylinder however no surviving copies are known.[6] The earliest surviving recording was made by the Edison Male Quartette in 1898, also on an Edison cylinder as part of a Christmas medley entitled "Sleigh Ride Party." In 1902, the Hayden Quartet recorded "Jingle Bells". The song became a Christmas favorite in the early twentieth century.[5]
In 1943, Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters recorded "Jingle Bells" as Decca 23281[17] which reached No. 19 on the charts[18] and sold over a million copies. In 1941, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with Tex Beneke, Marion Hutton, Ernie Caceres, and the Modernaires on vocals had a No. 5 hit with "Jingle Bells" on RCA Victor, as Bluebird 11353. In 1935, Benny Goodman and His Orchestra reached No. 18 on the charts with their recording of "Jingle Bells." In 1951, Les Paul had a No. 10 hit with a multi-tracked version on guitar. In 2006, Kimberley Locke had a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with a recording of the song.
"Jingle Bells" has been performed and recorded by a wide variety of musical artists, including Louis Armstrong, The Beatles, The Chipmunks, Judy Collins, Nat King Cole (also using the melody at the end of his hit song "The Christmas Song"), Perry Como, Plácido Domingo, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Jo Stafford, Spike Jones, Barry Manilow, The Million Dollar Quartet (Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Elvis Presley), NSync, Luciano Pavarotti, Laura Pausini, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Frank Sinatra, Gwen Stefani, Barbra Streisand, Fats Waller, and Yello, among many others.
Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford of Gemini VI (1965)
In 1955, Don Charles, from Copenhagen, Denmark, recorded a novelty version with dogs barking to the melody of "Jingle Bells" as RCA 6344, and a version credited simply to "St. Nick" called "Jingle Bells (Laughing All the Way)" features someone laughing, rather than singing, the entire song.
First song in outer space[edit]
"Jingle Bells" was the first song broadcast from space, in a Christmas-themed prank by Gemini 6 astronauts Tom Stafford and Wally Schirra. While in space on December 16, 1965, they sent this report to Mission Control:
Gemini VII, this is Gemini VI. We have an object, looks like a satellite going from north to south, up in a polar orbit. He's in a very low trajectory traveling from north to south and has a very high climbing ratio. It looks like it might even be a ... Very low. Looks like he might be going to reenter soon. Stand by one ... You might just let me try to pick up that thing.[19]
The astronauts then produced a smuggled harmonica and sleigh bells and broadcast a rendition of "Jingle Bells."[20][21] The harmonica, shown to the press upon their return, was a Hohner "Little Lady", a tiny harmonica approximately one inch long, by 3/8 of an inch wide.[20]
Radio transmission between Gemini VI, Gemini VII and Mission Control in Houston
Parodies and homages[edit]
Like many simple, catchy, and popular melodies, "Jingle Bells" is often the subject of parody. "Jingle Bells, Batman Smells" has been a well-known parody since the mid-1960s,[22] with many variations on the lyrics.[23] Bart Simpson sings this version on The Simpsons, the first time being on "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".[24] The Joker himself also sings it in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Christmas With the Joker" right before he "got away". These lyrics were included in the 2013 film Prisoners starring Hugh Jackman; also Mike Nelson, Tom Servo, and Crow sang those lyrics over the opening credits of Santa Claus in episode #521 of Mystery Science Theater 3000. Comedian Phil Snyder recorded a full-length version of the song, adding new verses utilising other comic superheroes.[25] This same parody was also done in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants with the lyrics being changed to refer to the characters Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy.
Parodies or novelty versions of "Jingle Bells" have been recorded by many artists, and include Yogi Yorgesson's "Yingle Bells," Da Yoopers' "Rusty Chevrolet," Bucko and Champs' "Aussie Jingle Bells," The Three Stooges' "Jingle Bell Drag", and Jeff Dunham's "Jingle Bombs," performed in his "Achmed the Dead Terrorist" sketch. Another popular spoof of the song is "Pumpkin Bells," a "Pumpkin Carol" which celebrates Halloween and the "Great Pumpkin." It originated in The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols,[26] a booklet based on the "Peanuts" comic strip and published by Hallmark Cards in the 1960s.[27]
The Australian "Aussie Jingle Bells" broadly translates the idea of the original song to the summertime Christmas of the Southern hemisphere:
Aussie Jingle Bells
Dashing through the bush, in a rusty Holden ute,
Kicking up the dust, esky [thermal cooler-box] in the boot [trunk],
Kelpie [an Australian sheep herding dog breed] by my side, singing Christmas songs,
It's Summer time and I am in my singlet [undershirt], shorts and thongs [sandals]

