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Share capital
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A corporation's share capital[1] (or capital stock in US English) is the portion of a corporation's equity that has been obtained by the issue of shares in the corporation to a shareholder, usually for cash.
In a strict accounting sense, share capital is the nominal value of issued shares (that is, the sum of their par values, as indicated on share certificates). If the allocation price of shares is greater than their par value, e.g. as in a rights issue, the shares are said to be sold at a premium (variously called share premium, additional paid-in capital or paid-in capital in excess of par). Commonly, the share capital is the total of the aforementioned nominal share capital and the premium share capital. Conversely, when shares are issued below par, they are said to be issued at a discount or part-paid.
Sometimes shares are allocated in exchange for non-cash consideration, most commonly when company A acquires company B for shares. Here the share capital is increased to the par value of the new shares, and the merger reserve is increased to the balance of the price of company B.
Besides its meaning in accounting, described above, "share capital" may also describe the number and types of shares that compose a company's share structure. For an example of the different meanings: a company might have an "outstanding share capital" of 500,000 shares (the "structure" usage); it has received for them a total of 2 million dollars, which in the balance sheet is the "share capital" (the accounting usage).
The legal aspects of share capital are mostly dealt with in a jurisdiction's corporate law system. An example of such an issue is that when a company allocates new shares, it must do so in a way that does not inequitably dilute existing shareholders without their agreement.
Legal capital[edit]
Legal capital is a concept used in UK company law, EU company law, and various other corporate law jurisdictions to refer to the sum of assets contributed to a company by shareholders when they are issued shares. The law often requires that this capital is maintained, and that dividends are not paid when a company is not showing a profit above the level of historically recorded legal capital.
In the UK a public limited company must have a minimum legal capital of £50,000. There is no such requirement for a private company.
See also[edit]
Balance sheet
Market capitalization
Paid in capital
Share premium account
Shareholders' equity
UK company law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glossary on Trade Financing Terms - S Archived October 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Detailed breakdown from Companies House
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Yucatán Peninsula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the peninsula. For other uses, see Yucatán (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yucatán Peninsula
Satellite image of the Yucatán Peninsula
Geography
Location
North America
Coordinates
18°50′42″N 89°07′32″W / 18.84500°N 89.12556°W / 18.84500; -89.12556Coordinates: 18°50′42″N 89°07′32″W / 18.84500°N 89.12556°W / 18.84500; -89.12556
Adjacent bodies of water
Gulf of Mexico
The Yucatán Peninsula (Spanish: Península de Yucatán), in southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern coastline on the Yucatán Channel. The peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic partition separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-human
2.2 Maya
2.3 Spanish conquest
3 Current administration
4 Economy
5 Geology
6 Water resources
7 Flora and fauna
7.1 Vegetation
7.2 Fauna
8 Climate
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
The proper derivation of the word Yucatán is widely debated. Hernán Cortés, in the first of his letters to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, claimed that the name Yucatán comes from a misunderstanding. In this telling, the first Spanish explorers asked what the area was called and the response they received, "Yucatan", was a Yucatec Maya word meaning "I don't understand what you're saying."[1][2] Others claim that the source of the name is the Nahuatl (Aztec) word Yocatlān, "place of richness."[citation needed]
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)
Pre-human[edit]
The Yucatán Peninsula is the site of the Chicxulub crater impact, which was created 66 million years ago by an asteroid of about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 miles) in diameter, which is reportedly the asteroid strike that killed the dinosaurs during the end of the Cretaceous Period.[3]
Maya[edit]
Main article: Maya civilization
Relief map of the Yucatán Peninsula showing major Mayan archeological sites.
The Yucatán Peninsula comprises a significant proportion of the ancient Maya Lowlands (although the Maya culture extended south of the Yucatán Peninsula, through present Guatemala and into Honduras and highland Chiapas). There are many Maya archaeological sites throughout the peninsula; some of the better-known are Chichen Itza, Tulum and Uxmal.[4] Indigenous Maya and Mestizos of partial Maya descent make up a sizable portion of the region's population, and Mayan languages are widely spoken there.
Spanish conquest[edit]
Main article: Spanish conquest of Yucatán
Current administration[edit]
The peninsula comprises the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of the nation of Belize; and Guatemala's northern El Petén Department.
Economy[edit]
Cantarell
In the late historic and early modern eras, the Yucatán Peninsula was largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production area. Since the 1970s (and the fall of the world henequen and chicle markets due to the advent of synthetic substitutes), the Yucatán Peninsula has reoriented its economy towards tourism, especially in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Once a small fishing village, Cancún in the northeast of the peninsula has grown into a thriving city. The Riviera Maya, which stretches along the east coast of the peninsula between Cancún and Tulum, houses over 50,000 beds. The best-known locations are the former fishing town of Playa del Carmen, the ecological parks Xcaret and Xel-Há and the Maya ruins of Tulum and Coba.
Geology[edit]
Sediment off the Yucatán Peninsula.
The peninsula is the exposed portion of the larger Yucatán Platform, all of which is composed of carbonate and soluble rocks, being mostly limestone although dolomite and evaporites are also present at various depths. The whole of the Yucatán Peninsula is an unconfined flat lying karst landscape. Sinkholes, known locally as cenotes, are widespread in the northern lowlands.
According to the Alvarez hypothesis, the mass extinction of the dinosaurs at the transition from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene Period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary), 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid impact somewhere in the greater Caribbean Basin. The deeply buried Chicxulub crater is centered off the north coast of the peninsula near the town of Chicxulub. The now-famous "Ring of Cenotes" (visible in NASA imagery) outlines one of the shock-waves from this impact event in the rock of ~66 million years of age, which lies more than 1 km below the modern ground surface near the centre, with the rock above the impact strata all being younger in age. The presence of the crater has been determined first on the surface from the Ring of Cenotes, but also by geophysical methods, and direct drilling with recovery of the drill cores.
