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Education in England
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Education in England
Department for Education
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
Secretary of State (Education)
Minister for Universities and Science (with BEIS)[2]
Justine Greening

Jo Johnson
National education budget (2008–09)
Budget
£62.2 billion[3][4]
General details
Primary languages
English
System type
National
Compulsory education
1880
Literacy (2003[5])
Total
99 %
Male
99 %
Female
99 %
Enrollment
Total
11.7 million
Primary
4.50 million (in state schools)[6] (2016)
Secondary
2.75 million (up to year 11 in state schools)[6] (2016)
Post secondary
Higher Education: 1,844,095[7](2014/15)
Further Education: 2,613,700[8](2014/15)
Total: 4,457,795 (2014/15)
Attainment
Secondary diploma
Level 2 and above: 87.4%
Level 3 and above: 60.3%
(of 19 year olds in 2015)[9]
Level 2 and above: 81.0%
Level 3 and above: 62.6%
(of adults 19-64 in 2014)[8]
Post-secondary diploma
Level 4 and above: 41.0%
(of adults 19-64 in 2014)[8]
Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education. Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public education and state-funded schools at a local level.
England also has a tradition of independent schools (sometimes termed "public schools") and home schooling alongside state schools; legally, parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means. State-funded schools can be categorised as grammar schools, which are selective, or comprehensive schools, which are not. These can be further subdivided into free schools, other academies and state-run schools. More freedom is given to free schools, including most religious schools, and other academies in terms of curriculum, but all are subject to assessment and inspection by Ofsted.
The state-funded education system is divided into stages based upon age:[10] Early Years Foundation Stage (ages 3–5); primary education (ages 5 to 11), subdivided into Key Stage 1 (KS1) Infants (ages 5 to 7) and Key Stage 2 (KS2) Juniors (ages 7 to 11); secondary education (ages 11 to 16), subdivided into Key Stage 3 (KS3; ages 11 to 14) and Key Stage 4 (KS4; ages 14 to 16); Key Stage 5 is post-16 education (ages 16 to 18); and tertiary education (for ages 18+).[11]
At age 16 the students typically take exams for the General Certificate of Secondary Education or other Level 1/2 qualifications. While education is compulsory until 18, schooling is only compulsory to 16, thus post-16 education can take a number of forms, and may be academic or vocational. This can involve continued schooling, known as "sixth form" or "college", leading (typically after two years of further study) to A-level qualifications (similar to a high school diploma in some other countries), or a number of alternative Level 3 qualifications such as BTEC, the International Baccalaureate or the Cambridge Pre-U. It can also include work-based apprenticeships or traineeships, or volunteering.[12][13]
Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and doctoral level research degrees that usually take at least three years. Tuition fees for first degrees are up to £9,000 per academic year for English, Welsh and European Union students, although these are set to rise to £9,250 for students starting from 2017.[14]
The Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) covers national school examinations and vocational education qualifications. It is referenced to the European Qualifications Framework, and thus to other qualifications frameworks across the European Union.[15] The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ), which is tied to the RQF, covers degrees and other qualifications from degree-awarding bodies.[16] This is referenced to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area developed under the Bologna process.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of English education
2 Legally compulsory education
2.1 Schools and stages
2.2 State-funded schools
2.3 Independent schools
2.4 Education by means other than schooling
2.5 Post-16 education
2.5.1 Sixth form colleges / further education colleges
2.5.2 Apprenticeships and traineeships
2.5.3 Post-16 area reviews
3 Higher education
3.1 Postgraduate education
3.2 Fees
4 Adult education
5 Qualifications Frameworks
6 Criticism
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History of English education
Main article: History of education in England
Until 1870 all schools were charitable or private institutions, but in that year the Elementary Education Act 1870 permitted local governments to complement the existing elementary schools in order to fill any gaps. The Education Act 1902 allowed local authorities to create secondary schools. The Education Act 1918 abolished fees for elementary schools.
Legally compulsory education
Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 18, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year they turn 5.[18] Children between the ages of 3 and 5 are entitled to 600 hours per year of optional, state-funded, pre-school education. This can be provided in "playgroups", nurseries, community childcare centres or nursery classes in schools.
The age at which a student may choose to stop education is commonly known as the "leaving age" for compulsory education. This age was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008; the change took effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. From this time, the school leaving age (which remains 16) and the education leaving age (which is now 18) have been separated.[19] State-provided schooling and sixth-form education are paid for by taxes.
