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Office of Foreign Assets Control
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Office of Foreign Assets Control
Agency overview
Formed
December 1950
Preceding
Office of Foreign Funds Control
Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Employees
Approximately 200 (2013)[1]
Annual budget
$30.9 million (2013)
Agency executive
Andrea Gacki, Director[2]
Parent department
Department of the Treasury
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the U.S. Treasury Department. It administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives.[3] Under Presidential national emergency powers, OFAC carries out its activities against foreign states as well as a variety of other organizations and individuals, like terrorist groups, deemed to be a threat to U.S. national security.[4]
As a component of the U.S. Treasury Department, OFAC operates under the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence and is primarily composed of intelligence targeters and lawyers. While many of OFAC's targets are broadly set by the White House, most individual cases are developed as a result of investigations by OFAC's Office of Global Targeting (OGT).[5]
Sometimes described as one of the "most powerful yet unknown" government agencies,[5][6] OFAC was founded in 1950 and has the power to levy significant penalties against entities that defy its directives, including imposing fines, freezing assets, and barring parties from operating in the United States. In 2014, OFAC reached a record $963 million settlement with the French bank BNP Paribas, which was a portion of an $8.9 billion penalty imposed in relation to the case as a whole.[7]
Contents
1 History
2 Authority and activities
3 Specially Designated Nationals
4 Sectoral Sanctions Identifications
5 Sanctions programs
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Involvement of the U.S. Department of the Treasury in economic sanctions against foreign states dates to the War of 1812, when Secretary Albert Gallatin administered sanctions against Great Britain in retaliation for the impressment of American sailors.[4][8]
The Division of Foreign Assets Control, the immediate predecessor to OFAC, was established in December 1950. Predecessor agencies of the Division of Foreign Assets Control include Foreign Funds Control, which existed from 1940 to 1947, and the Office of International Finance (1947 to 1950). OFAC's earliest predecessor, Foreign Funds Control, was established by Executive Order 8389 as a unit of the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury on April 10, 1940. The authority to establish Foreign Funds Control was derived from the Trading with the Enemy Act 1917. Among other operations, Foreign Funds Control administered wartime import controls over enemy assets and restrictions on trade with enemy states. It also participated in administering the Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals, or the "Black List", and took censuses of foreign-owned assets in the United States and American-owned assets abroad. Foreign Funds Control was abolished in 1947, with its functions transferred to the newly established Office of International Finance (OIF). In 1948, OIF activities relating to blocked foreign funds were transferred to the Office of Alien Property, an agency within the Department of Justice.[9]
The Division of Foreign Assets Control was established in the Office of International Finance by a Treasury Department order in 1950, following the entry of the People's Republic of China into the Korean War; President Harry S. Truman declared a national emergency and blocked all Chinese and North Korean assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction. In addition to blocking Chinese and North Korean assets, the Division administered certain regulations and orders issued under the amended Trading with the Enemy Act.[8] On October 15, 1962, by a Treasury Department order, the Division of Foreign Assets Control became the Office of Foreign Assets Control.[9]
Authority and activities[edit]
OFAC is headquartered in the Treasury Annex, located on the corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Madison Place, N.W., in Washington, D.C.
In addition to the Trading with the Enemy Act and the various national emergencies currently in effect, OFAC derives its authority from a variety of U.S. federal laws regarding embargoes and economic sanctions.[10]
In enforcing economic sanctions, OFAC acts to prevent "prohibited transactions", which are described by OFAC as "trade or financial transactions and other dealings in which U.S. persons may not engage unless authorized by OFAC or expressly exempted by statute". OFAC has the authority to grant exemptions to prohibitions on such transactions, either by issuing a general license for certain categories of transactions, or by specific licenses issued on a case-by-case basis.[8] OFAC administers and enforces economic sanctions programs against countries, businesses or groups of individuals, using the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. See United States embargoes for a list of affected countries.
Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the U.S. President is empowered during national emergencies to block the removal of foreign assets under the jurisdiction of the United States. That mandate is executed by OFAC by issuing regulations that direct financial institutions accordingly.
