text:
Golden State Warriors all-time roster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The following is a list of players, both past and current, who appeared at least in one game for the Golden State Warriors NBA franchise. Players in bold denote current players on the Warriors' roster. Current as of the end of the 2016–17 NBA season.
Contents :
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A[edit]
Tom Abernethy
Jeff Adrien
Chuck Aleksinas
Victor Alexander
Steve Alford
Bob Allen
Odis Allison
Lou Amundson
Gilbert Arenas
Paul Arizin
B. J. Armstrong
Bob Armstrong
Hilton Armstrong
Vincent Askew
Al Attles*
Kelenna Azubuike
B[edit]
Greg Ballard
Leandro Barbosa
Harrison Barnes
Matt Barnes
Jim Barnett
Earl Barron
Drew Barry
Jon Barry
Rick Barry*
Vic Bartolome
Kenny Battle
Kent Bazemore
Butch Beard
Ernie Beck
Hank Beenders
Marco Belinelli
Charlie Bell
Raja Bell
Keith Benson
Andris Biedriņš
Gale Bishop
Uwe Blab
Steve Blake
Mookie Blaylock
Corie Blount
Nelson Bobb
Tyrone Bogues
Andrew Bogut
Manute Bol
Melvin Booker
Jake Bornheimer
Ike Borsavage
Earl Boykins
Steve Bracey
Mike Bratz
Tom Brennan
Ron Brewer
Bill Bridges
MarShon Brooks
Chucky Brown
Kwame Brown
Rickey Brown
Stan Brown
Walt Budko
Jud Buechler
Scott Burrell
Steve Burtt
Will Bynum
C[edit]
Zarko Cabarkapa
Jason Caffey
Brian Cardinal
Chris Carr
Joe Barry Carroll
Rodney Carney
Wilt Chamberlain*
Calbert Cheaney
Phil Chenier
Robert Churchwell
Ian Clark
Speedy Claxton
John Coker
E. C. Coleman
Bimbo Coles
Don Collins
Lester Conner
Wayne Cooper
John Coughran
Joe Courtney
Wesley Cox
Jamal Crawford
Jordan Crawford
Ron Crevier
Austin Croshere
Russell Cross
Terry Cummings
Vonteego Cummings
Bill Curley
Stephen Curry
D[edit]
Ed Dahler
Howie Dallmar
Erick Dampier
Baron Davis
Dale Davis
Dwight Davis
Mark Davis
Walt Davis
Andrew DeClercq
Dewayne Dedmon
Tony Delk
Vinny Del Negro
Dell Demps
George Dempsey
Derrek Dickey
Connie Dierking
Ike Diogu
Toney Douglas
Charles Dudley
Terry Duerod
Mike Dunleavy, Jr.
Pat Dunn
Kevin Durant
Pat Durham
E[edit]
Mario Elie
Joe Ellis
Monta Ellis
Chris Engler
Ray Epps
Keith Erickson
Festus Ezeli
F[edit]
Phil Farbman
Tony Farmer
Dave Fedor
Dave Feitl
Duane Ferrell
Danny Finn
Derek Fisher
Jerry Fleishman
Luis Flores
Sleepy Floyd
Levi Fontaine
Danny Fortson
Adonal Foyle
Tellis Frank
Wilbert Frazier
World B. Free
Todd Fuller
G[edit]
Dan Gadzuric
Mike Gale
Dave Gambee
Ruben Garces
Vern Gardner
Winston Garland
Chris Garner
Dean Garrett
Chris Gatling
Devean George
Jack George
Mickell Gladness
Tom Gola
Joe Graboski
Orlando Graham
Josh Grant
Jeff Grayer
Draymond Green
Ricky Green
Norm Grekin
Tom Gugliotta
Dave Gunther
Al Guokas
H[edit]
Chick Halbert
Geert Hammink
Tim Hardaway
Al Harrington
Steve Harris
Joe Hassett
Vernon Hatton
Robert Hawkins
Walt Hazzard
Cedric Henderson
Kevin Henderson
Larry Hennessy
Fred Hetzel
Rod Higgins
Sean Higgins
Wayne Hightower
Gary Hill
Tyrone Hill
Art Hillhouse
Darnell Hillman
Lew Hitch
Paul Hoffman
Justin Holiday
Dave Hoppen
Byron Houston
Larry Hughes
Chris Hunter
Geoff Huston
I[edit]
Andre Iguodala
J[edit]
Jarrett Jack
Jaren Jackson
Jim Jackson
Marc Jackson
Stephen Jackson
Sam Jacobson
Antawn Jamison
Richard Jefferson
Charles Jenkins
Keith "Mister" Jennings
Les Jepsen
Andy Johnson
Avery Johnson
Charles Johnson
George Johnson
Lynbert Johnson
Marques Johnson
Mickey Johnson
Steve Johnson
Neil Johnston
Damian Jones
Damon Jones
Nick Jones[1]
Popeye Jones
Shelton Jones
K[edit]
Ralph Kaplowitz
Coby Karl
Mike Kearns
Adam Keefe
Frank Kendrick
Pickles Kennedy
Larry Kenon
Jerome Kersey
Bernard King
Jim King
Bart Kofoed
Bud Koper
Barry Kramer
Frank Kudelka
Rob Kurz
Ognjen Kuzmic
L[edit]
Fred LaCour
Sean Lampley
Carl Landry
Dan Langhi
York Larese
Rusty LaRue
Rudy LaRusso
Stephane Lasme
Dave Lattin
Acie Law IV
Hal Lear
Clyde Lee
David Lee
George Lee
Tim Legler
Bobby Lewis
Freddie Lewis
Todd Lichti
Jeremy Lin
Alton Lister
Randy Livingston
Shaun Livingston
Ron Livingstone
Lewis Lloyd
Don Lofgran
Kevon Looney
Ryan Lorthridge
Jerry Lucas
John Lucas II
Ted Luckenbill
M[edit]
Sam Mack
Gerald Madkins
Corey Maggette
Renaldo Major
Pace Mannion
Sarunas Marciulionis
Ricky Marsh[2]
Donyell Marshall
Cartier Martin
Tony Massenburg
Bill Mayfield
James Michael McAdoo
Patrick McCaw
Jack McCloskey
Ben McDonald
Hank McDowell
JaVale McGee
Dominic McGuire
McCoy McLemore
Keith McLeod
Bob McNeill
Larry McNeill
Paul McPherson
John Mengelt
Tom Meschery*
Ed Mikan
Aaron Miles
Chris Mills
Dirk Minniefield
Bill Mlkvy
Paul Mokeski
Howie Montgomery[3]
Jim Mooney
Jackie Moore
Mikki Moore
Elmore Morgenthaler[4]
Anthony Morrow
Dwayne Morton
Perry Moss
Chris Mullin*
Jeff Mullins
John Murphy[5]
Tod Murphy
Troy Murphy
Ken Murray
Angelo Musi
N[edit]
Eduardo Nájera
Cotton Nash
Willie Naulls
Ed Nealy
Nemanja Nedovic
DeMarcus Nelson
Paul Neumann
Jim Nolan
Mike Novak
O[edit]
Bob O'Brien
Patrick O'Bryant
Jermaine O'Neal
Ralph Ogden
Dean Oliver
Bud Olsen
Claude Overton
Billy Owens
Ray Owes
P[edit]
Zaza Pachulia
Easy Parham
Robert Parish
Sonny Parker
Cherokee Parks
Charlie Parsley