The Arrowsmith Bank is a submerged bank located off the northeastern end of the peninsula.[5]
Water resources[edit]
Due to the extreme karst nature of the whole peninsula, the northern half is devoid of rivers. Where lakes and swamps are present, the water is marshy and generally unpotable. Due to its coastal situation, the whole of the peninsula is underlain by an extensive contiguous density stratified coastal aquifer, where a fresh water lens formed from meteoric water floats on top of intruding saline water from the coastal margins. The thousands of sinkholes known as cenotes throughout the region provide access to the groundwater system. The cenotes have long been relied on by ancient and contemporary Maya people.[6]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Vegetation[edit]
Short and tall tropical jungles are the predominant natural vegetation types of the Yucatán Peninsula. The boundaries between northern Guatemala (El Petén), Mexico (Campeche and Quintana Roo), and western Belize are still occupied by the largest continuous tracts of tropical rainforest in Central America. However, these forests are suffering extensive deforestation.[2]
Fauna[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016)
Climate[edit]
Like much of the Caribbean, the peninsula lies within the Atlantic Hurricane Belt, and with its almost uniformly flat terrain it is vulnerable to these large storms coming from the east. The 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a particularly bad season for Mexico's tourism industry, with two forceful category 5 storms hitting, Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Wilma. The 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a typical year which left the Yucatán untouched, but in the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane season Yucatán was hit by Hurricane Dean (also a category 5 storm), nevertheless Dean left little damage on the peninsula despite heavy localized flooding.
Strong storms called nortes can quickly descend on the Yucatán Peninsula any time of year. Although these storms pummel the area with heavy rains and high winds, they tend to be short-lived, clearing after about an hour. The average percentage of days with rain per month ranges from a monthly low of 7% in April to a high of 25% in October. Breezes can have a cooling effect, humidity is generally high, particularly in the remaining rainforest areas.[7]
See also[edit]
Panthera onca goldmani
Panthera onca hernandesii
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortés al emperador Carlos V (in Spanish). Paris: A. Chaix y ca. 1866. p. 1 footnote 2. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Ibero-American Electronic Text Series: Primera Carta de Relación, PREÁMBULO" (in Spanish). Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 1945. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ Renne et al.
Jump up ^ "Yucatan map".
Jump up ^ Arrowsmith Bank, Undersea Features - Geographical Names
Jump up ^ BBC: Planet Earth, part 4: Caves.
Jump up ^ [1]
Juan Luis Pena Chapa, Manuel Martin Castillo, and Juan Carlos Gonzalez Avila, The Performance of the Economy of the Yucatan Peninsula from 1970–1993 [3]
Marcio L. Teixeira,The Impact of the Geologic History of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Present Day Aquifer,2004 [4]
Angelo Heilprin,Observations on the Flora of Northern Yucatan [5]
External links[edit]
Media related to Yucatán Peninsula at Wikimedia Commons
Yucatán Peninsula travel guide from Wikivoyage
[hide]
Places adjacent to Yucatán Peninsula
Texas
Tamaulipas
Gulf of Mexico Mississippi • Alabama
Louisiana
Gulf of Mexico Florida
Cuba
Gulf of Mexico
Veracruz
Gulf of Mexico
Yucatán Peninsula
Jamaica
Caribbean Sea
Tabasco
Chiapas Guatemala • Belize Caribbean Sea
Honduras
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 244988556
GND: 4067232-3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yucatán_Peninsula&oldid=801737430"
Categories:
Yucatán Peninsula
Peninsulas of North America
Landforms of the Gulf of Mexico
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Medina
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Not to be confused with Mdina.
Medina
المدينة المنورة
Al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah المدينة النبي
Al Madīnat an-Nabī
Yathrib
يثرب
The Radiant City
Clockwise from top left:
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi interior, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina skyline, Quba Mosque, Mount Uhud
Medina
Location of Medina
Coordinates: 24°28′N 39°36′E / 24.467°N 39.600°E / 24.467; 39.600Coordinates: 24°28′N 39°36′E / 24.467°N 39.600°E / 24.467; 39.600
Country
Saudi Arabia
Region
Al Madinah
Government
• Mayor
Khalid Taher
• Regional Governor
Faisal bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Area
• City
589 km2 (227 sq mi)
• Urban
293 km2 (113 sq mi)
Elevation
608 m (1,995 ft)
Population (2010)
• City
1,183,205
• Density
2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi)
• Urban
785,204
Time zone
Arabia Standard Time (UTC+3)
Website
[1]
Medina (/məˈdiːnə/; Arabic: المدينة المنورة, al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, "the radiant city"; or المدينة, al-Madīnah (Hejazi pronunciation: [almaˈdiːna]), "the city"), also transliterated as Madīnah, is a city in the Hejaz region of Jazirat-ul Arab (Arabian Peninsula), located in present-day Saudi Arabia and is also the capital of its Al Madinah Region. At the city's heart is al-Masjid an-Nabawi ("the Prophet's Mosque"), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca.
Medina was Muhammad's destination of his Hijrah (migration) from Mecca, and became the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim Empire, under Muhammad's leadership. It served as the power base of Islam in its first century where the early Muslim community developed. Medina is home to the three oldest mosques, namely the Quba Mosque, al-Masjid an-Nabawi,[1] and Masjid al-Qiblatayn ("the mosque of the two qiblas"). Muslims believe that the chronologically final surahs of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad in Medina, and are called Medinan surahs in contrast to the earlier Meccan surahs.[2][3]
Just like Mecca, the city is closed to anyone who is considered a non-Muslim, including members of the Ahmadiyya movement (however, not the entire city is closed) by the national government.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Overview
3 Religious significance in Islam
4 History
4.1 Jewish roots
4.2 Muhammad's arrival
4.2.1 Battle of Badr
4.2.2 Battle of Uhud
4.2.3 Battle of the Trench
4.3 Capital city of early Islam and the caliphate
4.4 World War I to Saudi control
4.5 Medina today
5 Geography
6 Climate
7 Religion
8 Economy
9 Education
10 Transport
10.1 Air
10.2 Rail
10.3 Road
10.4 Bus
11 Destruction of heritage
12 See also
13 References
14 Bibliography
15 External links
Etymology[edit]
The Arabic word al-Madīnah (المدينة) simply means "the city". Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib (pronounced [ˈjaθrib]; يثرب). The word Yathrib has been recorded in Surat al-Ahzab of the Quran.[Quran 33:13]
Also called Taybah ([ˈtˤajba]; طيبة). An alternative name is al-Madīnah an-Nabawiyyah (المدينة النبوية) or Madīnat an-Nabī (مدينة النبي, "the city of the prophet").
