text:
Salvador Allende
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Allende and the second or maternal family name is Gossens.
Salvador Allende
30th President of Chile
In office
3 November 1970 – 11 September 1973
Preceded by
Eduardo Frei Montalva
Succeeded by
Augusto Pinochet
56th President of the Senate of Chile
In office
27 December 1966 – 15 May 1969
Preceded by
Tomás Reyes Vicuña
Succeeded by
Tomás Pablo Elorza
Minister of Health and Social Welfare
In office
28 August 1938 – 2 April 1942
President
Arturo Alessandri Palma
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
Preceded by
Miguel Etchebarne Riol
Succeeded by
Eduardo Escudero Forrastal
Personal details
Born
Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens
(1908-06-26)26 June 1908
Santiago, Chile
Died
11 September 1973(1973-09-11) (aged 65)
Santiago, Chile
Resting place
Cementerio General de Santiago
Nationality
Chilean
Political party
Chilean Socialist
Other political
affiliations
Popular Unity Coalition
Spouse(s)
Hortensia Bussi (m. 1940)
Children
Beatriz Allende (1943–1977)
Carmen Paz Allende (born 1944)
Isabel Allende (born 1945)
Relatives
Allende family
Alma mater
University of Chile
Profession
Medical doctor
Civil servant
Signature
Website
Salvador Allende Foundation
Part of a series on
Socialism
Development[show]
History of socialism
Socialist calculation debate
Socialist economics
Ideas[show]
Socialist mode of production
Calculation in kind
Collective ownership
Cooperative
Common ownership
Commune (model of government)
Economic democracy
Economic planning
Equal opportunity
Free association
Industrial democracy
Input–output model
Internationalism
Labor-time calculation
Labour voucher
Material balance planning
Peer‑to‑peer economics
(Sharing economy)
Production for use
Social dividend
Social ownership
Socialism in One Country
State ownership
To each according
to his contribution / needs
Workplace democracy
Workers' self-management
Models[show]
Decentralized planning
Participatory economics
Market socialism
Lange model
Mutualism
Planned economy
Soviet-type
OGAS
Project Cybersyn
Socialist market economy
Socialist-oriented market
Variants[show]
African
Arab
Agrarian
Anarchist
Authoritarian
Blanquism
Communism
Democratic
Ethical
Ecological
Feminist
Gandhian
Guild
Liberal
Libertarian
Market
Marhaenism
Marxism
Municipal
Owenism
Reformism
Religious
Revolutionary
Ricardian
Scientific
Social democracy
Socialist nationalism
State
Syndicalism
Technocracy
Third World
Utopian
Zionist
21st-century
History by country[show]
Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
Estonia
Hong Kong
India
Iran
Netherlands
New Zealand
Pakistan
Tunisia
United Kingdom
United States
People[show]
Thomas More
Henri de Saint-Simon
François-Noël Babeuf
Charles Hall
Robert Owen
Charles Fourier
William Thompson
Thomas Hodgskin
Étienne Cabet
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Louis Blanc
Mikhail Bakunin
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Ferdinand Lassalle
William Morris
Mary Harris Jones
Peter Kropotkin
Eduard Bernstein
Errico Malatesta
Fred M. Taylor
Georgi Plekhanov
John Dewey
Enrico Barone
W. E. B. Du Bois
Emma Goldman
Rosa Luxemburg
Léon Blum
Bertrand Russell
Antonie Pannekoek
Luis Emilio Recabarren
Albert Einstein
Clement Attlee
Karl Polanyi
Nestor Makhno
G. D. H. Cole
Imre Nagy
Einar Gerhardsen
George Orwell
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Tage Erlander
Salvador Allende
Michael Manley
François Mitterrand
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Nelson Mandela
Murray Bookchin
Alexander Dubček
Martin Luther King Jr.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Jack Layton
Hugo Chávez
Organizations[show]
First International
(International Workingmen's Association)
Second International
Third International
(Comintern)
Fourth International
Fifth International
Labour and Socialist International
Socialist International
World Federation of
Democratic Youth
International Union of
Socialist Youth
World Socialist Movement
International Committee
of the Fourth International
Progressive Alliance
Related topics[show]
Anarchism
Capitalism
Communist society
Criticism of capitalism
Economic system
French Left
List of socialist economists
Nanosocialism
Progressivism
Right-wing socialism
Socialism and LGBT rights
Socialist Party
Socialist state
Socialism portal
Economics portal
Politics portal
v
t
e
Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (American Spanish: [salβaˈðoɾ aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections.[1]
Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a member of the Socialist Party, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race. He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority.
As president, Allende adopted a policy of nationalization of industries and collectivisation; due to these and other factors, increasingly strained relations between him and the legislative and judicial branches of the Chilean government culminated in a declaration by Congress of a "constitutional breakdown". A centre-right majority including the Christian Democrats, whose support had enabled Allende's election, denounced his rule as unconstitutional and called for his overthrow by force.[citation needed] On 11 September 1973, the military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état supported by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[2][3][4] As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, he gave his last speech vowing not to resign.[5] Later that day, Allende committed suicide with an assault rifle,[6] according to an investigation conducted by a Chilean court with the assistance of international experts in 2011.[7]
Following Allende's death, General Augusto Pinochet refused to return authority to a civilian government, and Chile was later ruled by a military junta that was in power up until 1990, ending almost four decades of uninterrupted democratic rule. The military junta that took over dissolved the Congress of Chile, suspended the Constitution, and began a persecution of alleged dissidents, in which thousands of Allende's supporters were kidnapped, tortured, and murdered.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Political involvement up to 1970
3 1970 election
4 Presidency
5 Foreign relations during Allende's presidency
5.1 US involvement
5.2 Relationships with the Soviet Union
6 Crisis
6.1 Supreme Court's resolution
6.2 Chamber of Deputies' resolution
6.3 President Allende's response
7 Coup
7.1 Death
8 Family
9 Memorials
10 Notes
11 References
12 Sources
13 Further reading
14 External links
Early life[edit]
Allende was born on 26 June 1908[8] in Santiago.[9][10] He was the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe. Allende's family belonged to the Chilean upper middle class and had a long tradition of political involvement in progressive and liberal causes. His grandfather was a prominent physician and a social reformist who founded one of the first secular schools in Chile.[11] Salvador Allende was of Basque[12] and Belgian[13] descent.
Allende attended high school at the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra in Valparaíso. As a teenager, his main intellectual and political influence came from the shoe-maker Juan De Marchi, an Italian-born anarchist.[11] Allende was a talented athlete in his youth, being a member of the Everton de Viña del Mar sports club (named after the more famous English football club of the same name), where he is said to have excelled at the long jump.[14] Allende then graduated with a medical degree in 1933 from the University of Chile.[11] During his time at medical school Allende was influenced by Professor Max Westenhofer, a German pathologist who emphasized the social determinants of disease and social medicine.[15][16]
Political involvement up to 1970[edit]
Allende co-founded a section of the Socialist Party of Chile (founded in 1933 with Marmaduque Grove and others) in Valparaíso[11] and became its chairman. He married Hortensia Bussi with whom he had three daughters. He was a Freemason, a member of the Lodge Progreso No. 4 in Valparaíso.[17] In 1933, he published his doctoral thesis Higiene Mental y Delincuencia (Crime and Mental Hygiene) in which he criticized Cesare Lombroso's proposals.[18]
In 1938, Allende was in charge of the electoral campaign of the Popular Front headed by Pedro Aguirre Cerda.[11] The Popular Front's slogan was "Bread, a Roof and Work!"[11] After its electoral victory, he became Minister of Health in the Reformist Popular Front government which was dominated by the Radicals.[11] While serving in this position, Allende was responsible for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms, including safety laws protecting workers in the factories, higher pensions for widows, maternity care, and free lunch programmes for schoolchildren.[19]
Upon entering the government, Allende relinquished his congressional seat for Valparaíso, which he had won in 1937. Around that time, he wrote La Realidad Médico Social de Chile (The social and medical reality of Chile). After the Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany, Allende was one of 76 members of the Congress who sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews.[20] Following President Aguirre Cerda's death in 1941, he was again elected deputy while the Popular Front was renamed Democratic Alliance.
In 1945, Allende became senator for the Valdivia, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes provinces; then for Tarapacá and Antofagasta in 1953; for Aconcagua and Valparaíso in 1961; and once more for Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes in 1969. He became president of the Chilean Senate in 1966. During the Fifties, Allende introduced legislation that established the Chilean national health service, the first program in the Americas to guarantee universal health care.[21]
Salvador Allende in 1964.
His three unsuccessful bids for the presidency (in the 1952, 1958 and 1964 elections) prompted Allende to joke that his epitaph would be "Here lies the next President of Chile." In 1952, as candidate for the Frente de Acción Popular (Popular Action Front, FRAP), he obtained only 5.4% of the votes, partly due to a division within socialist ranks over support for Carlos Ibáñez. In 1958, again as the FRAP candidate, Allende obtained 28.5% of the vote. This time, his defeat was attributed to votes lost to the populist Antonio Zamorano.
Declassified documents show that from 1962 through 1964, the CIA spent a total of $2.6 million to finance the campaign of Eduardo Frei and spent $3 million in anti-Allende propaganda "to scare voters away from Allende's FRAP coalition". The CIA considered its role in the victory of Frei a great success.[22][23] They argued that "the financial and organizational assistance given to Frei, the effort to keep Durán in the race, the propaganda campaign to denigrate Allende—were 'indispensable ingredients of Frei's success'", and they thought that his chances of winning and the good progress of his campaign would have been doubtful without the covert support of the Government of the United States.[24] Thus, in 1964 Allende lost once more as the FRAP candidate, polling 38.6% of the votes against 55.6% for Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. As it became clear that the election would be a race between Allende and Frei, the political right – which initially had backed Radical Julio Durán– settled for Frei as "the lesser evil".
