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Measuring cup
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A simple plastic measuring cup, capable of holding the volume one cup.
A measuring cup or measuring jug is a kitchen utensil used primarily to measure the volume of liquid or bulk solid cooking ingredients such as flour and sugar, especially for volumes from about 50 mL (2 fl oz) upwards. Measuring cups are also used to measure washing powder, liquid detergents and bleach for clothes washing. The cup will usually have a scale marked in cups and fractions of a cup, and often with fluid measure and weight of a selection of dry foodstuffs.
Measuring cups may be made of plastic, glass, or metal. Transparent (or translucent) cups can be read from an external scale; metal ones only from a dipstick or scale marked on the inside.
Contents
1 Capacity and scale
2 For dry measure
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Capacity and scale[edit]
Measuring cups usually have capacities from 250 mL (approx. 1 cup) to 1000 mL (approx. 4 cups = 2 pints = 1 quart), though larger sizes are also available for commercial use. They usually have scale markings at different heights: the substance being measured is added to the cup until it reaches the wanted level. Dry measure cups without a scale are sometimes used, in sets typically of 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and 1 cup. The units may be milliliters or fractions of a liter, or the cup (unit) with its fractions (typically 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4), pints, and often fluid ounces. Dry measure cups are distinguished from liquid measure cups in that they are meant to be filled to the top so that excess may be scraped off and shallow for easy cleaning. Liquid measure cups tend to be microwave safe for heating and clear to more easily judge the meniscus.[1]
Sometimes multiples of teaspoons and tablespoons are included. There may also be scales for the approximate weight for particular substances, such as flour and sugar.
For dry measure[edit]
A set of plastic measuring cups which usually include one full cup measure, half a cup and one third of a cup
Many dry ingredients, such as granulated sugar, are not very compressible, so volume measures are consistent. Others, notably flour, are more variable. For example, 1 cup of all-purpose flour sifted into a cup and leveled weighs about 100 grams, whereas 1 cup of all-purpose flour scooped from its container and leveled weighs about 140 grams.[2]
Using a measuring cup to measure bulk foods which can be compressed to a variable degree such as chopped vegetables or shredded cheese leads to large measurement uncertainties. It is easier to chop down the units for a better measure.
See also[edit]
Cup (unit)
Kitchen scale
Spoon scale
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Krystal, Becky (19 February 2018). "Yes, you really do need two types of measuring cups. Here's why". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Julia Child and Simone Beck, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, vol. 2, p. 544.
External links[edit]
WBUR story on a measuring cup design which keep a perfect ratio of surface area to volume, for consistent accuracy
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Measuring cup.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Measuring_cup&oldid=848810586"
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Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)
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Modern reconstruction of the Immortals in their ceremonial dress at the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire.
The Immortals (from the Greek Ἀθάνατοι Athánatoi) also known as the Persian Immortals or Persian Warriors was the name given by Herodotus to an elite heavily-armed infantry unit of 10,000 soldiers in the army of the Achaemenid Empire. This force performed the dual roles of both Imperial Guard and standing army. The force consisted mainly of Persians, but also included Medes and Elamites. Essential questions regarding the unit (even its native name) remain unanswered, because authentic sources are missing.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Herodotus
2 History
3 Equipment
4 Legacy
4.1 Sassanid Empire
4.2 Byzantine Empire
4.3 French Empire
4.4 Imperial State of Iran
5 In popular culture
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Herodotus[edit]
Herodotus describes the 'Immortals' as being heavy infantry, led by Hydarnes, that were kept constantly at a strength of exactly 10,000 men. He stated that the unit's name stemmed from the custom that every killed, seriously wounded, or sick member was immediately replaced with a new one, maintaining the corps as a cohesive entity with a constant strength.[2]
This elite corps is only called the 'Immortals' in sources based on Herodotus. There is evidence of the existence of a permanent corps from Persian sources, which provided a backbone for the tribal levies who made up the bulk of the Achaemenid armies. These do not however record the name of "Immortals". It is suggested that Herodotus' informant has confused the word anûšiya- ("companion") with anauša- ("immortal"),[2] but this theory has been criticized by Rudiger Schmidt.[1]
History[edit]
See also: Battle of Thymbra
Colored reconstruction of relief on the Alexander Sarcophagus depicting Immortals fighting Alexander's troops.