Overview[edit]
As of 2010[update], the city of Medina has a population of 1,183,205.[7] In addition to its Arab inhabitants, during the pre-Islamic era Yathrib was inhabited by Jewish tribes. Later the city's name was changed to al-Madīna-tu n-Nabī or al-Madīnatu 'l-Munawwarah (المدينة المنورة "the enlightened city" or "the radiant city"). Medina is celebrated for containing al-Masjid an-Nabawi and also as the city which gave refuge to him and his followers, and so ranks as the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca.[8] Muhammad was buried in Medina, under the Green Dome, as were the first two Rashidun caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, who were buried next to him in what used to be Muhammad's house.
Medina is 210 miles (340 km) north of Mecca and about 120 miles (190 km) from the Red Sea coast. It is situated in the most fertile part of all the Hejaz territory, the streams of the vicinity tending to converge in this locality. An immense plain extends to the south; in every direction the view is bounded by hills and mountains.
The historic city formed an oval, surrounded by a strong wall, 30 to 40 feet (9.1 to 12.2 m) high, dating from the 12th century CE, and was flanked with towers, while on a rock, stood a castle. Of its four gates, the Bab-al-Salam, or Egyptian gate, was remarkable for its beauty. Beyond the walls of the city, west and south were suburbs consisting of low houses, yards, gardens and plantations. These suburbs also had walls and gates. Almost all of the historic city has been demolished in the Saudi era. The rebuilt city is centred on the vastly expanded al-Masjid an-Nabawi.
The graves of Fatimah (Muhammad's daughter) and Hasan (Muhammad's grandson), across from the mosque at Jannat al-Baqi, and Abu Bakr (first caliph and the father of Muhammad's wife, Aisha), and of Umar (Umar ibn Al-Khattab), the second caliph, are also here. The mosque dates back to the time of Muhammad, but has been twice reconstructed.[9]
Because of the Saudi government's religious policy and concern that historic sites could become the focus for idolatry, much of Medina's Islamic physical heritage has been altered.
Religious significance in Islam[edit]
Main article: Muhammad in Medina
The Green Dome of the Prophet's Mosque
Medina's importance as a religious site derives from the presence of al-Masjid an-Nabawi. The mosque was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. Mount Uhud is a mountain north of Medina which was the site of the second battle between Muslim and Meccan forces.
The first mosque built during Muhammad's time is also located in Medina and is known as the Quba Mosque. It was destroyed by lightning, probably about 850 CE, and the graves were almost forgotten. In 892, the place was cleared up, the graves located and a fine mosque built, which was destroyed by fire in 1257 CE and almost immediately rebuilt. It was restored by Qaitbay, the Egyptian ruler, in 1487.[9]
Masjid al-Qiblatain is another mosque also historically important to Muslims. It is where the command was sent to Muhammad to change the direction of prayer (qibla) from Jerusalem to Mecca according to a Hadith.[10]
Like Mecca, the city of Medina only permits Muslims to enter, although the haram (area closed to non-Muslims) of Medina is much smaller than that of Mecca, with the result that many facilities on the outskirts of Medina are open to non-Muslims, whereas in Mecca the area closed to non-Muslims extends well beyond the limits of the built-up area. Both cities' numerous mosques are the destination for large numbers of Muslims on their Umrah (second pilgrimage after Hajj). Hundreds of thousands of Muslims come to Medina annually while performing pilgrimage Hajj. Al-Baqi' is a significant cemetery in Medina where several family members of Muhammad, caliphs and scholars are buried.
Islamic scriptures emphasise the sacredness of Medina. Medina is mentioned several times as being sacred in the Quran, for example ayah; 9:101, 9:129, 59:9, and ayah 63:7. Medinan suras are typically longer than their Mecca counterparts. There is also a book within the hadith of Bukhari titled 'virtues of Medina'.[11]
Sahih Bukhari says:
Narrated Anas: The Prophet said, "Medina is a sanctuary from that place to that. Its trees should not be cut and no heresy should be innovated nor any sin should be committed in it, and whoever innovates in it an heresy or commits sins (bad deeds), then he will incur the curse of God, the angels, and all the people."
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Medina
Jewish roots[edit]
By the fourth century, Arab tribes began to encroach from Yemen, and there were three prominent Jewish tribes that inhabited the city into the 7th century AD: the Banu Qaynuqa, the Banu Qurayza, and Banu Nadir.[12] Ibn Khordadbeh later reported that during the Persian Empire's domination in Hejaz, the Banu Qurayza served as tax collectors for the shah.[13]
Historic Medina
The situation changed after the arrival from Yemen of two new Arab tribes named Banu Aus (or Banu 'Aws) and Banu Khazraj. At first, these tribes were allied with Jewish rulers, but later they revolted and became independent.[14] Toward the end of the 5th century,[15] the Jewish rulers lost control of the city to Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj. The Jewish Encyclopedia states that "by calling in outside assistance and treacherously massacring at a banquet the principal Jews", Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj finally gained the upper hand at Medina.[12]
Most modern historians accept the claim of the Muslim sources that after the revolt, the Jewish tribes became clients of the Aus and the Khazraj.[16] However, according to scholar of Islam William Montgomery Watt, the clientship of the Jewish tribes is not borne out by the historical accounts of the period prior to 627, and he maintained that the Jewish populace retained a measure of political independence.[14]
Early Muslim chronicler Ibn Ishaq tells of a pre-Islamic conflict between the last Yemenite king of the Himyarite Kingdom[17] and the residents of Yathrib. When the king was passing by the oasis, the residents killed his son, and the Yemenite ruler threatened to exterminate the people and cut down the palms. According to Ibn Ishaq, he was stopped from doing so by two rabbis from the Banu Qurayza tribe, who implored the king to spare the oasis because it was the place "to which a prophet of the Quraysh would migrate in time to come, and it would be his home and resting-place." The Yemenite king thus did not destroy the town and converted to Judaism. He took the rabbis with him, and in Mecca, they reportedly recognised the Ka'ba as a temple built by Abraham and advised the king "to do what the people of Mecca did: to circumambulate the temple, to venerate and honour it, to shave his head and to behave with all humility until he had left its precincts." On approaching Yemen, tells ibn Ishaq, the rabbis demonstrated to the local people a miracle by coming out of a fire unscathed and the Yemenites accepted Judaism.[18]
Eventually the Banu Aus and the Banu Khazraj became hostile to each other and by the time of Muhammad's Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622 AD/1 AH, they had been fighting for 120 years and were the sworn enemies of each other.[19] The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza were allied with the Aus, while the Banu Qaynuqa sided with the Khazraj.[20] They fought a total of four wars.[14]
Their last and bloodiest battle was the Battle of Bu'ath[14] that was fought a few years before the arrival of Muhammad.[12] The outcome of the battle was inconclusive, and the feud continued. Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, one Khazraj chief, had refused to take part in the battle, which earned him a reputation for equity and peacefulness. Until the arrival of Muhammad, he was the most respected inhabitant of Yathrib. To solve the ongoing feud, concerned residents of the city met secretly with Muhammad in Al-Aqaba, a place between Makkah and Mina, inviting him and his small band of believers to come to Yathrib, where Muhammad could serve as disinterested mediator between the factions and his community could practice its faith freely.