Allende had a close relationship with the Chilean Communist Party from the beginning of his political career. On his fourth (and successful) bid for the presidency, the Communist Party supported him as the alternate for its own candidate, the world-renowned poet Pablo Neruda.
During his presidential term, Allende shared positions held by the Communists, in opposition to the views of the socialists. Some argue, however, that this was reversed at the end of his period in office.[25][A]
1970 election[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chilean workers marching in support of Allende in 1964.
Main article: Chilean presidential election, 1970
Allende won the 1970 Chilean presidential election as leader of the Unidad Popular ("Popular Unity") coalition. On 4 September 1970, he obtained a narrow plurality of 36.2% to 34.9% over Jorge Alessandri, a former president, with 27.8% going to a third candidate (Radomiro Tomic) of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), whose electoral platform was similar to Allende's. According to the Chilean Constitution of the time, if no presidential candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote, Congress would choose one of the two candidates with the highest number of votes as the winner. Tradition was for Congress to vote for the candidate with the highest popular vote, regardless of margin. Indeed, former president Jorge Alessandri had been elected in 1958 with only 31.6% of the popular vote, defeating Allende.
One month after the election, on 20 October, while the Senate had still to reach a decision and negotiations were actively in place between the Christian Democrats and the Popular Unity, General René Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, was shot resisting a kidnap attempt by a group led by General Roberto Viaux. Hospitalized, he died of his wounds three days later, on 23 October. Schneider was a defender of the "constitutionalist" doctrine that the army's role is exclusively professional, its mission being to protect the country's sovereignty and not to interfere in politics.
General Schneider's death was widely disapproved of and, for the time, ended military opposition to Allende,[27] whom the congress finally chose on 24 October. On 26 October, President Eduardo Frei named General Carlos Prats as commander in chief of the army to replace René Schneider.
Allende assumed the Presidency on 3 November 1970 after signing a Statute of Constitutional Guarantees proposed by the Christian Democrats in return for their support in Congress. In an extensive interview with Régis Debray in 1972, Allende explained his reasons for agreeing to the guarantees.[28] Some critics have interpreted Allende's responses as an admission that signing the Statute was only a tactical move.[29]
Presidency[edit]
Main article: Presidency of Salvador Allende
Upon assuming power, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing a socialist programme called La vía chilena al socialismo ("the Chilean Path to Socialism"). This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper mining and banking), and government administration of the health care system, educational system (with the help of a United States educator, Jane A. Hobson-Gonzalez from Kokomo, Indiana), a programme of free milk for children in the schools and shanty towns of Chile, and an expansion of the land seizure and redistribution already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva,[30] who had nationalized between one-fifth and one-quarter of all the properties listed for takeover.[31] Allende also intended to improve the socio-economic welfare of Chile's poorest citizens;[32] a key element was to provide employment, either in the new nationalized enterprises or on public work projects.[32]
In November 1970, 3,000 scholarships were allocated to Mapuche children in an effort to integrate the Indian minority into the educational system, payment of pensions and grants was resumed, an emergency plan providing for the construction of 120,000 residential buildings was launched, all part-time workers were granted rights to social security, a proposed electricity price increase was withdrawn, diplomatic relations were restored with Cuba, and political prisoners were granted an amnesty. In December that same year, bread prices were fixed, 55,000 volunteers were sent to the south of the country to teach writing and reading skills and provide medical attention to a sector of the population that had previously been ignored, a central commission was established to oversee a tri-partite payment plan in which equal place was given to government, employees and employers, and a protocol agreement was signed with the United Centre of Workers which granted workers representational rights on the funding board of the Social Planning Ministry.[33] An obligatory minimum wage for workers of all ages (including apprentices) was established,[34] free milk was introduced for expectant and nursing mothers and for children between the ages of 7 and 14,[35] free school meals were established,[36] rent reductions were carried out, and the construction of the Santiago subway was rescheduled so as to serve working-class neighbourhoods first. Workers benefited from increases in social security payments, an expanded public works program, and a modification of the wage and salary adjustment mechanism (which had originally been introduced in the Forties to cope with the country’s permanent inflation), while middle-class Chileans benefited from the elimination of taxes on modest incomes and property.[37] In addition, state-sponsored programs distributed free food to the country’s neediest citizens,[38] and in the countryside, peasant councils were established to mobilise agrarian workers and small proprietors. In the government’s first budget (presented to the Chilean congress in November 1970), the minimum taxable income level was raised, removing from the tax pool 35% of those who had paid taxes on earnings in the previous year. In addition, the exemption from general taxation was raised to a level equivalent to twice the minimum wage. Exemptions from capital taxes were also extended, which benefitted 330,000 small proprietors. The extra increases that Frei promised to the armed forces were also fully paid. According to one estimate, purchasing power went up by 28% between October 1970 and July 1971.[39]
The rate of inflation fell from 36.1% in 1970 to 22.1% in 1971, while average real wages rose by 22.3% during 1971. Minimum real wages for blue-collar workers were increased by 56% during the first quarter of 1971, while in the same period real minimum wages for white-collar workers were increased by 23%, a development that decreased the differential ratio between blue- and white-collar workers’ minimum wage from 49% (1970) to 35% (1971). Central government expenditures went up by 36% in real terms, raising the share of fiscal spending in GDP from 21% (1970) to 27% (1971), and as part of this expansion, the public sector engaged in a huge housing program, starting to build 76,000 houses in 1971, compared to 24,000 for 1970.[40] During a 1971 emergency program, over 89,000 houses were built, and during Allende’s three years as president an average of 52,000 houses were constructed annually.[41] Although the acceleration of inflation in 1972 and 1973 eroded part of the initial increase in wages, they still rose (on average) in real terms during the 1971–73 period.[42]
Allende’s first step in early 1971 was to raise minimum wages (in real terms) for blue-collar workers by 37%–41% and 8%–10% for white-collar workers. Educational, food, and housing assistance was significantly expanded, with public-housing starts going up twelvefold and eligibility for free milk extended from age 6 to age 15. A year later, blue-collar wages were raised by 27% in real terms and white-collar wages became fully indexed.[43] Price controls were also set up, while the Allende Government introduced a system of distribution networks through various agencies (including local committees on supply and prices) to ensure that the new rules were adhered to by shopkeepers.[44]
The new Minister of Agriculture, Jacques Chonchol, promised to expropriate all estates which were larger than eighty "basic" hectares. This promise was kept, with no farm in Chile exceeding this limit by the end of 1972.[45] Within eighteen months, the Latifundia (extensive agricultural estates) had been abolished. The agrarian reform had involved the expropriation of 3,479 properties which, added to the 1,408 properties incorporated under the Frei Government, made up some 40% of the total agricultural land area in the country.[39]
Salvador Allende
Particularly in rural areas, the Allende Government launched a campaign against illiteracy, while adult education programs expanded, together with educational opportunities for workers. From 1971 through to 1973, enrollments in kindergarten, primary, secondary, and postsecondary schools all increased. The Allende Government encouraged more doctors to begin their practices in rural and low-income urban areas, and built additional hospitals, maternity clinics, and especially neighborhood health centers that remained open longer hours to serve the poor. Improved sanitation and housing facilities for low-income neighborhoods also equalized health care benefits, while hospital councils and local health councils were established in neighborhood health centers as a means of democratizing the administration of health policies. These councils gave central government civil servants, local government officials, health service employees, and community workers the right to review budgetary decisions.[46]
The Allende government also sought to bring the arts (both serious and popular) to the mass of the Chilean population by funding a number of cultural endeavours. With eighteen-year-olds and illiterates now granted the right to vote, mass participation in decision-making was encouraged by the Allende government, with traditional hierarchical structures now challenged by socialist egalitarianism. The Allende Government was able to draw upon the idealism of its supporters, with teams of "Allendistas" travelling into the countryside and shanty towns to perform volunteer work.[45] The Allende Government also worked to transform Chilean popular culture through formal changes to school curriculum and through broader cultural education initiatives, such as state-sponsored music festivals and tours of Chilean folklorists and nueva canción musicians.[47] In 1971, the purchase of a private publishing house by the state gave rise to "Editorial Quimantu", which became the center of the Allende Government’s cultural activities. In the space of 2 years, 12 million copies of books, magazines, and documents (8 million of which were books) specializing in social analysis, were published. Cheap editions of great literary works were produced on a weekly basis, and in most cases were sold out within a day. Culture came into the reach of the masses for the first time, who responded enthusiastically. "Editorial Quimantu" encouraged the establishment of libraries in community organizations and trade unions. Through the supply of cheap textbooks, it enabled the Left to progress through the ideological content of the literature made available to workers.[39]