The Immortals played an important role in Cambyses II's conquest of Egypt in 525 BC and Darius I's invasion of India's smaller western frontier kingdoms (western Punjab and Sindh, now in Pakistan) and Scythia in 520 BC and 513 BC. Immortals participated in the Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC and were amongst the Persian occupation troops in Greece in 479 BC under Mardonius.[2]
During the final decades of the Achaemenid empire, the role expected of the hazarapatish (commanding officer) of the Immortals was extended to include that of chief minister to the king.[3] The provision of a bodyguard, in direct attendance on the monarch, had already been allocated to a select thousand strong detachment of the corps.[3]
Equipment[edit]
Depiction of the "Susian guards" from the Palace of Darius I in Susa. Their garments match the description of the Immortals by ancient authors.[4]
Median (left) and Persian (right) warriors in their ceremonial dress, carvings at Persepolis. Some scholars speculate that they represent the Immortals.
Herodotus describes their armament as follows: wicker shields, short spears, quivers, swords or large daggers, slings, bow and arrow. Underneath their robes they wore scale armour coats. The spear counterbalances of the common soldiery were of silver; to differentiate commanding ranks, the officers' spear butt-spikes were golden.[2] The regiment was followed by a caravan of covered carriages, camels, and mules that transported their supplies, along with concubines and attendants to serve them; this supply train carried special food that was reserved only for their consumption.[5][6]
The headdress worn by the Immortals is believed to have been the Persian tiara. Its actual form is uncertain, but some sources describe it as a cloth or felt cap which could be pulled over the face to keep out wind and dust in the arid Persian plains.[2] Surviving Achaemenid coloured glazed bricks and carved reliefs represent the Immortals as wearing elaborate robes, hoop earrings and gold jewelry, though these garments and accessories were most likely worn only for ceremonial occasions.[7]
Legacy[edit]
Sassanid Empire[edit]
Main article: Zhayedan
The title of "Immortals" was first revived under the Sassanid army. The backbone of the army was the Aswaran, and the most famous of the Aswaran units were the Zhayedan (literally "Immortals") and numbered 10,000 men, like the Achaemenid predecessors, with the difference that they were heavy cavalry. Their task was mainly to secure any breakthroughs and to enter battles at crucial stages.
Byzantine Empire[edit]
Main article: Immortals (Byzantine Empire)
The designation "Immortal" to describe a military unit was used twice during the Byzantine Empire, first as an elite heavy cavalry unit under John I Tzimiskes (r. 969–976) and then later by Nikephoritzes, the chief minister of Emperor Michael VII (r. 1071–1081), as the core of a new central field army, following the disastrous defeat of Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks in 1071.
French Empire[edit]
Main article: Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)
Many centuries later, during the Napoleonic Wars, French soldiers referred to Napoleon's Imperial Guard as "the Immortals".[8]
Imperial State of Iran[edit]
Main article: Imperial Guard (Iran)
The Iranian Army under the last Shahanshah included an all volunteer Javidan Guard, also known as the "Immortals" after the ancient Persian royal guard. The "Immortals" were based in the Lavizan Barracks in Tehran. By 1978 this elite force comprised a brigade of 4,000–5,000 men, including a battalion of Chieftain tanks. Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 the "Immortals" were disbanded.[9]
The signature shield of the Achaemenid Immortals has been adopted in the insignia of the 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade and 55th Airborne Brigade of the modern Iranian Army.
In popular culture[edit]
Herodotus' account of two warrior elites - the Spartan hoplites and the Immortals - facing each other in battle has inspired a set of rather colorful depictions of the battle, especially in regard of the Immortals:
In the 1962 film The 300 Spartans the Immortals carry a spear and wicker shields like the actual Immortals. However, they are mostly dressed in black and other dark colors, as opposed to historical depictions.[9]
Frank Miller's 1998 comic book 300, and the 2006 feature film adapted from it, present a heavily fictionalized version of the Immortals at the Battle of Thermopylae. These Immortals wear Mengu-style metal masks, appear to be inhuman or disfigured, and carry a pair of swords closely resembling Japanese wakizashis.[9]
The History Channel documentary Last Stand of the 300 also features the Immortals as part of the reconstruction of the Thermopylae battle. In this version, the tiara the Immortals habitually wear is depicted here as a full-face black cloth mask transparent enough to see through.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lendering 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b Hicks 1975, p. 61.
