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Hip bone
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Hip bone
Position of the hip bones (shown in red)
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Os coxa(e), os innominatum
MeSH
D010384
TA
A02.5.01.001
FMA
16585
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The hip bone (os coxa, innominate bone, pelvic bone[1] or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and together with the sacrum and coccyx (the pelvic part of the spine) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis – the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity. They are connected to the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton, at the sacroiliac joint. Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton) through the large ball and socket joint of the hip.[2]
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Ilium
1.2 Ischium
1.3 Pubis
1.4 Development
2 Function
2.1 Muscle attachment
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Fractures
4 In animals
5 Additional images
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The skeleton of the human pelvis:
2–4. Hip bone (os coxae)
1. Sacrum (os sacrum), 2. Ilium (os ilium), 3. Ischium (os ischii)
4. Pubic bone (os pubis) (4a. corpus, 4b. ramus superior, 4c. ramus inferior, 4d. tuberculum pubicum)
5. Pubic symphysis, 6. Acetabulum (of the hip joint), 7. Foramen obturatum, 8. Coccyx/tailbone (os coccygis)
Dotted. Linea terminalis of the pelvic brim
The hip bone is formed by three parts: ilium, ischium, and pubis. At birth, these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage. They join each other in a Y-shaped portion of cartilage in the acetabulum. By the end of puberty the three regions will have fused together, and by the age of 25 they will have ossified. The two hip bones join each other at the pubic symphysis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones form the pelvis.[2]
Ilium[edit]
Main article: Ilium (bone)
Ilium (plural ilia) is the uppermost and largest region. It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum. It is divisible into two parts: the body and the ala or wing of ilium; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum. The body of ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S-shaped iliac crest which is easily located through the skin. The iliac crest shows clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles.[2]
Ischium[edit]
Main article: Ischium
The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and behind the pubis. The ischium is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone. It is divisible into three portions: the body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus. The body forms approximately one-third of the acetabulum.
The ischium forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium, also referred to colloquially as the "sit bone". When sitting, the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity. The gluteus maximus covers it in the upright posture, but leaves it free in the seated position.[2]
Pubis[edit]
Main article: Pubis (bone)
The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum. The body forms the wide, strong, medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis.[2] The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones, that secures the pubic symphysis, is called the interpubic disc.
The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen. It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side. It is conveniently described in two portions: a medial flattened part and a narrow lateral prismoid portion.
The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat. It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus. It becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen.
Development[edit]
Plan of ossification of the hip bone. Left hip bone, external surface.
The hip bone is ossified from eight centers: three primary, one each for the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and five secondary, one each for the iliac crest, the anterior inferior spine (said to occur more frequently in the male than in the female), the tuberosity of the ischium, the pubic symphysis (more frequent in the female than in the male), and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum. The centers appear in the following order: in the lower part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic notch, about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous. By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone. About the thirteenth or fourteenth year, the three primary centers have extended their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum, and are there separated from each other by a Y-shaped portion of cartilage, which now presents traces of ossification, often by two or more centers. One of these, the os acetabuli, appears about the age of twelve, between the ilium and pubis, and fuses with them about the age of eighteen; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum. The ilium and ischium then become joined, and lastly the pubis and ischium, through the intervention of this Y-shaped portion. At about the age of puberty, ossification takes place in each of the remaining portions, and they join with the rest of the bone between the twentieth and twenty-fifth years. Separate centers are frequently found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine, and for the crest and angle of the pubis.
Function[edit]
The male pelvis, formed by left and right hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
The female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis to accommodate childbirth.
Muscle attachment[edit]
Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic, abdominal muscles, back muscles, all the gluteal muscles, muscles of the lateral rotator group, hamstring muscles, two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh and even a single shoulder muscle.
Abdominal muscles
The abdominal external oblique muscle attaches to the iliac crest.
The abdominal internal oblique muscle attaches to pecten pubis.
The transversus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic crest and pecten pubis via a conjoint tendon
Back muscles
The multifidus muscle in the sacral region attaches to the medial surface of posterior superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and several places to the sacrum.
Gluteal muscles
The gluteus maximus muscle arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium, and the rough portion of bone including the iliac crest, the fascia covering the gluteus medius (gluteal aponeurosis), as well as the sacrum, coccyx, the erector spinae (lumbodorsal fascia), the sacrotuberous ligament.
The gluteus medius muscle: originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below. The gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface.
Gluteus minimus muscle originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and from the margin of the greater sciatic notch.
Lateral rotator group
The piriformis muscle originates from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament and part of the spine and sacrum.