John Payak
Mel Payton
Kosta Perovic
Jim Petersen
James Phelan
Andy Phillip
Gary Phillips
Ricky Pierce
Mickaël Piétrus
Gary Plummer
Ralph Polson
Chris Porter
Bob Portman
Josh Powell
Paul Pressey
Mark Price
Kevin Pritchard
Roy Pugh
R[edit]
Vladimir Radmanovic
Frank Radovich
Moe Radovich
Ray Radziszewski
Anthony Randolph
Clifford Ray
Billy Reid
Jason Richardson
Michael Ray Richardson
Mitch Richmond
Anthony Roberson
Tony Robertson
Clifford Robinson
Larry Robinson
Nate Robinson
Guy Rodgers
Lou Roe
Carlos Rogers
Marshall Rogers
Phil Rollins
Lorenzo Romar
Petey Rosenberg
Lennie Rosenbluth
Donald Royal
Clifford Rozier
Guy Rucker
John Rudometkin
Joe Ruklick
Jerry Rullo
Brandon Rush
Cazzie Russell
S[edit]
Ed Sadowski
Kenny Sailors
Ralph Sampson
Woody Sauldsberry
Bob Schafer
Dale Schlueter
Ken Sears
Rony Seikaly
George Senesky
Ansu Sesay
John Shasky
Brian Shaw
Fred Sheffield
Purvis Short
Gene Shue
Dickey Simpkins
Adrian Smith
Clinton Smith
Derek Smith
Ish Smith
Joe Smith
Larry Smith
Otis Smith
Phil Smith
Mike Smrek
Guy Sparrow
Marreese Speights
Andre Spencer
Felton Spencer
Latrell Sprewell
John Starks
Barry Stevens
John Stroeder
Bob Sura
T[edit]
Chris Taft
Leonard Taylor
Terry Teagle
Peter Thibeaux
Carl Thomas
Jamel Thomas
Malcolm Thomas
Billy Thompson
Jason Thompson
Klay Thompson
Al Thornton
Nate Thurmond*
Darren Tillis
Tom Tolbert
Anthony Tolliver
Oscar Torres
Raymond Townsend
Nikoloz Tskitishvili
Ronny Turiaf
Bill Turner
Jeremy Tyler
U[edit]
Ekpe Udoh
Kelvin Upshaw
V[edit]
Nick Van Exel
Anderson Varejão
David Vaughn
Peter Verhoeven
W[edit]
Mark Wade
Dajuan Wagner
Jim Walsh
Paul Walther
Bob Warlick
Chris Washburn
Kermit Washington
C. J. Watson
Clarence Weatherspoon
Chris Webber
Brianté Weber
Chris Welp
Jiří Welsch
David West
Hubie White
Jo Jo White
Rodney White
Rudy White
Tony White
Jerome Whitehead
Jamaal Wilkes
Brandon Williams
Gus Williams
Guy Williams
Marcus Williams
Nate Williams
Reggie Williams
Ron Williams
Sam Williams
Kevin Willis
Bubba Wilson[6]
Othell Wilson
John Windsor
David Wood
Mark Workman
Brandan Wright
Chris Wright
Dorell Wright
Y[edit]
Tim Young
Z[edit]
Zeke Zawoluk
References[edit]
General
"Golden State Warriors Players". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Nick Jones". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ricky Marsh". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Howie Montgomery". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Elmore Morgenthaler". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "John Murphy". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bubba Wilson". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
[show]
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[show]
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Golden State Warriors
Founded in 1946
Played in Philadelphia (1946–1962) and San Francisco (1962–1971)
Based in Oakland, California
Franchise
Franchise
Team history
All-time roster
Draft history
Seasons
Head coaches
Current season
Arenas
Philadelphia Arena
Philadelphia Convention Hall
Cow Palace
San Francisco Civic Auditorium
War Memorial Gymnasium (University of San Francisco)
San Jose Arena
Oracle Arena
Chase Center
General managers
Tyrell
Gottlieb
Feerick
Vertlieb
Stirling
Attles
Nelson
Twardzik
St. Jean
Mullin
Riley
Myers
G League affiliate
Santa Cruz Warriors
Retired numbers
13
14
16
17
24
42
Hall of Famers
Paul Arizin
Rick Barry
Wilt Chamberlain
Joe Fulks
Tom Gola
Neil Johnston
Jerry Lucas
Šarūnas Marčiulionis
Chris Mullin
Mitch Richmond
Don Nelson
Robert Parish
Andy Phillip
Guy Rodgers
Ralph Sampson
Nate Thurmond
Jamaal Wilkes
NBA Championships (5)
1947
1956
1975
2015
2017
Conference Championships (9)
1947
1948
1956
1964
1967
1975
2015
2016
2017
Culture/lore
Wilt the Stilt
100 point game
Nate the Great
Nellie Ball
Run TMC
The Sleepy Floyd game
Splash Brothers
Death lineup
Warrior Girls
73–9
The Block
Rivalries
Cleveland Cavaliers
Media
TV
NBC Sports Bay Area
Radio
KGMZ
Announcers
Bob Fitzgerald
Jim Barnett
Tim Roye
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text:
United States presidential approval rating
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Approval ratings of Barack Obama by state in 2015—approval of the president was highest in Hawaii (at 58 percent) and lowest in West Virginia (at 24 percent)
>50%
40–49%
30–39%
<30%
In the United States, presidential job approval ratings were introduced by George Gallup in the late 1930s (probably 1937) to gauge public support for the President of the United States during his term. An approval rating is a percentage determined by a polling which indicates the percentage of respondents to an opinion poll who approve of a particular person or program. Typically, an approval rating is given to a political figure based on responses to a poll in which a sample of people are asked whether they approve or disapprove of that particular political figure. A typical question might ask:
Do you approve or disapprove of the way [Donald Trump] is handling his job as president?[1]
