text:
List of VFL/AFL players to have scored 500 goals
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Dick Lee was the first player to kick 500 goals in the Victorian Football League (VFL), finishing with a total of 707 goals in a 230-game career at Collingwood
In the sport of Australian rules football, a goal is scored by kicking the football between the two middle goalposts at either end of the field and is worth six points. In the Australian Football League (AFL), the premier Australian rules football league, a total of 59 players have scored 500 goals or more in senior matches (not including pre-season, Night Series, interstate and exhibition matches). The overall leading goalscorer is Tony Lockett, who kicked a total of 1,360 goals in 281 games for the St Kilda Football Club and the Sydney Swans between 1983 and 2002. The first 1000-goal player was Gordon Coventry, also of Collingwood, whose record of 1299 career goals stood for 61 years until it was broken by Lockett in 1999.[1]
List[edit]
Statistics are correct as of round 1, 2018.
Current players are highlighted in blue:
№
Player
Goals
Games
Average
Career
Club(s)
Ref
01 !1 Lockett, TonyTony Lockett 1360 281 4.84 1983–2002 St Kilda (1983–1994; 183 games, 898 goals)
Sydney (1995–2002; 98 games, 462 goals) [2]
02 !2 Coventry, GordonGordon Coventry 1299 306 4.25 1920–1937 Collingwood (1920–1937; 306 games, 1299 goals) [1]
03 !3 Dunstall, JasonJason Dunstall 1254 269 4.66 1985–1998 Hawthorn (1985–1998; 269 games, 1254 goals) [3]
04 !4 Wade, DougDoug Wade 1057 267 3.96 1961–1975 Geelong (1961–1972; 208 games, 834 goals)
North Melbourne (1973–1975; 59 games, 223 goals) [4]
05 !5 Ablett, Sr., GaryGary Ablett, Sr. 1030 248 4.15 1982–1996 Hawthorn (1982; 6 games, 9 goals)
Geelong (1984–1996; 242 games, 1021 goals) [5]
06 !6 Titus, JackJack Titus 0970 !970 294 3.30 1926–1943 Richmond (1926–1943; 294 games, 970 goals) [6]
07 !7 Lloyd, MatthewMatthew Lloyd 0926 !926 270 3.43 1995–2009 Essendon (1995–2009; 270 games, 926 goals) [7]
08 !8 Matthews, LeighLeigh Matthews 0915 !915 332 2.76 1969–1985 Hawthorn (1969–1985; 332 games, 915 goals) [8]
09 !9 McKenna, PeterPeter McKenna 0874 !874 191 4.58 1965–1977 Collingwood (1965–1975; 180 games, 838 goals)
Carlton (1977; 11 games, 36 goals) [9]
10 Franklin, LanceLance Franklin 0872 !872 273 3.19 2005– Hawthorn (2005–2013; 182 games, 580 goals)
Sydney (2014–; 91 games, 292 goals) [10]
11 Quinlan, BernieBernie Quinlan 0817 !817 366 2.23 1969–1986 Footscray (1969–1977; 177 games, 241 goals)
Fitzroy (1978–1986; 189 games, 576 goals) [11]
12 Richardson, MatthewMatthew Richardson 0800 !800 282 2.84 1993–2009 Richmond (1993–2009; 282 games, 800 goals) [12]
13 Bartlett, KevinKevin Bartlett 0778 !778 403 1.93 1965–1983 Richmond (1965–1983; 403 games, 778 goals) [13]
14 Rocca, SaverioSaverio Rocca 0748 !748 257 2.91 1992–2006 Collingwood (1992–2000; 156 games, 514 goals)
Kangaroos (2001–2006; 101 games, 234 goals) [14]
15 Hall, BarryBarry Hall 0746 !746 289 2.58 1996–2011 St Kilda (1996–2001; 88 games, 144 goals)
Sydney (2002–2009; 162 games, 467 goals)
Western Bulldogs (2010–2011; 39 games, 135 goals) [15]
16 Kernahan, StephenStephen Kernahan 0738 !738 251 2.94 1986–1997 Carlton (1986–1997; 251 games, 738 goals) [16]
17 Mohr, BillBill Mohr 0735 !735 195 3.77 1929–1941 St Kilda (1929–1941; 195 games, 735 goals) [17]
18 Hudson, PeterPeter Hudson 0727 !727 129 5.64 1967–1977 Hawthorn (1967–1977; 129 games, 727 goals) [18]
19 Carey, WayneWayne Carey 0727 !727 272 2.67 1989–2004 North Melbourne (1989–2001; 244 games, 671 goals)
Adelaide (2002–2004; 28 games, 46 goals) [19]
20 Vallence, HarryHarry Vallence 0722 !722 204 3.54 1926–1938 Carlton (1926–1938; 204 games, 722 goals) [20]
21 Riewoldt, NickNick Riewoldt 718 336 2.14 2001–2017 St Kilda (2001–2017; 336 games, 718 goals) [21]
22 Lee, DickDick Lee 0707 !707 230 3.07 1906–1922 Collingwood (1906–1922; 230 games, 707 goals) [22]
23 Pavlich, MatthewMatthew Pavlich 0700 !700 353 1.98 2000–2016 Fremantle (2000–2016; 353 games, 700 goals) [23]
24 Pratt, BobBob Pratt 0681 !681 158 4.31 1930–1946 South Melbourne (1930–1946; 158 games, 681 goals) [24]
25 Moriarty, JackJack Moriarty 0662 !662 170 3.89 1922–1933 Essendon (1922; 13 games, 36 goals)
Fitzroy (1924–1933; 157 games, 626 goals) [25]
26 Lynch, AlastairAlastair Lynch 0633 !633 306 2.07 1988–2004 Fitzroy (1988–1993; 120 games, 173 goals)
Brisbane Bears (1994–1996; 32 games, 89 goals)
Brisbane Lions (1997–2004; 154 games, 371 goals) [26]
27 Neitz, DavidDavid Neitz 0631 !631 306 2.06 1993–2008 Melbourne (1993–2008; 306 games, 631 goals) [27]
28 Moncrieff, MichaelMichael Moncrieff 0629 !629 224 2.81 1971–1983 Hawthorn (1971–1983; 224 games, 629 goals) [28]
29 Fevola, BrendanBrendan Fevola 0623 !623 204 3.05 1999–2010 Carlton (1999–2009; 187 games, 575 goals)
Brisbane Lions (2010; 17 games, 48 goals) [29]
30 Roach, MichaelMichael Roach 0607 !607 200 3.04 1977–1989 Richmond (1977–1989; 200 games, 607 goals) [30]
31 Brown, JonathanJonathan Brown 0594 !594 256 2.32 2000–2014 Brisbane Lions (2000–2014; 256 games, 594 goals) [31]
32 Loewe, StewartStewart Loewe 0594 !594 321 1.85 1986–2002 St Kilda (1989–2002; 321 games, 594 goals) [32]
33 Templeton, KelvinKelvin Templeton 0593 !593 177 3.35 1974–1985 Footscray (1974–1982; 143 games, 494 goals)
Melbourne (1983–1985; 34 games, 99 goals) [33]
34 Modra, TonyTony Modra 0588 !588 165 3.56 1992–2001 Adelaide (1992–1998; 118 games, 440 goals)
Fremantle (1999–2001; 47 games, 148 goals) [34]
35 Madden, SimonSimon Madden 0575 !575 378 1.52 1974–1992 Essendon (1974–1992; 378 games, 575 goals) [35]
36 Beasley, SimonSimon Beasley 0575 !575 154 3.73 1982–1989 Footscray (1982–1989; 154 games, 575 goals) [36]
37 Osborne, RichardRichard Osborne 0574 !574 283 2.03 1982–1998 Fitzroy (1982–1992; 187 games, 411 goals)
Sydney (1993–1993; 16 games, 39 goals)
Footscray (1994–1996; 51 games, 98 goals)
Collingwood (1997–1998; 29 games, 26 goals) [37]
38 Milne, StephenStephen Milne 0574 !574 275 2.09 2001–2013 St Kilda (2001–2013; 275 games, 574 goals) [38]
39 Smith, NormNorm Smith 0572 !572 227 2.52 1935–1950 Melbourne (1935–1948; 210 games, 546 goals)
Fitzroy (1949–1950; 17 games, 26 goals) [39]
40 Salmon, PaulPaul Salmon 0561 !561 324 1.73 1983–2002 Essendon (1983–2002; 224 games, 520 goals)
Hawthorn (1996–2000; 100 games, 41 goals) [40]
41 Johnson, BradBrad Johnson 0558 !558 364 1.53 1994–2010 Footscray (1994–2010; 364 games, 558 goals) [41]
42 Grant, ChrisChris Grant 0554 !554 341 1.62 1990–2007 Footscray (1990–2007; 341 games, 554 goals) [42]
43 Tredrea, WarrenWarren Tredrea 0549 !549 255 2.15 1997–2010 Port Adelaide (1997–2010; 255 games, 549 goals) [43]
44 Gehrig, FraserFraser Gehrig 0549 !549 260 2.11 1995–2008 West Coast (1995–2000; 115 games, 159 goals)
St Kilda (2001–2008; 145 games, 390 goals) [44]
45 Daicos, PeterPeter Daicos 0549 !549 250 2.20 1979–1993 Collingwood (1979–1993; 250 games, 549 goals) [45]
46 Harris, DickDick Harris 0548 !548 196 2.80 1934–1944 Richmond (1934–1944; 196 games, 548 goals) [46]
47 Riewoldt, JackJack Riewoldt 0541 !541 227 2.38 2007– Richmond (2007–; 227 games, 541 goals) [47]
48 White, LindsayLindsay White 0540 !540 142 3.80 1941–1950 Geelong (1941–1950; 117 games, 429 goals)
South Melbourne (1942–1943; 25 games, 111 goals) [48]
49 Coleman, JohnJohn Coleman 0537 !537 98 5.48 1949–1954 Essendon (1949–1954; 98 games, 537 goals) [49]
50 Betts, EddieEddie Betts 0534 !534 279 1.91 2005– Carlton (2005–2013; 184 games, 290 goals)
Adelaide (2014–; 95 games, 244 goals) [50]
51 Roughead, JarrydJarryd Roughead 0532 !532 255 2.08 2005– Hawthorn (2005–; 255 games, 532 goals) [51]
52 Taylor, BrianBrian Taylor 0527 !527 140 3.76 1980–1990 Richmond (1980–1984; 43 games, 156 goals)
Collingwood (1985–1990; 97 games, 371 goals) [52]
53 Bradshaw, DanielDaniel Bradshaw 0524 !524 231 2.27 1996–2010 Brisbane Bears (1996; 3 games, 0 goals)
Brisbane Lions (1997–2009; 219 games, 496 goals)
Sydney (2010–2010; 9 games, 28 goals) [53]
54 O'Loughlin, MichaelMichael O'Loughlin 0521 !521 303 1.72 1995–2009 Sydney (1995–2009; 303 games, 521 goals) [54]
55 Kennedy, JoshJosh Kennedy 0519 !519 207 2.51 2006– Carlton (2006–2007; 22 games, 11 goals)
West Coast (2008–; 185 games, 508 goals) [55]
56 Harvey, BrentBrent Harvey 0518 !518 432 1.20 1996–2016 North Melbourne (1996–2016; 432 games, 518 goals) [56]
57 Sumich, PeterPeter Sumich 0514 !514 150 3.43 1989–1997 West Coast (1989–1997; 150 games, 514 goals) [57]
58 Longmire, JohnJohn Longmire 0511 !511 200 2.56 1988–1999 North Melbourne (1988–1999; 200 games, 511 goals) [58]
59 Johnson, SteveSteve Johnson 0510 !510 291 1.75 2002–2017 Geelong (2002–2015; 253 games, 452 goals)
Greater Western Sydney (2016–2017; 38 games, 58 goals) [59]
See also[edit]