Between 1994 and 2003, OFAC collected over $8 million in violations of the Cuban embargo, against just under $10,000 for terrorism financing violations. It had ten times more agents assigned to tracking financial activities relating to Cuba than to Osama Bin Laden.[11]
As part of its efforts to support the Iraq sanctions, in 2005, OFAC fined Voices in the Wilderness $20,000 for gifting medicine and other humanitarian supplies to Iraqis.[12] In a similar case, OFAC is still attempting to collect (as of 2011) a $10,000 fine, plus interest, against Bert Sacks for bringing medicine to residents of Basra.[13]
In October 2007, a set of Spanish travel agency websites had their domain name access disabled by eNom: the domain names had been on the OFAC blacklist.[14][15] When queried, the U.S. Treasury referred to a 2004 press release that claimed the company "had helped Americans evade restrictions on travel to Cuba".[14]
In the case of United States v. Banki, on June 5, 2010, a U.S. citizen was convicted of violating the Iran Trade Embargo for failing to request Iranian currency transfer licenses in advance from OFAC. On August 25, 2010, the Iranian American Bar Association announced that it would file an amicus curiae brief with the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on United States v. Banki.[16] It has also hired lawyers to request further guidance from OFAC on import of goods from Iran.[17]
Appointment as director is not subject to Senate confirmation.[18]
Specially Designated Nationals[edit]
OFAC publishes a list of Specially Designated Nationals (SDNs), which lists people, organizations, and vessels with whom U.S. citizens and permanent residents are prohibited from doing business.[8] This list differs from the list maintained pursuant to Section 314(a) of the Patriot Act.[19]
When an entity or individual is placed on the SDN list it can petition OFAC to reconsider. But OFAC is not required to remove an individual or entity from the SDN list. Two federal court cases have found the current Treasury/OFAC process to be constitutionally deficient.
In August 2009, a federal court ruling in KindHearts v. Treasury found that Treasury's seizure of KindHearts assets without notice or means of appeal is a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.[20]
On September 23, 2011, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lower court's ruling that procedures used by Treasury to shut down the Oregon-based Al Haramain Islamic Foundation in 2004 was unconstitutional. The court said the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of due process required Treasury to give adequate notice of the reasons it puts a group on the terrorist list, as well as a meaningful opportunity to respond. In addition, the court ruled that freezing the group's assets amounts to a seizure under the Fourth Amendment, so that a court order is required.[21]
As of October 7, 2015, the SDN List had more than 15,200 entries from 155 countries. Of those, 178 entries were for aircraft and 575 entries were for ships ("vessels"). The remaining 14,467 entries were for designated individuals and organizations.[22] OFAC creates separate entries in the SDN list for each alias of a designee, so the number of entries does not reflect the number of designees.[4]
Sectoral Sanctions Identifications[edit]
OFAC publishes a list of Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI), which lists persons, companies, and entities in sectors of the Russian economy (especially energy, finance, and armaments) with whom United States persons and persons within the United States are prohibited from doing business.[23] This list is maintained following the issuance of EO 13662 Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine on March 20, 2014, in accordance with 79 FR 16167.[24]
On August 13, 2014, the United States Department of Treasury issued guidance for entities under sectoral sanctions. United States increased the number of entities on the sectoral sanctions identifications list by adding subsidiaries of entities under sectoral sanctions that hold 50% or greater ownership by a entity under sectoral sanctions either individually or in the aggregate, either directly or indirectly. Also, US persons cannot use a third party intermediary and they must use caution during "transactions with a non-blocked entity in which one or more blocked persons has a significant ownership interest that is less than 50% or which one or more blocked persons may control by means other than a majority ownership interest."[25]
On December 22, 2015, the United States Department of Treasury explicitly listed all entities and their subsidiaries on the sectoral sanctions identifications list using a human readable search.[26][27][28]
Sanctions programs[edit]
This section needs expansion with: citations and dates for authorizations in table. You can help by adding to it. (November 2015)
As of November 10, 2015, OFAC was administering the following sanctions programs:[29]
Table note: The numbers of individuals, companies, vessels, and aircraft are taken from the SDN List. However, any single entry on that list may be a target of multiple sanctions programs, so summing lines of the table will inflate the true sum due to duplication.