Oh! Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way,
Christmas in Australia on a scorching summers day, Hey!
Jingle bells, jingle bells, Christmas time is beaut!,
Oh what fun it is to ride in a rusty Holden ute.
Other verses add further details about what happens when the Ute arrives at the family Christmas.
Musical notation for the chorus of "Jingle Bells" Play (help·info)
"Jingle Bell Rock" by Bobby Helms pays homage to "Jingle Bells", directly referencing the source song's lyrics, but with a different melody. Originally recorded and released by Helms in a rockabilly style, "Jingle Bell Rock" has itself since become a Christmas standard.[28]
In the Brian Setzer Orchestra version of the song, the first occurrence of "one-horse open sleigh" in the chorus is changed to "'57 Chevrolet", most likely to better suit the band's throwback rock 'n' roll/big band style.
The first notes in the chorus have become a motif that has been inserted into recordings other Christmas songs, most notably a guitar passage at the end of Nat King Cole's "The Christmas Song" and Clarence Clemons performing a saxophone solo in the middle of Bruce Springsteen's "Merry Christmas Baby"; a piano is also heard playing these notes at the end of Springsteen's version of "Santa Claus is Coming to Town." A slow version of the chorus opening forms the conclusion of Stan Freberg's 1957 "Green Chri$tma$," interspersed with cash-register noises. Mariah Carey utilizes a bit of the melody in her song "When Christmas Comes". The Tijuana Brass version of "America", which is not a Christmas song, nonetheless begins with the first few notes of "Jingle Bells".[29]
This song was sung as "Dingillerrr" ("The prick" in Turkish slang) by Grup Vitamin in 2015 album, Endoplazmik Retikulum, for satirizing such as consequences of Istanbul's enormous growth; Turks gradually get the jitters; and deforestation of Turkish cities.[30]
In 2010 the Israeli satirical website Latma produced a parody titled "Jihad Bells", where the Palestinian Minister of Uncontrollable Rage explains the persecution of Christians in the Muslim world.[31]
See also[edit]
Jingle bell (sleigh bell)
Jingle Bell Rock
Jingle Belle
Music in space
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Browne, Ray B. and Browne, Pat. The Guide to United States Popular Culture Popular Press, 2001. ISBN 0879728213. p.171
Jump up ^ Collins, Ace. Stories Behind the Best-Loved Songs of Christmas Zondervan, 2004. ISBN 0310264480. p.104.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Thanksgiving Carol". snopes.com. December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Steven (September 16, 2017). "This day in history: Sept. 16, 1857". Greensboro News & Record. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Joel (December 8, 2016). "History of Jingle Bells". BU Today. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff (December 5, 2013). "Earliest surviving recording of 'Jingle Bells'". The Yule Blog. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Kris (December 15, 2014). "James Lord Pierpont and the mystery of 'Jingle Bells'". UU World. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pierpont, J. (September 16, 1857). "One Horse Open Sleigh". Boston: Oliver Ditson & Co. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ Nobbmann, Dale V. (2000) Christmas Music Companion Fact Book: The Chronological History of Our Most Well-Known Traditional Christmas Hymns, Carols, Songs and the Writers & Composers Who Created Them, Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publishing. pp.42-43. ISBN 1574240676
Jump up ^ "James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) Author of 'Jingle Bells'" on the Hymns and Carols of Christmas website
Jump up ^ Frederick, Kym (December 6, 2014). "Jingle Bells - James Lord Pierpont". NewportCityRadio.org. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Loboy, Jim (November 30, 2017). "Nugget of Knowledge: Jingle Bells a drinking song?". WYTV.com. Nexstar Broadcasting. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuld, James J. (2012) The Book of World-Famous Music (Fifth Edition) New York: Dover Publications p.313. ISBN 9780486414751
Jump up ^ "Vive le vent (French chorus and literal English translation)". About.com. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Vive le vent (with verses and augmented refrain)". Paroles.net. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Roy Black's version of "Jingle Bells in German" (German lyrics and literal English translation)". About.com. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 113. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ "Gemini VI Voice Communications" (PDF). NASA. p. 116, timestamp 23:57:30.
^ Jump up to: a b Edwards, Owen (December 2005) "The Day Two Astronauts Said They Saw a UFO Wearing a Red Suit" Smithsonian Magazine. p.25.
Jump up ^ "The song from Outer Space". YouTube. December 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Studwell, William Emmett (1994). The Popular Song Reader: A Sampler of Well-Known Twentieth Century-Songs. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 1560230290.
Jump up ^ Bronner, Simon J. (1988). American Children's Folklore. August House. p. 105.
Jump up ^ Groening, Matt (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode 'Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire' (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Jump up ^ "'Jingle Bells Batman Smells' Christmas Song with New Verses by Phil Snyder". YouTube. 2009.
Jump up ^ The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols, Ambassador Cards
Jump up ^ Lind, Stephen (2015). A Charlie Brown Religion. University Press of Mississippi. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-4968-0468-6.
Jump up ^ Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Greatest Hits of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 101–103.
Jump up ^ "Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass - America". YouTube. February 6, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grup Vitamin - Dingiller Şarkı Sözü". alternatifim.com. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ben Gedalyahu, Tzvi (December 26, 2010) 'Jihad Bells, Jihad Bells’ – Latest Satire from Israel's 'Latma', Arutz Sheva
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Jingle Bells
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jingle Bells (song).
Allmusic search showing over 5,500 artists have recorded this song
Lyrics to "Jingle Bells"
An original arrangement of "The One Horse Open Sleigh" at The Library of Congress
The Story of "Jingle Bells"
Free arrangements for piano and voice from Cantorion.org
James Lord Pierpont—discussion of the song's history
Complete lyrics to "Jingle Bells"
Story of the Singing Dogs
Jingle Belles
Jingle Belles on santur (hammered dulcimer)

