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Selfie
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This article is about self-photographs. For other uses, see Selfie (disambiguation).
A typical selfie, shot from a high angle.
A selfie (/sɛlfiː/)[1] is a self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick. Selfies are often shared on social networking services such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. They are usually flattering and made to appear casual. "Selfie" typically refers to self-portrait photos taken with the camera held at arm's length or pointed at a mirror, as opposed to those taken by using a self-timer or remote. A selfie stick can be used to position the camera farther away from the subject, allowing the camera to see more around them.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a selfie is described as, "A photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media". [2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Popularity
3 Sociology
3.1 Gender roles, sexuality, and privacy
3.2 Celebrity selfies
3.3 Politician selfies
3.4 Group selfies
3.5 Accessories
4 Psychology and neuroscience
5 In popular culture
6 Injuries while taking photos
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Self-portraits before digital photography
Photographic self-portrait by Robert Cornelius, 1839
Unidentified woman taking her picture in a mirror, c. 1900
Robert Cornelius, an American pioneer in photography, produced a daguerreotype of himself in 1839 which is also one of the first photographs of a person. Because the process was slow he was able to uncover the lens, run into the shot for a minute or more, and then replace the lens cap.[4] He recorded on the back "The first light Picture ever taken. 1839."[4][5]
The debut of the portable Kodak Brownie box camera in 1900 led to photographic self-portraiture becoming a more widespread technique. The method was usually by mirror and stabilizing the camera either on a nearby object or on a tripod while framing via a viewfinder at the top of the box.[6] Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, at the age of 13, was one of the first teenagers to take her own picture using a mirror to send to a friend in 1914. In the letter that accompanied the photograph, she wrote, "I took this picture of myself looking at the mirror. It was very hard as my hands were trembling."[7]
Photographic self-portraiture flourished in the 1970s when affordable instant cameras birthed a new medium of self-expression, capturing uncharacteristically personal insight into otherwise conservative individuals[8] and allowing amateurs to learn photography with immediate results.[9] This practice transitioned naturally across to digital cameras as they supplanted film cameras around the turn of the millennium.
The first known use of the word selfie in any paper or electronic medium appeared in an Australian internet forum on 13 September 2002. In Karl Kruszelnicki's 'Dr Karl Self-Serve Science Forum', a post by Nathan Hope stated:[10][11]
Um, drunk at a mates 21st, I tripped ofer (sic) and landed lip first (with front teeth coming a very close second) on a set of steps. I had a hole about 1cm long right through my bottom lip. And sorry about the focus, it was a selfie.
Hope has dismissed the notion that he coined the term, describing it as "something that was just common slang at the time, used to describe a picture of yourself".[12]
The concept of uploading group self-taken photographs to the internet, although with a disposable camera and not a smartphone, dates to a webpage created by Australians in September 2001, including photos taken in the late 1990s (captured by the Internet Archive in April 2004).[13][14][15]
As early as 2003, Italian media artist Alberto Frigo started photographing every object his right hand uses. The life long project resulted in the first categorized collection of selfies showing the artist every time he brushed his teeth, every time he put on deodorant etc.[16][17][18]
The Sony Ericsson Z1010 mobile phone, released in late 2003, introduced the concept of a front-facing camera. The Z1010's front-facing camera had a sensor for selfies and video calls.[19]
Popularity[edit]
The term "selfie" was discussed by photographer Jim Krause in 2005,[20] although photos in the selfie genre predate the widespread use of the term. In the early 2000s, before Facebook became the dominant online social network, self-taken photographs were particularly common on MySpace. However, writer Kate Losse recounts that between 2006 and 2009 (when Facebook became more popular than MySpace), the "MySpace pic" (typically "an amateurish, flash-blinded self-portrait, often taken in front of a bathroom mirror") became an indication of bad taste for users of the newer Facebook social network. Early Facebook portraits, in contrast, were usually well-focused and more formal, taken by others from distance. In 2009 in the image hosting and video hosting website Flickr, Flickr users used 'selfies' to describe seemingly endless self-portraits posted by teenage girls.[21] According to Losse, improvements in design—especially the front-facing camera of the iPhone 4 (2010), mobile photo apps such as Instagram and Snapchat led to the resurgence of selfies in the early 2010s.[22]
Buzz Aldrin took the first EVA selfie in 1966.
Initially popular with young people, selfies gained wider popularity over time.[23][24] Life and business coach Jennifer Lee, in January 2011, was the first person to coin it as a hashtag on Instagram.[25][26] By the end of 2012, Time magazine considered selfie one of the "top 10 buzzwords" of that year; although selfies had existed long before, it was in 2012 that the term "really hit the big time".[27] According to a 2013 survey, two-thirds of Australian women age 18–35 take selfies—the most common purpose for which is posting on Facebook.[24] A poll commissioned by smartphone and camera maker Samsung found that selfies make up 30% of the photos taken by people aged 18–24.[28]
"Monkey selfie" of a macaque who had picked up a camera.[29][30]
By 2013, the word "selfie" had become commonplace enough to be monitored for inclusion in the online version of the Oxford English Dictionary.[31] In November 2013, the word "selfie" was announced as being the "word of the year" by the Oxford English Dictionary, which gave the word itself an Australian origin.[32]
Selfies have also been taken beyond Earth. Selfies taken in space include those by astronauts,[33] an image by NASA's Curiosity rover of itself on Mars,[34] and images created by an indirect method, where a self-portrait photograph taken on Earth is displayed on a screen on a satellite, and captured by a camera.[35]
In 2011, a crested black macaque pressed a trigger on a wildlife photographer's camera, set up in an Indonesian jungle for that specific purpose; when the camera was later recovered it was found to contain hundreds of selfies, including one of a grinning female macaque. This incident set off an unusual debate about copyright.[36] In 2016, a federal judge ruled that the monkey cannot own the copyright to the images.[37]