Muhammad's arrival[edit]
Main article: Hijra (Islam)
Main article: Constitution of Medina
In 622 AD/1 AH, Muhammad and around 70 Meccan Muhajirun believers left Mecca for sanctuary in Yathrib, an event that transformed the religious and political landscape of the city completely; the longstanding enmity between the Aus and Khazraj tribes was dampened as many of the two Arab tribes and some local Jews embraced Islam. Muhammad, linked to the Khazraj through his great-grandmother, was agreed on as civic leader. The Muslim converts native to Yathrib of whatever background—pagan Arab or Jewish—were called Ansar ("the Patrons" or "the Helpers").
According to Ibn Ishaq, the local pagan Arab tribes, the Muslim Muhajirun from Mecca, the local Muslims (Ansar), and the Jewish population of the area signed an agreement, the Constitution of Medina, which committed all parties to mutual co-operation under the leadership of Muhammad. The nature of this document as recorded by Ibn Ishaq and transmitted by Ibn Hisham is the subject of dispute among modern Western historians, many of whom maintain that this "treaty" is possibly a collage of different agreements, oral rather than written, of different dates, and that it is not clear exactly when they were made. Other scholars, however, both Western and Muslim, argue that the text of the agreement—whether a single document originally or several—is possibly one of the oldest Islamic texts we possess.[21] In Yemenite Jewish sources, another treaty was drafted between Muhammad and his Jewish subjects, known as kitāb ḏimmat al-nabi, written in the 17th year of the Hijra (638 CE), and which gave express liberty unto Jews living in Arabia to observe the Sabbath and to grow-out their side-locks, but were required to pay the jizya (poll-tax) annually for their protection by their patrons.[22]
Battle of Badr[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Campaigns of Muhammad
Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)
Abwa
Buwat
Safwan
Dul
1st Badr
Kudr
Sawiq
Qaynuqa
Thi
Bahran
Uhud
Asad
Nadir
2nd Nejd
2nd Badr
Jandal
Trench
Qurayza
Lahyan
Mustaliq
Treaty
Khaybar
Fadak
Qura
Dhat
Baqra
Mecca
Hunayn
Autas
Ta'if
Tabouk
Main article: Battle of Badr
Battle positions at Badr
The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca.
In the spring of 624, Muhammad received word from his intelligence sources that a trade caravan, commanded by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and guarded by thirty to forty men, was travelling from Syria back to Mecca. Muhammad gathered an army of 313 men, the largest army the Muslims had put in the field yet. However, many early Muslim sources, including the Quran, indicate that no serious fighting was expected,[23] and the future Caliph Uthman ibn Affan stayed behind to care for his sick wife.
As the caravan approached Medina, Abu Sufyan began hearing from travellers and riders about Muhammad's planned ambush. He sent a messenger named Damdam to Mecca to warn the Quraysh and get reinforcements. Alarmed, the Quraysh assembled an army of 900–1,000 men to rescue the caravan. Many of the Qurayshi nobles, including Amr ibn Hishām, Walid ibn Utba, Shaiba, and Umayyah ibn Khalaf, joined the army. However, some of the army was to later return to Mecca before the battle.
The battle started with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. The Muslims sent out Ali, Ubaydah ibn al-Harith (Obeida), and Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three mêlée, Hamzah killed his opponent with the very first strike, although Ubaydah was mortally wounded.[24]
Now both armies began firing arrows at each other. Two Muslims and an unknown number of Quraysh were killed. Before the battle started, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack with their ranged weapons, and only engage the Quraysh with melee weapons when they advanced.[25] Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!"[26][27] The Muslim army yelled "Yā manṣūr amit!"[28] and rushed the Qurayshi lines. The Meccans, although substantially outnumbering the Muslims, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon.[26] The Quran describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to slaughter the Quraysh.[27][29] Early Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel Jibreel and the role he played in the battle.
Ubaydah ibn al-Harith (Obeida) was given the honour of "he who shot the first arrow for Islam" as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb altered course to flee the attack. In retaliation for this attack Abu Sufyan ibn Harb requested an armed force from Mecca.[30]
Throughout the winter and spring of 623 other raiding parties were sent by Muhammad from Medina.
Battle of Uhud[edit]
Main article: Battle of Uhud
Mount Uhud
In 625, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Chieftain of the Quraish of Mecca, who paid tax to the Byzantine empire regularly, once again led a Meccan force against Medina. Muhammad marched out to meet the force but before reaching the battle, about one third of the troops under Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy withdrew. With a smaller force, the Muslim army had to find a strategy to gain the upper hand. A group of archers were ordered to stay on a hill to keep an eye on the Meccan's cavalry forces and to provide protection at the rear of the Muslim's army. As the battle heated up, the Meccans were forced to somewhat retreat. The battle front was pushed further and further away from the archers, whom, from the start of the battle, had really nothing to do but watch. In their growing impatience to be part of the battle, and seeing that they were somewhat gaining advantage over the Kafirun (Infidels) these archers decided to leave their posts to pursue the retreating Meccans. A small party, however, stayed behind; pleading all along to the rest to not disobey their commanders' orders. But their words were lost among the enthusiastic yodels of their comrades.
However, the Meccans' retreat was actually a manufactured manoeuvre that paid off. The hillside position had been a great advantage to the Muslim forces, and they had to be lured off their posts for the Meccans to turn the table over. Seeing that their strategy had actually worked, the Meccans cavalry forces went around the hill and re-appeared behind the pursuing archers. Thus, ambushed in the plain between the hill and the front line, the archers were systematically slaughtered, watched upon by their desperate comrades who stayed behind up in the hill, shooting arrows to thwart the raiders, but to little effect.
However, the Meccans did not capitalise on their advantage by invading Medina and returned to Mecca. The Medinans suffered heavy losses, and Muhammad was injured.