To improve social and economic conditions for women, the Women’s Secretariat was established in 1971, which took on issues such as public laundry facilities, public food programs, day-care centers, and women’s health care (especially prenatal care).[48] The duration of maternity leave was extended from 6 to 12 weeks,[49] while the Allende Government veered the educational system towards poorer Chileans by expanding enrollments through government subsidies.[50] A "democratisation" of university education was carried out, making the system tuition-free. This led to an 89% rise in university enrollments between 1970 and 1973. The Allende Government also increased enrollment in secondary education from 38% in 1970 to 51% in 1974.[51] Enrollment in education reached record levels, including 3.6 million young people, and 8 million school textbooks were distributed among 2.6 million pupils in primary education. An unprecedented 130,000 students were enrolled by the universities, which became accessible to peasants and workers. The illiteracy rate was reduced from 12% in 1970 to 10.8% in 1972, while the growth in primary school enrollment increased from an annual average of 3.4% in the period 1966–70 to 6.5% in 1971–1972. Secondary education grew at a rate of 18.2% in 1971–1972, and the average school enrollment of children between the ages of 6 and 14 rose from 91% (1966–70) to 99%.[39]
Social spending was dramatically increased, particularly for housing, education, and health, while a major effort was made to redistribute wealth to poorer Chileans. As a result of new initiatives in nutrition and health, together with higher wages, many poorer Chileans were able to feed themselves and clothe themselves better than they had been able to before. Public access to the social security system was increased, while state benefits such as family allowances were raised significantly.[45] The redistribution of income enabled wage and salary earners to increase their share of national income from 51.6% (the annual average between 1965 and 1970) to 65% while family consumption increased by 12.9% in the first year of the Allende Government. In addition, while the average annual increase in personal spending had been 4.8% in the period 1965–70, it reached 11.9% in 1971.[39] During the first two years of Allende’s presidency, state expenditure on health rose from around 2% to nearly 3.5% of GDP. According to Jennifer E. Pribble, this new spending "was reflected not only in public health campaigns, but also in the construction of health infrastructure".[52] Small programs targeted at women were also experimented with, such as cooperative laundries and communal food preparation, together with an expansion of child-care facilities.[53]
The National Supplementary Food Program was extended to all primary school and to all pregnant women, regardless of their employment or income condition. Complementary nutritional schemes were applied to malnourished children, while antenatal care was emphasized.[54] Under Allende, the proportion of children under the age of 6 with some form of malnutrition fell by 17%.[35] Apart from the existing Supply and Prices councils (community-based bodies which controlled the distribution of essential groups in working-class districts, and were a popular, not government, initiative),[55] community-based distribution centers and shops were developed, which sold directly in working-class neighborhoods. The Allende Government felt obliged to increase its intervention in marketing activities, and state involvement in grocery distribution reached 33%.[39] The CUT (central labor confederation) was accorded legal recognition,[56] and its membership grew from 700,000 to almost 1 million. In enterprises in the Area of Social Ownership, an assembly of the workers elected half of the members of the management council for each company. These bodies replaced the former board of directors.[39]
Minimum pensions were increased by amounts equal to two or three times the inflation rate, and between 1970 and 1972, such pensions increased by a total of 550%. The incomes of 300,000 retirement pensioners were increased by the government from one-third of the minimum salary to the full amount. Labor insurance cover was extended to 200,000 market traders, 130,000 small shop proprietors, 30,000 small industrialists, small owners, transport workers, clergy, professional sportsmen, and artesans. The public health service was improved, with the establishment of a system of clinics in working-class neighborhoods on the peripheries of the major cities, providing a health center for every 40,000 inhabitants. Statistics for construction in general, and house-building in particular, reached some of the highest levels in the history of Chile. Four million square metres were completed in 1971–72, compared to an annual average of two-and-a-half million between 1965 and 1970. Workers were able to acquire goods which had previously been beyond their reach, such as heaters, refrigerators, and television sets. As further noted by Ricardo Israel Zipper,
"By now meat was no longer a luxury, and the children of working people were adequately supplied with shoes and clothing. The popular living standards were improved in terms of the employment situation, social services, consumption levels, and income distribution."[39]
Chile real wages between 1967 and 1977. Orange lines mark the beginning and end of Allende's presidency.[57]
Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum term of six years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only was a major restructuring program organized (the Vuskovic Plan), he had to make it a success if a socialist successor to Allende was going to be elected. In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Minister of the Economy Pedro Vuskovic's expansive monetary policy were highly favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in GDP, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). However, by 1972, the Chilean escudo had an inflation rate of 140%. The average Real GDP contracted between 1971 and 1973 at an annual rate of 5.6% ("negative growth"); and the government's fiscal deficit soared while foreign reserves declined.[58] The combination of inflation and government-mandated price-fixing, together with the "disappearance" of basic commodities from supermarket shelves, led to the rise of black markets in rice, beans, sugar, and flour.[59] The Chilean economy also suffered as a result of a US campaign against the Allende government.[60] The Allende government announced it would default on debts owed to international creditors and foreign governments. Allende also froze all prices while raising salaries. His implementation of these policies was strongly opposed by landowners, employers, businessmen and transporters associations, and some civil servants and professional unions. The rightist opposition was led by the National Party, the Roman Catholic Church (which in 1973 was displeased with the direction of educational policy),[61] and eventually the Christian Democrats. There were growing tensions with foreign multinational corporations and the government of the United States.
Allende also undertook Project Cybersyn, a system of networked telex machines and computers. Cybersyn was developed by British cybernetics expert Stafford Beer. The network was supposed to transmit data from factories to the government in Santiago, allowing for economic planning in real time.[62]
In 1971, Chile re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba, joining Mexico and Canada in rejecting a previously established Organization of American States convention prohibiting governments in the Western Hemisphere from establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba. Shortly afterward, Cuban president Fidel Castro made a month-long visit to Chile. Originally the visit was supposed to be one week; however, Castro enjoyed Chile and one week led to another.
In October 1972, the first of what were to be a wave of strikes was led first by truckers, and later by small businessmen, some (mostly professional) unions and some student groups. Other than the inevitable damage to the economy, the chief effect of the 24-day strike was to induce Allende to bring the head of the army, general Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister.[59] Allende also instructed the government to begin requisitioning trucks in order to keep the nation from coming to a halt. Government supporters also helped to mobilize trucks and buses but violence served as a deterrent to full mobilization, even with police protection for the strike-breakers. Allende's actions were eventually declared unlawful by the Chilean appeals court and the government was ordered to return trucks to their owners.[63]
Throughout this presidency racial tensions between the poor descendants of indigenous people, who supported Allende's reforms, and the white elite increased.[64]
Allende raised wages on a number of occasions throughout 1970 and 1971, but these wage hikes were negated by the in-tandem inflation of Chile's fiat currency. Although price rises had also been high under Frei (27% a year between 1967 and 1970), a basic basket of consumer goods rose by 120% from 190 to 421 escudos in one month alone, August 1972. In the period 1970–72, while Allende was in government, exports fell 24% and imports rose 26%, with imports of food rising an estimated 149%.[65]
Export income fell due to a hard-hit copper industry: the price of copper on international markets fell by almost a third, and post-nationalization copper production fell as well. Copper is Chile's single most important export (more than half of Chile's export receipts were from this sole commodity[66]). The price of copper fell from a peak of $66 per ton in 1970 to only $48–9 in 1971 and 1972.[67] Chile was already dependent on food imports, and this decline in export earnings coincided with declines in domestic food production following Allende's agrarian reforms.[68]
Throughout his presidency, Allende remained at odds with the Chilean Congress, which was dominated by the Christian Democratic Party. The Christian Democrats (who had campaigned on a socialist platform in the 1970 elections, but drifted away from those positions during Allende's presidency, eventually forming a coalition with the National Party)[citation needed], continued to accuse Allende of leading Chile toward a Cuban-style dictatorship, and sought to overturn many of his more radical policies. Allende and his opponents in Congress repeatedly accused each other of undermining the Chilean Constitution and acting undemocratically.
Allende's increasingly bold socialist policies (partly in response to pressure from some of the more radical members within his coalition), combined with his close contacts with Cuba, heightened fears in Washington. The Nixon administration continued exerting economic pressure on Chile via multilateral organizations, and continued to back Allende's opponents in the Chilean Congress. Almost immediately after his election, Nixon directed CIA and U.S. State Department officials to "put pressure" on the Allende government.[69] His economic policies were used by economists Rudi Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards to coin the term macroeconomic populism.[70]
Foreign relations during Allende's presidency[edit]
Allende's Popular Unity government tried to maintain normal relations with the United States. But when Chile nationalized its copper industry, Washington cut off United States credits and increased its support to opposition. Forced to seek alternative sources of trade and finance, Chile gained commitments from the Soviet Union to invest some $400 million in Chile in the next six years.[citation needed] Allende's government was disappointed that it received far less economic assistance from the USSR than it hoped for. Trade between the two countries did not significantly increase and the credits were mainly linked to the purchase of Soviet equipment. Moreover, credits from the Soviet Union were much less than those provided to the People's Republic of China and countries of Eastern Europe. When Allende visited the USSR in late 1972 in search of more aid and additional lines of credit, after 3 years, he was turned down.[71]
