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Purple Line (Namma Metro)
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Purple Line
Overview
Other name(s)
East - West corridor
Type
Metro
System
Namma Metro
Locale
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Termini
Baiyappanahalli
Mysore Road
Stations
17
36 (Phase II)
Daily ridership
45,000 (February 2016)[1]
Website
bmrc.co.in
Operation
Opened
20 October 2011 (2011-10-20)
Owner
Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
Character
Elevated, At Grade and Underground
Depot(s)
Baiyappanahalli
Rolling stock
Hyundai Rotem
Technical
Line length
18.22 km
42.53 km (Phase II)
Track gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification
750 V DC third rail
Operating speed
40 km/h (25 mph)
[show]
Purple Line map
Legend
Whitefield
Ujwala Vidyalaya
Kadugodi
International Tech Park
Satyasai Medical Institute
Vaidehi Hospital
Kundalahalli
Visvesvaraya Industrial Estate
Doddanakundi
Garudacharpalya
Mahadevapura
Narayanapura
cancelled
KR Puram
Jyothipuram
Baiyappanahalli
Swami Vivekananda Road
Indiranagar
Halasuru
Trinity
Mahatma Gandhi Road
Gottigere–
Nagavara line
Cubbon Park
Vidhana Soudha
Sir M. Visveshwarya
Kempegowda Green Line
City Railway Station
Magadi Road
Hosahalli
Vijayanagar
Attiguppe
Deepanjali Nagar
Mysore Road
Nayandahalli
Rajarajeshwari Nagar
Bangalore University
R.V. College of Engineering
Mailasandra
Kengeri
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Purple Line of the Namma Metro is part of the metro rail system for the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The 18.22 km line connects Baiyyappanahalli with Mysore Road. The line links the eastern, central and western areas of Bengaluru. The Purple Line is mostly elevated, with 12 elevated stations and 5 underground stations. The Majestic station serves as the interchange station with the Green Line. It generally takes around 35 minutes to travel from one end to another end, as compared to around 90 minutes taken to travel on road.
Civil construction work on Phase I of the line began on 15 April 2007, and was originally scheduled to be completed in 5 years. However, the project faced delays and missed several deadlines, which the BMRCL blamed on land acquisition disputes, and difficulty in drilling though the hard rock of the Deccan Plateau for the underground section. The first stretch (Reach 1) of the Purple Line between Baiyyappanahalli and Mahatma Gandhi Road was inaugurated on 20 October 2011, and Reach 2 between Mysore Road and Magadi Road commenced operations on 16 November 2015. These two sections operated independently until the final section, the underground stretch between Mahatma Gandhi Road and City Railway station was opened to the public on 30 April 2016, linking the previously operational stretches and completing Phase I of the Purple Line. The final stretch of Phase I is the first underground metro section in South India.[2]
The proposed Phase II will extend the line at both its eastern and western termini. Once Phase II is completed (expected in 2020), the line will consist of 36 stations from Whitefield in the east to Kengeri in the west, and measure 42.53 km.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Phase I
1.2 Phase II
2 Stations
2.1 Parking
3 Infrastructure
3.1 Rolling stock
3.2 Traction
3.3 Signaling
4 Operations
4.1 Frequency
4.2 Speed
4.3 Fare collection
4.4 Security
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The following dates represent the dates the section opened to the public, not the private inauguration.[3]
History
Section
Extension date
Termini
Length
Stations
Reach 1 20 October 2011 Baiyappanahalli M. G. Road 6.70 kilometers (4.16 mi) 6
Reach 2 16 November 2015 Magadi Road Mysore Road 6.40 kilometers (3.98 mi) 6
UG 2 30 April 2016 M. G. Road Magadi Road 5.12 km (3.18 mi)[a] 5
Reach 1A and Reach 1B Whitefield Baiyappanahalli 15.50 km (9.63 mi)[4] 13
Reach 2A and Reach 2B Mysore Road Challegatta near Kengeri 6.465 km (4.017 mi)[4] 6
Total
Whitefield
Challegatta near Kengeri
42.53 km (26.43 mi)
36
Phase I[edit]
The detailed project report (DPR) for Phase I, comprising the Purple and Green Lines, of the Namma Metro project was prepared by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) and submitted to the BMRCL in May 2003. The final approval on a scheme that incorporated the expertise of DMRC and RITES Limited did not come until April 2006.[5] The DPR prepared by DMRC envisaged a 33 km (21 mi) elevated and underground rail network with 32 stations for Phase I of the project. The proposed gauge was standard gauge unlike the broad gauge on the Delhi Metro network. The rationale for the metro includes reduced journey times, cutting fuel use, accident reduction and lower pollution.
