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War Powers Resolution
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War Powers Resolution
Long title
Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
November 7, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-148
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 555
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.J.Res. 542 by Clement J. Zablocki (D-WI) on May 3, 1973
Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs
Passed the House on July 10, 1973 (244–170)
Passed the Senate on July 20, 1973 (75–20)
Reported by the joint conference committee on October 4, 1973; agreed to by the Senate on October 10, 1973 (75–20) and by the House on October 12, 1973 (238–122)
Vetoed by President Richard Nixon on October 24, 1973
Overridden by the House on November 7, 1973 (284–135)
Overridden by the Senate and became law on November 7, 1973 (75–18)
U.S. Congressional opposition
to American involvement in
wars and interventions
1812 North America
House Federalists’ Address
1847 Mexican–American War
Spot Resolutions
1917 World War I
Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill
1935–1939
Neutrality Acts
1935–1940
Ludlow Amendment
1970 Vietnam
McGovern–Hatfield Amendment
1970 Southeast Asia
Cooper–Church Amendment
1971 Vietnam
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1973 Southeast Asia
Case–Church Amendment
1973
War Powers Resolution
1974
Hughes–Ryan Amendment
1976 Angola
Clark Amendment
1982 Nicaragua
Boland Amendment
2007 Iraq
House Concurrent Resolution 63
v
t
e
The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548)[1] is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution. It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."
The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period, without a Congressional authorization for use of military force (AUMF) or a declaration of war by the United States. The resolution was passed by two-thirds of Congress, overriding the veto of the bill from President Nixon.
It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past – for example, by President Bill Clinton in 1999, during the bombing campaign in Kosovo. Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
2.1 Background and passage
2.2 Implementation, 1993–2002
2.3 Libya intervention in 2011
2.4 Syrian 2012-2017
3 Questions regarding constitutionality
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Under the United States Constitution, war powers are divided. Under Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to:
declare War;
grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal (i.e., license private citizens to capture enemy vessels);
raise and support Armies (for terms up to two years at a time);
provide and maintain a Navy;
make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
provide for calling forth the Militia;
make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia; and
govern such Part of [the militia] as may be employed in the Service of the United States.
Section 8 further provides that the states have the power to:
Appoint the Officers of the militia; and
train the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.
Article II, Section 2 provides that:
"The president shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States;"
It is generally agreed that the commander-in-chief role gives the President power to repel attacks against the United States[3][4] and makes the President responsible for leading the armed forces. The President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts, such as a declaration of war, and Congress may override any such presidential veto. Additionally, when the president's actions (or inactions) provide "Aid and Comfort" to enemies or levy war against the United States, then Congress has the power to impeach and remove (convict) the president for treason. For actions short of treason, they can remove the president for "Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors", the definition of which the Supreme Court has left up to Congress. Therefore, the war power was intentionally split between Congress and the Executive to prevent unilateral executive action that is contrary to the wishes of Congress.
History[edit]
Background and passage[edit]
During the Korean and Vietnam wars, the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a declaration of war. Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war. It was prompted by news leaking out that President Nixon conducted secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War without notifying Congress.
The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973.
Implementation, 1993–2002[edit]
Presidents have submitted 130[5] reports to Congress as a result of the War Powers Resolution, although only one (the Mayagüez incident) cited Section 4(a)(1) and specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger.
Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution in the Multinational Force in Lebanon Act (P.L. 98-119), which authorized the Marines to remain in Lebanon for 18 months during 1982 and 1983. In addition, the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 (Pub.L. 102–1) which authorized United States combat operations against Iraqi forces during the 1991 Gulf War, stated that it constituted specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution.
On November 9, 1994, the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to state that U.S. forces should be withdrawn from Somalia by March 31, 1994; Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation. More recently under President Clinton, war powers were at issue in former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, and Haiti, and under President George W. Bush in responding to terrorist attacks against the U.S. after September 11, 2001. "[I]n 1999, President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed. Even then, however, the Clinton legal team opined that its actions were consistent with the War Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation, which they argued constituted implicit authorization. That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization."[6] Clinton's actions in Kosovo were challenged by a member of Congress as a violation of the War Powers Resolution in the D.C. Circuit case Campbell v. Clinton, but the court found the issue was a non-justiciable political question.[7] It was also accepted that because Clinton had withdrawn from the region 12 days prior the 90-day required deadline, he had managed to comply with the act.[8]
After the 1991 Gulf War, the use of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with United Nations resolutions, particularly through enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones, remained a war powers issue. In October 2002 Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Pub.L. 107–243 which authorized President George W. Bush to use force as necessary to defend the United States against Iraq and enforce relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions.[9] This was in addition to the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists enacted in 2001.