US involvement[edit]
Main article: United States intervention in Chile
The United States opposition to Allende started several years before he was elected President of Chile. Declassified documents show that from 1962 through 1964, the CIA spent $3 million in anti-Allende propaganda "to scare voters away from Allende's FRAP coalition", and spent a total of $2.6 million to finance the presidential campaign of Eduardo Frei.[22][23]
The possibility of Allende winning Chile's 1970 election was deemed a disaster by a US administration that wanted to protect US geopolitical interests by preventing the spread of Communism during the Cold War.[72] In September 1970, President Nixon informed the CIA that an Allende government in Chile would not be acceptable and authorized $10 million to stop Allende from coming to power or unseat him.[73] Henry Kissinger's 40 Committee and the CIA planned to impede Allende's investiture as President of Chile with covert efforts known as "Track I" and "Track II"; Track I sought to prevent Allende from assuming power via so-called "parliamentary trickery", while under the Track II initiative, the CIA tried to convince key Chilean military officers to carry out a coup.[73]
Additionally, some point to the involvement of the Defense Intelligence Agency agents that allegedly secured the missiles used to bombard La Moneda Palace.[74] In fact, open US military aid to Chile continued during the Allende administration, and the national government was very much aware of this, although there is no record that Allende himself believed that such assistance was anything but beneficial to Chile.
During Nixon's presidency, United States officials attempted to prevent Allende's election by financing political parties aligned with opposition candidate Jorge Alessandri and supporting strikes in the mining and transportation sectors.[75] After the 1970 election, the Track I operation attempted to incite Chile's outgoing president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, to persuade his party (PDC) to vote in Congress for Alessandri.[76] Under the plan, Alessandri would resign his office immediately after assuming it and call new elections. Eduardo Frei would then be constitutionally able to run again (since the Chilean Constitution did not allow a president to hold two consecutive terms, but allowed multiple non-consecutive ones), and presumably easily defeat Allende. The Chilean Congress instead chose Allende as President, on the condition that he would sign a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees" affirming that he would respect and obey the Chilean Constitution and that his reforms would not undermine any of its elements.
Track II was aborted, as parallel initiatives already underway within the Chilean military rendered it moot.[77]
During the second term of office of Democratic President Bill Clinton, the CIA acknowledged having played a role in Chilean politics before the coup, but its degree of involvement is debated. The CIA was notified by its Chilean contacts of the impending coup two days in advance but contends it "played no direct role in" the coup.[78]
Much of the internal opposition to Allende's policies came from the business sector, and recently released United States government documents confirm that the United States indirectly[60] funded the truck drivers' strike,[79] which exacerbated the already chaotic economic situation before the coup.
The most prominent United States corporations in Chile before Allende's presidency were the Anaconda and Kennecott copper companies and ITT Corporation, International Telephone and Telegraph. Both copper corporations aimed to expand privatized copper production in the city of Sewell in the Chilean Andes, where the world's largest underground copper mine "El Teniente", was located.[80] At the end of 1968, according to US Department of Commerce data, United States corporate holdings in Chile amounted to $964 million. Anaconda and Kennecott accounted for 28% of United States holdings, but ITT had by far the largest holding of any single corporation, with an investment of $200 million in Chile.[80] In 1970, before Allende was elected, ITT owned 70% of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company and funded El Mercurio, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. Documents released in 2000 by the CIA confirmed that before the elections of 1970, ITT gave $700,000 to Allende's conservative opponent, Jorge Alessandri, with help from the CIA on how to channel the money safely. ITT president Harold Geneen also offered $1 million to the CIA to help defeat Allende in the elections.[81]
After General Pinochet assumed power, United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told President Richard Nixon that the United States "didn't do it", but "we helped them...created the conditions as great as possible". (referring to the coup itself).[82] Recent documents declassified under the Clinton administration's Chile Declassification Project show that the United States government and the CIA sought to overthrow Allende in 1970 immediately before he took office ("Project FUBELT"). Many documents regarding the United States intervention in Chile remain classified.
Relationships with the Soviet Union[edit]
Salvador Allende is mentioned in a book written by the official historian of the British Intelligence MI5 Christopher Andrew.[83] According to SIS and Andrew, the book is based on the handwritten notes of KGB archivist defector Vasili Mitrokhin.[84] The book also named several Italians of the left as informants or KGB agents, and the right wing Prime Minister of the time, Silvio Berlusconi, opened an investigation to target his opponents. As Mitrokhin's information was very old, and most of the people in his files were dead or retired, he failed to find any evidence that any of the accused by the book were KGB agents or informants.[85] Some Italian Ministers dismissed the archive as "not a dossier from the KGB but one about the KGB constructed by British counter-espionage agents based on the confession of an ex-agent, if there is one, and 'Mitrokhin' is just a codename for an MI5 operation".[84] The Indian Congress party referred to the book as "pure sensationalism not even remotely based on facts or records" and pointed out that the book is not based on any official documents from the Soviet Union.[86]
Christopher Andrew alleges that the KGB said that Allende "was made to understand the necessity of reorganizing Chile's army and intelligence services, and of setting up a relationship between Chile's and the USSR's intelligence services".[87] But that claim is not accurate, because once Allende was elected President via the electoral ballot it became a new historical precedent.[citation needed] The Soviet Union observed closely whether this alternative form of socialism could work, and they did not interfere with the Chileans' decisions. Nikolai Leonov affirms that whenever he tried to give advice to Latin American leaders he was usually turned down by them, and he was told that they had their own understanding on how to conduct political business in their countries. Leonov adds that the relationships of KGB agents with Latin American leaders did not involve intelligence, because their intelligence target was the United States. Since many North Americans were living in the region, they were focusing in recruiting agents from the United States. Latin America was also a good region for KGB agents to get in touch with their informants from the CIA or other contacts from the United States than inside that country.[88] Additionally, many scholars or experts in the field are skeptical about the reliability of Vasili Mitrokhin's claims, and believe that the origin of the source is doubtful or mysterious.[89][90][91]
Political and moral support came mostly through the Communist Party and unions of the Soviet Union. For instance, Allende received the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union in 1972. However, there were some fundamental differences between Allende and Soviet political analysts, who believed that some violence – or measures that those analysts "theoretically considered to be just" – should have been used.[88] Declarations from KGB General Nikolai Leonov, former Deputy Chief of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, confirmed that the Soviet Union supported Allende's government economically, politically and militarily.[88] Leonov stated in an interview at the Chilean Center of Public Studies (CEP) that the Soviet economic support included over $100 million in credit, three fishing ships (that distributed 17,000 tons of frozen fish to the population), factories (as help after the 1971 earthquake), 3,100 tractors, 74,000 tons of wheat and more than a million tins of condensed milk.[88]
In mid-1973 the USSR had approved the delivery of weapons (artillery, tanks) to the Chilean Army. However, when news of an attempt from the Army to depose Allende through a coup d'état reached Soviet officials, the shipment was redirected to another country.[88]
Crisis[edit]
See also: Tanquetazo and Presidency of Salvador Allende
On 29 June 1973, Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the presidential palace, La Moneda, with his tank regiment but failed to depose the government.[92] That failed coup d’état – known as the Tanquetazo ("tank putsch") – organised by the nationalist Patria y Libertad paramilitary group, was followed by a general strike at the end of July that included the copper miners of El Teniente.
In August 1973, a constitutional crisis occurred, and the Supreme Court of Chile publicly complained about the inability of the Allende government to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats uniting with the National Party) accused the government of unconstitutional acts through Allende's refusal to promulgate constitutional amendments, already approved by the Chamber, which would have prevented his government from continuing his massive nationalization plan[93] and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order.[94]
For months, Allende had feared calling upon the Carabineros ("Carabineers", the national police force), suspecting them of disloyalty to his government. On 9 August, President Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence. On 24 August 1973, General Prats was forced to resign both as defense minister and as the commander-in-chief of the army, embarrassed by both the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest in front of his house by the wives of his generals. General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day.[94]
According to Chilean political scientist Arturo Valenzuela (later becoming a United States citizen and Assistant Secretary of State for Hemispheric Affairs in the Obama administration), a greater share of the blame for the breakdown in Chilean democracy lay with the leftist Allende government. While each side increasingly distrusted the other, the extreme leftists accelerated the process and left less room for political moderation than the extreme rightists. He writes "By its actions, the revolutionary Left, which had always ridiculed the possibility of a socialist transformation through peaceful means, was engaged in a self-fulfilling prophecy."[95]