All children in England must currently therefore receive an effective education (at school or otherwise) from the first "prescribed day", which falls on or after their fifth birthday until their 18th birthday, and must remain in school until the last Friday in June of the school year in which they turn 16.[13][20][21] The education leaving age was raised in 2013 to the year in which they turn 17 and in 2015 to their 18th birthday for those born on or after 1 September 1997.[19] The prescribed days are 31 August, 31 December and 31 March.[22][23] The school year begins on 1 September (or 1 August if a term starts in August).[24]
The Compulsory stages of education are broken into a Foundation Stage (actually covering the last part of optional and first part of compulsory education), 4 Key Stages, and post-16 education (sometimes unofficially termed Key Stage Five, which takes a variety of forms including 6th Form (covering the last 2 years of Secondary Education in schools).
Schools and stages
Below is a table summarizing the most common names of the various schools and stages. Grammar schools are normally state-funded but selective schools, admitting children from 11 years old onward, but there are exceptions such as Manchester Grammar School.
Key stage
Year
Final exam
Age
State funded schools
Fee paying private schools
Early Years Nursery None, though individual schools may set end of year tests. 3-4 Primary Lower Infant Pre-preparatory
Reception 4-5
KS1 Year 1 5-6
Year 2 6-7
KS2 Year 3 7-8 Junior Preparatory
Year 4 8-9
Year 5 9-10 Middle
Year 6 SATS
A grammar school entrance exam, often the 11-plus 10-11
comprehensive schools
selective schools
KS3 Year 7 None, though individual schools may set end of year tests. 11-12 Secondary Lower school High school Grammar school
Year 8 12-13
Year 9 13-14 Upper
KS4 Year 10 14-15 Upper school Senior
Year 11 GCSE 15-16
KS5 Year 12 None, though individual schools may set end of year tests. 16-17 College Sixth form
Year 13 A-Levels 17-18
State-funded schools
St Barnabas Church of England Primary School, Oxford
Main article: State-funded schools (England)
Some 93% of children between the ages of 3 and 18 are in education in state-funded schools without charge (other than for activities such as swimming, theatre visits and field trips for which a voluntary payment can be requested, and limited charges at state-funded boarding schools[25]).
Allerton High School, a typical former secondary modern school in Leeds, West Yorkshire.
Since 1998, there have been six main types of maintained (state-funded) school in England:[26][27][28]
Academy schools, established by the 1997-2010 Labour Government to replace poorly-performing community schools in areas of high social and economic deprivation. Their start-up costs are typically funded by private means, such as entrepreneurs or NGOs, with running costs met by Central Government and, like Foundation schools, are administratively free from direct local authority control. The 2010 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the role of Academies in the Academy Programme, in which a wide number of schools in non-deprived areas were also encouraged to become Academies, thereby essentially replacing the role of Foundation schools established by the previous Labour government. They are monitored directly by the Department for Education.[29]
Community schools (formerly county schools), in which the local authority employs the schools' staff, owns the schools' lands and buildings, and has primary responsibility for admissions.
Free schools, introduced by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition following the 2010 general election, are newly established schools in England set up by parents, teachers, charities or businesses, where there is a perceived local need for more schools. They are funded by taxpayers, are academically non-selective and free to attend, and like Foundation schools and Academies, are not controlled by a local authority. They are ultimately accountable to the Secretary of State for Education. Free schools are an extension of the existing Academy Programme. The first 24 free schools opened in Autumn 2011.
Foundation schools, in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. The Foundation appoints a minority of governors. Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools. In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they wished.
Voluntary Aided schools, linked to a variety of organisations. They can be faith schools (often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church), or non-denominational schools, such as those linked to London Livery Companies. The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school (typically 10%), and appoints a majority of the school governors. The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.[30]
Voluntary Controlled schools, which are almost always church schools, with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the local authority employs the schools' staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.
In addition, 3 of the 15 City Technology Colleges established in the 1980s still remain, the rest having converted to academies. These are state-funded all-ability secondary schools which charge no fees but which are independent of local authority control. There are also a small number of state-funded boarding schools.
English state-funded primary schools are almost all local schools with a small catchment area. More than half are owned by the Local Authority, though many are (nominally) voluntary controlled and some are voluntary aided. Some schools just include infants (aged 4 to 7) and some just juniors (aged 7 to 11). Some are linked, with automatic progression from the infant school to the junior school, and some are not. A few areas still have first schools for ages around 4 to 8 and middle schools for ages 8 or 9 to 12 or 13.
An example of a Grammar School - in Sutton, London
English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools. Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are specialist schools, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism (though relatively few of them have taken up this option). In a few areas children can enter a grammar school if they pass the eleven plus exam; there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen partially selective schools.[31] A significant minority of state-funded schools are faith schools, which are attached to religious groups, most often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church.
All state-funded schools are regularly inspected by the Office for Standards in Education, often known simply as Ofsted. Ofsted publish reports on the quality of education at a particular school on a regular basis. Schools judged by Ofsted to be providing an inadequate standard of education may be subject to special measures, which could include replacing the governing body and senior staff.