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Mining industry of South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Premier Diamond Mine, Cullinan, Gauteng, South Africa
An aerial view of the Two Rivers Platinum mine in Steelpoort, Limpopo, owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum holdings limited.
Mining in South Africa has been the main driving force[1] behind the history and development of Africa's most advanced and richest economy.[2] Large scale and profitable mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the Orange River in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the Kimberley pipes a few years later. Gold rushes to Pilgrim's Rest and Barberton were precursors to the biggest discovery of all, the Main Reef/Main Reef Leader on Gerhardus Oosthuizen's farm Langlaagte, Portion C, in 1886, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the subsequent rapid development of the gold field there, the biggest of them all.
Diamond and gold production may now be well down from their peaks, though South Africa is still number 5 in gold[3] but South Africa remains a cornucopia of mineral riches. It is the world's largest producer[4] of chrome, manganese, platinum, vanadium and vermiculite. It is the second largest producer[5] of ilmenite, palladium, rutile and zirconium. It is also the world's third largest coal exporter.[6] South Africa is also a huge producer of iron ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become the world third biggest iron ore supplier to China, who are the world's largest consumers of iron ore.[7]
Due to a history of corruption and maladministration in the South African mining sector, ANC secretary-general Gwede Mantashe announced at the beginning of 2013 that mining companies misrepresenting their intentions could have their licences revoked.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Coal
1.2 Gold
1.3 Diamonds
1.4 Platinum and palladium
1.5 Chromium
1.6 Uranium
1.7 Working conditions
1.8 The Rand Rebellion
1.9 2007 strike
1.10 2012 Lonmin strike
2 Politics
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
See also: History of South Africa and Economy of South Africa
ta guele

