text:
The World I Know
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"The World I Know"
Single by Collective Soul
from the album Collective Soul
B-side
"When the Water Falls (Live Acoustic Version)"
Released
November 14, 1995
Recorded
Late 1994
Miami, Florida
(Criteria Studios)
Length
4:16
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Ed Roland
Ross Childress
Producer(s)
Ed Roland
Matt Serletic
Collective Soul singles chronology
"Smashing Young Man"
(1995) "The World I Know"
(1995) "Where the River Flows"
(1996)
"Smashing Young Man"
(1995) "The World I Know"
(1995) "Where the River Flows"
(1996)
Music video
"The World I Know" on YouTube
"The World I Know" is a song by American band Collective Soul, originally released on their 1995 eponymous album. Written by lead singer and guitarist Ed Roland and guitarist Ross Childress, "The World I Know" peaked at #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart when released as a single,[1] and spent four weeks at the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.[2]
Contents
1 Composition
2 Music video
3 Cover versions
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 References
Composition[edit]
In a December 2017 interview with Songfacts, lead singer Ed Roland explained the inspiration behind "The World I Know":
I wrote that when we had a day off in New York City. This was 25 years ago, when we were in Times Square, which is not what Times Square is now, which is like Disneyland. There was still some grit and dirt to New York City - especially around Times Square and Union Square back then. I literally walked out of the room, took a two-hour walk around New York, and just absorbed and observed from the highs and lows of what society was offering in the greatest city in the world.[3]
Music video[edit]
The music video depicts a businessman who begins to go about his day, reading The New York Times on the way to his office. As he reads about death, and sees the homelessness and sadness on the street, he becomes disillusioned with his life and prepares to commit suicide. As he climbs to the roof of a nearby building, he takes off his shoes and looks at the ground crying. He stretches out his arms and readies himself to fall.
However, just as he is about to fall, a pigeon lands on his arm. He feeds it with the bagel in his pocket, and the crumbs attract ants, which makes the man notice the similarities of them to the people walking below. He laughs throwing all his money at the people and pulls himself out of his state.
During the entire video, periodic cuts to singer Ed Roland looking on at the man while singing the song are shown.
The video also shows sadness and happiness in the form of color hues for the video. While the man is disillusioned with his life and is thinking about suicide, the video is in a blue and purple tint, giving a dark feeling to the video. When the pigeon lands on the man's arm, the video's hue changes to show the normal colors of the city, also revealing the sun shining over the city, showing of the sudden change to happiness and relief.
Cover versions[edit]
On May 20, 2008, David Cook, winner of the seventh season of American Idol performed the song. Following his performance, Cook's version peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart and #28 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4] Pat Green covered this song in his album Songs We Wish We'd Written II.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[5] 41
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[6] 1
Canada Alternative 30 (RPM)[7] 5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[8] 25
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 19
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[10] 34
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[11] 18
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[12] 6
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[13] 1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[14] 8
US Radio Songs (Billboard)[15] 9
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[16] 33
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 41
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard Chart History
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 138.
Jump up ^ "Ed Roland of Collective Soul". Songfacts. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Collective Soul – The World I Know". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Collective Soul – The World I Know". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collective Soul Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "RPM Year End Top 100 Hit Tracks". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1996". Archived from the original on March 1, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
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Collective Soul singles
Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid
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Collective Soul
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Collective Soul
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See What You Started by Continuing
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"She Said"
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Other songs
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San Benedetto del Tronto
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Comune in Marche, Italy
San Benedetto del Tronto
Comune
Città di San Benedetto del Tronto
San Benedetto del Tronto seafront - fountain in Giorgini Square

Coat of arms

San Benedetto within the Province of Ascoli
San Benedetto del Tronto
Location of San Benedetto del Tronto in Italy
Coordinates: 42°57′N 13°53′E / 42.950°N 13.883°E / 42.950; 13.883Coordinates: 42°57′N 13°53′E / 42.950°N 13.883°E / 42.950; 13.883
Country
Italy
Region
Marche
Province
Ascoli Piceno (AP)
Frazioni
Porto d'Ascoli
Government
• Mayor
Pasqualino Piunti (FI)
Area
• Total
25.41 km2 (9.81 sq mi)
Elevation
7 m (23 ft)
Population (31 October 2017)
• Total
47,349
• Density
1,900/km2 (4,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Sambenedettesi
Time zone
UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
63074, 63037
Dialing code
0735
Patron saint
Benedict of Nursia
Website
Official website
San Benedetto del Tronto is a city and comune in Marche, Italy. With a population of 47349, and an extension of 25.41 is one of the most densely populated area of Marche. Its port is renowned as one of the biggest on adriatic. San Benedetto is famous for its typical seafront promenade, Palms' Riviera, with over 8000 plants of Phoenix canariensis, Washingtonia and P. sylvestris.