Like most surveys that predict public opinion, the approval rating is subjective. Many unscientific approval rating systems exist that skew popular opinion. However, the approval rating is generally accepted as a statistically valid indicator of the comparative changes in the popular United States mood regarding a president.
Contents
[hide]
1 President Donald Trump
2 Historical comparison
2.1 Graphs
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
President Donald Trump[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration
Most recent polls for President Donald Trump:[2][3][4]
Polling group
Date
Approval
Disapproval
Unsure
Net +/-
Sample size[4]
Population[4]
Rasmussen Reports[a][5] May 7–9, 2018 48% 50% 2% -2% 1500 !≈1,500 Likely voters
Ipsos/Reuters[6] May 3–7, 2018 44% 54% 2% -10% 1,387 All adults
CBS News[b][7] May 3–6, 2018 40% 55% 6% -15% 1,101 All adults
Gallup Poll[c][8] May 7 – May 13, 2018 43% 52% 5% -9% 1500 !≈1,500 All adults
CNN[d][9] May 2–5, 2018 41% 53% 6% -12% 1015 !1,015 All adults
Investor's Business Daily/TIPP[10] April 26 – May 4, 2018 38% 56% 1% -18% 900 All adults
Pew Research Center[11] April 25 – May 1, 2018 39% 54% 6% -15% 1503 !1,503 All adults
Monmouth University[12] April 26–30, 2018 41% 50% 9% -9% 803 All adults
Kaiser Family Foundation[e][13] April 20–30, 2018 40% 55% 5% -15% 2,000 All adults
Fox News[f][14] April 22–24, 2018 44% 53% 3% -9% 1,014 Registered voters
Quinnipiac University[15] April 20–24, 2018 39% 54% 7% -15% 1,193 Registered voters
NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist[16] April 10–13, 2018 38% 54% 8% -16% 1,011 All adults
ABC News/Washington Post[g][17] April 8–11, 2018 40% 56% 4% -16% 1,002 All adults
NBC News/Wall Street Journal[h][18] April 8–11, 2018 39% 57% 4% -18% 900 All adults
CNBC[i][19] March 17–20, 2018 39% 50% 11% -11% 801 All adults
George Washington University[j][20] March 4–8, 2018 42% 55% 4% -13% 1,000 Likely voters
Suffolk University/USA Today[21] February 20–24, 2018 38% 60% 3% -22% 1000 !1,000 Registered voters
Public Policy Polling[22] February 9–11, 2018 44% 50% 6% -6% 0687 !687 Registered voters
Public Religion Research Institute[k][23] October 18–30, 2017 41% 54% 5% -13% 2019 !2,019 All adults
Washington Post/University of Maryland[24] September 27–October 5, 2017 37% 63% 1% -26% 1663 !1,663 All adults
Bloomberg News[l][25] July 8–12, 2017 40% 56% 4% -16% 1001 !1,001 All adults
Historical comparison[edit]
Historical Gallup Poll approval highs and lows for each president since 1937:[26][27][28][m]
Order
President
Highest approval
Lowest approval
High –
Low
Highest disapproval
Highest margin
Lowest margin
Final poll
Approval
average[26]
Polls
per year
45[29][30] Trump 45 (01/24/17) 33 (10/29/17, 12/01/17) 13 62 (10/29/17, 10/30/17, 12/01/17) 1 (01/24/17) −31 (10/29/17, 12/01/17) 39.1[30][31]
44[32][33] Obama 69 (01/24/09) 38 (09/05/14)[n] 31 57 (10/10/14) 56 (01/23-24/09) −18 (10/10/14) 59 (01/19/17) 47.9 348.4
43[34] G.W. Bush 90 (9/21/01) 25 (10/05/08, 10/12/08, 11/02/08) 65 71 (10/10/08) 83 (09/22/01) −46 (10/12/08) 34 (01/11/09) 49.4 33.7
42[35] Clinton 73 (12/19/98) 37 (06/06/93) 36 54 (09/07/94) 45 (12/17/00) −14 (09/07/94) 66 (01/14/01) 55.1 28.5
41[36] G.H.W. Bush 89 (02/28/91) 29 (08/02/92, 10/13/92) 60 60 (07/31/92) 82 (03/03/91) −30 (08/02/92, 10/13/92) 56 (01/11/93) 60.9 39.5
40[37] Reagan 71 (01/30/86) 35 (01/31/83) 36 56 (01/28/83) 52 (01/30/86) −21(01/31/83) 63 (12/29/88) 52.8 37.0
39[38] Carter 74 (03/15/77) 28 (06/26/79, 10/02/79) 46 59 (06/26/79) 66 (03/15/77) −31 (06/26/79) 34 (12/08/80) 45.5 22.7
38[39] Ford 70 (08/13/74) 36 (03/25/75) 34 46 (04/15/75, 11/18/75) 26 (08/13/74) −7 (02/25/75, 03/25/75, 04/15/75) 53 (12/13/76) 47.2 14.7
37[40] Nixon 66 (01/23/73) 24 (01/02/74) 42 66 (08/05/74) 57 (03/17/69) −42 (08/05/74) 24 (08/05/74) 49.1 17.7
36[41] Johnson 79 (03/05/64) 34 (08/12/68) 45 52 (08/12/68) 75 (12/10/63) −18 (08/12/68) 49 (01/06/69) 55.1 15.3
35[42] Kennedy 83 (03/05/62) 56 (09/10/63) 27 30 (09/12/63, 11/08/63) 78 (03/05/62) 27 (09/10/63) 58 (11/13/63) 70.1 13.7
34[43] Eisenhower 77 (11/22/55, 12/19/56) 47 (03/25/58) 30 36 (03/25/58) 66 (04/02/53, 12/19/56) 12 (03/25/58) 59 (12/13/60) 65.0 14.4
33[44] Truman 87 (08/22/45) 22 (11/16/51, 02/14/52) 65 67 (01/06/52) 85(08/22/45) −43 (01/04/52) 32 (12/16/52) 45.4 8.4
32[45] F. D. Roosevelt 83 (01/08/42) 48 (08/18/39) 35 46 (05/22/38, 05/29/38, 11/07/38) 73 (01/23/42) 65 (12/15/43) 63
Graphs[edit]
Gallup Poll graphs of approval ratings for Presidents of the United States:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
See also[edit]
Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States
Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Rolling 3-day average of 500 likely voters each day; no neutral/unsure choice.
Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS of Glen Mills, Pennsylvania.
Jump up ^ Weekly averages.
Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS.
Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS of Glen Mills, PA.