The superior gemellus muscle arises from the outer surface of the ischial spine
The obturator internus muscle arises from the inner surface of the antero-lateral wall of the hip bone, where it surrounds the greater part of the obturator foramen, being attached to the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, and at the side to the inner surface of the hip bone below and behind the pelvic brim, reaching from the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen above and behind to the obturator foramen below and in front. It also arises from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane except in the posterior part, from the tendinous arch, and to a slight extent from the obturator fascia, which covers the muscle.
The inferior gemellus muscle arises from the upper part of the tuberosity of the ischium, immediately below the groove for the obturator internus tendon.
The obturator externus muscle arises from the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturator foramen, from the rami of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium; it also arises from the medial two-thirds of the outer surface of the obturator membrane, and from the tendinous arch.
Hamstrings
The long head biceps femoris arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the semitendinosus, and from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament;[3]
The semitendinosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the long head of the biceps femoris; it also arises from an aponeurosis which connects the adjacent surfaces of the two muscles to the extent of about 7.5 cm. from their origin.
The semimembranosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium
Anterior compartment of thigh
The rectus femoris muscle arises by two tendons: one, the anterior or straight, from the anterior inferior iliac spine; the other, the posterior or reflected, from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum.
The sartorius muscle arises by tendinous fibres from the anterior superior iliac spine,
Shoulder muscles
The latissimus dorsi muscle attaches to the iliac crest and several places on the spine and ribs.
Clinical significance[edit]
The proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth. Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis[4] in relation to the birth of a baby in order to detect an increased risk for obstructed labor.
Fractures[edit]
Main article: Pelvic fracture
Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures, and should not be confused with hip fractures, which are actually femoral fractures[5] that occur in the proximal end of the femur.
In animals[edit]
The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column.[6]
In the early tetrapods, this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis, while the ilium formed as a new structure, initially somewhat rod-like in form, but soon adding a larger bony blade. The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet. In these early forms, the connection with the vertebral column is not complete, with a small pair of ribs connecting the two structures; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found in most subsequent forms.[6]
In practice, modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure, based on their varied forms and lifestyles. The obturator foramen is generally very small in such animals, although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium, referred to as the thyroid fenestra, which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in mammals. In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs.[6]
In therapsids, the hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise, relatives to its position in reptiles, so that the ilium moved forward, and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear. The same pattern is seen in all modern mammals, and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have merged to form a single space. The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals, but is much larger in ungulates and humans, in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles. Monotremes and marsupials also possess a fourth pair of bones, the prepubes or "marsupial bones", which extend forward from the pubes, and help to support the abdominal muscles and, in marsupials, the pouch. In placental mammals, the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in females than in males, to allow for the birth of the young.[6]
The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial, but they are now known to play a role in sexual selection.[7]
Additional images[edit]
Female pelvis.
Position of the hip bones (shown in red). Animation.
Right hip bone. Animation.
Right hip bone. External surface.
Right hip bone. Internal surface.
Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis.
Hip bone.Medial view.
Hip bone. Lateral view.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 231 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hip+bone
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 237–239. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ "Gray's Anatomy". 1918. Archived from the original on 2009-12-22.
Jump up ^ "pelvimetry" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > hip fracture Citing: McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Copyright 2002
^ Jump up to: a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188–192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Dines, James P., et al. "Sexual selection targets cetacean pelvic bones." Evolution 68.11 (2014): 3296-3306.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hip bone.
hip/hip%20bones/bones3[dead link] at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
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v
t
e
Bones of the pelvis
General
sacrum
coccyx
hip bone
Ilium
body
arcuate line
wing
gluteal lines
posterior
anterior
inferior
iliac spines
anterior superior
anterior inferior
posterior superior
posterior inferior
other:
crest
tuberosity
tubercle
fossa
Ischium
body
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
superior ramus
tuberosity of the ischium
inferior ramus
no substructures
Pubis
body
pubic crest
superior ramus
pubic tubercle
obturator crest
inferior ramus
pectineal line
Compound
acetabulum
acetabular notch
iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line
linea terminalis
ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch
Foramina
obturator foramen
greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch
lesser sciatic foramen
Landmarks
pelvic inlet
pelvic brim
pelvic outlet
Anatomy portal
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The Other Woman (2014 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Other Woman
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Nick Cassavetes
Produced by
Julie Yorn
Written by
Melissa Stack
Starring
Cameron Diaz
Leslie Mann
Kate Upton
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
Nicki Minaj
Taylor Kinney
Don Johnson
Music by
Aaron Zigman
Cinematography
Robert Fraisse
Edited by
Jim Flynn
Alan Heim
Production
company
LBI Productions[1]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox[2]
Release date
March 31, 2014 (2014-03-31) (Amsterdam premiere)
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$196.7 million[2]
The Other Woman is a 2014 American comedy film directed by Nick Cassavetes and written by Melissa Stack. The film stars Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Nicki Minaj and Taylor Kinney appear in supporting roles. The film follows three women—Carly (Diaz), Kate (Mann), and Amber (Upton)—who are all romantically involved with the same man, Mark (Coster-Waldau). After finding out about each other, the trio take revenge on Mark.