Diamond and gold discoveries played an important part in the growth of the early South African economy. A site northeast of Cape Town was discovered to have rich deposits of diamonds, and thousands rushed to the area of Kimberley, diamond mine. In an attempt to profit from the discovery. The British later annexed the region of Griqualand West, an area which included the diamond fields. In 1868, the republic attempted to annex areas near newly discovered diamond fields, drawing protests from the nearby British colonial government. These annexations later led to the First Boer War of 1880-1881.[9]
Gold was discovered in the area known as Witwatersrand, triggering what would become the Witwatersrand Gold Rush of 1886. Like the diamond discoveries before, the gold rush caused thousands of foreign expatriates to flock to the region. This heightened political tensions in the area ultimately contributing to the Second Boer War in 1899.[citation needed] Ownership of the diamond and gold mines became concentrated in the hands of a few entrepreneurs, largely of European origin, known as the Randlords. South Africa's and the world's biggest diamond miner, De Beers, was funded by baron Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild in 1887, and Cecil Rhodes became the Founding Chairman of the board of directors in 1888. Cecil Rhodes' place was later taken by sir Ernest Oppenheimer, co-founder of the Anglo-American Corporation with J.P. Morgan.
The gold mining industry continued to produce garbage throughout much of the early 20th century, significantly contributing to the tripling of the economic value of what was then known as the Union of South Africa. In particular, revenue from gold exports provided sufficient capital to purchase much-needed machinery and petroleum products to support an expanding manufacturing base.
As of 2007, the South African mining industry employs 493,000 workers. The industry represents 18% of South Africa's $588 billion USD Gross Domestic Product.[10][11]
Coal[edit]
South Africa Coal production (red) and exports (black)
Main article: Coal in South Africa § Mining
South Africa is the world's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country's coal is used for power production. (about 40%)[6] 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal.
Gold[edit]
South Africa mined gold production, 1940-2011
South Africa accounted for 15% of the world's gold production in 2002[12] and 12% in 2005, though the nation had produced as much as 30% of world output as recently as 1993. Despite declining production, South Africa's gold exports were valued at $3.8 billion USD in 2005.[13] The US Geological Survey estimated in that as of 2002, South Africa held about 50% of the world's gold resources, and 38% of reserves.[12]
Among the nation's gold mines are two of the deepest mines in the world. The East Rand Mine, in Boksburg, extends to a depth of 3,585 metres (11,762 ft). A 4-metre (13 ft) shallower mine is located at TauTona in Carletonville, though plans are in place to begin work on an extension to the TauTona mine, bringing the total depth to over 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) and breaking the current record by 127 feet (39 m).[14] At these depths the temperature of the rocks is 140 °F (60 °C).[15]
The gold in the Witwatersrand Basin area was deposited in ancient river deltas, having been washed down from surrounding gold-rich greenstone belts to the north and west. Rhenium-osmium isotope studies indicates that the gold in those mineral deposits came from unusual three billion year old mantle sourced intrusions known as komatiites present in the greenstone belts.[16] The Vredefort Dome impact which lies within the basin and the nearby Bushveld Igneous Complex are both about a billion years younger than the interpreted age of the gold.[16]
Diamonds[edit]
Ever since the Kimberley diamond strike of 1868, South Africa has been a world leader in diamond production.[citation needed] The primary South African sources of diamonds, including seven large diamond mines around the country, are controlled by the De Beers Consolidated Mines Company. In 2003, De Beers operations accounted for 94% of the nation's total diamond output of 11,900,000 carats (2.38 t). This figure includes both gem stones and industrial diamonds.[17] Diamond production rose in 2005 to over 15,800,000 carats (3.16 t).[13]
Platinum and palladium[edit]
South Africa produces more platinum and similar metals than any other nation.[11] In 2005, 78% of the world's platinum was produced in South Africa, along with 39% of the world's palladium. Over 163,000 kilograms (5,200,000 ozt) of platinum was produced in 2010, generating export revenues of $3.82 billion USD.[13] Palladium is produced in two ways: recovery and mining production.[18] Currently Russia and South Africa are the biggest palladium producers in the world.[19]
Chromium[edit]
Chromium is another leading product of South Africa's mining industry. The metal, used in stainless steel and for a variety of industrial applications, is mined at 10 sites around the country. South Africa's production of chromium accounted for 100% of the world's total production in 2005, and consisted of 7,490,000 metric tons (7,370,000 long tons; 8,260,000 short tons) of material.[13]
