text:
Chandra Nandini
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Chandra Nandini
Genre
Drama
Created by
Ekta Kapoor
Shobha Kapoor
Based on
Chandragupta Maurya
Written by
R M Joshi
Neha Singh
Directed by
Ranjan Kumar Singh
Starring
Rajat Tokas
Shweta Basu Prasad
Siddharth Nigam
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
286
Production
Producer(s)
Ekta Kapoor
Location(s)
Mumbai, India
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
22 minutes approx.
Production company(s)
Balaji Telefilms
Distributor
Star India
Release
Original network
Star Plus
Picture format
576i(SDTV)
1080i(HDTV)
Original release
10 October 2016 (2016-10-10) – 10 November 2017[1]
External links
Website
www.hotstar.com/tv/chandra-nandni/11330
Chandra Nandini is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language drama television series which started airing on Star Plus on 10 October 2016.[2] It is produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms and is directed by Ranjan Kumar Singh. Starring Rajat Tokas as Chandragupta Maurya and Shweta Basu Prasad as a fictional princess Nandni, the story-line is loosely based on the life of Chandragupta Maurya.[2][3]
It is dubbed in Tamil on STAR Vijay under the same title. In Sri Lanka, the show telecasting in Sinhala on Swarnavahini.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Historical accuracy
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
3 References
4 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The story is about Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan empire, a great warrior and ruler, known for uniting the Indian sub-continent. However, the show focuses on his love story with a princess named Nandni.
Historical accuracy[edit]
While the character of Chandragupta and some of the wars and conflicts shown are almost historically accurate, the character of Nandini itself alongwith the twins is completely fictional.[4] In real life, Chandragupta married only twice, first to Durdhara who died while giving birth to Bindusara and 17 years after his wife's death, he was married to daughter of Seleucus I Nicator (Helena as per the show) in a war-peace treaty.[4] Fictional Nandini as per the show is described as daughter of the real Mahapadma Nanda which is completely fictional as there is no historical evidence. Nandini's characterization is based upon most of Durdhara character derived from historical texts, novelization and poetries.[4] However one evidence has found in 350 BC Greek Historian Megasthenes' book called Indika as he served as an Ambassador in Royal Court of Chandragupta Maruya.[5] According to this Book Queen Nidarus (presumably Greek accent of Nandini) was Dhana Nand's daughter who was given to Samrat Chandragupta as a war-peace treaty.[5] In that book, she is mentioned as a great warrior and a leader.[5]
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Rajat Tokas as Emperor Chandragupta Maruya I, Emperor of Magadha.
Shweta Basu Prasad as Queen Nandini, Mahapadma Nanda's daughter, Chandragupta Maurya's third wife, Ex-Empress of Magadha / Roopa, Nandini's twin-sister (deceased)/Leap Look Prabha / Savitri
Recurring cast[edit]
Manoj Kolhatkar as Acharya Chanakya, Guru of Chandragupta Maurya and Prime Minister of Magadha [6]
Tanu Khan as Empress Helena, Daughter of Seleucus I Nicator, Chandragupta's first wife[7]
Arpit Ranka as Mahapadma Nanda, former Emperor of Magadha and father of Nandini. (deceased)[8]
Mansi Sharma as Ex-Empress Avantika, and Mahapadma Nanda's second wife and mother of Nandini
Vidya Sinha as Senior Queen mother Sonarika, Chandragupta's grandmother
Papiya Sengupta as Rajmata Moora, Chandragupta's mother
Siddharth Nigam as Crown Prince Bindusara, Son of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya and Queen Durdhara
Prerna Sharma as Dharma, Bindusara's second wife
Rushiraj Pawar as Sona Nanda, Dhana Nanda's son
Avneet Kaur as Charumati, Bindusara's first wife
Abhishek Nigam as Prince Bhadraketu, Son of Parvatak Malayketu and Princess Chhaya, nephew of Chandragupta
Pragati Chourasiya as Chitralekha, Rajkumari of Champanagar and wife of Bhadraketu
Gautam Nain as Prince Adhonis, son of Chandragupta Maurya and Empress Helena
Nirisha Basnett as Princess Elis, Daughter Of Chandragupta Maurya And Empress Helena
Sheezan K as Kartikay, Rajkumar of Champanagar, husband of Elis
Charmi Dhami As Princess Tilottama, Daughter of Madav and Malti
Lavina Tandon as Mohini, Enchantress
Athar Siddiqui as Bhim Dev, Mohini's husband
Pooja Banerjee as Princess Vishaka (Vishkanya), (fake princess)
Sheeba Chaddha as Apama, former Queen of Greeks and Helena's mother,[9]
Chetan Hansraj as Parvatak Malayketu, Chhaya's husband[10]
Sanjeev Siddharth as Amatya Rakshas, Mahapadma Nanda's Prime minister
Rohit Choudhary as Vakranas
Saanvi Talwar as Queen Durdhara, mother of Bindusara and Chandragupta's second wife (deceased)[11]
Piya Valecha as Princess Chhaya, Chandragupta's sister
Lokesh Batta as Ex-Prince Dhana Nanda, Mahapadma Nanda's son (deceased)
Danish Bagga as Pandugrath, Mahapadma Nanda's mentally disabled son (deceased)
Geetanjali Mishra as Ex-empress Sunanda, Mahapadma Nanda's first wife
Vibhuti Thakur as Kanika, Chandragupta's foster mother[12]
Jineet Rath as young Chandragupta Maurya
Angel Rupchandani as young Nandni
Alexx O'Nell as Alexander the Great[13]
Ankur Malhotra as King Ambhi
Ayaan Zubair Rahmani as Young Bindusara
Mahi as Baby Bindusara
Shikha Singh as a Princess (cameo role)[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chandra-nandni-tv-actress-mansi-sharma-gets-engaged-to-beau-in-a-quiet-ceremony-lifetv/1/877556.html "Shweta Basu Prasad shares a heartfelt note on the last of Chandra Nandini"] Check |url= value (help). The Times of India. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Chandragupta Maurya': Arpit Ranka of 'Mahabharat' fame to play key role in Rajat Tokas' show". International Business Times. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shweta Basu Prasad in 'Chandragupta Maurya'". The Times of India. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Real truth behind Chandragupta's birth, his first love Durdhara and journey to becoming the Mauryan King". 17 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Indica by Megasthenes - Britannica.com".