Development of The Other Woman began in January 2012, when 20th Century Fox hired Stack to write the script, based on the original idea from 1996 comedy The First Wives Club. Casting was done between November 2012 and June 2013. Filming began on April 29, 2013, in locations including Manhattan, Long Island, The Hamptons, Dockers Waterside Restaurant on Dune Road in Quogue, and The Bahamas, and it concluded on August 27 that year. Aaron Zigman composed the score and LBI Productions produced the film.
The film was released on April 25, 2014, in the United States, and distributed worldwide by 20th Century Fox. It has a 24% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, which said it "settles for cheap laughs". The film was number one at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over $196 million worldwide against a budget of $40 million. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 29, 2014, and earned more than $13 million in home media sales.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Carly Whitten (Cameron Diaz), a New York attorney, has just started a relationship with Mark King (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), a man she had sex with eight weeks earlier. Carly, planning to introduce Mark to her father, Frank (Don Johnson), is upset that Mark has to go out of town on account of a flood at his Connecticut home, missing their dinner. However, she decides to go over to his house to seduce him instead. She is horrified to meet Mark's wife, Kate (Leslie Mann), whom she'd originally assumed to be Mark's housekeeper. While initially hostile, both of the women befriend each other. Kate then discovers that he is still seeing another woman, who she thinks is Carly who is secretly continuing her previous relationship with Mark. After another fight, they discover together that Mark is seeing a third woman: Amber (Kate Upton).
Carly and Kate follow Mark and travel to The Hamptons, where they stay at the house of Kate’s brother, Phil (Taylor Kinney). The duo run into Amber on the beach, and the two women inform her that Mark has been cheating on all of them.
All three women then decide to take revenge on him together. Kate spikes his smoothies with estrogen pills to swell his nipples; has their dog lick his toothbrush before soaking it in their toilet; and adds hair-removal cream into his shampoo. Carly spikes his water with a laxative to cause him to defecate heavy diarrhea. Amber uses an ugly drag queen sexual partner against him.
In the course of carrying out the women's vicious pranks, they also discover that Mark has been embezzling money from various startup companies that his workplace helps develop. Meanwhile, Carly begins to connect romantically and feel a bond with Phil. The women’s camaraderie begins to fall apart when Kate finds herself falling in love with Mark again after sleeping with him again. Carly exposes Mark's fraud before texting him, upsetting Kate and Amber.
Later, when Mark goes to the Bahamas on a supposed business trip, Kate decides to follow him there and expose him. She is surprised to find Carly and Amber at the airport, who explain that Mark has been using Kate as the owner of the companies he defrauded from, which would—were his fraud to be discovered—result in them going to prison. Kate also finds out that Mark has been seeing yet another woman: someone he has met on this trip. This, and the possibility of her facing prison, motivates her to take action, with the help of Carly's legal expertise. In addition, Amber confides to Carly that she is seeing someone else as well.
When Mark returns from vacation, he visits Carly at her office. He is then locked in a conference room by her assistant and friend, Lydia (Nicki Minaj), and is stunned to see all three women sitting in there together. They proceed to confront him with his infidelities and embezzlement. With Carly as her attorney, Kate presents divorce papers and a list of their assets. She reveals how she, as a CEO, has returned all of Mark's embezzled money back to the companies he had robbed from, which saves both of them from prison time but leaves him bankrupt, much to his shock and hysterical outrage. Mark's business partner, Nick (David Thornton), then arrives and acknowledges Kate’s work while firing him.
The three women all applaud each other, as Mark excuses himself from them, fuming. With his furious anger and rush to leave, he smashes into an empty glass room which drastically cuts himself and rips his clothes. Afterwards, he then actually finds his car being towed away before also receiving a departing punch in the face from Frank.
In the film's epilogue, Kate takes over Mark's previous job with Nick and is a CEO of several successful companies, making big profits under her honest leadership. Carly and Phil fall in love, and the couple are expecting a child. Amber and Frank are now a couple and are traveling the world together.