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Main sights
3.1 Riviera delle Palme
4 Sport and culture
5 International relations
5.1 Twin towns – Sister cities
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The round fountain in Giorgini Square.
San Benedetto del Tronto was a martyr [1] and a soldier born in Cupra during the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian. Shortly thereafter, following the edict of Constantine in 313 AD, some believers built a chapel around the tomb.[clarification needed] Since then, San Benedetto has been highly revered by locals. He later built a small church which included an apse facing the east and its entrance facing the west, in accordance with the early Christian tradition that the east, where the sun rises, and the sunrise is symbolic of Christ's resurrection. Historians argue[who?] that archaeological findings indicate Roman origins, linking San Benedetto to the ancient city of Alba Picena on the right bank of the Albula river.
The first document which indicated the name of the village dates from 998.[citation needed] The document was an act concerning the investiture of the benefice of SS. Vincent and Anastasius in the territory of Acquaviva Piceno by Hubert bishop of Fermo. The document contains the phrase "Pede sive terra et silva Sancti Benedicti", referring to the city. In 1211, Emperor Otto IV granted the territories ranging from the Tronto River to the Potenza river to the town of Fermo. In 1245, Emperor Frederick II granted Ascoli Piceno a stretch of coast between the Ragnola river and Tronto river to build a fortified port. In the following years, there were disputes between Ascoli and Fermo. In 1478, there was a plague epidemic which decimated the city's population. The area remained virtually uninhabited until refugees from Romagna repopulated San Benedetto where they were granted land leases. From the 16th century until the 19th century, the Turks repeatedly invaded the city where they captured sailors and forced them into slavery. Since 1650, the urban center expanded beyond the city walls. In 1754, the first marine suburbs, Sant'Antonio da Padova and Marina, were created. In 1860, the "Cacciatori delle Alpi" freed the city from the dominion of the church. The Royal Decree giving San Benedetto the "del Tronto" attribute was in 1896. In 1936, the village of Porto d'Ascoli was absorbed into the city of San Benedetto del Tronto.
From 1943 to 1944, during the Second World War, the city suffered 144 air raids and 6 naval shellings. Following the end of the war, the city's economy and businesses prospered. Fishing became a cornerstone of the local economy and in the 1960s and 1970s, the city became one of the largest fishing ports in Italy. After the war, San Benedetto became a popular destination on the Adriatic coast.
Geography[edit]
The municipality borders with Acquaviva Picena, Grottammare, Martinsicuro (TE) and Monteprandone. It counts the hamlet (frazione) of Porto d'Ascoli.[2]
Main sights[edit]
Gualtieri Tower
The Gualtieri Tower (Torrione) is an old observatory dating back to the 12th-13th century located on the highest and oldest part of the city known as San Benedetto Alta. The tower is 20 metres (66 ft)[3] tall and provides a complete view of the city.
Riviera delle Palme[edit]
The "Riviera delle Palme" is a beach located in San Benedetto del Tronto. It has annually been awarded a Blue Flag since 1998. The Blue Flag is a certification awarded to beaches and marinas by the Foundation for Environmental Education which qualify with its environmental standards.
Sport and culture[edit]
San Benedetto del Tronto is home to the football team S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio. The team has played in Serie B and is currently playing in Lega Pro.[citation needed] In March, the city hosts the final stage finish of the Tirreno–Adriatico bicycle race. San Benedetto also hosts a popular, Challenger Tour tennis event every July that attracts some of the world`s best players.
In February, the city hosts a carnival parade in its main streets, it includes floats from other cities in the province.
International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy
Twin towns – Sister cities[edit]
San Benedetto del Tronto is twinned with:
Mar del Plata, Argentina
Alba Iulia, Romania
Chicago Heights, United States
Alfortville, France
Trinidad, Cuba
Poggio Bustone, Italy
Steyr, Austria
Šibenik, Croatia
See also[edit]
Porto d'Ascoli
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cushing, Gary. "Letter of John Paul II to the Bishops of San Benedetto Del Tronto-Ripatransone-Montalto on the Occasion of the 17th Centenary of St. Benedict's Martyrdom". Retrieved 8 June 2013.