Tag
Last updated
Sanctions program
Individuals
Companies
Vessels
Aircraft
31 CFR
CFR date
EO
EO
[561LIST] Iran Financial – – – – 561[30]
[BALKANS] Balkans related[31] 229 – – – 588[32] 13304[33]
[BELARUS] Belarus 208 – – – 548 13405
[BPI-PA] Patriot Act[34] – – – –
[BPI-SDNTK] Narcotics related[35] – – – – 598
[BURMA] Myanmar related 219 – – – 537 13448 13464
[CAR] Central African Republic 39 – – – 553
[COTED] Côte d'Ivoire 9 – – – 543
[CUBA] Cuban Assets Control 220 – 5 – 515
[CYBER] Computer hacking related – – – – 13694[36]
[DARFUR] Darfur 28 3 – – 546
[DPRK] North Korea 7 44 20 – 510 13551
[DPRK2] North Korea related 10 16 – – 13687
[DRCONGO] Democratic Republic of the Congo 106 27 – – 547
[EO13622] Iran related 17 6 – – 13622[37]
[EO13645] Iran related 9 10 9 – 13645[38]
[FSE-IR] Iran sanctions evaders 3 2 – – 13608[39]
[FSE-SY] Syria sanctions evaders – – – – 13608[39]
[FSE-WMD] WMD related[40] – – – – 13608[39]
[FSE-SDGT] Terrorism related[41] – – – – 13608[39]
[FTO] Terrorism related[42] – 552 – – 597
[GLOMAG] Global Magnitsky Sanctions Regulations[43] – 552 – – 597
[HRIT-IR] Iran human rights – 26 – – 13606[44]
[HRIT-SY] Syria human rights 2 6 – – 13606[44]
[IFCA] Iran related[45] – – – –
[IFSR] Iranian Financial 239 857 – 60 561
[IRAN] Iranian Transactions 19 416 175 – 560
[IRAN-HR] Iran related 54 37 – – 13553[46]
[IRAN-TRA] Iran related 16 45 – – 13628[47]
[IRAQ2] Iraq related 287 84 – – 13315 13350
[IRAQ3] Iraq related 102 48 – – 13438
[IRGC] Iranian Financial 112 120 – 38 561
[ISA] Iran Act 3 17 – – 13574
[JADE] Myanmar Jade[48] – – – –
[LEBANON] Lebanon 13 – – – 549 13441
[LIBERIA] Former Liberian Regime of Charles Taylor 45 70 – – 593
[LIBYA2] Libya related 134 3 – – 570
[MAGNIT] Magnitsky Act[49] 54 – – –
[NPWMD] WMD related[50] 211 892 351 76 544
[NS-ISA] Iran related[51] – – – – 13574
[NS-PLC] Palestinian License[52] – – – – 594[53]
[SDGT] Terrorism related[54] 3,015 1,963 – 101 594
[SDNT] Narcotics related[55] 436 511 – – 536
[SDNTK] Narcotics related[56] 2102 1125 5 – 598
[SDT] Terrorism 63 143 – – 595
[SOMALIA] Somalia 199 20 – – 551
[SUDAN] Sudan related – 223 – – 538
[SOUTH SUDAN] South Sudan – – – – 558 13664
[SYRIA] Syria related 235 180 10 38 542 13399 13460
[TCO] Transnational Criminal Organizations 201 41 – – 590 13581[57]
[UKRAINE-EO13660] Ukraine related 193 31 – – 13660[58]
[UKRAINE-EO13661] Ukraine related 95 144 – – 13661[59]
[UKRAINE-EO13662] Ukraine related – – – – 13662[60]
[UKRAINE-EO13685] Ukraine related – 42 – – 13685[61]
[VENEZUELA] Venezuela related 7 – – – 13692[62]
[YEMEN] Yemen 23 – – – 552
[ZIMBABWE] Zimbabwe 121 119 – – 541[63] 13391 13469
See also[edit]
Anti-money laundering
Hawala
Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations
U.S. sanctions against Iran
United States embargoes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Klimasinska, Kasia, Dakin Campbell and Ian Katz. Banks Woo Treasury Sanctions Pros to Navigate Complex U.S. Rules, Bloomberg, August 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Department of Treasury, "Treasury Announces Additions to Senior Leadership Team in Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence", Department of the Treasury, September 10, 2018. First public mention: September 14, 2018. Retrieved 10-10-2018.
Jump up ^ Tom C.W. Lin (April 2016). "Financial Weapons of War" (PDF). Minnesota Law Review. 100 (4): 1377–1440.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zarate, Juan C. (2013). Treasury's War. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610391153.
^ Jump up to: a b Yukhananov, Anna, and Warren Strobel, "After Success on Iran, U.S. Treasury's Sanctions Team Faces New Challenges", Reuters, April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rubenfeld, Samuel. "OFAC Rises as Sanctions Become A Major Policy Tool", Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2014
Jump up ^ "Treasury Reaches Largest Ever Sanctions-Related Settlement with BNP Paribas SA for $963 Million", U.S. Department of the Treasury, June 30, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Frequently Asked Questions". Office of Foreign Assets Control. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records of the Office of Foreign Assets Control". The National Archives. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
Jump up ^ For example Executive Order 12957, Executive Order 12938, etc.
Jump up ^ CounterPunch, "How the Patriot Act Perpetuates Official Robberies" Archived 2010-01-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Voices in the Wilderness Ordered to Pay $20K for Bringing Aid to Iraq". Democracy Now!. 2005-08-16. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Timeline". Fined For Helping Iraqi Kids. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Liptak, Adam (2008-03-04). "A Wave of the Watch List, and Speech Disappears". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2012. 80 of his Web sites stopped working, thanks to the United States government ... eNom told him it did so after a call from the Treasury Department
Jump up ^ "SDN by Programs". treasury.gov. 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 23 August 2012. GO CUBA PLUS (a.k.a. T&M INTERNATIONAL LTD.; a.k.a. TOUR & MARKETING INTERNATIONAL LTD. ...)