In October 2013, Imagist Labs released an iOS app called Selfie, which allows users to upload photos only from their front-facing smartphone camera.[38] The app shows a feed of public photos of everyone’s selfies and from the people they follow. The app does not allow users to comment and users can only respond with selfies. The app soon gained popularity among teenagers.
In describing the popularity of the "foot selfie", a photograph taken of one's feet while sunbathing at exotic locations, The Hollywood Reporter said that it could be "2014's social media pose to beat".[39]
In January 2014, during the Sochi Winter Olympics, a "Selfie Olympics" meme was popular on Twitter, where users took self-portraits in unusual situations.[40] The spread of the meme took place with the usage of the hashtags #selfiegame and #selfieolympics.[41]
In April 2014, the advertising agency iStrategyLabs produced a two-way mirror capable of automatically posting selfies to Twitter, using facial recognition software.[42]
In February 2016, the United States presidential election has popularized voting selfies in such places as the Facebook group Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash.[43]
Selfies have been popular on social media.[44] Instagram has over 53 million photos tagged with the hashtag #selfie. The word "selfie" was mentioned in Facebook status updates over 368,000 times during a one-week period in October 2013. During the same period on Twitter, the hashtag #selfie was used in more than 150,000 tweets.
Sociology[edit]
Taking selfies is very popular at wedding ceremonies.
The appeal of selfies comes from how easy they are to create and share, and the control they give self-photographers over how they present themselves. Many selfies are intended to present a flattering image of the person, especially to friends whom the photographer expects to be supportive.[23][24] However, a 2013 study of Facebook users found that posting photos of oneself correlates with lower levels of social support from and intimacy with Facebook friends (except for those marked as Close Friends).[45] The lead author of the study suggests that "those who frequently post photographs on Facebook risk damaging real-life relationships."[46] The photo messaging application Snapchat is also largely used to send selfies. Some users of Snapchat choose to send intentionally-unattractive selfies to their friends for comedic purposes.
Posting intentionally unattractive selfies has also become common in the early 2010s—in part for their humor value, but in some cases also to explore issues of body image or as a reaction against the perceived narcissism or over-sexualization of typical selfies.[47]
The practice of taking selfies has been criticised not only for being narcissistic, preventing assessment and appreciation of what is happening in the present, but also for being mindlessly conformist behaviour, when everyone does what everyone else is doing, "like that scene in The Life of Brian – where the crowd gathers outside Brian's window and enthusiastically chants in unison: 'Yes, we're all individuals! ... Yes, we are all different!' "[48]
Gender roles, sexuality, and privacy[edit]
Selfies are popular among both genders; however, sociologist Ben Agger describes the trend of selfies as "the male gaze gone viral", and sociologist and women's studies professor Gail Dines links it to the rise of "porn culture" and the idea that sexual attractiveness is the only way in which a woman can make herself visible.[49] Feminist writer Megan Murphy has pointed out that posting images publicly or sharing them with others who do so may have a dramatic effect in the case of revenge porn, where ex-lovers post sexually explicit photographs or nude selfies to exact revenge or humiliate their former lovers.[49] Nonetheless, some feminists view selfies as a subversive form of self-expression that narrates one's own view of desirability. In this sense, selfies can be positive and offer a way of actively asserting agency.[50] Copyright law may be effective in forcing the removal of private selfies from public that were forwarded to another person.[51]
In 2013 in the blog Jezebel, author Erin Gloria Ryan criticized selfies, believing that the images they often portray, as well as the fact that they are usually posted to social media with the intent of getting positive comments and "likes", reinforce the "notion that the most valuable thing [a young woman] has to offer the world is her looks."[52] The Jezebel post provoked commentary on Twitter from users arguing that selfies could be positive for women by promoting different standards of beauty.[53] Media critic Jennifer Pozner saw selfies as particularly powerful for women and girls who did not see themselves portrayed in mainstream media.[54]
Research shows that there is a particular difference between perspectives of youngsters and adults. "While not all representative of all young people’s experiences of digital picture-sharing cultures, these discussions point to a significant gap between young people’s own interpretations of their ordinary or everyday digital practices and adults’ interpretations of these practices."[55]
Celebrity selfies[edit]
Former South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak and footballer Ji So Yun
Many celebrities – especially sex symbols – post selfies for their followers on social media, and provocative or otherwise interesting celebrity selfies are the subject of regular press coverage. Some commentators, such as Emma Barnett of The Telegraph, have argued that sexy celebrity selfies (and sexy non-celebrity selfies) can be empowering to the selfie-takers but harmful to women in general as they promote viewing women as sex objects.[56] Actor and avid selfie poster James Franco wrote an op-ed for The New York Times defending this frequent use of selfies on his Instagram page.[57] Franco defends the self-portrait stating they should not be seen as an egocentric act, but instead a journalistic moment as the selfie "quickly and easily shows, not tells, how you're feeling, where you are, what you're doing" in a way that a text communication might fail to convey.[57]
A selfie orchestrated during the 86th Academy Awards by host Ellen DeGeneres was, at one point, the most retweeted tweet ever.[58][59] DeGeneres said she wanted to homage Meryl Streep's record 18 Oscar nominations by setting a new record with her, and invited twelve other Oscar celebrities to join them, which included Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Channing Tatum, Bradley Cooper, Kevin Spacey, Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, Lupita Nyong'o, Jared Leto and Jennifer Lawrence. The resulting photo of the celebrities broke the previous retweet record within forty minutes, and was retweeted over 1.8 million times in the first hour.[60][61][62] By the end of the ceremony it had been retweeted over 2 million times, less than 24 hours later, it had been retweeted over 2.8 million times.[59][60] It beat the previous record, 778,801, which was held by Barack Obama, following his victory in the 2012 presidential election.[62][63][64]
Politician selfies[edit]
Bill Nye takes a selfie with US President Barack Obama and Neil deGrasse Tyson at the White House