Coleman Medal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon Coventry playing statistics – AFL Tables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Tony Lockett playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Jason Dunstall playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Doug Wade playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Gary Ablett playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Jack Titus playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Matthew Lloyd playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Leigh Matthews playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter McKenna playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Lance Franklin playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 02 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Bernie Quinlan playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Matthew Richardson playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Kevin Bartlett playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Saverio Rocca playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Barry Hall playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Stephen Kernahan playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Mohr playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Hudson playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Wayne Carey playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Harry Vallence playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Nick Riewoldt playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Goal Kicking Milestones – AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Matthew Pavlich playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Bob Pratt playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Jack Moriarty playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Alastair Lynch playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ David Neitz playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Michael Moncrieff playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Brendan Fevola playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Michael Roach playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Brown playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Stewart Loewe playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Kelvin Templeton playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Tony Modra playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Simon Madden playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Simon Beasley playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Richard Osborne playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Stephen Milne playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Norm Smith playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul Salmon playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Brad Johnson playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Chris Grant playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Warren Tredrea playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Fraser Gehrig playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Daicos playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Dick Harris playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Jack Riewoldt playing statistics — AFLTables. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Lindsay White playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ John Coleman playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Eddie Betts playing statistics — AFLTables. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Jarryd Roughead playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Brian Taylor playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Daniel Bradshaw playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Loughlin playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Josh J. Kennedy playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Brent Harvey playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Peter Sumich playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ John Longmire playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Steve Johnson playing statistics – AFLTables. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
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Musicians of the RMS Titanic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Titanic's orchestra;
Top: Clarke; Taylor. Middle: Krins, Hartley, Brailey. Bottom: Hume; Woodward. Not pictured: Bricoux.
The musicians of the RMS Titanic all perished when the ship sank in 1912. They played music, intending to calm the passengers, for as long as they possibly could, and all went down with the ship. All were recognized for their heroism.
Members of the Titanic orchestra
Contents
1 Timeline
2 List of musicians
3 Theodore Ronald Brailey
4 Roger Marie Bricoux
5 Wallace Henry Hartley
6 John Law Hume
7 Georges Alexandre Krins
8 Memorials
9 In media
9.1 Film
9.2 Literature
9.3 Music
10 See also
11 References
11.1 Notes
11.2 Bibliography
12 External links
Timeline[edit]
The ship's eight musicians - members of a three-piece ensemble and a five-piece ensemble - were booked through C.W. & F.N. Black, in Liverpool.[1] They boarded at Southampton and traveled as second-class passengers. They were not on the White Star Line's payroll but were contracted to White Star by the Liverpool firm of C.W. & F.N. Black, who placed musicians on almost all British liners. Until the night of the sinking, the players performed as two separate groups: a quintet led by violinist and official bandleader Wallace Hartley, that played at teatime, after-dinner concerts, and Sunday services, among other occasions; and the violin, cello, and piano trio of Georges Krins, Roger Bricoux, and Theodore Brailey, that played at the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien.[2]
After the Titanic hit an iceberg and began to sink, Hartley and his fellow band members started playing music to help keep the passengers calm as the crew loaded the lifeboats. Many of the survivors said that Hartley and the band continued to play until the very end. One second-class passenger said:
Many brave things were done that night, but none were more brave than those done by men playing minute after minute as the ship settled quietly lower and lower in the sea. The music they played served alike as their own immortal requiem and their right to be recalled on the scrolls of undying fame.[3]
List of musicians[edit]
Name
Age
Hometown
Country
Position
Body
Theodore Ronald Brailey 24 London England Pianist –
Roger Marie Bricoux 20 Cosne-sur-Loire France Cellist –
John Frederick Preston Clarke 30 Liverpool, Merseyside England Bassist 202MB
Wallace Hartley 33 Colne, Lancashire England Bandmaster, Violinist 224MB
John Law Hume 21 Dumfries Scotland Violinist 193MB
Georges Alexandre Krins 23 Spa Belgium Violinist –
Percy Cornelius Taylor 32 London England Cellist –
John Wesley Woodward 32 Oxford England Cellist –
Theodore Ronald Brailey[edit]
Theodore Ronald Brailey
Born
Theodore Ronald Brailey
(1887-10-25)25 October 1887
Walthamstow
Died
15 April 1912(1912-04-15) (aged 24)
RMS Titanic, Atlantic Ocean
Occupation
Pianist
Military career
Allegiance
United Kingdom
Service/branch
British Army
Years of service
1902–1907
Unit
Lancashire Fusiliers
Theodore Ronald Brailey (25 October 1887 – 15 April 1912) was an English pianist on the RMS Titanic on its maiden voyage. He died in the disaster.[4][5]
Theodore Ronald Brailey, born on 25 October 1887 in Walthamstow in Greater London (then part of Essex),[6] was the son of William "Ronald" Brailey, a well-known figure of Spiritualism at the time.[7] He studied piano at school, and one of his first jobs was playing piano in a local hotel.[8]
In 1902, he joined the Royal Lancashire Fusiliers regiment signing for 12 years service as a musician.[9] He was stationed in Barbados but resigned his commission prematurely in 1907.[10] He returned to England and lived at 71 Lancaster Road, Ladbroke Grove, London.[5] In 1911, he enlisted aboard ship, playing first on the RMS Saxonia, prior to joining the Cunard steamer RMS Carpathia in 1912, where he met the French cellist Roger Marie Bricoux. Both men then joined the White Star Line and were recruited by Liverpool music agency C.W. and F.N. Black to serve on the RMS Titanic[5][11] Brailey boarded the Titanic on Wednesday 10 April 1912 in Southampton, UK. His ticket number was 250654, the ticket for all the members of Wallace Hartley's orchestra. His cabin was in the second class quarters.[3][5][12]
Brailey was 24 years old when he died. His body was never recovered.[5][13]
Roger Marie Bricoux[edit]
Roger Marie Bricoux
Born
Roger Marie Bricoux
(1891-06-01)1 June 1891
Cosne-sur-Loire, France
Died
15 April 1912(1912-04-15) (aged 20)
RMS Titanic, Atlantic Ocean
Occupation
Cellist
Roger Marie Bricoux (1 June 1891 – 15 April 1912) was a French cellist on the RMS Titanic on its maiden voyage.[14] He died in the disaster.