Independent schools
Main article: Independent school (United Kingdom)
Approximately 7% of school children in England attend privately run, fee-paying independent schools. Some independent schools for 13–18-year-olds are known for historical reasons as 'public schools' and for 8–13-year-olds as 'prep schools'. Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes, or bursaries to allow students from less financially well-off families to attend. Independent schools do not have to follow the National Curriculum, and their teachers are not required or regulated by law to have official teaching qualifications."[32]
Education by means other than schooling
See also: Education Otherwise
The 1944 Education Act (Section 36) stated that parents are responsible for the education of their children, "by regular attendance at school or otherwise", which allows children to be educated at home. The legislation places no requirement for parents who choose not to send their children to school to follow the National Curriculum, or to give formal lessons, or to follow school hours and terms, and parents do not need to be qualified teachers.[33] A small but increasing numbers of parents do choose to educate their children outside the conventional school systems.[34][35][36] Officially referred to as "Elective Home Education", teaching ranges from structured homeschooling (using a school-style curriculum) to less-structured unschooling.[37][38] Education Otherwise has supported parents who wished to educate their children outside school since the 1970s. The state provides no financial support to parents who choose to educate their children outside of school.
Post-16 education
Students at both state schools and independent schools typically take GCSE examinations, which mark the end of compulsory education in school. Above school-leaving age, the independent and state sectors are similarly structured. In the 16–18 age group, sixth form education is not compulsory, but mandatory education or training until the age of 18 is being phased in under the Education and Skills Act 2008.
This took effect for 16-year-olds in 2013 and for 17-year-olds in September 2015. While students may still leave school on the last Friday in June, they must remain in education of some form until their 18th birthday.[13]
Sixth form colleges / further education colleges
Students over 16 typically study in the sixth form of a school, in a separate sixth form college, or in a Further Education (FE) College. Courses at FE colleges, referred to as further education courses, can also be studied by adults over 18. Students typically study Level 3 qualifications such as A-levels, BTEC National awards and level 3 NVQs. Some 16–18 students will be encouraged to study Key Skills in Communication, Application of Number, and Information Technology at this time.
Apprenticeships and traineeships
The National Apprenticeship Service helps people 16 or more years of age enter apprenticeships in order to learn a skilled trade. Traineeships are also overseen by the National Apprenticeship Service, and are education and a training programmes that are combined with work experience to give trainees the skills needed to get an apprenticeship.[39]
Apprenticeships come in four levels: Intermediate (level 2), Advanced (level 3), Higher (level 4 – 7) and Degree (level 6 – 7). Intermediate apprenticeships are equivalent to 5 GCSEs at A* – C, Advanced to 2 A-levels, Higher to a foundation degree or above, and Degree apprenticeships to a bachelor's or master's degree.[40]
A study in 2014 found that unemployment rates among former apprentices one year after completing their apprenticeships were one-third those of university graduates one year after finishing their degrees.[41] A 2015 study by the Sutton Trust found that, while average net[42] lifetime earnings for those who had completed level 5 apprenticeships were higher than those for graduates from non-Russell Group universities, most apprenticeships offered were at levels 2 and 3, providing little improvement over earnings from secondary school qualifications. The report also found that apprenticeships had a lower perceived value compared to degrees in Britain than in many other countries.[43]
Post-16 area reviews
In 2015, the Department announced a major restructuring of the further education sector, through 37 area reviews of post-16 provision.[44] The proposals were criticised by NUS Vice President for Further Education Shakira Martin for not sufficiently taking into account the impact on learners;[45][46] the Sixth Form Colleges' Association similarly criticised the reviews for not directly including providers of post-16 education other than colleges, such as school and academy sixth forms and independent training providers.[47]
Higher education
Main article: Universities in the United Kingdom
The chapel of King's College, Cambridge University.
London School of Economics Library Roof
A view from one of the postgraduate study carrels at the Clock Tower of Maughan Library, King's College London, one of the founding colleges of University of London.
Campus of New College Durham, a college of further and higher education
Built as a factory in the early 20th century, the William Morris building is now home to Coventry University's Faculty of Business, Environment and Society
The University of Birmingham, a 'Red Brick university'.
Higher education in England is provided by Higher Education (HE) colleges, university colleges, universities and private colleges. Students normally enter higher education as undergraduates from age 18 onwards, and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications, including certificates of higher education and higher national certificates at level 4, diplomas of higher education, higher national diplomas and foundation degrees at level 5, bachelor's degrees (normally with honours) at level 6, and integrated master's degrees and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science at level 7.[48]
Historically, undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state-financed since the 1960s, with a small contribution from top-up fees introduced in the 1990s,[49] however fees of up to £9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012. There is a perceived hierarchy among universities, with the Russell Group seen as being composed of the country's more prestigious universities.[50] League tables of universities are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK.