Construction work for Phase I of the Namma Metro project was scheduled to start in 2005 but was delayed due to change of government in Karnataka and continued debate over whether the project was financially feasible and appropriate for the city. The Union Cabinet approved Phase I of the Namma Metro on 25 April 2006, when it was estimated to cost ₹5,400 crore (US$830 million). The cost was later revised to ₹8,158 crore (US$1.2 billion), and then to ₹11,609 crore (US$1.8 billion). The cost escalated to ₹13,845 crore (US$2.1 billion) as various problems delayed the completion of the project.[6][7][8][9] The cost of the Purple Line was estimated at ₹4500-5000 crore,[10] with the cost of the underground stretch alone amounting to about ₹2,000 crore (US$310 million).[11] Land acquisition for Phase I of the project cost ₹2,500 crore (US$380 million).[6] BMRCL secured ₹6,500 crore (US$1.0 billion) through long-term loans and ₹300 crore (US$46 million) by selling bonds, while the remaining project cost was funded by Central Government and the State Government. BMRCL secured loans from several agencies - ₹3,000 crore (US$460 million) from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), ₹600 crore (US$92 million) from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO), ₹25 crore (US$3.8 million) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the rest from a French lending agency. Approximately 10% of the ₹6500 crore must be paid as interest by the BMRCL every year. The Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry estimated that this amounted to an interest payment of ₹2 crore (US$310,000), however the BMRCL refuted the claims that the interest was that high, while confirming that it was "definitely more than ₹1 crore (US$150,000) per day."[6]
Navayuga Engineering was awarded the contract to construct Reach 1 of the Purple Line in 2006.[12] The foundation stone for the Phase I construction was laid by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 24 June 2006,[13] and civil construction on Reach I of the line, between M.G. Road and Baiyyappanahalli, commenced on 15 April 2007.[14] The underground work commenced in May 2011.[15] Each corridor consists of two 4.8 km long tunnels which are the first underground tunnels built for trains in South India. The tunnels, dug using tunnel boring machines (TBM), are located approximately 60 feet below ground level, have an outer diameter of 6.5 metres and inner diameter of 5.6 metres, and situated are 5 metres apart.[16] Two Japanese TBMs, nicknamed Helen (TBM 1) and Margarita (TBM 2), were used for tunneling work on the Purple Line.[17][18][19][20][21] Tunneling work began in May 2011 and completed in May 2014.[22] The work required the BMRCL to conduct 10,000 controlled blasts using 50,000 kg of 125 gm gel nitrate capsules as explosives to tunnel through the hard granite rock of the Deccan Plateau.[23][24][25] Blasts were carried out daily from 6 am to 7 am from March 2011 to early 2013. Regulations restricted blasting work from being carried out at the times of day. Preparation for a single blast took approximately 3.5 hours, with the actual duration of a blast being 5 seconds. Approximately, 20,250 truckloads of debris was excavated during construction. Kolar-based National Institute of Rock Mechanics served as consultant for blasting work.[25] A total of 2500 trees were cut down during the construction of both lines of Phase I.[9][26]
Reach 1 was originally scheduled to begin operations in March 2010. After the deadline was missed, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL) shifted the deadline to 31 December 2010. It was again changed to 4 April 2011 and then the date of inauguration was set at 15 September 2011. The next deadline set was 26 September 2011 which was also missed. The metro was finally opened to the public on 20 October 2011 at 4 pm IST by Union Urban Development Minister Kamal Nath.[27] There was an overwhelming response to the metro at the commencement of operations. As per BMRCL sources within first three days of operations, 169,019 people used this mass transit system.[28] At the end of 4th day about 200,000 passengers had already commuted in Namma Metro. Namma Metro's first 12-day cumulative revenue was ₹10 million (US$150,000).[29] During the first month, since the opening of Reach I, about 1,325,000 people travelled by the metro.[30] On average, 41,390 people took the train every day, while the average daily revenue was ₹667,262. The BMRC earned a revenue of ₹21 million (US$320,000) in its first month of operation.[31] In the first six months of operation, average ridership went down to 24,900. The BMRC earned a total of ₹66 million (US$1.0 million) during the same period.[32] Namma Metro posted a profit of ₹4.1 million (US$63,000) after almost one year of operating Reach I. BMRCL estimates that nearly 8 million passengers travelled on the system, in its first year of operations.[33]