Jump up ^ 42225 (x a j h) San Benedetto del Tronto on OpenStreetMap
Jump up ^ "The Gualtieri Tower". Retrieved 10 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Benedetto del Tronto.
Official website (in Italian)
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Acquasanta Terme
Acquaviva Picena
Appignano del Tronto
Arquata del Tronto
Ascoli Piceno
Carassai
Castel di Lama
Castignano
Castorano
Colli del Tronto
Comunanza
Cossignano
Cupra Marittima
Folignano
Force
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Maltignano
Massignano
Monsampolo del Tronto
Montalto delle Marche
Montedinove
Montefiore dell'Aso
Montegallo
Montemonaco
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Offida
Palmiano
Ripatransone
Roccafluvione
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San Benedetto del Tronto
Spinetoli
Venarotta
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List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2011
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Barbadian singer Rihanna earned her tenth and eleventh number-one singles when "S&M" and "We Found Love" both topped the chart.[1][2]
The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Its data, published by Billboard magazine and compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, is based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, as well as airplay. In 2011, 14 singles claimed the top spot in 53 issues of the magazine, one of which, singer Katy Perry's "Firework" started its peak position in late 2010.[3]
In 2011, nine acts achieved their first US number-one single, either as a lead artist or a featured guest: Wiz Khalifa, Adele, Pitbull, Afrojack, Nayer, LMFAO, Lauren Bennett, GoonRock and Calvin Harris. Six collaboration singles topped the chart. Pop singers Adele, Britney Spears, Katy Perry and Rihanna each earned two number-one songs during the year.[a] One of Adele's songs, "Rolling in the Deep", was the best-performing single of 2011, topping the Billboard Year-End Hot 100.[4] She became the fourth solo female to have multiple songs spend at least five weeks each at number one in one calendar year.[5]
Rihanna's "We Found Love" was the longest-running single of the year, having topped the chart for eight consecutive weeks in 2011 and two additional weeks in 2012.[2] It became only the eleventh single by a female solo artist to have spent at least ten weeks at number-one in the chart's history.[6] Adele's "Rolling In the Deep" stayed at number one for seven consecutive weeks, while Lady Gaga's "Born This Way"—the 1,000th number-one single of the Hot 100—and LMFAO's "Party Rock Anthem" topped the chart for six consecutive weeks.[2][7] Perry's "E.T." and Adele's "Someone Like You" each spent five weeks at the number-one spot.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Chart history
Singer Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" topped the chart for seven consecutive weeks and over the course of the year became the best-performing single of 2011.[4]
With "E.T." and "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", Katy Perry became the first female artist in history to have five number-one singles from one album.[8]
Britney Spears became the first female artist to score number-one singles in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s when "Hold It Against Me" debuted in the top position.[9]
Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" debuted and stayed No. 1 for six consecutive weeks.[10]
Key
Indicates best-performing single of 2011
Issue date
Song
Artist(s)
Ref.
January 1 "Firework" Katy Perry [11]
January 8 "Grenade" Bruno Mars [12]
January 15 "Firework" Katy Perry [13]
January 22 "Grenade" Bruno Mars [14]
January 29 "Hold It Against Me" Britney Spears [9]
February 5 "Grenade" Bruno Mars [15]
February 12 [16]
February 19 "Black and Yellow" Wiz Khalifa [17]
February 26 "Born This Way" Lady Gaga [7]
March 5 [18]
March 12 [19]
March 19 [20]
March 26 [21]
April 2 [10]
April 9 "E.T." Katy Perry featuring Kanye West [22]
April 16 [23]
April 23 [24]
April 30 "S&M" Rihanna featuring Britney Spears[25] [26]
May 7 "E.T." Katy Perry featuring Kanye West [27]
May 14 [28]
May 21 "Rolling in the Deep" Adele [29]
May 28 [30]
June 4 [31]
June 11 [32]
June 18 [33]
June 25 [34]
July 2 [35]
July 9 "Give Me Everything" Pitbull featuring Ne-Yo, Afrojack and Nayer [36]
July 16 "Party Rock Anthem" LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock [37]
July 23 [38]
July 30 [39]
August 6 [40]
August 13 [41]
August 20 [42]
August 27 "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" Katy Perry [8]
September 3 [43]
September 10 "Moves Like Jagger" Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera [44]
September 17 "Someone Like You" Adele [45]
September 24 "Moves Like Jagger" Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera [46]
October 1 [47]
October 8 [48]
October 15 "Someone Like You" Adele [49]
October 22 [50]
October 29 [51]
November 5 [5]
November 12 "We Found Love" Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris [1]
November 19 [52]
November 26 [53]
December 3 [54]
December 10 [55]
December 17 [56]
December 24 [57]
December 31 [2]
See also
2011 in music
List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2011
Notes
[a] ^ Perry had three number-one singles on the chart in 2011. However, "Firework" is excluded from the count, because it previously topped the chart in 2010.[3][58]
References
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (2011-11-02). "Rihanna's 'Found' Her Way Back to Hot 100 Summit". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Trust, Gary (2011-12-21). "Rihanna's 'Love' Her Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Pietroluongo, Silvio (2010-12-08). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Shines Over Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hot 100 Songs Music Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (2011-10-26). "Adele No. 1 on Hot 100 as Rihanna, Drake, Justin Bieber Surge". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2012-01-18). "Rihanna's 'Love' Scores A Perfect 10 Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (2011-02-16). "Lady Gaga Claims 1,000th Hot 100 No. 1 with 'Born This Way'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (2011-08-17). "Katy Perry Makes Hot 100 History: Ties Michael Jackson's Record". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (2011-01-19). "Britney Spears' 'Hold It Against Me' Debuts Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (2011-03-23). "Lady Gaga, 'Glee' Songs Dominate Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
