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The Lion Guard
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For the paramilitary political group, see Lion Guard.
The Lion Guard
Genre
Children's adventure
Developed by
Ford Riley
Directed by
Howy Parkins
Voices of
Max Charles
Joshua Rush
Dusan Brown
Diamond White
Atticus Shaffer
Opening theme
"Call of the Guard" performed by The Lion Guard Chorus
Ending theme
"Here Comes the Lion Guard" performed by Beau Black
Composer(s)
Christopher Willis (score)
Beau Black[1] (songs)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
46 (+ 1 pilot) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ford Riley
Running time
approx. 22 Minutes
Production company(s)
Disney Television Animation
Mercury Filmworks[2]
Release
Original network
Disney Junior
Disney Channel
Original release
November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22) – present (present)
External links
Official website
The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley[3] and based on Disney's 1994 film The Lion King. The series was first broadcast with a television movie titled The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar on Disney Channel on November 22, 2015[4] and began airing as a TV series on January 15, 2016 on Disney Junior and Disney Channel.[5] It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King, the first being Timon & Pumbaa. The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.[6]
The second season premiered on July 7, 2017. A third season was commissioned in March 2017.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 The Lion Guard
2.2 The Lion King alumni
2.3 Supporting characters
2.3.1 Pride Landers
2.3.2 Outlanders
2.3.3 Back Landers
2.3.4 Other characters
2.4 Antagonists
2.4.1 Outlanders
2.4.2 Back Landers
2.4.3 Other characters
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 Spin-off
6 Broadcast
7 Home media
7.1 DVD releases
8 Soundtracks
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Kion is the son of King Simba and Queen Nala, the younger brother of Kiara and the prince of the Pride Lands. As the second-born of the Lion King, he is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders and becomes the leader of the Lion Guard, a team of animals who protect the Pride Lands and defend the Circle of Life. Kion, along with his friends Bunga the honey badger, Beshte the hippopotamus, Fuli the cheetah and Ono the egret, sets out to keep the Pride Lands safe and protected from animals who do not respect the Circle of Life.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Lion King characters
The Lion Guard[edit]
Kion (voiced by Max Charles[1]) – A lion cub who is Simba and Nala's son, Mufasa's grandson, Kiara's younger brother, the Prince of the Pride Lands, and the leader of the Lion Guard as well as its fiercest member. He serves as the main protagonist of the series. He often exclaims "Hevi kabisa!". His battlecry for the Lion Guard is "Till the Pride Lands end, Lion Guard defend!".
Bunga (voiced by Joshua Rush[1]) – A honey badger who is the bravest member of the Lion Guard. He is Timon and Pumbaa's adoptive nephew and Kion's best friend.[7] His battlecry is "Zuka Zama!".
Fuli (voiced by Diamond White[1]) – A cheetah who is the fastest member of the Lion Guard, the only female member, Kion's friend and second in command. She is also the first female animal to ever serve in the Guard as mentioned in The Rise of Scar. Her battlecry is "Huwezi!".
Ono (voiced by Atticus Shaffer[1]) – A cattle egret who is the keenest of sight of the Lion Guard and Kion's friend. He often exclaims "Hapana!".
Beshte (voiced by Dusan Brown[1]) – A hippopotamus who is the strongest member of the Lion Guard and Kion's friend. He often exclaims "Poa!". His battlecry is "Twende Kiboko!".
The Lion King alumni[edit]
The following characters from The Lion King movies appear in this series:
Simba (voiced by Rob Lowe[1]) – A lion who is Mufasa's son, Nala's mate, Scar's nephew, and Kion and Kiara's father. He is the King of the Pride Lands and the leader of his Pride.[8] Simba and Bunga share a history of having lived with Timon and Pumbaa.
Nala (voiced by Gabrielle Union[1]) – A lioness who is Simba's mate, and Kion and Kiara's mother. She is the Queen of the Pride Lands.[8]
Kiara (voiced by Eden Riegel[1]) – A lion cub who is Simba and Nala's daughter, Mufasa's granddaughter, Kion's older sister, the Princess of the Pride Lands and its future queen.
Timon (voiced by Kevin Schon[1]) – Simba and Pumbaa's wisecracking meerkat friend.[7] Timon is Bunga's adoptive uncle. Schon previously voiced Timon in Timon & Pumbaa.[8]
Pumbaa (voiced by Ernie Sabella[1]) – Simba and Timon's warm-hearted common warthog friend.[7] Pumbaa is Bunga's other adoptive uncle. Sabella reprises his role from The Lion King and its spin-offs.