Jump up ^ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persepolis
Jump up ^ John Manuel Cook (1983). The Persian Empire. Schocken Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8052-3846-4.
Jump up ^ Kaveh Farrokh (24 April 2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3.
Jump up ^ Volume IX, Encyclopædia Britannica, Fifteenth Edition 1983
Jump up ^ Georges Blond, La Grande Armée, trans. Marshall May (New York: Arms and Armor, 1997), 48, 103, 470
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rastani, Nabil (27 October 2010). "The Guards of the Shahanshah, How to fight, carry weapons, ride horses and learn archery".
Sources[edit]
Hicks, Jim (1975). The Persians. Time-Life Books.
Lendering, John (1997). ""Immortals"". Livius. [better source needed]
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2004). "Immortals". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
External links[edit]
Military history portal
Ancient Near East portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortals_(Achaemenid_Empire)&oldid=825495439"
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Effective nuclear charge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Effective Nuclear Charge Diagram
The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as Z e f f {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {eff} }} or Z ∗ {\displaystyle Z^{\ast }} ) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a polyelectronic atom. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge of the nucleus due to the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons. The effective nuclear charge experienced by the ctron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of the atom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculation
2 Values
3 See also
4 References
5 Resources
Calculation[edit]
In an atom with one electron, that electron experiences the full charge of the positive nucleus. In this case, the effective nuclear charge can be calculated from Coulomb's law.
However, in an atom with many electrons, the outer electrons are simultaneously attracted to the positive nucleus and repelled by the negatively charged electrons. The effective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation:
Z e f f = Z − S {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {eff} }=Z-S}
where
Z is the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number), and
S is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question (the number of non-valence electrons).
S can be found by the systematic application of various rule sets, the simplest of which is known as "Slater's rules" (named after John C. Slater). Douglas Hartree defined the effective Z of a Hartree–Fock orbital to be:
Z e f f = ⟨ r ⟩ H ⟨ r ⟩ Z {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {eff} }={\frac {\langle r\rangle _{\rm {H}}}{\langle r\rangle _{Z}}}}
where
⟨ r ⟩ H {\displaystyle \langle r\rangle _{\rm {H}}} is the mean radius of the orbital for hydrogen, and
⟨ r ⟩ Z {\displaystyle \langle r\rangle _{Z}} is the mean radius of the orbital for an electron configuration with nuclear charge Z.
Values[edit]
Updated effective nuclear charge values were provided by Clementi et al. in 1963 and 1967.[1][2] In their work, screening constants were optimized to produce effective nuclear charge values that agree with SCF calculations. Though useful as a predictive model, the resulting screening constants contain little chemical insight as a qualitative model of atomic structure.
Effective Nuclear Charges
H He
Z 1 2
1s 1.000 1.688
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1s 2.691 3.685 4.680 5.673 6.665 7.658 8.650 9.642
2s 1.279 1.912 2.576 3.217 3.847 4.492 5.128 5.758
2p 2.421 3.136 3.834 4.453 5.100 5.758
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Z 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1s 10.626 11.609 12.591 13.575 14.558 15.541 16.524 17.508
2s 6.571 7.392 8.214 9.020 9.825 10.629 11.430 12.230
2p 6.802 7.826 8.963 9.945 10.961 11.977 12.993 14.008
3s 2.507 3.308 4.117 4.903 5.642 6.367 7.068 7.757
3p 4.066 4.285 4.886 5.482 6.116 6.764
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Z 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