Supreme Court's resolution[edit]
On 26 May 1973, the Supreme Court of Chile unanimously denounced the Allende government's disruption of the legality of the nation in its failure to uphold judicial decisions, because of its continual refusal to permit police execution of judicial decisions contrary to the government's own measures.
Chamber of Deputies' resolution[edit]
On 22 August 1973, the Christian Democrats and the National Party members of the Chamber of Deputies joined together to vote 81 to 47 in favor of a resolution that asked the authorities to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] the Constitution…with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans."
The resolution declared that Allende's government sought "to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the State... [with] the goal of establishing... a totalitarian system" and claimed that the government had made "violations of the Constitution... a permanent system of conduct." Essentially, most of the accusations were about disregard by the Socialist government of the separation of powers, and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government.
Specifically, the Socialist government of President Allende was accused of:
Ruling by decree, thwarting the normal legislative system
Refusing to enforce judicial decisions against its partisans; not carrying out sentences and judicial resolutions that contravened its objectives
Ignoring the decrees of the independent General Comptroller's Office
Sundry media offenses; usurping control of the National Television Network and applying economic pressure against those media organizations that are not unconditional supporters of the government
Allowing its Socialist supporters to assemble with arms, and preventing the same by its right-wing opponents
Supporting more than 1,500 illegal takeovers of farms
Illegal repression of the El Teniente miners' strike
Illegally limiting emigration
Finally, the resolution condemned the creation and development of government-protected [socialist] armed groups, which were said to be "headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces". President Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterized as "notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks".[96]
President Allende's response[edit]
Two days later, on 24 August 1973, President Allende responded,[97] characterising the Congress's declaration as "destined to damage the country’s prestige abroad and create internal confusion", predicting "It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors." He noted that the declaration (passed 81–47 in the Chamber of Deputies) had not obtained the two-thirds Senate majority "constitutionally required" to convict the president of abuse of power: essentially, the Congress were "invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically-elected government" and "subordinat[ing] political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions, which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will."
Allende argued he had obeyed constitutional means for including military men to the cabinet at the service of civic peace and national security, defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism. In contrast, he said that Congress was promoting a coup d’état or a civil war with a declaration full of affirmations that had already been refuted beforehand and which, in substance and process (directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President) violated a dozen articles of the (then-current) Constitution. He further argued that the legislature was usurping the government's executive function.
President Allende wrote: "Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it...With a tranquil conscience...I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside...I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences...Congress has made itself a bastion against the transformations...and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions, sterilizing all creative initiatives."
Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country's current crisis, and that the Congress were obstructing said means; having already paralyzed the State, they sought to destroy it. He concluded by calling upon the workers, all democrats and patriots to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the revolutionary process.
Coup[edit]
Main article: 1973 Chilean coup d'état
In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the constitutional crisis with a plebiscite.[citation needed] His speech outlining such a solution was scheduled for 11 September, but he was never able to deliver it. On 11 September 1973, the Chilean military, aided by the United States and its CIA, staged a coup against Allende.
Death[edit]
Main article: Death of Salvador Allende
Statue of Allende in front of the Palacio de la Moneda. A portion of the statue's drapery, shown worn as a cape, is the national flag of Chile
Just before the capture of La Moneda (the Presidential Palace), with gunfire and explosions clearly audible in the background, Allende gave his farewell speech to Chileans on live radio, speaking of himself in the past tense, of his love for Chile and of his deep faith in its future. He stated that his commitment to Chile did not allow him to take an easy way out, and he would not be used as a propaganda tool by those he called "traitors" (he refused an offer of safe passage), clearly implying he intended to fight to the end.[98]
"Workers of my country, I have faith in Chile and its destiny. Other men will overcome this dark and bitter moment when treason seeks to prevail. Keep in mind that, much sooner than later, the great avenues will again be opened through which will pass free men to construct a better society. Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!"
President Salvador Allende's farewell speech, 11 September 1973.[5]
Shortly afterwards, the coup plotters announced that Allende had committed suicide. An official announcement declared that the weapon he had used was an automatic rifle. Before his death he had been photographed several times holding an AK-47, a gift from Fidel Castro.[99] He was found dead with this gun, according to contemporaneous statements made by officials in the Pinochet regime.
Lingering doubts regarding the manner of Allende's death persisted throughout the period of the Pinochet regime. Many Chileans and independent observers refused to accept on faith the government's version of events amid speculation that Allende had been murdered by government agents. When in 2011 a Chilean court opened a criminal investigation into the circumstances of Allende's death, Pinochet had long since left power and Chile had meanwhile become one of the most stable democracies in the Americas according to The Economist magazine's democracy index.
The ongoing criminal investigation led to a May 2011 court order that Allende's remains be exhumed and autopsied by an international team of experts.[100] Results of the autopsy were officially released in mid-July 2011. The team of experts concluded that the former president had shot himself with an AK-47 assault rifle.[101] In December 2011 the judge in charge of the investigation affirmed the experts' findings and ruled Allende's death a suicide.[102] On 11 September 2012, the 39th anniversary of Allende's death, a Chilean appeals court unanimously upheld the trial court's ruling, officially closing the case.[103]
The Guardian, a leading UK newspaper, reported that a scientific autopsy of the remains had confirmed that "Salvador Allende committed suicide during the 1973 coup that toppled his socialist government."[100] The Guardian went on to say that:
British ballistics expert David Prayer said Allende died of two shots fired from an assault rifle that was held between his legs and under his chin and was set to fire automatically. The bullets blew out the top of his head and killed him instantly. The forensics team's conclusion was unanimous. Spanish expert Francisco Etxeberria said: "We have absolutely no doubt" that Allende committed suicide.[100]
According to Isabel Allende Bussi—the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chilean Senate—the Allende family has long accepted that the former President shot himself, telling the BBC that: "The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed. When faced with extreme circumstances, he made the decision of taking his own life, instead of being humiliated."[104][105]
The definitive and unanimous results produced by the 2011 Chilean judicial investigation appear to have laid to rest decades of nagging suspicions that Allende might have been assassinated by the Chilean Armed Forces. But public acceptance of the suicide theory had already been growing for much of the previous decade. In a post-junta Chile where restrictions on free speech were steadily eroding, independent and seemingly reliable witnesses at last began to tell their stories to the news media and to human rights researchers. The cumulative weight of the facts reported by these witnesses provided factual support for many previously unconfirmed details relating to Allende's death.[106]
The widespread acceptance of suicide as the cause Salvador Allende's death was, however, preceded by decades of speculation and controversializing about the circumstances surrounding his death. Several examples of pre-2011 speculation are shown below or on the Wikipedia page regarding the Death of Salvador Allende.
Alternate views regarding the death of Salvador Allende:
On 31 May 2011 TVN, the state television station, reported the discovery of a secret 300-page military account of Allende's death. The document had been kept in the home of a former military justice official, and was discovered when his house was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake. After reviewing the report, two forensic experts told TVN "that they are inclined to conclude that Allende was assassinated".[107]
Forensic expert Luis Ravanal has been studying Allende's autopsy since 2007. Ravanal says he found details in the 1973 autopsy report are not consistent with suicide and that the wounds on the body were likely caused by more than one gun. The cranium, he says, shows evidence of a first shot with a small gun, like a pistol, and then, a second shot from a larger weapon—like an AK-47—which could mean that Allende was shot and killed, then shot a second time with his own gun, to make it look like suicide.[108]
In his 2004 documentary Salvador Allende, Patricio Guzmán incorporates a graphic image of Allende's corpse in the position it was found after his death. According to Guzmán's documentary, Allende shot himself with a pistol and not a rifle.
Family[edit]
Main article: Allende family
An East German stamp commemorating Allende
Well-known relatives of Salvador Allende include his daughter Isabel Allende (a politician) and his second niece Isabel Allende (a writer) and other grandsons and daughter out of the close family as Jurado Allende. other grand son born on Cuba with last names Fernandez Allende.
Memorials[edit]
Memorials to Allende include a statue in front of the Palacio de la Moneda. The placement of the statue was not without controversy, as it is located facing the eastern edge of the Plaza de la Ciudadanía, this plaza containing memorials to a number of Chilean statesmen. However, the statue is not located in the plaza, but rather on a surrounding sidewalk and facing an entrance to the plaza.