U.S. President Barack Obama made news headlines during Nelson Mandela's memorial celebration at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium with various world leaders, as he was snapped taking a selfie and sharing smiles with Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt, and later with British Prime Minister David Cameron, as they gathered to pay tribute to Mandela.[65] The decision to take the selfies was considered to be in poor taste, as British political columnist Iain Martin critiqued the behaviour as "clowning around like muppets".[65] The photos also depict the First Lady Michelle Obama sitting next to them looking "furious and mortified".[65] Despite the criticism, Roberto Schmidt, the photographer who captured the photos taken at the celebration, reported to the Today show it was taken at "a jovial, celebratory portion of the service".[66]
In India, BJP Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi posted a selfie on Twitter after voting in Gandhinagar, India. The post became a major trending item on the micro-blogging platform.[67] In July 2014, the Swiss government became the first to take and post a picture of an entire national government (the picture was taken by one of the seven members of the government, Alain Berset).[68]
Former Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi taking a selfie with a supporter in Bologna.
The Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is known to pose for several selfies in public appearances, once even claiming to have posed for "over 1500 selfies" in three days, during which he estimated to have greeted about four thousand people — the social media phenomenon has coined the term "Marcelfie" to refer to these.[69] Most notably, the President posed for a selfie with Prime Minister António Costa in the Paris City Hall, during the Portugal Day ceremonies there on 10 June 2016.[70]
Group selfies[edit]
Bangladeshi girls taking group selfie at Pohela Falgun.
Couple posing for a group selfie using selfie stick
In January 2014, Business Insider published a story referring to selfies of groups as usies.[71] A photograph of Pope Francis with visitors to the Vatican was called an usie by The Daily Dot,[72][73] and TMZ has used the term to describe a selfie taken of celebrity couple Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez.[71][74]
The term "groufie" has been trademarked by Chinese phone manufacturer Huawei Technologies in China, France, Germany, Russia, and the U.S.[75][76] The word was introduced during the launch of its Ascend P7 smartphone in 2014.[77] Huawei defines the groufie as a panoramic selfie involving multiple subjects, as well as background scenery, captured using the front facing, 8-megapixel camera and panorama capabilities of its phones.[78][79][80]
Another term for a group selfie is "wefie", originally trademarked by Samsung in the U.S. to promote the wide-angle lens of its NX series of cameras.[76][81][82][83]
Accessories[edit]
Devices for holding smartphones or compact cameras called selfie sticks are often used when taking group selfies, as they allow a wider, more panoramic image capture.
Another technology for taking such images is the selfie drone. The concept of taking a dronie (as an alternative to a selfie) first entered the mainstream in 2014 and coincided with a relatively sudden increase in the availability of relatively cheap, camera bearing multicopter drones.[84] In 2014, the Nixie drone was designed to serve as a "personal photographer".[85]
Psychology and neuroscience[edit]
First, Farace, van Laer, de Ruyter, and Wetzels[86] reveal three photography techniques with which people are more likely to engage:
first-person perspective;
action and person rather than 'just' selfies;
adaptation into artfulness.
According to a study performed by Nicola Bruno and Marco Bertamini at the University of Parma, selfies by non-professional photographers show a slight bias for showing the left cheek of the selfie-taker.[87]
This is similar to what has been observed for portraits by professional painters from many different historical periods and styles,[88] indicating that the left cheek bias may be rooted in asymmetries of brain lateralization that are well documented within cognitive neuroscience. In a second study, the same group tested if selfie takers without training in photography spontaneously adhere to widely prescribed rules of photographic composition, such as the rule of thirds. It seems that they do not, suggesting that these rules may be conventional rather than hardwired in the brain's perceptual preferences.[89]
In April 2014, a man diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder recounted spending ten hours a day attempting to take the "right" selfie, attempting suicide after failing to produce what he perceived to be the perfect selfie.[90] The same month brought several scholarly publications linking excessive selfie posting with body dysmorphic disorder.[citation needed]
A more recent study examining the relationship between personality and selfie-posting behaviors suggests that extroversion and social exhibitionism positively predict frequency of selfie posting, whereas self-esteem is generally unrelated to selfie-posting behaviors.[91]
In popular culture[edit]
In August 2014, selfie was officially accepted for use in the word game Scrabble.[92][93] In September 2014, a short-lived romantic comedy television series titled Selfie premiered on ABC in the United States. The series follows the life of Eliza Dooley, a woman obsessed with the idea of achieving fame through the use of social media platforms, including Instagram, where she regularly posts selfies. She begins to worry that "friending" people online is not a substitute for real friendship, so she seeks help from Henry Higgs, a marketing image guru, to gain friends in the real world and become less self-centered. The show is largely a critique of perceived narcissism in social media.[94]
Injuries while taking photos[edit]
For more details on this topic, see List of selfie-related injuries and deaths.
The first known selfie-related death occurred 15 March 2014, when a man electrocuted himself on top of a train.[95]
2014, 'The Year of the Selfie', was also the year Makati and Pasig, 'Selfie Capital of the World', saw their first selfie-related death when a 14 year old girl fell from the 3rd floor staircase landing to the 2nd.[96][97][98][99]
In 2015 it was reported that more people had been killed taking selfies that year than by shark attacks.[100] Other publications have debated that analysis.[101][102][103] Takers of selfie photographs have fallen to their deaths while losing their balance in a precarious position,[104][105] and others have been wounded or killed while posing with handguns which have accidentally fired.[106][107]
Concerned about the increasing number of incidents in Russia where attempts to set up a unique selfie had led to injuries and deaths, the Russian Ministry of the Interior released a "Selfie Safety Guide" in 2015 that warned selfie enthusiasts about some common dangerous behaviors.[108][109] Moscow, Russia's most active selfie-taking city, is estimated to have 8 selfie-takers per 100,000 people, and ranks 301st among cities worldwide.[96]
