text:
Integrated pest management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An IPM boll weevil trap in a cotton field (Manning, South Carolina).
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms."[1] Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s.[2] IPM allows for safer pest control.[clarification needed]
The introduction and spread of invasive species can also be managed with IPM by reducing risks while maximizing benefits and reducing costs.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Applications
3 Principles
4 Process
5 Southeast Asia
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely available, entomologists in California developed the concept of "supervised insect control".[6] Around the same time, entomologists in the US Cotton Belt were advocating a similar approach. Under this scheme, insect control was "supervised" by qualified entomologists and insecticide applications were based on conclusions reached from periodic monitoring of pest and natural-enemy populations. This was viewed as an alternative to calendar-based programs. Supervised control was based on knowledge of the ecology and analysis of projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations.
Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for the "integrated control" that University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s. Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological controls for a given insect pest. Chemical insecticides were to be used in the manner least disruptive to biological control. The term "integrated" was thus synonymous with "compatible." Chemical controls were to be applied only after regular monitoring indicated that a pest population had reached a level (the economic threshold) that required treatment to prevent the population from reaching a level (the economic injury level) at which economic losses would exceed the cost of the control measures.
IPM extended the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests and was expanded to include all tactics. Controls such as pesticides were to be applied as in integrated control, but these now had to be compatible with tactics for all classes of pests. Other tactics, such as host-plant resistance and cultural manipulations, became part of the IPM framework. IPM combined entomologists, plant pathologists, nematologists and weed scientists.
In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 when President Richard Nixon directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the application of IPM in all relevant sectors. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices.[7]
Perry Adkisson and Ray F. Smith received the 1997 World Food Prize for encouraging the use of IPM.[8]
Applications[edit]
IPM is used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, human habitations, preventive conservation and general pest control, including structural pest management, turf pest management and ornamental pest management.
Principles[edit]
An American IPM system is designed around six basic components:[9]
Acceptable pest levels—The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be expensive and unsafe. IPM programmes first work to establish acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover, but not at another site. Allowing a pest population to survive at a reasonable threshold reduces selection pressure. This lowers the rate at which a pest develops resistance to a control, because if almost all pests are killed then those that have resistance will provide the genetic basis of the future population. Retaining a significant number of unresistant specimens dilutes the prevalence of any resistant genes that appear. Similarly, the repeated use of a single class of controls will create pest populations that are more resistant to that class, whereas alternating among classes helps prevent this.[citation needed]
Preventive cultural practices—Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions and maintaining healthy crops is the first line of defense. Plant quarantine and 'cultural techniques' such as crop sanitation are next, e.g., removal of diseased plants, and cleaning pruning shears to prevent spread of infections. Beneficial fungi and bacteria are added to the potting media of horticultural crops vulnerable to root diseases, greatly reducing the need for fungicides.[citation needed]
Monitoring—Regular observation is critically important. Observation is broken into inspection and identification.[10] Visual inspection, insect and spore traps, and other methods are used to monitor pest levels. Record-keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge target pest behavior and reproductive cycles. Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on area temperatures. Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of degree-days. The degree days of an environment determines the optimal time for a specific insect outbreak. Plant pathogens follow similar patterns of response to weather and season.
Mechanical controls—Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options. They include simple hand-picking, barriers, traps, vacuuming and tillage to disrupt breeding.
Biological controls—Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with acceptable environmental impact, and often at lower cost. The main approach is to promote beneficial insects that eat or parasitize target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.—Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fall in this category. Further 'biology-based' or 'ecological' techniques are under evaluation.