Allende is buried in the general cemetery of Santiago.[109] His tomb is constantly visited both by foreigners and locals alike.
In Nicaragua the tourist port of the capital of Managua is named after him, the first socialist president of Latin America. The Salvador Allende Port is located near Downtown Managua.
The broken glasses of Allende were given to the Chilean National History Museum in 1996 by a woman who had found them in La Moneda in 1973.[110]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Communist Party belonged to the moderate wing of the Unidad Popular coalition, while Allende's Socialist Party was split between two factions; the moderate vía pacífica and the radical vía insurreccional.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Profile of Salvador Allende". BBC. 8 September 2003.
Jump up ^ Pipes, Richard (2003). Communism: A History. The Modern Library. p. 138. ISBN 0-8129-6864-6.
Jump up ^ "Chile: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream". Time Magazine. 24 September 1973. "Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America..."
Jump up ^ Winn, Peter (2010). "Furies of the Andes". In Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert. A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 239–275. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Salvador Allende's Last Speech
Jump up ^ "Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms". The Guardian. United Kingdom. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chile inquiry confirms President Allende killed himself". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Línea de Tiempo – Fundación Salvador Allende". fundacionsalvadorallende.cl. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Hermes H. Benítez & Juan Gonzalo Rocha. "Los verdaderos nombres de Allende" (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ "La senadora Allende se equivoca sobre el nacimiento de su padre" (in Spanish). El Mostrador.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Patricio Guzmán, Salvador Allende (film documentary, 2004)
Jump up ^ "José Ramón Allende Padin".
Jump up ^ "El personaje de hoy".
Jump up ^ Tallentire, Mark (3 August 2010). "A hundred years on, Everton face Everton for the first time". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Waitzkin, Howard. "Commentary: Salvador Allende and the birth of Latin American social medicine". International Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (4): 739–741. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh176. PMID 15860637.
Jump up ^ Porter, Dorothy (October 2006). "How Did Social Medicine Evolve, and Where Is It Heading?". PLOS Medicine. 3: e399. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030399. PMC 1621092  . PMID 17076552.
Jump up ^ "Famous Freemasons Masonic Presidents". Calodges.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Unmasked defamatory libel on Salvador Allende". 27 May 2005. with link to thesis, on the Clarin's website (Spanish version available)
Jump up ^ Salvador Allende by Hedda Garza
Jump up ^ "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Clarín de Chile's.
Jump up ^ Tedeschi, SK; Brown, TM; Fee, E (2003). "Salvador Allende". Am J Public Health. 93: 2014–5. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.12.2014. PMC 1448142  . PMID 14652324.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chile 1964: CIA Covert Support in Frei Election Detailed". The National Security Archive. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Memorandum for the 303 Committee:Final Report: March 1969 Chilean Congressional Election". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Document 269". U.S. Department of State: Office of the Historian. United States Department of State. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Gonzalo Rojas Sanchez; Columna Centenaria, 2008.
Jump up ^ Angell, Alan (1993). "Chile since 1958". In Bethell, Leslie. Chile since independence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–160, 167. ISBN 0-521-43987-6.
Jump up ^ Mark Falcoff (10 November 2003). "Kissinger and Chile originally". Commentary Magazine. frontpagemag.com. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Régis Debray (1972). The Chilean Revolution: Conversations with Allende. New York: Vintage Books.
Jump up ^ "Como Allende destruyo la democracia en Chile" (in Spanish). elcato.org.
Jump up ^ "La Unidad Popular" (in Spanish). icarito.latercera.cl. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. , archived 7 March 2005 on the Internet Archive
Jump up ^ Collier & Sater, 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter, Winn. "The Chilean Revolution". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/33/48/PDF/Popular_Unity.pdf
Jump up ^ http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAA696.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b McGuire, J.W. (2010). Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-139-48622-4. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Socialist Party :: Socialist Party and CWI public figures :: John Reid". socialistparty.org.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Wright, T.C. (2001). Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution. Praeger. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-275-96705-5. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Henderson, J.D.; Delpar, H.; Brungardt, M.P.; Weldon, R.N. (2000). A Reference Guide to Latin American History. M.E. Sharpe. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-56324-744-6. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Politics and Ideology in Allende’s Chile by Ricardo Israel Zipper
Jump up ^ The Socialist-Populist Chilean Experience, 1970-1973
Jump up ^ "Chile's Free Market Miracle". google.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Marcel, M.; Solimano, A. (1993). Developmentalism, Socialism, and Free Market Reform: Three Decades of Income Distribution in Chile. 1188. Policy Research Department, World Bank. p. 12. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ The Macroeconomics of populism in Latin America by Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards
Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Latin America Volume VIII edited by Leslie Bethell
^ Jump up to: a b c A History of Chile, 1808–1994, by Simon Collier and William F. Sater
Jump up ^ Andrain, C. (2010). Political Change in the Third World. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-415-60129-0. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Mularski, Jedrek. Music, Politics, and Nationalism in Latin America: Chile During the Cold War Era. Amherst: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-888-9.
Jump up ^ Shayne, J.D. (2004). The Revolution Question: Feminisms in El Salvador, Chile, and Cuba. Rutgers University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8135-3484-8. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Baldez, L. (2002). Why Women Protest: Women's Movements in Chile. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-521-01006-1. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Bizzarro, S. (2005). Historical Dictionary of Chile. Scarecrow Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-8108-6542-6. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ McGuire, J.W. (2010). Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-139-48622-4. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Pribble, J.E.; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Political Science: Doctoral (2008). Protecting the Poor: Welfare Politics in Latin America's Free Market Era. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-549-53588-1. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Thomas, G. (2013). Contesting Legitimacy in Chile: Familial Ideals, Citizenship, and Political Struggle, 1970–1990. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-271-04849-9. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Pan American Health Organization (2009). Social Protection in Health Schemes for Mother, Newborn and Child Populations: Lessons Learned from the Latin American Region. Pan American Health Organization. p. 72. ISBN 9789275128411. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Food price policies and nutrition in Latin America". archive.unu.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.arts.auckland.ac.nz/webdav/site/arts/shared/research-centres/nzclas/documents-publications/NZCLAS-TR-1-Buchananb.pdf
Jump up ^ Dornbusch, Rudiger; Edwards, Sebastian (1990). "Macroeconomic Populism". Journal of Development Economics. 32 (2): 247–277. doi:10.1016/0304-3878(90)90038-D.
Jump up ^ Flores, 1997: source requires title/publisher
^ Jump up to: a b "Comienzan los problemas" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia Escolar Icarito. Archived from the original on 22 September 2003. . Archived on the Internet Archive, 22 September 2003
^ Jump up to: a b United States Senate Report (1975). "Covert Action in Chile, 1963–1973". U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ "Declaración de la Asamblea Plenaria del Episcopado sobre la Escuela Nacional Unificada" (in Spanish). Conferencia Episcopal de Chile. 11 April 1973. Archived from the original on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Eden Medina, "Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile", Journal of Latin American Studies 38 (2006):571–606.
Jump up ^ Edy Kaufman, "Crisis in Allende's Chile: New Perspectives", Praeger Publishers, New York, 1988. 266–267.
Jump up ^ Richard Gott.Latin America is preparing to settle accounts with its white settler elite. Guardian Unlimited, 15 November 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Figures are from November 1986, pp. 4–12, tables 1.1 & 1.7
Jump up ^ Hoogvelt, 1997
Jump up ^ Nove, 1986
Jump up ^ Tier, Mark, 1973, "Allende Erred", Nation Review (Melbourne, Australia), 12–18 October
Jump up ^ Still Hidden: A Full Record Of What the U.S. Did in Chile, Peter Kornbluh, The Washington Post, Sunday 24 October 1999; Page B01
Jump up ^ Dornbusch. Edwards, 1989
Jump up ^ Mujal-León, E. (1989). The USSR and Latin America: A Developing Relationship. Unwin Hyman. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-04-445165-5. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pawn or Player? Chile in the cold war" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Hinchey Report CIA Activities in Chile. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 18 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Axelsson, Sun Chili, le Dossier Noir. (Chile: The Black File) Paris, France: Gallimard, 1974, p. 87
Jump up ^ "CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile". Archived from the original on 7 August 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "CIA Activities in Chile—Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Church Report. Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973", 18 December 1975.