Jump up ^ "Chandragupta Maurya gets its 'Chanakya'". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tarannum: Playing antagonist can be challenging". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Arpit Ranka injured while shooting for war scene", The Times of India, 15 November 2016
Jump up ^ "Sheeba Chaddha set to return to small screen with Chandra Nandni". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chetan Hansraj takes special martial arts training for TV show". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Saanvi Talwar to enter 'Chandra Nandini'". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ishaan Singh Manhas to enter 'Chandra Nandini'". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alexx ONell in Chandragupta Maurya". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shikha Singh to enter 'Chandra Nandini'". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Chandra Nandni Streaming On Hotstar
[show]
v
t
e
Balaji Telefilms
[show]
Key individuals
Jeetendra
Shobha Kapoor
Ekta Kapoor
Tusshar Kapoor
[show]
Companies
Balaji Telefilms
Balaji Motion Pictures
ALT Digital Media Entertainment
BOLT Media Limited
[show]
Film productions
2001
Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta
2003
Kucch To Hai
2004
Krishna Cottage
2005
Kyaa Kool Hai Hum
Koi Aap Sa
2007
Shootout at Lokhandwala
2008
Mission Istanbul
C Kkompany
EMI – Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega
2010
Love Sex aur Dhokha
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
2011
Taryanche Bait
Shor in the City
Ragini MMS
The Dirty Picture
2012
Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum
2013
Ek Thi Daayan
Shootout at Wadala
Lootera
Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara!
2014
Shaadi Ke Side Effects
Ragini MMS 2
Main Tera Hero
Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi
Ek Villain
2016
Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3
Azhar
Udta Punjab
Great Grand Masti
Flying Jat
2017
Half Girlfriend
Super Singh
Lipstick Under My Burkha
2018
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XXX (Upcoming)
Veere Di Wedding (Upcoming)
Kedarnath (Upcoming)
[show]
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Zee TV
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Kundali Bhagya (2017-)
Star Plus
Ye Hai Mohabbatein (2013-)
Colors
Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki (2016-)
Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha (2017-)
Naagin (season 3) (Upcoming)
DD National
Yuva (Upcoming)
[show]
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Star Plus
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Karma
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Naagin (season 1)
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Life OK
Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh
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Kalash - Ek Vishwaas
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Imagine TV
Bandini
Kitani Mohabbat Hai
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Sarvggun Sampanna
Channel V
Confessions of an Indian Teenager
Gumrah: End of Innocence
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Zoom
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Currently broadcast
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Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara
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Weekend
Dance Champions
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text:
List of Test cricket hat-tricks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat-tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011[1] and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014.
In the sport of cricket, a hat-trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries. As of 31 July 2017, this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches,[2] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration. The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth, nicknamed "The Demon Bowler", who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat-trick.[3]
A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]
Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat-trick where the wickets fell over three overs. He took a wicket with the final ball of an over. With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings. He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings.[8]
In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls).[9] These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Test hat-tricks
2 By team
3 See also
4 References
4.1 General
4.2 Specific
Test hat-tricks[edit]
Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat-trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match.
Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat-trick for England, four years after Spofforth achieved the feat.
Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat-trick, achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904.
Courtney Walsh's hat-trick in 1988 was spread across two innings. In Australia's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings.
Wasim Akram took two hat-tricks in the space of nine days in 1999.
When Peter Siddle took a hat-trick for Australia in 2010, his final victim was Stuart Broad. Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat-trick.
Key
Symbol
Meaning
Bowler
The name of the bowler
For
The team for which the bowler was playing
Against
The team against which the bowler was playing
Inn.
The innings (first or second) in which the hat-trick was achieved
Test
The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams
Dismissals
The three players dismissed by the bowler
Venue
The venue where the hat-trick was achieved
Date
The date on which the hat-trick was achieved
Ref.
Reference
List of Test cricket hat-tricks
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
Test
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.