Jump up ^ Conducted by Anderson Robbins Research (D) and Shaw & Company Research (R).
Jump up ^ Conducted by Langer Research Associates and Abt Associates of Rockville, MD.
Jump up ^ Conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R).
Jump up ^ Conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R).
Jump up ^ Conducted by The Tarrance Group (R) and Lake Research Partners (D).
Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS.
Jump up ^ Conducted by Selzer & Company.
Jump up ^ Only the results of Gallup polls are included as no other poll results exist for presidents before President Clinton.
Jump up ^ Last of eight, sometimes overlapping, 3-day averages.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Presidential Approval Ratings – Donald Trump". Gallup. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trump - Polling Report". Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "President Trump Job Approval". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How (un)popular is Donald Trump?". fivethirtyeight.com. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trump Approval Index History". Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump approval at reuters.com". Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trump's Job Approval Ticks Up". May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump Job Approval (Weekly)". Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "CNN May 2018" (PDF). May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Investor's Business Daily/TIPP Poll - May 2018" (PDF). May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "MAY 2018 POLITICAL SURVEY" (PDF). May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Public Not Fazed by Unconventional Presidency; Trump Ratings Stable". May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: Preview of the Role of Health Care in the 2018 Midterm Campaigns". May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fox News Poll". April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump Gets Better Grades On North Korea, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; But Voters Say Trump Is Making World Less Safe". April 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll of 1,011 National Adults" (PDF). April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Washington Post-ABC News poll April 8-11, 2018". April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NBC News/Wall Street Journal Survey" (PDF). April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "CNBC AAES First Quarter Survey" (PDF). March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "GW Battleground (LXIII)" (PDF). March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Suffolk University/USA TODAY FINAL" (PDF). March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Democrats Lead by 8 Points On Generic House Ballot Nationally" (PDF). February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PRRI 2017 American Values Survey" (PDF). December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Washington Post-University of Maryland Democracy Poll, Sept. 27-Oct. 5, 2017". October 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bloomberg News National Poll". July 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Presidential Approval Ratings – Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends". Gallup. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lydia Saad (March 29, 2017). "Trump's Approval Rating Unusually Low, Unusually Early". Gallup. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project at UC Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ "Gallup Daily: Trump Job Approval". Gallup. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trump Job Approval (Weekly)". Gallup. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Jones (April 24, 2018). "Trump's Fifth-Quarter Job Approval Up; Still Historically Low". Gallup.
Jump up ^ Graphical display and numbers of Gallup "daily tracking" polls
Jump up ^ "Presidential Approval Ratings -- Barack Obama".
Jump up ^ "Gallup.com". Gallup.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Inc., Gallup,. "Presidential Approval Ratings -- Bill Clinton". gallup.com. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for George Bush at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Ronald Reagan at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Jimmy Carter at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Gerald Ford at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Richard Nixon at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Lyndon B. Johnson at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for John F. Kennedy at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Dwight Eisenhower at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Harry Truman at the American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Franklin D. Roosevelt at the American Presidency Project.