Responsible use—Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest's life cycle. Many newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.—nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), but the toxophore or active component may be altered to provide increased biological activity or stability. Applications of pesticides must reach their intended targets. Matching the application technique to the crop, the pest, and the pesticide is critical. The use of low-volume spray equipment reduces overall pesticide use and labor cost.
An IPM regime can be simple or sophisticated. Historically, the main focus of IPM programmes was on agricultural insect pests.[11] Although originally developed for agricultural pest management, IPM programmes are now developed to encompass diseases, weeds and other pests that interfere with management objectives for sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens.
Process[edit]
IPM is the selection and use of pest control actions that will ensure favourable economic, ecological and social consequences[12] and is applicable to most agricultural, public health and amenity pest management situations. The IPM process starts with monitoring, which includes inspection and identification, followed by the establishment of economic injury levels. The economic injury levels set the economic threshold level. That is the point when pest damage (and the benefits of treating the pest) exceed the cost of treatment.[13] This can also be an action threshold level for determining an unacceptable level that is not tied to economic injury. Action thresholds are more common in structural pest management and economic injury levels in classic agricultural pest management. An example of an action threshold is one fly in a hospital operating room is not acceptable, but one fly in a pet kennel would be acceptable. Once a threshold has been crossed by the pest population action steps need to be taken to reduce and control the pest. Integrated pest management employ a variety of actions including cultural controls, including physical barriers, biological controls, including adding and conserving natural predators and enemies to the pest, and finally chemical controls or pesticides. Reliance on knowledge, experience, observation and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM appropriate for organic farming (excluding synthetic pesticides). These may or may not include materials listed on the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)[14] Although the pesticides and particularly insecticides used in organic farming and organic gardening are generally safer than synthetic pesticides, they are not always more safe or environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm.[15] For conventional farms IPM can reduce human and environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals, and potentially lower overall costs.
Risk assessment usually includes four issues: 1) characterization of biological control agents, 2) health risks, 3) environmental risks and 4) efficacy.[16]
Mistaken identification of a pest may result in ineffective actions. E.g., plant damage due to over-watering could be mistaken for fungal infection, since many fungal and viral infections arise under moist conditions.
Monitoring begins immediately, before the pest's activity becomes significant. Monitoring of agricultural pests includes tracking soil/planting media fertility and water quality. Overall plant health and resistance to pests is greatly influenced by pH, alkalinity, of dissolved mineral and oxygen reduction potential. Many diseases are waterborne, spread directly by irrigation water and indirectly by splashing.
Once the pest is known, knowledge of its lifecycle provides the optimal intervention points.[17] For example, weeds reproducing from last year's seed can be prevented with mulches and pre-emergent herbicide.
Pest-tolerant crops such as soybeans may not warrant interventions unless the pests are numerous or rapidly increasing. Intervention is warranted if the expected cost of damage by the pest is more than the cost of control. Health hazards may require intervention that is not warranted by economic considerations.
Specific sites may also have varying requirements. E.g., white clover may be acceptable on the sides of a tee box on a golf course, but unacceptable in the fairway where it could confuse the field of play.[18]
Possible interventions include mechanical/physical, cultural, biological and chemical. Mechanical/physical controls include picking pests off plants, or using netting or other material to exclude pests such as birds from grapes or rodents from structures. Cultural controls include keeping an area free of conducive conditions by removing waste or diseased plants, flooding, sanding, and the use of disease-resistant crop varieties.[12] Biological controls are numerous. They include: conservation of natural predators or augmentation of natural predators, sterile insect technique (SIT).[19]