1
Spofforth, FredFred Spofforth
Australia England 1 1/1
Vernon Royle (b)
Francis MacKinnon (b)
Tom Emmett (c Tom Horan)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 2 January 1879 [11]
2
Bates, BillyBilly Bates
England Australia 1 2/3
Percy McDonnell (b)
George Giffen (c and b)
George Bonnor (c Walter Read)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 20 January 1883 [12]
3
Briggs, JohnnyJohnny Briggs
England Australia 2 2/3
Walter Giffen (b)
Jack Blackham (lbw)
Sydney Callaway (c W. G. Grace)
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney 2 February 1892 [13]
4
Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann
England South Africa 2 1/3
Frederick Cook (b)
Bonnor Middleton (b)
Joseph Willoughby (c Tom Hayward)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 [14]
5
Hearne, JackJack Hearne
England Australia 2 3/5
Clem Hill (b)
Syd Gregory (c Archie MacLaren)
Monty Noble (c Ranjitsinhji)
Headingley, Leeds 30 June 1899 [15]
6
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
Australia England 2 2/5
John Gunn (c Sammy Jones)
Arthur Jones (c Joe Darling)
Sydney Barnes (c and b)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 4 January 1902 [16]
7
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
Australia England 2 5/5
Bernard Bosanquet (c Algy Gehrs)
Plum Warner (c and b)
Dick Lilley (lbw)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 8 March 1904 [17]
8
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
Australia South Africa 1 1/3
Rolland Beaumont (b)
Sid Pegler (lbw)
Tommy Ward (lbw)
Old Trafford, Manchester 28 May 1912 [18]
9
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
Australia South Africa 2 1/3
Herbie Taylor (b)
Reggie Schwarz (c and b)
Tommy Ward (c and b)
Old Trafford, Manchester 28 May 1912 [18]
10
Allom, MauriceMaurice Allom
England New Zealand 1 1/4
Tom Lowry (lbw)
Ken James (c Tich Cornford)
Ted Badcock (b)
Lancaster Park, Christchurch 10 January 1930 [19]
11
Goddard, TomTom Goddard
England South Africa 1 1/5
Dudley Nourse (c and b)
Norman Gordon (st Leslie Ames)
Billy Wade (b)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg 26 December 1938 [20]
12
Loader, PeterPeter Loader
England West Indies 1 4/5
John Goddard (b)
Sonny Ramadhin (c Fred Trueman)
Roy Gilchrist (b)
Headingley, Leeds 25 July 1957 [21]
13
Kline, LindsayLindsay Kline
Australia South Africa 2 2/5
Eddie Fuller (c Richie Benaud)
Hugh Tayfield (lbw)
Neil Adcock (c Bob Simpson)
Newlands, Cape Town 3 January 1958 [22]
14
Hall, WesWes Hall
West Indies Pakistan 1 3/3
Mushtaq Mohammed (lbw)
Fazal Mahmood (c Garfield Sobers)
Nasim-ul-Ghani (b)
Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore 29 March 1959 [23]
15
Griffin, GeoffGeoff Griffin
South Africa England 1 2/5
M. J. K. Smith (c John Waite)
Peter Walker (b)
Fred Trueman (b)
Lord's, London 24 June 1960 [24]
16
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs
West Indies Australia 1 4/5
Ken Mackay (lbw)
Wally Grout (c Garfield Sobers)
Frank Misson (b)
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide 30 January 1961 [25]
17
Petherick, PeterPeter Petherick
New Zealand Pakistan 1 1/3
Javed Miandad (c Richard Hadlee)
Wasim Raja (c and b)
Intikhab Alam (c Geoff Howarth)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 9 October 1976 [26]
18
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh
West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1/5
Tony Dodemaide (c Viv Richards)
Mike Veletta (c Carl Hooper)
Graeme Wood (lbw)
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane 18–20 November 1988 [27]
19
Hughes, MervMerv Hughes
Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2/5
Curtly Ambrose (c Ian Healy)
Patrick Patterson (c Tony Dodemaide)
Gordon Greenidge (lbw)
WACA, Perth 3–4 December 1988 [28]
20
Fleming, DamienDamien Fleming
Australia Pakistan 2 2/3
Aamer Malik (c Michael Bevan)
Inzamam-ul-Haq (lbw)
Saleem Malik (c Ian Healy)
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 [29]
21
Warne, ShaneShane Warne
Australia England 2 2/5
Phil DeFreitas (lbw)
Darren Gough (c Ian Healy)
Devon Malcolm (c David Boon)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 29 December 1994 [30]
22
Cork, DominicDominic Cork
England West Indies 2 4/6
Richie Richardson (b)
Junior Murray (lbw)
Carl Hooper (lbw)
Old Trafford, Manchester 30 July 1995 [31]
23
Gough, DarrenDarren Gough
England Australia 1 5/5
Ian Healy (c Warren Hegg)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Colin Miller (b)
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney 2 January 1999 [32]
24
Wasim Akram
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 3/4
Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Niroshan Bandaratilleke (b)
Pramodya Wickramasinghe (b)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 6 March 1999 [33]
25
Wasim Akram
Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 4/4
Avishka Gunawardene (c Shahid Afridi)
Chaminda Vaas (b)
Mahela Jayawardene (c Wajahatullah Wasti)
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka 14 March 1999 [34]
26
Nuwan Zoysa
Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 1 2/3
Trevor Gripper (lbw)
Murray Goodwin (c Romesh Kaluwitharana)
Neil Johnson (lbw)
Harare Sports Club, Harare 26 November 1999 [35]
27
Abdul Razzaq
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 2/3
Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Rangana Herath (lbw)
Ravi Pushpakumara (lbw)
Galle International Stadium, Galle 21 June 2000 [36]
28
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath
Australia West Indies 1 2/5
Sherwin Campbell (c Ricky Ponting)
Brian Lara (c Stuart MacGill)
Jimmy Adams (c Justin Langer)
WACA, Perth 1 December 2000 [37]
29
Harbhajan Singh
India Australia 1 2/3
Ricky Ponting (lbw)
Adam Gilchrist (lbw)
Shane Warne (c Sadagoppan Ramesh)
Eden Gardens, Calcutta 11 March 2001 [38]
30
Mohammad Sami
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 3/3
Charitha Buddhika (lbw)
Nuwan Zoysa (lbw)
Muttiah Muralitharan (b)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 8 March 2002 [39]
31
Lawson, JermaineJermaine Lawson
West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3/4
Brett Lee (b)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Justin Langer (lbw)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown 2–5 May 2003 [40]
32
Alok Kapali
Bangladesh Pakistan 1 2/3
Shabbir Ahmed (c Mashrafe Mortaza)
Danish Kaneria (lbw)
Umar Gul (lbw)
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar 29 August 2003 [41]
33
Blignaut, AndyAndy Blignaut
Zimbabwe Bangladesh 2 1/2
Hannan Sarkar (lbw)
Mohammad Ashraful (c sub (Travis Friend))
Mushfiqur Rahman (c Tatenda Taibu)