External links[edit]
Historical Presidential Job Performance Ratings – Roper Center
Trump approval ratings at fivethirtyeight.com
Historical Midterm Presidential Approval Ratings Data from Data360
President Job Approval Ratings
Historical Presidential Approval Ratings 1945–2009 from the Wall Street Journal
President Obama's Ongoing Job Approval (CongressRatings)
[hide]
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Black Death in England
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The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term "Black Death" was not used until the late 17th century.
Originating in China, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony. The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector.
The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth, Dorset, from Gascony in June 1348.[1] By autumn, the plague had reached London, and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country, before dying down by December. Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information, and a figure of 40–60% of the population is widely accepted.
The English government handled the crisis well, and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe. The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years' War. In the long term, the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour, with subsequent rise in wages, resisted by the landowners, which caused deep resentment among the lower classes. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment, and even though the rebellion was suppressed, in the long term serfdom was ended in England. The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts, and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular.
In 1361–62 the plague returned to England, this time causing the death of around 20% of the population. After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, in local or national outbreaks. From this point on its effect became less severe, and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665–66.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 England in mid 14th Century
1.2 The Black Death
2 Progress of the plague
3 Medical practice
4 Victims
4.1 Death toll
4.1.1 Impact of the Black Death: 1349
4.2 Social distribution
5 Consequences
5.1 Economic, social and political effects
5.2 Religious and cultural consequences
6 Recurrences
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
Background[edit]
England in mid 14th Century[edit]
The Battle of Crécy established England as a military power.
It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million.[2] The number is probably in the higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely.[3] Earlier demographic crises − in particular the Great Famine of 1315–1317 − had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348.[4] England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90% of the population lived on the countryside.[5] Of the major cities, London was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants.[6] Further down the scale were Norwich, with around 12,000 people, and York with around 10,000.[5] The main export, and the source of the nation's wealth, was wool. Until the middle of the century the export had consisted primarily of raw wool to cloth makers in Flanders. Gradually though, the technology for cloth making used on the Continent was appropriated by English manufacturers, who started an export of cloths around mid-century that would boom over the following decades.[7]
Politically, the kingdom was evolving into a major European power, through the youthful and energetic kingship of Edward III.[8] In 1346, the English had won a decisive battle over the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross,[9] and it seemed that Edward III would realise his grandfather Edward I's ambition of bringing the Scots under the suzerainty of the English crown.[10] The English were also experiencing military success on the continent. Less than two months before the Battle of Neville's Cross, a numerically inferior English army led by the king himself won a spectacular victory over the French royal forces at the Battle of Crécy.[11] The victory was immediately followed by Edward laying siege to the port city of Calais. When the city fell the next year, this provided the English with a strategically important enclave that would remain in their possession for over two centuries.[12]
The Black Death[edit]
Main article: Black Death
The migration of the Black Death across Europe
The term "Black Death" – which refers to the first and most serious outbreak of the Second Pandemic – was not used by contemporaries, who preferred such names as the "Great Pestilence" or the "Great Mortality".[13] It was not until the seventeenth century that the term under which we know the outbreak today became common , probably derived from Scandinavian languages.[14] It is generally agreed today that the disease in question was plague, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria.[15] These bacteria are carried by fleas, which can be transferred to humans through contact with rats. Flea bites carry the disease into the lymphatic system, through which it makes its way to the lymph nodes. Here the bacteria multiply and form swellings called buboes, from which the term bubonic plague is derived.[16] After three or four days the bacteria enter the bloodstream, and infect organs such as the spleen and the lungs. The patient will then normally die after a few days.[17] A different strain of the disease is pneumonic plague, where the bacteria become airborne and enter directly into the patient's lungs. This strain is far more virulent, as it spreads directly from person to person. These types of infection probably both played a significant part in the Black Death, while a third strain was more rare. This is the septicaemic plague, where the flea bite carries the bacteria directly into the blood stream, and death occurs very rapidly.[18]
A study reported in 2011 of skeletons exhumed from the "Black Death" cemetery in East Smithfield London found Yersina Pestis DNA. An archeological dig in the vicinity of Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire was reported in the science section of The Guardian for November 30, 2016 not only confirming evidence of the Yersina Pestis DNA in the human remains exhumed there but also dated them to mid-1349.
Genotyping showed that it was [at that time] a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the "Black Death" was bubonic plague. Modern medical knowledge suggests that because it was a new strain human immune system would have had little or no defense against it, which helps to explain its virulence and high death rates.[19]
The "Black Death" seems to have originated in Central Asia, where Yersina Pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population. It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents.[20] The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347, through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea.[21] From here it reached Sicily in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread all over the Italian mainland.[22] It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris in June 1348. Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time.[23]
Progress of the plague[edit]
In this year, in Melcombe, in the county of Dorset, a little before the Feast of St. John the Baptist, two ships, one of them from Bristol, came alongside. One of the sailors had brought with him from Gascony the seeds of the terrible pestilence and through him the men of the town of Melcombe were the first in England to be infected.