Reach 2 received clearance to start services from Satish Kumar Mittal, the Commissioner for Metro Rail Safety (CMRS), on 21 September 2015.[34] Reach 2 was opened to the public on 16 November 2015.[35][36]
BMRCL applied for safety clearance to open the underground stretch in the third week of March 2016.[37] The Commissioner for Railway Safety (CRS) granted clearance to begin operations on the underground section in the first week of April 2016. However, BMRCL did not open the section until 30 April 2016, as it was waiting for the availability of VIPs to inaugurate the stretch.[38] The underground section was inaugurated by Union Urban Development Minister M. Venkaiah Naidu, Chief Minister Siddaramaiah, and other dignitaries at a ceremony at the Vidhana Soudha on 29 April 2016. The inaugural train departed from the Vidhana Soudha station at 6:35 PM.[39] Namma metro was first driven in underground section by LOCO pilot Chethankumar who became the first LOCOPILOT in South India to do so .[40] The section was opened to the public from 6 AM on 30 April 2016.[41][42] Trains ran until 10 PM on opening day, making 115 trips, transporting 93,526 passengers and earning the BMRCL a revenue of ₹35 lakh (US$54,000).[43][44] The following day, 120 trips were operated on the Purple line, transporting about 125,000 passengers. On the first two days of operation, after the opening of the underground section, the BMRCL collected ₹Convert in revenues from the Purple Line.[45][46]
Phase II[edit]
In October 2016, the BMRCL began civil work on the western extension of the Purple Line from Mysore Road to Kengeri (8.81 km). Construction work on the Purple Line corridor was awarded in two packages for ₹660 crore.[47] IL&FS Engineering Construction Company bagged the contract for Reach 2A, the Mysore Road to RVCE/Pattanagere stretch of 3.94 km (which includes four stations), at ₹327 crore. Soma Enterprise secured Reach 2B, the RVCE/Pattanagere to Kengeri stretch of 4.86 km (which includes two stations and a depot at Challaghatta), at ₹332 crore. The land needed for the depot at Challaghatta (which is about 1.5 km away from the end station Kengeri) had already been acquired by BMRCL.[48]
The BMRCL floated tenders for the construction of the 15.5-km elevated stretch from Baiyappanahalli to Whitefield in December 2016. The work was split into two packages - Reach 1A and Reach 1B. Reach 1A is an 8.03 km section from Baiyappanahalli to Visvesvaraya Industrial Area. The section includes six new stations and is estimated to cost ₹670.72 crore. Reach 1B, the 7.21 km section from Kundalahalli to Whitefield, includes seven new stations and is estimated to cost ₹666.12 crore. The tenders for Reach 1B and Reach 1A were floated by the BMRC on 1 December and 6 December respectively.[49] Italian-Thai Development Public Company Limited (ITD) was awarded the contracts for both packages, for a sum of ₹1,300 crore (US$200 million), in May 2017.[50]
Around 270 buildings were demolished for the construction of Reach 1A and 1B. The BMRC spent an estimated ₹849 crore to acquire these properties. Demolition work began in March 2017.[4][51] Construction work is expected to begin by June 2017, and be completed within 27 months.[52]
Stations[edit]
Main article: List of Namma Metro stations
There are 17 stations on the Purple Line. All underground stations were built using the cut-and-cover method. Most underground stations are 300 metres long and 25 metres wide. The interchange station at Majestic is much larger.[23]