Cast[edit]
The main female cast of The Other Woman (from left to right): Kate Upton, Cameron Diaz, and Leslie Mann.
Cameron Diaz as Carly Whitten, an attorney who finds out that her boyfriend Mark is already married and has another girlfriend.[4]
Leslie Mann as Kate King, a housewife who discovers that her husband Mark is cheating on her with two women.[4]
Kate Upton as Amber, an Amazon swimsuit supermodel, Mark's second girlfriend.[4]
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Mark King, a wealthy businessman who is cheating on his wife Kate and two girlfriends Carly and Amber, at the same time.[4]
Taylor Kinney as Phil Hampton, Kate's brother who becomes romantically involved with Carly.
Nicki Minaj as Lydia, Carly's assistant.[5]
Don Johnson as Frank Whitten, Carly's father who dates women half his age.[6]
David Thornton as Nick
Olivia Culpo as Raven-Haired Beauty, one of Mark's conquests in the Caribbean
Radio Man (Craig Castaldo) as himself
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On January 16, 2012, it was announced that 2007 Black Listed screenwriter Melissa Stack was hired by 20th Century Fox to write an untitled female revenge comedy, which Julie Yorn would produce through LBI Productions.[7] The film's script was described as the original idea from the 1996 film The First Wives Club, but with younger leads.[7] The film's title was revealed to be The Other Woman on November 13.[8] In January of the following year, Nick Cassavetes signed on to direct the film.[9]
Casting[edit]
In November 2012, Cameron Diaz was in talks for the lead role.[8] Diaz's representative also revealed that actress Kristen Wiig was under consideration for the wife role.[8] In March 2013, Leslie Mann and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau were in talks to join the film, and Diaz was confirmed for her role.[10] The following month, Kate Upton, Taylor Kinney, and Nicki Minaj, in her feature film debut, joined the film.[11][12][5] Don Johnson was cast in June as Diaz's character's father.[6]
Filming[edit]
The Atlantis Paradise Island, used for the filming location.
In March 2013, the shooting was set to begin late-spring or early summer 2013 in New York City.[10] Later it was told that the production would begin in May 2013.[5] Principal photography began on April 29, 2013,[13] and filming was completed by August 27, 2013.[14] Much of the filming took place in parts of New York,[15][16] including Long Island, The Hamptons, and Westhampton Beach.[17] In late June, some scenes were also shot in Chinatown and at Dockers Waterside Restaurant on Dune Road, Quogue.[18] From July 18–23, filming took place in New Providence, where Nassau, The Bahamas was used as the filming location.[19] The Atlantis Paradise Island was also used as the shooting location.[20] Isola Trattoria and Crudo Bar at Mondrian Hotel in SoHo, Manhattan was used for the scene in which the women met for a celebration toast at the end of the film.[21]
Music[edit]
The Other Woman's music was composed by Aaron Zigman, who was reportedly set to score the film on May 31, 2013.[22] The film featured songs from various artists including Etta James, Ester Dean, Morcheeba, Cyndi Lauper, Britt Nicole, Patty Griffin, Lorde, Keyshia Cole and Iggy Azalea.[23]
Release[edit]
On March 31, 2014, the film had a world premiere in Amsterdam; the next day, on April 1, it had a UK premiere at the Curzon Mayfair Cinema in London.[24] The film later had a US premiere on April 21 in Westwood, California.[25]
On March 25, 2014, Fox appealed the R-rating, which Motion Picture Association of America gave the film for sexual references.[26] The studio wanted a PG-13 rating.[26] On April 9, the MPAA's rating appeals board took back the R and gave the film with a PG-13; the sources confirmed that there were no changes made to get the film PG-13.[27] The Other Woman was released on April 25 in the United States.[2]
Box office[edit]
The Other Woman opened at number 1 in North America on April 25, 2014 in 3,205 theaters debuting atop the weekend box office with earnings of $24.7 million across the three days.[28] The film has grossed $83,911,193 in America and $112,870,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $196,781,193.[2]
Home media[edit]
The Other Woman was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 29, 2014.[29] The Blu-ray edition features the Gag Reel, "Giggle Fit", Gallery and deleted scenes.[30] In the United States, the film has grossed $9,592,336 from DVD sales and $4,163,463 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $13,755,799.[31]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 24% based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Other Woman definitely boasts a talented pedigree, but all that skill is never fully brought to bear on a story that settles for cheap laughs instead of reaching its empowering potential."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on reviews from 35 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[33] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[34]
Audiences looking for a nonstop laugh riot may be disappointed, but the big laughs are there, and they benefit from the movie's underlying sincerity.