Grey Friars' Chronicle[24]
According to the chronicle of the grey friars at King's Lynn, the plague arrived by ship from Gascony to Melcombe in Dorset – today normally referred to as Weymouth – shortly before "the Feast of St. John The Baptist" on 24 June 1348.[25] Other sources mention different points of arrival, including Bristol and Southampton.[26] Though the plague might have arrived independently at Bristol at a later point, the Grey Friars' Chronicle is considered the most authoritative account.[27] If it is assumed that the chronicle reports the first outbreak of the plague, rather than its actual arrival, then the arrival most likely happened around 8 May.[28]
From Weymouth the disease spread rapidly across the south-west. The first major city to be struck was Bristol.[29] London was reached in the autumn of 1348, before most of the surrounding countryside. This had certainly happened by November, though according to some accounts as early as 29 September.[30] Arrival in London happened by three principal roads: overland from Weymouth – through Salisbury and Winchester – overland from Gloucester, and along the coast by ship.[31] The full effect of the plague was felt in the capital early the next year.[32] Conditions in London were ideal for the plague: the streets were narrow and flowing with sewage, and houses were overcrowded and poorly ventilated.[33] By March 1349 the disease was spreading in a haphazard way across all of southern England.[34]
During the first half of 1349 the Black Death spread northwards. A second front opened up when the plague arrived by ship at the Humber, wherefrom it spread both south and north.[35] In May it reached York, and during the summer months of June, July and August, it ravaged the north.[36] Certain northern counties, like Durham and Cumberland, had been the victim of violent incursions from the Scots, and were therefore left particularly vulnerable to the devastations of the plague.[37] Pestilence is less virulent during the winter months, and spreads less rapidly.[38] The Black Death in England had survived the winter of 1348–49, but during the following winter it gave in, and by December 1349 conditions were returning to relative normalcy.[39] It had taken the disease approximately 500 days to traverse the entire country.[40]
Medical practice[edit]
In order to treat patients infected with the plague, various methods were used including sweating, bloodletting, forced vomiting, and urinating.[41] Several symptoms of the illness included blotches, hardening of the glands under the groin and underarms, and dementia.[42] Within the initial phase of the disease, bloodletting was performed on the same side of where the physical manifestations of the buboes or risings appeared. For instance, if a rising appeared on the right side of the groin the physician would bleed a vein in the ankle on the same side.[43] In the case of sweating, it was achieved with such medicines as Mithridate, Venice-Treacle, Matthiolus, Bezoar-Water, Serpentary Roots and Electuarium de Ovo.[44] Sweating was used when measures were desperate; if a patient had tokens, a severe version of risings, the physician would wrap the naked patient in a blanket drenched in cold water. This measure was only performed while the patient still had natural heat in his system. The desired effect was to make the patient sweat violently and thus purge all corruption from the blood which was caused by the disease.[45]
Another practice was the use of pigeons when treating swellings. Swellings which were white in appearance and deep were unlikely to break and must be anointed with Oil of Lillies or Camomil.[46] Once the swelling rises to a head and is red in appearance and not deep in the flesh, it can be broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon's tail. The feather's fundament was held to the swelling and would draw out the venom. However, if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance since it had taken in coldness, the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling. If it was too late to prevent, the physician would take the young pigeon, cut her open from breast to back, break her open and apply the pigeon (while still alive) over the cold swelling. The cupping therapy was an alternative method which was heated and then placed over the swellings. Once the sore was broken, the physician would apply Mellilot Plaister with Linimentum Arcei and heal the sore with digence.[47]
Victims[edit]
Death toll[edit]
Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country,[48] it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90%.[49] Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25% to over 60% of the total population.
The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in his 1948 British Medieval Population. Russell looked at inquisitions post mortem (IPMs) – taken by the crown to assess the wealth of the greatest landowners after their death – to assess the mortality caused by the Black Death, and from this arrived at an estimate of 23.6% of the entire population.[50] He also looked at episcopal registers for the death toll among the clergy, where the result was between 30–40%.[51] Russell believed the clergy was at particular risk of contagion, and eventually concluded with a low mortality level of only 20%.[52]
Several of Russell's assumptions have been challenged, and the tendency since has been to adjust the assessment upwards.[53] Philip Ziegler, in 1969, estimated the death rate to be at around one third of the population.[54] Jeremy Goldberg, in 1996, believed a number closer to 45% would be more realistic.[55] A 2004 study by Ole Jørgen Benedictow suggests the exceptionally high mortality level of 62.5%.[56] Assuming a population of 6 million, this estimate would correspond to 3,750,000 deaths. Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole, of 60%.[56] A death rate at such a high level has not been universally accepted in the historical community.[57]
In 2016, Carenza Lewis reported the results of a new method of assessing the death toll. She argues that pottery before and after the Black Death is datable because there was a change at that time from the high medieval to the late medieval style, and that counts of pottery of each type therefore provide a useful proxy for long term changes in population. She and her colleagues analysed pottery sherds from test pits in over fifty continuously occupied rural settlements in eastern England, and found a decline in the number of pottery producing pits of 45%. Norfolk had the greatest drop of 65%, while there was no drop in 10% of settlements, mostly commercial centres.[58]
Impact of the Black Death: 1349[edit]
Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of ‘great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air’.
The ‘Great Mortality’, as it was then known, entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese. The clergy were on the front line of the disease, bringing comfort to the dying, hearing final confessions and organising burials. This, almost by necessity, put them at a greater risk of infection.
Estimates suggest that the death rate of clergy in some parts of the archdiocese could have been as high as 48%. This is reflected in the Ordination Register, which shows a massive rise in ordained clergy over the period – some being recruited before the arrival of plague in a clerical recruitment drive, but many once plague had arrived, replacing those who had been killed. The nation's population decreased by a third causing a labor shortage and giving the lower class negotiating power against their overlords.[59] In 1346, 111 priests and 337 acolytes were recruited. In 1349, 299 priests and 683 acolytes are named, with 166 priests being ordained in one session alone in February 1350.”[60]
Social distribution[edit]
Russell trusted the IPMs to give a true picture of the national average, because he assumed death rates to be relatively equal across the social spectrum.[61] This assumption has later been proven wrong, and studies of peasant plague mortality from manor rolls have returned much higher rates. This could be a consequence of the elite's ability to avoid infection by escaping plague-infected areas. It could also result from lower post-infection mortality among those more affluent, due to better access to care and nursing.[62] If so, this would also mean that the mortality rates for the clergy – who were normally better off than the general population – were no higher than the average.[63]
...destructive Death (who seizes young and old alike, sparing no one and reducing rich and poor to the same level) has lamentably snatched from both of us our dearest daughter, (whom we loved best of all, as her virtues demanded).
