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Australian Stock Horse
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This article is about the Australian breed of horse. For other uses, see Stock horse.
Australian Stock Horse
Australian Stock Horse
Country of origin
Australia
Breed standards
Australian Stock Horse Society
Equus ferus caballus
The Australian Stock Horse (or Stockhorse), has been especially bred for Australian conditions. It is a hardy breed of horse noted for endurance, agility and a good temperament. Its ancestry dates to the arrival of the first horses in Australia, brought from Europe, Africa and Asia. It is used today in a wide variety of disciplines, and is still valued as a working horse by stockmen/stockwomen throughout Australia.
Contents
1 History
2 Characteristics
3 Breed today
4 Public performances
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The roots of the Australian Stock Horse date back to the earliest importation of nine horses to Australia, with the arrival of the First Fleet in Botany Bay in January, 1788.[1] Some of the original horse breeds in these early imports included the Thoroughbred, Cape of Good Hope Horse (largely descended from the Barb and Spanish horse), Arabian, Timor Pony and Welsh Mountain pony.[2]
Horses in Australia were bred for their stamina and strength, with weaker animals culled and only the strongest allowed to breed on. In the 1830s, additional Thoroughbreds were imported into Australia to improve the local strains, and the mid-20th century saw infusions from the American Quarter Horse.
The Australian Stock Horse and the Waler horse come from similar roots, though today they are separate breeds. The "station horse" that was an ancestor of both breeds was used by the Australian Army in the First World War and was renowned for its toughness and endurance.[3]
However, the modern Australian Stock Horse differs from the Waler horse in that it is not as big. The horses shipped abroad to fight in war and kept at home to be bred on as Walers were the larger animals, as they were required to carry a rider with the considerable extra weight of weapons and a full pack. Some of the heaviest animals were also required pull water carts and carriages. However, the characteristics of toughness and endurance remain with the Australian Stock Horse of today.
Formal recognition of Australian Stock Horses as a distinct breed began in June 1971 when over 100 campdrafters and horse breeders met in Tamworth, New South Wales, to form the Australian Stock Horse Society. Many of these people bred stock horses using bloodlines tracing back to native stock, along with some Arabians, Thoroughbreds, and a few ponies of outstanding merit. Most of the early ASH registrations were of horses bred with bloodlines that excelled at both campdrafting and cattle work in the rugged Great Dividing Range.
Initially, horses were inspected for registration by three classifiers who assessed them for conformation, breeding and athletic ability. The best were accepted for inclusion in the Stud Book, some were approved for the registry appendix, and those not meeting the criteria for registration were rejected.
Fourteen specific foundation sires are responsible for most of the bloodlines accepted into the Society Australia-wide and most well-bred Australian Stock Horses trace to one of these foundation sires. These included horses bred from colonial stock: Saladin, Cecil and his son Radium, Medlow and Bobbie Bruce. The others were Thoroughbreds: Rivoli, Commandant, Panzer, Midstream, Young Valais, Gibbergunyah, Bushfire, Silvius and Deo Juvante also exerted considerable influence.[2] Since then Rivoli Ray, Blue Moon Mystic, Eliotts Creek Cadet, Warrenbri Romeo and some American Quarter Horses have also had a large influence on the breed.
The use of Quarter Horse bloodlines is somewhat controversial, with some breeders preferring to stay with older lines. Those who wish to bring in outside blood are required to pay very high fees to the Society, thus providing an incentive for breeders to only bring in worthwhile horses.[2]
Characteristics[edit]
An Australian Stock Horse
The Australian Stock Horse is bred for intelligence, courage, toughness and stamina. The horse will be sound, agile and quick moving with a sure-footed walk. It will have a calm, responsive temperament. All colours are acceptable. Height ranges from 14 to 16.2 hands (56 to 66 inches, 142 to 168 cm).
The ideal Australian Stock Horse is well proportioned in all respects according to its size. Desired traits include a finely cut, expressive head with large eye and a broad forehead. The neck is long, arched, with head well set on. The withers should be well defined. Overall conformation is well-muscled but not bulky, with correct conformation that includes a deep chest, well-sprung ribs, strong and broad back, and powerful hindquarters. The hooves are hard and well-conformed.
Breed today[edit]
An Australian Stock Horse competing in eventing.