Roger Bricoux (in French) was born on 1 June 1891 in rue de Donzy, Cosne-sur-Loire, France.[15] He was the son of a musician, and the family moved to Monaco when he was a young boy.[16] He was educated in various Catholic institutions in Italy.[17] It was during his studies that he joined his first orchestra and won first prize at the Conservatory of Bologna for musical ability.[18] After studying at the Paris Conservatory, he moved to England in 1910 to join the orchestra in the Grand Central Hotel in Leeds.[19] At the end of 1911, he moved to Lille, France, lived at 5 Place du Lion d'Or, and played in various locations throughout the city.[3]
Before joining the Titanic, Bricoux and pianist Theodore Ronald Brailey had served together on the Cunard steamer RMS Carpathia before joining the White Star Line[3][18][20] He boarded the Titanic on Wednesday 10 April 1912 in Southampton, UK.[18] His ticket number was 250654, the ticket for all the members of Wallace Hartley's orchestra. His cabin was second class, and he was the only French musician aboard the Titanic.[21]
Bricoux was 20 years old when he died.[18] His body was never recovered.[3]
In 1913, after his apparent disappearance, he was declared a "deserter" by the French army. It was not until 2000 that he was eventually officially registered as dead in France, mainly due to the efforts of the Association Française du Titanic.[22] On 2 November 2000, the same association unveiled a memorial plaque to Bricoux in Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire.[15][23]
Wallace Henry Hartley[edit]
Main article: Wallace Hartley
Wallace Henry Hartley (2 June 1878 – 15 April 1912), an English violinist, was the bandleader on the Titanic. He died in the disaster. His body was recovered by the CS Mackay-Bennett, a cable repair ship owned by the Commercial Cable Company, registered in London.[24]
John Law Hume[edit]
John Law Hume
Born
John Law Hume
(1890-08-09)9 August 1890
Dumfries, Scotland
Died
15 April 1912(1912-04-15) (aged 21)
RMS Titanic, Atlantic Ocean
Resting place
Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Occupation
Violinist
John Law Hume (9 August 1890 – 15 April 1912) was a Scottish violinist on the RMS Titanic on its maiden voyage. He died in the disaster.[25]
John Law Hume (also known as 'Jock') was born on 9 August 1890 in Dumfries, Scotland and lived with his parents at 42 George Street, Dumfries.[25] He had already played on at least five ships before the Titanic. He was recruited to play on the maiden voyage due to his good reputation as a musician.[26]
He boarded the Titanic on Wednesday 10 April 1912 in Southampton, UK. His ticket number was 250654, the ticket for all the members of Wallace Hartley's orchestra. His cabin was in the second class quarters.
Hume was 21 years old when he died, unaware that his fiancée, Mary Costin, was pregnant with his child.[26] His body was recovered by the CS Mackay-Bennett, a cable repair ship owned by the Commercial Cable Company, registered in London.[27] He was buried in grave 193 at Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada on Wednesday 8 May 1912.[27][28][29] A memorial was erected for John Law Hume and Thomas Mullin (third class steward) in Dock Park, Dumfries. It reads:
In memory of John Law Hume, a member of the band and Thomas Mullin, steward, natives of
these towns who lost their lives in the wreck of the White Star Liner Titanic which
sank in mid-Atlantic on the 14th day of April 1912. They died at the post of duty.[28]
Hume and the other members of Wallace Hartley's orchestra all belonged to the Amalgamated British Musicians Union and were employed by a Liverpool music agency, C.W. and F.N. Black, which supplied musicians for Cunard and the White Star Line.[27][30][31] On 30 April 1912, Jock Hume's father, Andrew, received the following note from the agency:
Dear Sir:
We shall be obliged if you will remit us the sum of 5s. 4d., which is owing to us as per enclosed statement.
We shall also be obliged if you will settle the enclosed uniform account.
Yours faithfully,
C.W. & F.N. Black[3][27]
The letter caused controversy at the time when it was reprinted in the Amalgamated Musicians Union's monthly newsletter.[30] Andrew Law Hume decided not to settle the bill.[31]
In April 1914 John W. Furness, the violinist of the Canadian liner RMS Empress of Ireland made a pilgrimage with Anglican Church officials to visit the grave of John Law Hume at the Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia and pay his respects, little knowing that Furness himself would perish in a shipwreck only a few weeks later when Empress of Ireland sank on May 29, 1914.[32]
Georges Alexandre Krins[edit]
Georges Alexandre Krins
Born
Georges Alexandre Krins
(1889-03-18)18 March 1889
Paris, France
Died
15 April 1912(1912-04-15) (aged 23)
RMS Titanic, Atlantic Ocean
Occupation
Violinist
Georges Alexandre Krins (18 March 1889 – 15 April 1912) was a Belgian violinist on the RMS Titanic on its maiden voyage.[33] He died in the disaster.
Georges Alexandre Krins was born on 18 March 1889 in Paris, France.[34] His family was from Belgium, and soon after his birth they moved back there to the town of Spa. He first studied at Academie de Musique de Spa. He then moved to the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Liège, Belgium, where he studied from 30 October 1902 until 1908, when he won first prize for violin, with the highest distinction.[35][3][33]
As a young man he wanted to join the army; however, his parents persuaded him otherwise.[27] He worked in his father's shop and played in La Grande Symphonie, Spa.[27] In 1910, he moved to Paris to be first violin at Le Trianon Lyrique.[33] He subsequently moved to London and played for two years at the Ritz Hotel until March 1912.[27] He lived at 10 Villa Road, Brixton, London and became bandmaster of the Trio String Orchestra, which played near the Café Français.[33] This led to his being recruited by CW & FN Black, Liverpool to play on the Titanic.[3]
He boarded the Titanic on Wednesday 10 April 1912 in Southampton, UK. His ticket number was 250654, the ticket for all the members of Wallace Hartley's orchestra.[33] His cabin was second class, and he was the only Belgian musician aboard the Titanic. After the Titanic hit an iceberg and began to sink, Krins and his fellow band members assembled in the first class lounge and started playing music to help keep the passengers calm. They later moved to the forward half of the boat deck, where they continued to play as the crew loaded the lifeboats. Krins was 23 years old when he died. His body was never recovered.[3][33][36]
Memorials[edit]
RMS Titanic Musician's Memorial, Southampton
Titanic Bandsmen Memorial monument in Broken Hill, Australia (1913)
SS Titanic Memorial Bandstand in Ballarat, Australia (1915)
In media[edit]
Film[edit]
Two documentary films have been made about the Titanic's band.