Initially, there were no toilets at Namma Metro stations, despite demand from commuters. BMRCL countered the demand by arguing that constructing toilets was not part of the metro construction plan, and that building toilets in the city was the responsibility of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). They also justified the decision by saying that commuters spent "hardly five minutes" at stations, so restrooms were not required, and also that none of the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) bus stops in the city had toilets for passengers. However, BMRCL eventually heeded public demand, and the metro's first toilets were opened at Baiyappanahalli and Indiranagar stations on 21 June 2013.[53]
In September 2015, it was announced that the proposed Narayanapura metro station would be removed from the network, and the proposed Krishnarajapuram metro station would be shifted by 295 metres to the west, due to difficulty in acquiring land in the area.[54] In April 2016, the BMRCL revealed that the Whitefield metro station, proposed to be located 200 metres away from the Whitefield railway station, would be construct at a new location directly opposite the railway station to provide connectivity between the metro and railway lines.[55]
Yellow tactile tiles are used at all stations to guide the visually impaired. The tiles start at the ramp and lead to the staircases and lifts.[56]
Purple Line
#
Station Name
Opening
Connections
Layout
Coordinates
English
Kannada
1 Whitefield ವೈಟ್ ಫೀಲ್ಡ್ None
2 Ujwala Vidyalaya ಉಜ್ವಲ ವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ None
3 Kadugodi ಕಾಡುಗೋಡಿ None
4 ITPL ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಟೆಕ್ ಪಾರ್ಕ್ None
5 Satyasai Medical Institute ಸತ್ಯಸಾಯಿ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ None
6 Vydehi Hospital ವ್ಯದೇಹಿ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ None
7 Kundalahalli ಕುಂದಲಹಳ್ಳಿ None
8 Visvesvaraya Industrial Estate ವಿಶ್ವೇಶ್ವರಯ್ಯ ಇಂಡಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯಲ್ ಎಸ್ಟೇಟ್ None
9 Doddanakundi ದೊಡ್ದನಕುಂದಿ None
10 Garudacharapalya ಗರುಡಾಚಾರಪಾಳ್ಯ None
11 Mahadevapura ಮಹದೇವಪುರ None
12 KR Puram ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜಪುರ None
13 Jyothipuram ಜ್ಯೋತಿಪುರ None
14 Baiyappanahalli ಬೈಯಪ್ಪನಹಳ್ಳಿ 20 October 2011 Baiyappanahalli railway station At Grade
15 Swami Vivekananda Road ಸ್ವಾಮಿ ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ 20 October 2011 None Elevated
16 Indiranagar ಇಂದಿರಾನಗರ 20 October 2011 None Elevated
17 Halasuru ಹಲಸೂರು 20 October 2011 None Elevated
18 Trinity ಟ್ರಿನಿಟಿ 20 October 2011 None Elevated
19 Mahatma Gandhi Road ಮಹಾತ್ಮಾ ಗಾಂಧಿ ರಸ್ತೆ 20 October 2011 Gottigere - Nagawara Line Elevated
20 Cubbon Park ಕಬ್ಬನ್ ಪಾರ್ಕ್ 30 April 2016 None Underground
21 Vidhana Soudha ಡಾ. ಬಿ ರ್ ಅಂಬೇಡ್ಕರ್ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ, ವಿಧಾನ ಸೌಧ 30 April 2016 None Underground
22 Sir M. Visveshwaraya ಸರ್ ಎಂ ವಿಶ್ವೇಶ್ವರಯ್ಯ 30 April 2016 None Underground
23 Majestic ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ, ಮೆಜೆಸ್ಟಿಕ್ 30 April 2016 Green Line At Grade
24 City Railway Station ಸಿಟಿ ರೈಲು ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ 30 April 2016 Bangalore City railway station Underground
25 Magadi Road ಮಾಗಡಿ ರಸ್ತೆ 16 November 2015 None Elevated
26 Hosahalli ಬಾಲಗಂಗಾಧರನಾಥ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ, ಹೊಸಹಳ್ಳಿ 16 November 2015 None Elevated
27 Vijayanagar ವಿಜಯನಗರ 16 November 2015 None Elevated
28 Attiguppe ಅತ್ತಿಗುಪ್ಪೆ 16 November 2015 None Elevated
29 Deepanjali Nagar ದೀಪಾಂಜಲಿನಗರ 16 November 2015 None Elevated
30 Mysore Road ಮೈಸೂರು ರಸ್ತೆ 16 November 2015 None Elevated
31 Nayandahalli ನಾಯಂಡನಹಳ್ಳಿ None
32 Rajarajeshwari Nagar None
33 Bangalore University None
34 R. V. College of Engineering/Pattanagere None
35 Mailasandra[57][58] None Elevated
36 Kengeri None Elevated
37 Challegatta None
Interior of the Metro coach
Interior of the Metro coach on inauguration day
MG Road Station at night
Parking[edit]
Currently, parking facilities are available only in Baiyappanahalli, Mysore Road and Swami Vivekananda Road stations. But after the completion of Phase I by December 2016, more stations would be having parking lots. The BMRCL awarded the contract to Central Parking Services (CPS) for an annual license fee of ₹2.5 million (US$38,000).[59] An average of 4,764 cars and 5,721 two-wheelers use parking facilities at Baiyappanahalli and SV Road stations daily.[33]
Infrastructure[edit]
Rolling stock[edit]
Twenty-one trains operate on the Purple Line. Each train is made up of 3 coaches and has a total capacity of 1000 passengers.[60]
All coaches are air-conditioned.[61]
Traction[edit]