Jump up ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (2010-12-23). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Stays Atop Hot 100, Lil Wayne Cracks Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (2010-12-29). "Bruno Mars Maneuvers to Top of Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
Jump up ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (2011-01-06). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Pops Back to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
Jump up ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (2011-01-13). "Bruno Mars Continues Hot 100 No. 1 Rotation with 'Grenade'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-01-27). "Bruno Mars Returns To Hot 100 Summit, Britney Slips 5 Spots". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-02-03). "Bruno Mars Holds Off P!nk Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-02-10). "Wiz Khalifa's 'Black And Yellow' Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-02-24). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' Grows Atop Grammy-Fueled Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-03-03). "Jennifer Lopez Leaps Onto Hot 100 with 'On the Floor'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-03-10). "Britney Spears' 'World' Spins Onto Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-03-17). "Katy Perry Dominates Digital Songs, 'E.T.' Climbs Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-03-30). "Katy Perry's 'E.T.' Rockets To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-04-06). "Katy Perry's 'E.T.' Widens Lead Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-04-13). "Katy Perry Takes Third Week Atop Hot 100 with Airplay Boost". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-04-22). "Ask Billboard: Britney Spears, Rihanna, Hits Of The World". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-04-20). "Rihanna's 'S&M' Reigns on Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Judas' Debuts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-04-27). "Katy Perry's 'E.T.' Returns To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-05-04). "Katy Perry Holds Off Britney Spears Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-05-11). "Adele's 'Rolling in the Deep' Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-05-18). "Adele Stays Atop Hot 100, Lady Gaga Makes 'Glory'-ous Start". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-05-25). "Adele Remains Atop Hot 100, Lady Gaga Makes 'Hair'-Raising Bow". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-06-01). "'Idols' Scotty McCreery & Lauren Alaina Top Hot 100 Debuts, Adele Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-06-08). "Adele's Still 'Deep' Atop Hot 100, Coldplay Makes a Splash". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-06-15). "Adele 'Rolling' Along Atop Hot 100, Jason Aldean & Nicki Minaj Reach Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-06-22). "Katy Perry's 'Friday' Flies Up Hot 100, Adele Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-06-29). "Pitbull's 'Give Me Everything' Powers to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-07-06). "LMFAO Brings the 'Party' to Top of Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-07-13). "LMFAO Keeps 'Party' Rocking Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-07-20). "LMFAO Still Atop Hot 100, Demi Lovato Debuts In Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-07-27). "Bad Meets Evil Hits Top 10 on Hot 100, LMFAO Still No. 1". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-08-03). "Britney Spears Bounds Into Hot 100's Top 10, LMFAO Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
Jump up ^ Petroluongo, Silvio (2011-08-10). "LMFAO Keeps Katy Perry At Bay Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-08-24). "Lil Wayne Logs Hot 100's Biggest Bow, Katy Perry Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-08-31). "Maroon 5, Christina Aguilera's 'Jagger' Moves to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-09-07). "Adele's 'Someone Like You' Soars To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-09-14). "Kelly Clarkson's 'Know It All' Debuts on Hot 100, Rihanna's 'Cheers' Rises". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-09-21). "Maroon 5, Christina Aguilera's 'Jagger' Atop Hot 100 For Third Week". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-09-28). "Rihanna Roars Onto Hot 100 as LMFAO Get 'Sexy' in Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-10-05). "Adele Reclaims Hot 100 Throne, B.o.B Blasts Into Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-10-12). "Adele's 'Someone Like You' Atop Hot 100, Passes 2 Million Downloads". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-10-19). "Adele Still Atop Hot 100, Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa Debut". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-11-09). "Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100, Flo Rida Reaches Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-11-16). "Rihanna Still Atop Hot 100, Taylor Swift's 'Movie' Premieres in Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-11-23). "Rihanna's 'Love' Still Leads Hot 100, Katy Perry Back in Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-11-30). "Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100, American Music Awards Spur Gains". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-12-07). "Jay-Z, Kanye West Reach Hot 100's Top 10 with 'Paris'; Rihanna Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2011-12-14). "Rihanna's Everlasting 'Love' Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo (2010-12-08). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Shines Over Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
External links
Hot 100 chart at Billboard
[hide]
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Mass production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about large-scale production. For the creation of matter, see mass generation. For other uses, see Mass Production (disambiguation).