There are approximately 170,000 Australian Stock Horses registered or foals recorded with the Australian Stock Horse Society.[3] The Stock Horse is used in many competitive disciplines, including polo, polocrosse, dressage, campdrafting, show jumping, eventing and endurance riding. It is also used for stockman challenges, Pony Club activities, general hacking, and stock work on cattle stations.
While horses are now often being replaced in the flatter Outback and Top End by motorcycles and helicopters, they are still necessary today for mustering (roundups) in rugged mountain terrain.
Public performances[edit]
There was a tribute to the Australian Stock Horse during the 2000 Sydney Olympics Opening Ceremony when an Australian Stock Horse reared and then a further 120 Stock Horses were ridden into the stadium and performed intricate manoeuvres to the music of the specially-written Olympics version of the main theme of the film The Man from Snowy River by Australian composer Bruce Rowland.[citation needed] The Australian Stock Horse Crown Law has represented Australia in World Championship and Olympic dressage competition.[citation needed]
As of March 2008[update], the Australian Outback Spectacular used 42 Australian Stock Horses in its show on the Gold Coast, Queensland, 31 of which were used in a show on a rotational basis.[4]
See also[edit]
Campdrafting
Muster (livestock)
Waler horse
The Man from Snowy River
Stock horse
Stockman (Australia)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Stock Horse.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keith R. Binney, Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788-1900) and the Serpents Legacy, Volcanic Productions, Sydney, 2005, ISBN 0-646-44865-X
^ Jump up to: a b c Gower, Jeanette. "Australian Stock Horse History"
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian Stock Horse Society"
Jump up ^ Horsewyse magazine, March 2008, p.8
Australian Stock Horse Society: Horses of Significance (PDF)
Gower, Peter. Australian Stock Horse - Stallion Pedigree Book, Vol. 1
Starr, Joan. The Horse that Calls Australia Home
External links[edit]
Australian Stock Horse Australian Stock Horse Society
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West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind
A 19th-century engraving of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind.
Location
West Virginia
Coordinates
39°20′26″N 78°45′13″W / 39.3406203°N 78.7536059°W / 39.3406203; -78.7536059Coordinates: 39°20′26″N 78°45′13″W / 39.3406203°N 78.7536059°W / 39.3406203; -78.7536059
Information
Type
Public
Established
March 3, 1870
Website
West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind
The West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind were established by an Act of the Legislature on March 3, 1870. The School for the Deaf and the School for the Blind offer comprehensive educational programs for hearing impaired and visually impaired students respectively. There is also a unit for deafblind and multihandicapped children. Students are eligible to enroll at the age of three. They must also be residents of the state of West Virginia and exhibit a hearing or visual loss sufficient to prevent normal progress in the usual public school setting. The West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind are located on a campus in Romney in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. Locally, the schools are referred to simply as The D&B School.
Both the School for the Deaf and the School for the Blind are supervised by the West Virginia Board of Education, supported by the state of West Virginia, and fully accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools at the elementary and secondary levels.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 People associated with the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind
3 Image gallery
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
History[edit]
Faculty and staff at the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind in 1884. Standing left to right: Mr. Shaeffer, Principal John Collins Covell, Abraham D. Hays, and math professor E. L. Chapin; Seated left to right: school founder Howard Hille Johnson, J. B. McGann, Lulie Kern, Martha Clelland, Sarah Caruthers, and deaf school principal H. H. Chidester.
Play media
Students from the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind performing for Governor Earl Ray Tomblin at the West Virginia State Capitol, 2016
The idea to establish a school in West Virginia for the deaf and blind began in 1869 or early 1870.[1] Professor Howard Hille Johnson of Franklin, himself blind, was instrumental in bringing a school for the deaf and blind to West Virginia. During his youth, Johnson had attended the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind in Staunton, Virginia. Shortly after West Virginia's statehood, Johnson recognized the need for such a school in the state and he began canvassing the state, gathering support for his project. Several towns including Romney, Clarksburg, and Parkersburg all lobbied to have the school located there, but Romney was selected following an offer consisting of the buildings and grounds of the Romney Literary Society's Romney Classical Institute. The Romney Classical Institute had lain dormant since the American Civil War when its libraries' volumes were destroyed and its campus was left beyond repair.