A 2015 study showed that 20% of young Britons had taken selfies while driving a car.[110] Manchester has the highest amount of selfie-takers per capita in Great Britain with 114 per 100,000 people, and ranks 7th internationally.[96] The Italian chief of state police expressed concern over the same phenomenon in Italy on the occasion of the launch of a short film with the title "Selfie".[111][112] Milan is the 8th most active selfie-taking city in the world with 108 selfie-takers per 100,000 people.[96]
On 1 July 2017, 4 students of Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, went to a river close to the university and took selfies on a canoe stationed at the river. The canoe capsized while the students were taking the pictures killing 2 who could not swim.[113]
According to Professor Amanda du Preez, there are least three types of selfie pictures documenting death:[114]
selfies unknowingly taken before death
selfies of death where the taker’s death is almost witnessed
selfies with death where the taker stands by while someone else dies
This does not include a death or injury sustained while attempting to take a selfie.
See also[edit]
Remote shutter
Self timer
Ballot selfie
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Martin Gicheru (19 May 2014). "Huawei's Groufie versus Samsung's Wefie, which one's cooler?". TechWeez. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Ansuya Harjani (8 May 2014). "The next social media buzz word: Groufie". CNBC. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Alistair Charlton (7 May 2014). "Huawei Ascend P7 announced - this one's for the selfie lovers". Mobile Choice. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthew Sparkes (9 May 2014). "Huawei registers 'groufie' trademark". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Edwin Kee (12 May 2014). "Huawei Wants 'Groufie' Trademark". Ubergizmo. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wefie - Trademark Details". Justia Trademarks. Justia. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wefie". LegalForce. Trademarkia, Inc. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Rohan Swamy (9 March 2014). "Samsung NX mini 'wefie' focused mirrorless camera announced". NDTV. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 'selfie' is dead. Introducing the 'dronie'". Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, Joseph (6 October 2014). "The inventors of the wristwatch drone share their vision of the future". Wired. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Farace, S., van Laer, T., de Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2017). "Assessing the effect of narrative transportation, portrayed action, and photographic style on the likelihood to comment on posted selfies." European Journal of Marketing. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2638273 or doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2638273
Jump up ^ Martinez, Luis M.; Bruno, Nicola; Bertamini, Marco (2013). "Self-Portraits: Smartphones Reveal a Side Bias in Non-Artists". PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e55141. PMC 3566189  . PMID 23405117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055141.
Jump up ^ Bonora, M; Wieckowsk, M R; Chinopoulos, C; Kepp, O; Kroemer, G; Galluzzi, L; Pinton, P (2015). "Molecular mechanisms of cell death: central implication of ATP synthase in mitochondrial permeability transition". Oncogene. 34 (12): 1608. PMID 25790189. doi:10.1038/onc.2014.462.
Jump up ^ Bruno, Nicola; Gabriele, Valentina; Bertamini, Marco; Tasso, Tiziana (2014). "'Selfies' Reveal Systematic Deviations from Known Principles of Photographic Composition". Art & Perception. 2 (1-2): 45–58. doi:10.1163/22134913-00002027.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Savastio. "Selfies Cause Narcissism, Mental Illness, Addiction and Suicide?". Guardian Liberty Voice.
Jump up ^ Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Chmiel, Anna; Sorokowski, Piotr (2016). "Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs?". Personality and Individual Differences. 90: 119–23. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.037.
Jump up ^ "Guardian". Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Steinmetz, Katy (4 August 2014). "Time". Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (8 May 2014). "ABC Greenlights 'Secrets & Lies', 'Selfie', 'Manhattan Love Story', 'Agent Carter', 'Forever', 'How to Get Away With Murder', 'Black-ish', 'American Crime', 'Galavant' & 'The Whispers'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Man dies while taking selfie on top of train". 18 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Definitive Ranking Of The Selfiest Cities in the World". TIME.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Correspondent, By Gilbert P. Felongco, (4 July 2014). "Student falls to death while taking 'selfie'". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
Jump up ^ CNN, Naomi Ng, for. "Twitter declares 2014 year of the selfie". CNN. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The year of the selfie". www.google.ie. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Horton, Helena (22 September 2015). "More people have died by taking selfies this year than by shark attacks". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Dewey, Caitlin (22 September 2015). "No, selfies have not killed more people than sharks. That’s ridiculous." – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "The Murky Meaning of the Killer Selfie". The New York Times. 11 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Fung, Kaiser; Gelman, Andrew (5 October 2015). "Debunking the Great ‘Selfies Are More Deadly Than Shark Attacks’ Myth".
Jump up ^ Payne, Samantha (22 April 2014). "Russia: Attempted Selfie Causes Death of Teenager Xenia Ignatyeva". International Business Times. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Felongco, Gilbert P. (4 July 2014). "Student falls to death while taking 'selfie'". Gulf News. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "15-year-old boy accidentally shoots self while taking selfie". ANC Yahoo News. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Drunk Mexican man accidentally shoots himself in head while posing for selfie". nydailynews.com. New York. 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "МВД России: Безопасное селфи". RT. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russian Selfie Guide Translated in English - Connecticut.Marketing".
Jump up ^ "One in five young Britons taking selfies behind the wheel, a trend also growing in Australia, experts say". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Selfie-loving drivers cause spike in accidents".
Jump up ^ Kirstie McCrum (21 July 2015). "Selfie-obsessed drivers who snap pictures behind wheel blamed for spike in road accidents". mirror.
Jump up ^ Damisi, Ojo. "Two FUTA students drown while taking selfie". The Nation. The Nation. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Amanda du Preez (17 May 2016). "The deadly selfie game – the thrill to end all thrills". The Conversation. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
External links[edit]
Look up selfie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to selfies at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Deep Roy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Kiran Shah.
Deep Roy
Roy at the 2014 Florida SuperCon