Mick LaSalle — San Francisco Chronicle[35]
Justin Chang of Variety said, "Beneath the wobbly pratfalls and the scatological setpieces, there's no denying the film's mean-spirited kick, or its more-than-passing interest in what makes its women tick."[36] The Hollywood Reporter's critic Todd McCarthy said: "It would have helped if director Nick Cassavetes had something resembling a sure hand at comedy."[1] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film grade C-, saying "All of a sudden, a spotted Great Dane squats in the middle of a Manhattan apartment and out plop several gleaming, glistening CGI turds. It's one of those cases where a Hollywood movie inadvertently summarizes itself in a single shot."[37] Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Line to line, it's fresher than any number of guy-centric "Hangover"-spawned affairs, despite director Cassavetes' lack of flair for slapstick."[38] The Boston Globe's Ty Burr gave the film one out of four stars and said, "It's "The First Wives Club" rewritten for younger, less demanding audiences, or a "9 to 5" with absolutely nothing at stake."[39] Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice said, "The Other Woman doesn't give these actresses much to do except look ridiculous, if not sneaky and conniving."[40]
The vapid story – and its intended humor – meanders and loses its way in predictable sit-com style.
Claudia Puig — USA Today[41]
Michael Sragow of Orange County Register gave the film grade C, saying that the film is "a coarse, rickety comedy."[42] Richard Corliss wrote for Time magazine that "All three women are less watchable and amusing than Nicki Minaj as Carly's legal assistant Lydia."[43] Film critic Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that the film is "so dumb, lazy, clumsily assembled and unoriginal, it could crush any actor forced to execute its leaden slapstick gags and mouth its crude, humorless dialogue."[44] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wondered, "Has it come to this for director Nick Cassavetes?", comparing his career negatively to that of his father, John Cassavetes. Berardinelli elaborated, "what a comedown to find him in charge of such an unfocused, unfunny, scatologically-obsessed 'comedy.'"[45] Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.Com gave the film two out of four stars and said, "While "The Other Woman" raises some thoughtful questions about independence, identity and the importance of sisterhood, ultimately it would rather poop on them and then throw them through a window in hopes of the getting the big laugh."[46] Wesley Morris of Grantland said, "No one knows which takes are funny and which aren't. More than once, all three women, especially poor Upton, are caught looking like they don't know what they're doing."[47]
Bilge Ebiri of the magazine New York said, "You can't shake the feeling that in a just world, all these women – even Kate Upton – would have better material than this."[48] Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald gave the film three out of four stars and called the film a "goofy, ridiculous, with more gross-out humor than is strictly necessary but still funny. It falls into the category of Girlfriend Films – as in, go with your girlfriends and leave your date/partner/spouse at home with the PlayStation or the NBA playoffs."[49] Colin Covert of Star Tribune gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It's an escapist women's empowerment comedy like many others, but elevated by the simple virtue of being, for most of its length, very, very funny."[50] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "A movie as generic and forgettable as the sofa-size art on its characters' walls."[51] Linda Holmes wrote for NPR, calling the film "a conceptually odious, stupid-to-the-bone enterprise ..."[52] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times advised guys to "Step away from the vehicle, because The Other Woman is out of control and intent on running down a certain kind of male."[53]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
2014 Teen Choice Awards[54] Choice Movie: Comedy The Other Woman Won
Choice Movie Actress: Comedy Cameron Diaz Nominated
Choice Movie: Chemistry Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton
2015 People's Choice Awards[55] Favorite Comedic Movie The Other Woman
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Cameron Diaz
Golden Raspberry Awards[56] Worst Actress Cameron Diaz Won
(also for Sex Tape)
MTV Movie Awards[57] Best Shirtless Performance Kate Upton Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b McCarthy, Todd (April 23, 2014). "The Other Woman: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Other Woman (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "THE OTHER WOMAN (12A)". 20th Century Fox. British Board of Film Classification. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Labrecque, Jeff (April 25, 2014). "Critical Mass: Is 'The Other Woman' for Him or Her?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleming Jr, Mike (April 25, 2013). "'American Idol' Judge Nicki Minaj Joining Fox's 'The Other Woman'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (June 5, 2013). "Don Johnson Joining Cameron Diaz in Fox's 'The Other Woman'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (January 16, 2012). "Melissa Stack to pen Fox comedy". Variety. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Foreman, Liza (November 13, 2012). "Cameron Diaz Attached to Star in 'The Other Woman'". TheWrap. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 31, 2013). "Nick Cassavetes to helm Fox's 'The Other Woman'". Variety. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (March 13, 2013). "Leslie Mann, 'Game of Thrones' Star in Talks for Fox's 'The Other Woman'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (April 15, 2013). "Kate Upton In Talks for Fox's 'Other Woman'". Variety. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (April 15, 2013). "'Chicago Fire' Hunk Taylor Kinney In Talks To Star In Fox's 'The Other Woman'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "On The Set For 5/6/13: Nick Cassavetes Directing 'The Other Woman' for Fox...'Ninja Turtles', 'Son of a Gun' & More". SSN Insider. May 6, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lara, April (March 23, 2014). "The Other Woman Coming in Theatres this April 2014 [WATCH VIDEO]". MovieNewsGuide.