On March 3, 1870, H. H. Johnson's dreams became a reality when the West Virginia Legislature approved a measure calling for the creation of the West Virginia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. The school opened on September 29, 1870 with thirty students, twenty-five deaf and five blind students. Through the years, additional buildings and grounds have been added to accommodate increasing enrollment. Currently, the main campus consists of sixteen major buildings, containing approximately 302,000 square feet (28,100 m2), situated on seventy-nine acres of land.
On May 17, 1916, Helen Keller visited the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind.
People associated with the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind[edit]
John Collins Covell, principal (1874–1887)
Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy, trustee (1874–1887)
Henry Bell Gilkeson, trustee (1876–1887) and principal (1887–1888)
Howard Hille Johnson, trustee (1870) and professor (1870–1913)
Robert White, trustee
Image gallery[edit]
See also[edit]
Big Run (South Branch Potomac River)
Literary Hall
WVSB
External links[edit]
Media related to West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind at Wikimedia Commons
West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind
Act Establishing the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind
Goldenseal: "A Campus Called Home"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 40-41 (PDF)(PDF)
[show]
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Augusta Elementary School
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Ruth Rowan
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Schools_for_the_Deaf_and_Blind&oldid=757107728"
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Education in West Virginia
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Public elementary schools in West Virginia
Public middle schools in West Virginia
Public high schools in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Romney, West Virginia
Schools for the blind in the United States
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West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind
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Compromise of 1790
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The Compromise of 1790 was a compromise between Alexander Hamilton on the one hand and Thomas Jefferson and James Madison whereby Hamilton won the decision for the national government to take over and pay the state debts, while Jefferson and Madison obtained the national capital (District of Columbia) for the South. The compromise resolved the deadlock in Congress. Southerners were blocking the assumption of state debts by the treasury, thereby destroying the Hamiltonian program for building a fiscally strong nation state. Northerners rejected the proposal, much desired by Virginians, to locate the permanent national capital on the Virginia-Maryland border. The compromise made possible the passage of the Residence and Funding (Assumption) Acts in July and August 1790. Historian Jacob Cooke says it is, "generally regarded as one of the most important bargains in American history, ranking just below the better known Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Meeting
2 The assumption issue
3 Organizers
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Cited in footnotes
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Meeting[edit]
Politicians at both the federal and state level sought to break the legislative deadlock through unofficial negotiations. A number of clandestine meetings and political dinners were held in New York City – then serving as the nation's temporary capital – in the summer of 1790.[2]
Alexander Hamilton
The "dinner table bargain"[3][4] was a pivotal episode in the final stages of these compromise efforts. Based on an account given by former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, two years after the event, the "dinner"[5] was a private meeting between Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and U.S. House of Representative member James Madison.[3] Shortly after the Assumption Bill failed for a second time in June in the House, Hamilton, despairing that his financial plan would be scuttled, appealed to the newly appointed Jefferson to apply his influence on the matter.[5][6] According to Jefferson's account, he arranged the dinner for the two officials at his residence in New York City on or about June 20, 1790. The meeting produced a political settlement on the "assumption" and "residency" crisis.
James Madison
Jefferson described the encounter between the men at his lodgings in New York City:
It ended in Mr. Madison's acquiescence in a proposition that the question [i.e., assumption of state debts] should be again brought before the house by way of amendment from the Senate, that he would not vote for it, nor entirely withdraw his opposition, yet he would not be strenuous, but leave it to its fate. It was observed, I forget by which of them, that as the pill would be a bitter one to the Southern states, something should be done to soothe them; and the removal of the seat of government to the [Potomac] was a just measure, and would probably be a popular one with them, and would be a proper one to follow the assumption.[7]
Thomas Jefferson
The key provision of Secretary Hamilton's First Report on the Public Credit won approval with the passage of the Assumption Act, establishing the foundation for public credit.[8] The Residence Act resulted in the permanent U.S. capital being located in the agrarian states of Maryland and Virginia, the demographic center of the country at the time,[9] rather than in a metropolitan and financial center such as New York City or Philadelphia.[8][10] Jefferson and Madison secured a lucrative debt adjustment for their state of Virginia from Hamilton, as part of the bargain.[11][12]
Hamilton, Madison, and Jefferson "as highly placed as they were, lacked the influence to determine by themselves the vote on two such controversial pieces of legislation" and the outcome was beyond the direct control of any single group or individual.[13]