Harare Sports Club, Harare 22 February 2004 [42]
34
Hoggard, MatthewMatthew Hoggard
England West Indies 2 3/4
Ramnaresh Sarwan (c Ashley Giles)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (lbw)
Ryan Hinds (c Andrew Flintoff)
Kensington Oval, Barbados 3 April 2004 [43]
35
Franklin, JamesJames Franklin
New Zealand Bangladesh 1 1/2
Manjural Islam Rana (c Brendon McCullum)
Mohammad Rafique (c Scott Styris)
Tapash Baisya (b)
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka 20 October 2004 [44]
36
Irfan Pathan
India Pakistan 1 3/3
Salman Butt (c Rahul Dravid)
Younis Khan (lbw)
Mohammad Yousuf (b)
National Stadium, Karachi 29 January 2006 [45]
37
Sidebottom, RyanRyan Sidebottom
England New Zealand 2 1 /3
Stephen Fleming (c Alastair Cook)
Mathew Sinclair (c Alastair Cook)
Jacob Oram (lbw)
Seddon Park, Hamilton 8 March 2008 [46]
38
Siddle, PeterPeter Siddle
Australia England 1 1/5
Alastair Cook (c Shane Watson)
Matt Prior (b)
Stuart Broad (lbw)
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane 25 November 2010 [47]
39
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
England India 1 2/4
Mahendra Singh Dhoni (c James Anderson)
Harbhajan Singh (lbw)
Praveen Kumar (b)
Trent Bridge, Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 [48]
40
Gazi, SohagSohag Gazi
Bangladesh New Zealand 2 1/2
Corey Anderson (lbw)
BJ Watling (c Mushfiqur Rahim)
Doug Bracewell (c Shakib Al Hasan)
Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong 13 October 2013 [49]
41
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
England Sri Lanka 1 2/2
Kumar Sangakkara (c Ian Bell)
Dinesh Chandimal (c Alastair Cook)
Shaminda Eranga (c Matt Prior)
Headingley, Leeds 20 June 2014 [50]
42
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
Sri Lanka Australia 1 2/3
Adam Voges (c Dimuth Karunaratne)
Peter Nevill (lbw)
Mitchell Starc (lbw)
Galle International Stadium, Galle 5 August 2016 [51]
43
Ali, MoeenMoeen Ali
England South Africa 2 3/4
Dean Elgar (c Ben Stokes)
Kagiso Rabada (c Ben Stokes)
Morné Morkel (lbw)
The Oval, London 31 July 2017 [52]
By team[edit]
England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat-tricks to date, 25 of 43 (58.14%).[3]
Test hat-tricks by team
Team
Hat-tricks
England
14
Australia
11
Pakistan
4
West Indies
4
Bangladesh
2
India
2
Sri Lanka
2
New Zealand
2
South Africa
1
Zimbabwe
1
See also[edit]
List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks
List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat-tricks". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ "India in England – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ McGhie, Tom (20 July 2011). "Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord's plays host to the 2,000th when England take on India". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat-tricks". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Triangular Tournament −1st match: Australia v South Africa Test Series – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Martin (11 August 2012). "No-balled out of the game". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ McGlashan, Andrew (25 November 2010). "Siddle hat-trick gives Australia control". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Islam, Mohammad (13 October 2013). "Gazi shines as Test ends in draw". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Steven (13 October 2013). "Three-act plays". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "England v Rest Of The World, 1970 – 4th match". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "July 2000 – The best of the best?". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1878/79 – Only Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (IFW Bligh's XI) tour of Australia, 1882/83: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (Lord Sheffield's XI) tour of Australia, 1891/92: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of South Africa, 1895/96 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of England, 1899: The Ashes – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1901/02: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (Marylebone Cricket Club) tour of Australia, 1903/04: The Ashes – 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Triangular Tournament, 1912: Australia v South Africa Test Series −1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of New Zealand, 1929/30 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of South Africa, 1938/39 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of England, 1957 – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of South Africa, 1957/58 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Pakistan, 1958/59 – 3d Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "South Africa tour of England, 1960 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1960/61 – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Pakistan, 1976/77 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1988/89: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1988/89: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of Pakistan, 1994/95 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1994/95: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of England, 1995: The Wisden Trophy – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1998/99: The Ashes – 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 1998/99 – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 1998/99 – Final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe, 1999/00 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka, 2000 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 2000/01 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of India, 2000/01 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 2001/02 – Final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of West Indies, 2003: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh tour of Pakistan, 2003 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe, 2003/04 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of West Indies, 2003/04: The Wisden Trophy – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 2004/05 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of Pakistan, 2005/06 – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of New Zealand, 2007/08 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 2010/11: The Ashes – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of England, 2011: Pataudi Trophy – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 Oct 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka tour of England, 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 Aug 2016.