Jump up ^ "IABA to File Amicus Brief in Appeal Before Second Circuit" Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ IABA Hires Lawyers to Request Further Guidance from OFAC Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rubenfeld, Samuel, "U.S. Treasury Appoints OFAC Director Without Fanfare", Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2017. First public mention: March 14, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Erich Ferrari, "IP Services Under The ITSR: A Broad Exception?", Sanction Law, Ferrari & Associates, 12 February 2018
Jump up ^ "KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Development, Inc. v. Geithner et al.". ACLU. November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Al Haramain v. Department of Treasury" (PDF). U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)". U.S. Department of Treasury.
Jump up ^ "Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) List". US Department of Treasury: OFAC. January 26, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". Federal Register. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Revised Guidance on Entities Owned by Persons Whose Property and Interests in Property Are Blocked" (PDF). United States Department of Treasury. August 13, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Treasury Sanctions Individuals and Entities for Sanctions Evasion and Other Activities Related to Russia and Ukraine: Underscores U.S. Commitment To Work With The EU To Maintain The Efficacy Of Existing Sanctions Until Russia Fully Complies With Its International Obligations With Respect To Ukraine". US Department of the Treasury. December 22, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Russia/Ukraine-related Sanctions and Identifications: Specially Designated Nationals List Update". US Department of the Treasury. December 22, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order - Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". The White House - Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sanctions programs and country information". treasury.gov. US Department of Treasury. November 10, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Part 561 — Iranian Financial Sanctions Regulations". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Western Balkans Stabilization"
Jump up ^ "Part 588 — Western Balkans Stabilization Regulations". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bush, George W. (May 23, 2003). "Executive Order 13304 – Termination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published May 29, 2003). 68 (103). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blocked pending investigation
Jump up ^ "Foreign Narcotics Kingpin", blocked pending investigation
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (April 1, 2015). "Executive Order 13694 – Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 80 (63). Retrieved November 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (July 30, 2012). "Executive Order 13622 – Authorizing Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published August 2, 2012). 77 (149). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (June 3, 2013). "Executive Order 13645 – Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 and Additional Sanctions With Respect To Iran" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published June 5, 2013). 78 (108). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Obama, Barack (May 1, 2012). "Executive Order 13608 – Prohibiting Certain Transactions With and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Foreign Sanctions Evaders With Respect to Iran and Syria" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published May 3, 2012). 77 (86). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Non Proliferation sanctions evaders"
Jump up ^ "Anti-terrorism sanctions evaders"
Jump up ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations"
Jump up ^ "Magnitsky Act"
^ Jump up to: a b Obama, Barack (April 22, 2012). "Executive Order 13606 – Blocking the Property and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Certain Persons With Respect to Grave Human Rights Abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via Information Technology" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published April 24, 2012). 77 (79). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012, PL 112-239
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (September 28, 2010). "Executive Order 13553 – Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published October 10, 2010). 75 (190). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (October 9, 2012). "Executive Order 13628 – Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 and Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published October 12, 2012). 77 (198). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lantos, Tom (July 29, 2008). "Block Burmese Jade (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act Of 2008" (pdf). Public Law. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 110 (286). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012, PL 112-208
Jump up ^ "Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators"
Jump up ^ Non-SDN Iranian Act
Jump up ^ Hammerle, Barbara (April 12, 2006). "General License No. 4 – Transactions with entities under the control of the Palestinian President and certain other entities" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Office Of Foreign Assets Control. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Part 594 — Global Terrorism Sanctions Regulations". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Global Terrorism"
Jump up ^ "Narcotics Trafficking"
Jump up ^ "Foreign Narcotics Kingpin"
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (July 24, 2011). "Executive Order 13581 – Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published July 27, 2011). 76 (144). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 6, 2014). "Executive Order 13660 — Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 10, 2014). 79 (46). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 16, 2014). "Executive Order 13661 — Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 19, 2014). 79 (53). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 20, 2014). "Executive Order 13662 — Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 24, 2014). 79 (56). Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 1 (as amended) under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 2 (as amended) under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 3 under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 4 under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (December 19, 2014). "Executive Order 13685 — Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to the Crimea Region of Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published December 24, 2014). 79 (247). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 8, 2015). "Executive Order 13692 — Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Venezuela" (PDF). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 11, 2015). 80 (47). Archived from the original (pdf) on March 10, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ also 70 FR 71201 and 73 FR 43841