The British film, Titanic: The Band Played On (completed in 2012), was shown on Yesterday television.[37]
The American Film, Titanic–Band of Courage (2014), was shown on Public Broadcasting System stations.[38]
Literature[edit]
Books written specifically about the Titanic's musicians include:
Steve Turner's nonfiction book, The Band that Played On: The Extraordinary Story of the 8 Musicians Who Went Down with the Titanic (2011)[39]
Christopher Ward's non-fiction book, And the Band Played On: The Titanic Violinist and the Glovemaker: A True Story of Love, Loss and Betrayal (2011),[40] which became a Sunday Times bestseller and was made into a documentary for the Discovery Channel titled, Titanic: The Aftermath (2012).[41] The book details the story of Ward's grandfather, Jock Hume.[42][43]
Erik Fosnes Hansen’s fiction book Psalm at Journey's End, tells the story about the individual musicians that ended their careers and lives on the Titanic.
Music[edit]
Minimalist work The Sinking of the Titanic (1969-1972) by composer Gavin Bryars is meant recreate how the music performed by the band would reverberate through the water some time after they ceased performing.
Harry Chapin's album Dance Band on the Titanic (1977) is dedicated to the Titanic's ensembles and contains a song titled "Dance Band on the Titanic"
The album Titanic: Music As Heard On The Fateful Voyage (1997),[44] by Ian Whitcomb and the White Star Orchestra, recreates songs played aboard the Titanic the night the ship foundered, and includes detailed liner notes about the music and excursion
See also[edit]
Crew of the RMS Titanic
RMS Titanic
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Turner, Steve (2011). The Band That Played On: The Extraordinary Story of the 8 Musicians Who Went Down with the Titanic. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9781595552198.
Jump up ^ "Titanic's Band or Orchestra". Titanic-Titanic.com. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kopstein, Jack (2011). "The Valiant Musicians | World Military Bands". worldmilitarybands.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Kopstein, Jack (2011). "The Valiant Musicians &#124". World Military Bands. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Mr W. Theodore Ronald Brailey &#124". Encyclopaedia Titanica. 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 62
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 60
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 63
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 65
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 68
Jump up ^ Whitfield, Geoff & Mendez, Olivier (2011). "Mr Roger Marie Bricoux &#124". Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 5 June 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Second Class Passengers". titanicsite.kit.net. 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Theodore Ronald Brailey - 2nd Class Passenger on the Titanic from England - Brailey - Family History & Genealogy Message Board". Ancestry.co.uk. 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Ancestry.co.uk (2011). "Roger-Marie Bricoux -Passenger on the Titanic from Monaco - General - Family History & Genealogy Message Board - Ancestry.co.uk". boards.ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2011. 1 June 1891
^ Jump up to: a b Titanic-Titanic (2011). "Titanic-Titanic.com • View topic - Roger Bricoux [cellist]". titanic-titanic.com. Retrieved 6 June 2011. rue de Donzy
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 50
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 51
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sha're (2011). "Roger Bricoux [violoncelliste]". titanic.superforum.fr. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Steve Turner 2011, p. 52
Jump up ^ Whitfield, Geoff & Mendez, Olivier (2011). "Mr Roger Marie Bricoux | Encyclopedia Titanica". encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ titanicsite (2007). "Titanic Site". titanicsite.kit.net. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Mendez, Olivier (2011). "Memorial to Roger Bricoux, Titanic cello player (2000) - 2 November 2000". encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 5 June 2011. On November 2nd 2000, the Association Francaise du Titanic unveiled a memorial plaque in memory of Roger Bricoux in Cosne-sur-Loire, the city where he was born on June 1st 1891. In 1913, Roger had been considered a desertor by the French army, and it was not before 2000, thanks to the AFT's work, that he was officially registered as... dead.
Jump up ^ Mendez, Olivier (2011). "Memorial to Roger Bricoux, Titanic cello player (2000) - 2 November 2000". encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 5 June 2011. On November 2nd 2000, the Association Francaise du Titanic unveiled a memorial plaque in memory of Roger Bricoux in Cosne-sur-Loire, the city where he was born on June 1st 1891. In 1913, Roger had been considered a desertor by the French army, and it was not before 2000, thanks to the AFT's work, that he was officially registered as... dead.
Jump up ^ "Titanic band leader's violin is authentic, say experts". News Wiltshire. BBC. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Ancestry.com (2011). "John Law Hume". homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Blackmore, David (2011). "Boughton resident's book reveals tale of young bandsman on Titanic". Norwich Evening News. Retrieved 6 June 2011. He played on at least five ships before the Titanic and he was put forward to play on the ship because they really wanted to cream of the crop to play for passengers. It was such a famous ship and the largest liner at the time and that's what made John really want to be on its maiden voyage.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Encyclopedia Titanica (2011). "Mr John Law Hume | Encyclopedia Titanica". encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Titanic Remembered (2011). "Titanic Remembered – in Dumfries". maritime.elettra.co.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2011. in grave 193
Jump up ^ Ancestry.com (2011). "John Law Hume - Musician on the Titanic from England - Hume - Family History & Genealogy Message Board - Ancestry.com". boards.ancestry.com. Retrieved 6 June 2011. Burial:Fairview Lawn Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada on Friday 3rd May 1912
^ Jump up to: a b Laing, Peter (2011). "Callous demand on family of Scots violinist who played as Titanic sank | Deadline News". deadlinenews.co.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Darroch, Gordon (2011). "A bad note: the bill sent to Titanic violinist who played on as the ship went down | Glasgow and West | STV News". news.stv.tv. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Orchestra were Favourites in Halifax", Halifax Evening Mail, May 30, 1914
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Encyclopedia Titanica (2011). "Mr Georges Alexandre Krins | Encyclopedia Titanica". encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Titanic-Titanic.com (2011). "Titanic Memorial - George Krins, Spa, Belgium". titanic-titanic.com. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Liverpool Echo (2011). "The Brave Bandsmen - A Belgian Memorial :: Liverpool Echo (1912) - 25 April 1912". encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Passenger 47 (2011). "TITANIC 4 YOU CHAT FORUMS :: View topic - The Titanic's Band / Orchestra". hostmybb.com. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Titanic's band remembered in new TV documentary The Band Played On". The Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "TITANIC – BAND OF COURAGE". Cinando. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Turner, Steve (2011). The Band that Played On: The Extraordinary Story of the 8 Musicians Who Went Down with the Titanic. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9781595552198.
Jump up ^ Ward, Christopher (2011). And The Band Played On: The Titanic Violinist and the Glovemaker: A True Story of Love, Loss and Betrayal. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 9781444707977.
Jump up ^ Devan, Subhadra (30 March 2012). "That sinking feeling". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Ward, Christopher (29 February 2012). "What Happened To My Grandfather After the Titanic Sank". Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Davenport-Hines, Richard (20 August 2011). "Book reviews: When the great ship went down". The Spectator. Retrieved 22 May 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Whitcomb, Ian (10 June 1997). Titanic: Music As Heard On The Fateful Voyage (Audio Cassette ed.). Wea Corp. ASIN B0000063DP.
Bibliography[edit]
Hume, Yvonne & Hume, John Law & Dean, Millvina (Foreword). RMS Titanic 'The First Violin': The true story of Titanic's first violinist (hardcover ed.). ISBN 9781840335217. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Yvonne Hume is John Law "Jock" Hume's great niece.[1]
Turner, Steve (22 March 2011). The Band that Played On: The Extraordinary Story of the 8 Musicians Who Went Down with the Titanic. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 9781595552198.