Born
Mohinder Purba
(1957-12-01) 1 December 1957 (age 59)
Nairobi, Kenya
Occupation
Actor, stuntman, puppeteer, comedian
Years active
1976–present
Home town
Birmingham, England, UK
Deep Roy (born Mohinder Purba; 1 December 1957), sometimes credited as Roy Deep, is a Kenyan-English actor, stuntman, puppeteer and comedian. Due to his diminutive size (stated by IMDB to be 4'4" or 132 cm), he has appeared in a number of similar-sized roles, such as the Oompa-Loompas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Keenser in Star Trek and subsequent films ("Kelvin Timeline"), and in television series such as The X-Files, Doctor Who and Eastbound & Down.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Roy was born in Nairobi, Kenya, to Indian parents. He made his professional screen acting debut in a 1976 episode of The New Avengers, titled "Target!" as a character named Klokoe. He would later make his film debut that same year, in The Pink Panther Strikes Again, as the Italian Assassin. Another early role was as Mr. Sin, the "pig-brained Peking Homunculus", a villain with a distinct appetite for homicide, in the Doctor Who serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang. In 1979, Roy also played a genetically engineered life form "Decima" in the first season Blake's 7 episode "The Web", as well as the diminutive chess genius, "The Klute", in the second season Blake's 7 episode "Gambit".
He has played apes in two movies — Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes and again in the Tim Burton remake of Planet of the Apes (2001) in two roles, one as a young gorilla boy and as Thade's niece. He has worked for Burton in three other films, Big Fish (2003), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005),[2] and Corpse Bride (also 2005), where he supplied General Bonesapart's voice. He played all the Oompa-Loompas (165 of them) in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Deep had extensive training for the role in dance, yoga, and some minor instrument playing.
He has done many other roles in movies and on television, including The X-Files, Flash Gordon, Return to Oz (as the Tin Woodman), Jim Henson's The Dark Crystal as a puppeteer extra, The NeverEnding Story as Teeny Weeny, the rider of the "racing snail", Alien from L.A., Howling VI: The Freaks as Mr Toones and Return of the Jedi as Droopy McCool and in The Haunted Mansion.
He appeared in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) as an Egyptian border guard and in the film Star Trek (also 2009) as Keenser, Scotty's assistant on the ice planet Delta Vega; he reprised the Keenser role in the sequels Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond. In one of his more prominent speaking roles, Roy played Aaron, a violent Mumbai-born Mexican criminal, in second season of the HBO comedy, Eastbound & Down. Deep starred as Sandeep Majumdar in the 2012 short film The Ballad of Sandeep.[3]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 The Pink Panther Strikes Again Italian assassin
1978 Benji's Very Own Christmas Story Key elf Uncredited
1979 The Muppet Movie Stunt performer
1979 Licensed to Love and Kill Dwarf
1979 Die Brut des Bösen/Roots of Evil Van Bullock
1980 Flash Gordon Fellini
1980 Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back Yoda Stand In[4][5][6]
R2-D2 (double) Uncredited
1982 The Dark Crystal Additional performer
1982 Return of the Ewok Droopy McCool
1983 Mini Gulliver Mini Gull
1983 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi Droopy McCool/Puppeteer
R2-D2 (body double)
Ewok
1984 This Is Spinal Tap Stunt performer
1984 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes Primate sequences
1984 The NeverEnding Story Teeny Weeny Voice dubbed over
1984 The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension Stunt performer
1984 Lorca and the Outlaws Grid
1985 Return to Oz Tin Man
1985 Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Stunt performer
1986 Weekend Warriors Little girl Uncredited
1986 Poltergeist II: The Other Side Stunt performer
1987 Going Bananas Bonzo
1988 Alien from L.A. Mambino
1989 Rising Storm Joker Arroyo
1989 Lethal Woman Grizabella
1990 Disturbed Marty
1991 Howling VI: The Freaks Toones
1991 Hook Stunt performer
1992 The Resurrected Main monster
1993 Freaked George Ramirez No. 3
1993 Leprechaun Stunt performer Doubled Warwick Davis
1993 Josh and S.A.M. Stunt performer
1994 Dickwad Little telephone bully
1994 Wes Craven's New Nightmare Stunt performer
1994 The Little Rascals Stunt performer
1994 The War Stunt performer
1994 The Jungle Book Stunt performer
1994 Sudden Death Stunt performer
1995 Under the Hula Moon Bus driver
1996 Matilda Stunt performer
1997 Retroactive Stunt performer
1998 Mafia! Small hitman Uncredited
1998 BASEketball Stunt performer
1998 The Adventures of Ragtime Stunt performer Doubled Justin Cooper
2000 Disney's The Kid Stunt performer Doubled Spencer Breslin
2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Post office clerk
2001 Planet of the Apes Gorilla kid / Thade's niece
2003 The Haunted Mansion Hitchhiking ghost
2003 A Man Apart Stunt performer
2003 Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood Stunt performer Doubled Warwick Davis
2003 Big Fish Mr. Soggybottom
2004 Surviving Eden Indian Mo
2004 Van Helsing Stunt performer
2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Oompa-Loompas
2005 Corpse Bride General Bonesapart / Town Crier Voice
2009 Star Trek Keenser
2009 The Unborn Stunt performer Doubled Atticus Shaffer
2009 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Egyptian guard
2012 Zambezia Mushana Voice
2012 The Ballad of Sandeep Sandeep Majumdar
2013 Paranormal Movie Demon
2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Keenser
2014 Mantervention Massage Parlor Owner
2016 Star Trek Beyond Keenser[7]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 The New Avengers Klokoe Episode: "Target!"
1977 Doctor Who – The Talons of Weng-Chiang Mr. Sin 6 episodes
1978–1980 Blake's 7 Decima
The Klute
Moloch
Link 4 episodes
1986 Doctor Who– Mindwarp Posicarian delegate Uncredited
1989 Desperado: The Outlaw Wars Uncredited
1996 Evil Has A Face Stunt performer TV film
2001 The X-Files Beggar Man Season 8, Episode 10: "Badlaa"
2002 Courage the Cowardly Dog Librarian Episode: "Cabaret Courage/Wrath of the Librarian"
2003–2004 The Jamie Kennedy Experiment Himself 9 Episodes
2010 Eastbound & Down Aaron 4 Episodes
2012 Wolfpack of Reseda Mr Jo Episode: "Hungry Like the Wolf"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Movies & TV: Deep Roy". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Jump up ^ A. O. Scott (15 July 2005). "Looking for the Candy, Finding a Back Story ". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Ballad of Sandeep". Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Making of Yoda".
Jump up ^ "Cut Scenes: Dogabah".
Jump up ^ "Dogabah Second Unit Still".
Jump up ^ "Deep Roy is On Board for STAR TREK BEYOND".
External links[edit]
The Ballad of Sandeep" — official site for the short film
Deep Roy on IMDb
Deep Roy at AllMovie
Official website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 228485217
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Roy&oldid=799700741"
Categories:
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II" redirects here. For other uses, see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II (disambiguation).
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II:
The Secret of the Ooze
North American release poster
Directed by
Michael Pressman
Produced by
Thomas K. Gray
Kim Dawson
David Chan
Written by
Todd W. Langen
Based on
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
by Kevin Eastman
Peter Laird
Starring
Paige Turco
David Warner
Music by
John Du Prez
Cinematography
Shelly Johnson
Edited by
Steve Mirkovich
John Wright
Production
companies
Golden Harvest
Mirage Enterprises
Northshore Investments
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
(United States)[1]
20th Century Fox
(International)
Release date
March 22, 1991 (1991-03-22)
Running time
88 minutes
Country
Japan
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[2]
Box office
$78.6 million (US)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze is a 1991 American superhero science fiction action comedy film directed by Michael Pressman, based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters published by Mirage Studios. It is the sequel to the 1990 film, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The Secret of the Ooze was followed by a third film in 1993, and a fourth (TMNT) in 2007. The film is distributed in the United States by New Line Cinema, and internationally distributed by 20th Century Fox.
The film follows the adventures of the four Turtles: Leonardo, Donatello, Michelangelo, Raphael, and their Master Splinter. Resuming from the events of the last film, the villain, Shredder, returns to take back command of the Foot Clan, and work towards getting revenge on the Turtles. When he learns the secret behind the Turtles' mutation, he becomes more dangerous than ever. The film sheds some light on the origins of Splinter and the Turtles, as well as introduces two new villains: Tokka and Rahzar.
Unlike the first film, this entry rarely showed the use of the Turtles' weapons. They instead fight bare-fisted for much of the film, as part of an attempt to tone down the violence of the previous installment.[3] The film was released on March 22, 1991, and received mixed to negative reviews from critics who felt it departed from the much darker tone of the original 1990 film, and was more light-hearted. Despite this, the film was financially successful, and became the 13th highest-grossing film domestically in the year of its release.[4] The film is a tribute to Muppets creator Jim Henson, who died less than a year before this film's release. Henson's Creature Shop created the animatronic creature costumes for the film, like the first film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Live-action actors
2.2 Voice cast
2.3 Puppeteers
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Merchandising
6 Music
7 Home video releases
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
One year after the events of the first film, a young pizza delivery boy named Keno inadvertently encounters burglars on his route and tries to stop them. Seeing him as a witness, the burglars attack Keno, who proves to be an expert martial artist, but he is soon overwhelmed before the arrival of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. They vanish after rescuing Keno, tying the burglars up, and taking the pizza he was delivering, leaving behind the money to pay for it.
Leonardo, Donatello, Michelangelo and Raphael, along with their master Splinter, are living with April O'Neil while they look for a new place to live following the events of their last adventure. Splinter wants to remain in the shadows, while Raphael thinks they should live out in the open. At a junkyard where the remnants of The Foot and Shredder's second-in-command Tatsu are hiding out, they are met by their master, who has been disfigured by his previous defeat but did not die as they thought.
April interviews Professor Jordan Perry of Techno Global Research Industries (TGRI) about a possible toxic waste leak. He assures her that everything is fine, but at the same time their scientists discover dandelions which have been mutated by the leak. Freddy, a spy for the Foot posing as April's cameraman, discovers this and reports it to his master, who decides to have Perry interrogated. Back at April's apartment, Splinter reveals to her and the turtles that the canister of mutagen (dubbed "Ooze" by the Turtles) which mutated them into their current state 15 years prior was created by TGRI, and they too decide to talk to him. The Foot gets to Perry first and kidnaps him, salvaging the last vial canister of ooze in the process. The turtles attempt to get the canister back, but ultimately fail. Afterward, Keno gets into April's apartment under the guise of delivering pizza and discovers Splinter and the turtles.
At the Shredder's hideout, Perry is forced into using the remaining ooze on a wolf and a snapping turtle, which mutate into Tokka and Rahzar. With the imminent threat to April's safety by the Foot, the turtles start to actively look for a new home. After an argument with Leonardo, Raphael breaks off from the group, while Michelangelo, who soon discovers an abandoned subway station, deems it a perfect hideout. Raphael and Keno defy Splinter's orders and implant Keno into the Foot Clan to find their hideout. However, they are caught and Raphael is captured, while Keno escapes to warn the others. When they come, they are ambushed by Shredder and the Foot; Splinter saves the group, but leaves as they face Tokka and Rahzar, who prove too strong to defeat. Donatello finds Perry and the five of them make a tactical retreat. Once back in their hideout, Perry explains that the creation of the ooze was an accident, disheartening Donatello, who saw a higher purpose for their existence.
Shredder unleashes Tokka and Rahzar into a nearby neighborhood to cause damages. The next day, Freddy sends a message to April that Tokka and Rahzar will be released into Central Park if the Turtles don't meet the Foot Clan at the construction site. Perry develops an antidote to the mutations and when they confront the two, Leonardo and Michelangelo trick Tokka and Rahzar into eating it. They discover the trick and brutally attack, throwing Raphael into a public dance club. A big fight ensues among hundreds of witnesses and eventually the turtles turn Tokka and Rahzar into their natural state, while Vanilla Ice improvises the "Ninja Rap". Shredder attacks, threatening a citizen with a final vial of ooze, but Keno intervenes and the turtles overload an amplifier, causing Shredder to be blasted out onto the docks behind the club. They follow and discover that Shredder had drunk the last vial, transforming into a "Super Shredder" with immense super strength, who begins to destroy the support structure holding the dock up. Not caring about his own life, Shredder attempts to kill the turtles by collapsing the dock on top of them, but the group escapes the collapse using their aquatic nature, and surface in time to witness Shredder's last breath.
