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An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
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An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, March 1, 1780. Pennsylvania State Archives.
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, passed by the Pennsylvania legislature on 1 March 1780, prescribed an end for slavery in Pennsylvania. It was the first act abolishing slavery in the course of human history to be adopted by a democracy. The Act prohibited further importation of slaves into the state, required Pennsylvania slaveholders to annually register their slaves (with forfeiture for noncompliance, and manumission for the enslaved), and established that all children born in Pennsylvania were free persons regardless of the condition or race of their parents. Those enslaved in Pennsylvania before the 1780 law entered effect remained enslaved for life. Another act of the Pennsylvania legislature freed them in 1847. Pennsylvania's "gradual abolition"—rather than Massachusetts's 1783 "instant abolition"—became a model for freeing slaves in other Northern states.
Contents
1 1780 Act
2 1788 Amendment
3 Washington's dilemma
4 Federal officials
5 Freedom in 1847
6 Other states
7 See also
8 External links
9 References
1780 Act[edit]
The 1780 Act prohibited further importation of slaves into Pennsylvania, but it also respected the property rights of Pennsylvania slaveholders by not freeing slaves already held in the state. It changed the legal status of future children born to enslaved Pennsylvania mothers from "slave" to "indentured servant", but required those children to work for the mother's master until age 28. To verify that no additional slaves were imported, the Act created a registry of all slaves in the state. Slaveholders who failed to register their slaves annually, or who did it improperly, lost their slaves to manumission.[1]
The 1780 Act specifically exempted members of the U.S. Congress and their personal slaves. Congress was then the only branch of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation, and met in Philadelphia.
1788 Amendment[edit]
An Amendment, created to explain and to close loopholes in the 1780 Act, was passed in the Pennsylvania legislature on 29 March 1788. The Amendment prohibited a Pennsylvania slaveholder from transporting a pregnant enslaved woman out-of-state so her child would be born enslaved; and from separating husbands from wives, and children from parents. It required a Pennsylvania slaveholder to register within six months the birth of a child to an enslaved mother. It prohibited all Pennsylvanians from participating in, building or equipping ships for, or providing material support to the slave trade.[2]
The 1780 Act had allowed a non-resident slaveholder visiting Pennsylvania to hold slaves in the state for up to six months. But a loophole was soon identified and exploited: if the non-resident slaveholder took his slaves out of Pennsylvania before the 6-month deadline, it would void his slaves' residency. The 1788 Amendment prohibited this rotation of slaves in and out-of-state to subvert Pennsylvania law.
Washington's dilemma[edit]
The 1780 Act had exempted personal slaves owned by members of Congress. By 1790, when Philadelphia became the temporary national capital for 10 years, there were three branches of the federal government under the US Constitution. There was confusion about whether or not the Pennsylvania law extended to all federal officials; members of Congress (legislative branch) remained exempt, but there was uncertainty regarding whether justices of the US Supreme Court (judicial branch) and the US President and the US Cabinet (executive branch) would also be exempt. Attorney General Edmund Randolph lost his personal slaves to manumission because of his misunderstanding of the state law. He conveyed his advice to President George Washington through the president's secretary, Tobias Lear:
This being the case, the Attorney General conceived, that after six months residence, your slaves would be upon no better footing than his. But he observed, that if, before the expiration of six months, they could, upon any pretense whatever, be carried or sent out of the State, but for a single day, a new era would commence on their return, from whence the six months must be dated for it requires an entire six months for them to claim that right.[3]
Washington argued privately that his presence in Philadelphia was solely a consequence of the city being the temporary national capital and that he remained a citizen of Virginia and subject to its laws on slavery. Still, he was careful not to spend six continuous months in Pennsylvania, which might be interpreted as establishing legal residency. Litigating the issue might have clarified his legal status and that of other slaveholding federal officials, but it also would have called attention to his slaveholding in the President's House and put him at risk of losing those slaves to manumission.[4] It was thought that he followed Randolph's advice and knowingly and repeatedly violated the state's 1788 Amendment by rotating the enslaved Africans in his presidential household into and out of Pennsylvania.[5]
There is no record of Washington being challenged. According to Lear, the Pennsylvania Abolition Society seems to have turned a blind eye to the President's actions:
That the Society in this city for the abolition of slavery, had determined to give no advice and take no measures for liberating those Slaves which belonged to the Officers of the general Government or members of Congress. But notwithstanding this, there were not wanting persons who would not only give them (the Slaves) advise, but would use all means to entice them from their masters.[3]
Federal officials[edit]
Other slaveholding officers of the executive and judicial branches faced a similar dilemma. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson swore that he would eventually free his enslaved cook, James Hemings, if Hemings would agree not take advantage of Pennsylvania's abolition law.[6]
Philadelphia's hostile environment for slaveholders was one of the reasons that the Constitution was written to give Congress exclusive control "over such District... as may... become the seat of the government of the United States."[7]
Freedom in 1847[edit]
Those enslaved in Pennsylvania before its 1780 Act became law continued to be lifelong slaves, unless manumitted. Also, the 1780 Act and its 1788 Amendment did not apply to fugitive slaves from other states or their children. Pennsylvania tried to extend rights to fugitive slaves through an 1826 personal liberty law, but it and the 1788 Amendment were ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842).