The Purple Line was the first railway line in India to use 750 V DC third rail traction.[9]
Signaling[edit]
In September 2009, the consortium led by Alstom Project India Limited were awarded a contract worth ₹563.4 crore (US$86.3 million) to supply control and signalling system for the first phase of the project. The consortium is led by Alstom and composed of Alstom Transport SA, Thales Group Portugal S A and Sumitomo Corporation. Alstom will provide the design, manufacture, supply, installing, testing and commissioning of the train control and signalling system and Thales will provide the design, installing, testing and commissioning of the telecommunication system for Phase I of the metro system. It includes the Urbalis 200 Automatic Train Control system which will ensure optimal safety, flexible operations and heightened passenger comfort.[62][63]
The integrated control centre at Byappanahalli has direct communication with trains and stations are CCTV fitted with visual and audio service information.[64]
Operations[edit]
Frequency[edit]
The metro service runs from 5 AM and 11 PM daily. The end-to-end travel time on the Purple Line is 33 minutes.[65] From 7 November 2016, Purple Line trains began running at an interval of every 4 minutes between 9:10 am and 9:58 am to handle rising passenger traffic during morning peak hours.[66] This timing was later withdrawn as the trains were not operating at optimal capacity. From 27 February 2017, the BMRC introduced a new time-table for weekdays. Headway on the line is currently 4 minutes (08:30-09:10), 7 minutes (07:00-08:30 and 09:10-10:40), 8 minutes (16:00-20:40) and 15 minutes at all other times.[67]
Metro services have occasionally operated beyond 2200 hours. Services are usually extended on festival days or when a senior cricket match is held in Bangalore.[68][69]
Speed[edit]
The system is designed for a maximum train speed of 80 km/h. However, the Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) fixed the speed at which trains are allowed commercially operate at 67.50 km/h on straight sections, 35 km/h on curves, and 45 km/h in stations.[70] The maximum permitted speed on the underground section is 40 km/hr. Purple Line trains usually operate at speeds of 38–40 km/hr. According to metro authorities, the trains require more than 400 metres to accelerate from, or decelerate to, a halt. As the inter-station distance on the line is about 1 km, the trains have limited time to run at higher speeds.[71]
Fare collection[edit]
End-to-end fare on the Purple Line is ₹40 (61¢ US). Commuters who pay using smartcards receive a 15% discount per transaction.
As of April 2016, 37.59% of commuters on the Purple Line use smart cards, while the rest purchase tokens.[72]
Security[edit]
All stations on the line have 4 emergency exits, and Majestic station has 18 emergency exits. Stations have been built to withstand zone III earthquakes. Bangalore is located in a zone II earthquake prone area. The underground tunnels are equipped with walkways to enable passengers to disembark from a train and walk to the nearest station in case of a technical failure. The underground section is also equipped with 5 cross-passages that will enable passengers to move between tunnels, in case one tunnel fills up with smoke. There are three tunnel cross-passages between Majestic and Sir M Visvesvaraya metro station, and one each between Vidhana Soudha and Central College, and Majestic and City Railway station. All stations were built with flame retardant materials, and also have 100,000 litres of water stored on-site to be used in case of a fire.[73]
See also[edit]
Rapid transit in India
List of metro systems
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The stretch from M. G. Road to Magadi Road is 5.12 km (3.18 mi). UG 1 is the name given by the BMRCL to the underground portion of this stretch, which is composed of two 4.82 km (3.00 mi) tunnels.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Metro Network". www.bmrc.co.in. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BMRCL begins razing structures for metro to Whitefield". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Bangalore Metro posts Rs 41 lakh profit in first year – Bangalore – DNA". Daily News and Analysis. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Express News Service (September 20, 2015). "Mysore Road-Magadi Road Metro Stretch Gets Nod". New Indian Express.