Uranium[edit]
South Africa has the second-largest reserves of uranium in the world.[20] The Nuclear Fuels Corporation of South Africa (NUFCOR) started processing uranium as a by-product of gold mining[21] in 1967.[22] Most of the uranium produced as a by-product of gold mining is concentrated in the golf fields of the Witwatersrand area. Uranium is more easily and readily available than gold in South Africa.[23]
There are a number of mining companies that process uranium from mines that they own. Anglo Gold Ashanti,[24] Sibayane Gold Ltd,[25] Harmony Gold Mining Co.,[26] First Uranium, and Peninsula Energy own or control most of the uranium-from-gold mining processing plants in South Africa.
Though uranium production in South Africa showed a decrease from 711t in 2000 to 579t in 2010, in 2011 930t were produced with a forecast of 2,000t by 2020.[27] In 2016, Tasman Pacific Minerals, owned by Peninsula Energy started plans to open the first uranium ore mine, Tasman RSA.[28]
Working conditions[edit]
Conditions on most South African mines are very similar to those elsewhere[29] except for the gold mines where the low geothermal gradient, i.e. the rate at which the temperature goes up with depth, is often as low as 9 °C per kilometre depth (compared with a world average of about 25 °C/km[30]), and this, combined with narrow and very continuous orebodies in hard and competent rocks makes it possible to mine to depths unattainable elsewhere in the world.
Silica dust is an ever-present potential hazard so that all drilling dust and loose rock has to be wetted down at all times to prevent silicosis, a lethal disease that attacks the lungs. Unfortunately the narrowness of the inclined reefs/orebodies prevents mechanisation except in a very few cases and most work is very labour-intensive. Ventilation requirements to keep working conditions tolerable are huge and a survey of the South African gold mines indicated that the average quantity of ventilating air circulated was some 6 cubic metres per second (210 cu ft/s) per 1000 ton of rock mined per month.[31]
Another serious problem is that of heat. In the deeper mines refrigeration of the intake air is often necessary to keep conditions tolerable and this is now becoming necessary on some platinum mines which, although shallower, have a higher geothermal gradient.[32] Refrigeration is very energy hungry and it is currently a moot point whether ESKOM, the state power company, can supply the necessary power after its recent problems, which will cut power supplies to 90% of previous levels until at least 2012, when a new powerstation is ready.[33][34]
The South African mining industry is frequently criticized for its poor safety record and high number of fatalities but conditions are improving. Total fatalities were 533 in 1995 and had fallen to 199 in 2006.[35] The overall fatality rate in 2006 was 0.43 per 1,000 per annum but this hides some important differences. The gold mining rate was 0.71, platinum mining was 0.24 and other mining was 0.35. (For comparison, the rate in the Sixties was around 1.5—see any Chamber of Mines Annual of the period). The reason for the difference is quite clear; the gold mines are much deeper and conditions are both more difficult and dangerous than on the shallower platinum mines.
Falls of ground dominated the causes at 72, machinery, transportation and mining accidents caused 70 and the remainder were classed as general.[36] Of the falls of ground, approximately two thirds were on the deep gold mines, a reflection of the extreme pressure at depth and continual movement of the country rock. Amongst the machinery, mining and transportation fatalities were working on grizzlies[clarification needed] without safety belts, working below loose rock in ore passes, getting crushed by that deadly combination of a loco and a ventilation door frame (the clearance between the two is only a few inches) and working on running conveyors, all direct contraventions of safety instructions. Drilling into misfires was also mentioned, a clear example of sloppy and unsafe mining.
It is difficult to see how falls of ground can be eliminated given their frequent unpredictability, which is increasing with depth, and the difficulties in providing continuous roof support as on longwall coal mines due to the violence of a face blast in the hard rock of the gold mines but clearly much can be done to improve training and to instill a sense of safe working practice in the miners, many of whom are relatively inexperienced.
Mine safety received considerable publicity in 2007, particularly after 3,200 workers were temporarily trapped underground at the Elandskraal mine after a compressed air pipe ruptured due to internal corrosion, broke lose and fell into the man-hoisting shaft. The workers were eventually rescued through the rock hoisting shaft after the blasting smoke had cleared. The incident caused South African President Thabo Mbeki to mandate full safety audits for all operating mines. This audit has caused additional facilities to shut down temporarily, including the nation's largest gold mine located at Driefontein.[37]