Augmentation, inoculative release and inundative release are different methods of biological control that affect the target pest in different ways. Augmentative control includes the periodic introduction of predators.[20][21][22][23][24] With inundative release, predators are collected, mass-reared and periodically released in large numbers into the pest area.[25][26][27] This is used for an immediate reduction in host populations, generally for annual crops, but is not suitable for long run use.[28] With inoculative release a limited number of beneficial organisms are introduced at the start of the growing season. This strategy offers long term control as the organism's progeny affect pest populations throughout the season and is common in orchards.[28][29] With seasonal inoculative release the beneficials are collected, mass-reared and released seasonally to maintain the beneficial population. This is commonly used in greenhouses.[29] In America and other western countries, inundative releases are predominant, while Asia and the eastern Europe more commonly use inoculation and occasional introductions.[28]
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an area-wide IPM program that introduces sterile male pests into the pest population to trick females into (unsuccessful) breeding encounters, providing a form of birth control and reducing reproduction rates.[19] The biological controls mentioned above only appropriate in extreme cases, because in the introduction of new species, or supplementation of naturally occurring species can have detrimental ecosystem effects. Biological controls can be used to stop invasive species or pests, but they can become an introduction path for new pests.[30]
Chemical controls include horticultural oils or the application of insecticides and herbicides. A green pest management IPM program uses pesticides derived from plants, such as botanicals, or other naturally occurring materials.
Pesticides can be classified by their modes of action. Rotating among materials with different modes of action minimizes pest resistance.[12]
Evaluation is the process of assessing whether the intervention was effective, whether it produced unacceptable side effects, whether to continue, revise or abandon the program.[31]
Southeast Asia[edit]
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and '70s introduced sturdier plants that could support the heavier grain loads resulting from intensive fertilizer use. Pesticide imports by 11 Southeast Asian countries grew nearly sevenfold in value between 1990 and 2010, according to FAO statistics, with disastrous results. Rice farmers become accustomed to spraying soon after planting, triggered by signs of the leaf folder moth, which appears early in the growing season. It causes only superficial damage and doesn't reduce yields. In 1986, Indonesia banned 57 pesticides and completely stopped subsidizing their use. Progress was reversed in the 2000s, when growing production capacity, particularly in China, reduced prices. Rice production in Asia more than doubled. But it left farmers believing more is better—whether it's seed, fertilizer, or pesticides.[32]
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the farmers' main target, has become increasingly resistant. Since 2008, outbreaks have devastated rice harvests throughout Asia, but not in the Mekong Delta. Reduced spraying allowed natural predators to neutralize planthoppers in Vietnam. In 2010 and 2011, massive planthopper outbreaks hit 400,000 hectares of Thai rice fields, causing losses of about $64 million. The Thai government is now pushing the "no spray in the first 40 days" approach.[32]
By contrast early spraying kills frogs, spiders, wasps and dragonflies that prey on the later-arriving and dangerous planthopper and produced resistant strains. Planthoppers now require pesticide doses 500 times greater than originally. Overuse indiscriminately kills beneficial insects and decimates bird and amphibian populations. Pesticides are suspected of harming human health and became a common means for rural Asians to commit suicide.[32]
In 2001, scientists challenged 950 Vietnamese farmers to try IPM. In one plot, each farmer grew rice using their usual amounts of seed and fertilizer, applying pesticide as they chose. In a nearby plot, less seed and fertilizer were used and no pesticides were applied for 40 days after planting. Yields from the experimental plots was as good or better and costs were lower, generating 8% to 10% more net income. The experiment led to the "three reductions, three gains" campaign, claiming that cutting the use of seed, fertilizer and pesticide would boost yield, quality and income. Posters, leaflets, TV commercials and a 2004 radio soap opera that featured a rice farmer who gradually accepted the changes. It didn't hurt that a 2006 planthopper outbreak hit farmers using insecticides harder than those who didn't. Mekong Delta farmers cut insecticide spraying from five times per crop cycle to zero to one.
The Plant Protection Center and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) have been encouraging farmers to grow flowers, okra and beans on rice paddy banks, instead of stripping vegetation, as was typical. The plants attract bees and a tiny wasp that eats planthopper eggs, while the vegetables diversify farm incomes.[32]
Agriculture companies offer bundles of pesticides with seeds and fertilizer, with incentives for volume purchases. A proposed law in Vietnam requires licensing pesticide dealers and government approval of advertisements to prevent exaggerated claims. Insecticides that target other pests, such as Scirpophaga incertulas (stem borer), the larvae of moth species that feed on rice plants allegedly yield gains of 21% with proper use.[32]