Libya intervention in 2011[edit]
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to Congress in March 2011 that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it, despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution.[10][11] During that classified briefing, she reportedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution's provision regarding a 60-day limit on unauthorized military actions.[12] Months later, she stated that, with respect to the military operation in Libya, the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties, and the New York Times reported that, while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution, there was little precedent for exceeding the 60-day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions – a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional.[13][14] The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no "hostility" in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution, contrary to legal interpretations in 2011 by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.[15][16][17]
May 20, 2011, marked the 60th day of US combat in Libya (as part of the UN resolution) but the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific authorization from the US Congress.[18] President Obama notified Congress that no authorization was needed,[19] since the US leadership had been transferred to NATO,[20] and since US involvement was somewhat "limited". In fact, as of April 28, 2011, the US had conducted 75 percent of all aerial refueling sorties, supplied 70 percent of the operation's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, and contributed 24 percent of the total aircraft used in the operation.[21] By September, the US had conducted 26 percent of all military sorties, contributing more resources to Operation Unified Protector than any other NATO country.[22] The State Department requested (but never received) express congressional authorization.[16][23]
On Friday, June 3, 2011, the US House of Representatives voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya, which they considered a violation of the War Powers Resolution.[24][25] In The New York Times, an opinion piece by Yale Law Professor Bruce Ackerman stated that Obama's position "lacks a solid legal foundation. And by adopting it, the White House has shattered the traditional legal process the executive branch has developed to sustain the rule of law over the past 75 years."[26]
Syrian 2012-2017[edit]
See also: 2017 Shayrat missile strike, Syrian Train and Equip Program, and Timber Sycamore
In or about 2013, at the direction of U.S. President Barack Obama, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was put in charge of a covert program to arm and train the rebels who were fighting against Syrian President Assad,[27] while the State Department supplied the moderate rebels of the Free Syrian Army with non-lethal aid. The Assad regime used chemical weapons on several occasions during the civil war, including a well publicized attack in Ghouta on 21 August 2013. Following the attacks, Obama asked Congress for authorization to use military force in Syria, which Congress rejected. Instead, Congress passed a bill that specified that the Defense Secretary was authorized "...to provide assistance, including training, equipment, supplies, and sustainment, to appropriately vetted elements of the Syrian opposition and other appropriately vetted Syrian groups and individuals..." The bill specifically prohibited the introduction of U.S. troops or other U.S. forces into hostilities. The bill said:
“Nothing in this section shall be construed to constitute a specific statutory authorization for the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein hostilities are clearly indicated by the circumstances.”[28]
In spite of the prohibition, President Obama, and later President Trump, introduced ground forces into Syria and the United States became fully engaged in the country. On April 6, 2017, the United States launched 59 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airbase in Syria in response to Syria's alleged use of chemical weapons. Constitutional scholar and law professor Stephen Vladeck has noted that the strike potentially violated the War Powers Resolution.[29]
Questions regarding constitutionality[edit]
See also: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution and War Powers Clause
The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed.[30] In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority.[31] Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Because the Constitution Article 1 Section 8 limits the President's authority in the use of force without a declaration of war by Congress, there is controversy as to whether the provisions of the resolution are consistent with the Constitution. Presidents have therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are "consistent with" the War Powers Resolution rather than "pursuant to" so as to take into account the presidential position that the resolution is unconstitutional.
One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by Philip Bobbitt[32] argues "The power to make war is not an enumerated power" and the notion that to "declare" war is to "commence" war is a "contemporary textual preconception". Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war, and that 'declaration' was meant for only total wars, as shown by the history of the Quasi-War with France (1798–1800). In general, constitutional powers are not so much separated as "linked and sequenced"; Congress's control over the armed forces is "structured" by appropriation, while the President commands; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized.[clarification needed] Bobbitt also argues that "A democracy cannot ... tolerate secret policies" because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action.