The state does not control university syllabuses, but it does influence admission procedures through the Office for Fair Access (OFFA), which approves and monitors access agreements to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education. The independent Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education inspects universities to assure standards, advises on the granting of degree awarding powers and University title, and maintains the Quality Code for Higher Education, which includes the Framework for Higher Education Qualification.[51] Unlike most degrees, the state has control over teacher training courses, and standards are monitored by Ofsted inspectors.[52]
The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor's degree with honours, which usually lasts for three years, although more vocational foundation degrees, typically lasting two years (or full-time equivalent) are also available in some institutions. Many institutions now offer an integrated master's degree, particularly in STEM subjects, as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years, the first three years running parallel to the bachelor's course. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between integrated and traditional postgraduate master's degrees (and that fees are capped at the first degree level for the former) makes taking an integrated master's degree as a first degree a more attractive option. Integrated master's degrees are often the standard route to chartered status for STEM professionals in England.[53]
Postgraduate education
Students who have completed a first degree can apply for postgraduate and graduate courses. These include:
Graduate certificates, graduate diplomas, professional graduate certificate in education – level 6 courses aimed at those who have already completed a bachelor's degree, often as conversion courses
Postgraduate certificates, postgraduate diplomas, postgraduate certificate in education – level 7 courses shorter than a full master's degree
Master's degrees (typically taken in one year, though research-based master's degrees may last for two) – taught or research degrees at level 7
Doctorates (typically taken in three years) – research degrees at level 8, the top level of the qualifications frameworks, often requiring a master's degree for entry. These may be purely research based (PhD/DPhil) or research and practice (professional doctorates). "New Route" PhDs, introduced in 2001, take at least 4 years and incorporate teaching at master's level.[54]
Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.
Fees
Until the academic year 2011-2012 most undergraduates paid fees that were set at a maximum of £3,375 per annum. These fees are repayable after graduation, contingent on attaining a certain level of income, with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds. UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. Undergraduates admitted from the academic year 2012-2013 have paid tuition fees set at a maximum of up to £9,000 per annum, with most universities charging over £6,000 per annum, and other higher education providers charging less.
Postgraduate fees vary but are generally more than undergraduate fees, depending on the degree and university. There are numerous bursaries (awarded to low income applicants) to offset undergraduate fees and, for postgraduates, full scholarships are available for most subjects, and are usually awarded competitively.
Different arrangements apply to English students studying in Scotland, and to Scottish and Welsh students studying in England. Students from outside the UK and the EU attending English universities are charged differing amounts, often in the region of £5,000 - £20,000 per annum[55] for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The actual amount differs by institution and subject, with the lab based subjects charging a greater amount.
Adult education
Adult education, continuing education or lifelong learning is offered to students of all ages. This can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above, and also:
One or two year access courses, to allow adults without suitable qualifications access to university.
The Open University runs undergraduate and postgraduate distance learning programmes.
The Workers' Educational Association offers large number of semi-recreational courses, with or without qualifications, made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education. Courses are available in a wide variety of areas, such as holiday languages, crafts and yacht navigation.
Qualifications Frameworks
The two qualifications frameworks in England are the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), for qualifications regulated by Ofqual, and the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) for qualifications granted by bodies with degree awarding powers, overseen by the Quality Assurance Agency. These share a common numbering scheme for their levels, which was also used for the earlier Qualifications and Credit Framework. The RQF is linked to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the FHEQ to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area (QF-EHEA).[15][16][17][56]
RQF/FHEQ level
Common qualifications
EQF/QF-EHEA equivalent
Level 1 Foundation diploma
GCSE (grades D - G)
NVQ level 1 EQF level 2
Level 2 Higher diploma
GCSE (grades A* - C)
NVQ level 2 EQF level 3
Level 3 Advanced diploma
A-level
International Baccalaureate
BTEC National
NVQ level 3 EQF level 4
Level 4 Certificate of Higher Education
HNC (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Short Cycle
BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 4
Higher National Certificate (HNC)
NVQ level 4 EQF level 5
Level 5 BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 5
Higher National Diploma (HND)
NVQ level 4
Diploma of Higher Education
Foundation degree
HND (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) QF-EHEA Short Cycle (within or linked to first cycle)
Level 6 BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 6
NVQ level 4 EQF level 6
Graduate certificate
Graduate diploma
Professional Graduate Certificate of Education QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the First Cycle
Ordinary bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree with honours QF-EHEA First Cycle (end of cycle)