Jump up ^ CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile, CBS News, 19 September 2000. Archived 7 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Franklin, Files show Chilean blood on US hands, The Guardian, 11 October 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b Moran, Theodore (1974). Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: CoppeEncyclopedic r in Chile. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ Brandt, Daniel (28 November 1998). "U.S. Responsibility for the Coup in Chile". NameBase. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Peter Kornbluh, posted May 26, 2004". This particular dialogue can be found at "Telcon: September 16, 1973, 11:50 am Kissinger Talking to Nixon" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Just how intelligent?". 18 February 2003. Retrieved 13 February 2017 – via The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew, Christopher (2001). The Sword and the Shield. Basic Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-465-00312-5.
Jump up ^ Stile, Alexander. "The Secret Life of Mario Scaramella". Slate News. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Allegations in Mitrokhin Archives vague: Congress". Rediff News. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin How 'weak' Allende was left out in the cold by the KGB (excerpt from The Mitrokhin Archive Volume II), The Times (UK), 19 September 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Soviet intelligence in Latin America during the Cold War – Lectures by General Nikolai Leonov". Centro de Estudios Publicos (Chile). 22 September 1999. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Letters to the Editor "Reliability of Soviet defector's allegations is open to question" Financial Times. Retrieved 20 June 2015
Jump up ^ Whitekar, Reg. "Andrew and Mitrokhin Part 1" Intelligence Forum Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. 17 January 2000
Jump up ^ Mitchel, Angus "Secrets and Lies Retrieved 20 June 2015
Jump up ^ "Second coup attempt: El Tanquetazo (the tank attack)". Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-15. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , originally on RebelYouth.ca. Unsigned, but with citations. Archived on Internet Archive 13 October 2004.
Jump up ^ "historia de chile y controversia – Grupos en Geomundos". geomundos.com. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b (in Spanish) Se desata la crisis Archived 2 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine., part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Valenzuela, Arturo. Juan J. Linz, and Alfred Stepan, ed. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. 109: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8018-2010-6.
Jump up ^ English translation on Wikisource.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) La respuesta del Presidente Allende on Wikisource. English translation on Wikisource. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Socialist Says AllendeOnce Spoke of Suicide". The New York Times. 12 September 1973. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "The COHA Blog". Retrieved 13 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms". The Guardian. London. 19 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "nacion.cl - Restos de Salvador Allende fueron exhumados". Lanacion.cl. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ministro cierra investigación sobre Allende: se suicidó - Terra Colombia". Noticias.terra.com.co. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Chilean court confirms Allende suicide - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Admite hija de Allende suicidio de su padre" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: El Universal. August 17, 2003. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chile inquiry confirms President Allende killed himself". BBC News. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez Camus, Ignacio, El dia en que murio Allende ("The Day That Allende Died"), 1988, pp. 282ff.
Jump up ^ "Chile TV: Secret military report on Allende's death raises doubts about suicide". The Washington Post. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "For Chileans, Allende's Exhumation Raises The Past". National Public Radio. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Former Chilean president Allende remains buried for third time in private ceremony". Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Morgado, José. "El día que Teresa rescató los lentes de Allende en La Moneda". Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Sources[edit]
Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970–1976, (From the United States' National Security Archive).
Thomas Karamessines (1970). Operation Guide for the Conspiration in Chile, Washington: United States National Security Council.
La Batalla de Chile – Cuba/Chile/França/Venezuela, 1975, 1977 e 1979. Director Patricio Guzmán. Duration: 272 minutes. (in Spanish)
Márquez, Gabriel García. Chile, el golpe y los gringos. Crónica de una tragedia organizada, Manágua, Nicaragua: Radio La Primeirissima, 11 de setembro de 2006 (in Spanish)
Kornbluh, Peter. El Mercurio file, The., Columbia Journalism Review, Sep/Oct 2003
CIA Activities in Chile CIA response to the Hinchey amendment on www.cia.gov
Further reading[edit]
Comite central del Partido comunista de Cuba: Comisión de orientación revolucionaria. Rencontre symbolique entre deux processus historiques [i.e., de Cuba et de Chile]. La Habana, Cuba: Éditions polituques, 1972.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Salvador Allende
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Salvador Allende
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salvador Allende.
Photos of the public places named in homage to the President Allende all around the world
Salvador Allende's "Last Words". Spanish text with English translation. The transcript of the last radio broadcast of Chilean President Salvador Allende, made on 11 September 1973, at 9:10 am. MP3 audio available here.
Caso Pinochet. While nominally a page about the Pinochet case, this large collection of links includes Allende's dissertation and numerous documents (mostly PDFs) related to the dissertation and to the controversy about it, ranging from the Cesare Lombroso material discussed in Allende's dissertation to a collective telegram of protest over Kristallnacht signed by Allende (in Spanish).
An Interview with Salvadore Allende: President of Chile, interviewed by Saul Landau, Dove Films, 1971, 32 min. (previously unreleased):
Video (Spanish with English subtitles) in El Clarin de Chile. (Alternative location at Google Video)
11 September 1973, When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile – video report by Democracy Now!
Why Allende had to die, 2013 reprint of a story from March 1974, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Political offices
Preceded by
Miguel Etchebarne Minister of Public Health,
Social Assistance and Welfare
1939–1942 Succeeded by
Eduardo Escudero
Preceded by
Tomás Reyes President of the Senate of Chile
1966–1969 Succeeded by
Tomás Pablo
Preceded by
Eduardo Frei Montalva President of Chile
November 3, 1970–September 11, 1973 Succeeded by
Augusto Pinochet
[show]
v
t
e
Salvador Allende
Life and politics
Biography
Presidential elections of 1952 / 1958 / 1964 / 1970
Presidency
Tanquetazo
1973 coup d'état
Death
Policies
Vuskovic plan
Economic policy
Nationalization of copper
Schneider Doctrine
Project Cybersyn
Perceptions
Project FUBELT
Schneider Doctrine
Criticisms
Allies
Carlos Prats
Carlos Altamirano
Orlando Letelier
José Tohá
Pedro Vuskovic
Edgardo Enríquez
Andre Gunder Frank
Family
Ramón Allende Padín
Laura Allende
Isabel Allende (Bussi)
Andrés Pascal Allende
Isabel Allende
[show]
History of Chile
[show]
v
t
e
Salvador Allende
Life and politics
Biography
Presidential elections of 1952 / 1958 / 1964 / 1970
Presidency
Tanquetazo
1973 coup d'état
Death
Policies
Vuskovic plan
Economic policy
Nationalization of copper
Schneider Doctrine
Project Cybersyn
Perceptions
Project FUBELT
Schneider Doctrine
Criticisms
Allies
Carlos Prats
Carlos Altamirano
Orlando Letelier
José Tohá
Pedro Vuskovic
Edgardo Enríquez
Andre Gunder Frank
Family
Ramón Allende Padín
Laura Allende
Isabel Allende (Bussi)
Andrés Pascal Allende
Isabel Allende
[show]
v
t
e
Presidents of Chile
Blanco Encalada
Eyzaguirre
Freire
F. Pinto
Vicuña
Ovalle
Ruiz-Tagle
Ovalle
Prieto
Bulnes
M. Montt
Pérez
Errázuriz Zañartu
A. Pinto
Santa María
Balmaceda
J. Montt
Errázuriz Echaurren
Riesco
P. Montt
Figueroa
Barros Luco
Sanfuentes
Alessandri Palma
Figueroa
Ibáñez del Campo
Montero
Dávila
Alessandri Palma
Aguirre Cerda
Méndez
Ríos
González Videla
Ibáñez del Campo
Alessandri Rodriguez
Frei Montalva
Allende
Pinochet
Aylwin
Frei Ruiz-Tagle
Lagos
Bachelet
Piñera
Bachelet
Piñera
Timeline
[show]
v
t
e
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Vivar
Errázuriz
Cienfuegos
Eyzaguirre
Egaña
Vial
Novoa
Cienfuegos
Elizondo
Barros
Tocornal
Yrarrázaval
Benavente
Pinto
Cerda
R. Larraín
Correa de Saa
Covarrubias
Pérez
Covarrubias
Varas
Santa María
Eastman
Silva
Edwards
Lazcano
Sanfuentes
Balmaceda
Matte
Charme
Tocornal
Claro
Yáñez
Oyarzún
Opaso
Cabero
Urrutia Manzano
Marambio
Urrutia Manzano
Maza
Cruchaga
Durán
Opaso
Urrejola
Alessandri Palma
Alvarez
Alessandri Palma
Alessandri Rodríguez
Pérez de Arce
Videla
Zepeda
Ahumada
Reyes
Maurás
Reyes
S. Allende
Pablo
Aylwin
Palma
Acuña
Frei Montalva
Government Junta
Valdés
Diez
Zaldívar
H. Larraín
Romero
Frei Ruiz-Tagle
Zaldívar
Novoa
Pizarro
Girardi
Escalona
Pizarro
I. Allende
Walker
Lagos
Zaldívar
[show]
v
t
e
1973 Chilean coup d'état
Background
United States intervention in Chile
Schneider Doctrine
1970 election
Project FUBELT
Presidency of Salvador Allende
Carlos Prats
Alejandrina Cox incident
Carlos Altamirano
Tanquetazo
Participants
Salvador Allende
Augusto Pinochet
José Toribio Merino
Gustavo Leigh
César Mendoza
Aftermath
Government Junta of Chile
Miguel Enriquez
Operation Condor
Assassination of Carlos Prats
Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton
Assassination of Orlando Letelier
Chile under Pinochet
Chicago Boys
Indictment and arrest of Pinochet
Controversies
Death of Salvador Allende
Criticisms of Salvador Allende
Human rights violations under Pinochet
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 97618187
LCCN: n50022993
ISNI: 0000 0001 2144 6616
GND: 118502085
SELIBR: 291576
SUDOC: 028151852
BNF: cb11888506q (data)
NLA: 35003625
NDL: 00431313
NKC: jn19990000120
BNE: XX826611
SNAC: w6wd4trb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Allende&oldid=837168745"
Categories:
Salvador Allende
1908 births
1973 deaths
People from Valparaíso
Socialist Party of Chile politicians
Allende family
Chilean people of Basque descent
Chilean people of Belgian descent
Presidents of Chile
Chilean Ministers of Health
Chilean physicians
Chilean politicians who committed suicide
Members of the Senate of Chile
Democratic socialists
Leaders ousted by a coup
Lenin Peace Prize recipients
Suicides by firearm in Chile
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Chilean agnostics
Chilean Freemasons
Chilean Marxists
Marxist humanists
Instituto Nacional alumni
Recipients of the Order of José Marti
University of Chile alumni
Candidates for President of Chile
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles with Spanish-language external links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2011
Use dmy dates from August 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Articles needing additional references from November 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
मराठी
მარგალური
مازِرونی
Mirandés
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Pälzisch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
Sardu
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Yorùbá
粵語
中文
77 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 04:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Chile)
mw-redirect
Minister of Health (Chile)