A second argument concerns a possible breach of the 'separation of powers' doctrine, and whether the resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions. This type of constitutional controversy is similar to one that occurred under President Andrew Johnson with the Tenure of Office Act (1867). In that prior instance, the Congress passed a law (over the veto of the then-President) that required the President to secure Congressional approval for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers. The Act was not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States until 1926.[33] When Andrew Johnson violated the Act, the House of Representatives impeached him; action in the Senate to remove him failed by one vote.
Here, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to "declare war", "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (Article 1, Section 8), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive has inherent authority as Commander in Chief. This argument does not address the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies by other statutes, nor does it address the provisions of Article I, Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the authority to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".
The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized "to provide and maintain a Navy" (Article 1 Section 8). The idea of "maintenance" of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense. Two types of Land Forces are described by the Constitution (Article 1 Section 8): the Militia (armed citizenry organized into local defense forces and state volunteer regiments) which Congress can "call forth" and prescribe the "organizing, arming, and disciplining [training]" of, as Congress did in the Militia acts of 1792; and the Army, which Congress can "raise and support", through regular appropriation acts limited to no more than two years. This division matches how the Revolutionary War was fought, by the Continental Army, raised and supported by the Continental Congress, and local Militias and Volunteer Regiments, raised by the separate Colonies. After the war, under the Articles of Confederation, a small standing Army, the First American Regiment was raised and gradually increased in size over time by Congress before, following the Constitution's ratification, being transformed into the Regular Army. The availability of a standing Army, and the President of the United States being authorized as "Commander in Chief", implies his ability as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his oath to defend the constitution.
There is also an unresolved legal question, discussed by Justice White in INS v. Chadha of whether a "key provision of the War Powers Resolution", namely 50 U.S.C. 1544(c), constitutes an improper legislative veto. (See Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 971.) That section 1544(c) states "such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution". Justice White argues in his dissent in Chadha that, under the Chadha ruling, 1544(c) would be a violation of the Presentment Clause. The majority in Chadha does not resolve the issue. Justice White does not address or evaluate in his dissent whether that section would fall within the inherent Congressional authority under Article I Section 8 to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".[citation needed]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "50 U.S. Code Chapter 33 - WAR POWERS RESOLUTION".
Jump up ^ "War Powers - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress".
Jump up ^ The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 318-19 (Max Farrand ed., rev. ed. 1966)(1911)
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance. Washington: The Service, 2011 (RL33532), Summary.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (2011-04-01) Clock Ticking on War Powers Resolution, The New York Times The Caucus Blog
Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton, 203, February 18, 2000, p. 19, retrieved 2017-02-23
Jump up ^ How War Powers, Congressional Action have Intersected Over Time The Wall Street Journal (2013-09-02)
Jump up ^ 107th Congress (October 10, 2002). "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Congress members grill administration officials on Libya mission". CNN. March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lillis, Mike; et al. (March 30, 2011). "White House briefing changes few minds on Libya involvement". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Crabtree, Susan (March 30, 2011). "Clinton To Congress: Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions". Talking Points Memo.
Jump up ^ Charlie Savage (May 26, 2011). "Libya Effort Is Called Violation of War Act". The New York Times. p. A8.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (June 18, 2011). "2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (June 18, 2011). "President overruled 2 key lawyers on debate over Libya war policy". The Seattle Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Cosgrove, Maureen. "State Department legal adviser: Obama acting lawfully in Libya", JURIST (June 28, 2011).
Jump up ^ "War Powers Act of 1973", The New York Times (June 29, 2011).
Jump up ^ Libya War Deadline Arrives Fox News
Jump up ^ "White House on War Powers Deadline: 'Limited' US Role in Libya Means No Need to Get Congressional Authorization", ABC News, May 20, 2011
Jump up ^ "Libya: Nato assumes control of military operation". BBC News. March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Owen, Robert (2015). "The U.S. Experience: National Strategy and Campaign Support". In Karl Mueller. Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War. Rand Corporation. p. 105.