1s 18.490 19.473 20.457 21.441 22.426 23.414 24.396 25.381 26.367 27.353 28.339 29.325 30.309 31.294 32.278 33.262 34.247 35.232
2s 13.006 13.776 14.574 15.377 16.181 16.984 17.794 18.599 19.405 20.213 21.020 21.828 22.599 23.365 24.127 24.888 25.643 26.398
2p 15.027 16.041 17.055 18.065 19.073 20.075 21.084 22.089 23.092 24.095 25.097 26.098 27.091 28.082 29.074 30.065 31.056 32.047
3s 8.680 9.602 10.340 11.033 11.709 12.368 13.018 13.676 14.322 14.961 15.594 16.219 16.996 17.790 18.596 19.403 20.219 21.033
3p 7.726 8.658 9.406 10.104 10.785 11.466 12.109 12.778 13.435 14.085 14.731 15.369 16.204 17.014 17.850 18.705 19.571 20.434
4s 3.495 4.398 4.632 4.817 4.981 5.133 5.283 5.434 5.576 5.711 5.842 5.965 7.067 8.044 8.944 9.758 10.553 11.316
3d 7.120 8.141 8.983 9.757 10.528 11.180 11.855 12.530 13.201 13.878 15.093 16.251 17.378 18.477 19.559 20.626
4p 6.222 6.780 7.449 8.287 9.028 9.338
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Z 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
1s 36.208 37.191 38.176 39.159 40.142 41.126 42.109 43.092 44.076 45.059 46.042 47.026 48.010 48.992 49.974 50.957 51.939 52.922
2s 27.157 27.902 28.622 29.374 30.125 30.877 31.628 32.380 33.155 33.883 34.634 35.386 36.124 36.859 37.595 38.331 39.067 39.803
2p 33.039 34.030 35.003 35.993 36.982 37.972 38.941 39.951 40.940 41.930 42.919 43.909 44.898 45.885 46.873 47.860 48.847 49.835
3s 21.843 22.664 23.552 24.362 25.172 25.982 26.792 27.601 28.439 29.221 30.031 30.841 31.631 32.420 33.209 33.998 34.787 35.576
3p 21.303 22.168 23.093 23.846 24.616 25.474 26.384 27.221 28.154 29.020 29.809 30.692 31.521 32.353 33.184 34.009 34.841 35.668
4s 12.388 13.444 14.264 14.902 15.283 16.096 17.198 17.656 18.582 18.986 19.865 20.869 21.761 22.658 23.544 24.408 25.297 26.173
3d 21.679 22.726 25.397 25.567 26.247 27.228 28.353 29.359 30.405 31.451 32.540 33.607 34.678 35.742 36.800 37.839 38.901 39.947
4p 10.881 11.932 12.746 13.460 14.084 14.977 15.811 16.435 17.140 17.723 18.562 19.411 20.369 21.265 22.181 23.122 24.030 24.957
5s 4.985 6.071 6.256 6.446 5.921 6.106 7.227 6.485 6.640 (empty) 6.756 8.192 9.512 10.629 11.617 12.538 13.404 14.218
4d 15.958 13.072 11.238 11.392 12.882 12.813 13.442 13.618 14.763 15.877 16.942 17.970 18.974 19.960 20.934 21.893
5p 8.470 9.102 9.995 10.809 11.612 12.425
See also[edit]
Valence electrons
Shielding effect
Atomic orbitals
Slater-type orbitals
Electronegativity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Clementi, E.; Raimondi, D. L. (1963). "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions". J. Chem. Phys. 38 (11): 2686–2689. Bibcode:1963JChPh..38.2686C. doi:10.1063/1.1733573.
Jump up ^ Clementi, E.; Raimondi, D. L.; Reinhardt, W. P. (1967). "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons". Journal of Chemical Physics. 47: 1300–1307. Bibcode:1967JChPh..47.1300C. doi:10.1063/1.1712084.
Resources[edit]
Brown, Theodore; LeMay, H.E.; & Bursten, Bruce (2002). Chemistry: The Central Science (8th revised edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-061142-5.
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Tropic of Capricorn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the circle of latitude. For other uses, see Tropic of Capricorn (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 23°26′14″S 0°0′0″W / 23.43722°S -0.00000°E / -23.43722; -0.00000 (Prime Meridian)
World map showing the Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Capricorn in 1794 Dunn Map of the World
Monument marking the Tropic of Capricorn just north of Antofagasta, Chile
Longreach, Queensland, Australia
Sign marking the tropic in Maringá, Brazil
Sundial on the Tropic of Capricorn, Jujuy Province, Argentina
The Tropic of Capricorn (or the Southern Tropic) is the circle of latitude that contains the subsolar point on the December (or southern) solstice. It is thus the southernmost latitude where the Sun can be directly overhead. Its northern equivalent is the Tropic of Cancer.
The Tropic of Capricorn is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth. As of 22 August 2018, its latitude is 23°26′12.7″ (or 23.43687°)[1] south of the Equator, but it is very gradually moving northward, currently at the rate of 0.47 arcseconds, or 15 metres, per year.