External links[edit]
Office of Foreign Assets Control
Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List
Office of Foreign Assets Control in the Federal Register
List of sanctions programs including nations
Free OFAC Search
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This Town (Niall Horan song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"This Town"
Single by Niall Horan
from the album Flicker
Released
29 September 2016 (2016-09-29)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2016
Genre
Acoustic pop
folk[1]
Length
3:52
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Niall Horan
Jamie Scott
Mike Needle
Daniel Bryer
Producer(s)
Greg Kurstin
Niall Horan singles chronology
"This Town"
(2016) "Slow Hands"
(2017)
"This Town"
(2016) "Slow Hands"
(2017)
"This Town" is the debut solo single by Irish singer, songwriter,guitarist Niall Horan, released on 29 September 2016 by Capitol Records. An accompanying music video of a live performance was released the same date. The song was written by Horan, Jamie Scott, Mike Needle, Daniel Bryer, Aodhán Dorrian and produced by Greg Kurstin.[2] It is Horan's first solo single, as well as the first solo single released by any of One Direction's remaining members, following the hiatus of the band, which was announced earlier in 2016. It peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart,[3] and number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Critical reception
3 Live performances
4 Charts
5 Certifications
6 Release history
7 References
8 External links
Composition[edit]
The song is written in the key of A major with a common time tempo of 112 beats per minute. Horan's vocals span from D3 to E4 in the song.[5] The acoustic track reflects on the things the singer never got to say to a lost lover.[1]
Critical reception[edit]
Harriet Gibsone from The Guardian thought Horan’s "This Town" "promotes his guise as an acoustic balladeer," while the video is "reinforcing the authenticity of his future career as a credible artist with skills beyond being adorable." She concluded "The modern music world can be discombobulating for those opposed to gender fluid pop stars or auto-tuned trap."[6] Entertainment Weekly editor Madison Vain wrote "the song shows growth thanks to its nuance in storytelling. He’s burdened by all the things he never got to say—and it sounds believable." Vain also thought "Horan has said he’s mining the sound of some of his biggest influences: Bob Dylan and Simon & Garfunkel. But with collaborator Greg Kurstin behind the boards, “This Town” skews more towards the modern, folk-influenced songwriting of Vance Joy and Ed Sheeran."[7] For Raisa Bruner of Time is a "lush, guitar-forward ballad in the vein of the band’s earlier tearjerkers, with hints of Sheeran in the small-town storytelling of the lyrics."[8] For Noisey, Sarah Sahim was critical of the track, noting the song was "nothing special, but its saccharine sweetness gives it all the makings of a decent hit.[9]
Live performances[edit]
Horan gave the first televised performance of "This Town" on The Graham Norton Show on 22 October 2016. On 26 October 2016 he performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Later that day, he appeared on The Late Late Show with James Corden to sing the single.[10] On 13 December 2016, he performed on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[11] He also performed the song at the Radio 1 Teen Awards, and the American Music Awards.[12][13] In December, he made guest appearances across North America as part of iHeartRadio's Jingle Ball Tour.[14]
On 4 June 2017, Horan performed "This Town" during the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing.[15]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[16]
5
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17]
24
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[18]
22
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[19]
14
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[20]
27
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[21]
30
Denmark (Tracklisten)[22]
25
Finland Download (Latauslista)[23]
1
France (SNEP)[24]
34
Germany (Official German Charts)[25]
52
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[26]
25
Hungary (Single Top 40)[27]
18
Ireland (IRMA)[28]
6
Italy (FIMI)[29]
34
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[30]
18
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[31]
12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[32]
24
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]
24
Norway (VG-lista)[34]
20
Portugal (AFP)[35]
20
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[36]
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[37]
70
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[38]
19
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[39]
22
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[40]
18
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41]
40
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[3]
9
US Billboard Hot 100[42]
20
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[43]
12
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[44]
4
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[45]
3
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[46]
12
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[47]
Platinum 70,000^
Belgium (BEA)[48]
Gold 15,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[49]
Gold 20,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[50]
2× Platinum 160,000^
Ireland (IRMA)[51]
2× Platinum 30,000^
Italy (FIMI)[52]
Gold 25,000
Sweden (GLF)[53]
Platinum 40,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[54]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[55]
Platinum 1,000,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Worldwide
29 September 2016 Digital download Capitol [56][57]
United States
4 October 2016 Contemporary hit radio [58]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Spanos, Brittany (29 September 2016). "Watch Niall Horan Go Solo With New Folk Single 'This Town'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "One Direction's Niall Horan Surprises With First Solo Single 'This Town': Listen". Billboard. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (3 January 2017). "Rae Sremmurd Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100, Migos Soars to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan "This Town" Sheet Music in A Major (transposable)". Musicnotes. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gibsone, Harriet (29 September 2016). "Niall Horan's This Town: a strangely retrogressive step into the stagnant past". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Vain, Madison (30 September 2016). "Niall Horan's 'This Town': EW Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Bruner, Raisa (29 September 2016). "One Direction’s Niall Horan Just Released an Emotional Solo Track". Time. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Sahim, Sarah (7 October 2016). "Niall Horan Will Never Escape One Direction and That's a Good Thing". Noisey. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "‘The Late Late Show’: Niall Horan performs ‘This Town,’ downs salmon smoothie". USA Today. 27 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch One Direction's Niall Horan Perform 'This Town' on 'Fallon'". Rolling Stone. 14 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016, BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards - And the special guest is... Niall Horan! - BBC Radio 1". BBC. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan Performs 'This Town' at the 2016 AMAs". Billboard. 21 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth, De. "Justin Bieber, Shawn Mendes, and Niall Horan Are Going on Tour Together". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