Jump up ^ Maya Sharma (16 November 2015). "Bengaluru Starts Metro Services Between Magadi Road, Mysuru Road". NDTV.com. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
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Jump up ^ "For First Metro Rider, It Feels Like Good Old Days". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bengalureans go purple with Namma Metro". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Record one lakh commuters travel in Bengaluru metro on Sunday". India.com. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "BMRCL invites bids for 3-km extension from Nagasandra". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "BMRCL hints at extending Purple Line up to Challaghatta depot near Kengeri". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "BMRCL floats another tender for civil work on Whitefield corridor". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian firm ITD to Build Byappanahalli-Whitefield metro stretch". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Building demolition in progress for Whitefield Metro line". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Reporter, Staff. "Electronics City inches closer to being on metro map". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "At Metro, wanna pee? Pay Rs 3 - Bangalore - DNA". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
Jump up ^ Lalitha, S. (25 September 2015). "Namma Metro Phase II to be Realigned at 2 Stations". New Indian Express.
Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-June-Deadline-Stands-But-With-Rider/2016/01/20/article3235280.ece
Jump up ^ G. Ananthakrishnan (14 January 2013). "Linking modes of commute". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Metro Phase 2: Civil work starts on Mysuru Road-Kengeri stretch". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "BMRCL proposes to develop Kengeri, Veerasandra lakes". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Park car, pay more at metro". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Train Every 3 Minutes Also Possible". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "A First-hand Account of Namma Metro's Underground Ride". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alstom will provide train control and signalling system for the new Bangalore metro network in India". Alstom. Retrieved 2 October 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Alstom-led consortium in pact with Bangalore Metro". Business Standard. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "NAMMA-METRO-IS-A-GEEK-TRAIN". The Times of India. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Get ready to crisscross Bengaluru in 33 mins - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BMRC-hoping-to-finish-work-on-Sampige-Road-Puttenahalli-line-ahead-of-April-2017-deadline/articleshow/55252282.cms
Jump up ^ Reporter, Staff. "Passengers welcome higher Namma Metro frequency". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Bangalore, 22 Dec 2012, DHNS: (22 December 2012). "Bar timings relaxed for revellers". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 6 June 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Metro to run till midnight today, tomorrow". The Times of India. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Chethan Kumar, Bangalore, 22 May 2013, DHNS: (22 May 2013). "RDSO in no hurry to allow Metro to up speed". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 6 June 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Metro to run at 40 km per hour on underground section". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Metro on a smartcard roll - Bangalore Mirror -". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "From today, Metro's on a roll; it's safe too - Bangalore Mirror -". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
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Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)
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Mounds State Park
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Mounds State Park
Mounds State Park entrance sign.
