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NBA Most Valuable Player Award
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[hide]National Basketball Association awards and honors
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Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship
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Most Improved Player
Most Valuable Player
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Lifetime Achievement Award
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The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955–56 season to the best performing player of the regular season.
The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president)[a] of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963.
Until the 1979–80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980–81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada.
Each member of the voting panel casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first-place vote is worth 10 points; each second-place vote is worth seven; each third-place vote is worth five, fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award.[2] As of June 2017[update], the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times.[3] Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times,[4] while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons.[5] Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice.[4] Only two rookies have won the award: Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season.[6] Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria,[b] Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[c] Steve Nash of Canada[d] and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered "international players" by the NBA.[9]
Stephen Curry in 2015–16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously. Shaquille O'Neal in 1999–2000 and LeBron James in 2012–13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection, both receiving 120 of 121 votes.[e][5] The most recent winner, Russell Westbrook, is the first to have played for a team that failed to win at least 50 regular-season games since the 1982–83 season.[f][11][12] Every player to have won the award has made at least one appearance as a player in the NBA Finals, with the exceptions of Steve Nash and Derrick Rose.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners
Bill Russell (left) won the award five times in his NBA career. Wilt Chamberlain (center) won the award four times in his career.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record-setting six times in his career.
Michael Jordan won the award five times in his career.
LeBron James is a four-time NBA MVP.
Tim Duncan, of the San Antonio Spurs, won back-to-back Most Valuable Player awards in the '01-02 and '02-03 seasons.
Derrick Rose became the youngest player to ever win the award at age 22.
Stephen Curry won back-to-back MVP awards in the '14-15 and '15-16 seasons.
Russell Westbrook is the reigning MVP.
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Denotes player whose team won championship that year
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1955–56
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Power Forward United States St. Louis Hawks
1956–57
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Point Guard United States Boston Celtics
1957–58
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Center United States Boston Celtics (2)
1958–59
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (2)
Power Forward United States St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959–60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors
1960–61
Russell, BillBill Russell* (2)
Center United States Boston Celtics (3)
1961–62
Russell, BillBill Russell* (3)
Center United States Boston Celtics (4)
1962–63
Russell, BillBill Russell* (4)
Center United States Boston Celtics (5)
1963–64
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Point Guard United States Cincinnati Royals
1964–65
Russell, BillBill Russell* (5)
Center United States Boston Celtics (6)
1965–66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1967–68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (4)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1968–69
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*
Center/Forward United States Baltimore Bullets
1969–70
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center United States New York Knicks
1970–71
AaaLew Alcindor*[g]
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks
1971–72
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (2)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (2)
1972–73
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center United States Boston Celtics (7)
1973–74
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (3)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (3)
1974–75
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
Power Forward United States Buffalo Braves
1975–76
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (4)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers
1976–77
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (5)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1977–78
Walton, BillBill Walton*
Center United States Portland Trail Blazers
1978–79
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
Center United States Houston Rockets
1979–80
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (6)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1980–81
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
Small Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1981–82
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (2)
Center United States Houston Rockets (2)
1982–83
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (5)
1983–84
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Small Forward United States Boston Celtics (8)
1984–85
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
Small Forward United States Boston Celtics (9)
1985–86
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)
Small Forward United States Boston Celtics 910 !Boston Celtics (10)
1986–87
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
Point Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1987–88
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1988–89
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)
Point Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1989–90
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (3)