Jump up ^ Iasimone, Ashley (4 June 2017). "One Love Manchester: Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With 'Be Alright,' Joins Black Eyed Peas for 'Where Is the Love?'". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Niall Horan – This Town" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Niall Horan – This Town" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Niall Horan – This Town" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Niall Horan. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201640 into search. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". Tracklisten. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan: This Town" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Niall Horan – This Town". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 40, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Niall Horan". The Official Lebanese Top 20. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 5, 2017" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 3 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Niall Horan – This Town" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Niall Horan – This Town". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". VG-lista. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201641 into search. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201640 into search. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Niall Horan – This Town". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Niall Horan. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Niall Horan. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Niall Horan. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan – Chart history" Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Niall Horan. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Niall Horan – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Niall Horan. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Accreditations". Australian Recording Industry Association. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2017". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Universal Music Brasil". Universal Music. Instagram. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Niall Horan – This Town". Music Canada. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Irish single certifications – Niall Horan – This Town". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Niall Horan – This Town" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat" (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Type Niall Horan in the top right search bar. Click on "Sok" and select This Town and see certification.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Niall Horan – This Town". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 29, 2017. Enter This Town in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Niall Horan – This Town". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 29, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "This Town - Single by Niall Horan". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "This Town - Single by Niall Horan". iTunes Store (UK). Apple Inc. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
External links[edit]
This Town (Live, 1 Mic 1 Take) on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Niall Horan
Studio albums
Flicker
Flicker
"This Town"
"Slow Hands"
"Too Much to Ask"
Concert tours
Flicker Sessions 2017
Flicker World Tour
Related articles
One Direction
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Town_(Niall_Horan_song)&oldid=808534262"
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Cyclical theory
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The cyclical theory refers to a model used by historian Arthur Schlesinger to attempt to explicate the fluctuations in politics throughout American history. Liberalism and conservatism are rooted in the "national mood" that shows a continuing shift in national involvement between public purpose and private interest. Each of these cycles includes a phase of dominant public interest, a transition phase, and a phase of prevalent private interest.
Contents
[hide]
1 The cycles
2 Definitions
3 Private interest
4 Public purpose
5 Transition
6 Conclusions
7 See also
8 References
The cycles[edit]
Schlesinger defined these to be "self-generating and autonomous". They begin in the mentality of the masses, rather than creations of influential individuals of a time period. Leaders or politicians are representations of the "mood", chosen to express the voice of the majority. Shifts in the national mentality are initiated when discontent with present conditions over time drives Americans to pursue a new trend that promises to satisfy the interest of the masses. This discontent, described by Schlesinger as "inextinguishable", drives the cycles of change in national politics.
Modernity is the psychology behind the disenchantment of the people with their surroundings. As society modernizes, or advances, the external conditions around each individual evolves, therefore stimulating changes in the individual's attitude. Over a period of time, the attitude towards society and its goals will become negative, and whichever stage (public purpose/private interest), will cease to be ideal. Studies and surveys show that in the 20th century, this critical time period to develop discontent has decreased, implying that people are quickly dissatisfied with the ever-changing society.
Shifts are produced by changes in the mood of the majority. When more and more people shift from one end of the "balance" to the other, the balance itself begins to tilt to the other side. However, the change in mood must be reflected in a diversity of ethnic backgrounds and social classes to take effect. The cycle is not a permanent transition. Periods of stability in each stage of the cycle (public purpose/private interest), Schlesinger presents the concept the "accumulation of change". He stated that when certain changes near the end of a phase take effect, they become permanent, and are unaffected by later "swings of the pendulum". Therefore, the proper way to model the cycles of American history is by using a spiral, or single helix.