Although slavery steadily declined in Pennsylvania, the state that had initially led the way toward abolition tolerated it for decades after it ended in New England. The 1840 U.S. Census listed 47,854 (99.87%) of the state's blacks as free, and 64 (0.13%) as slaves.[8] Legal slavery ended in Pennsylvania in 1847, when the several dozen remaining slaves (the youngest was 67) were freed.
Other states[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1777: The Constitution of Vermont bans slavery. [9]
1783: Massachusetts Supreme Court rules slavery illegal based on the 1780 Constitution of Massachusetts. Slavery ended in Massachusetts by the time of the census in 1790.
Maine was part of Massachusetts in 1783 and entered the Union as a free state in 1820.
1783: New Hampshire Constitution contains a bill of rights that is interpreted as ending slavery. In 1857, a law was approved that formally prohibited slavery.
1784: Connecticut begins a gradual abolition of slavery. A law was approved in 1848 that freed any remaining slaves.
1784: Rhode Island begins a gradual abolition of slavery.
1791: Vermont enters the Union as a free state.
1799: New York State begins a gradual abolition of slavery. A law was approved in 1817 that freed all remaining slaves on July 4, 1827.
1804: New Jersey begins a gradual abolition of slavery.
New Jersey's gradual abolition law freed future children at birth, but male children of enslaved women could be held until age twenty-five and females until age twenty-one. Those enslaved before passage of the 1804 law remained enslaved for life. The last vestiges of slavery remained in New Jersey until December 6, 1865 when ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ended slavery in the United States. New Jersey's legislature did not approve the Thirteenth Amendment until February 1866, two months after it had been ratified by three-fourths of the states.
See also[edit]
History of slavery in Pennsylvania
Abolition of slavery timeline
External links[edit]
Douglas Harper (2003). "Slavery in the North". Retrieved 22 January 2010.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 1780 Gradual Abolition Act Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 1788 Amendment Archived June 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Tobias Lear to George Washington, 24 April 1791.
Jump up ^ Washington brought 8 slaves to Philadelphia in November 1790. Four of them, he returned to Mount Vernon in Spring 1791, before the 6-month deadline. Two of them were taken on a short trip to New Jersey by Martha Washington, which interrupted their 6-month residency. Two of them were trusted not to take advantage of the Pennsylvania law to seize their freedom.
Jump up ^ Lawler, Edward, Jr. "The President's House: Slavery by the Numbers". UShistory.org. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The affidavit is quoted in Garry Wills, Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power (Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003), pp. 210-11. ISBN 978-0-618-34398-0
Jump up ^ Article One of the United States Constitution
Jump up ^ Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (2003), pp. 276-78. ISBN 0-674-01061-2
Jump up ^ This is a common citation in this context. It should be recognized that Vermont was not among the original 13 states. The land which 'Vermont' claimed was also claimed by New York. Vermont did not become the 14th state until the State of New York allowed that to happen. In that context, 'Vermont' was not a legitimate legal entity before 1791.