Rafiki (voiced by Khary Payton[9]) – A wise old mandrill who serves as a Royal Mjuzi (a Pride Lands word for knowledge keeper and advisor) for the Royal Family of Pride Rock. In The Rise of Scar, Rafiki takes on an apprentice named Makini.
Zazu (voiced by Jeff Bennett[1]) – A red-billed hornbill and Simba's majordomo who supplies news via the morning report of the Pride Lands.
Mufasa (voiced by James Earl Jones in Return of the Roar, reprising his role from The Lion King,[1] Gary Anthony Williams in later episodes) – Simba's father, and Kion and Kiara's paternal grandfather who was killed in the original film by a wildebeest stampede orchestrated by his younger brother Scar. Since his death, he lives on as a spirit that gives Kion advice on how to get through any tough plight.
Scar (voiced by David Oyelowo[10]) – Simba's deceased uncle, Kion and Kiara's great-uncle, and Mufasa's younger brother. He is the main antagonist of the second season. Scar was once the leader of a Lion Guard before Kion and also had the Roar of the Elders, but the power went to his head and he began to believe that he should be king instead of Mufasa. He lost the Roar after he used it to destroy his fellow Lion Guard members when they refused to help him overthrow Mufasa. Later in life, he orchestrated his brother's death with the help of his hyena henchmen. After being defeated by Simba in a vicious fight, he was mauled to death by the hyenas when he tried to pin the blame of Mufasa's death on them. By the end of The Rise of Scar, Kion unknowingly summons Scar back as a fiery spirit in the Outlands' volcano after he uses the Roar in anger when Janja provokes him. In "Let Sleeping Crocs Lie," Scar takes in Kiburi's float and announces his plans to unite all the animals in the Outlands to takeover the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba, who were unaware that Scar had returned. In "Divide and Conquer", Kion briefly witnesses Scar's spirit in the flames of a fire before it vanishes, but is unsure of what to make of it. Only a strange scorch mark remains, which Rafiki recognizes as a sign of terrible evil. In the following episode "The Scorpion's Sting", Scar reveals himself to the Lion Guard while they are in the Outlands collecting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting.
The Outsiders – A pride of offshoot lions that were loyal to Scar. After a failed takeover following Scar's death, Simba banished them to the Outlands where they tried to invade the territory that Jasiri's clan lives in. Kion defeated them with the Roar of the Elders which sent them flying to the Outlands' termite mound area which became their base of operations.
Zira (voiced by Nika Futterman) – A lioness who is the mother of Kovu, Vitani and Nuka and the leader of the Outsiders. She was a loyal follower of Scar. After a failed takeover following Scar's death, Zira and her family were banished to the Outlands by Simba.
Kovu (voiced by Jason Marsden) – A lion cub who is the chosen successor of Scar, Zira's youngest son and the younger brother of Nuka and Vitani. Prior to the series, he briefly befriended Kiara. Marsden previously voiced adult Kovu in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.
Nuka (voiced by Andy Dick) – An adolescent lion who is the oldest son of Zira, the older brother of Kovu and Vitani, and a member of the Outsiders. Dick reprises his role from Simba's Pride.
Vitani (voiced by Lacey Chabert) – A lion cub who is Zira's daughter and the sister of Nuka and Kovu. Chabert reprises her role from Simba's Pride.
Supporting characters[edit]
Pride Landers[edit]
Tiifu (voiced by Sarah Hyland[9]) – A lion cub friend of Kiara and a member of Simba's Pride who is somewhat more sensible than her constant companion Zuri.
Zuri (voiced by Madison Pettis[9]) – Another lion cub friend of Kiara and a member of Simba's Pride who is somewhat vain and hates getting dirty.
Makini (voiced by Landry Bender) – A young mandrill who becomes Rafiki's apprentice. She is one of a few characters who knows that Kion speaks to the spirit of Mufasa.
Big Baboon's Troop – A troop of olive baboons that resides in Nyani Grove.
Big Baboon (voiced by Ford Riley in Return of the Roar, Dee Bradley Baker in later appearances) – An olive baboon who is the leader his troop.
Gumba (voiced by Jacquez Swanigan) – A young olive baboon who is a part of Big Baboon's troop.
Pua (voiced by Gerald C. Rivers) – The former leader of the local Nile crocodile float. He was challenged by Makuu to a "mashindano" (a fight for dominance in the crocodile float where the winner becomes the new leader of the float and the loser has to leave the float). Upon being defeated by Makuu, Pua left the float.