Definitions[edit]
Public purpose and private interest do not correlate directly with liberal or conservative, or the ideals of specific political parties. These two systems of American values, albeit distinct, evolved from common ideals and fundamentals of American philosophy. They might be considered different paths to reach a common goal. For example, for the common purpose of attaining popular sovereignty, both systems can be used. In terms of Public Purpose, freedom may be expressed in welfare and protection of social rights, but not of other rights like gun rights or food choice rights in modern times. In terms of Private Interest, freedom may be defined in the practice of a laissez-faire economy, the protection of property, or even in aspects of Social Darwinism.
Some shared values of public purpose and private interest have been defined by theorists. They include anti-absolutism, limitations of government, popular sovereignty, and personal freedom.
Private interest[edit]
This value system stresses a non-interventionist government, especially in its economy. Resulting from the 18th century fears of tyranny and a strong federal power, the free society is where an individual controls his own actions. The government's only functions are to maintain order and structure. The values of Private Interest bear a strong resemblance to Adam Smith's theories of the laissez-faire economy (free market) and also the invisible hand. Smith proposed that the collective result of individuals with a variety of purposes is an economy that will profit the entire society.
Ideally in a Private Interest system, government must respect the "sanctity of private property". This means that individuals have the freedom to pursue their own interests, but also bear the responsibility for success or failure. One of the possible disadvantages of such Social Darwinism is that the wealthy rise to the top, leaving the poor to fend for themselves, although some poor and middle-class people become rich as well and some rich become poor. Another problem that may be present is political corruption. Overall, "survival of the fittest" may lead to "concentration of power", "evangelicalism", and "limited citizenship". In connection to history, periods of Private Interest are often associated with times of economic prosperity.
Public purpose[edit]
The values of Public Purpose assess the reality, often the consequences of a certain revolution. In times of complex social relations and economic and political confusion, the need for equality and opportunity arises. Due to certain, recurring causes in history such as division in wealth and social class distinctions, the majority begins to question the meaning of "liberalism". Schlesinger explains that in "modern liberalism", the government must intervene to ensure the protection of the common good. The concerns with "social responsibility" and "commonwealth" often involve the regulation and control of the government. Compared to the stages of Private Interest, times of Public Purpose are usually ephemeral "bursts of reform". The idealistic goals of this period are only to ensure that government intervention is possible in times of need. The ideals of Public Purpose might include a redistribution of wealth and power and the protection of civil rights.
Transition[edit]
These periods occur as the masses change its "mood". Results are often increased tension and division. From Public Purpose to Private Interest, the transition involves tensions, violence, and even war, due to the exhaustion from reformation. In the transition from Private Interest to Public Purpose, the people may suffer economic depression caused by divisions of wealth and power, leading to a renewed cause for social reform. The end of both cycles may be summarized by the term 'overreach'.
Conclusions[edit]
During the study of American history, no time period may be defined entirely as one stage or another of the Schlesinger cycle, nor can all the aspects of an era be generalized as to be proceeding in one direction. The cyclical theory is a tool to analyze political, social, and economic change with philosophy, identifying recurring trends and correlations. However, the cycle is not accurate in predicting the events of the future, because historians in the present do not have the benefit of hindsight and may lack crucial knowledge and understanding of certain trends.
Overall, the historian Schlesinger believed that the cycles may lead to the ideal society where certain emerging definitions of freedom may gain the support of greater and greater numbers of people, ultimately proceeding towards the form of freedom that is "inclusive of every American".
See also[edit]
Social cycle theory
Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher
Strauss–Howe generational theory
References[edit]
Sweeney, Nathan, An Introduction to Schlesinger's "Cyclical Theory" of U.S. History
Brown, Jerald (June 1992), The Wave Theory Of American Social Movements
Goertzel, Ted (2001-06-08), Generational Cycles in Mass Psychology
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Diploë
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Diploë
Veins of the diploë as displayed by the removal of the outer table of the skull.
Details
Vein
Diploic veins
Identifiers
Latin
Diploe
TA
A02.1.00.035
FMA
76630
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Diploë (/ˈdɪploʊi/ or DIP-lo-ee) is the spongy cancellous bone separating the inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull.[1]
In the cranial bones, the layers of compact cortical tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë. In certain regions of the skull this becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with liquid between the two tables.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of DIPLOE". www.merriam-webster.com.
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 80 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diploë.
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Winning percentage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Win–loss record" redirects here. For the baseball statistic, see Win–loss record (pitching).
In sports, a winning percentage is the fraction of games or matches a team or individual has won. It is defined as wins divided by the total number of matches played (i.e. wins plus draws plus losses). A draw counts as a ½ win.