The assumption issue[edit]
Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked. It was the critical issue; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off the debt states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution. The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy, thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government. Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports. Jefferson originally approved the scheme, but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government. Edling points out that after its passage in 1790, the assumption was accepted. Madison did try to pay speculators below 100%, but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them. When Jefferson became president he continued the system. The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad, and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party. Good credit allowed Jefferson's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812.[14]
Organizers[edit]
Alexander Hamilton – United States Secretary of the Treasury
James Madison – Congressman
Thomas Jefferson – United States Secretary of State
George Washington – President of the United States
In popular culture[edit]
The compromise is dramatized in the musical Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda in the song "The Room Where It Happens".[15]
See also[edit]
First Report on the Public Credit
Residence Act
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jacob E. Cooke, "The compromise of 1790." The William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History and Culture (1970): 524-545. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Ellis, 2000, p. 69
^ Jump up to: a b Ellis, 2000, p. 51
Jump up ^ Burstein & Isenberg, 2010, p. 218
^ Jump up to: a b Ellis, 2000, p. 48
Jump up ^ Staloff, 2005, p. 313
Jump up ^ Ellis p 49
^ Jump up to: a b Ellis, 2000, p. 80
Jump up ^ Ellis, 2000, p. 70, p. 79
Jump up ^ Burstein & Isenberg, 2010, pp. 219–220
Jump up ^ Ellis, 2000, pp. 96–97
Jump up ^ Staloff, 2005, p. 73
Jump up ^ Burstein & Isenberg, 2010, p. 218-19
Jump up ^ Max M. Edling, "'So immense a power in the affairs of war': Alexander Hamilton and the restoration of public credit." William and Mary Quarterly 64#2 (2007): 287-326. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ "The Room Where It Happens". Genius Lyrics.
Cited in footnotes[edit]
Brock, W.R. 1957. The Ideas and Influence of Alexander Hamilton in Essays on the Early Republic: 1789–1815. Ed. Leonard W. Levy and Carl Siracusa. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.
Burstein, Andrew and Isenberg, Nancy. 2010. Madison and Jefferson. New York: Random House
Cooke, Jacob E. "The Compromise of 1790." William and Mary Quarterly 27 (October 1970): 523–545. in JSTOR
Ellis, Joseph J. 2000. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. ISBN 0-375-40544-5
Malone, Dumas and Rauch, Basil. 1960. Empire for Liberty: The Genesis and Growth of the United States of America. Appleton-Century Crofts, Inc. New York.
Staloff, Darren. 2005. Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding. Hill and Wang, New York. ISBN 0-8090-7784-1
Bibliography[edit]
Bordewich, Fergus M. The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government (2016) on 1789-91.
Clinton, Joshua D., and Adam Meirowitz. "Testing explanations of strategic voting in legislatures: A reexamination of the compromise of 1790." American Journal of Political Science 48.4 (2004): 675-689.
Risjord, Norman K. "The Compromise of 1790: New Evidence on the Dinner Table Bargain." William and Mary Quarterly 33 (April 1976): 309–314. in JSTOR
External links[edit]
Compromise of 1790
Answers.com article
The Room Where It Happens
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List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress
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This article is part of a series on the
Indian National Congress
About
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The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India. The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public, developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms. The President of the All India Congress Committee, and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party (INC) as a whole, is known as the Congress President.
Since the party was established in 1885, 60 people have served as president. The first, Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December. The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi. The president of INC at the time of India's independence was J. B. Kripalani. Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas, Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president. There are six members of Nehru–Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Presidents
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
During 1885-1933, the presidency had a term of 1 year only. Traditionally, the post rotated between prominent members of the party, successive terms for the same person being frowned upon. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Legislative Party.
Indira Gandhi however, institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969. Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice.
Narasimha Rao, too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister's posts. Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out. But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership, he didn't hold the two posts together.
During 2000-09, INC did not host a conference for the first time in history. In 2004, when the INC was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister, not to be the president of the party. Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party, having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017.[1] Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President.
Presidents[edit]
No.