See also[edit]
Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers
Agroecology
Agronomy
Biodynamic agriculture
Endangered arthropod
Forest integrated pest management
International Organization for Biological Control
Pesticide application
Professional Landcare Network (PLANET)
Push-pull technology
Soil contamination
Sustainable agriculture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AGP - Integrated Pest Management". Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Knipling, EF (1972). "Entomology and the Management of Man's Environment". Australian Journal of Entomology. 11: 153–167. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1972.tb01618.x.
Jump up ^ Wright, M. G.; Hoffmann, M. P.; Kuhar, T. P.; Gardner, J.; Pitcher, S. A. (2005). "Evaluating risks of biological control introductions: A probabilistic risk-assessment approach". Biological Control. 35 (3): 338–347. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.002.
Jump up ^ Charles Perrings; Mark Herbert Williamson; Silvana Dalmazzone (1 January 2000). The Economics of Biological Invasions. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84064-378-7.
Jump up ^ Clercq, P.; Mason, P. G.; Babendreier, D. (2011). "Benefits and risks of exotic biological control agents". BioControl. 56 (4): 681–698. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9372-8.
Jump up ^ Smith, R.F.; Smith, G.L. (May 1949). "Supervised control of insects: Utilizes parasites and predators and makes chemical control more efficient" (PDF). California Agriculture. 3 (5): 3–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-30.
Jump up ^ Acosta, EW (1995–2006). "The History of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)". BioControl Reference Center.
Jump up ^ "1997: Smith and Adkisson". The World Food Prize Foundation. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Integrated Pest Management (IMP) Principles". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Owens & Corrigan 2010.
Jump up ^ "IPM Guidelines". UMassAmherst—Integrated Pest Management, Agriculture and Landscape Program. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sandler, Hilary A. (2010). "Integrated Pest Management". Cranberry Station Best Management Practices. 1 (1): 12–15.
Jump up ^ Handbook of Pest Control, Mallis, Arnold, 10th edition, Hedges, Stoy, Editor. pp.1499-1500
Jump up ^ Organic Materials Review Institute, "The OMRI Product List," http://www.omri.org/OMRI_about_list.html approved product list.
Jump up ^ Pottorff LP. Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension.
Jump up ^ Consoli, Fernando L.; Parra, José Roberto Postali; Zucchi, Roberto Antônio (28 September 2010). Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9110-0.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Robert Lee; Luckmann, William Henry (1994). Introduction to Insect Pest Management. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 266.
Jump up ^ Purdue University Turf Pest Management Correspondence Course, Introduction, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b W. Klassen; C.F. Curtis (2005). "1.1". In V.A. Dyck; J. Hendrichs; A.S. Robinson. Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 4–28.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Linda; Bennett, David; Glenn, DeAnn; Hoffman, Ary (2 September 2003). Opender Koul; G. S. Dhaliwal, eds. Developing Trichogramma as a Pest Management Tool. Predators and Parasitoids. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-30256-9.
Jump up ^ Mills NJ, Daane KM (2005) Biological and cultural controls . . . Nonpesticide alternatives can suppress crop pests. California Agriculture 59.
Jump up ^ Rajeev K. Upadhyay; K.G. Mukerji; B. P. Chamola (30 November 2001). Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Insect Pests. Springer. pp. 261–. ISBN 978-0-306-46587-1.
Jump up ^ Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Bilogical Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).
Jump up ^ Seaman, Abby. "Integrated Pest Management". University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Understanding Integrated Insect Management Method". James Giner. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
Jump up ^ Cook, R. James; William L. Bruckart; Jack R. Coulson; Mark S. Goettel; Richard A. Humber; Robert D. Lumsden; Joseph V. Maddox; Michael L. McManus; Larry Moore; Susan F. Meyer; Paul C. Quimby Jr; James P. Stack; James L. Vaughn (1996). "Safety of Microorganisms Intended for Pest and Plant Disease Control: A Framework for Scientific Evaluation". Biological Control. 7: 333–351. doi:10.1006/bcon.1996.0102.
Jump up ^ J. C. van Lenteren (2003). Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-836-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, S.M. (1 January 1996). Thomas E. Mittler, ed. Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology: 1996. Annual Reviews, Incorporated. pp. 375–406. ISBN 978-0-8243-0141-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Lenteren, J. C. (2009). "Implementation of biological control". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. 3 (2–3): 102. doi:10.1017/S0889189300002265.
Jump up ^ Babendreier, Dirk (2007). "Biological Invasion: Pros and Cons of Biological Control". Ecological Studies. 193 (7): 403–414. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_23.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Owens & Corrigan 2010, p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Normile, D. (2013). "Vietnam Turns Back a 'Tsunami of Pesticides'". Science. 341 (6147): 737–738. doi:10.1126/science.341.6147.737. PMID 23950527.