Contents
1 Name
2 Geography and environment
3 Around the world
4 Places located along the Tropic of Capricorn
5 List of countries entirely south of the Tropic of Capricorn
6 Length
7 Note
8 References
9 External links
10 See also
Name[edit]
When this line of latitude was named in the last centuries BC, the Sun was in the constellation Capricornus (Latin for goat horn) at the December solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Sagittarius at the December solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning to turn or change direction, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Geography and environment[edit]
The Tropic of Capricorn is the dividing line between the Southern Temperate Zone to the south and the tropics to the north. The Northern Hemisphere equivalent of the Tropic of Capricorn is the Tropic of Cancer.
The position of the Tropic of Capricorn is not fixed, but rather it varies in a complex manner over time; see under circles of latitude for information.
In Australia, areas on the Tropic have some of the most variable rainfall in the world[2] and thus even the wetter areas cannot be generally farmed, since irrigation sources invariably dry up in drought years. In southern Africa, where rainfall is more reliable, farming is possible, though yields are low even with fertilisers.
In South America, whilst in the continental cratons soils are almost as old as in Australia and Southern Africa, the presence of the geologically young and evolving Andes means that this region is on the western side of the subtropical anticyclones and thus receives warm and humid air from the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, areas in Brazil adjacent to the Tropic are extremely important agricultural regions, producing large quantities of crops such as sugarcane, and the natural rainforest vegetation has been almost entirely cleared, except for a few remaining patches of Atlantic Forest. Further south in Argentina, the temperate grasslands of the Pampas region is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world, producing of wheat, soybeans, maize, and beef, making the country one of the largest worldwide agricultural exporters, similar to the role played by the Prairies region in Canada.
West of the Andes, however, the Humboldt Current makes conditions extremely arid, creating the Atacama Desert, one of the driest in the world, so that no glaciers exist between Volcán Sajama at 18˚30'S and Cerro Tres Cruces at 27˚S.[3] Vegetation here is almost non-existent, though on the eastern slopes of the Andes rainfall is adequate for rainfed agriculture.
Further south in the region of Patagonia, shared between Argentina and Chile, climate becomes colder, with heavy snowfall in the winter months and throughout the year. On the Western portion of Patagonia, climate is more humid, and dominated by fjords, coniferous forests and lakes owing to the presence of thawing currents from the permafrost in the peaks of the Andes mountains which divide the region. This makes the region a popular destination for ski and winter sports, particularly on the Argentine city of Bariloche and surrounding area. On the Eastern portion of Patagonia climate is generally cold and dry steppe, with high mesas and strong wind conditions.
The southern tip of the island of Tierra del Fuego and other islands of the South Atlantic have Sub-Antarctic climate conditions.
Around the world[edit]
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the Tropic of Capricorn passes through 10 countries:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
23°26′S 0°0′E / 23.433°S 0.000°E / -23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Atlantic Ocean
23°26′S 14°27′E / 23.433°S 14.450°E / -23.433; 14.450 (Namibia)
Namibia
Erongo, Khomas, Hardap, Khomas (again), and Omaheke regions
23°26′S 20°0′E / 23.433°S 20.000°E / -23.433; 20.000 (Botswana)
Botswana
Kgalagadi, Kweneng and Central districts
23°26′S 27°18′E / 23.433°S 27.300°E / -23.433; 27.300 (South Africa)
South Africa
Limpopo Province
23°26′S 31°33′E / 23.433°S 31.550°E / -23.433; 31.550 (Mozambique)
Mozambique
Gaza and Inhambane provinces
23°26′S 35°26′E / 23.433°S 35.433°E / -23.433; 35.433 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Mozambique Channel