Edward III in a letter to King Alfonso of Castile[64]
The manorial records offer a good opportunity to study the geographical distribution of the plague. Its effect seems to have been about the same all over England,[65] though a place like East Anglia, which had frequent contact with the Continent, was severely affected.[66] On a local level, however, there were great variations. A study of the Bishop of Worcester's estates reveal that, while his manors of Hartlebury and Hambury had a mortality of only 19%, the manor of Aston lost as much as 80% of its population.[67] The manor rolls are less useful for studying the demographic distribution of the mortality, since the rolls only record the heads of households, normally an adult male.[68] Here the IPMs show us that the most vulnerable to the disease were infants and the elderly.[69]
There seem to have been very few victims of the Black Death at higher levels of society.[70] The only member of the royal family who can be said with any certainty to have died from the Black Death was in France at the time of her infection. Edward III's daughter Joan was residing in Bordeaux on her way to marry Pedro of Castile in the summer of 1348. When the plague broke out in her household she was moved to a small village nearby, but she could not avoid infection, and died there on 2 September.[71] It is possible that the popular religious author Richard Rolle, who died on 30 September 1349, was another victim of the Black Death.[72] The English philosopher William of Ockham has been mentioned as a plague victim.[73] This, however, is an impossibility. Ockham was living in Munich at the time of his death, on 10 April 1347, two years before the Black Death reached that city.[74]
Consequences[edit]
Economic, social and political effects[edit]
Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading morals instead.[75] The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion. In 1349, King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers, fixing wages at pre-plague levels. The ordinance was reinforced by Parliament's passing of the Statute of Labourers in 1351.[76] The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades.[77]
Peasants' Revolt: rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed on the left, while the young Richard II pacifies the crowd on the right.
These legislative measures proved largely inefficient at regulating the market, but the government's repressive measures to enforce them caused public resentment.[78] These conditions were contributing factors to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The revolt started in Kent and Essex in late May, and once the rebels reached London they burnt down John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace, and killed both the Chancellor and the Treasurer. They then demanded the complete abolition of serfdom, and were not pacified until the young King Richard II personally intervened.[79] The rebellion was eventually suppressed, but the social changes it promoted were already irreversible. By around 1400 serfdom was virtually extinct in England, replaced by the form of tenure called copyhold.[80]
It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-fourteenth century, without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the Valois government of France.[81] To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington, whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis.[81] The plague's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war, where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355.[82]
Another notable consequence of the Black Death was the raising of the real wage of England (due to the shortage of labour as a result of the reduction in population), a trait shared across Western Europe, which in general led to a real wage in 1450 that was unmatched in most countries until the 19th or 20th century.[83] The higher wages for workers combined with sinking prices on grain products led to a problematic economic situation for the gentry. As a result, they started to show an increased interest for offices like justice of the peace, sheriff and member of parliament. The gentry took advantage of their new positions and a more systematic corruption than before spread. A result of this was that the gentry as a group became highly disliked by commoners.[84]
Religious and cultural consequences[edit]
The omnipresence of death also inspired greater piety in the upper classes, which can be seen in the fact that three Cambridge colleges were founded during or shortly after the Black Death.[85] England did not experience the same trend of roving bands of flagellants, common on the continent.[86] Neither were there any pogroms against the Jews, since the Jews had been expelled by Edward I in 1290.[86] In the long run, however, the increase in public participation may have served to challenge the absolute authority of the church hierarchy, and thus possibly helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.[citation needed]
The high rate of mortality among the clergy naturally led to a shortage of priests in many parts of the country.[72] The clergy were seen to have an elevated status among ordinary people and this was partly due to their closeness with God, being his envoys on earth. However, as the church itself had given the cause of the Black Death to be the impropriety of the behaviour of men, the higher death rate among the clergy led the people to lose faith in the Church as an institution − it had proved as ineffectual against the horror of Y. Pestis as every other medieval institution. The corruption within the Catholic priesthood also angered the English people. Many priests abandoned the terrified people. Others sought benefits from the rich families who needed burials. The dissatisfaction led to anti-clericalism and the rise of John Wycliffe, an English priest. His ideas paved a path for the Christian reformation in England. Some people didn't lose their Christian faith, if anything it was renewed; they began to long for a more personal relationship with God − around the time after the Black Death many chantries (private chapels) began to spread in use from not just the nobility, but to among the well to do.[87] This change in the power of the papacy in England is demonstrated by the statutes of Praemunire.
The Black Death also affected arts and culture significantly. It was inevitable that a catastrophe of such proportions would affect some of the greater building projects, as the amount of available labour fell sharply. The building of the cathedrals of Ely and Exeter was temporarily halted in the years immediately following the first outbreak of the plague.[88] The shortage of labour also helped advance the transition from the Decorated style of building to the less elaborate Perpendicular style.[89] The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English, as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled. This, in turn, would have contributed to the late-fourteenth century flowering of English literature, represented by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower.[90]
Recurrences[edit]
In his diaries, Samuel Pepys gave a vivid description of the Great Plague of London; one of the last outbreaks of the Second Pandemic.