Ward, Christopher (2011). And The Band Played On: The Titanic Violinist and the Glovemaker: A True Story of Love, Loss and Betrayal. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 9781444707977. Christopher Ward is John "Jock" Law Hume's grandson.[2]
External links[edit]
Memorial to the Titanic Cellists
Theodore Ronald Bailey
Theodore Ronald Brailey on Titanic-Titanic.com
Roger Marie Bricoux
Roger Marie Bricoux on Titanic-Titanic.Com
Association Française du Titanic
John Law Hume (or Hulme)
John Law Hulme on Encyclopaedia Titanica
Photograph of John Law Hume's memorial in birth town of Dumfries, SCOTLAND
Georges Alexandre Krins
Georges Alexandré Krins on Titanic-Titanic.Com
Photo of Georges Alexandré Krins
show
v
t
e
The musicians of the RMS Titanic
Wallace Hartley (bandmaster)
Roger Marie Bricoux (cello)
Theodore Ronald Brailey (piano)
John Wesley Woodward (cello)
John Frederick Preston Clarke (string bass and viola)
John Law Hume (violin)
Percy Cornelius Taylor (piano)
Georges Alexandre Krins (violin)
show
v
t
e
RMS Titanic
First class facilities
Second and Third class facilities
Grand Staircase
Musicians
Sinking
Alternative theories
Changes in safety practices
Legends and myths
Lifeboats
Lifeboat No. 1
British inquiry
US inquiry
Wreck of Titanic
Maritime Memorial Act
Deck officers
Edward J. Smith (Captain)
Henry Tingle Wilde (Chief Officer)
William McMaster Murdoch (First Officer)
Charles H. Lightoller (Second Officer)
Herbert Pitman (Third Officer)
Joseph G. Boxhall (Fourth Officer)
Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer)
James Paul Moody (Sixth Officer)
Joseph Bell (Machine Room Manager)
Crew members
Frederick Barrett
Harold Bride
William Denton Cox
Sid Daniels
Alfred Frank Evans
Frederick Fleet
Luigi Gatti
Robert Hichens
Violet Jessop
Charles Joughin
Reginald Lee
Evelyn Marsden
William Mintram
Jack Phillips
George Symons
Passengers
Fatalities
Allison family
Thomas Andrews
John Jacob Astor IV
David John Bowen
Archibald Butt
Thomas Byles
Roderick Chisholm
Walter Donald Douglas
Edith Corse Evans
Annie Funk
Jacques Futrelle
Sidney Leslie Goodwin
Benjamin Guggenheim
John Harper
Wallace Hartley
Charles Melville Hays
Edward Austin Kent
Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche
Francis Davis Millet
Harry Markland Molson
Michel Navratil
Eino Viljami Panula
W. T. Stead
Ida Straus
Isidor Straus
John Borland Thayer Jr.
Frank M. Warren, Sr.
George Dennick Wick
George Dunton Widener
Harry Elkins Widener
Duane Williams
George Henry Wright
Survivors
(last living)
Rhoda Abbott
Trevor Allison
Lillian Asplund
Madeleine Astor
Ruth Becker
Lawrence Beesley
Karl Behr
Dickinson Bishop
Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson
Elsie Bowerman
Francis Browne
Margaret "Molly" Brown
Daniel Buckley
Alden Caldwell
Helen Churchill Candee
Charlotte Drake Cardeza
Lucile Carter
Gladys Cherry
Millvina Dean
Margaret Devaney
Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon
Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon
Ethel Flora Fortune
Dorothy Gibson
Archibald Gracie IV
Frank John William Goldsmith
Edith Haisman
Henry S. Harper
Eva Hart
Margaret Bechstein Hays
Masabumi Hosono
J. Bruce Ismay
Eleanor Ileen Johnson
Louise Laroche
Louise Kink
Margaret Mannion
Michel Marcel Navratil
Alfred Nourney
Arthur Godfrey Peuchen
Winnifred Quick
Marjorie Newell Robb
Edith Rosenbaum
Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes
Emily Ryerson
Beatrice Sandström
Frederic Kimber Seward
Eloise Hughes Smith
Jack Thayer
Marian Thayer
Barbara West
Ella Holmes White
R. Norris Williams
Marie Grice Young
Monuments
and memorials
General
Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic
Australia
Bandstand (Ballarat)
United Kingdom
Engine Room Heroes (Liverpool)
Engineers (Southampton)
Musicians (Southampton)
Titanic (Belfast)
Orchestra (Liverpool)
United States
Straus Park (New York City)
Titanic (New York City)
Titanic (Washington, D.C.)
Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain (Washington, D.C.)
Popular culture
Books
The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (1898)
A Night to Remember (book)
Polar the Titanic Bear
Films
Saved from the Titanic (1912)
In Nacht und Eis (1912)
Atlantic (1929)
Titanic (1943)
Titanic (1953)
A Night to Remember (1958)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
Raise the Titanic (1980)
Secrets of the Titanic (1986)
Titanica (1992)
Titanic (1997)
The Legend of the Titanic (1999)
Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000)
Ghosts of the Abyss (2003)
Tentacolino (2004)
Titanic II (2010)
Television
S.O.S. Titanic (1979)
Titanic: The Complete Story (1994)
Titanic (1996)
No Greater Love (1996)
"A Flight to Remember" (Futurama) (1999)
Titanic (2012)
Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012)
Saving the Titanic (2012)
Music
"The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)" (folk song)
The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition)
Titanic (musical)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)
"My Heart Will Go On" (Celine Dion song)
"Nearer, My God, to Thee" (song)
Video games
Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996)
Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA)
Museums
and exhibitions
SeaCity Museum (Southampton)
Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)
Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax)
Titanic Belfast
Places
Titanic (Canada)
Titanic Canyon
Titanic Quarter, Belfast
Cape Race, Newfoundland
Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax)
Related
Ships
RMS Olympic
RMS Carpathia
HMHS Britannic
CS Mackay-Bennett
SS Californian
Replica Titanic
Titanic II
Others
White Star Line
David Blair
Arthur Rostron
Stanley Lord
Titanic Historical Society
Encyclopedia Titanica
Halomonas titanicae
Women and children first
SOS
CQD
Robert Ballard
Authority control
MusicBrainz: 19b9fd91-7407-4e64-b961-cd53f4664274
Jump up ^ "Home: Welcome". Yvonne Hume Official Website.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Author". And the Band Played On. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
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text:
History of the United States dollar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The history of the United States Dollar refers to more than 240 years since the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of Continental Currency in 1775.[1] On April 2, 1792, the United States Congress created the United States dollar as the country's standard unit of money. The term dollar had already been in common usage since the colonial period when it referred to eight-real coin (Spanish dollar) used by the Spanish throughout New Spain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Early history
3 Gold standard
3.1 The Gold Reserve Act
3.2 U.S. dollar value vs. gold value
4 Silver standard
5 Use as international reserve currency
5.1 History
5.2 Impact
6 United States Notes
7 Fiat standard
8 Color and design
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
2 dollars, first November 1862
This $50 Continental Currency note (from 1778) was designed by Francis Hopkinson. The unfinished pyramid design was a precursor to the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States.
By the end of 1778, Continental Currency retained only between 1⁄5 to 1⁄7 of its original face value. By 1780, Continental bills – or Continentals – were worth just 1⁄40 of their face value. Congress tried to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones, but this met with little to no success. By May 1781, Continentals had become so worthless they ceased to circulate as money. Benjamin Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had, in effect, acted as a tax to pay for the war.[2] In the 1790s, after the ratification of the United States Constitution, Continentals could be exchanged for treasury bonds at 1% of face value.[3]
Congress appointed Robert Morris to be Superintendent of Finance of the United States following the collapse of Continental currency. In 1782, Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States. The Bank of North America was funded in part by specie loaned to the United States by France. Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name, backed by his own money. The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into specie.[4] On July 6, 1785, the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of a new currency, the US dollar.
However, runaway inflation and the collapse of the Continental currency prompted delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to include the gold and silver clause in the United States Constitution, preventing individual States from issuing their own bills of credit. Article One states they were prohibited to "make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts."[5] Some people use this clause to argue that federal paper money is unconstitutional. [6][7]
The United States Mint was created by Congress following the passing of the Coinage Act of 1792. It was primarily tasked with producing and circulating coinage. The first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States. The Mint was originally placed within the Department of State, until the Coinage Act of 1873 when it became part of the Department of the Treasury (in 1981 it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States). The Mint had the authority to convert any precious metals into standard coinage for anyone's account with no seigniorage charge beyond refining costs.