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton on The Other Woman Set". ComingSoon.net. May 3, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Scarlet woman Cameron Diaz ditches red frock for a sleeveless blouse as she goes face-to-face with Leslie Mann on movie set". Daily Mail. May 6, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ GALLA, BRITTANY (June 16, 2013). "Kate Upton, Cameron Diaz Flaunt Bikini Bodies While Filming The Other Woman". Us Weekly. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gower, Elenor (June 24, 2013). "Out-dazzling Diaz! Stunning Kate Upton steals the show from co-star Cameron in a pair of tiny denim shorts on movie set". Daily Mail. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Cameron Diaz film The Other Woman to shoot in Bahamas". Radio Times. July 13, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Atlantis Employees Featured In Upcoming Movie". Bahamas Local. August 21, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Huffman, Jim. "SIP'N BUBBLY: Boozy Brunching Like the Ladies from The Other Woman". The Take. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aaron Zigman to Score 'The Other Woman'". Film Music Reporter. May 31, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Other Woman". Soundtrack.Net. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Saad, Nardine (April 3, 2014). "Mann goes for Diaz's bum, not Upton's, at 'Other Woman' premiere". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Boardman, Madeline (April 22, 2014). "Kate Upton, Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann Stun on The Other Woman Red Carpet". US Weekly. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Cunningham, Todd (March 25, 2014). "Fox Appeals 'R' Rating on Sexy 'The Other Woman'". TheWrap. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (April 9, 2014). "Cameron Diaz, Fox Win Ratings Battle Over 'The Other Woman'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela. "Box Office: Females Fuel 'Other Woman' to First-Place $24.7 Million Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 28, 2014. April 27, 2014
Jump up ^ "The Other Woman". Amazon.com. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Other Woman Blu-ray". blu-ray.com. June 4, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Other Woman – Summary". The Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Other Woman (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Other Woman". Metacritic. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05.
Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (April 25, 2014). "'The Other Woman' review: Smart comedy, with edge". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chang, Justin (April 23, 2014). "Film Review: 'The Other Woman'". Variety. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (April 24, 2014). "The Other Woman starts mildly classy—and then out comes the CGI dog shit and transphobia". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (April 24, 2014). "Review: 'The Other Woman'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (April 24, 2014). "In 'Other Woman,' you go, girl — but where, exactly?". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (April 24, 2014). "The Other Woman Doesn't Let Its Cast Be Great". The Village Voice. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (April 28, 2014). "'The Other Woman': Formulaic farce falls short". USA Today. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sragow, Michael (April 24, 2014). "Mann among women steals the show in 'The Other Woman'". Orange County Register. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (April 24, 2014). "REVIEW: In The Other Woman, Sisterhood Is Silly". Time. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen (April 24, 2014). "A Female Cooperative Based on Revenge". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James (April 24, 2014). "The Other Woman". ReelViews. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lemire, Christy (April 25, 2014). "The Other Woman". RogerEbert.Com. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Morris, Wesley (April 25, 2014). "Poison Candy: 'The Other Woman' and the Disastrous State of Female Comedies". Grantland. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ebiri, Bilge (April 25, 2014). "Ebiri on The Other Woman: A Man's Vision of What Betrayed Women Talk About". New York. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ogle, Connie (April 24, 2014). "'The Other Woman' (PG-13)". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Covert, Colin (April 24, 2014). "'Other Woman' finds sparkling comedy in cheating-and-revenge story". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, Ann (April 24, 2014). "'The Other Woman' review: A failed attempt at sister-centric comedy". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Linda (April 24, 2014). "'The Other Woman': When Terrible Movies Happen To Funny Actresses". NPR. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Betsy (April 24, 2014). "Review: 'The Other Woman' devolves and dumbs down its characters". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards 2014 Nominees". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2015 Nominees". People's Choice. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 35th Annual Golden Raspberry (RAZZIE®) Awards Nominees for Worst Actress 2014". Golden Raspberry Award Foundation. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wickman, Kase (March 4, 2015). "Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees – MTV". MTV. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Other Woman UK
The Other Woman on IMDb
The Other Woman at Box Office Mojo
The Other Woman at Rotten Tomatoes
The Other Woman at Metacritic
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Unhook the Stars (1996)
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Jasmine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the plant genus. For the given name, see Jasmine (given name). For other uses, see Jasmine (disambiguation).