Site of park in U.S. state of Indiana
Location
Anderson, Indiana, Madison County, Indiana, USA
Region
Madison County, Indiana
Coordinates
40°6′1.39″N 85°37′14.60″W / 40.1003861°N 85.6207222°W / 40.1003861; -85.6207222
History
Founded
160 BCE
Cultures
Adena culture, Hopewell tradition
Site notes
Architecture
Architectural styles
earthworks
Architectural details
Number of monuments: 10
Mounds State Park
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Area
251.8 acres (101.9 ha)
NRHP reference #
73000022[1]
Added to NRHP
January 18, 1973
Responsible body: Indiana Department of Natural Resources
Mounds State Park is a state park in Anderson, Indiana (not to be confused with Mounds State Recreation Area (SRA) near Brookville, Indiana) featuring Native American heritage, and 10 ceremonial mounds built by the prehistoric Adena culture indigenous peoples of eastern North America, and also used centuries later by Hopewell culture inhabitants.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mounds
2 Earthworks
2.1 Great Mound
3 Popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Mounds[edit]
The "Great Mound"
The largest earthwork, the "Great Mound", is believed to have been constructed around 160 BC. The Great Mound is a circular earth enclosure with an internal ditch and south to southwest entrance. The earthworks measure 394 feet (120.1 m) across from bank to bank. The 9-foot-tall (3 m) embankment is 63 feet (19 m) wide at its base, and the ditch is 10.5 feet (3.2 m) deep and 60 feet (18.3 m) across at its top. The central platform is 138 feet (42 m) across and was occupied by a 4-foot-high (1.2 m) central mound 30 feet (9 m) in diameter. One particular mound at the Anderson Site has a sequence of clay platforms, each deliberately covered by a layer of ash.[2]
Earthworks[edit]
The term Earthworks includes any structure made from the earth. In Native American studies, there are three primary types: mounds, circular enclosures, and complexes. All are found in Central Indiana and in the state park.[3] Mounds State Park has a complex of enclosures, both circular and rectangular. There are seven enclosures and four additional earthworks, which have been divided into two groups, the northern complex and the southern complex. The ‘’Great Mound’’ enclosure is the dominant structure in the park and the southern group.[3]
Great Mound[edit]
Ditch surrounding the Great Mound.
The Great Mound is approximately 300 feet (91 m) across and consists of an outer embankment 9 feet (2.7 m) high and 63 feet (19 m) wide, surrounding a 60 feet (18 m) wide ditch that is 10.5 feet (3.2 m) deep. The central platform, 138 feet (42 m) is diameter with a central mound, 4 feet (1.2 m) high and 30 metres (98 ft) in diameter.[3] The central mound was excavated in 1968/69 and found to have three clay layers, each with ashes, showing a succession of use periods.[3]
The complex has been dated to 160 B.C.E through 50 C.E. These dates are obtained through radiocarbon dating and some artifacts.[3] A nearby log tomb was found with a platform pipe typical of Hopewell styles from 50 C.E. Post hole remnants were dated to 60 BCE and 230 CE. Radiocarbon dates from excavated material of the Great Mound established 160 BCE +/- 90 for the embankment. The neighboring ‘’Fiddleback’’ Mound was dated to 120 BCE +/- 70.[3]
Popular culture[edit]
The late 19th century Bronnenberg House, built by one of the area's early residents and landowner of the mounds.
In 1900, a series of strange misshapen skeletons were unearthed from similar mounds in nearby Alexandria, Indiana. This brought thousands of tourists from around the Mid-West. In 1910, several locals admitted to stealing chimpanzee skeletons from the nearby Muncie Zoo's monkey house. In 1915 the skeletons were sold to a local museum which burned down in 1919.[4]
What is now Mounds State Park was the location of an amusement park which operated from 1897 until 1929. While the amusement park exploited the native-made mounds, it also helped to protect them by making them a "point of regional pride and a destination," otherwise they may have been plundered or otherwise destroyed. When the Great Depression hit, the property was sold to Madison County Historical Society, which transferred ownership to the State of Indiana, after which it became Mounds State Park.[5]
Canoeing is also available in Mounds State Park, on the White River.
See also[edit]
Adena culture
Hopewell tradition
List of Hopewell sites
List of burial mounds in the United States
List of archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
List of Indiana state parks
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow (2010). Archaeology of Native North America. New York: Prentice-Hall. p. 103.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f ’’Adena and Hopewell Cosmology: New Evidence from East Central Indiana; Donald R. Cochran; Native American Cultures in Indiana, ‘’Proceedings of the First Minnestrista Council for Great Lakes Native American Studies’’; Ronald Hicks (ed.); Minnestrista Cultural Center; Muncie, Indiana; 1992; pgs 26-42
Jump up ^ Werner, Nicholas (1937). Mysterious Circumstances Of Central Indiana. Clayton Books. p. 121.
Jump up ^ "Mounds state Park Interpretive Master Plan 2011" (PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mounds State Park.