23°26′S 43°45′E / 23.433°S 43.750°E / -23.433; 43.750 (Madagascar)
Madagascar
Toliara and Fianarantsoa provinces
23°26′S 47°39′E / 23.433°S 47.650°E / -23.433; 47.650 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
23°26′S 113°47′E / 23.433°S 113.783°E / -23.433; 113.783 (Australia)
Australia
Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland
23°26′S 151°3′E / 23.433°S 151.050°E / -23.433; 151.050 (Coral Sea)
Coral Sea
Passing just south of Cato Reef in Australia's Coral Sea Islands Territory
23°26′S 166°46′E / 23.433°S 166.767°E / -23.433; 166.767 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just north of the Minerva Reefs ( Tonga), and just south of Tubuai ( French Polynesia)
23°26′S 70°36′W / 23.433°S 70.600°W / -23.433; -70.600 (Chile)
Chile
Antofagasta Region
23°26′S 67°07′W / 23.433°S 67.117°W / -23.433; -67.117 (Argentina)
Argentina
Jujuy, Salta, Jujuy (again), Salta (again) and Formosa provinces
23°26′S 61°23′W / 23.433°S 61.383°W / -23.433; -61.383 (Paraguay)
Paraguay
Boquerón, Presidente Hayes, Concepción, San Pedro and Amambay departments
23°26′S 55°38′W / 23.433°S 55.633°W / -23.433; -55.633 (Brazil)
Brazil
Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, and São Paulo states
23°26′S 45°2′W / 23.433°S 45.033°W / -23.433; -45.033 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
Places located along the Tropic of Capricorn[edit]
The following cities and landmarks are either located near the Tropic of Capricorn, or the tropic passes through them.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Argentina
Andes Mountains
The Chaco
San Salvador de Jujuy
Australia
Paraburdoo, Western Australia
Newman, Western Australia
Lake Disappointment, Western Australia
Gibson Desert, Western Australia
Ikuntji (Haast's Bluff), Northern Territory
Alice Springs, Northern Territory
Longreach, Queensland
Great Dividing Range, Queensland
Emerald, Queensland
Gracemere, Queensland
Rockhampton, Queensland
Cape Capricorn, Queensland
Botswana
Kalahari Desert
Khutse Game Reserve
Kule
Mahalapye
Brazil
Itaquaquecetuba
Mogi das Cruzes
Maringá
Sorocaba
Santana de Parnaíba
São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport
São Paulo (Tremembé)
Guarulhos
Taguaí
Ubatuba
Chile
Atacama Desert
Andes Mountains
Antofagasta
Madagascar
Toliara
Mozambique
Inhambane city
Morrumbene
Massinga
Namibia
Walvis Bay
Swakopmund
Namib Desert
Paraguay
Concepción
South Africa
Kruger National Park
Polokwane
Capricorn District Municipality
Atsimo-Andrefana Region, Madagascar
The Tropic of Capricorn marked in Jujuy Province in northern Argentina
Monument marking the Tropic of Capricorn as it passes through Botswana
A sign marking the Tropic of Capricorn as it passes through Namibia
Roadway plaque marking the Tropic of Capricorn in the city of Santana do Parnaíba, Brazil, at the correct latitude for year 1917.
Marker for the tropic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, July 2012
Roadside monument marking Tropic of Capricorn in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, 28 January 2005
Monument marking Tropic of Capricorn in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, 1970
Road sign marking Tropic of Capricorn in Western Australia, Australia, 26 August 2008
Monument marking the Tropic of Capricorn just north of Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
List of countries entirely south of the Tropic of Capricorn[edit]
As the major portion of earth's land is located in the Northern Hemisphere there are only four countries entirely south of the Tropic of Capricorn (there are 74 countries entirely north of the Tropic of Cancer):
Lesotho
New Zealand[a]
Swaziland
Uruguay
Length[edit]
Length of the Tropic on 11 June 2015, at 23°26′14″S is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[4]
Note[edit]
Jump up ^ The Cook islands, Tokelau and Niue, which are part of the Realm of New Zealand lie above the Tropic of Capricorn.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ obliquity of the ecliptic (Eps Mean)
Jump up ^ Geographical Patterning of Interannual Rainfall Variability in the Tropics and Near Tropics
Jump up ^ Exposure dating of Late Glacial and pre-LGM moraines in the Cordon de Doña Rosa, Northern/Central Chile (~31°S)
Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropic of Capricorn.