Jump up ^ Dinan, Stephen, "Bipartisan Congress rebuffs Obama on Libya mission". The Washington Times, Saturday, June 4, 2011
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 3, 2011). "House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce. "Legal Acrobatics, Illegal War", The New York Times (June 21, 2011). Page A27.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Entous, Adam (February 17, 2015). "U.S. to Give Some Syria Rebels Ability to Call Airstrikes". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ September 19 2014. Congressional Record. https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-joint-resolution/124/text?overview=closed
Jump up ^ "Was Trump's Syria Strike Legal? An Expert Weighs In". Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The war powers resolution". US Department of State Bulletin. 1988-09-15. Retrieved 2008-07-09. "The War Powers Resolution has been controversial from the day it was adopted over President Nixon's veto. Since 1973, executive officials and many Members of Congress have criticized various aspects of the law repeatedly."
Jump up ^ War Powers Joint Resolution, §2(b).
Jump up ^ "War Powers: An Essay on John Hart Ely's War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath," Michigan Law Quarterly 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1364–1400.
Jump up ^ "Myers v. United States, 272 U. S. 52 (1926)".
References[edit]
Grimmett, Richard Z. (February 14, 2006). "CRS Report for Congress: War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (November 7, 1973). "War Powers Resolution of 1973 (Public Law 93-148)". The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (October 31, 1998). "H.R.4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-338)". IraqWatch.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
United States Congress (September 18, 2001). "Public Law 107-40: Joint Resolution: To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States (S.J. Res. 23)" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (October 16, 2002). "Public Law 107-243: Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (H. J. Res. 114)" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Kinkopf, Neil. "The Congress as Surge Protector" (PDF). American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-09-30. The Supreme Court has been clear and unambiguous. When Congress, acting in the vast areas of overlapping power, tells the President 'no', the President must comply.
Doumar, Robert G. (January 8, 2003). "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk (CA-02-439-2)" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Young, D. Lindley (February 24, 2003). "Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Appeal" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Library of Congress (March 12, 2012). "Research Help: War Powers" (text). United States Government Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
War Powers Resolution
Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution
The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years November 15, 2001 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice March 28, 2017 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance September 11, 2001 HTML
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance January 8, 2002 PDF
War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance March 16, 2004 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance November 15, 2004 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years
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WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: n78062856
VIAF: 185882082
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Last Forever
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Last Forever"
How I Met Your Mother episodes
Ted finally meets the Mother.
Episode nos.
Season 9
Episodes 23 (Part 1)
Episode 24 (Part 2)
Directed by
Pamela Fryman
Written by
Carter Bays and Craig Thomas
Original air date(s)
March 31, 2014 (2014-03-31)
Guest appearance(s)
Jim Nantz (himself)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The End of the Aisle" Next →
—
"Last Forever" is the final episode of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The episode serves as the 23rd and 24th episode of season nine, and the 207th and 208th episode overall; the episode's two parts are classified as two separate episodes. It aired on March 31, 2014.
"Last Forever" received a polarized response from fans and TV critics, primarily in regard to the final twist ending, the relationship between Ted and Robin, and the fate of the series' titular mother.[1] Many viewers expressed considerable disdain for the apparent disregard for character development, while some praised it for tying up loose ends.[2][3][4][5][6] However, additional praise was directed to the acting, especially Neil Patrick Harris's performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Part 1
1.2 Part 2
2 Production
3 Critical reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Part 1[edit]
In a flashback to September 2005, Ted (Josh Radnor), Marshall (Jason Segel), Lily (Alyson Hannigan) and Barney (Neil Patrick Harris) accept Robin (Cobie Smulders) into their group. Lily, optimistic about Robin's friendship, decrees that Ted and Barney cannot hook up with her unless they marry her, and Barney scoffs at the idea.
In May 2013, Ted discusses his move to Chicago with Marshall and Lily at Barney and Robin's wedding reception. Meanwhile, Barney recognizes the bass player—already introduced in previous episodes as the Mother (Cristin Milioti)—as the woman who advised him to pursue Robin. He approaches Ted with the intent to introduce her to him, but Ted declines the idea. After the group sadly bids Ted farewell, he goes to the Farhampton train station, where an elderly lady (Judith Drake) asks Ted many questions about destiny and spots the Mother standing nearby. Ted insists he can't talk to her because he's moving. The next night, Marshall and Lily are surprised to see Ted sitting at their table in MacLaren's. He tells them that he met a girl, which they approve after finding out she is the bass player from the wedding.