Battle of the Trench[edit]
Main article: Battle of the Trench
In 627, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb once more led Meccan forces against Medina. Because the people of Medina had dug a trench to further protect the city, this event became known as the Battle of the Trench. After a protracted siege and various skirmishes, the Meccans withdrew again. During the siege, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb had contacted the remaining Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza and formed an agreement with them, to attack the defenders from behind the lines. It was however discovered by the Muslims and thwarted. This was in breach of the Constitution of Medina and after the Meccan withdrawal, Muhammad immediately marched against the Qurayza and laid siege to their strongholds. The Jewish forces eventually surrendered. Some members of the Banu Aus now interceded on behalf of their old allies and Muhammad agreed to the appointment of one of their chiefs, Sa'd ibn Mua'dh, as judge. Sa'ad judged by Jewish Law that all male members of the tribe should be killed and the women and children enslaved as was the law stated in the Old Testament for treason (Deutoronomy).[31] This action was conceived of as a defensive measure to ensure that the Muslim community could be confident of its continued survival in Medina. The historian Robert Mantran argues that from this point of view it was successful — from this point on, the Muslims were no longer primarily concerned with survival but with expansion and conquest.[31]
Capital city of early Islam and the caliphate[edit]
Old depiction of Medina during Ottoman times
In the ten years following the hijra, Medina formed the base from which Muhammad and the Muslim army attacked and were attacked, and it was from here that he marched on Mecca, entering it without battle in 629 AD/8 AH, all parties acquiescing to his leadership. Afterwards, however, despite Muhammad's tribal connection to Mecca and the ongoing importance of the Meccan kaaba for Islamic pilgrimage (hajj), Muhammad returned to Medina, which remained for some years the most important city of Islam and the capital of the early caliphate.
Yathrib was renamed Medina from Madinat al-Nabi ("city of the Prophet" in Arabic) in honour of Muhammad's prophethood and death there. (Alternatively, Lucien Gubbay suggests the name Medina could also have been a derivative from the Aramaic word Medinta, which the Jewish inhabitants could have used for the city.[32])
Under the first three caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman, Medina was the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim Empire. During the period of Uthman, the third caliph, a party of Arabs from Egypt, disgruntled at his political decisions, attacked Medina in 656 AD/35 AH and murdered him in his own home. Ali, the fourth caliph, changed the capital of the caliphate from Medina to Kufa in Iraq. After that, Medina's importance dwindled, becoming more a place of religious importance than of political power.
In 1256 AD Medina was threatened by a lava flow from the Harrat Rahat volcanic area.[33][34]
After the fragmentation of the caliphate, the city became subject to various rulers, including the Mamluks of Cairo in the 13th century and finally, in 1517, the Ottoman Empire.[35]
World War I to Saudi control[edit]
In the beginning of the 20th century, during World War I, Medina witnessed one of the longest sieges in history. Medina was a city of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Local rule was in the hands of the Hashemite clan as Sharifs or Emirs of Mecca. Fakhri Pasha was the Ottoman governor of Medina. Ali bin Hussein, the Sharif of Mecca and leader of the Hashemite clan, revolted against the Caliph in Constantinople (Istanbul) and sided with Great Britain. The city of Medina was besieged by the Sharif's forces, and Fakhri Pasha tenaciously held on during the Siege of Medina from 1916 till 10 January 1919. He refused to surrender and held on another 72 days after the Armistice of Moudros, until he was arrested by his own men.[36] In anticipation of the plunder and destruction to follow, Fakhri Pasha secretly sent the Sacred Relics of Medina to Istanbul.[37]
As of 1920, the British described Medina as "much more self-supporting than Mecca."[38] After the First World War, the Hashemite Sayyid Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed King of an independent Hejaz. Soon after, in 1924, he was defeated by Ibn Saud, who integrated Medina and the whole of the Hejaz into the modern kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Medina today[edit]
Modern city of Medina
Today, Medina ("Madinah" officially in Saudi documents), in addition to being the second most important Islamic pilgrimage destination after Mecca, is an important regional capital of the western Saudi Arabian province of Al Madinah. In addition to the sacred core of the old city, which is off limits to non-Muslims, Medina is a modern, multi-ethnic city inhabited by Saudi Arabs and an increasing number of Muslim and non-Muslim expatriate workers: other Arab nationalities (Egyptians, Jordanians, Lebanese, etc.), South Asians (Bangladeshis, Indians, Pakistanis, etc.), and Filipinos.
Geography[edit]
The soil surrounding Medina consists of mostly basalt, while the hills, especially noticeable to the south of the city, are volcanic ash which dates to the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era.
Al Madinah Al Munawarah is located at Eastern Part of Al Hijaz Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on longitude 39º 36' E and latitude 24º 28' N.
Madinah is located in the north-western part of the Kingdom, to the east of the Red Sea, which lies only 250 kilometres (160 miles) away from it. It is surrounded by a number of mountains: Al-Hujaj, or Pilgrims' Mountain to the west, Salaa to the north-west, Al-E'er or Caravan Mountain to the south and Uhad to the north. Madinah is situated on a flat mountain plateau at the junction of the three valleys of Al-Aql, Al-Aqiq, and Al-Himdh. For this reason, there are large green areas amidst a dry mountainous region. The city is 620 metres (2,030 feet) above sea level. Its western and southwestern parts have many volcanic rocks. Madinah lies at the meeting-point of longitude 39º36' east and latitude 24º28' north. It covers an area of about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles).
Al Madinah Al Munawwarah is a desert oasis surrounded with mountains and stony areas from all sides. It was mentioned in several references and sources. It was known as Yathrib in Writings of ancient Maeniand, this is obvious evidence that the population structure of this desert oasis is a combination of north Arabs and South Arabs, who settled there and built their civilisation during the thousand years before Christ.
Climate[edit]
Medina has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Summers are extremely hot with daytime temperatures averaging about 43 °C (109 °F) with nights about 29 °C (84 °F). Temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) are not unusual between June and September. Winters are milder, with temperatures from 12 °C (54 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the day. There is very little rainfall, which falls almost entirely between November and May.