Mass production of Consolidated B-32 Dominator airplanes at Consolidated Aircraft Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II.
A modern automobile assembly line
Mass production, also known as flow production or continuous production, is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. Together with job production and batch production, it is one of the three main production methods.[1]
The term mass production was popularized by a 1926 article in the Encyclopædia Britannica supplement that was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor Company. The New York Times used the term in the title of an article that appeared before publication of the Britannica article.[2]
The concepts of mass production are applied to various kinds of products, from fluids and particulates handled in bulk (such as food, fuel, chemicals, and mined minerals) to discrete solid parts (such as fasteners) to assemblies of such parts (such as household appliances and automobiles).
Mass production is a diverse field, but it can generally be contrasted with craft production or distributed manufacturing. Some mass production techniques, such as standardized sizes and production lines, predate the Industrial Revolution by many centuries; however, it was not until the introduction of machine tools and techniques to produce interchangeable parts were developed in the mid 19th century that modern mass production was possible.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Pre-industrial
2.2 Industrial
2.3 Factory electrification
3 The use of assembly lines
4 Vertical integration
5 Advantages and disadvantages
6 Socioeconomic impacts
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Overview[edit]
Mass production involves making many copies of products, very quickly, using assembly line techniques to send partially complete products to workers who each work on an individual step, rather than having a worker work on a whole product from start to finish.
Mass production of fluid matter typically involves pipes with centrifugal pumps or screw conveyors (augers) to transfer raw materials or partially complete products between vessels. Fluid flow processes such as oil refining and bulk materials such as wood chips and pulp are automated using a system of process control which uses various instruments to measure variables such as temperature, pressure, volumetric and level, providing feedback
Bulk materials such as coal, ores, grains and wood chips are handled by belt, chain, slat, pneumatic or screw conveyors, bucket elevators and mobile equipment such as front-end loaders. Materials on pallets are handled with forklifts. Also used for handling heavy items like reels of paper, steel or machinery are electric overhead cranes, sometimes called bridge cranes because they span large factory bays.
Mass production is capital intensive and energy intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. It is also usually automated while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased. However, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line (such as robots and machine presses) is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful to attain profits.
One of the descriptions of mass production is that "the skill is built into the tool"[citation needed], which means that the worker using the tool may not need the skill. For example, in the 19th or early 20th century, this could be expressed as "the craftsmanship is in the workbench itself" (not the training of the worker). Rather than having a skilled worker measure every dimension of each part of the product against the plans or the other parts as it is being formed, there were jigs ready at hand to ensure that the part was made to fit this set-up. It had already been checked that the finished part would be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts—and it would be made more quickly, with no time spent on finishing the parts to fit one another. Later, once computerized control came about (for example, CNC), jigs were obviated, but it remained true that the skill (or knowledge) was built into the tool (or process, or documentation) rather than residing in the worker's head. This is the specialized capital required for mass production; each workbench and set of tools (or each CNC cell, or each fractionating column) is different (fine-tuned to its task).
History[edit]
Pre-industrial[edit]
Standardized parts and sizes and factory production techniques were developed in pre-industrial times; however, before the invention of machine tools the manufacture of precision parts, especially metal ones, was very labor-intensive.