In 2015, Ted, now engaged, meets Robin and Barney at MacLaren's to discuss wedding ideas. As Robin goes to buy drinks, Barney admits their marriage is suffering because of Robin's rising career, which requires her to travel frequently. The Mother arrives and tells Ted they have to delay their wedding because she is pregnant.
In May 2016, Ted and the Mother host a get-together with the rest of the gang. Marshall is miserable at his new job, having been forced to return to being a corporate lawyer. Barney and Robin reveal that after three years of marriage, they have divorced. The mood turns positive when Barney realizes that Marshall and Lily are expecting their third child, but Lily is worried about the group breaking apart. Together they promise they will all be there for the big moments and will remain friends.
In October 2016, Marshall and Lily decide to move out of their old apartment and put together a final Halloween roof party. Robin is sad to see Ted and the Mother with matching "hanging chad" outfits, alongside Barney who has returned to his womanizing ways. She decides to leave and confesses to Lily that she can't be in the group any longer as she has outgrown them and still has unresolved feelings for Ted, which devastates Lily.
Part 2[edit]
In 2018, Barney gets ready for another night at MacLaren's, even though Ted and Lily, both being parents, aren't intending to stay out late. Marshall arrives and announces he is replacing a retiring judge in Queens, which prompts a celebration. When Barney attempts to score with a young woman, Lily blasts him for fully regressing into his previous self. After Barney defends his behavior by telling her that he will never make it work with anyone except Robin, Lily relents and Barney leaves to enjoy his night.
In 2019, Ted, the Mother, Marshall and Lily are at Robots Versus Wrestlers. A depressed Barney shows up to say that while he recently completed a “perfect month" using a new Playbook, the last woman is pregnant with his child. Sometime later, Ted runs into Robin, now a famous news reporter, while showing Penny the GNB building he designed. Marshall, Lily, and Ted gather at the birth of Barney's daughter, Ellie. Despite his initial misgivings, Barney moved to tears.
At Ted and the Mother’s house, Ted re-proposes to the Mother, and says they are getting married the following Thursday. Before the wedding, the gang meets up at MacLaren’s, and Marshall announces he is running for the New York State Supreme Court. Barney sees two young women at the bar and scold them for dressing inappropriately, which genuinely suprised Lily. While reconciling with the gang, Robin admits to Ted that after initially declining to come, the Mother told her to reconsider. Lily gives a toast praising Ted for all he has been through, and Future Ted narrates how he never stopped loving the Mother for a second, even when she became terminally ill and died in 2024.
Returning the story to May 2013, Ted gets the courage to introduce himself to the bass player, and she invites him underneath her yellow umbrella. The two engage in a conversation where she tells Ted she remembers him on his first day as a professor, and reveals her name is Tracy McConnell. Their conversation continue as the train arrives.
In 2030, when Future Ted finishes his story, Penny (Lyndsy Fonseca) and Luke (David Henrie) deduce that it was actually about how he still has feelings for their "Aunt" Robin, and give their blessings to continue his relationship with her. Ted decides to go to her apartment with the blue French horn, presenting it the same way he had 25 years earlier. Robin, who is revealed to be living alone, seems moved, and they both smile at each other.