Further reading[edit]
Steve H. Dreistadt (2004). Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. UCANR Publications. ISBN 978-1-879906-61-7. photos, reference tables, diagrams.
Bennett, Gary W.; Owens, John M.; Corrigan, Robert M. (2010). Truman's Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations. Purdue University. ISBN 978-0-9793986-1-2.
Jahn, GC, PG Cox., E Rubia-Sanchez, and M Cohen 2001. The quest for connections: developing a research agenda for integrated pest and nutrient management. pp. 413–430, In S. Peng and B. Hardy [eds.] "Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation." Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, 31 March – 3 April 2000, Los Baños, Philippines. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 692 p.
Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C Pol, N. Chhorn and V Preap 2001. Sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. In P. Cox and R Chhay [eds.] "The Impact of Agricultural Research for Development in Southeast Asia" Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 24-26 Oct. 2000, Phnom Penh (Cambodia): CARDI.
Jahn, GC; Litsinger, JA; Chen, Y; Barrion, A (8 January 2007). Opender Koul; Gerrit W. Cuperus, eds. Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts. Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management. CABI. pp. 315–366. ISBN 978-1-84593-163-6.
Kogan, M. (1998). "Integrated Pest Management: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments". Annual Review of Entomology. 43: 243–270. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243. PMID 9444752.
Nonveiller, Guido 1984. Catalogue commenté et illustré des insectes du Cameroun d'intérêt agricole : (apparitions, répartition, importance) / University of Belgrade/Institut pour la protection des plantes
US Environmental Protection Agency, "Pesticides and Food: What Does Integrated Pest Management Mean?"
Robert F. Norris; Edward P. Caswell-Chen; Marcos Kogan (2003). Concepts in integrated pest management. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0-13-087016-2.
Hassanali, A.; Herren, H.; Khan, Z. R.; Pickett, J. A.; Woodcock, C. M. (2008). "Integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1491): 611–21. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2173. PMC 2610173  . PMID 17652071.
Victor Arnold Dyck; Jorge Hendrichs; A. S. Robinson (23 February 2006). Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4051-1.
Regnault-Roger, Catherine; Philogene, Bernard JR (2008) Past and Current Prospects for the use of Botanicals and Plant allelochemicals in Integrated Pest Management. Pharm. Bio. 46(1-2): 41-52
Lowes, Frank (2001) CIPM History NSF Centre for Integrated Pest Management. Retrieved from
Acosta, EW (2006) The History of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Biocontrol Reference Center.
The Time Saving Garden by David and Charles PLC/Reader's Digest, ISBN 978-0-276-44245-2
External links[edit]
Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab (IPM IL)
Entomopathogenic Fungi as Effective Insect Pest Management Tactic: A Review, By Hafiza Tahira Gul
WhatIsIPM.org - Pest control trade-association web site on IPM.
Dropdata - Rationalising pesticide use through improved application methods
IPM for Lawn care
UC IPM - University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program
Harvard University IPM - Harvard University IPM Program
IFAS IPM - University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IPM Program
New York State IPM Program - New York State (Cornell University) IPM Program
OSU IPM Program - Ohio State University IPM Program
IPM Images - Thousands of Images related to IPM and Agriculture
UGA IPM Program - University of Georgia IPM Program
MSU IPM resources - IPM Resources at Michigan State University
IPM Institute of North America - Non-profit organization promoting IPM practices
SAFECROP Centre for research and development of crop protection with low environment and consumer health impact
Southern IPM Center
North Carolina's Statewide IPM Program
[hide]
v
t
e
Pesticides
Pesticide types
Acaricide
Bactericide
Biocide
Bioherbicide
Biopesticide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Molluscicide
Nematicide
Piscicide
Rodenticide
Related topics
Health effects
Environmental effects
Fumigation
Agricultural spray adjuvant
Biological pest control
Gene silencing
Green pest management
Integrated pest management
Maximum residue limit
Non-pesticide management
Persistent organic pollutant
Pest control
Application
Drift
Formulation
Degradation
Misuse
Paradox of the pesticides
Poisoning
Research
Residue
Resistance
Bee toxicity
Restricted use
Pesticide Action Network
Silent Spring
The Pesticide Question
Toxicity Class
By country
Canada
European Union
New Zealand
United States
Integrated Pest Management
Index of pesticide articles
Pesticide categories
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&oldid=825088147"
Categories:
Agronomy
Biological pest control
Pest control techniques
Phytopathology
Soil chemistry
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
සිංහල
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 February 2018, at 12:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Cotton_Belt_(region)
mw-redirect
Cotton Belt (region)