In a press release, April reads a note from Perry, thanking the turtles for saving him, and when they return home, they deny being seen by the humans, but Splinter holds up the evening's newspaper on which they are plastered across the cover. He then orders the four of them to do flips as punishment, chanting the theme song they were dancing to at the club "Go Ninja, Go Ninja, Go!" exclaiming he "made another funny" as the scene freezes.
Cast[edit]
Live-action actors[edit]
Paige Turco as April O'Neil, a news reporter, and the human companion of the Turtles and Splinter. Paige Turco replaced Judith Hoag for this film and the following film.[5]
David Warner as Professor Jordan Perry, the Techno Global Research Industries (TGRI) head scientist. He works with the Turtles to create an antidote for the mutated Tokka and Rahzar.
Ernie Reyes, Jr. as Keno, a pizza delivery boy who meets the turtles in the beginning of the film and befriends them.
François Chau as Oroku Saki / The Shredder, the main antagonist of the film. He survived the climactic battle against the Turtles and Splinter from the first film, and is now out to get revenge.
Kevin Nash as Super Shredder, the mutated form of Shredder. As a result of using the ooze, the Shredder becomes a large behemoth.
Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu, the Shredder's right-hand man and temporary leader of the Foot Clan in the aftermath of his presumed death.
Vanilla Ice as a club performer who is inspired to perform "Ninja Rap" while witnessing the turtles fight.
Voice cast[edit]
Adam Carl as Donatello, one of the four turtles, who is known for his technological expertise. He wears a purple bandana and carries a bō staff on the back of his shell.
Laurie Faso as Raphael, the most fiery and hot-tempered of the four turtles. He wears a red bandana and carries two sai in his belt.
Robbie Rist as Michelangelo, the most happy-go-lucky of the four. He wears an orange bandana and carries dual nunchaku on each side within his belt.
Brian Tochi as Leonardo, the fearless leader of the Turtles. He wears a blue bandana and carries two katana on the back of his shell.
Kevin Clash as Splinter, the master and father figure of the turtles, who is a mutant rat.
David McCharen as Oroku Saki / Shredder
Michael McConnohie as Tatsu
Frank Welker as Tokka and Rahzar, an alligator snapping turtle and Gray wolf duo that were mutated by the Shredder using the ooze canister from TGRI.
Puppeteers[edit]
Robert Tygner as Leonardo (facial assistant)
Mark Caso as Leonardo (in-suit performer)
David Greenaway as Raphael (facial assistant)
Kenn Troum as Raphael (in-suit performer)
Rob Mills as Donatello (facial assistant)
Leif Tilden as Donatello (in-suit performer)
Mak Wilson as Michelangelo (facial assistant)
Michelan Sisti as Michelangelo (in-suit performer)
Rickey Boyd as Splinter (facial assistant)
Kevin Clash as Splinter (puppeteer)
Sue Dacre as Splinter (assistant puppeteer)
Rick Lyon as Tokka (facial assistant)
Kurt Bryant as Tokka (in-suit performer)
Gord Robertson as Rahzar (facial assistant)
Mark Ginther as Rahzar (in-suit performer)
Production[edit]
Due to the massive success of the first film, it was generally expected that a sequel would follow.[6] The film was produced on a budget of $25 million (USD), higher than the budget of the 1990 film, which was $13.5 million.[7] Like the first film, New Line Cinema distributed The Secret of the Ooze. Both the voice actors of Michaelangelo and Leonardo reprised their roles in the second film, while Corey Feldman did not voice Donatello and Josh Pais did not voice Raphael in the second movie. Also, a different actress was cast for the role of April O'Neil, with Paige Turco replacing Judith Hoag from the first film. The character of Casey Jones, who was prominent in the first movie, did not appear here (though he did return in the following movie). Ernie Reyes Jr., who was Donatello's fight double in the first film, was cast as a new character, Keno, as the producers admired Reyes and his performance in the first movie so much they asked him to join the sequel. Todd W. Langen returned from the first film to write the screenplay.
Originally, the studio wanted Bebop and Rocksteady, from the cartoon, to appear. However, Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird were not in favor of it, partially due to having to go through legal clearances for the characters, so Rahzar and Tokka were created.[8]
The abandoned subway station, which serves as the new lair for the Turtles, is based on real-world decommissioned New York subway City Hall Station, of the former Interborough Rapid Transit company. However, the station is not completely abandoned, as it appears in the movie. Trains currently pass through the station daily as they turn around to head uptown, passengers are allowed to ride through the station, but the train does not stop and so they cannot disembark. During filming of the scene where the Turtles are trapped in the net and fall to the ground, one of the stuntmen broke an ankle. Some filming took place in North Carolina, much like the first, where the New York City skyline was created at the North Carolina Film Studios.[9] The building used for the entrance to April's apartment is the office of the New York location of Jim Henson's Creature Shop, which did the animatronics work for the film as well as its predecessor. The film is dedicated to the memory of Jim Henson, who had died the previous May. This made it the first movie dedicated to Henson, the second being The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992). This is also the first TMNT film to include a dedication; the second would be TMNT, which was dedicated to the late Mako, the voice actor for Splinter in that film.
Reception[edit]
The Secret of the Ooze was released in theatres on March 22, 1991 in the United States, and subsequently in numerous countries from June through to August.
Like the first movie, the second film received generally mixed or negative reviews from critics. Based on a sample of 40 reviews, the film holds a 33% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus "Not only is the movie's juvenile dialogue unbearable for adults, but the turtles' dopey and casual attitude towards physical violence makes them poor kids' role models."[10] The film was number one in North America on its first weekend of release, taking in over $20,000,000 (USD),[11] and eventually making $78,656,813 in total.[2] The film was a success at the box office, but made less than the first film.[7] Some fans noted that there was also a reduction in the use of weapons by the turtles in the film, perhaps due to violence in the first film. (Leonardo and Raphael only use their weapons once each in the movie, for example.)[12]
Like its predecessor, the second Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles installment was censored in the UK due to usage of forbidden weapons (the nunchaku), most notably during the opening credits sequence where Michelangelo imitates their use by swinging a pair of sausages. The edits were waived for the DVD release in 2002.[13] The German version was not censored visually; however, funny cartoon sound effects were added to soften the violence were added to the fight scenes (as with the first film).
Merchandising[edit]