Jump up ^ "3rd Test, South Africa tour of England at London, Jul 27 – Jul 31". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
[show]
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Lahore Resolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Muslim leaders from across British India at the All-India Muslim League Working Committee session in Lahore
The Lahore Resolution (Urdu: قرارداد لاہور, Karardad-e-Lahore; Bengali: লাহোর প্রস্তাব, Lahor Prostab), written in part by Sir Chaudhry Zafarullah Khan and others[1][2][3] and was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq, the Prime Minister of Bengal was a formal political statement adopted by the All-India Muslim League on the occasion of its three-day general session in Lahore on 22–24 March 1940. The resolution called for independent states as seen by the statement:
That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute ‘independent states’ in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign.
Although the name "Pakistan" had been proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration,[4] it was not until after the resolution that it began to be widely used.
According to Stanley Wolpert, this was the moment when Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the former ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, totally transformed himself into Pakistan's great leader.[5]
Contents
1 Historical Context
2 Lahore Conference
3 The statement
4 Interpretation
5 Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly
6 Commemoration
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Historical Context[edit]
Until mid-1930’s the Muslim Leaders were trying to ensure maximum political safeguards for Muslims within the framework of Federation of India in terms of seeking maximum autonomy for Muslim majority provinces. They got some safeguards through a system of separate electorate on communal basis in the Government of India Act, 1935. As a result of elections held under this Act, Indian National Congress formed government in six out of eight provinces. During Congress rule from 1937–39, its “High Command whose iron control over its own provinces clearly hinted at what lay ahead for the Muslim majority provinces once it came to dominate the center. Much of the League’s propaganda at this stage was directed against the Congress ministries and their alleged attacks on Muslim culture; the heightened activity of Hindu Mahasabha, the hoisting of Congress tricolor, the singing of bandemataram, the Vidya Mandir scheme in the Central Provinces and the Wardha scheme of education, all were interpreted as proof of ‘Congress atrocities’. So, Congress was clearly incapable of representing Muslim interests, yet it was trying to annihilate every other party.”[6]
Therefore by 1938-39, for most of the Muslim Leaders, in or out of Muslim League, the idea of separation was strongly gaining the ground. The Sindh Provincial Muslim League Conference held its first session at Karachi in October 1938, adopted a resolution which recommended to the All India Muslim League to devise a scheme of constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence. The Premiers of other Muslim majority provinces e.g. A. K. Fazal-ul-Haque (Bengal) and Sir Sikander Hayat Khan (Punjab), who were not in Muslim League, also were quite convinced towards the idea of separation. The idea was more vividly expressed by M. A. Jinnah in an article in a London Weekly Time and Tide on 9 March 1940.[7] Jinnah wrote:
Democratic systems based on the concept of homogeneous nation such as England are very definitely not applicable to heterogeneous countries such as India, and this simple fact is the root cause of all of India’s constitutional ills……If, therefore, it is accepted that there is in India a major and a minor nation, it follows that a parliamentary system based on the majority principle must inevitably mean the rule of major nation. Experience has proved that, whatever the economic and political programme of any political Party, the Hindu, as a general rule, will vote for his caste-fellow, the Muslim for his co-religionist.
About the Congress-led provincial governments, he wrote:
An India-wide attack on the Muslims was launched. In the five Muslim provinces every attempt was made to defeat the Muslim-led-coalition Ministries,...In the six Hindu provinces a “Kulturkampf” was inaugurated. Attempts were made to have Bande Mataram, the Congress Party song, recognized as the national anthem, the Party flag, and the real national language, Urdu, supplanted by Hindi. Everywhere oppression commenced and complaints poured in such force…that the Muslims, despairing of the Viceroy and Governors ever taking action to protect them, have already been forced to ask for a Royal Commission to investigate their grievances.
Furthermore he added:
Is it the desire (of British people) that India should become a totalitarian Hindu State….? ….. and I feel certain that Muslim India will never submit to such a position and will be forced to resist it with every means in their power.
In his concluding remarks he wrote:
While Muslim League irrevocably opposed to any Federal objective which must necessarily result in a majority community rule under the guise of Democracy and Parliamentary system of Government...To conclude, a constitution must be evolved that recognizes that there are in India two nations who both must share the governance of their common motherland.
Lahore Conference[edit]
The session was held between 22 and 24 March 1940, at Iqbal Park, Lahore. The welcome address was made by Sir Shah Nawaz Khan of Mamdot, as the chairman of the local reception committee. The various draft texts for the final resolution/draft were deliberated over by the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League[8]
Later on, A. K. Fazlul Huq presented the resolution before the public and the AIML General Assembly. The resolution text unanimously accepted the concept of a united homeland for Muslims on the grounds of growing inter-communal violence[9] and recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state.[10]
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan is credited for writing the original draft of the Lahore resolution.
After the presentation of the annual report by Liaquat Ali Khan, the resolution was moved in the general session by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the chief minister of undivided Bengal, and was seconded by Choudhury Khaliquzzaman who explained his views on the causes which led to the demand for partition. Subsequently, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi from North-West Frontier Province, Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh, Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, and other leaders announced their support. In the same session, Jinnah also presented a resolution to condemn the Khaksar massacre of 19 March, owing to a clash between the Khaksars and the police, that had resulted in the loss of 32 lives.[11]
The statement[edit]
23 March 1940: Newspapers printed news about Lahore Resolution, demanding division of India
The resolution for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India passed in the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on 22–24 March 1940 is a landmark document of Pakistan’s history.[12] In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state [ later named Pakistan] for the Muslims.[13] The statement declared:
No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary.[14]
The Hindu press and leaders were quick to describe the resolution as the demand for the creation of Pakistan; some people began to call it the Pakistan Resolution soon after the Lahore session of the Muslim League. It is landmark document in history of Pakistan.[15] Additionally, it stated:
That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the minorities.