[hide]Climate data for Medina (1985–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
33.2
(91.8) 36.6
(97.9) 40.0
(104) 43.0
(109.4) 46.0
(114.8) 47.0
(116.6) 49.0
(120.2) 48.4
(119.1) 46.4
(115.5) 42.8
(109) 36.8
(98.2) 32.2
(90) 49.0
(120.2)
Average high °C (°F)
24.2
(75.6) 26.6
(79.9) 30.6
(87.1) 35.3
(95.5) 39.6
(103.3) 42.9
(109.2) 42.9
(109.2) 43.7
(110.7) 42.3
(108.1) 37.3
(99.1) 30.6
(87.1) 26.0
(78.8) 35.2
(95.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
17.9
(64.2) 20.2
(68.4) 23.9
(75) 28.5
(83.3) 33.0
(91.4) 36.3
(97.3) 36.5
(97.7) 37.1
(98.8) 35.6
(96.1) 30.4
(86.7) 24.2
(75.6) 19.8
(67.6) 28.6
(83.5)
Average low °C (°F)
11.6
(52.9) 13.4
(56.1) 16.8
(62.2) 21.2
(70.2) 25.5
(77.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.9
(85.8) 27.9
(82.2) 22.9
(73.2) 17.7
(63.9) 13.6
(56.5) 21.5
(70.7)
Record low °C (°F)
1.0
(33.8) 3.0
(37.4) 7.0
(44.6) 11.5
(52.7) 14.0
(57.2) 21.7
(71.1) 22.0
(71.6) 23.0
(73.4) 18.2
(64.8) 11.6
(52.9) 9.0
(48.2) 3.0
(37.4) 1.0
(33.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
6.3
(0.248) 3.1
(0.122) 9.8
(0.386) 9.6
(0.378) 5.1
(0.201) 0.1
(0.004) 1.1
(0.043) 4.0
(0.157) 0.4
(0.016) 2.5
(0.098) 10.4
(0.409) 7.8
(0.307) 60.2
(2.37)
Average rainy days
2.6 1.4 3.2 4.1 2.9 0.1 0.4 1.5 0.6 2.0 3.3 2.5 24.6
Average relative humidity (%)
38 31 25 22 17 12 14 16 14 19 32 38 23
Source: Jeddah Regional Climate Center[39]
Religion[edit]
As with most cities in Saudi Arabia, Islam is the religion adhered by the majority of the population of Medina. Sunnis of different schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali) constitute the majority while there is a significant Shia minority in and around Medina, such as the Nakhawila. Outside the city centre (reserved for Muslims only), there are significant numbers of non-Muslim migrant workers and expats.
Masjid Nabawi at sunset
Economy[edit]
Panel representing the Mosque of Medina. Found in İznik, Turkey, 18th century. Composite body, silicate coat, transparent glaze, underglaze painted.
Historically, Medina is known for growing dates. As of 1920, 139 varieties of dates were being grown in the area.[40] Medina also was known for growing many types of vegetables.[41]
The Medina Knowledge Economic City project, a city focused on knowledge-based industries, has been planned and is expected to boost development and increase the number of jobs in Medina.[42]
The city is served by the Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport which opened in 1974. It handles on average 20–25 flights a day, although this number triples during the Hajj season and school holidays.
With the increasing number of pilgrim visiting each year, many hotels are being constructed.
Education[edit]
Universities include:
Islamic University of Madinah
Taibah University
Transport[edit]
Air[edit]
Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport
Medina is served by Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport (IATA: MED, ICAO: OEMA) located about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) from the city centre. This airport handles mostly domestic destinations and it has limited international services to regional destinations such as Cairo, Bahrain, Doha, Dubai, Istanbul and Kuwait.
Rail[edit]
A high speed inter-city rail line (Haramain High Speed Rail Project also known as the "Western Railway"), is under construction in Saudi Arabia. It will link along 444 kilometres (276 miles), the Muslim holy city of Medina and Mecca via King Abdullah Economic City, Rabigh, Jeddah and King Abdulaziz International Airport.[43] A three-line metro is also planned.[44]
Road[edit]
Major roads that connect city of medina to other parts of the country are,
Highway 15 (Saudi Arabia) – connects Medina to Mecca, Abha, Khamis Mushait and Tabuk.
Highway 60 (Saudi Arabia) – connects Medina to Buraidah
Bus[edit]
Medina Bus Transport finds the route to nearest Bus station/stop and al-Masjid an-Nabawi ("the Prophet's Mosque").[45]
Destruction of heritage[edit]
See also: Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to shirk (idolatry). As a consequence, under Saudi rule, Medina has suffered from considerable destruction of its physical heritage including the loss of many buildings over a thousand years old.[46] Critics have described this as "Saudi vandalism" and claim that in Medina and Mecca over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost.[47] In Medina, examples of historic sites which have been destroyed include the Salman al-Farsi Mosque, the Raj'at ash-Shams Mosque, the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery, and the house of Muhammed.[48]
See also[edit]
Saudi Arabia portal
Islam portal
Haramain High Speed Rail Project
Hejazi Accent
Jeddah
Masjid al-Qiblatain
Nakhawila
Quba Masjid
Siege of Medina
List of expeditions of Muhammad in Medina
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Masjid Quba' – Hajj". Saudi Arabia: Hajinformation.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Historical value of the Qur'ân and the Ḥadith A.M. Khan
Jump up ^ What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an Ahmed Al-Laithy
Jump up ^ Esposito, John L. (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 25. Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims
Jump up ^ Sandra Mackey's account of her attempt to enter Mecca in Mackey, Sandra (1987). The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-393-32417-6.
Jump up ^ Cuddihy, Kathy (2001). An A To Z Of Places And Things Saudi. Stacey International. p. 148. ISBN 1-900988-40-2.
Jump up ^ "The population of Medina 2016" (PDF).
Jump up ^ However, an article in Aramco World[dead link] by John Anthony states: "To the perhaps parochial Muslims of North Africa in fact the sanctity of Kairouan is second only to Mecca among all cities of the world." Saudi Aramco's bimonthly magazine's goal is to broaden knowledge of the cultures, history and geography of the Arab and Muslim worlds and their connections with the West; pages 30–36 of the January/February 1967 print edition The Fourth Holy City
^ Jump up to: a b 1954 Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 18, pp.587, 588
Jump up ^ "Place Pilgrims Visit During or After Performing Hajj / Umrah". Dawntravels.com. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
Jump up ^ hadith found in 'Virtues of Madinah' of Sahih Bukhari searchtruth.com
^ Jump up to: a b c Jewish Encyclopedia Medina
Jump up ^ Peters 193
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Al-Medina." Encyclopaedia of Islam
Jump up ^ for date see "J. Q. R." vii. 175, note
Jump up ^ See e.g., Peters 193; "Qurayza", Encyclopaedia Judaica
Jump up ^ Muslim sources usually referred to Himyar kings by the dynastic title of "Tubba".