Makuu (voiced by Blair Underwood) – A Nile crocodile who is the leader of his float after he defeated Pua in a "mashindano". In the first season, Makuu and his float antagonized the Lion Guard and caused trouble. In season 2, Makuu has reformed from his trouble-making ways as he works to become a better leader for his float and the Pride Lands.
Basi (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A hippopotamus who is Beshte's father and leader of his pod.
Thurston's Herd – A herd of plains zebras that resides in the Pride Lands.
Thurston (voiced by Kevin Schon) – A handsome yet dimwitted plains zebra who is the leader of the herd.
Kwato (voiced by Lyons Luke Mathias) – A young plains zebra foal who is part of Thurston's herd.
Mbeya (voiced by Howy Parkins) – An old black rhinoceros who is the leader of his crash.
Ma Tembo's Herd – A herd of African bush elephants that resides in the Pride Lands. They resided in Kilio Valley until it was destroyed by a fire caused by the Outlanders in "The Kilio Valley Fire."
Ma Tembo (voiced by Lynette DuPree) – An African bush elephant with a broken right tusk who is the leader of the herd and the daughter of Amanifu, an old friend of Simba's who dies early in the series.
Mtoto (voiced by Natalie Coughlin in "Bunga the Wise," Justin Felbinger in later episodes) – A young African bush elephant calf who is part of Ma Tembo's herd.
Mtoto’s mom (voiced by Virginia Watson) – An unnamed African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo’s herd.
Zito (voiced by Nick Watt) – A grouchy and impatient African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo's herd.
Johari (voiced by Ace Gibson) – An African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo’s herd.
Zigo (voiced by Marieve Herington) – An African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo’s herd.
Twiga's Herd – A herd of Masai giraffes that resides in Acacia Grove.
Twiga (voiced by Alex Cartana) – A Masai giraffe who is the leader of the herd.
Juhudi (voiced by Ivy Bishop) – A young Masai giraffe calf who is Twiga's daughter.
Shingo (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – A Masai giraffe who is part of Twiga's herd.
Mbuni's Flock – A flock of ostritches that resides in the Pride Lands.
Mbuni (voiced by Russi Taylor) – A cheerful ostrich who is the leader of her flock.
Kambuni (voiced by Mckenna Grace) – A young ostrich chick.
Muhanga (voiced by Russi Taylor) – An aardvark.
Muhangus (voiced by Khary Payton) – An aardvark who is Muhanga's mate.
Shauku (voiced by Jacob Guenther) – A young banded mongoose pup.
Tamaa (voiced by CJ Byrnes) – A fork-tailed drongo who can imitate the voice of any animal.
Muhimu's Herd – A herd of plains zebras that resides in the Pride Lands.
Muhimu (voiced by Kari Wahlgren, Emma Bunton in the UK version of "The Mbali Fields Migration"[11]) – A plains zebra who is the leader of the herd.
Hamu (voiced by Lyons Luke Mathias) – A young plains zebra foal who is Muhimu's son. Shortly after being born, he helped the Lion Guard fend off Janja, Cheezi and Chungu.
Swala (voiced by Tunisia Hardison) – A Thomson's gazelle who is the leader of her herd.
Ajabu (voiced by Ron Funches) – An okapi who travels to the Pride Lands to get away from Makucha.
Mjomba's Pack – A pack of aardwolves that resides in the Pride Lands and only come out at night. The Lion Guard accidentally mistook them for hyenas until Kion cleared things up and fended off Reirei and Goigoi. The aardwolves are known for keeping the termite population down.
Mjomba (voiced by Charlie Adler) – A grumpy and impatient aardwolf who is the leader of the pack.
Ogopa (voiced by Marieve Herington) – A bright and bubbly aardwolf.
Haya (voiced by Ogie Banks) – A nervous and shy aardwolf.
Laini (voiced by Meghan Strange) – A galago who is the leader of her group in Ndefu Grove.
Vuruga Vuruga (voiced by Virginia Watson) – An African buffalo who is the leader of her herd. Kiara once presided over their Royal Buffalo Wallow.
Young Rhino (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) – A young black rhinoceros calf.
Hadithi (voiced by John O'Hurley) – A legendary African hawk-eagle who faked having invented the Hadithi Spin.
Bupu's Herd – A herd of sable antelopes that resides in the Pride Lands.