Level 7 BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 7
NVQ level 5 EQF level 7
Postgraduate certificate
Postgraduate diploma
Postgraduate Certificate of Education QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Second Cycle
Integrated master's degree
Master's degree QF-EHEA Second Cycle (end of cycle)
Level 8 NVQ level 5 EQF level 8
Doctorates QF-EHEA Third Cycle (end of cycle)
Criticism
According to the Schools Minister, “strong evidence has been emerging of grade inflation across subjects” in recent years.[57] The Confederation of British Industry, the EEF and the British Chambers of Commerce are also complaining of falling academic standards. Employers often experience difficulty in finding young people who have such basic employability skills as literacy, numeracy, problem solving, teamworking and time management. As a result, employers either have to pay for employees' remedial education, or they must hire foreign candidates.[58][59][60]
Katharine Birbalsingh has written of the problems she perceives in many community schools. She cites the impossibility of effective classroom management, bad teachers who cannot be dismissed, and government policies encouraging "soft" subjects. Birbalsingh has visited schools in Jamaica and India where pupils are desperate to gain the kind of education to which pupils in her own school (and their parents) were indifferent. She was a deputy head teacher in south London until she spoke at a Conservative Party conference in 2010 and was quickly sacked.[61] Frank Chalk, who taught at an inner-city school for ten years before resigning in frustration, makes similar claims.[62]
Pupils claiming free school meals (2010)[63]
School type
Primary
Secondary
All 19.3% 15.2%
Church of England 13.1% 12.0%
Roman Catholic 16.3% 14.0%
Non-religious 21.5% 15.6%
Schools with fewer free school meal children than local postcode average (2010)[63]
School type
Primary
Secondary
Church of England 63.5% 39.6%
Roman Catholic 76.3% 64.7%
Non-religious 47.3% 28.8%
An analysis of 2010 school data by The Guardian found that state faith schools were not taking a fair share of the poorest pupils in their local areas, as indicated by free school meal entitlement. Not only was this so at an overall national level, but also in the postcode areas nearby the schools. This suggested selection by religion was leading to selection of children from more well-off families.[64]
A survey of 2000 teachers by The Guardian in 2011 identified a widespread reason for not enjoying the job: lack of trust and respect by senior staff, parents and governments.[65] Writing about her own reasons for leaving teaching, a contributing editor to the newspaper's Guardian Teacher Network described the realisation of needing to leave the profession as having slowly crept up on her. Being a mature entrant, she questioned things in her aspiration to improve education and was reluctant to "be moulded into a standard shape".[66]
Continual government changes in assessment and accountability also heap additional pressure on teachers, with many having to change their teaching materials continuously, purely to keep up with new initiatives, which seem to be driven more by politics than academic research.[67]
Throughout the time they are in full-time education children in the north of England do less well than children in the south east. There are also variations in attainment between towns in the north. Calls have been made to remedy this.[68]
Many teachers claim they are working 55 or 60 hours a week and many are leaving the profession due to work pressure and fear for their mental health.[69][70] The Institute for Fiscal Studies claims plans for school spending would cause a "real-terms cut of 2.8% in per-pupil funding between 2016 and 2022".[71] Just under a quarter of teachers who qualified since 2011 have left the profession.[72] Schools are asking parents for money because funding is falling short of what they need.[73]
There is a gap in performance between pupils from better off families and poorer pupils. To counter this a cross party committee of MP's suggested giving subsidized housing to teachers willing to work in deprived schools. Also it was suggested would-be head teachers should spend time in senior positions in struggling schools before they qualify to be heads.[74]
See also
Education in the United Kingdom
City Learning Centre
British Schools Foundation
Education by country
List of schools in England
National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
School uniforms in England
Science Learning Centres
Special education in England
List of universities in England
List of universities in the United Kingdom
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Jump up ^ Katie Razzall; Lewis Hannam (26 September 2007). "UK home-school cases soar". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Elective Home Education: Guidelines for Local Authorities" (PDF). Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Terri Dowty (editor) (2000). Free Range Education: How Home Education Works. Hawthorn Press. ISBN 1-903458-07-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Traineeships". Skills Funding Agency. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Apprenticeships". National Apprenticeship Service. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Clark, Laura (25 November 2014). "Apprentices beat graduates in jobs race: University leavers three times more likely to be unemployed a year after finishing course". Daily Mail. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
Jump up ^ including student debt repayments
Jump up ^ Dr Philip Kirby (9 October 2015). "Levels of Success: The potential of UK apprenticeships". Sutton Trust. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] Department for Education. Retrieved 01 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Alix (20 April 2016). "Shakira Martin re-elected as NUS vice president for FE". FE Week. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Offord, Paul (2 November 2016). "Student focus for Sir Vince Cable’s FE comeback". FE Week. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Burke, Jude (8 July 2016). "MPs launch inquiry into post-16 area reviews". FE Week. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" (PDF). November 2014. p. 17.