Jump up ^ Guillaume 7–9, Peters 49–50
Jump up ^ Subhani, The Message: The Events of the First Year of Migration Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ For alliances, see Guillaume 253
Jump up ^ Firestone 118. For opinions disputing the early date of the Constitution of Medina, see e.g., Peters 116; "Muhammad", "Encyclopaedia of Islam"; "Kurayza, Banu", "Encyclopaedia of Islam".
Jump up ^ Shelomo Dov Goitein, The Yemenites – History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life (Selected Studies), editor: Menahem Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem 1983, pp. 288–299. ISBN 965-235-011-7
Jump up ^ Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 287 Archived 21 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 14, Number 2659 Archived 20 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 14, Number 2658 Archived 20 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, p. 176.
^ Jump up to: a b Lings, p. 148.
Jump up ^ "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!"
Jump up ^ Quran: Al-i-Imran 3:123–125 (Yusuf Ali). "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude.§ Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down?§ "Yea, – if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.§"
Jump up ^ The Biography of Mahomet, and Rise of Islam. Chapter Fourth. Extension of Islam and Early Converts, from the assumption by Mahomet of the prophetical office to the date of the first Emigration to Abyssinia by William Muir Archived 7 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Mantran, L'expansion musulmane Presses Universitaires de France 1995, p. 86.
Jump up ^ "The Jews of Arabia". dangoor.com.
Jump up ^ "Harrat Rahat". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
Jump up ^ Bosworth,C. Edmund: Historic Cities of the Islamic World, p. 385 – "Half-a-century later, in 654/1256, Medina was threatened by a volcanic eruption. After a series of earthquakes, a stream of lava appeared, but fortunately flowed to the east of the town and then northwards."
Jump up ^ Somel, Selcuk Aksin (13 February 2003). "Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire". Scarecrow Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Peters, Francis (1994). Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. PP376-377. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03267-X
Jump up ^ Mohmed Reda Bhacker (1992). Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: Roots of British Domination. Routledge Chapman & Hall. P63: Following the plunder of Medina in 1810 'when the Prophet's tomb was opened and its jewels and relics sold and distributed among the Wahhabi soldiery'. P122: the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II was at last moved to act against such outrage.
Jump up ^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ "Climate Data for Saudi Arabia". Jeddah Regional Climate Center. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Prothero, G. W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 83.
Jump up ^ Prothero, G. W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 86.
Jump up ^ Economic cities a rise Archived 24 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "High speed stations for a high speed railway". Railway Gazette International. 23 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Madinah metro design contract". Railway Gazette International. 13 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "النقل الترددي في المدينة المنورة – النقل الترددي يقل 300 ألف مصل إلى المسجد النبوي خلال 15 يوما". mss.gov.sa.
Jump up ^ Howden, Daniel (6 August 2005). "The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage". The Independent. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Islamic heritage lost as Makkah modernises, Center for Islamic Pluralism
Jump up ^ History of the Cemetery of Jannat al-Baqi retrieved 17 January 2011
Bibliography[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Medina
External links[edit]
Media related to Medina at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Category:Medina at Wikimedia Commons
Medina travel guide from Wikivoyage
"Medina". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
[show]
v
t
e
People and things in the Quran
[hide]
Characters
God in Islam (Allah)
Names of God found in the Quran
Angels
Israfil
Izra'il/Azrael (Malak al-Mawt)
Jibra'il/Gabriel (Al-Ruh al-Amin) and Holy Spirit (Al-Ruh al-Qudus) and Al-Ruh (The Spirit)
Maalik
Mika'il
Harut and Marut
Jinns
Iblīs/Devil
Shaitan/Satan
Ifrit (and Marid)
Qareen
In Heaven (Jannah)
Ghilman and Wildan
Houri
In Hell (Jahannam)
Zabaniyya
Zaqqum
Prophets
and apostles
(messengers)
of God
Mentioned
Ādam/Adam
Alyasa'/Elisha
Ayyub/Job
Dawud/David
Dhul-Kifl/Ezekiel?
Harun/Aaron
Hud/Eber?
Ibrahim/Abraham (Khalilullah)
Idris/Enoch?
Ilyas/Elijah
Imran/Joachim (father of Maryam)
Isa/Jesus
Isḥaq/Isaac
Isma'il/Ishmael
Dhabih Ullah
Lut/Lot
Muhammad or Ahmad/Paraclete
Musa/Moses (Kalimullah)
Nuh/Noah
Saleh/Shelah?
Shuaib/Jethro
Sulayman/Solomon
Uzair/Ezra?
Yahya/John the Baptist
Yaqub/Jacob (Israel)
Yunus/Jonah (Dhul-Nun, Sahib al-Hut)
Yūsuf/Joseph
Zakariya/Zechariah
Implied
Ermia/Jeremiah
Samuel
Yusha' ibn Nūn/Joshua
Good people
(before Islam)
Mentioned
Dhul-Qarnayn
Luqman
Maryam/Mary (mother of Isa)
Talut/Saul
Implicitly
mentioned
Asiyah bint Muzahim/Bithiah? (wife of Fir'aun)
Asif ibn Barkhiya
Bilquis (Queen of Saba/Sheba)
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Beniamin/Benjamin
Habib the Carpenter (believer of Ya-Sin)
Kaleb/Caleb
Khidr
Magicians of Fir'aun
Simon Cephas/Simon Peter
Other people
(before Islam)
Mentioned
Āzar (uncle of Ibrahim)
Fir'aun/Pharaoh
Haman
Jalut/Goliath
Qarun/Korah
Sāmiri
Implicitly
mentioned
Abraha
Bal'am/Balaam
Barṣīṣā
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Potiphar (Al-Aziz)
Shaddad
Simeon (son of Ya'qub)
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Valid ibn Rayyan (king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf)
Zuleika (wife of al-Aziz)
Mentioned people
(after inception of Islam)
Abū Lahab
Zayd ibn Harithah
Relatives
of prophets
Specified
good relatives
Daughters of Lut/Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Elizabeth or 'Ishā' (wife of Zakariya)
Habil/Abel (son of Adam)
Hawwa'/Eve (wife of Adam)
Kulthum/Miriam (sister of Musa)
Saffurah/Zipporah (wife of Musa) and Layya (Saffura's sister)
Sarah (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isḥaq)
Yukabed/Jochebed (mother of Musa)
Non-specified
good relatives
Abiona/Amtelai daughter of Karnebo (mother of Ibrahim)
Bathsheba (wife of Dawud)
Muhammad's wives
Daughters of Muhammad
Hājar/Hagar (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isma'il)
Hannah/Anne daughter of Faquz (mother of Maryam)
Imran/Amram (father of Musa)
Lamech (father of Nuh)
Rāhil/Rachel (wife of Ya'qub)
Rahma/Dinah (wife of Ayyub)
Shamkha bint Anush/Betenos (mother of Nuh)
Son of Luqman
Other relatives
Brothers of Yūsuf
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain?