Most importantly, to convince smaller provinces such as Sindh to join, it provided a guarantee:
That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute 'independent states' in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign.
Interpretation[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There remains a debate on whether the resolution envisaged two sovereign states in the eastern and western parts of British India. Abdul Hashim of the Bengal Muslim League interpreted the text as a demand for two separate countries.[16] In 1946, Prime Minister H. S. Suhrawardy of Bengal, a member of the All India Muslim League, mooted the United Bengal proposal with the support of Muslim and Hindu leaders, as well as the Governor of Bengal. However, it was opposed by Lord Mountbatten, the Muslim League, the Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha.
Although there were and continue to be disagreements on the interpretation of the resolution, it was widely accepted that it called for a separate Muslim state[citation needed]. Opposing opinions focus on the phrase "independent states" claiming this means Muslim majority provinces, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, etc. would be independent of each other. They ignore the phrase "geographically contiguous units." They also rely on the claims of certain Bengali nationalists who did not agree with one state. They accuse their opponents of diverting the "spirit" of the resolution.
The majority of the Muslim League leadership contended that it was intended for not only the separation of India but into only 2 states (Muslim majority and Hindu majority). Therefore, it is indeed a statement calling for independence and one Muslim state.[citation needed] Eventually, the name "Pakistan" was used for the envisioned state.
Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly[edit]
The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. G. M. Syed, an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and Sufi and later one of the important leaders in the forefront of the Sindh independence movement,[17] joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. A key motivating factor was the promise of "autonomy and sovereignty for constituent units".[18]
This text was buried under the Minar-e-Pakistan during its building in the Ayub regime.[citation needed] In this session the political situation was analysed in detail and Muslim demanded a separate homeland only to maintain their identification and to safeguard their rights. Pakistan resolution was the landmark in the history of Muslim of South-Asia. It determined for the Muslims a true goal and their homeland in north-east and north-west. The acceptance of the Pakistan resolution accelerated the pace of freedom movement. It gave new energy and courage to the Muslims who gathered around Muhammad Ali Jinnah for struggle for freedom.[citation needed]
Commemoration[edit]
The Minar-e-Pakistan, where the Lahore Resolution was passed.
To commemorate the event, Minar-e-Pakistan, a monument 60 m tall in the shape of a minaret, was built at the site in Iqbal Park where the resolution was passed.
23 March (Pakistan Day) is a national holiday in Pakistan to commemorate both Lahore Resolution (1940) and the Republic Day (1956); the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world.[19]
given by quaid e azam
See also[edit]
Pakistan portal
History of Pakistan
Pakistan Movement
Pakistan Resolution in Sindh assembly
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Korejo, M S (1993). The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History. Oxford University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0195774612.
Jump up ^ Dockter, Warren (2015). Churchill and the Islamic World: Orientalism, Empire and Diplomacy in the Middle East. I. B. Tauris (1818). p. 240. ISBN 1780768184.
Jump up ^ "The Case of Sindh - G.M. Syed's deposition in court (Part 4)". GMSyed.org. Naeen Sindh Academy. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?, pamphlet, published 28 January. (Rehmat Ali at the time was an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge)
Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert (1984), Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7
Jump up ^ Jalal, Ayesha (1985). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558856. ISBN 9780511558856.
Jump up ^ Jinnah, Mohammed Ali (1940). "Time and Tide". Weekly (published 9 March 1940).
Jump up ^ The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940; see Programme of the All India Muslim Leagues 27th Annual Session, to be held at Lahore 21 to 24 March 1940, at the National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, the Quaid i Azam Papers, File 1354, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution. Also ref Atiq Zafar Sheikh, The Pakistan Resolution and the Muslim League's Working Committee 1940 Islamabad: NAP Publications, 1994, pp. 87–91, citing the following list of the members:
Quaid i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Chair)
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Secretary)
Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan (Premier of the Punjab)
Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot (local host)
Amir Ahmed Khan Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad
Maulvi A.K. Fazlul Huq
Sir Abdullah Haroon
Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
Amjadi Bano Begum
Molana Muhammad Akram Khan
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan
Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim
Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi
Qazi Muhammad Isa
Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
Abdul Mateen Chauhdry
Ashiq Mohamed Warsi
Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith
S.M. Sharif
Syed Abdul Rauf Shah
Mohammad Latif ur Rahman
Abdul Rehman Siddiqui
Malik Barkat Ali
Sadullah Khan Umarzai
Jump up ^ Muhammad Aslam Malik (2001), The Making of the Pakistan Resolution, Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-579538-5
Jump up ^ Syed Iftikhar Ahmed (1983), Essays on Pakistan, Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, OCLC 12811079
Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf (2004), Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi: Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period Mashriqi's birth to 1947. page 123. AMZ Publications. ISBN 0-9760333-0-5
Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/797410
Jump up ^ I H Qureshi, (1965), Struggle for Pakistan, Karachi
Jump up ^ I H Qureshi, (1992), A Short History of Pakistan. University of Karachi, Reprint of 1967 edition. ISBN 969-404-008-6
Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/797410
Jump up ^ "Lahore Resolution". banglapedia.org.
Jump up ^ G. M. Syed. A Nation in Chains
Jump up ^ G. M. Syed. The Case of Sindh (Chapter 2)
Jump up ^ Stanford M. Mirkin (1966), What Happened when: A Noted Researcher's Almanac of Yesterdays, I. Washburn, New York City. OCLC 390802 (First published in 1957 under title: When did it happen?)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan
The Pakistan Resolution, Government of Pakistan Official website. (Retrieved on 23 April 2006)
Lahore Resolution (1940) at Story of Pakistan website. (Retrieved on 23 April 2006)
Lahore Resolution at Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.(Retrieved on 23 April 2006)
Pakistan Resolution or Muslim League's Search For Survival
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Five-star rank
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The insignia used by US generals and admirals of OF-10 rank.