Look up tropic of capricorn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Temporal Epoch Calculations
Useful constants" See: Obliquity of the ecliptic
Montana State University: Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Atlas portal
Africa portal
Australia portal
Chile portal
Argentina portal
Paraguay portal
Brazil portal
Circle of latitude
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
23rd parallel south
24th parallel south
Antarctic Circle
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Capricornus
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Gianni Infantino
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This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Gianni Infantino
9th President of FIFA
Incumbent
Assumed office
26 February 2016
Vice President
Issa Hayatou
Ángel María Villar
David Chung
Preceded by
Issa Hayatou (Acting)
Personal details
Born
Giovanni Vincenzo Infantino
(1970-03-23) 23 March 1970 (age 48)
Brig, Switzerland
Spouse(s)
Leena Al Ashqar
Children
4
Alma mater
University of Fribourg
Signature
Giovanni Vincenzo "Gianni" Infantino (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni vinˈtʃɛntso iɱfanˈtiːno]; born 23 March 1970) is a Swiss–Italian[1][2] football administrator and the current president of FIFA. He was elected President of FIFA during the 2016 FIFA Extraordinary Congress on 26 February 2016.[1]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 UEFA
2.2 FIFA
2.3 Panama Papers
3 FIFA ethics investigations
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Gianni Infantino was born on 23 March 1970[1] in Brig, Switzerland.[3] He is a son of Italian immigrant parents from Calabria and Lombardy.[4] He studied law at the University of Fribourg.[5] He is fluent in Italian, English, French, and German. Infantino also knows Spanish, and Arabic.[3]
Career[edit]
Infantino worked as the Secretary General of the International Center for Sports Studies (CIES) at the University of Neuchâtel.[1]
UEFA[edit]
Gianni Infantino started working with the UEFA in August 2000, and was appointed as the Director of UEFA's Legal Affairs and Club Licensing Division in January 2004. He became Deputy General Secretary of UEFA in 2007, and Secretary General of UEFA in October 2009.[1][6] During his time there, UEFA introduced Financial Fair Play and improved commercial support to smaller national associations.[6]
He oversaw the expansion of UEFA Euro 2016 to 24 teams[7] and played a role in the conception of the UEFA Nations League and the UEFA Euro 2020, that will take place in 13 European nations.[8]
In 2015, the Greek government decided to introduce a new sports law in response to the recent scandal and acts of violence and corruption mainly in Greek football. Gianni Infantino, as UEFA's general secretary, led the negotiations with the Greek government and supported the Hellenic Football Federation's warning to Greece that it faces suspension from international football for government interference.[9][10]
FIFA[edit]
See also: 2016 FIFA Extraordinary Congress
Infantino with Mohammad bin Salman, Nicolas Sarkozy and Juan Carlos Varela at the FIFA World Cup in Russia, 14 June 2018
Infantino with Russian PM Dmitry Medvedev and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, 7 July 2018
Infantino was a member of FIFA's Reform Committee.[11] On 26 October 2015, he received the backing of the UEFA Executive Committee to stand for the position of president in the 2016 FIFA Extraordinary Congress. On the same day, he confirmed his candidacy and submitted the required declarations of support.[12] He promised to expand the FIFA World Cup to forty teams.[13]
On 26 February 2016, he was elected FIFA President for a period of three years.[2] Swiss man Infantino holds dual citizenship through his parents. With his election, he became the first Italian to hold the Presidency of FIFA.