Early history[edit]
A 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar
An 1804 Silver dollar.
After the creation of the U.S. dollar, the fledgling American administration of President George Washington turned its attention to monetary issues again in the early 1790s under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury at the time. Congress acted on Hamilton's recommendations in the Coinage Act of 1792, which established the dollar as the basic unit of account for the United States. The word dollar is derived from Low Saxon cognate of the High German Thaler. The most commonly circulated and readily available currency, used by common Americans, at this time, was the Spanish Peso, also known as the "Spanish milled dollar", which was valued for its high silver content.
In the early 19th century, gold rose in relation to silver, resulting in the removal from commerce of nearly all gold coins, and their subsequent melting. Therefore, in the Coinage Act of 1834, the 15:1 ratio of silver to gold was changed to a 16:1 ratio by reducing the weight of the nation's gold coinage. This created a new U.S. dollar that was backed by 1.50 g (23.22 grains) of gold. However, the previous dollar had been represented by 1.60 g (24.75 grains) of gold. The result of this revaluation, which was the first devaluation of the U.S. dollar, was that the value in gold of the dollar was reduced by 6%. Moreover, for a time, both gold and silver coins were useful in commerce.
In 1853, the weights of U.S. silver coins (except the dollar itself, which was rarely used) were reduced. This had the effect of placing the nation effectively (although not officially) on the gold standard. The retained weight in the dollar coin was a nod to bimetallism, although it had the effect of further driving the silver dollar coin from commerce. Foreign coins, including the Spanish dollar, were also, widely used,[8] as legal tender, until 1857.
With the enactment of the National Banking Act of 1863, during the American Civil War and its later versions that taxed states' bonds and currency out of existence, the dollar became the sole currency of the United States and remains so today.
During the 19th century the dollar was less accepted around the world than the British pound. Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889-1890 trip around the world in 72 days; she also brought some dollars, Bly wrote, "to use at different ports as a test to see if American money was known outside of America". Traveling east from New York, she did not see American money until she found $20 gold pieces used as jewelry in Colombo; there Bly found that as currency dollars were accepted at a 60% discount.[9]
In 1878, the Bland-Allison Act was enacted to provide for freer coinage of silver. This act required the government to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month at market prices and to coin it into silver dollars. This was, in effect, a subsidy for politically influential silver producers.
The discovery of large silver deposits in the Western United States in the late 19th century created a political controversy. Due to the large influx of silver, the value of silver in the nation's coinage dropped precipitously. On one side were agrarian interests such as the United States Greenback Party that wanted to retain the bimetallic standard in order to inflate the dollar, which would allow farmers to more easily repay their debts. On the other side were Eastern banking and commercial interests, who advocated sound money and a switch to the gold standard. This issue split the Democratic Party in 1896. It led to the famous "cross of gold" speech given by William Jennings Bryan, and may have inspired many of the themes in The Wizard of Oz. Despite the controversy, the status of silver was slowly diminished through a series of legislative changes from 1873 to 1900, when a gold standard was formally adopted. The gold standard survived, with several modifications, until 1971.
Gold standard[edit]
Main article: Gold standard
A gold-standard 1928 one-dollar bill. It is identified as a "United States Note" rather than a Federal Reserve note and by the words "Will Pay to the Bearer on Demand", which do not appear on today's currency. This clause became obsolete in 1933 but remained on new notes for 30 years thereafter.
Bimetallism persisted until March 14, 1900, with the passage of the Gold Standard Act, which provided that:
...the dollar consisting of twenty-five and eight-tenths grains (1.67 g) of gold nine-tenths fine, as established by section thirty-five hundred and eleven of the Revised Statutes of the United States, shall be the standard unit of value, and all forms of money issued or coined by the United States shall be maintained at a parity of value with this standard...
Thus the United States moved to a gold standard, making both gold and silver the legal-tender coinage of the United States, and guaranteed the dollar as convertible to 1.5 g (23.22 grains) of gold.[10]
The gold standard was suspended twice during World War I, once fully and then for foreign exchange. At the onset of the war, U.S. corporations had large debts payable to European entities, who began liquidating their debts in gold. With debts looming to Europe, the dollar to British pound exchange rate reached as high as $6.75, far above the (gold) parity of $4.8665. This caused large gold outflows until July 31, 1914, when the New York Stock Exchange closed and the gold standard was temporarily suspended. In order to defend the exchange value of the dollar, the US Treasury Department authorized state and nationally chartered banks to issue emergency currency under the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, and the newly created Federal Reserve organized a fund to assure debts to foreign creditors. These efforts were largely successful, and the Aldrich-Vreeland notes were retired starting in November and the gold standard was restored when the New York Stock Exchange re-opened in December 1914.[11]
As the United States remained neutral in the war, it remained the only country to maintain its gold standard, doing so without restriction on import or export of gold from 1915 to 1917. During the participation of the United States as a belligerent, President Wilson banned gold export, thereby suspending the gold standard for foreign exchange. After the war, European countries slowly returned to their gold standards, though in somewhat altered form.[11][12]
During the Great Depression, every major currency abandoned the gold standard. Among the earliest, the Bank of England abandoned the gold standard in 1931 as speculators demanded gold in exchange for currency, threatening the solvency of the British monetary system. This pattern repeated throughout Europe and North America. In the United States, the Federal Reserve was forced to raise interest rates in order to protect the gold standard for the US dollar, worsening already severe domestic economic pressures. After bank runs became more pronounced in early 1933, people began to hoard gold coins as distrust for banks led to distrust for paper money, worsening deflation and depleting gold reserves.[11][12]
The Gold Reserve Act[edit]
In early 1933, in order to fight severe deflation Congress and President Roosevelt implemented a series of Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which suspended the gold standard except for foreign exchange, revoked gold as universal legal tender for debts, and banned private ownership of significant amounts of gold coin. These acts included Executive Order 6073, the Emergency Banking Act, Executive Order 6102, Executive Order 6111, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933 Banking Act, House Joint Resolution 192, and later the Gold Reserve Act.[11] These actions were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the "Gold Clause Cases" in 1935.[13]
For foreign exchange purposes, the set $20.67 per ounce value of the dollar was lifted, allowing the dollar to float freely in foreign exchange markets with no set value in gold. This was terminated after one year. Roosevelt attempted first to restabilize falling prices with the Agricultural Adjustment Act; however, this did not prove popular, so instead the next politically popular option was to devalue the dollar on foreign exchange markets. Under the Gold Reserve Act the value of gold was fixed at $35 per ounce, making the dollar more attractive for foreign buyers (and making foreign currencies more expensive for those holding dollars). This change led to more conversion of gold into dollars, allowing the U.S. to effectively corner the world gold market.[14][15]
The suspension of the gold standard was considered temporary by many in markets and in the government at the time, but restoring the standard was considered a low priority to dealing with other issues.[11][14]
Under the post-World War II Bretton Woods system, all other currencies were valued in terms of U.S. dollars and were thus indirectly linked to the gold standard. The need for the U.S. government to maintain both a $35 per troy ounce (112.53 ¢/g) market price of gold and also the conversion to foreign currencies caused economic and trade pressures. By the early 1960s, compensation for these pressures started to become too complicated to manage.
In March 1968, the effort to control the private market price of gold was abandoned. A two-tier system began. In this system all central-bank transactions in gold were insulated from the free market price. Central banks would trade gold among themselves at $35 per troy ounce (112.53 ¢/g) but would not trade with the private market. The private market could trade at the equilibrium market price and there would be no official intervention. The price immediately jumped to $43 per troy ounce (138.25 ¢/g). The price of gold touched briefly back at $35 (112.53 ¢/g) near the end of 1969 before beginning a steady price increase. This gold price increase turned steep through 1972 and hit a high that year of over $70 (2.25 $/g). By that time floating exchange rates had also begun to emerge, which indicated the de facto dissolution of the Bretton Woods system. The two-tier system was abandoned in November 1973. By then the price of gold had reached $100 per troy ounce (3.22 $/g).
In the early 1970s, inflation caused by rising prices for imported commodities, especially oil, and spending on the Vietnam War, which was not counteracted by cuts in other government expenditures, combined with a trade deficit to create a situation in which the dollar was worth less than the gold used to back it.