Bupu (voiced by Michael Dorn) – A stubborn sable antelope who is the leader of the herd and values polite behavior.
Boboka (voiced by Erica Luttrell) – A sable antelope who is part of Bupu's herd
Chura (voiced by Meghan Strange) – An African toad.
Kifaru (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) – A poor-sighted white rhinoceros.
Mwenzi (voiced by Rhys Darby) – A red-billed oxpecker who is Kifaru's tickbird and best friend.
Kulinda (voiced by Elise Allen) – A hamerkop who leaves her egg in Ono's nest while she builds a new nest that is safe from predators. She later names her baby Ona, in honor of Ono.
Tumbili (voiced by Ace Gibson) – A Zanzibar red colobus who is the leader of his troop. He grew tired of Furaha's antics and sent him away.
Chama (voiced by Jacob Bertrand) – A young fun-loving African bush elephant who used to be part of Ma Tembo's herd. He, Mzaha, and Furaha are best friends and share a tree together near Big Springs.
Mzaha (voiced by Cade Sutton) – A young fun-loving sable antelope who used to be part of Bupu's herd.
Furaha (voiced by Mekai Curtis) – A young fun-loving Zanzibar red colobus who used to be part of Tumbili's troop.
Nyuni (voiced by Nolan North) – A western yellow wagtail who temporarily becomes an unofficial member of Bupu's herd.
Hodari (voiced by Justin Hires) – An electric blue gecko who dreamed of being in a crocodile float. Makuu made him an honorary member of his float due to his bravery when confronting Kiburi.
Kongwe (voiced by CCH Pounder) – An African spurred tortoise who is the oldest and wisest animal in the Pride Lands.
Kinyonga (voiced by Meghan Strange) – A veiled chameleon who helped the Lion Guard by spying on Scar in the Outlands.
Outlanders[edit]
Jasiri's Clan – A clan of friendly spotted hyenas that resides in the Outlands. Unlike Janja's clan, Jasiri and her hyena clan respect the Circle of Life and mostly scavenge for food.
Jasiri (voiced by Maia Mitchell[5]) – A spotted hyena living in the Outlands who is the leader of her clan and allies with Kion.
Madoa (voiced by Maisie Klompus) – A spotted hyena who is Jasiri's sister and is part of her clan.
Tunu (voiced by Crimson Hart) – A spotted hyena cub and brother of Wema who is part of Jasiri's clan.
Wema (voiced by Fiona Hart) – A spotted hyena cub and sister of Tunu who is part of Jasiri's clan.
Back Landers[edit]
Badilli (voiced by Jack McBrayer) – A friendly cream-colored African leopard from Mirihi Forest in the Back Lands who was driven out of his territory by Mapigano. The Lion Guard trained him to have enough courage to drive off Mapigano.
Dhahabu's Herd – A herd of plains zebras that resides in Dhahabu Grove in the Back Lands.
Dhahabu (voiced by Renée Elise Goldsberry) – A plains zebra with golden stripes who is the leader of the herd. Bunga admires her greatly. Dhahabu is modeled after the late Zoe the Golden Zebra who resided in Hawaii's Three Ring Ranch.[12][13]
Raha (voiced by Rico Rodriguez) – A plains zebra who is Starehe's brother and part of Dhahabu's herd.
Starehe (voiced by Raini Rodriguez) – A plains zebra who is Raha's sister and part of Dhahabu's herd.
Other characters[edit]
King Sokwe's Troop - A troop of mountain gorillas who live in the Theluji Mountains.
King Sokwe (voiced by John Rhys-Davies) – A mountain gorilla and friend of Simba who is Majinuni and Hafifu's father.
Hafifu (voiced by Phil Lester) - A mountain gorilla prince, brother of Majinuni, and son of King Sokwe who came to the Pride Lands to deliver a message to Simba.
Majinuni (voiced by Dan Howell) – A mountain gorilla prince, brother of Hafifu, and son of King Sokwe who came to the Pride Lands to deliver a message to Simba.
The Traveling Baboon Show - A trio of yellow baboons who steal food from around the Pride Lands, but later saw the error of their ways when the Lion Guard saved them from Janja's clan. In "Timon and Pumbaa's Christmas," the Traveling Baboon Show is among the animals that assist in "The Twelve Ways of Christmas" song.
Uroho (voiced by Sinbad) – A yellow baboon who is the leader of Traveling Baboon show.
Mwevi (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A yellow baboon who's a member of the Traveling Baboon Show.