Official Mounds State Park website
Central States Archaeological Societies: Mounds State Park
National Register of Historic Places for Madison County, Indiana
[show]
v
t
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Adena Culture
List of Adena culture sites
Woodland period
Mound builder (people)
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Ohio sites
Adena
Austin Brown
Arledge
Beam Farm
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Related topics
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burial mound
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[show]
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mounds_State_Park&oldid=812677559"
Categories:
Mounds in Indiana
State parks of Indiana
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Hopewellian peoples
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160s BC establishments
2nd-century BC establishments in the Adena culture
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text:
Simple Service Discovery Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) is a network protocol based on the Internet Protocol Suite for advertisement and discovery of network services and presence information. It accomplishes this without assistance of server-based configuration mechanisms, such as the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or the Domain Name System (DNS), and without special static configuration of a network host. SSDP is the basis of the discovery protocol of Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) and is intended for use in residential or small office environments. It was formally described in an IETF Internet draft by Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1999. Although the IETF proposal has since expired (April, 2000),[1] SSDP was incorporated into the UPnP protocol stack, and a description of the final implementation is included in UPnP standards documents.[2][3]
Internet protocol suite
Application layer
BGP
DHCP
DNS
FTP
HTTP
IMAP
LDAP
MGCP
NNTP
NTP
POP
ONC/RPC
RTP
RTSP
RIP
SIP
SMTP
SNMP
SSH
Telnet
TLS/SSL
XMPP
more...
Transport layer
TCP
UDP
DCCP
SCTP
RSVP
more...
Internet layer
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
ICMPv6
ECN
IGMP
IPsec
more...
Link layer
ARP
NDP
OSPF
Tunnels
L2TP
PPP
MAC
Ethernet
DSL
ISDN
FDDI
more...
v
t
e
Contents
[hide]
1 Protocol transport and addressing
2 DDoS attack
3 See also
4 References
Protocol transport and addressing[edit]
SSDP is a text-based protocol based on HTTPU. It uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as the underlying transport protocol. Services are announced by the hosting system with multicast addressing to a specifically designated IP multicast address at UDP port number 1900. In IPv4, the multicast address is 239.255.255.250[4] and SSDP over IPv6 uses the address set ff0X::c for all scope ranges indicated by X.[5]
This results in the following well-known practical multicast addresses for SSDP:
239.255.255.250 (IPv4 site-local address)
[FF02::C] (IPv6 link-local)
[FF05::C] (IPv6 site-local)
[FF08::C] (IPv6 organization-local)
[FF0E::C] (IPv6 global)
Additionally, applications may use the source-specific multicast addresses derived from the local IPv6 routing prefix, with group ID C (decimal 12).
SSDP uses the HTTP method NOTIFY to announce the establishment or withdrawal of services (presence) information to the multicast group. A client that wishes to discover available services on a network, uses method M-SEARCH. Responses to such search requests are sent via unicast addressing to the originating address and port number of the multicast request.
Microsoft's IPv6 SSDP implementations in Windows Media Player and Server use the link-local scope address. Microsoft uses port number 2869 for event notification and event subscriptions. However, early implementations of SSDP also used port 5000 for this service.[6]
DDoS attack[edit]
In 2014 it was discovered that SSDP was being used in DDoS attacks known as an SSDP reflection attack with amplification. Many devices, including some residential routers, have a vulnerability in the UPnP software that allows an attacker to get replies from port number 1900 to a destination address of their choice. With a botnet of thousands of devices the attackers can generate sufficient packet rates and occupy bandwidth to saturate links, causing the denial of service.[7] [8] [9]
See also[edit]
Universal Plug and Play
Service Location Protocol
Jini
Zero configuration networking
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Discovery and Launch
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IETF draft revision 3 (outdated and expired)
Jump up ^ "UPNP Device Architecture 1.1" (PDF). UPnP Forum. 2008-10-15.
Jump up ^ "UPnP Device Architecture v2.0" (PDF). upnp.org. February 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Internet Multicast Addresses". IANA. 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Internet Protocol Version 6 Multicast Addresses". IANA. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
Jump up ^ Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 832017
Jump up ^ Guide to DDoS Attacks, pg 8
Jump up ^ "UDP-Based Amplification Attacks".
Jump up ^ SSDP generates 100 Gbps DDoS
This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_Service_Discovery_Protocol&oldid=788909201"
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This page was last edited on 4 July 2017, at 06:14.
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