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Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 65.188.179.126 (talk) at 04:15, 25 August 2017 (With the added colon, and words The Movie, it doesn't have the same title of the actual show.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
Revision as of 04:15, 25 August 2017 by 65.188.179.126 (talk) (With the added colon, and words The Movie, it doesn't have the same title of the actual show.)
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This article is about the 1995 film. For the 2015 fan film, see Power/Rangers. For the 2017 film, see Power Rangers (film).
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Bryan Spicer
Produced by
Haim Saban
Shuki Levy
Suzanne Todd
Screenplay by
Arne Olsen
Story by
John Kamps
Arne Olsen
Starring
Karan Ashley
Johnny Yong Bosch
Steve Cardenas
Jason David Frank
Amy Jo Johnson
David Yost
Jason Narvy
Paul Schrier
Paul Freeman
Music by
Graeme Revell
Cinematography
Paul Murphy
Edited by
Wayne Wahrman
Production
company
Saban Entertainment
Toei Company
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
June 30, 1995 (1995-06-30)
Running time
95 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million
Box office
$66.4 million[2]
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (also known as Power Rangers: The Movie) is a 1995 American superhero film based on the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. It stars the ensemble cast of Karan Ashley, Johnny Yong Bosch, Steve Cardenas, Jason David Frank, Amy Jo Johnson, and David Yost alongside the villains cast from the original series and Paul Freeman as Ivan Ooze. Much like the television season that followed the release, it used concepts from the Japanese Super Sentai series Ninja Sentai Kakuranger. It is the first Power Rangers production from Saban Entertainment not to feature any archived footage from Super Sentai.
It was released by 20th Century Fox on June 30, 1995. The film grossed $66.43 million worldwide, but received middling and polarizing reviews from critics.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voices
3 Music
4 Adaptations in other media
5 Release
5.1 Critical reception
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
The Power Rangers participate with Bulk and Skull in a charity skydive for the Angel Grove observatory, in anticipation of Ryan's Comet which is scheduled to pass by in two days.
Bulk and Skull miss the target landing zone and accidentally land on a construction site where a giant egg has been unearthed. Lord Zedd, Rita Repulsa, Goldar, and Mordant arrive at the construction site and crack open the egg, releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years, a morphological being who ruled Earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors. Ivan lays siege to the Rangers' Command Center and incapacitates Zordon, robbing the Rangers of their powers. As the Rangers return to the Command Center, they find it destroyed and Zordon dying.
Zordon's assistant Alpha 5 sends the Rangers to the distant planet Phaedos to obtain the Great Power and save Zordon. On Earth, Ivan usurps Rita and Zedd, trapping them in a snow globe. Ivan sends his Tengu warriors to Phaedos and begins building an army. He uses his ooze to hypnotize the adults, forcing them to be his workforce to dig up his Ecto-Morphicon Titans, twin war machines built during his reign. When Fred Kelman, a friend of the Rangers', discovers his father missing, he finds him working at the construction site and discovers Ivan's plans.
On Phaedos, the Rangers are almost killed by the Tengu, but are rescued by Dulcea, Phaedos' Master Warrior. After hearing of Zordon's plight, she agrees to help them and takes them to an ancient ruined temple where the Rangers will have to overcome obstacles to acquire the power of the Ninjetti. Dulcea awakens each Rangers' animal spirit: Aisha is the bear, Billy is the wolf, Rocky is the ape, Kimberly is the crane, Tommy is the falcon, and Adam is the frog. The Rangers make their way to the Monolith housing the Great Power, defeat its four guardians, and retrieve the Great Power.
On Earth, Ivan's Ecto-Morphicons are completely unearthed, and he unleashes them on Angel Grove, ordering the parents to commit suicide at the construction site. Fred, Bulk, Skull and other students head to the construction site to save their parents. The Rangers return with their new animal-themed Ninja Zords and destroy one of Ivan's Ecto-Morphicons. Ivan takes control of the other and battles the Rangers himself. The Rangers lead Ivan into space right into the path of Ryan's Comet, which destroys him. His destruction breaks the hypnosis and the parents are reunited with their children. The Rangers then use the Great Power to restore the Command Center and resurrect Zordon.