Name of President
Picture
Life span
Year of Presidency
Place of Conference
1 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 – 1906 1885 Bombay
2 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1886 Calcutta
3 Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 – 1906 1887 Madras
4 George Yule 1829–1892 1888 Allahabad
5 William Wedderburn 1838–1918 1889 Bombay
6 Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 – 1915 1890 Calcutta
7 Anandacharlu August 1843 – 1908 1891 Nagpur
8 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 – 1906 1892 Allahabad
9 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1893 Lahore
10 Alfred Webb 1834–1908 1894 Madras
11 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 – 1925 1895 Poona
12 Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 – 1902 1896 Calcutta
13 C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 – 1934 1897 Amravati
14 Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 – 1906 1898 Madras
15 Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 – 1909 1899 Lucknow
16 N. G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 – 1923 1900 Lahore
17 Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 – 1936 1901 Calcutta
18 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 – 1917 1902 Ahmedabad
19 Lalmohan Ghosh 1848–1909 1903 Madras
20 Henry Cotton 1845–1915 1904 Bombay
21 Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 – 1915 1905 Benares
22 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1906 Calcutta
23 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 – 1921 1907 Surat
24 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 – 1921 1908 Madras
25 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1909 Lahore
26 William Wedderburn 1838–1918 1910 Allahabad
27 Bishan Narayan Dar 1864–1916 1911 Calcutta
28 Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857–1921 1912 Bankipore
29 Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ?–1919 1913 Karachi
30 Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859–1924 1914 Madras
31 Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 – 1928 1915 Bombay
32 Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850–1922 1916 Lucknow
33 Annie Besant 1 October 1847 – 1933 1917 Calcutta
34 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1918 Delhi
35 Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 – 1933 1918 Bombay (Special Session)
36 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar
37 Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta (Special Session)
38 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 – 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur
39 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (President)
Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President)
1863 – 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad
40 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya
41 Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada
42 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 – 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi (Special Session)
43 Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum
44 Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur
45 S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati
46 Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936 1927 Madras
47 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta
48 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore
49 Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi
50 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1932 Delhi
51 Nellie Sengupta 1886–1973 1933 Calcutta
52 Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay
53 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow
54 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1937 Faizpur
55 Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura
56 Subhas Chandra Bose (resigned)
Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after
the session. 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 1939 Jabalpur
57 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 – 22 February 1958 1940–46 Ramgarh
58 J. B. Kripalani 1888 – 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut
59 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur
60 Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik
61 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi
62 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad
63 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta
64 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1955 Avadi
65 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1956 Amritsar
66 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1957 Indore
67 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1958 Gauhati
68 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1959 Nagpur
69 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi (Special Session)
70 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore
71 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar
72 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna
73 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar
74 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur
75 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur
76 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad
77 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad
78 Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay
79 Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999 1972–74 Calcutta
80 Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 – 1996 1975–77 Chandigarh
81 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1978–83 Delhi
82 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta
83 Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 1985–91 Bombay
84 P. V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004 1992–96 Tirupati
85 Sitaram Kesri November 1919 – 24 October 2000 1996–98 Calcutta
86 Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 1998–2017 Calcutta
87 Rahul Gandhi 19 June 1970 2017 -Present Delhi
See also[edit]
List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sonia Gandhi (Indian politician)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
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A Bad Moms Christmas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Bad Moms Christmas
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Scott Moore
Jon Lucas
Produced by
Suzanne Todd
Bill Block
Mark Kamine
Written by
Scott Moore
Jon Lucas
Starring
Mila Kunis
Kristen Bell
Kathryn Hahn
Cheryl Hines
Christine Baranski
Susan Sarandon
Music by
Christopher Lennertz
Cinematography
Mitchell Amundsen
Edited by
James Thomas
Production
company
Huayi Brothers Pictures
Distributed by
STXfilms
Release date
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30) (Regency Village Theater)
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01) (United States)
Running time
104 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$28 million[2]
Box office
$130.6 million[2]
A Bad Moms Christmas is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film written and directed by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. It is a sequel to the 2016 film Bad Moms. The plot follows the three moms from the first film (Mila Kunis, Kristen Bell, and Kathryn Hahn) dealing with their own mothers (Christine Baranski, Cheryl Hines, and Susan Sarandon) visiting during the Christmas holiday.
Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia in May 2017, and the film was released by STXfilms in the United States on November 1, 2017. It received mixed reviews, with criticism aimed at the thin story and raunchy jokes, and grossed over $130 million worldwide.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Amy (Mila Kunis) is now in a happy relationship with Jesse (Jay Hernandez) and is looking forward to having a simple Christmas. Her plans are derailed when her overly critical mother, Ruth (Christine Baranski), texts her to say she is coming for Christmas.