Mwizi (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A yellow baboon who's a member of the Traveling Baboon Show.
Antagonists[edit]
Outlanders[edit]
Janja's Clan – A clan of male spotted hyenas that live in the Outlands and do not respect the Circle of Life.
Janja (voiced by Andrew Kishino) – A cunning and ruthless spotted hyena who is the leader of the clan.
Cheezi (voiced by Vargus Mason) – An excitable spotted hyena and one of Janja's right-hand henchmen.
Chungu (voiced by Kevin Schon) – An unintelligent spotted hyena with a slightly heavier build than the other hyenas who is the other of Janja’s right-hand henchmen.
Nne (voiced by Beau Black) – A sly and stout but smart spotted hyena.
Tano (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A devious and sloping but smart spotted hyena.
Mzingo's Parliament – A flock of white-backed vultures that live in the Outlands and is allied with Janja's clan.
Mzingo (voiced by Greg Ellis) – A calculative white-backed vulture who is the leader of his parliament. He sometimes serves as Janja's spy and scout.
Mwoga (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A foolish and clumsy white-backed vulture who is a member of the parliament.
Ushari (voiced by Christian Slater) – An Egyptian cobra who often conflicted with Bunga and would get disturbed whenever the Lion Guard was near him. In the season 2 special The Rise of Scar, Ushari finally gets fed up with the Lion Guard disturbing his peace and inadvertently finds out that Kion talks to Mufasa's spirit. He informs Janja of this which leads to the two of them orchestrating events that enable them to summon Scar's spirit. Upon Scar's spirit being unleashed, Ushari becomes a second-in-command to him in Scar's plot to unite all the animals of the Outlands in a plot to get revenge on the Pride Lands.
Reirei's Pack – A pack of black-backed jackals that live in the Outlands.
Reirei (voiced by Ana Gasteyer) – A clever and manipulative black-backed jackal who is the leader of the pack.
Goigoi (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – A greedy and dimwitted black-backed jackal who is Reirei's mate.
Dogo (voiced by Jacob Guenther) – A black-backed jackal pup who is one of Reirei and Goigoi's sons. He has blue eyes compared to the other pups who have brown eyes.
Kijana (voiced by Amber Hood) – A black-backed jackal pup who is Reirei and Goigoi's daughter and Dogo's sister.
Shupavu's Group – A group of skinks who are friends with Ushari and serve as his spies in the Pride Lands.
Shupavu (voiced by Meghan Strange) – A sneaky fire skink who is the leader of her group. She dislikes being close to Pride Rock.
Njano (voiced by Ford Riley) – A crafty, blue-tongued rainbow skink who works with Shupavu and is her second-in-command.
Nyeusi (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A stealthy black western rock skink who works with Shupavu.
Waza – An observant blue skink who works with Shupavu.
Nyata – A swift purple skink who works with Shupavu.
Kiburi's Float – Former members of Makuu's float who were kicked out and banished from the Pride Lands for their treachery towards Makuu and Simba.
Kiburi (voiced by Common) – An arrogant Nile crocodile who was part of Makuu's float. He and his followers defied Makuu's orders which led to them working with Ushari. While Kiburi challenged Makuu to a "mashindano", his three followers tried to attack Simba from behind only for the Lion Guard to intervene. Kiburi and his followers were kicked out of Makuu's float upon his loss and were exiled to the Outlands by Simba, with Kiburi vowing to have his revenge someday. Upon running into Ushari again, Kiburi and his followers were led to Scar's spirit in the hyenas' volcano and formed an alliance with him.
Tamka (voiced by Nolan North) – An overconfident and unintelligent Nile crocodile who is one of Kiburi's followers.
Nduli (voiced by Jorge Diaz) – A Nile crocodile who is one of Kiburi's followers.
Kenge (voiced by Kristofer Hivju) – An enormous and ferocious rock monitor, and acquaintance of Ushari who dislikes being called "little" or else it will drive him berserk. His venomous bite induces temporary paralysis.
Sumu (voiced by Ford Riley) – A venomous scorpion who was ordered by Scar to sting Simba.
Back Landers[edit]
Makucha (voiced by Steven Blum) – A cream-colored African leopard from the Back Lands who tracks Ajabu to the Pride Lands since okapis are rare creatures. Makucha is later revealed to be the leader of his leap which is first shown when the Lion Guard was looking for water in the Back Lands during a water shortage in the Pride Lands.