In a mid-credits scene, Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed.
Cast[edit]
Jason David Frank as Tommy Oliver, The White Ranger
Steve Cardenas as Rocky DeSantos, The Red Ranger
Amy Jo Johnson as Kimberly Hart, The Pink Ranger
David Yost as Billy Cranston, The Blue Ranger
Karan Ashley as Aisha Campbell, The Yellow Ranger
Johnny Yong Bosch as Adam Park, The Black Ranger
Paul Schrier as Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier
Jason Narvy as Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch
Paul Freeman as Ivan Ooze[3]
Gabrielle Fitzpatrick as Dulcea
Nicholas Bell as Zordon
Peta-Maree Rixon as Alpha 5
Jean Paul Bell as Mordant
Kerry Casey as Goldar
Mark Ginther as Lord Zedd
Julia Cortez as Rita Repulsa
Jamie Croft as Fred Kelman
Paul Goddard and Robert Simper as Construction workers
Voices[edit]
Kerrigan Mahan as Goldar
Robert L. Manahan as Zordon
Robert Axelrod as Lord Zedd
Barbara Goodson as Rita Repulsa
Richard Wood as Alpha 5
Martin G. Metcalf as Mordant
Music[edit]
See also: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Movie: Original Soundtrack Album and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Movie: Original Motion Picture Score
Adaptations in other media[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Four different video game titles based on the film were released for the Super NES, Sega Genesis, Game Boy, and Game Gear.
Marvel Comics released a comic book adaptation and a photo comic book adaptation of the film in September 1995. The comic book was printed with two different covers: one featuring fully morphed Rangers and the other featuring them in their Ninjetti uniforms.
Release[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film earned $13,104,788, coming in fourth behind Apollo 13 and holdovers Pocahontas and Batman Forever.[4] It ultimately grossed $66,433,194 against a $15 million budget, making it a financial success.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
The film holds a 41% "Rotten" rating based on 34 reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, though there is no summarized consensus given for it.[5] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times thought it was characterized by "a barrage of spectacular special effects, a slew of fantastic monsters, a ferociously funny villain—and, most important, a refreshing lack of pretentiousness." Thomas lauded director Bryan Spicer for raising the quality of production values for a feature film adaptation of the TV series while maintaining a likable "comic-book look and sense of wonder" and wholesome high school characters parents would approve of.[6]
Caryn James of The New York Times thought that story-wise, it resembles multiple episodes of the television series stringed together with slightly better special effects, and that the result was loud, headache-inducing and boring for adults but that children would enjoy it. James further stated that too much of its running time is spent showing the Rangers without their powers.[7] Roger Ebert gave it only half a star out of a possible four stars, saying that it is "as close as you can get to absolute nothing and still have a product to project on the screen," comparing it to synthetic foods in brightly marketed packaging with no nutritional content. He felt that the characters, with the exception of Ivan Ooze, lacked personalities, and that the scenes of monsters rampaging through the city hearkened back to the worst Japanese monster films.[8] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle found the fights "only adequately choreographed," called the battle in the climax "a complete disaster" and stating that it made no sense in timing, that protagonists were not very intelligent, and the actors playing them unremarkable.[9]
Home media[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc in late 1995 and then as a double feature with 1997's Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie on a double-sided DVD in 2001 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Bonus features included a theatrical trailer and a "Making Of" featurette. The film was then released separately on a single-sided DVD in 2003.