Meanwhile, Kiki (Kristen Bell) is still overworked with her four kids but now her husband Kent is much more helpful. Kiki is surprised when her mother Sandy (Cheryl Hines) shows up three days earlier than expected and is planning to spend the next three weeks with Kiki. Sandy’s love for Kiki is overwhelming, and smothering Kiki.
When Carla (Kathryn Hahn) gets home, her mother, Isis (Susan Sarandon), has arrived, telling her she intends to spend time with her for the first time in years. Surprised by this turn of events Carla is excited to spend time with her. Eventually, Amy, Kiki and Carla go to the mall where they express their misery over the holidays. But while commiserating about the pressures of the holidays they make a pact to “take Christmas back”. Ruth tries to create a spectacle out of Christmas, rather than keeping it simple like Amy wanted. In an effort to tamp down those plans Amy takes the family to Sky Zone to meet up with Kiki and Carla and their families. Ruth, Sandy and Isis all meet and chat while their daughters have fun with their kids.
At work, Carla meets an erotic dancer named Ty (Justin Hartley), who says he is competing in a Sexy Santa competition and he asks Carla to be his date, which she enthusiastically accepts. Kiki continues to have issues with her mother’s overbearing ways and decides to bring Sandy to Dr. Karl (Wanda Sykes) to discuss these issues. This leads to a breakdown in communication leading to Kiki scolding Sandy and causing her to leave the session.
Amy and Kiki join Carla as they attend the Sexy Santa show. All the ladies in the room are impressed with Ty's dancing. To everyone's surprise, Isis gets up on the bar and starts dancing with Ty. Carla runs up to get Ty back, leading to a fight. When Carla brings Isis home, Isis tells her she needs money for a new investment, but Carla knows she's just going to gamble it all away and then disappear from Carla's life like it's been for years. Nonetheless, Carla relents and loans Isis the money.
On Christmas Eve, Sandy tells Kiki that she put up a cash offer for the house next door so that she can live right next to Kiki. Finally, Kiki lashes out and tells Sandy she cannot live next door and that she wants some space. Sandy leaves the room crying.
Amy gets angry with Ruth when she discovers Ruth has invited a bunch of strangers over to her home to throw an elaborate Christmas party, exactly what Amy did not want. Amy loses her temper and demands everyone leave her home and tells Ruth to leave and get out of her life forever. Her kids, Jane and Dylan, witness this outburst and become upset with Amy. Meanwhile, Carla finds a note from Isis indicating she has just taken off with the money she lent her. Kiki is all alone as well.
Ruth goes to church for Midnight Mass and is, surprisingly, joined by Sandy and Isis. All the ladies criticize each other for their efforts as mothers, with each of them realizing their flaws. Amy’s father goes to her to talk about Ruth and the horrible fight they had, but acknowledging that while Ruth can be difficult to deal with, she has always been insecure over her work as a mom toward Amy, always worried whether or not she was doing a good job as a mother, but she always had the right intentions and loved Amy unconditionally. Amy goes to the church to try and repair her relationship with her mother. They apologize to each other and express their love. Once the clock strikes midnight, Amy and Ruth rush home to fix Christmas.
On Christmas morning, Jane and Dylan go downstairs to see that Ruth has returned, the relationship has been repaired and the house looking wonderful with decorations and gifts. Kiki makes up with Sandy, who tells her she put the neighboring house on the market and admits that she's just always felt lonely on Christmas since Kiki's father died. Carla is then visited by Isis, who is serious about turning her life around and has a new job at Sky Zone.
All the families get together and Ruth, Sandy and Isis announce that they have become friends and are now planning to take a trip to Las Vegas.