values:
/wiki/Plant_pathologist
mw-redirect
Plant pathologist

values:
/wiki/Preventive_conservation
mw-redirect
Preventive conservation

values:
/wiki/White_clover
mw-redirect
White clover

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Biological_insecticide
mw-redirect
Biological insecticide

values:
/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungi
mw-redirect
Entomopathogenic fungi

values:
/wiki/Community_garden
mw-redirect
Community garden

values:
/wiki/Organic_gardening
mw-redirect
Organic gardening

values:
/wiki/Fungal_infection
mw-redirect
Fungal infection

values:
/wiki/Fairway_(golf)
mw-redirect
Fairway (golf)

values:
/wiki/Green_pest_management
mw-redirect
Green pest management

values: Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Endangered_arthropod
mw-redirect
Endangered arthropod

values:
/wiki/Push-pull_technology
mw-redirect
Push-pull technology

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: History of the Sterile Insect Technique (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fbcon.1996.0102

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23950527

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9444752

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2173

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652071

values:
nofollow
http://www.oired.vt.edu/ipmcrsp/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bzujournal.org/10-18.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.whatisipm.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dropdata.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ipm.osu.edu

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ipmimages.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gaipm.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ipm.msu.edu

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ipminstitute.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.safecrop.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.sripmc.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://ipm.ces.ncsu.edu/
external text

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit
mw-redirect
Maximum residue limit

values:
/wiki/Toxicity_Class
mw-redirect
Toxicity Class

values:
/wiki/Integrated_Pest_Management
mw-redirect
Integrated Pest Management

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Pesticides padding:3px

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Category:Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Integrated_pest_management
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: সমন্বিত বালাই দমন ব্যবস্থা – Bangla

values: Integrovaná ochrana proti škůdcům – Czech

values: Integrita lukto kontraŭ plagoj – Esperanto

values: 종합적 병해충 관리 – Korean

values: एकीकृत नाशीजीव प्रबंधन – Hindi

values: एकीकृत शत्रु जीव व्यवस्थापन – Nepali

values: 総合的病害虫管理 – Japanese

values: Интегрированная защита растений – Russian

values: ඒකාබද්ධ කෘමි පාලනය – Sinhala

values: Integrated pest management – Simple English

values: ஒருங்கிணைந்த தீங்குயிர் மேலாண்மை – Tamil

values: Інтегрований захист рослин – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Integrated_pest_management rootpage-Integrated_pest_management skin-vector action-view