This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the process.[3]
Crossbows made with bronze parts were produced in China during the Warring States period. The Qin Emperor unified China at least in part by equipping large armies with these weapons, which were equipped with a sophisticated trigger mechanism made of interchangeable parts.[4] Ships of war were produced on a large scale at a moderate cost by the Carthaginians in their excellent harbors, allowing them to efficiently maintain their control of the Mediterranean. The Venetians themselves also produced ships using prefabricated parts and assembly lines many centuries later. The Venetian Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day, in what was effectively the world's first factory which, at its height, employed 16,000 people. Mass production in the publishing industry has been commonplace since the Gutenberg Bible was published using a printing press in the mid-15th century.
Industrial[edit]
In the Industrial Revolution simple mass production techniques were used at the Portsmouth Block Mills in England to make ships' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Napoleonic Wars. It was achieved in 1803 by Marc Isambard Brunel in cooperation with Henry Maudslay under the management of Sir Samuel Bentham.[5]
A pulley block for rigging on a sailing ship. By 1808, annual production in Portsmouth reached 130,000 blocks.
The Navy was in a state of expansion that required 100,000 pulley blocks to be manufactured a year. Bentham had already achieved remarkable efficiency at the docks by introducing power-driven machinery and reorganising the dockyard system. Brunel, a pioneering engineer, and Maudslay, a pioneer of machine tool technology who had developed the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800 which standardized screw thread sizes for the first time which in turn allowed the application of interchangeable parts, collaborated on plans to manufacture block-making machinery. By 1805, the dockyard had been fully updated with the revolutionary, purpose-built machinery at a time when products were still built individually with different components.[5] A total of 45 machines were required to perform 22 processes on the blocks, which could be made into one of three possible sizes.[5] The machines were almost entirely made of metal thus improving their accuracy and durability. The machines would make markings and indentations on the blocks to ensure alignment throughout the process. One of the many advantages of this new method was the increase in labour productivity due to the less labour-intensive requirements of managing the machinery. Richard Beamish, assistant to Brunel's son and engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, wrote:
So that ten men, by the aid of this machinery, can accomplish with uniformity, celerity and ease, what formerly required the uncertain labour of one hundred and ten.[5]
By 1808, annual production from the 45 machines had reached 130,000 blocks and some of the equipment was still in operation as late as the mid-twentieth century.[5][6] Mass production techniques were also used to rather limited extent to make clocks and watches, and to make small arms, though parts were usually non-interchangeable.[2] Though produced on a very small scale, Crimean War gunboat engines designed and assembled by John Penn of Greenwich are recorded as the first instance of the application of mass production techniques (though not necessarily the assembly-line method) to marine engineering.[7] In filling an Admiralty order for 90 sets to his high-pressure and high-revolution horizontal trunk engine design, Penn produced them all in 90 days. He also used Whitworth Standard threads throughout.[8] Prerequisites for the wide use of mass production were interchangeable parts, machine tools and power, especially in the form of electricity.
Some of the organizational management concepts needed to create 20th-century mass production, such as scientific management, had been pioneered by other engineers (most of whom are not famous, but Frederick Winslow Taylor is one of the well-known ones), whose work would later be synthesized into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, operations research, and management consultancy. Although after leaving the Henry Ford Company which was rebranded as Cadillac and later was awarded the Dewar Trophy in 1908 for creating interchangeable mass-produced precision engine parts, Henry Ford downplayed the role of Taylorism in the development of mass production at his company. However, Ford management performed time studies and experiments to mechanize their factory processes, focusing on minimizing worker movements. The difference is that while Taylor focused mostly on efficiency of the worker, Ford also substituted for labor by using machines, thoughtfully arranged, wherever possible.
The United States Department of War sponsored the development of interchangeable parts for guns produced at the arsenals at Springfield, Massachusetts and Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) in the early decades of the 19th century, finally achieving reliable interchangeability by about 1850.[2] This period coincided with the development of machine tools, with the armories designing and building many of their own. Some of the methods employed were a system of gauges for checking dimensions of the various parts and jigs and fixtures for guiding the machine tools and properly holding and aligning the work pieces. This system came to be known as armory practice or the American system of manufacturing, which spread throughout New England aided by skilled mechanics from the armories who were instrumental in transferring the technology to the sewing machines manufacturers and other industries such as machine tools, harvesting machines and bicycles. Singer Manufacturing Co., at one time the largest sewing machine manufacturer, did not achieve interchangeable parts until the late 1880s, around the same time Cyrus McCormick adopted modern manufacturing practices in making harvesting machines.[2]
Mass production benefited from the development of materials such as inexpensive steel, high strength steel and plastics. Machining of metals was greatly enhanced with high speed steel and later very hard materials such as tungsten carbide for cutting edges.[9] Fabrication using steel components was aided by the development of electric welding and stamped steel parts, both which appeared in industry in about 1890. Plastics such as polyethylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be easily formed into shapes by extrusion, blow molding or injection molding, resulting in very low cost manufacture of consumer products, plastic piping, containers and parts.