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise was arguably at the height of its popularity around the time that The Secret of the Ooze was released in theatres. A number of tie-ins were brought out alongside the release of the film. A new line of toys were introduced for the release of the film, including "Movie Star" toys of all four turtles, with the box art depicting stills from the film, as well as a cartoon rendition of the turtles gathered around a canister of ooze in the top right corner of the package.[14] In contrast to the usual Turtles' figures, the film series figures were softer and more rubbery, to better reflect the look of the animatronic costumes used in the films. They also featured ball joints at the neck, shoulders, and hips, and each figure came with a small, plastic canister with a sticker of "Ooze" wrapped around them. An official film adaptation was also released by Eastman and Laird.[15]
Figurines of Super Shredder, Tokka and Rahzar were also available, though they were not as closely aligned to the film as the four turtles were.[16] The Playmates company produced the figurines.[17] The Turtles franchise had by now also immersed itself into the food industry, with characters from the franchise appearing on numerous food products. Royal Gelatin Desserts adapted the "Ooze" name into their product, and featured the Turtles on the packages.[18] The boxes included various recipes involving ooze in some form.[18]
Music[edit]
See also: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
An original motion picture soundtrack was released alongside the film in 1991 by SBK Records.[19]
The soundtrack featured 10 tracks from the film, and music from artists such as Ya Kid K, Cathy Dennis and David Morales, Tribal House and Dan Hartman. The most famous song featured on the soundtrack was "Ninja Rap" performed by rapper Vanilla Ice.
The song featured strongly within the feature film, as Ice makes an appearance as himself, and begins to freestyle a ninja rap song when the turtles end up fighting Tokka and Rahzar within the club where he was performing. In terms of the plot, this song was to trick the audience into believing the fight was a harmless "show" and thus not to panic.
A music video was also produced for "Ninja Rap" at the time of the film's release. The soundtrack also features two original pieces from the Orchestra On The Half Shell. The original music was done by John Du Prez, who won a BMI Film Music Award for his work.[20][unreliable source?]
Home video releases[edit]
The film was originally released on VHS in North America on July 31, 1991.[21]
The film was later released to DVD in Region 1 on 3 September 2002; it contained only minor special features and interactive menus.
On 4 August 2009, the film was included in a special 25th-anniversary boxset, released to both DVD and Blu-Ray formats. It contains Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, and 2007's animated release, TMNT.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Detail view of Movies Page". Afi.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II (1991)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (1991-03-22). "Turtles Clean Up Their Act But Still Try the Patience". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
Jump up ^ "1991 Domestic Grosses". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (1991-03-30). "Paige Turco Moves From a Soap to Become the Ninja Turtles' Friend". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Dave. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze". culturedose.net. Archived from the original on 25 June 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "If Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Gets A Sequel, Expect Bebop And Rocksteady". Cinema Blend. August 11, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2015. They're basically bumbling sidekicks, and they would have popped up in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret Of The Ooze if it weren't for rights issues. They ended up being replaced by the characters Tokka and Rahzar.
Jump up ^ "TMNT I". ninjaturtles.com. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 – The Secret of the Ooze (1991)". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office A Nice Little Start for 'Turtles'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: the Secret of the Ooze". filmsy.com. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (Comparison: BBFC PG VHS - BBFC PG DVD) - Movie-Censorship.com". movie-censorship.com.
Jump up ^ "Movie Star Raph". ninjaturtles.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (Paperback)". amazon.com. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Super Shredder". ninjaturtles.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "1991 Playmates Toys Catalog". ninjaturtles.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Snacks from the Sewer". x-entertainment.com. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "TMNT Soundtracks". ninjaturtles.com. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Awards for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze". IMDb.com. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze". Worldcat. 1991. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze on IMDb
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze at AllMovie
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze at Rotten Tomatoes
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Created by
Kevin Eastman
Peter Laird
Characters
(appearances)
Turtles
Leonardo
Donatello
Michelangelo
Raphael
Supporting
Splinter
Hamato Yoshi
April O'Neil
Casey Jones
Leatherhead
Metalhead
Miyamoto Usagi
Mighty Mutanimals
Venus
Antagonists
Shredder
Foot Clan
Karai
Baxter Stockman
Bebop and Rocksteady
Krang
Purple Dragons
Rat King
Slash
Tokka and Rahzar
Comics
Mirage comic series
Tales of the TMNT
TMNT Adventures
Mighty Mutanimals
Daily comic strip
Dreamwave comics series
IDW comic series
Television
1987 series
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
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values: سلاحف النينجا 2 : المستقنع السري (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Nindza tısbağalar 2: Zığın sirri (film, 1991) – Azerbaijani

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze – Danish

values: Turtles II – Das Geheimnis des Ooze – German

values: Teismelised ninjakilpkonnad II: Ooze'i saladus – Estonian

values: Les Tortues Ninja 2 : Les héros sont de retour – French

values: 어메이징 닌자 – Korean

values: Tartarughe Ninja II - Il segreto di Ooze – Italian

values: צבי הנינג'ה 2: סודו של הריר – Hebrew

values: კუ ნინძები II: შლამის საიდუმლო – Georgian

values: Filem Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze – Malay

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze – Dutch

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze – Norwegian

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: the Secret of the Ooze – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Wojownicze Żółwie Ninja II: Tajemnica szlamu – Polish

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze – Portuguese

values: Черепашки-ниндзя II: Тайна изумрудного зелья – Russian

values: Teinimutanttininjakilpikonnat 2: Mönjän salaisuus – Finnish

values: Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles II - Kampen om Ooze – Swedish

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