A five-star rank is a very senior military rank, first established in the United States in 1944, with a five-star general insignia,[1] and corresponding ranks in other countries. The rank is that of the most senior operational military commanders, and within NATO's "standard rank scale" it is designated by the code OF-10.
Not all armed forces have such a rank, and in those that do the actual insignia of the "five-star ranks" may not contain five stars. For example: the insignia for the French OF-10 rank maréchal de France contains 7 stars; the insignia for the Portuguese marechal contains four gold stars; and many of the insignia of the ranks in Commonwealth of Nations contain no stars at all.
Typically, five-star officers hold the rank of general of the army, admiral of the fleet, field marshal, marshal or general of the air force, and several other similarly named ranks. Five-star ranks are extremely senior—usually the highest ranks. As an active rank, the position exists only in a minority of countries and is usually held by only a very few officers during wartime. In times of peace, it is usually held only as an honorary rank.
Despite the rarity and seniority of five-star officers, even more senior ranks have been adopted in the United States, namely, admiral of the navy and general of the armies. Other names for highly senior ranks from the twentieth century include généralissime (France), generalisimo (Spain) and generalissimus (USSR).
Contents
[hide]
1 Australian five-star ranks
2 Brazilian five-star ranks
3 Croatian five-star ranks
4 Indian five-star ranks
5 Indonesian five-star ranks
6 Italian five-star ranks
7 Pakistani five-star ranks
8 Polish five-star ranks
9 Spanish five-star ranks
10 Thai five-star ranks
11 UK five-star ranks
12 U.S. five-star ranks
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
Australian five-star ranks[edit]
Admiral of the fleet[nb 1]
Field marshal[nb 1]
Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force[nb 1]
Only one Australian born officer (Sir Thomas Blamey) has held a substantive Australian five-star rank (field marshal).[nb 2] HM King George VI and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh have held all three Australian five-star ranks in an honorary capacity, and have been the only holders of the Australian ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the RAAF.
Australian Army Field Marshal
shoulder board
RAN Admiral of the Fleet
shoulder board
Marshal of the RAAF
sleeve/shoulder insignia
Brazilian five-star ranks[edit]
Five-star ranks in Brazil are only used in wartime.
Marshal (Brazil) (Marechal)
Grand Admiral (Almirante)
Marshal of the Air (Marechal-do-Ar)
Almirante
Marechal
Marechal-do-Ar
Croatian five-star ranks[edit]
Stožerni general (lit. "staff general", usually translated as general of the army) awarded to six men, none of whom are in active duty.
Admiral flote (admiral of the fleet). The rank was called stožerni admiral (lit. "staff admiral") until 1999; only Sveto Letica was awarded this rank – in March 1996, three months before his retirement.
Croatian Armed Forces
(stožerni general) insignia
Croatian Navy
(admiral flote) insignia
Indian five-star ranks[edit]
Flag used on the official car of Marshal of the Air Force in India. It has five stars on it.
Admiral of the fleet, never been held
Field marshal, held by K. M. Cariappa and Sam Manekshaw
Marshal of the Air Force, held by Arjan Singh
Field marshal epaulette
Marshal of the Indian Air Force shoulder insignia
Marshal of the Indian Air Force sleeve insignia
Around 1998, the Indian Air Force introduced gorget patches (or collar tabs) for its air officers. For marshals of the Indian Air Force, the patches display five stars.[2]
Indonesian five-star ranks[edit]
The Indonesian five star ranks are:
Jenderal besar (grand general) - only held by three people: Jenderal Besar Soedirman, Jenderal Besar Abdul Haris Nasution, Jenderal Besar Soeharto (2nd President of Indonesia)
Laksamana besar (grand admiral) - never awarded
Marsekal besar (grand marshal) - never awarded
Jenderal besar rank insignia
Laksamana besar rank insignia
Marsekal besar rank insignia
Italian five-star ranks[edit]
General of the Italian Army - shoulder board
Admiral of the Italian Navy - sleeve
General of the Italian Air Force - sleeve
Pakistani five-star ranks[edit]
Field marshal (Pakistan Army five-star rank), Ayub Khan
The following ranks have never been awarded:
Admiral of the fleet
Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force
Polish five-star ranks[edit]
Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is a Polish Army five-star rank. There are today no living marshals of Poland, since this rank is bestowed only on military commanders who have achieved victory in war.
Marshal of Poland cap insignia
Marshal of Poland shoulder-strap insignia
Spanish five-star ranks[edit]
Captain general (Army)
Captain general of the Navy
Air captain general (Air Force)
These ranks have been reserved for the reigning monarch.
Capitán general ("Captain general")
shoulder board
Capitán general de la Armada ("Captain general of the Navy")
shoulder board and sleeve
Capitán general del Aire ("Air captain general")
shoulder board and sleeve
Thai five-star ranks[edit]
Chom Phon (Thai: จอมพล), Royal Thai Army
Chom Phon Ruea (Thai: จอมพลเรือ), Royal Thai Navy
Chom Phon Akat (Thai: จอมพลอากาศ), Royal Thai Air Force
Chom Phon (Field Marshal)
Chom Phon Ruea (Admiral of the Fleet)
Chom Phon Akat (Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force)
The monarch of Thailand is appointed to the three ranks automatically upon accession as he is the constitutional Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces. Since 1973 the three ranks have been reserved for members of the royal family.