An influential article that helped to frame and popularize the 20th century's definition of mass production appeared in a 1926 Encyclopædia Britannica supplement. The article was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor Company and is sometimes credited as the first use of the term.[2]
Factory electrification[edit]
Electrification of factories began very gradually in the 1890s after the introduction of a practical DC motor by Frank J. Sprague and accelerated after the AC motor was developed by Galileo Ferraris, Nikola Tesla and Westinghouse, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and others. Electrification of factories was fastest between 1900 and 1930, aided by the establishment of electric utilities with central stations and the lowering of electricity prices from 1914 to 1917.[10]
Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation were more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.[11] [12] Electric motors allowed also more flexibility in manufacturing and required less maintenance than line shafts and belts. Many factories saw a 30% increase in output just from changing over to electric motors.
Electrification enabled modern mass production, as with Thomas Edison’s iron ore processing plant (about 1893) that could process 20,000 tons of ore per day with two shifts of five men each. At that time it was still common to handle bulk materials with shovels, wheelbarrows and small narrow gauge rail cars, and for comparison, a canal digger in previous decades typically handled 5 tons per 12-hour day.
The biggest impact of early mass production was in manufacturing everyday items, such as at the Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, which electrified its mason jar plant in Muncie, Indiana, U.S. around 1900. The new automated process used glass blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers. A small electric truck was used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time where previously a hand truck would carry 6 dozen. Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace. An electric overhead crane replaced 36 day laborers for moving heavy loads across the factory.[13]
According to Henry Ford:[14]
The provision of a whole new system of electric generation emancipated industry from the leather belt and line shaft, for it eventually became possible to provide each tool with its own electric motor. This may seem only a detail of minor importance. In fact, modern industry could not be carried out with the belt and line shaft for a number of reasons. The motor enabled machinery to be arranged in the order of the work, and that alone has probably doubled the efficiency of industry, for it has cut out a tremendous amount of useless handling and hauling. The belt and line shaft were also tremendously wasteful – so wasteful indeed that no factory could be really large, for even the longest line shaft was small according to modern requirements. Also high speed tools were impossible under the old conditions – neither the pulleys nor the belts could stand modern speeds. Without high speed tools and the finer steels which they brought about, there could be nothing of what we call modern industry.
The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1944. Note parts of overhead crane at both sides of photo near top.
Mass production was popularized in the late 1910s and 1920s by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company,[15] when introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential production. Ford also bought or designed and built special purpose machine tools and fixtures such as multiple spindle drill presses that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head milling machine that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture. All of these machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining position. Production of the Ford Model T used 32,000 machine tools.[16]
The use of assembly lines[edit]
Ford assembly line, 1913. The magneto assembly line was the first.
Mass production systems for items made of numerous parts are usually organized into assembly lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are heavy, hung from an overhead crane or monorail.
In a factory for a complex product, rather than one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i.e. car engines or seats) to a backbone "main" assembly line. A diagram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a single line.
Vertical integration[edit]
Vertical integration is a business practice that involves gaining complete control over a product's production, from raw materials to final assembly.
In the age of mass production, this caused shipping and trade problems in that shipping systems were unable to transport huge volumes of finished automobiles (in Henry Ford's case) without causing damage, and also government policies imposed trade barriers on finished units.[17]
Ford built the Ford River Rouge Complex with the idea of making the company's own iron and steel in the same large factory site as parts and car assembly took place. River Rouge also generated its own electricity.
Upstream vertical integration, such as to raw materials, is away from leading technology toward mature, low return industries. Most companies chose to focus on their core business rather than vertical integration. This included buying parts from outside suppliers, who could often produce them as cheaply or cheaper.
Standard Oil, the major oil company in the 19th century, was vertically integrated partly because there was no demand for unrefined crude oil, but kerosene and some other products were in great demand. The other reason was that Standard Oil monopolized the oil industry. The major oil companies were, and many still are, vertically integrated, from production to refining and with their own retail stations, although some sold off their retail operations. Some oil companies also have chemical divisions.