The film was re-released with different packaging on DVD in 2011. The film then re-released in 2017 in a bundled set with Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (this time as two single-sided DVD discs) to coincide with the movie Power Rangers.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MIGHTY MORPHIN POWER RANGERS (PG) (!)". British Board of Film Classification. 1995-07-11. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Gritten, David (1995-06-28). "Oberon to Ooze--It's All in a Day's Work". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ Dutka, Elaine (1995-07-06). "The Sky's the Limit at Box Office Movies: A total of about $154 million in receipts sets a five-day record. `Apollo 13' is atop the field with $38.5 million.". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Kevin (1995-06-30). "A Dazzling Leap From TV to Big Screen for 'Rangers'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ James, Caryn (1995-06-30). "FILM REVIEW; For Power Rangers, Bikinis Are Not The Issue". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie". RogerEbert.com. June 30, 1995. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ Lasalle, Mick (1995-06-30). "Mighty Mindless 'Rangers'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
External links[edit]
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Power Rangers
Media
TV series
Saban Entertainment
Mighty Morphin' (1993–1995; 2010)
Season 1
2
3
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Alien Rangers (1996)
Zeo (1996)
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2
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Episodes
Films
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997)
Saban's Power Rangers (2017)
Video
games
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1994)
The Movie (1995)
The Fighting Edition (1995)
Zeo: Battle Racers (1996)
Lightspeed Rescue (2000)
Time Force (2001)
Wild Force (2002)
Ninja Storm (2003)
Dino Thunder (2004)
S.P.D. (2005)
Super Legends (2007)
Legacy Wars (2017)
Others
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"The Official Single"
A Rock Adventure
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Collectible Card Game
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VR Troopers
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Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation
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Related Adness series
Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Bryan Spicer
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)
McHale's Navy (1997)
For Richer or Poorer (1997)
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Black panther
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Black Panther (disambiguation). For people associated with the American political party, see Black Panther Party.
A melanistic jaguar at the Henry Doorly Zoo. Melanism is the result of a dominant allele and is relatively common in jaguars.
A melanistic Indian leopard in Nagarhole National Park
A black panther is the melanistic color variant of any big cat species. Black panthers in Asia and Africa are leopards (Panthera pardus), and those in the Americas are black jaguars (Panthera onca).[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Melanism
2 Leopard
2.1 In captivity
3 Jaguar
4 Cougar
5 Reports
6 Pseudo-melanism
7 Culture and literature
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Melanism
Melanism in the jaguar (Panthera onca) is conferred by a dominant allele, and in the leopard (Panthera pardus) by a recessive allele. Close examination of the color of these black cats will show that the typical markings are still present, but are hidden by the excess black pigment melanin, giving an effect similar to that of printed silk. This is called "ghost striping". Melanistic and non-melanistic animals can be littermates. It is thought that melanism may confer a selective advantage under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower.[citation needed] Recently, preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to beneficial mutations in the immune system.[3]
Leopard
A melanistic leopard
Melanism is relatively common in leopards, with melanistic individuals making up approximately 11% of the species, occurring at very different rates in different subspecies with non-random distribution.[4]
Data on the distribution of leopard populations indicates that melanism occurs in five subspecies: Javan leopard (P. p. melas), African leopard (P. p. pardus), Indian leopard (P. p. fusca), Indochinese leopard (P. p. delacouri) and Sri Lankan leopard (P. p. kotiya). Black leopards are common in the equatorial rainforest of Malaya and the tropical rainforest on the slopes of some African mountains such as Mount Kenya.[5] They are also common in Java, and are reported from densely forested areas in southwestern China, Myanmar, Assam and Nepal, from Travancore and other parts of southern India where they may be more numerous than spotted leopards.[6] One was recorded in the equatorial forest of Cameroon.[7]
In captivity
Note the markings on this female black leopard.
The taxonomic status of captive black leopards and the extent of hybridization between different subspecies is uncertain. Therefore, coordinated breeding programs for black leopards do not exist in European and North American zoos.[8] Black leopards occupy space needed for breeding of endangered leopard subspecies and are not kept within the North American Species Survival Plan.[9][10]
Jaguar
A melanistic jaguar.
In jaguars, the melanism allele is dominant. Consequently, black jaguars may produce either black or spotted cubs, but a pair of spotted jaguars can only produce spotted cubs. Individuals with two copies of the allele are darker (the black background colour is more dense) than ones with just one copy, whose background colour may appear to be dark charcoal rather than black.