The Black Death was the first occurrence of the Second Pandemic,[91] which would continue to strike England and the rest of Europe more or less regularly until the eighteenth century. The first serious recurrence in England came in the years 1361−62. We know less about the death rates caused by these later outbreaks,[92] but this so-called pestis secunda may have had a mortality of around 20%.[93] This epidemic was also particularly devastating for the population's ability to recover, since it disproportionately affected infants and young men.[94] This was also the case with the next occurrence, in 1369, where the death rate was around 10−15%.[93]
Over the following decades the plague would return – on a national or a regional level – at intervals of five to twelve years, with gradually dwindling death tolls. Then, in the decades from 1430 to 1480, the disease returned in force. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%.[93] From this point on outbreaks became fewer and more manageable. This was to a large extent the result of conscious efforts by central and local governments – from the late fifteenth century onwards – to curtail the disease.[95] By the seventeenth century the Second Pandemic was over. One of its last occurrences in England was the famous Great Plague of London in 1665–66.[96]
See also[edit]
Globalization and disease
Abandoned village
Depopulation
Medieval demography
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
List of Bubonic plague outbreaks
List of epidemics
References[edit]
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• Benedictow 2004, p. 123
Jump up ^ Harvey, Barbara F. (1991). "Introduction: The 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century". In B.M.S. Campbell. Before the Black Death: Studies in The 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 1–24. ISBN 0-7190-3208-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Ziegler 2003, p. 119
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Jump up ^ "death, n.". Oxford Dictionary of English. Retrieved 2009-01-06. (Subscription required (help)).
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Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_02.shtml BBC British History—Middle Ages—Black Death Arrival
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Jump up ^ Eminent Physician, "Treatise of the pestilence, with its pre-vision, pro-vision and pre-vention, and the doctor's method of cure. From the manuscript of an eminent physician, who practis'd in the last great plague in London", London: printed for J. Roberts, 1721, p. 19
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Jump up ^ Eminent Physician, 1721, pp. 21–22
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Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003, p. 129 Benedictow 2004, p. 383
Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003, p. 227
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Jump up ^ Russell 1948, pp. 220–3
Jump up ^ Russell 1948, p. 367
Jump up ^ Hatcher 1994, p. 9
Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003, p. 230
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Jeremy (1996). "Introduction". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. p. 4. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Benedictow 2004, p. 383
Jump up ^ Horrox, Rosemary (2006). "The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History (review)". English Historical Review. cxxi: 197–9. doi:10.1093/ehr/cej012.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2016, pp. 77–97
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Jump up ^ “Impact of the Black Death: 1349.”
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Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004, p. 377
Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004, pp. 342–53
Jump up ^ Horrox 1994, p. 250
Jump up ^ Horrox 1994, pp. 235–36
Jump up ^ Gottfried 1983, pp. 65–66
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Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005, p. 546
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^ Jump up to: a b Hatcher 2008, p. 248
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• Prestwich 2005, p. 548
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Jump up ^ Harriss, Gerald (2005). Shaping the Nation: England, 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 447–8. ISBN 0-19-822816-3.
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^ Jump up to: a b Ormrod 1986, pp. 175–88
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Jump up ^ Allen, R.C. ‘The Great divergence in European wages and prices from the middle ages to the First World War’, Explorations in Economic History, 38 (2001), pp. 411–47
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Jump up ^ The three were Gonville and Caius (1348), Trinity Hall (1350) and Corpus Christi (1352); Herlihy 1997, pp. 69–70
^ Jump up to: a b Harper-Bill 1996, p. 107
Jump up ^ Kelly, John (3 January 2006). The Great Mortality; An Intimate History of the Black Death. Harper Perennial. p. 384. ISBN 0-00-715070-9.
Jump up ^ Lindley 1996, p. 143
Jump up ^ Lindley 1996, pp. 129, 137
Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003, p. 253
Jump up ^ The first was the Plague of Justinian that affected the Byzantine Empire in the sixth to eight centuries A.D., while the Third Pandemic – active from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century – had its greatest effect on China and India; Benedictow 2004, pp. 35–44
Jump up ^ Bolton 1996, p. 27
^ Jump up to: a b c Gottfried 1983, p. 131
Jump up ^ Bolton 1996, p. 37
Jump up ^ Ormrod 1996, p. 147
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Sources[edit]
Benedictow, Ole J. (2004). The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-943-5.
Bolton, Jim (1996). "'The world upside down': plague as an agent of economic and social change". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 17–78. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Deaux, George (1969). The Black Death, 1347. London: Hamilton. ISBN 978-0679400110.
Goldberg, Jeremy (1996). "Introduction". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 1–15. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Gottfried, Robert S. (1983). The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. London: Hale. ISBN 0-7090-1299-3.
Harper-Bill, Christopher (1996). "The English church and English religion after the Black Death". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 79–123. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Hatcher, John (1977). Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348-1530. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-21293-2.
Hatcher, John (1994). "England in the aftermath of the Black Death". Past & Present. cxliv: 3–35. doi:10.1093/past/144.1.3.
Hatcher, John (2008). The Black Death: An Intimate History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84475-4.
Herlihy, David (1997). The Black Death and the transformation of the West. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-7509-3202-3.
Hilton, Rodney; Dyer, Christopher (2003). Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31614-6.
Horrox, Rosemary (1994). The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3497-3.
Lewis, Carenza (June 2016). "Disaster recovery: new archaeological evidence for the long-term impact of the 'calamitous' fourteenth century". Antiquity. 90 (351).
Lindley, Phillip (1996). "The Black Death and English art: a debate and some assumptions". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 124–46. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Ormrod, Mark (1986). "The English government and the Black Death of 1348-49". In Mark Ormrod. England in the Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge: Boydell. pp. 175–88. ISBN 0-85115-448-4.
Ormrod, Mark; Lindley, P.G., eds. (1996). The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Ormrod, Mark (1996). "The politics of pestilence: government in England after the Black Death". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 147–81. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Ormrod, Mark (2000). "England: Edward II and Edward III". In Michael Jones (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6: c. 1300 - c. 1415. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36290-3. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Prestwich, M.C. (2005). Plantagenet England: 1225–1360. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822844-9.
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