Point Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1990–91
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1991–92
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1992–93
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Power Forward United States Phoenix Suns
1993–94
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
Center Nigeria[b] Houston Rockets (3)
1994–95
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
Center United States San Antonio Spurs
1995–96
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (4)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1996–97
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Power Forward United States Utah Jazz
1997–98
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (5)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (5)
1998–99
Malone, KarlKarl Malone* (2) [h]
Power Forward United States Utah Jazz (2)
1999–00
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2000–01
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Shooting Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2001–02
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
Power Forward United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2002–03
Duncan, TimTim Duncan (2)
Power Forward United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (3)
2003–04
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
Power Forward United States Minnesota Timberwolves
2004–05
Nash, SteveSteve Nash*
Point Guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (2)
2005–06
Nash, SteveSteve Nash* (2)
Point Guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (3)
2006–07
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Power Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks
2007–08
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Shooting Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2008–09
James, LeBronLeBron James^
Small Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2009–10
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (2)
Small Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2010–11
Rose, DerrickDerrick Rose^ [i]
Point Guard United States Chicago Bulls (6)
2011–12
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (3)
Small Forward United States Miami Heat
2012–13
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (4)
Small Forward United States Miami Heat (2)
2013–14
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Small Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder
2014–15
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
Point Guard United States Golden State Warriors (2)
2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (2)
Point Guard United States Golden State Warriors (3)
2016–17
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Point Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (2)
Multi-time winners
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Awards
Years
1 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (3) 6 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980
2 Bill Russell
Boston Celtics 5 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965
Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998
4 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors (1) / Philadelphia 76ers (3) 4 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968
LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers (2) / Miami Heat (2) 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
6 Moses Malone Houston Rockets (2) / Philadelphia 76ers (1) 3 1979, 1982, 1983
Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984, 1985, 1986
Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1987, 1989, 1990
9 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 2 1956, 1959
Karl Malone Utah Jazz 1997, 1999
Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 2002, 2003
Steve Nash Phoenix Suns 2005, 2006
Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2015, 2016
See also
National Basketball Association portal
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award
Notes
Jump up ^ The official title of the position was President until 1967 when it was changed to Commissioner.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993. He was the first ever international player to win the award.[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c Although Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is a United States citizen,[8] the NBA considers him an international player.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b c Steve Nash, who was born in South Africa, was raised in Canada.[10]
Jump up ^ Allen Iverson received the only other first-place vote in 2000, while Carmelo Anthony received the only other first-place vote in 2013.[5]
Jump up ^ Except for seasons affected by lockouts, when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games. Karl Malone won in 1998–99 when Utah was 37–13 in 50 games, which projected to 60 wins in 82 games. James won in 2011–12 when the Miami Heat were 46–20 in 66 games, which projected to 57 wins.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[13]
Jump up ^ Malone, at 35 years and 284 days old at the end of the regular season, is the oldest MVP in NBA history.[14]
Jump up ^ Rose, at 22 years and 191 days old at the end of the regular season, is the youngest MVP in NBA history.[15]
References
General
"Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
"Most Valuable Player Award Winners". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
"NBA MVP – Maurice Podoloff Trophy – Marc Mellon Sculpture Studio". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2002.
Specific
Jump up ^ Monroe, Mike. "The Commissioners". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "LeBron receives 116 first-place votes". ESPN.com. May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace, Michael (May 5, 2013). "LeBron James wins 4th MVP award". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wes Unseld". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon Bio: 1992-93". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBA Players from around the world: 2005-2006 Season". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ McPeek, Jeramie. "The Canadian Kid". NBA.com (from Fastbreak Magazine of Sept./Oct. 1996). Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Who is the leading MVP candidate?". ESPN.com. March 6, 2015. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, Jan (April 22, 1990). "NBA NOTES : Charles Barkley Running a Slick Campaign for MVP". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Karl Malone 1998-99 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Derrick Rose 2010-11 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Russell