In 2017, Infantino criticized the United States travel ban on several Muslim-majority nations. He said "When it comes to FIFA competitions, any team, including the supporters and officials of that team, who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country, otherwise there is no World Cup. That is obvious."[14]
Before the start of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Infantino stated in February of that year that he is "very satisfied so far with the progress in Russia. I’m sure we’ll have a great World Cup there – not only a great World Cup but the best World Cup ever."[15]
Panama Papers[edit]
See also: Panama Papers
Infantino was implicated in the FIFA corruption scandal in documents released in the 2016 Panama Papers. They show that the UEFA undertook deals with indicted figures where previously they had denied any relationship.[16] Infantino has stated he is "dismayed" at the reports and that he has never personally dealt with the parties involved.[17]
FIFA ethics investigations[edit]
In July 2016, Infantino was suspected to have broken the FIFA code of ethics, and was interviewed by the investigatory chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee.[18]
The investigation was focused on three areas: "several flights taken by Mr. Infantino during the first months of his presidency, human resources matters related to hiring processes in the president's office, and Mr. Infantino's refusal to sign the contract specifying his employment relationship with FIFA".[19]
Even though a document was leaked which showed illegitimate spending of funds by FIFA[18] the matter concerning expenses and governance was not investigated.[19] The document revealed that Infantino had billed FIFA for personal expenses such as £8,795 for mattresses at his home, £6,829 for a stepper exercise machine, £1,086 for a tuxedo, £677 on flowers and £132 on personal laundry. In addition to that he billed the FIFA governing body for an external driver for his family and advisors while he was away.[18]
When Infantino accepted special treatment by the 2018 and 2022 World Cup hosts Russia and Qatar, the question of a potential conflict of interest was raised. The hosts had organized private jets for Infantino and his staff related to visits in Russia and the Gulf state.[18] The investigatory chamber was of the opinion that no violation had occurred. In addition to that, the chamber found that "human resources matters, as well as Mr. Infantino's conduct with regard to his contract with FIFA, if at all, constituted internal compliance issues rather than an ethical matter."[19]
While the investigatory chamber discharged Infantino, this did not stop criticism. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, a former German football champion, criticized Infantino for not fulfilling his promises regarding transparency, democracy and governance. "So far this has not succeeded in my eyes," he complained.[20]
Personal life[edit]
Infantino is married to Lebanese Leena Al Ashqar; the couple have four children (Alessia, Sabrina, Shanïa Serena and Dhalia Nora).[3] He is a fan of the Italian Serie A club Inter Milan.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Gianni Infantino". UEFA.com. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gianni Infantino elected FIFA President". FIFA.com. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The President - Gianni Infantino". FIFA. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Infantino, l'avvocato di origini calabresi che tifava Inter" (in Italian). sportmediaset.it. 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about Gianni Infantino, the new Fifa president". The Guardian. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Executive Committee supports UEFA General Secretary Gianni Infantino for FIFA presidency". UEFA.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Borden, Sam (2016-02-24). "In FIFA Pitch, Gianni Infantino Pushes Expansion and Continuity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thirteen cities to host UEFA EURO 2020". UEFA.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "UEFA & FIFA warn Greece over government's planned new football laws |thetoc.gr". The TOC In English. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Paul. "Exclusive: Infantino fires second warning shot to Greece over football law proposal - Inside World Football". www.insideworldfootball.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Committees - 2016 FIFA Reform Committee - FIFA.com". FIFA.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Statement from UEFA General Secretary Gianni Infantino". UEFA.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2015-11-10). "Gianni Infantino to expand World Cup to 40 teams if elected Fifa president". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump travel ban could prevent USA from hosting 2026 World Cup". The Independent. 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gianni Infantino satisfied with Russia's World Cup preparations". Win World Cup 2018. 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Owen Gibson. "Panama Papers: Fifa president Gianni Infantino pulled into corruption scandal". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Statement from FIFA President Gianni Infantino". FIFA.com. 5 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fifa president Gianni Infantino to be interviewed by ethics committee". BBC Sport. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fifa president Gianni Infantino cleared of breaching ethics code". The Independent. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
Jump up ^ "German power players Rummenigge and Grindel slam Infantino presidency". Inside World Football. 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Infantino presidente Fifa: ecco l'ex re dei sorteggi che amava Altobelli" [Infantino FIFA president: here is the ex-king of draws who loved Altobelli]. Gazzetta.it (in Italian). Retrieved 27 February 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gianni Infantino.
Biography on UEFA website
Preceded by
Lars-Christer Olsson UEFA Chief Executive
2007 Succeeded by
David Taylor
Preceded by
David Taylor UEFA General Secretary
2009–2016 Succeeded by
Theodore Theodoridis (ad interim)
Preceded by
Issa Hayatou (Acting) FIFA President
2016–present Succeeded by
Incumbent
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Gianni Infantino (2016–present)
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Members of the FIFA Council
President
Gianni Infantino
Senior Vice-President
Salman Bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa
Vice-Presidents
David Gill
Alejandro Dominguez
Victor Montagliani
Aleksander Čeferin
Ahmad Ahmad
Sándor Csányi
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Sunil Gulati
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Ramón Jesurún
Dejan Savićević
George Koumas
Reinhard Grindel
Zhang Jian
Chung Mong-gyu
Mariano Araneta
Mahfuza Akhter
Secretary General
Fatma Samoura
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 1084377071
ISNI: 0000 0003 9487 4827
VIAF: 289400254
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gianni_Infantino&oldid=855632202"
Categories:
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