Production[edit]
Before writing the episode, Carter Bays and Craig Thomas decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms for inspiration. They said that they crafted the last ten minutes of the series right from the start. In February 2014, Bays tweeted that he found a rough draft of the series finale that he first wrote in 2006.[7]
The scene involving Ted's future children (Lyndsy Fonseca and David Henrie) was secretly shot in 2006 during the production of Season 2.[8] This was primarily done so the teenage characters would not age, since Fonseca and Henrie were adults by the time the final episode aired.[9] The scene was filmed on a set closed to everyone except Bays, Thomas, executive producer/director Pamela Fryman, a camera operator, and Fonseca and Henrie, who signed non-disclosure agreements. Fonseca stated that she had forgotten the details of the scene in the years since its filming, while Henrie said, "I do remember. I think I remember. We’ll see."[10][11] Josh Radnor was also told some parts of the finale from the start,[12] but neither he nor the rest of the cast were informed how the series would end.[13] Radnor, not Bob Saget, plays future Ted when he appears on camera. When asked whether he should have played the role, Saget said that Radnor doing so "felt appropriate to me. It's not The Matrix, it's where Ted CGI's into a narrator of his voice that was done as a sweet way to tell his story from almost his conscience from the future of his own life".[14]
Before the airing of the series finale, debates raged amongst fans concerning the fate of Ted and the Mother, fueled by scenes from "Vesuvius" and other previous episodes that seemed to point to a tragic ending.[15]
According to tweets from Alyson Hannigan, approximately 18 minutes of the original episode had to be cut to fit the broadcast time. One cut sequence features Lily paying back Marshall regarding a bet on whether Ted and Robin end up together, first referenced in the episode "No Pressure".[16] Other cut scenes feature Robin, wearing her Robin Sparkles jeans jacket over her wedding dress, singing "Let's Go to The Mall" with the Mother's band at the wedding reception,[17] and a "one-second" montage showing Tracy's funeral.[18]
An alternative cut of the ending appeared on the season nine DVD and the box set. It did not contain any new footage, but is edited in a way that changes the fates of Ted, Tracy and Robin. The voiceover is performed by Saget, rather than Radnor, and is completely different.
Everything but the Girl's acoustic cover of the Tom Waits song "Downtown Train" was used in the scene where Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station. Music supervisor Andy Gowan says that Carter Bays "basically put it in the script, and wrote that script with that song in mind"; Gowan described the song as "heartbreakingly beautiful" and captured both the "sweet and romantic" and the "somber, dark part" of the scene.[19]
"Heaven" by The Walkmen features in the final scene of "Last Forever". Gowan said that "it seemed like it was written for our show". Gowan had suggested the song before, especially for use in the season 8 premiere, and said that when he pitched it for use in the season 9 finale, "[the song] was just the one that resonated with all of us the most".[19]
Critical reception[edit]
"Last Forever" received a polarizing reaction from fans and critics alike, with the majority opinion being negative.[1] Many viewers expressed considerable dissatisfaction regarding the resolution of Ted's story, his relationship to Robin, and the fate of the titular mother.[2] Additionally, the season-long buildup for Barney and Robin's wedding and their divorce 10 minutes into the next episode was criticized. Fans took to social media, such as Tumblr and Twitter, to express their disappointment. Some fans joked that the episode was an early April Fools' joke, because it aired on March 31.[20][21]
Some fans of the show called on CBS to commission the creators of the show via a change.org petition to rewrite and reshoot the finale. As of April 2, 2014[update], the petition had received more than 5,000 signatures.[22] On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternative ending, from the same filmed material, would be included on the Season 9 DVD.[23]
Bill Kuchman of Popculturology said that the success of Milioti as the Mother made it hard to write the character away so quickly, saying, "Thanks to the show’s writing staff and Cristin Milioti, HIMYM had a huge victory on its hands with The Mother. Asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request."[24] Kuchman noted that "[over] the course of this final season, HIMYM made us care about Tracy. It made us believe that she and Ted belonged together. It was earned. That's why it was sad to see HIMYM just brush Tracy away."[25]
Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+, saying, "The hour finale was a strange ride, marvelous in some ways, confounding in others. Endings are difficult, and I don’t think any objective assessment would say they nailed this one."[26] Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was more blunt in saying that "Bays and Thomas simply looked like shitty long-term planners, unable to understand that getting the audience so invested in the Barney and Robin coupling or in Tracy as a character would make it all the harder when the series finale abruptly dissolved the former and treated the latter’s death as an aside in the narration. That the show never seemed to suggest Ted mourned her feels like a vital betrayal of his character."[27]
Alan Sepinwall of HitFix cited three reasons why Bays and Thomas should not have stuck with the ending they had originally envisioned at the start: the show's lengthy run forced them to stretch out events like Barney's and Robin's wedding, which would have to be quickly undone in the finale; the chemistry between Cobie Smulders and Neil Patrick Harris caused many fans to become deeply invested in Robin and Barney's relationship more than Robin and Ted's; and the casting of Cristin Milioti as the Mother caused fans to become invested in that character as well.[28] Sepinwall stated that "so much of what was terrible here was terrible because Bays and Thomas had a very specific vision for the ending of their show and would not — or, perhaps, after they filmed the kids' reactions, could not — deviate from it. And based on the initial reaction I've seen to the episode, it's going to forever sour the opinion many fans of the show had for it."[28]