The black jaguar was considered a separate species by indigenous peoples. English naturalist W. H. Hudson wrote:
The jaguar is a beautiful creature, the ground-colour of the fur a rich golden-red tan, abundantly marked with black rings, enclosing one or two small spots within. This is the typical colouring and it varies little in the temperate regions; in the hot region the Indians recognise three strongly marked varieties, which they regard as distinct species – the one described; the smaller jaguar, less aquatic in his habits and marked with spots, not rings; and, thirdly, the black variety. They scout the notion that their terrible "black tiger" is a mere melanic variation, like the black leopard of the Old World and the wild black rabbit. They regard it as wholly distinct, and affirm that it is larger and much more dangerous than the spotted jaguar; that they recognise it by its cry; that it belongs to the terra firma rather than to the water-side; finally, that black pairs with black, and that the cubs are invariably black. Nevertheless, naturalists have been obliged to make it specifically one with Felis onca [Panthera onca], the familiar spotted jaguar, since, when stripped of its hide, it is found to be anatomically as much like that beast as the black is like the spotted leopard.[11]
A black jaguar named "Diablo" was inadvertently crossed with a lioness named "Lola" at the Bear Creek Wildlife Sanctuary in Barrie, Ontario, Canada.[12] The offspring were a charcoal black jaglion female and a tan-coloured, spotted jaglion male. It therefore appears that the jaguar melanism gene is also dominant over normal lion colouration (the black jaguar sire was presumably carrying the black on only one allele). In preserved, stuffed specimens, black leopards often fade to a rusty colour but black jaguars fade to a chocolate brown colour.[citation needed]
Cougar
There are no authenticated cases of truly melanistic cougars. Melanistic cougars have never been photographed or killed in the wild, and none have ever been bred. Unconfirmed sightings, known as the "North American black panther", are currently attributed to errors in species identification by non-experts, and by the mimetic exaggeration of size. Black panthers in the American Southeast feature prominently in Choctaw folklore where, along with the owl, they are often thought to symbolize Death.
In his Histoire Naturelle (1749), French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, wrote of the "Black Cougar":[13]
M. de la Borde, King’s physician at Cayenne, informs me, that in the [South American] Continent there are three species of rapacious animals; that the first is the jaguar, which is called the tiger; that the second is the couguar [sic], called the red tiger, on account of the uniform redness of his hair; that the jaguar is of the size of a large bull-dog, and weighs about 200 pounds [90 kg]; that the cougar is smaller, less dangerous, and not so frequent in the neighbourhood of Cayenne as the jaguar; and that both these animals take six years in acquiring their full growth. He adds, that there is a third species in these countries, called the black tiger, of which we have given a figure under the appellation of the black cougar. The head is pretty similar to that of the common cougar; but the animal has long black hair, and likewise a long tail, with strong whiskers. He weighs not much above forty pounds [18 kg]. The female brings forth her young in the hollows of old trees.
This "black cougar" was most likely a margay or ocelot, which are under 18 kg (40 lb) in weight, live in trees, and do have melanistic phases.
Another description of a black cougar[14] was provided by Thomas Pennant:
Black tiger, or cat, with the head black, sides, fore part of the legs, and the tail, covered with short and very glossy hairs, of a dusky colour, sometimes spotted with black, but generally plain: Upper lips white: At the corner of the mouth a black spot: Long hairs above each eye, and long whiskers on the upper lip: Lower lip, throat, belly and the inside of the legs, whitish, or very pale ash-colour: Paws white: Ears pointed: Grows to the size of a heifer of a year old: Has vast strength in its limbs.-- Inhabits Brasil and Guiana: Is a cruel and fierce beast; much dreaded by the Indians; but happily is a scarce species.
According to his translator Smellie (1781), the description was taken from two black jaguars exhibited in London some years previously.
Reports
Black panther by Merab Abramishvili.
Black panther sightings are frequently recorded in rural Victoria and New South Wales[15] and Western Australia. The Australian "phantom panthers" are said to be responsible for the disappearances and deaths of numerous cats, dogs and livestock.