Tārah/Terah (father of Ibrahim)
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala? (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
[show]
Groups and tribes
Tribes and
ethnicities
Mentioned
'Ād (people of Hud)
Arabs and Ajam
Children of Israel/Israelites
Companions of the Rass
People of Saba'/Sheba
People of Shu'aib (people of Madyan and people of Aykah/Wood)
People of Tubba'
Quraysh
Romans
Thamud (people of Saleh, companions of Hijr)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Implicitly
mentioned
Ahl al-Bayt
Amalek
Banu Hashim
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Groups
Mentioned
Christian apostles
Disciples of Jesus
Companions of Noah's Ark
Companions of Sabbath (Aşḥāb al-Sabt)
Companions of the Cave/Seven Sleepers and Companions of al-Raqaim
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of the City (People of Ya-Sin)
People of the Burned Garden (Aşḥāb al-Jannah)
Ulu'l azm prophets
Implicitly
mentioned
Ahl al-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Aus and Khazraj
Copts
Hezbollah
Muhajirun (The emigrants) and Ansar (The helpers)
Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Christians (People of Injil)
Jews
Kafir (Infidels)
Majus
Zoroastrians
Munafiq
Hypocrites
Mushrik
Polytheists
Muslims
People of the Book (′Ahl al-Kitāb)
Sabians
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Ruhban (Christian monks)
[show]
Locations, entities and events
Locations
Mentioned
Ahqāf
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Arafat and Mash'ar al-Harām
Bābil/Babylon
Badr
Door of Hittah
Hijr/Hegra
Holy Land (Palestine and Levant)
Hunayn
Iram
Ka'bah/Kaaba (Bayt al-Harām/Sacred House, Bayt al-'Atīq/Ancient House)
Madyan/Midian
Madinah/Medina (formerly Yathrib)
Majma' al-Bahrain
Makkah/Mecca (Umm al-Qura, Balad al-Amin, Bakkah)
Maqām Ibrahim
Masjid al-Dirar
Masjid al-Haram
Mount Judi
Mu'tafikat (Sodom)
Rass
Saba'/Sheba
Al-Safa and Al-Marwah
Tur Sinā' /Mount Sinai and Jabal al-Tur
Egypt
Valley of Tuwa
Implicitly
mentioned
Antioch
Antakya
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas and 'Ariha
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) and Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Canaan
Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār al-Nadwa
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Ma'rib Dam
Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque)
Mesopotamia
Nile River
Nineveh
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Quba Mosque
Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert
Ta'if
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Mihrab
Monastery
Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Non-human
physical
entities
Religious texts
Injil/Gospel
Quran
Suhuf-i Ibrahim (Scrolls of Abraham)
Tawrat/Torah, Suhuf-i-Musa (Scrolls of Moses) and Tablets of Stone
Zabur
Related animals
Cow of Israelites and Golden calf
Dog of Seven Sleepers
Fish of Yunis
Hoopoe of Sulayman
She-Camel of Saleh
Related objects
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tabut al-Sakina (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
Baal
Lāt, 'Uzza and Manāt
Wadd, Suwa', Yaghuth, Ya'uq and Nasr
(Jibt and Taghut
Ansāb)
Events
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of the Trench (Battle of the Confederates)
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Hadith of the pond of Khumm
Incident of Ifk
Layla al-Mabit
Mubahala
The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada')
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Umrah al-Qaza
Yawm al-Dār
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
[show]
v
t
e
Main Saudi Arabian cities by population
1,000,000 and more
Hofuf
Jeddah
Mecca
Medina
Riyadh
300,000-999,999
Abha
Al-Kharj
Buraydah
Dammam
Ha'il
Hafar Al-Batin
Jubail
Khamis Mushait
Khobar
Najran
Qatif
Ta'if
Tabuk
<299,999
Al Bahah
Al Lith
Al Majma'ah
Al Qunfudhah
Arar
Abqaiq
Bareq
Bisha
Dhahran
Diriyah
Duba
Al Jawf
Jizan
Khafji
Ras Tanura
Unaizah
Yanbu' al Bahr
Source: cdsi.gov.sa
[show]
v
t
e
Al Madinah Region
Capital: Medina
Abu Dhiba
Abū Shayţānah
Abyar 'Ali
Ad Dulu`
Al `Awali
Al `Uqul
Al `Uyun
Al Akhal
Al Bardiyah
Al Biqa`
Al Bustan
Al Faqirah
Al Furaysh
Al Hafirah
Al jafr
Al Hamra'
Al Jabriyah
Al Jissah
Al Kharma'
Al Madiq
Al Malbanah
Al Mufrihat
Al Multasa
Al Musayjid
Al Wuday
As Sadayir
As Safra'
As Sidr
As Sudayrah
As Sumariyah
As Suwayriqiyah
Ash Shufayyah
Asira
Badr Hunayn
Baq`a'
Barka
Bartiyah
Bi'r al Mashi
Birkah
Far`
Fara`
Fiji
Harthiyah
Hasa
Haylat Radi al Baham
Husayniyah
Jadidah
Khayf Fadil
Madinat Yanbu` as Sina`iyah
Madsus
Mafraq
Mahattat al Hafah
Maqrah
Maqshush
Masahili
Mawarah
Milhah
Nujayl
Qaba'
Qiran
Rayyis
Sabil
Sha`tha'
Sidi Hamzah
Sultanah
Suq Suwayq
Suqubiya
Suwadah
Wasitah
Yanbu` al Bahr
`Ajmiyah
`Alya'
`Urwah
`Ushash
`Ushayrah
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 157115328
GND: 4038240-0
BNF: cb11969226h (data)
NDL: 00629324
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medina&oldid=800613313"
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Medina – Welsh
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cy
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interlanguage-link-target

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Medina – Spanish
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