Joyce Eng of TV Guide said that she'd prefer Ted not to have ended up with Robin, but "as I consider the romantics that co-creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas are, it's obvious they would bring this long, winding love story full circle back to the person Ted wanted to be with when we met him. And The Mother — excuse us, Tracy — is reunited with her first true love, Max, too." Though the Mother served as a "cheap plot device" to a degree, Eng said that "Ted's time with her also taught him nothing lasts forever, nothing's perfect. And he needs to move on with his life, but that doesn't make his relationship with The Mother any less important. I don't think the Ted of 2005 would've done the same."[29]
Andrew Meola from MStars praised the episode, saying "I couldn't believe that they actually killed the Mother. But I let it sit for a bit, and then I felt something profoundly beautiful come out of this last hour of How I Met Your Mother."[30]
In an interview with David Letterman, Neil Patrick Harris declared himself a fan of the way the finale ended the series: "Some people just hated it, and I think that that's a compliment to the show in a weird way because it means that they have grown up with these characters and feel like they wanted it to go a certain way, though I think it's great. But our show really did cross the line between funny funny and really serious, and that was kind of the balance that this show had. And as the show grew up, and as we grew up in the show, it ended in a more adult way and I think it was a nice, reflective, kind of sad, but happy ending to a long, long story."[31]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "HIMYM Tomatometer Watch: Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by 'Last Forever'". Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Akuna, Kirsten (March 31, 2014). "Fans Are Not Happy With The 'How I Met Your Mother' Series Finale". Business Insider. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ James Poniewozik (March 31, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother Watch: Mate and Switch". Time Magazine. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A wedding, a funeral and a French horn... How I Met Your Mother delivers a legendary series finale". Mail Online. Daily Mail. April 1, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How I Met Your Mother: the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending". Guardian. April 1, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Henry Hanks (April 1, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' ends a legendary run". CNN. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Harnick (February 7, 2014). ""First Look" at How I Met Your Mother Series Finale: Carter Bays Has Been Writing It Since 2006!". E! Online. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barney writes a book, Barney + Robin, Ted + Stella and other 'How I Met Your Mother' news". Chicago Tribune. July 19, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2017. He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother. That scene will be included in the show's series finale"
Jump up ^ "'How I Met Your Mother's' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney's Breakup, Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn". Zap2it.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vlada Gelman (September 29, 2013). "Farewell, How I Met Your Mother: Ted's 'Daughter' and 'Son' Spill 7 Behind-the-Scenes Secrets". TV Line. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Climatic End To 'HIMYM' Shot Eight Years Ago," from AP/TVNewsCheck, January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell (March 24, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother': Josh Radnor Has Always Known (Part of) How It All Ends". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rachel Maresca (March 24, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' stars were left guessing about the sitcom's finale". The New York Daily News. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bob Saget (April 4, 2014). "I'm Bob Saget...comedian, actor and author of the new book DIRTY DADDY....ask me anything!". Reddit. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Margaret Eby (March 4, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' hints at tragic series finale". The New York Daily News. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "alyson hannigan on Twitter: ""@TMillz55: @alydenisof @HIMYM_CBS I do believe lily owes Marshall money though! @jasonsegel" YES & that scene was CUT!!! :(((."". Twitter. March 31, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Erin Strecker (April 3, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' finale cut a Robin Sparkles performance". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (April 26, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother Star: "Heart-Wrenching" Funeral, Cut from Finale, May Have Softened Blow". TVLine. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ashley Lee (April 1, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' Series Finale: The Story Behind the Music (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caroline Westbrook (April 1, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother finally answers its own question in last ever episode – but fans aren't happy". Retrieved August 13, 2017. How I Met Your Mother’s ending left many fans wanting – and others suggesting it was all an April Fool's joke.
Jump up ^ Kaitlin Thomas (April 1, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother Series Finale Review: Well, That Happened". Retrieved August 13, 2017. I might eventually come around to accepting the fact "Last Forever" wasn't just a one-day-early April Fool's Day prank.