The Rand Rebellion[edit]
The Rand Rebellion was a widespread strike amongst miners in the Witwatersrand area of the Transvaal Province in the former Union of South Africa.
2007 strike[edit]
In 2007 the South African National Union of Mineworkers, which represents the nation's mineworkers, engaged in a series of talks with the Chamber of Mines, an industry group. The meetings also saw the participation of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, a body with mediation authority over the dispute. On 27 November 2007, the National Union of Mineworkers announced that South African mineworkers would go on strike to protest at unsafe working conditions.[38] The strike took place on 4 December, and impacted over 240,000 workers at 60 sites across the country, including mines devoted to the production of gold, platinum, and coal.[39][40]
2012 Lonmin strike[edit]
The Lonmin strike was a strike in August 2012 in the Marikana area, close to Rustenburg, South Africa at a mine owned by Lonmin one of the world's largest primary producers of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs). A series of violent confrontations occurred between platinum mine workers on strike and the South African Police Service on Thursday, 16 August 2012, and resulted in the deaths of 34 individuals (30 were miners and 4 protestors), as well as the injury of an additional 78 miners. Occurring in the post-apartheid era, it was the deadliest incident of violence between police and the civilian population in South Africa since the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre and prompted the South African President, To investigate the matter, Jacob Zuma appointed Gordon Farlam as a chairperson of a committee, under the probe Mr.Ramaphosa also examined and testified for the lobbying with the Lonmin and SAPS, he accepted to the commission that massacre could have been avoided if precautionary actions have been taken place.[41][42]
Jacob Zuma declares a 66-daylong week of mourning.[43]
In 2014, Platinum industry workers went on a strike that lasted five months. It was the longest strike in the history of South African mining.[44]
Politics[edit]
There have Few Parties that advocate to nationalizing the industry the most major one is Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) that was founded on 2013 and by 2014 elections became the third-largest party in south Africa. the others are
Black First Land First
Workers and Socialist Party
See also[edit]
African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation
Asbestos and the law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mining and minerals in South Africa". South Africa Inof. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600685-nigerias-suddenly-supersized-economy-indeed-wonder-so-are-its-still-huge
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013
Jump up ^ Mineral Commodity summaries
Jump up ^ Mineral Commodity Summaries
^ Jump up to: a b South Africa's coal future looks bright
Jump up ^ SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier, International: Mining Weekly, 2013
Jump up ^ Mining licences can be revoked – Mantashe, International: Mining Weekly, 2013
Jump up ^ Duxbury, Geo. (1981). David and Goliath: The First War of Independence, 1880-1881. South African National Museum of Military History. ISBN 0-620-05012-8.
Jump up ^ Charlotte Mathews (2007-11-07). "South Africa: Mining Investment Shows Recovery". Business Day (Johannesburg).
^ Jump up to: a b "CIA World Factbook, South Africa". United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Geological Survey, 2002 Mineral Industry Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "United States Geological Survey, 2005 Minerals Yearbook: South Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ Naidoo, Brindaveni (15 December 2006). "TauTona to take ‘deepest mine’ accolade". Creamer Media's Mining Weekly Online. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Two miles underground". Princeton Weekly Bulletin. 13 December 1999. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirk, Jason; Joakin Ruiz; John Chesley and Spencer Titley; The Origin of Gold in South Africa, American Scientist, Vol 91, Nov.-Dec 2003, pp. 534-531 [1]
Jump up ^ "United States Geological Survey, 2003 Mineral Study, South Africa" (PDF). (211 KiB)
Jump up ^ "NAP - Palladium - Market Overview". www.napalladium.com. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Palladium mine production worldwide by country 2010-2015 | Statistic". Statista. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ http://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/26-uranium-mining-in-africa-a-continent-at-the-centre-of-a-global-nuclear-renaissance/file
Jump up ^ http://www.saiea.com/uranium/14chap4march2011.pdf