In 1971, President Richard Nixon unilaterally ordered the cancellation of the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold. This act was known as the Nixon Shock.
U.S. dollar value vs. gold value[edit]
The sudden jump in the price of gold after the demise of the Bretton Woods accords was a result of the significant prior debasement of the US dollar due to excessive inflation of the monetary supply via central bank (Federal Reserve) coordinated fractional reserve banking under the Bretton Woods partial gold standard. In the absence of an international mechanism tying the dollar to gold via fixed exchange rates, the dollar became a pure fiat currency and as such fell to its free market exchange price versus gold. Consequently, the price of gold rose from $35 per troy ounce (1.125 $/g) in 1969 to almost $500 (29 $/g) in 1980.
Shortly after the gold price started its ascent in the early 1970s, the price of other commodities such as oil also began to rise. While commodity prices became more volatile, the average exchange rate between oil and gold remained much the same in the 1990s as it had been in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
Fearing the emergence of a specie gold-based economy separate from central banking, and with the corresponding threat of the collapse of the U.S. dollar, the U.S. government approved several changes to the trading on the COMEX. These changes resulted in a steep decline in the traded value of precious metals from the early 1980s onward.
In September 1987 under the Reagan administration the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury James Baker made a proposal through the International Monetary Fund to use a commodity basket (which included gold).[citation needed]
Silver standard[edit]
Main article: Silver standard
"Five Silver Dollars" of Series 1923
United States silver certificates were a type of representative money printed from 1878 to 1964 in the United States as part of its circulation of paper currency.[16] They were produced in response to silver agitation by citizens who were angered by the Fourth Coinage Act, and were used alongside the gold-based dollar notes. The silver certificates were initially redeemable in the same face value of silver dollar coins, and later in raw silver bullion.
Since the early 1920s, silver certificates were issued in $1, $5, and $10 denominations. In the 1928 series, only $1 silver certificates were produced. Fives and tens of this time were mainly Federal Reserve notes, which were backed by and redeemable in gold. In 1933, Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act which included a clause allowing for the pumping of silver into the market to replace the gold. A new 1933 series of $10 silver certificate was printed and released, but not many were released into circulation.
In 1934, a law was passed in Congress that changed the obligation on Silver Certificates so as to denote the current location of the silver.
The last government regulation regarding the silver standard was in 1963, when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110, delegating to the Treasury Secretary his authority to authorize the US Department of Treasury to issue silver certificates for any silver held by the U.S. Government in excess of that not already backing issued certificates. This was necessary because of Kennedy's signing of Public Law 88-36 on the same day, one of the effects of which was a repeal of the Silver Purchase Act of 1934-this act had authorized the Treasury Secretary to purchase silver bullion and issue silver certificates against it. Silver certificates continued to be issued for a short period of time in the $1 denomination, but were discontinued in late 1963.
Use as international reserve currency[edit]
History[edit]
First small-sized $1 bill which was issued in 1928 as a silver certificate
World War II devastated European and Asian economies while leaving the United States' economy relatively unharmed.[17] As European governments exhausted their gold reserves and borrowed to pay the United States for war material, the United States accumulated large gold reserves. This combination gave the United States significant political and economic power following the war.[18]
The Bretton Woods agreement codified this economic dominance of the dollar after the war. In 1944, Allied nations sought to create an international monetary order that sustained the global economy and prevented the economic malaise that followed the First World War. The Bretton Woods agreement laid the foundations for an international monetary order that created rules and expectations for the international economic system. It created the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the predecessor of the World Bank, and an international monetary system based on fixed exchange rates. It valued the dollar at $35 per ounce of gold and the remaining signatories pegged their respective currency relative to the dollar, leading some economists to argue that Bretton Woods “dethroned”[19] gold as the default asset.[20]
While Bretton Woods institutionalized the dollar's importance following the war, Europe and Asia faced dollar shortages. The international community needed dollars to finance imports from the United States to rebuild what was lost in the war.[21] In 1948 Congress passed the European Recovery Program - generally known as the Marshall Plan – giving dollars to European countries to purchase imports needed to rebuild their economies. The plan helped European countries by providing them dollars to purchase the imports needed to produce exports, eventually allowing the countries to export enough of their own goods to obtain the dollars necessary to sustain their economies without reliance on any Marshall-like plan. At the same time, Joseph Dodge worked with Japanese officials and Congress to pass the Dodge Plan in 1949, which worked similarly to the Marshall Plan, but for Japan rather than Europe.[20]
The Marshall and Dodge plans' successes have brought new challenges to the U.S. dollar. In 1959, dollars in circulation around the world exceeded U.S. gold reserves, which became vulnerable to the equivalent of a bank run. In 1960, Yale economist Robert Triffin described the problem to Congress: either the dollar was not freely available and other countries could not afford to import American goods, or the dollar was freely available but confidence that the dollar could be converted to gold would wane.[22]
Eventually, the United States chose to devalue the dollar. During the early 1960s American officials largely prevented the conversion of dollars to gold with a series of "gentlemanly" agreements and other policies – which included the London Gold Pool - but these actions were not sustainable; the danger of a run on U.S. gold reserves was too high.[23] With Nixon's election in 1968, American officials became increasingly concerned until Nixon finally issued Executive Order 11615 in August 1971, ending the direct convertibility of dollars to gold. He said, "We must protect the position of the American dollar as pillar of monetary stability around the world… I am determined that the American dollar must never again be hostage in the hands of the international speculators."[24] This became known as the Nixon Shock and marked the dollar's transition from the gold standard to a fiat currency.
Impact[edit]
The United States enjoys some benefits because the dollar serves as the international reserve currency. The United States is less likely to face a balance of payments crisis.
The position of the dollar as the international reserve currency also has a cost: the American government is more likely to forego fiscal expansionary policies in order to maintain confidence in the dollar.[25]
United States Notes[edit]
Main article: United States Note
$5 United States Note of Series 1963.
$100 United States Note of Series 1966.
A United States Note, also known as a Legal Tender Note, was a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for over 100 years, they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money. They were known popularly as "greenbacks" in their day, a name inherited from the Demand Notes that they replaced in 1862.
While issuance of United States Notes ended in January 1971, existing United States Notes are still valid currency in the United States today, though rarely seen in circulation.
Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are parts of the national currency of the United States, and both have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933. Both have been used in circulation as money in the same way. However, the issuing authority for them came from different statutes.[26] United States Notes were created as fiat currency, in that the government has never categorically guaranteed to redeem them for precious metal - even though at times, such as after the specie resumption of 1879, federal officials were authorized to do so if requested.
The difference between a United States Note and a Federal Reserve Note is that a United States Note represented a "bill of credit" and was inserted by the Treasury directly into circulation free of interest. Federal Reserve Notes are backed by debt purchased by the Federal Reserve, and thus generate seigniorage for the Federal Reserve System, which serves as a lending intermediary between the Treasury and the public.
Fiat standard[edit]
Today, like the currency of most nations, the dollar is fiat money, unbacked by any physical asset. A holder of a federal reserve note has no right to demand an asset such as gold or silver from the government in exchange for a note.[27] Consequently, some proponents of the intrinsic theory of value believe that the near-zero marginal cost of production of the current fiat dollar detracts from its attractiveness as a medium of exchange and store of value because a fiat currency without a marginal cost of production is easier to debase via overproduction and the subsequent inflation of the money supply.
In 1963, the words "PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND" were removed from all newly issued Federal Reserve notes. Then, in 1968, redemption of pre-1963 Federal Reserve notes for gold or silver officially ended. The Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from quarters and dimes, which were 90% silver prior to the act. However, there was a provision in the act allowing some coins to contain a 40% silver consistency, such as the Kennedy Half Dollar. Later, even this provision was removed, with the last circulating silver-content halves minted in 1969. All previously silver coins minted for general circulation are now clad. During 1982, the composition of the cent was changed from copper to zinc with a thin copper coating. The content of the nickel has not changed since 1946.[citation needed] Silver and gold coins are produced by the U.S. government, but only as non-circulating commemorative pieces or in sets for collectors.