Jump up ^ Tierney McAfee (April 2, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' Ending Petition — Fans Want To Officially Change Finale". Hollywood Life. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Carter Bays on Twitter: "Update for those who've been asking: Alt #himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set."". Twitter. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (April 1, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' 'Last Forever' Recap: A Divisive Finale and What It Means for 'HIMYM'". Popculturology. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). "'HIMYM' Finale Instant Reaction". Popculturology. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (March 31, 2014). "Last Forever". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff (April 1, 2014). "Does How I Met Your Mother's finale ruin it for all time?". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan Sepinwall (March 31, 2014). "Series finale review: 'How I Met Your Mother' - 'Last Forever': How they conned us all". HitFix. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joyce Eng (March 31, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother: Was It a Legendary Finale?". TV Guide. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrew Meola (March 31, 2014). "How I Met Your Mother 'Last Forever' Review: And that, kids.." Mstarz.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Last Forever: Part One on IMDb
Last Forever: Part Two on IMDb
[hide]
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How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
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Urine specific gravity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For explanation of the ratio of densities of two materials, see Relative density.
Reading of a urine specific gravity of ~1.024 via a handheld refractometer. SG measurement is taken by reading the boundary between the dark and light fields against the graduations on the left column.
Specific gravity, in the context of clinical pathology, is a urinalysis parameter commonly used in the evaluation of kidney function and can aid in the diagnosis of various renal diseases.
Background[edit]
For background on kidney function, see Renal function.
One of the main roles of the kidneys in humans and other mammals is to aid in the clearance of various water-soluble molecules, including toxins, toxicants, and metabolic waste. The body excretes some of these waste molecules via urination, and the role of the kidney is to concentrate the urine, such that waste molecules can be excreted with minimal loss of water and nutrients. The concentration of the excreted molecules determines the urine's specific gravity. In adult humans, normal specific gravity values range from 1.000 to 1.030.
Specific gravity and disease[edit]
Adults generally have a specific gravity in the range of 1.000 to 1.030[1] Increases in specific gravity (hypersthenuria, i.e. increased concentration of solutes in the urine) may be associated with dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, glucosuria, renal artery stenosis, hepatorenal syndrome, decreased blood flow to the kidney (especially as a result of heart failure), and excess of antidiuretic hormone caused by Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.[2] A specific gravity greater than 1.035 is consistent with frank dehydration.[3] In neonates, normal urine specific gravity is 1.003. Hypovolemic patients usually have a specific gravity >1.015.
Decreased specific gravity (hyposthenuria, i.e. decreased concentration of solutes in urine) may be associated with renal failure, pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus, acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, and excessive fluid intake (e.g., psychogenic polydipsia).[4][5]
Osmolality is normally used for more detailed analysis but USG remains popular for its convenience[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Urine specific gravity". MedlinePlus : U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Explanation of Hepatorenal Syndrome on MedlinePlus
Jump up ^ Armstrong, L.E., Soto, J.A., Hacker, F.T., Casa, D.J., Kavouras, S.A., Maresh, C.M. (1998). "Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration." Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8: 345-355.
Jump up ^ Explanation of Acute Tubular Necrosis on MedlinePlus
Jump up ^ Explanation of Interstitial Nephritis on MedlinePlus
[hide]
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Components and results of urine tests (CPT 81000–81099; R80–R82, 791)
Components
Albumin
Myoglobin
hCG
Leukocyte esterase
Urine pregnancy test
Ketone bodies
Glucose
Urobilinogen
Bilirubin
Creatinine
RBC
WBC
Urinary casts
Chemical properties
Urine specific gravity
Urine osmolality
Urine pH
Urine anion gap
Abnormal findings
Red blood cells
Hematuria (Microscopic hematuria)
White blood cells
Eosinophiluria
Proteinuria
Albuminuria/Microalbuminuria
Myoglobinuria
Hemoglobinuria
Small molecules
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
Bilirubinuria
Hyperuricosuria/Hypouricosuria
Aminoaciduria
Pathogens
Bacteriuria
Other
Chyluria
Crystalluria
osmolality (Isosthenuria, Hypersthenuria)
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This page was last edited on 1 December 2016, at 02:29.
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