values:
/wiki/Arturo_Alessandri_Palma
mw-redirect
Arturo Alessandri Palma

values:
/wiki/Medical_doctor
mw-redirect
Medical doctor

values:
nofollow
http://www.fundacionsalvadorallende.cl/
external text

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Free association (communism and anarchism)

values: From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;

values: History of the socialist movement in Brazil

values: History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom

values: History of the socialist movement in the United States

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;

values: International Committee of the Fourth International

values:
/wiki/Right-wing_socialism
mw-redirect
Right-wing socialism

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;font-weight:normal;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-spacing:0.2em 0;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Chilean_people
mw-redirect
Chilean people

values:
/wiki/Chilean_politics
mw-redirect
Chilean politics

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_minister
mw-redirect
Cabinet minister

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)

values:
/wiki/Congress_of_Chile
mw-redirect
Congress of Chile

values:
/wiki/Social_reform
mw-redirect
Social reform

values:
/wiki/Basque_Chilean
mw-redirect
Basque Chilean

values:
/wiki/Max_Westenhofer
mw-redirect
Max Westenhofer

values: Edit section: Political involvement up to 1970

values:
/wiki/Marmaduque_Grove
mw-redirect
Marmaduque Grove

values:
/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Chile)
mw-redirect
Democratic Alliance (Chile)

values:
/wiki/Ais%C3%A9n_Province
mw-redirect
Aisén Province

values:
/wiki/Chilean_Senate
mw-redirect
Chilean Senate

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Frente_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular
mw-redirect
Frente de Acción Popular

values:
/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez
mw-redirect
Carlos Ibáñez

values:
/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Government of the United States

values:
/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Party_of_Chile
mw-redirect
Christian Democrat Party of Chile

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Copper_mining
mw-redirect
Copper mining

values:
/wiki/Santiago_subway
mw-redirect
Santiago subway

values:
/wiki/Chilean_escudo
mw-redirect
Chilean escudo

values:
/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer
mw-redirect
Anthony Stafford Beer

values:
/wiki/Fiat_currency
mw-redirect
Fiat currency

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)

values:
/wiki/U.S._State_Department
mw-redirect
U.S. State Department

values:
/wiki/Sebastian_Edwards
mw-redirect
Sebastian Edwards

values: Edit section: Foreign relations during Allende's presidency

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)

values:
/wiki/40_Committee
mw-redirect
40 Committee

values:
/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Chile)
mw-redirect
Christian Democracy (Chile)

values:
/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Chile)
mw-redirect
Chamber of Deputies (Chile)

values:
/wiki/ITT_Corporation
mw-redirect
ITT Corporation

values:
/wiki/Administration_of_Bill_Clinton
mw-redirect
Administration of Bill Clinton

values: Edit section: Relationships with the Soviet Union

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

values:
/wiki/Roberto_Souper
mw-redirect
Roberto Souper

values:
/wiki/Patria_y_Libertad
mw-redirect
Patria y Libertad

values: Edit section: Supreme Court's resolution

values: Edit section: Chamber of Deputies' resolution

values: Edit section: President Allende's response

values:
/wiki/Chilean_coup_of_1973
mw-redirect
Chilean coup of 1973

values: float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 60%;

values: margin: auto; width:80%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9; position: relative; text-align: left;

values:
/wiki/Isabel_Allende_Bussi
mw-redirect
Isabel Allende Bussi

values:
/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Moneda
mw-redirect
Palacio de la Moneda

values:
/wiki/Chilean_National_History_Museum
mw-redirect
Chilean National History Museum

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: upper-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyh176

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860637

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17076552

values:
/wiki/El_Clar%C3%ADn_de_Chile
mw-redirect
El Clarín de Chile

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.93.12.2014

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14652324

values:
/wiki/Commentary_Magazine
mw-redirect
Commentary Magazine

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.elcato.org/node/2108

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.nber.org/chapters/c8301.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.namebase.org/chile.html

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values: s:Agreement of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile

values: wikisource:Salvador Allende's Last Speech

values:
nofollow
http://cohaforum.org/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.abacq.org/calle/index.php

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
padding:0px; padding:3px
navigation
navbox
Salvador_Allende

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Template:Presidents of the Senate of Chile

values: Template talk:Presidents of the Senate of Chile

values: Diego Antonio Barros (page does not exist)

values: José Miguel Yrarrázaval (page does not exist)

values: Diego José Benavente (page does not exist)

values: Juan de Dios Correa de Saa (page does not exist)

values: Alvaro Covarrubias (page does not exist)

values: José Francisco Urrejola (page does not exist)

values: Guillermo Pérez de Arce (page does not exist)

values: Sergio Romero Pizarro (page does not exist)

values: Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton

values: Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/97618187

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000121446616

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118502085

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/291576

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/028151852

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35003625

values: Category:Socialist Party of Chile politicians

values: Category:Chilean people of Basque descent

values: Category:Chilean people of Belgian descent

values: Category:Chilean politicians who committed suicide

values: Category:Presidents of the Senate of Chile

values: Category:Recipients of the Order of José Marti

values: Category:Candidates for President of Chile

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2011

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Salvador_Allende
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: سلفادور أليندي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: সালবাদোর আইয়েন্দে – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Сальвадор Альендэ – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Сальвадор Альендэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Салвадор Алиенде – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Σαλβαδόρ Αλιέντε – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: سالوادور آلنده – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 살바도르 아옌데 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Սալվադոր Ալիենդե Գոսենս – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: סלבדור איינדה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: სალვადორ ალიენდე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Салвадор Алјенде – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: साल्व्हादोर आयेंदे – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: სალვადორ ალიენდე – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values: سالوادور آلنده – Mazanderani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Сальвадор Альенде – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: サルバドール・アジェンデ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Альенде, Сальвадор – Russian

values: Альенде Сальвадор – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: آلندي سيلويڊار – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: سالڤادۆر ئالێندێ – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Салвадор Аљенде – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சால்வடோர் அயேந்தே – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Салвадор Алленде – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Сальвадор Альєнде – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 萨尔瓦多·阿连德 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Salvador_Allende rootpage-Salvador_Allende skin-vector action-view