Cast[edit]
Mila Kunis as Amy Mitchell
Kristen Bell as Kiki
Kathryn Hahn as Carla Dunkler
Christine Baranski as Ruth
Cheryl Hines as Sandy
Susan Sarandon as Isis Dunkler
Jay Hernandez as Jesse Harkness
Justin Hartley as Ty Swindle
Peter Gallagher as Hank
Oona Laurence as Jane Mitchell
Emjay Anthony as Dylan Mitchell
Kenny G as himself
Wanda Sykes as Dr. Elizabeth Karl
Christina Applegate as Gwendolyn James (cameo)
Lyle Brocato as Kent
Cade Cooksey as Jaxon
Ariana Greenblatt as Lori
Jacks Dean as Bernard
Madison Muffley as Clare
Kurt Yue as Sushi Chef
Patrick R. Walker as Stripper Santa Host
Matthew Warzel as Santa Stripper
Phil Pierce as Mall Santa
Production[edit]
In December 2016, it was announced that A Bad Moms Christmas would be released on November 3, 2017, and that it would be Christmas-themed, with Bell, Hahn, and Kunis returning to reprise their roles.[4][5] The release date was subsequently moved up two days to November 1, 2017.[6] In April 2017, Justin Hartley joined the cast of the film,[7] and in May 2017, Susan Sarandon, Christine Baranski, and Cheryl Hines joined as the mothers' mothers, alongside Wanda Sykes and Jay Hernandez reprising their roles from the first film.[8]
Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia on May 1, 2017.[9][10]
Release[edit]
A Bad Moms Christmas was released on Wednesday, November 1, 2017. It was originally scheduled for November 3, 2017, but was pushed up two days to avoid direct competition with Thor: Ragnarok.[11]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 6, 2018 in the United States and Canada.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
A Bad Moms Christmas grossed $72.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $58.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $130.6 million, against a production budget of $28 million.[2]
In North America, the film was projected to gross around $25 million from 3,615 theaters in its first five days (including $17 million over the weekend).[12] It took in $2.7 million on its first day,[13] and $17 million over the weekend, for a five-day total of $21.6 million, finishing second at the box office behind Thor: Ragnarok.[14]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holdss an approval rating of 29% based on 108 reviews, and an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring twice the moms but roughly half the laughs, A Bad Moms Christmas is a slapdash holiday sequel that falls short of the original with a disappointing dearth of good cheer."[15] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from the "A" earned by the first film, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a "very low" 68% overall positive score.[13]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a mixed review, writing, "A Bad Moms Christmas should appeal to the same—dare I say it?—demo that Bad Moms did, even though it’s not nearly as wild a comedy. It has one halfway original idea, which is that when you’re a mom yourself, the ability of your own mom to drive you nuts is heightened to the third power, because you’re competing on levels that are almost primal."[17] Pete Hammond of Deadline.com gave the film a positive review, calling it a "good time movie" and writing: "...it goes way over the top, but I have to confess I laughed—a lot—and that’s obviously the point even if this is not critic’s fodder or meant to be. Subtle this is not, but A Bad Moms Christmas is the perfect tonic to lift your spirits and forget your troubles in these dark times."[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A BAD MOMS CHRISTMAS (15)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Bad Moms Christmas (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (November 2, 2017). "Thor: Ragnarok is Certified Fresh". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ A. Lincoln, Ross (December 23, 2016). "'Bad Moms Christmas' Is A Go: Comedy Sequel Reuniting Original Cast Set For November 2017 Release". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (December 23, 2016). "'Bad Moms' Christmas Sequel in the Works for Late 2017 Release". Variety. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'A Bad Moms Christmas' Trailer: Santa Lap Dancing, Susan Sarandon & Naked Justin Hartley". Deadline.com. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (April 11, 2017). "'This Is Us' Star Justin Hartley Cast In 'Bad Moms' Sequel". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (May 2, 2017). "Susan Sarandon, Christine Baranski, Cheryl Hines & Peter Gallagher Join 'A Bad Moms Christmas'". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (May 2, 2017). "Bad Moms Christmas Adds Hines, Baranski & Sarandon". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Bad Mom's Christmas". Directors Guild of America. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (October 31, 2017). "'Thor: Ragnarok,' 'Bad Moms Christmas' to Spark a Lackluster Box Office". Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 30, 2017). "How Suzanne Todd Looks To Restore Laughter At The B.O. With STX's 'A Bad Moms Christmas'". Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro. "'A Bad Moms Christmas' Purses Est. $2.7M Opening Day". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro. "'Thor: Ragnarok' Flexes His Box Office Muscles To $120M–$122M Opening – Early Sunday AM Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Bad Moms Christmas (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Bad Moms Christmas reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (November 1, 2017). "Film Review: 'A Bad Moms Christmas'". Variety. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (November 1, 2017). "A Bad Mom's Christmas' Review: Double Mother Lode Of Laughs In Raunchy Holiday Sequel". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
A Bad Moms Christmas on IMDb
A Bad Moms Christmas on Rotten Tomatoes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bad_Moms_Christmas&oldid=834111040"
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