For example, if a team's season record is 30 wins and 20 losses, the winning percentage would be .600. If a team's season record is 30–15–5 (i.e. it has won thirty games, lost fifteen and tied five times), the five tie games are counted as 2½ wins, and so the team has an adjusted record of 32½ wins, resulting in a .650 winning percentage for the fifty total games from
winning percentage = wins + 0.5 ⋅ ties total games ⋅ 100 % {\displaystyle {\text{winning percentage}}={{\text{wins}}+0.5\cdot {\text{ties}} \over {\text{total games}}}\cdot 100\%}
65 % = 32.5 50 ⋅ 100 % {\displaystyle 65\%={32.5 \over 50}\cdot 100\%}
In leagues in which points are awarded for overtime losses, it is possible for a team to have a winning percentage above .500 (50%) despite losing more than half of the games it has played.
Winning percentage is one way to compare the record of two teams; however, another standard method most frequently used in baseball and professional basketball standings is games behind. In baseball, a pitcher is assessed wins and losses as an individual statistic and thus has his own winning percentage, based on his win–loss record.
In North America, winning percentages are expressed to three digits and read as whole numbers (e.g. 1.000, "a thousand" or .500, "five hundred"). In this case, the name "winning percentage" is actually a misnomer, since it is not expressed as a percentage. A winning percentage such as .536 ("five thirty-six") expressed as a percentage would be 53.6%.
However, in soccer, a manager's abilities may be measured by win percentage. In this case, the formula is wins divided by total number of matches; draws are not considered as "half-wins", and the quotient is always in percentage form.
To this day in the National Football League, division winners and playoff qualifiers are technically determined by winning percentage and not by number of wins. Ties are currently counted as half a win and half a loss, however, prior to 1972 ties did not count for the purposes of this calculation. So, for example, one team finished 11-3 and another 10-2-2, there would have been no tiebreaker - the team with two ties would have been deemed the outright division winner. This made tie games (a fairly common occurrence in football before overtime was introduced) somewhat more valuable to teams compared to the half-win they are considered today.
Some leagues and competitions may instead use a points percentage system, changing the nature of this statistic. In this type of method, used in many group tournament ranking systems, the competitors are awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss. The teams are then ranked by the total number of these accumulated points. One such method is the "three points for a win", where three points are awarded for winning a game, one point is awarded for a draw, and no points are awarded for a loss. The National Hockey League (which uses an overtime and shootouts to break all ties) awards two points for a win in regulation or overtime/shootout, one point for an overtime loss, and none for a regulation loss.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
1.1 Major League Baseball
1.2 National Basketball Association
1.3 National Hockey League
2 See also
3 References
Statistics[edit]
Major League Baseball[edit]
Win %
Wins
Losses
Year
Team
Comment
.798 67 17 1882 Chicago White Stockings best pre-modern season
.763 116 36 1906 Chicago Cubs best 154-game NL season
.721 111 43 1954 Cleveland Indians best 154-game AL season
.716 116 46 2001 Seattle Mariners best 162-game AL season
.667 108 54 1975 Cincinnati Reds best 162-game NL season
.250 40 120 1962 New York Mets worst 162-game NL season (2 games rained out)
.265 43 119 2003 Detroit Tigers worst 162-game AL season
.248 38 115 1935 Boston Braves worst 154-game NL season
.235 36 117 1916 Philadelphia Athletics worst 154-game AL season
.130 20 134 1899 Cleveland Spiders worst season ever
National Basketball Association[edit]
Win %
Wins
Losses
Season
Team
Comment
.890 73 9 2015–16 Golden State Warriors best 82 game season
.110 9 73 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers worst 82-game season
.106 7 59 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats worst season statistically
National Hockey League[edit]
In the National Hockey League, teams are awarded two points for a win, and one point for either a tie (a discontinued statistic) or an overtime loss. It can be calculated as follows:
P o i n t s p e r c e n t a g e = P o i n t s T o t a l p o s s i b l e p o i n t s = O v e r t i m e L o s s e s + ( 2 × W i n s ) 2 × G a m e s P l a y e d {\displaystyle \mathrm {Points} \ \mathrm {percentage} ={\frac {\mathrm {Points} }{\mathrm {Total\ possible\ points} }}={\frac {\mathrm {Overtime\ Losses+(2\times Wins)} }{\mathrm {2\times Games\ Played} }}}
Points %
Wins
Losses
Ties
Points
Season
Team
Comments
.825 60 8 12 132 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens best points % in post-expansion NHL
.131 8 67 5 21 1974–75 Washington Capitals worst points % in post-expansion NHL
Further information: List of NHL records (team)
See also[edit]
Group tournament ranking system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders and Records for Points Percentage (Goalie)". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "2008–2009 – REGULAR SEASON – SUMMARY – POINT PERCENTAGE". NHL.com. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winning_percentage&oldid=844277446"
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