1959: Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Russell
1962: Russell
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Russell
1966: Chamberlain
1967: Chamberlain
1968: Chamberlain
1969: Unseld
1970: Reed
1971: Alcindor
1972: Abdul-Jabbar
1973: Cowens
1974: Abdul-Jabbar
1975: McAdoo
1976: Abdul-Jabbar
1977: Abdul-Jabbar
1978: Walton
1979: M. Malone
1980: Abdul-Jabbar
1981: Erving
1982: M. Malone
1983: M. Malone
1984: Bird
1985: Bird
1986: Bird
1987: Johnson
1988: Jordan
1989: Johnson
1990: Johnson
1991: Jordan
1992: Jordan
1993: Barkley
1994: Olajuwon
1995: Robinson
1996: Jordan
1997: K. Malone
1998: Jordan
1999: K. Malone
2000: O'Neal
2001: Iverson
2002: Duncan
2003: Duncan
2004: Garnett
2005: Nash
2006: Nash
2007: Nowitzki
2008: Bryant
2009: James
2010: James
2011: Rose
2012: James
2013: James
2014: Durant
2015: Curry
2016: Curry
2017: Westbrook
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A throttle body spacer is usually a 1-inch (25 mm) thick piece of metal that is bolted to the outlet of the throttle body upstream of air flow into the manifold. By changing the airflow, this after-market add-on does claim to be a performance enhancing accessory that can increase an engine's horse power, torque and fuel economy. It functions by swirling or directing the air flow to maximize air volume to the manifold. There is much debate about the veracity of the manufacturers claims for these devices. The general consensus is that it works well on some engine configurations, and not at all, or adversely on others. In 2009 the BBK Performance R&D Department performed extensive dyno testing of off the shelf throttle body spacers from other manufacturers. The intention was to determine whether or not throttle body spacers were a viable product that BBK could manufacture that would provide notable results for their customers. The tests were performed on Ford 4.6L 3-V, GM LS, and Mopar HEMI V8 applications using a Dynojet 248C dynamometer. The tests consisted of a baseline dyno run, cool down period, and a repeat test after the spacers were installed. None of the spacers produced any additional horsepower or torque when tested. The only notable change was a loss of 4 horsepower to the tires on the Mopar application with the spacer installed. An additional test was run after removing the spacer, resulting in a return of the lost horsepower. Proving that some spacers can actually rob power from an engine. After seeing the results, it was clear that throttle body spacers were simply gimmicks and provided no real performance value. BBK scrapped all plans to manufacture throttle body spacers.
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What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1964 song by The Tams, see What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am).
"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"
Single by Lee Roy Parnell
from the album Love Without Mercy
B-side
"Rollercoaster"
Released
May 4, 1992
Genre
Country
Length
3:36
Label
Arista Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Al Carmichael, Gary Griffin
Producer(s)
Barry Beckett, Scott Hendricks
Lee Roy Parnell singles chronology
"The Rock"
(1992) "What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"
(1992) "Love Without Mercy"
(1992)
"The Rock"
(1992) "What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"
(1992) "Love Without Mercy"
(1992)
"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell, written by Al Carmichael and Gary Griffin. It was released in May 1992 as the second single from the album, Love Without Mercy. The song was Parnell's fifth single release, and his first to reach Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts. It is also one of three singles in his career to reach number two on the country music charts.[1]
Chart positions[edit]
"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am" debuted at number 75 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 16, 1992.
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[2] 3
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1992)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[4] 54
US Country Songs (Billboard)[5] 58
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 315. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 1922." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. September 19, 1992. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lee Roy Parnell – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Lee Roy Parnell.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1992". RPM. December 19, 1992. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 1992: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1992. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
[hide]
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"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"
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"Tender Moment"
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"Take These Chains from My Heart"
"The Power of Love"
"A Little Bit of You"
"When a Woman Loves a Man"
"Heart's Desire"
"Givin' Water to a Drowning Man"
"Lucky Me, Lucky You"
"You Can't Get There from Here"
Related articles
Arista Records
Career Records
"Too Much"
"That's My Story"
This 1990s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Human fertilization
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The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin, a similar process. Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum
Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.[1]
The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation.[2][3][4] Upon encountering the secondary oocyte, the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg. The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anatomy
1.1 Corona radiata
1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane
1.3 Sperm preparation
1.4 Zona pellucida
1.4.1 Cortical reaction
2 Fusion
2.1 Cell membranes
2.2 Transformations
2.3 Replication
2.4 Mitosis
3 Fertilization age
4 Diseases
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Anatomy[edit]
Corona radiata[edit]
The sperm binds through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte. Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as zygote. The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism.
Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane[edit]
Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce, the yolk (ooplasm) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa.[5]
Sperm preparation[edit]
Further information: Acrosome reaction
At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize.[6] The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female's reproductive tract over several hours, which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane, preparing it for the acrosome reaction, the enzymatic penetration of the egg's tough membrane, the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte.
Zona pellucida[edit]
After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida, which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins. A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida.
Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells. As a population, sperm cells have on average 50% genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort.[7] It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection.
Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process.[8][9]
Cortical reaction[edit]
Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida, the cortical reaction occurs. Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glyco-proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other — i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f — making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg.[10]
Fusion[edit]
Fertilization and implantation in humans.
After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte (also called ovocyte), the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place, preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg. The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body. The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum, enabling fusion of their genetic material.
Cell membranes[edit]
The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place.
Transformations[edit]
In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes.
The oocyte completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature ovum. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.
The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring.[11]
Replication[edit]
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division.[12]
Mitosis[edit]
Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse (half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome[13]). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.[12]
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.
Fertilization age[edit]
Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus. The resultant age is known as fertilization age, fertilizational age, embryonic age, fetal age or (intrauterine) developmental (IUD)[14] age.
Gestational age, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) as the zero point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa.[15] In fact, however, fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP).[16] There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6.[17] In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.[16]
The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days (38 weeks and two days) from ovulation, with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7%.[18]
Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) as well to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.[19]
Diseases[edit]
Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process.
Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg.
However, some researchers have found[citation needed] that in rare pairs of fraternal twins, their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father. This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process.
See also[edit]
Spontaneous conception, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Garrison, Fielding. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, pages 566-567 (Saunders 1921).
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html
Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978-1-85941-159-9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 "Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ..."
Jump up ^ "Fertilization of the Ovum". Gray's Anatomy. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Fertilization". Retrieved 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Angier, Natalie (2007-06-12). "Sleek, Fast and Focused: The Cells That Make Dad Dad". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg, Science and Babies, National Academy Press, page 17
Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez, Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition, Elsevier, 2006, page 238
Jump up ^ "Fertilization: The Cortical Reaction". Boundless. Boundless. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Jodar, M.; Selvaraju, S.; Sendler, E.; Diamond, M. P.; Krawetz, S. A.; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks (2013). "The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (6): 604–624. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt031. PMC 3796946  . PMID 23856356.
^ Jump up to: a b Marieb, Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. pp. 1119-1122 (2001). ISBN 0-8053-4989-8
Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy
Jump up ^ Wagner F, Erdösová B, Kylarová D (December 2004). "Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development". Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 (2): 255–6. doi:10.5507/bp.2004.054. PMID 15744391.
Jump up ^ Robinson, H. P.; Fleming, J. E. E. (1975). "A Critical Evaluation of Sonar "crown-Rump Length" Measurements". BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 (9): 702–710. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00710.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Geirsson RT (May 1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID 12797075. [1]
Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6, as given in: Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Raviele K (2006). "Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle". J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 (3): 376–84. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x. PMID 16700687.
Jump up ^ Jukic AM, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, Wilcox AJ (2013). "Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation". Hum. Reprod. 28 (10): 2848–55. doi:10.1093/humrep/det297. PMC 3777570  . PMID 23922246.
Jump up ^ Alan H. Jobe, MD, PhD. Post-fertilizational age and IVH in ECMO patients. RadiologySource Volume 145, Issue 2, Page A2 (August 2004). PII: S0022-3476(04)00583-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.010.
External links[edit]
Fertilization (Conception)
[hide]
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Menstrual cycle
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Follicular phase
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sperm)
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ootid
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Germ cell (gonocyte
gamete)
Human sexual behavior
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This page was last edited on 5 February 2018, at 08:55.
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