UK five-star ranks[edit]
The worn insignia of British five-star commanders do not contain stars; the vehicle star plate, mounted on the front of a staff car, does display five stars.[3]
Admiral of the fleet (awarded to 121 men to date)
Field marshal (awarded to 140 men to date)
Marshal of the Royal Air Force (awarded to 27 men to date)
Captain General Royal Marines (awarded to five members of the British royal family, currently held by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex)
Royal Navy admiral of the fleet
shoulder board
Royal Navy admiral of the fleet
sleeve lace
Field marshal Army epaulette
Captain General Royal Marines epaulette
Marshal of the RAF
shoulder board
Marshal of the RAF
sleeve insignia
Promotion to the ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Royal Air Force is now generally held in abeyance in peacetime with exceptions for special circumstances. Promotion to the rank of field marshal was generally stopped in 1995 as a cost-cutting measure but is still made in some cases.[4][5] The most recent appointments to five-star ranks are the promotions in 2012 of The Prince of Wales to honorary five-star rank in all three services, and of former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank to the honorary rank of field marshal.[5][6] In 2014 the former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Stirrup was promoted to the honorary rank of marshal of the RAF.[7]
During World War II and (later) serving NATO, a small number of British five-star commanders have held the additional title Supreme Allied Commander, given operational control over all air, land, and sea units led by the four-star commanders of multi-national forces.
U.S. five-star ranks[edit]
Fleet admiral (held by four officers)
General of the Army (held by five officers)
General of the Air Force (held by one officer)
Before the five-star ranks were established in 1944, two officers had previously been promoted from their four-star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies: Admiral George Dewey (appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899, died 1917) and General John J. Pershing (appointed 1919, died 1948). In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five-star ranks within their services (but it was not clear if they were senior by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank).
Five-star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank.[8] US officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life.[9] The five-star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley.[8]
Nine Americans have been promoted to five-star rank, one of them, Henry H. Arnold, in two services (US Army then later in the US Air Force). As part of the bicentennial celebration, George Washington was, 177 years after his death, permanently made senior to all other US generals and admirals with the title General of the Armies effective on 4 July 1976. The appointment stated he was to have "rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present".[nb 3]
During World War II and (later) serving NATO, a small number of American five-star commanders have also held the additional title of Supreme Allied Commander, given operational control over all air, land, and sea units led by the four-star commanders of multi-national forces.
Fleet admiral collar device, sleeve stripes and shoulder board
General of the Army shoulder strap
General of the Air Force shoulder epaulet
See also[edit]
Ranks and insignia of NATO
List of fleet and grand admirals
List of field marshals
List of marshals of the Air Force
Design of US army insignia
Heraldic origin of the use of five-pointed star
Six-star rank
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Australian insignia for admiral of the fleet, field marshal and marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force, depending on the era, are either identical to, or very similar to, the British insignia. Currently, Prince Philip is the only holder of these Australian ranks. Note that although the highest active New Zealand rank is three-star, (there are no New Zealand four-star rank holders), Prince Philip holds five-star ranks in the New Zealand Armed Forces.
Jump up ^ With the exception of Thomas Blamey and the Englishman William Birdwood, who both held the rank of field marshal, all other holders of Australian five-star ranks have been ceremonial.
Jump up ^ The following Americans have been promoted to five-star rank:
• Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy 15 December 1944
• General of the Army George Marshall 16 December 1944
• Fleet Admiral Ernest King 17 December 1944
• General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 18 December 1944
• Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz 19 December 1944
• General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower 20 December 1944
• General of the Army & Air Force Henry H. Arnold 21 December 1944 & 7 May 1949
• Fleet Admiral William Halsey, Jr. 11 December 1945
• General of the Army Omar Bradley 20 September 1950
• General of the Armies George Washington 4 July 1976, with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1776a
The timing of the first seven appointments was to establish both a clear order of seniority and a near-equivalence between the Army and Navy services. In 1949, Arnold was honored by being made the first, and to date only, general of the air force. He is the only American to serve in a five-star rank in two of its military services. By a Congressional Act of 24 March 1903, Admiral George Dewey's rank was established as admiral of the navy, a rank which was specified to be senior to the four-star rank of admiral and was equal to admiral of the fleet in the British Royal Navy. Admiral Dewey was the only individual ever appointed to this rank, which lapsed with his death on 16 January 1917. Admiral of the navy was considered superior to fleet admiral during World War II. On 3 September 1919, John Pershing was promoted to the rank of general of the armies (officially general of the armies of the United States) in recognition of his service during World War I. He is the only person promoted to this rank during their lifetime.
^a During the United States Bicentennial year, George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on 19 January 1976, with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1976 but having rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present. This restored Washington's position as the most senior US military officer. Between the joint resolution concerning Washington's rank, the fact that Omar Bradley was still alive, and thus still considered to be on active duty, and statements made and actions taken during and after World War II about the relationship between General of the Armies and General of the Army, it appears General of the Armies is superior in rank to General of the Army.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 2nd Edition, 1989. "five" ... "five-star adj., ... (b) U.S., applied to a general or admiral whose badge of rank includes five stars;"
Jump up ^ Indian Air Force :: Collar Tabs Archived 2009-12-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dictionary of Vexillology, Rank Plate Archived 2014-12-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Prince Charles awarded highest military ranks by Queen". BBC News. 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Honorary Five Star Rank appointment". The British Monarchy. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b E. Kelly Taylor (2009). America's Army and the Language of Grunts: Understanding the Army Lingo Legacy. AuthorHouse. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-4389-6249-8. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1685. ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0. Archived from the original on 2015-04-07.
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