Jump up ^ Heidi Blake (10 November 2010). "Grants, loans and tuition fees: a timeline of how university funding has evolved". Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Paul Blackmore (29 March 2016). "Universities vie for the metric that cannot be measured: prestige". The Guardian. “The Russell Group has successfully stage-managed the position that it is seen as comprising the best universities. Some are and some aren’t, but by and large this is nonsense.
“However, parents increasingly say they want their child to go to one.”
Pre-92 head
Jump up ^ "About us". Quality Assurance Agency. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Teacher training providers". Office for Standards in Education. 5 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Select Committee on Science and Technology (17 July 2012). "Higher Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects" (PDF). House of Lords. p. 26. First degrees have, in the past, usually lasted three years and resulted in a Bachelors degree. There has, however, been a move towards four year courses in STEM subjects, particularly engineering, leading to an integrated Masters degree and increasingly Masters are seen as a prerequisite for postgraduate study internationally. Such a degree, or its equivalent at Masters level, is essential to achieving Chartered status in engineering and some other areas.
Jump up ^ Sara McDonnell (March 2011). "What is a PhD?". jobs.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "UKCISA - Fees, funding and Student Support". Retrieved 25 February 2010. UK Council for International Student Affairs > How much will the 'overseas' fee for my course be?
Jump up ^ "Qualifications can cross boundaries" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency, Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership, CCEA Accreditation, Ofqual, CQFW Welsh Government and Quality and Qualifications Ireland. September 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Paton, Graeme (13 July 2012). "More students forced to sit university admissions tests". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Boosting employability skills". Confederation of British Industry. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Skills and education submissions". EEF: The Manufacturers' Association. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The BCC Skills and Employment Manifesto". British Chambers of Commerce. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Katharine Birbalsingh (2011). To Miss with Love. Viking. ISBN 0-670-91899-7
Jump up ^ Frank Chalk (2006). It's Your Time You're Wasting: A Teacher's Tales of Classroom Hell. Monday Books. ISBN 978-0-9552854-0-0
^ Jump up to: a b "How many poor children go to faith schools?". The Guardian. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Jessica Shepherd and Simon Rogers (5 March 2012). "Church schools shun poorest pupils". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Berliner, Wendy (3 October 2011). "Guardian survey finds teachers want to be treated as professionals". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 October 2011. Many wrote: 'I love teaching but...' [...] fed up with governments that don't trust them [...] One former solicitor, now questioning the sense of the career switch, said: "There is a profound lack of respect by senior staff and parents for the quality of work and quantity of work undertaken by teachers. [...]"
Jump up ^ Drury, Emma (5 October 2011). "Why I left teaching". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 October 2011. [leaving teaching] just kind of crept up on me until I had had enough. [...] The problem, I think, was me. I wasn't a fresh out of college squashy NQT ready to be moulded into a standard shape. [...] I questioned things and I answered back. I was determined to make things better.
Jump up ^ "Why are Teachers Leaving the Profession?". tutora.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
Jump up ^ Children in northern England being failed by educational divide, study finds The Guardian
Jump up ^ sen/apr/15/demanding-workload-driving-young-teachers-out-of-profession Demanding workload driving young teachers out of profession The Guardian
Jump up ^ Workload 'pushing young teachers to the brink' BBC
Jump up ^ Heads warn parents of 'cash-starved schools' BBC
Jump up ^ Almost a quarter of teachers who have qualified since 2011 have left profession The Guardian
Jump up ^ Schools asking parents for 'money via direct debit' owing to cuts The Guardian
Jump up ^ Give teachers in poorer schools subsidised housing – MPs The Guardian
Further reading
Blatchford, Roy (2014). The Restless School. John Catt Educational. p. 136. ISBN 978-1909717077.
Christodoulou, Daisy (2014). Seven Myths About Education. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-0415746823.
Peal, Robert (2014). Progressively worse: The Burden of Bad Ideas in British Schools. Civitas. p. 298. ISBN 978-1906837624.