All circulating notes, issued from 1861 to present, will be honored by the government at face value as legal tender. This means that the federal government will accept old notes as payments for debts owed to the federal government (taxes and fees), or exchange old notes for new ones, but will not redeem notes for gold or silver, even if the note states that it may be thus redeemed. Some bills may have a premium to collectors.[citation needed]
The only exception to this rule is the $10,000 gold certificate of Series 1900, a number of which were inadvertently released to the public because of a fire in 1935. A box of them was literally thrown out a window. This set is not considered to be "in circulation" and, in fact, is stolen property. However, the government canceled these banknotes and removed them from official records. Their value, relevant only to collectors, is approximately one thousand US dollars.[28]
According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, there is $1.2 trillion in total US currency in worldwide circulation as of July 2013.[29]
Color and design[edit]
U.S. Federal Reserve notes in the mid-1990s
The federal government began issuing currency like the Spanish dollars during the American Civil War. As photographic technology of the day could not reproduce color, it was decided the back of the bills would be printed in a color other than black. Because the color green was seen as a symbol of stability, it was selected. These were known as "greenbacks" for their color and started a tradition of the United States' printing the back of its money in green. The author of that invention was chemist Christopher Der-Seropian.[citation needed] In contrast to the currency notes of many other countries, Federal Reserve notes of varying denominations are the same colors: predominantly black ink with green highlights on the front, and predominantly green ink on the back. Federal Reserve notes were printed in the same colors for most of the 20th century, although older bills called "silver certificates" had blue highlights on the front, and "United States notes" had red highlights on the front.
In 1928, sizing of the bills was standardized (involving a 25% reduction in their current sizes, compared to the older, larger notes nicknamed "horse blankets").[30] Modern U.S. currency, regardless of denomination, is 2.61 inches (66.3 mm) wide, 6.14 inches (156 mm) long, and 0.0043 inches (0.109 mm) thick. A single bill weighs about fifteen and a half grains (one gram) and costs approximately 4.2 cents for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to produce.
Microprinting and security threads were introduced in the 1991 currency series.
Another series started in 1996 with the $100 note, adding the following changes:
A larger portrait, moved off-center to create more space to incorporate a watermark.
The watermark to the right of the portrait depicting the same historical figure as the portrait. The watermark can be seen only when held up to the light (and had long been a standard feature of all other major currencies).
A security thread that will glow pink when exposed to ultraviolet light in a dark environment.[31] The thread is in a unique position on each denomination.
Color-shifting ink that changes from green to black when viewed from different angles. This feature appears in the numeral on the lower right-hand corner of the bill front.
Microprinting in the numeral in the note's lower left-hand corner and on Benjamin Franklin's coat.
Concentric fine-line printing in the background of the portrait and on the back of the note. This type of printing is difficult to copy well.
The value of the currency written in 14pt Arial font on the back for those with sight disabilities.
Other features for machine authentication and processing of the currency.
Annual releases of the 1996 series followed. The $50 note June 12, 1997, introduced a large dark numeral with a light background on the back of the note to make it easier for people to identify the denomination.[32] The $20 note in 1998 introduced a new machine-readable capability to assist scanning devices. The security thread glows green under ultraviolet light, and "USA TWENTY" and a flag are printed on the thread, while the numeral "20" is printed within the star field of the flag. The microprinting is in the lower left ornamentation of the portrait and in the lower left corner of the note front. As of 1998[update], the $20 note was the most frequently counterfeited note in the United States.
May 13, 2003, The Treasury announced that it would introduce new colors into the $20 bill, the first U.S. currency since 1905 (not counting the 1934 gold certificates) to have colors other than green or black. The move was intended primarily to reduce counterfeiting, rather than to increase visual differentiation between denominations. The main colors of all denominations, including the new $20 and $50, remain green and black; the other colors are present only in subtle shades in secondary design elements. This contrasts with notes of the euro, Australian dollar, and most other currencies, where strong colours are used to distinguish each denomination from the other.
The new $20 bills entered circulation October 9, 2003, the new $50 bills, September 28, 2004. The new $10 notes were introduced in 2006 and redesigned $5 bills began to circulate March 13, 2008. Each will have subtle elements of different colors, though will continue to be primarily green and black. The Treasury said it will update Federal Reserve notes every 7 to 10 years to keep up with counterfeiting technology. In addition, there have been rumors that future banknotes will use embedded RFID microchips as another anti-counterfeiting tool.[33]
The 2008 $5 bill contains significant new security updates. The obverse side of the bill includes patterned yellow printing that will cue digital image-processing software to prevent digital copying, watermarks, digital security thread, and extensive microprinting. The reverse side includes an oversized purple number 5 to provide easy differentiation from other denominations.[34]
On April 21, 2010, the U.S. Government announced a heavily redesigned $100 bill that featured bolder colors, color shifting ink, microlenses, and other features. It was scheduled to start circulating on February 10, 2011, but was delayed due to the discovery of sporadic creasing on the notes and "mashing" (when there is too much ink on the paper, the artwork on the notes are not clearly seen). The redesigned $100 bill was released October 8, 2013.[35] It costs 11.8 cents to produce each bill.[36]
"The soundness of a nation's currency is essential to the soundness of its economy. And to uphold our currency's soundness, it must be recognized and honored as legal tender and counterfeiting must be effectively thwarted," Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said at a ceremony unveiling the $20 bill's new design. Prior to the current design, the most recent redesign of the U.S. dollar bill was in 1996.
Current $20 bill front.
Current $20 bill back.
As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.[37] In 2016, the Treasury announced a number of design changes to the $5, $10 and $20 bills; to be introduced in this next redesign. The redesigns include:[38][39]
The back of the $5 bill will be changed to showcase historical events at the pictured Lincoln Memorial by adding portraits of Marian Anderson (due to her famous performance there after being barred from Constitution Hall due to her race), Martin Luther King Jr.'s (due to his famous I Have A Dream speech), and Eleanor Roosevelt (who arranged Anderson's performance).
The back of the $10 bill will be changed to show a 1913 march for women's suffrage in the United States, plus portraits of Sojourner Truth, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
On the $20 bill, Andrew Jackson will move to the back (reduced in size, alongside the White House) and Harriet Tubman will appear on the front.
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Continental currency
Coinage Act of 1792
Coinage Act of 1849
National Banking Act (1863)
Coinage Act of 1864
Coinage Act of 1873
History of central banking in the United States
Nixon shock (1971)
International use of the US dollar
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Jump up ^ "Cache Point". Snopes.com. May 19, 2011. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Note of Caution". American City Business Journals. February 16, 2008. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Government Unveils New Design for the $100 Note" (Press release). Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Martinez, Alejandro J. (April 21, 2010). "Money Makeover: $100 Bill Gets Facelift to Fight Fakes". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references
Jump up ^ Calmes, Jackie (April 20, 2016). "Harriet Tubman Ousts Andrew Jackson in Change for a $20" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill". usatoday.com. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
External links[edit]
Joint Economic Committee Study, November 1998
[hide]
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Obsolete United States currency and coinage
Topics
United States coinage
United States dollar
History of the United States dollar
Coins
Half cent (1793–1857)
Fugio Cent (1787)
Large cent (1793–1857; 1868)
Two-cent piece (1836; 1864–1873)
Three-cent nickel (1865–1889)
Three-cent silver (1851–1873)
Half dime (1792–1873)
Twenty-cent piece (1875–1878)
Gold coins
Gold dollar (1849–1889)
Quarter eagle (1796–1929)
Three-dollar piece (1854–1889)
Half eagle (1795–1929)
Eagle (1795–1933)
Double eagle (1850–1933)
Half-union (1877, 1915)
Patterns
Two-cent billon (1836)
Three-cent bronze (1863)
Stella (1879–1880)
Currency
Discontinued denominations
Fractional currency
Large denominations of currency
Discontinued currency types
Early American currency
Compound interest treasury note
Demand Note
Federal Reserve Bank Note
Gold certificate
Interest bearing note
National Bank Note
National gold bank note
Refunding Certificate
Silver certificate
Treasury or Coin Note
Treasury Note (19th century)
United States Note
United States postal notes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_dollar&oldid=813759748"
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