Jasmine
Jasminum officinale—Common Jasmine
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Jasmineae
Genus: Jasminum
L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale
L.
Species
More than 200, see List of Jasminum species[1][2][3]
Synonyms[4]
Jacksonia hort. ex Schltdl
Jasminium Dumort.
Menodora Humb. & Bonpl.
Mogorium Juss.
Noldeanthus Knobl.
Common jasmine
Jasmine (taxonomic name Jasminum /ˈjæsmɪnəm/)[5] is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "Jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "Jasmine").
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Taxonomy
3.1 Selected species
4 Cultivation and uses
4.1 Jasmine tea
4.2 Jasmonates
5 Cultural importance
5.1 National flower
6 Other plants called "jasmine"
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Description[edit]
See also: Glossary of botanical terms
Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are born, opposite or alternate. They can be simple, trifoliate, or pinnate. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow in color, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe. The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (2n=39), Jasminum flexile (2n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (2n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (2n=52).[6]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[7][8] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[9]
A number of jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from Iran and western South Asia, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.[6]
Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[10][11] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as White Jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[12]
Taxonomy[edit]
Species belonging to genus Jasminum are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[6] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[4]
The genus name is derived from the Persian Yasameen ("gift from God") through Arabic and Latin.[13][14][15]
Selected species[edit]
Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'
Main article: List of Jasminum species
A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.
Jasmine buds
Species include:[16]
J. abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC. – forest jasmine
J. adenophyllum Wall. – bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine
J. andamanicum N.P.Balakr. & N.G.Nair
J. angulare Vahl
J. angustifolium (L.) Willd.
J. auriculatum Vahl – Indian hasmine, needle-flower jasmine
J. azoricum L.
J. beesianum Forrest & Diels – red jasmine
J. dichotomum Vahl – Gold Coast jasmine
J. didymum G.Forst.
J. dispermum Wall.
J. elegans Knobl.
J. elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd.
J. floridum Bunge
J. fluminense Vell.
J. fruticans L.
J. grandiflorum L. – Catalan jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine
J. humile L. – Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine
J. lanceolarium Roxb.
J. malabaricum Wight
J. mesnyi Hance – Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine
J. multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews – Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine
J. multipartitum Hochst. – starry wild jasmine
J. nervosum Lour.
J. nobile C.B.Clarke
J. nudiflorum Lindl. – winter jasmine
J. odoratissimum L. – yellow jasmine
J. officinale L. – common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine
J. parkeri Dunn – dwarf jasmine
J. polyanthum Franch.
J. sambac (L.) Aiton – Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine
J. simplicifolium G.Forst.
J. sinense Hemsl.
J. subhumile W.W.Sm.
J. subtriplinerve Blume
J. tortuosum Willd.
J. urophyllum Hemsl.
J. volubile Jacq..
Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
Jasmine flowers
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as a house plant, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in South and South East Asia.
Jasmine tea[edit]
Green tea with jasmine flowers
Jasmine tea is often consumed in China, where it is called jasmine-flower tea (茉莉花茶; pinyin: mò lì huā chá). Jasminum sambac flowers are also used to make jasmine tea, which often has a base of green tea or white tea, but sometimes an Oolong base is used. The flowers are put in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes about four hours for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the jasmine blossoms. For the highest grades of jasmine tea, this process may be repeated up to seven times. As the tea absorbs moisture from the fresh Jasmine flowers, it must be refired to prevent spoilage. The used flowers may be removed from the final product, as the flowers contain no more aroma. Giant fans are used to blow away and remove the petals from the denser tea leaves.
In Okinawa, Japan, jasmine tea is known as sanpin cha.
Jasmonates[edit]
Main article: Jasmonate
Jasmine gave name to the jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[17] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[18]
Cultural importance[edit]
Madurai, a city in Tamil Nadu is famous for its jasmine production. In the western and southern states of India, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, jasmine is cultivated in private homes. These flowers are used in worship and for hair ornaments. Jasmine is also cultivated commercially, for both the domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry. It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies and festivals. In the Chandan Yatra of lord Jagannath, the deity is bathed with water flavoured with sandalwood and jasmine.
Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are a common sight in many parts of India. They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.
A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[19][20] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower. Jasmine flowers were also used as a symbol during the 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests in the People's Republic of China.
"Jasmine" is also a female forename.
The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
Jasmine used as garland for Meenakshi Sundareswarar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Jasmine flower blooming near Hyderabad, India
National flower[edit]
Several countries and states consider jasmines as a national symbol. They are the following:
Hawaii: Jasminum sambac ("pikake") is perhaps the most popular of flowers.[citation needed] It is often strung in leis and is the subject of many songs.
Indonesia: Jasminum sambac is the national flower, adopted in 1990. It goes by the name "melati putih" and is the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of Java.
Pakistan: Jasminum officinale is known as the "chambeli" or "yasmin", it is the national flower.
Philippines: Jasminum sambac is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "sampaguita" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.
Syria: The Syrian city Damascus is also called City of Jasmine and uses it as a symbol.
Thailand: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.[citation needed]
Other plants called "jasmine"[edit]
Brazilian jasmine Mandevilla sanderi
Cape jasmine Gardenia,
Carolina jasmine Gelsemium
Chilean jasmine Mandevilla laxa
Madagascar jasmine Stephanotis floribunda
New Zealand jasmine Parsonsia capsularis
Night-blooming jasmine Cestrum nocturnum
Night-flowering jasmine Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
Red jasmine Plumeria rubra
Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine Trachelospermum
Tree jasmine (disambiguation)
Jasmine rice, a type of long-grain rice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
Jump up ^ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names. 15: 307. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
Jump up ^ UniProt. "Jasminum". Retrieved 2008-06-03.
^ Jump up to: a b USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L". Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Retrieved November 22, 2011. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607.
^ Jump up to: a b c A.K. Singh (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
Jump up ^ Ernst Schmidt; Mervyn Lötter; Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
Jump up ^ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
Jump up ^ H. Panda (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.
Jump up ^ "Jasminum fluminense". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
Jump up ^ "Jasminum dichotomum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
Jump up ^ "Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum". Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ "jasmine, -in, jessamine, -in", OED
Jump up ^ "jasmine." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, 1999, p. 123.
Jump up ^ GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta. 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
Jump up ^ Sharma, M; Laxmi, A (2016). "Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1129. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. PMC 4701901  . PMID 26779205.
Jump up ^ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in French). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
Jump up ^ "La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in French). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
Further reading[edit]
"Jasminum Linn". Flora of Pakistan: 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
Metcalf, Allan A. (1999). The World in So Many Words. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-95920-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jasminum.
Wikispecies has information related to Jasminum
Look up Jasmine or Jasminum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Flora Europaea Search Results". Flora Europaea. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
"African Plants Database". South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica.
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q82014
APDB: 191733
EoL: 61788
EPPO: 1IASG
FloraBase: 21910
FoC: 116771
GBIF: 3172260
GRIN: 6186
IPNI: 28357-1
ITIS: 32964
NCBI: 4147
PLANTS: JASMI
Tropicos: 40033193
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasmine&oldid=831348442"
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Jasminum – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmiin
Jasmiin – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Γιασεμί – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum
Jasminum – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmeno
Jasmeno – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmin
Jasmin – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmin
Jasmin – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasmain
Seasmain – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum
Jasminum – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: चमेली – Hindi

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmino
Jasmino – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melati
Melati – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Сагхъæд – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum
Jasminum – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: יסמין (צמח) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
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display: none;

values: ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ – Kannada

values:
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display: none;

values: ჟასმინი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Ақжұпар – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum
Jasminum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
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values:
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values:
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values:
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display: none;

values: စပယ်ပန်း – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum
Jasminum – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: चमेली – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: जीस्वां – Newari

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjasmin
Sjasmin – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensemin
Gensemin – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਚੰਬੇਲੀ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmim
Jasmim – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasomie
Iasomie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жасмин – Russian

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasemini
Jasemini – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values: ياسمين (گل) – Sindhi

values:
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display: none;

values: Јасмин (биљка) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmin
Jasmin – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malati
Malati – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmiinit
Jasmiinit – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampaga
Sampaga – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: மல்லிகை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: మల్లిక – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
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display: none;

values: Ёсуман – Tajik

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-to
display: none;

values: ಎದ್ರೋಳಿ – Tulu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasemin
Yasemin – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Жасмин – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: یاسمین – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum
Jasminum – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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