Animal X Natural Mysteries Unit led an investigation into the phantom panther. Mike Williams, a local researcher, said he had sent feces and hair found by locals to labs for analysis, which identified it as feces from dogs that had feasted on swamp wallaby, and hair from a domestic cat. Mr Williams said he also had known leopard feces and hair collected from a private zoo tested by one of the same labs, but that these samples came back with the same results of dog feces and domestic cat hair. This indicated the lab incapable of distinguishing between leopard hairs and those of domestic animals, casting doubt on the previous findings. The lab used was not identified in the episode.[16]
Pseudo-melanism
Male Persian leopard with an atypical coat pattern (Wilhelma, Germany)
Pseudo-melanism (abundism) occurs in leopards. A pseudo-melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but the spots are more densely packed than normal and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color. Any spots on the flanks and limbs that have not merged into the mass of swirls and stripes are unusually small and discrete, rather than forming rosettes. The face and underparts are paler and dappled like those of ordinary spotted leopards.[17]
Culture and literature
See also: Indian leopard § In culture and literature
Bagheera in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling is a panther that mentors the human character Mowgli.[18]
The Black Panther Party was an African-American political organization.
The Black Panther is a Marvel Comics superhero based in the fictional African country of Wakanda.
See also
Big cat
Black cat
White panther
keimu
References
Jump up ^ Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (5): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197.
Jump up ^ "Big Cat Facts". Animal Facts Encyclopedia. Jenise Alongi. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
Jump up ^ Sunquist, F. (December 2007). "Malaysian Mystery Leopards". National Wildlife Magazine. 45 (1).
Jump up ^ da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Dale Miquelle, D., Stein, A. B., Watson, A., Kekule, L. B., Machado, R. B., Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLoS ONE 12 (4): e0170378. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Searle, A. G. (1968). Comparative Genetics of Coat Colour in Mammals. Logos Press, London.
Jump up ^ Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M.E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A.J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Shahruddin, W.N.W.; Rayan, D.M.; Sharma, D.S.K.; Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in panthers of the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282: 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Gippoliti, S. and Meijaard, E. (2007). "Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard; an opportunity for zoos to save it". Contributions to Zoology 76 (1): 55–57. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Richardson, D. M. (2001). "A simple analysis of leopard (Panthera pardus) space within EAZA collections". In Hiddinga, B.; Brouwer, K. EAZA Yearbook 1999/2000. Amsterdam: EAZA Executive Office. pp. 391–392.
Jump up ^ Swanson, B., Fletchall, N., Shoemaker, A. (2003). Felid Taxon Advisory Group North American Regional Collection Plan 2003–2005. Disney’s Animal Kingdom. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Harmsworth Natural History (1910), W. H. Hudson
Jump up ^ "Bear Creek Sanctuary – Jaglions". Bear Creek Sanctuary. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc (1801) Histoire Naturelle, Paris : Hacquart, an VIII.
Jump up ^ Pennant, Thomas (1771) Synopsis of Quadrupeds, J. Monk, p. 180
Jump up ^ Duff, Eamonn (2010-06-20). "On the hunt for the big cat that refuses to die". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2010-06-23. Rumours have circulated for decades about a colony of panther-like cats roaming Sydney's western fringes and beyond: from Lithgow to Mudgee and the Hawkesbury to the Hunter Valley.
Jump up ^ "Alien Big Cats – Australian Investigation". Animal X. Series 3. Episode 10.
Jump up ^ Gamble, Cyndi; Rodney Griffiths (2004). Leopards: Natural History & Conservation. Voyageur Press. ISBN 0896586561.
Jump up ^ "Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney's The Jungle Book". Deadline. June 25, 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
External links
Photographs of a melanistic bobcat and a melanistic jaguar – Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Mutant Leopards, Mutant Jaguars and Mutant Pumas (text licensed under GFDL)
[hide]
v
t
e
Big cats on the Indian subcontinent
Extant in the wild
Asiatic lion (P. leo persica)
Bengal tiger (P. tigris tigris)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Indian leopard (P. pardus fusca)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Black panther (Black leopard)
Extinct in the wild
White Bengal tiger
Extinct in the Indian subcontinent
Asiatic cheetah (A. jubatus venaticus)
Under reintroduction
Asiatic lion (P. leo persica)
South African cheetah (A. jubatus jubatus)
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