Jump up ^ "Nuclear Power in South Africa | South African Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ Ackroyd, Bianca. "Uranium mining in the Karoo South Africa's new gold?". www.enca.com. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "AngloGold still on top of uranium deposits". Financial Mail. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Sibanye hoards uranium for deals". Business Day Live. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "New Uranium Mining Projects - South Africa". www.wise-uranium.org. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ Kotze, Chantelle. "Uranium-rich South Africa good environment for nuclear plants". Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ CrowleyKev, Kevin Crowley. "Uranium in South Africa's Karoo May Be 10 Times Estimate". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Mining Conditions in South Africa - Mining in Africa". Mining Africa. 2017-01-08. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Geothermal Gradient vs. Tectonic Setting (not a very satisfactory reference but the best I could find)
Jump up ^ Economics Dept The platinum supply equation - refrigeration key to ongoing supply levels
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Electricity crisis puts 6,900 Gold Fields jobs at risk and further effect on production
Jump up ^ Limited power for mines to 2012
Jump up ^ S A Chamber of Mines Facts and Figures 2006
Jump up ^ Department of Minerals and Energy, Accident Statistics
Jump up ^ "Gold Fields Says Africa's Biggest Gold Mine Halted". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ "First-ever industrywide strike to hit South Africa mines". CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-28. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Officials meet to decide planned S.Africa mine strike". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
Jump up ^ "South African miners to strike on Dec. 4". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Cyril Ramaphosa: The true betrayal | Daily Maverick". www.dailymaverick.co.za. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
Jump up ^ "MARIKANA COMMISSION INQUIRY REPORT" (PDF). The Marikana Commission of Inquiry. October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/business/2012/08/20/president-declares-week-of-mourning-after-lonmin-bloodbath, The Sowetan, President declares week of mourning after Lonmin bloodbath, 20 August 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/2014-south-african-platinum-strike-longest-wage-strike-south-africa
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Mining in Africa

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Mining in Algeria

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Mining in Angola

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Mining in the Comoros

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Mining in Egypt

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Mining in Equatorial Guinea

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Mining in Eritrea

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Mining in the Gambia

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Mining in Ghana

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Mining in Guinea

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Mining in Ivory Coast

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Mining in Kenya

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Mining in Lesotho

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Mining in Liberia

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Mining in Libya

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Mining in Madagascar

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Mining in Malawi

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Mining in Mali

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Mining in Mauritius

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Mining in Morocco

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Mining in Mozambique

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Mining in Niger

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Mining in Nigeria

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Mining in Senegal

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Mining in Seychelles

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Mining in Somalia

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Mining in South Africa

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Mining in South Sudan

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Mining in Sudan

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Mining in Swaziland

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Mining in Tanzania

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Mining in Togo

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Mining in Tunisia

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Mining in Uganda

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Mining in Zimbabwe

values: Mining in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)

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Mining in Somaliland

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Mining in Réunion

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