External links
Department for Education
Fully searchable UK school guide independent and state
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
A history of education in England by Derek Gillard, an advocate of the comprehensive system
"The Skills for Life survey: A national needs and impact survey of literacy, numeracy and ICT skills", Research Brief RB490, Department for Education and Skills, 2003
Skills for Life: Progress in Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy (PDF), House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, 14 January 2009
Guardian Special Report - Education
Statistics: school and pupil numbers Department for Education
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text:
Catechism of the Catholic Church
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Good Shepherd logo is adapted from a Christian tombstone in the catacombs of Domitilla in Rome.[1]
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (Latin: Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992.[2][3] It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Doctrinal value
3 Contents
4 Comments
5 Derived works
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 Text of the Catechism
10.2 Comments on the Catechism
10.3 Text of the Compendium
Publication history[edit]
The decision to publish a catechism was taken at the Second Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops that was convened by Pope John Paul II on 25 January 1985 for the 20th anniversary of the close of the Second Vatican Council, and in 1986, put a commission composed of 12 bishops and cardinals in charge of the project.[3] The commission was assisted by a committee consisting seven diocesan bishops, experts in theology and catechesis.[3]
The text was approved by John Paul II on 25 June 1992, and promulgated by him on 11 October 1992, the 30th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council, with his apostolic constitution, Fidei depositum.[3] Cardinal Georges Cottier, Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household and now Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Domenico e Sisto the University Church of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum[4][5] was influential in drafting the encyclical.[note 1]
It was published in the French language in 1992.[6] Later it was then translated into many other languages. In the United States, the English translation was published by the U.S. bishops in 1994,[citation needed] with a note that it was "subject to revision according to the Latin typical edition (editio typica) when it is published."[7]
On August 15, 1997—the Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary— John Paul II promulgated the Latin typical edition, with his apostolic letter, Laetamur Magnopere.[citation needed] The Latin text, which became the official text of reference (editio typica),[8] amended the contents of the provisional French text at a few points.[9] One of the changes consisted in the inclusion of the position on death penalty that is defended in John Paul II's encyclical Evangelium Vitae of 1995.[10]
As a result, the earlier translations from the French into other languages (including English) had to be amended and re-published as "second editions".[note 2]
Doctrinal value[edit]
In the apostolic constitution Fidei depositum, John Paul II declared that the Catechism of the Catholic Church is "a valid and legitimate instrument for ecclesial communion and a sure norm for teaching the faith",[3] and stressed that it "is not intended to replace the local catechisms duly approved by the ecclesiastical authorities, the diocesan Bishops and the Episcopal Conferences".[3]
Contents[edit]
A catechism has been defined as "a book that explains the beliefs of the Christian religion by using a list of questions and answers".[11] Documents of religious instruction have been written since the beginning of Christianity and a catechism is typically an assemblage of these smaller documents into one large compilation of Church doctrine and teachings.[citation needed]
The Catechism itself is not in question-and-answer format. Rather, it is instead a source on which to base such catechisms (e.g. Youcat and the United States Catholic Catechism for Adults) and other expositions of Catholic doctrine, called a "major catechism." As stated in the apostolic constitution Fidei depositum, with which its publication was ordered, it was given so "that it may be a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms."[12]
The Catechism is arranged in four principal parts:
The Profession of Faith (the Apostle's Creed)
The Celebration of the Christian Mystery (the Sacred Liturgy, and especially the sacraments)
Life in Christ (including the Ten Commandments)
Christian Prayer (including the Lord's Prayer)
This scheme is often referred to as the “Four Pillars” of the Faith. The contents are abundantly footnoted with references to sources of the teaching, in particular the Scriptures, the Church Fathers, and the Ecumenical Councils[13] and other authoritative Catholic statements, principally those issued by recent popes.
The section on Scripture in the Catechism recovers the Patristic tradition of "spiritual exegesis" as further developed through the scholastic doctrine of the "four senses."[14] This return to spiritual exegesis is based on the Second Vatican Council's 1965 dogmatic constitution Dei verbum, which taught that Scripture should be "read and interpreted in light of the same Spirit by whom it was written".[15] The Catechism amplifies Dei verbum by specifying that the necessary spiritual interpretation should be sought through the four senses of Scripture,[16][17][18] which encompass the literal sense and the three spiritual senses (allegorical, moral, and anagogical).
The literal sense pertains to the meaning of the words themselves, including any figurative meanings.[19] The spiritual senses pertain to the significance of the things (persons, places, objects or events) denoted by the words. Of the three spiritual senses, the allegorical sense is foundational. It relates persons, events, and institutions of earlier covenants to those of later covenants, and especially to the New Covenant. Building on the allegorical sense, the moral sense instructs in regard to action, and the anagogical sense points to man's final destiny.[20] The teaching of the Catechism on Scripture has encouraged the recent pursuit of covenantal theology, an approach that employs the four senses to structure salvation history via the biblical covenants.[citation needed]
Comments[edit]
In 1992, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) noted:
It clearly show[s] that the problem of what we must do as human beings, of how we should live our lives so that we and the world may become just, is the essential problem of our day, and basically of all ages. After the fall of ideologies, the problem of man—the moral problem—is presented to today's context in a totally new way: What should we do? How does life become just? What can give us and the whole world a future which is worth living? Since the catechism treats these questions, it is a book which interests many people, far beyond purely theological or ecclesial circles.[21]
Derived works[edit]
It was expected that the universal Catechism would serve as a source and template for inculturated national catechisms. In the United States, for example, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops published the United States Catholic Catechism for Adults, officially replacing their previous version, the Baltimore Catechism, though it had already been out of use for nearly forty years.