Lumber and paper companies at one time owned most of their timber lands and sold some finished products such as corrugated boxes. The tendency has been to divest of timber lands to raise cash and to avoid property taxes.
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
The economies of mass production come from several sources. The primary cause is a reduction of nonproductive effort of all types. In craft production, the craftsman must bustle about a shop, getting parts and assembling them. He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods.
The probability of human error and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery; error in operating such machinery, however, has more far-reaching consequences. A reduction in labour costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower cost than using traditional, non-linear methods.
However, mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after a production line is implemented. Also, all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary. The starter cost for the machinery can be expensive so the producer must be sure it sells or the producers will lose a lot of money.
The Ford Model T produced tremendous affordable output but was not very good at responding to demand for variety, customization, or design changes. As a consequence Ford eventually lost market share to General Motors, who introduced annual model changes, more accessories and a choice of colors.[2]
With each passing decade, engineers have found ways to increase the flexibility of mass production systems, driving down the lead times on new product development and allowing greater customization and variety of products.
Socioeconomic impacts[edit]
In the 1830s, French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville identified one of the key characteristics of America that would later make it so amenable to the development of mass production: the homogeneous consumer base. De Tocqueville wrote in his Democracy in America (1835) that "The absence in the United States of those vast accumulations of wealth which favor the expenditures of large sums on articles of mere luxury... impact to the productions of American industry a character distinct from that of other countries' industries. [Production is geared toward] articles suited to the wants of the whole people".
Mass production improved productivity, which was a contributing factor to economic growth and the decline in work week hours, alongside other factors such as transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads and highways) and agricultural mechanization. These factors caused the typical work week to decline from 70 hours in the early 19th century to 60 hours late in the century, then to 50 hours in the early 20th century and finally to 40 hours in the mid-1930s.
Mass production permitted great increases in total production. Using a European crafts system into the late 19th century it was difficult to meet demand for products such as sewing machines and animal powered mechanical harvesters.[2] By the late 1920s many previously scarce goods were in good supply. One economist has argued that this constituted "overproduction" and contributed to high unemployment during the Great Depression.[18] Say's law denies the possibility of general overproduction and for this reason classical economists deny that it had any role in the Great Depression.
Mass production allowed the evolution of consumerism by lowering the unit cost of many goods used.
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Business and economics portal
Batch production
Craft production
Continuous production
Culture industry
Fast-moving consumer goods
Ford Model T
Industrial engineering
Instant manufacturing
Job production
Just-in-time
Lean manufacturing
Manufacturing
Mass market
Operations management
Outline of industrial organization
Pilot plant
Production, costs, and pricing
Scientific management
Second Industrial Revolution
Technological revolution
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Production Methods, BBC GCSE Bitesize, retrieved 2012-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269
Jump up ^ Wolf 1974, pp. 67f.:
From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day.
Jump up ^ Mass-Produced Pre-Han Chinese Bronze Crossbow Triggers: Unparalleled Manufacturing Technology in the Ancient World. by David Williams. Arms & Armour, Volume 5, Number 2, October 2008 , pp. 142-153(12) http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/aaa/2008/00000005/00000002/art00003 Archived 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Portsmouth blockmaking machinery". makingthemodernworld.org
Jump up ^ "Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust: History 1690 - 1840". portsmouthdockyard.org.
Jump up ^ Osborn, G.A. (1965). "The Crimean War gunboats, part 1". The Mariner's Mirror. 51 (2): 103–116. doi:10.1080/00253359.1965.10657815.
Jump up ^ The Times. 24 January 1887. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Ayres, Robert (1989). "Technological Transformations and Long Waves" (PDF): 36Fig. 12, Machining speed for steel axle
Jump up ^ Jerome, Harry (1934). Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research. p. xxviii.
Jump up ^ Devine, Jr., Warren D. (1983). "From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 43, Issue 2" (PDF): 355.
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2005). Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867-1914 and Their Lasting Impact. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Nye, David E. (1990). Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: MIT Press. pp. 14, 15.
Jump up ^ Ford, Henry; Crowther, Samuel (1930). Edison as I Know Him. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Company. p. 15 (on line edition).
Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984
Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984, p. 288
Jump up ^ Womack, Jones, Roos; The Machine That Changed The World, Rawson & Associates, New York. Published by Simon & Schuster, 1990.
Jump up ^ Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression: The Macroeconomics of Electrification. New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press.
Further reading[edit]
Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression. New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press.
Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Mass production at Wikiquote
Media related to Mass production at Wikimedia Commons
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