The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church was published in 2005, and the first edition in English in 2006. It is a more concise and dialogic version of the Catechism. The text of the Compendium is available in fourteen languages on the Vatican website, which also gives the text of the Catechism itself in nine languages.[13]
Youcat, a catechism for youth, based on the Catechism and its Compendium, was published in 2011. The Vatican has acknowledged that some translations of Youcat contain errors regarding Church teaching on the status of other religions, contraception and euthanasia, whether due to simple error or poor translations.[22]
See also[edit]
Catholicism portal
Christianity portal
Catholic Catechist
Catholic Directory
Catholic spirituality
Glossary of the Catholic Church
History of the Catholic Church since 1962
Index of Catholic Church articles
Outline of Catholicism
Pastoral care
Roman Catholic theology
Second Vatican Council
The Common Catechism
Timeline of the Catholic Church
Universal call to holiness
Vocational Discernment in the Catholic Church
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In an interview in 30Days, 3-2004 Cottier remarked: "Going back to the early years, the first 'big' text I worked on was the social encyclical Centesimus annus. And then the Ut unum sint on ecumenicalism, the moral encyclical Veritatis splendor, and the Fides et ratio… also the Catechism of the Catholic Church". Accessed 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ In the U.S., the bishops then published a new English translation, from the official Latin text. (English translation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church: Modifications from the Editio Typica, copyright 1997, United States Catholic Conference, Inc.—Libreria Editrice Vaticana.) The U.S. bishops added a "Glossary and Index Analyticus" (copyright 2000, United States Catholic Conference, Inc.) and published the new translation, with glossary and index, as the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition, "revised in accordance with the official Latin text promulgated by John Paul II". (From the title page.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ From the Copyright Information, pg. iv.
Jump up ^ "Table of Contents". Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Fidei depositum". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 11 October 1992. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Titular Churches of the new Cardinals", Consistory of October 21, 2003. vatican.va. Accessed 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cottier, Card. Georges Marie Martin, O.P.", College of Cardinals, Biographical notes. vatican.va. Accessed 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Catéchisme de l'Église Catholique. Tours/Paris: Mame/Plon. 1992. ISBN 2-266-00585-5.
Jump up ^ Copyright Information, p. ii.)
Jump up ^ "Latin Edition of Catechism Promulgated". L'Osservatore Romano. 17 September 1997. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Modifications from the Editio Typica". St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church. Amministrazione Del Patrimonio Della Sede Apostolica. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The death penalty and the catechism". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2012. [better source needed]
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fidei Depositum – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (11 October 1992)". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "CCC, Contents". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 101–141". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ Paul VI (18 November 1965). "Dei verbum 12". Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 111". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 113". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 115–119". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 116". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 117". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "The Catechism of the Catholic Church in Context". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Office for the Catechism. 1992-12-09. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
Jump up ^ White, Hilary (13 April 2011). "Youth Catechism also wrong on euthanasia, other religions Vatican admits". LifeSiteNews. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Catechism of the Catholic Church – English translation (U.S.A., 2nd edition) (English translation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church: Modifications from the Editio Typica, copyright 1997, United States Catholic Conference, Inc., Libreria Editrice Vaticana) (Glossary and Index Analyticus, copyright 2000, U.S. Catholic Conference, Inc.). ISBN 1-57455-110-8
Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church – English translation (USCCB, 2006). ISBN 1-57455-720-3
United States Catholic Catechism for Adults – English "... resource for preparation of catechumens in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults and for ongoing catechesis of adults" (USCCB, 2006). ISBN 1-57455-450-6
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catechisms.
Fidei depositum Text of the apostolic constitution promulgating the Catechism
Text of Laetamur magnopere, on the promulgation of the editio typica of the Catechism.
Text of the Catechism[edit]
The Holy See – Archive – Catechism of the Catholic Church; in Traditional Chinese, English, French, Italian, Latin, Latvian, Malagasy, Portuguese, and Spanish (as of 31 January 2014)
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops; English – Second edition (revised in accordance with the Latin editio typica)
St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Picayune, Miss., USA; English – Second edition (revised in accordance with the Latin editio typica), with full text search and list of changes between the First and Second editions
Comments on the Catechism[edit]
US Catholic Bishops Conference: Office for the Catechism
Catechism of the Catholic Church Simplified – A condensation of the text, not the text itself
The New Catechism: Is it Catholic? (written by members of Society of Saint Pius X, which does not accept the Second Vatican Council)
Text of the Compendium[edit]
Compendium at Vatican/Holy See website available in Belarusian, English, French, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovenian, Spanish, and Swedish (as of 31 January 2014)
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