Mapigano (voiced by Jorge Diaz) – A cream-colored African leopard who bullied Badilli upon invading his territory in Mirihi Forest in the Back Lands.
Other characters[edit]
Mpishi (voiced by Carla Hall) – An African harrier-hawk who leaves her hunting grounds from an unknown land and travels to the Pride Lands looking for a rare meal. She teamed up with Mwoga to target Kulinda's newly-hatched chick.
Production[edit]
The series was announced by Disney on June 9, 2014, on the run up to the first film's 20th anniversary. Disney Junior general manager Nancy Kanter stated: "It's kind of like The Lion King meets The Avengers."[14] The series' announcement came after a meeting between Kanter and Disney chief executive Robert Iger. Iger suggested to Kanter that Disney Junior should consider producing content to celebrate the 20th anniversary of The Lion King in 2014. Disney had shown early footage to young test audiences, who were able to make suggestions, such as adjusting the look of the hyenas.[15] Disney Consumer Products launched a line of toys to tie into the television series, as well at book titles based on the series such as Return of the Roar, Can't Wait to be Queen, Bunga the Wise, Meet the New Guard, Fuli Finds Her Place, Join the Lion Guard! and Kion's Animal Alphabet.[16] A sneak peek of The Lion Guard was shown at the 2015 D23 Expo.[17] On August 12, 2015, a sneak peek was shown, with new information that the television movie was scheduled to air in November 2015 to be titled The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar.[18] On October 9, 2015, it was announced that Return of the Roar would premiere on November 22, 2015, on Disney Channel.[4]
On coming up with the idea, the series' creator and executive producer Ford Riley noted that in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride Kiara is introduced and will be future queen. Riley was interested in the idea of a second-born cub and what his role would be if Kiara is destined to become queen. Additionally, he was inspired by his 8-year-old son. "Every Thursday he and his buddies go to the park and they have this imaginary superhero team and they have all these imaginary adventures. That’s when it hit me. Let’s have a group of superheroes in the Pride Lands – The Avengers meets The Lion King!"[6][19]
Riley confirmed the timeline of the series; in Simba's Pride there is a years-long time gap, The Lion Guard takes place during the years in-between Kiara's first meeting with Kovu as a cub and her first hunt as an adult.[6]
Riley also noted the inclusion of Swahili into the series; "[W]e’ve actually hired Sarah Mirza, who literally wrote the book on English-Swahili translations. We’ve been using Swahili not just in names of characters and places but also in the language of the show itself."[6]
Classic mythology is used as inspiration for the show. In reference to Return of the Roar, Riley noted; "The whole laying on hands where Kion gives the mark of the guard to the rest of the team, that goes back to the Bible." Riley noted that protecting the Circle of Life is the main theme of the series; "The animals who respect it don’t eat too much, allow for the grass to grow, and larger animals to eat smaller animals. Our bad guys come from those that don’t respect the Circle of Life. They just want to eat and wreak havoc."[19]
In terms of giving The Lion Guard the same look as the original film, director Howy Parkins stated that they were mindful to keep the essence of The Lion King. To that end, the crew did extensive research on the look of the backgrounds and characters and were able to obtain some original model sheets. In addition, Barry Atkinson and Mike Surrey, background painter and supervising animator for Timon on the original film respectively, were brought in to consult with the series' background artists, animators and storyboard artists.[20]
Speaking on the show's educational aspect, Parkins stated that research was done on animals and habitats in the Serengeti, and that this information is woven into storylines without being overt.[20]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Lion Guard episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Pilot November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
1 26 January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15) April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
2 29 July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07) TBA
Spin-off[edit]
A short-form series called It's UnBungalievable starring Bunga and Ono premiered on Disney Junior and Disneynature on January 9, 2016. In the series, Bunga and Ono pick two animals to compete in contests such as "Who's Quicker?" "Who Has Better Hair?" and "Who's Hungrier?" The series features live-action animal footage provided by Disneynature.[21]
"Who's Quicker?"
"Who's Mightier?"
"Who Has Better Hair?"
"Who's Hungrier?"
"Who's the Better Babysitter?"
"Who's Cuter?"
"Who's Sillier?"
"Who's Louder?"
"Who's Brainier?"
"Who's a Better Flyer?"
Broadcast[edit]
Like its American counterpart, Return of the Roar premiered on November 22, 2015, on Disney Channel in Canada, while the series premiered on January 17, 2016, on Disney Junior, two days after its American premiere.[22][23] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Return of the Roar premiered on Disney Junior on February 8, 2016, while the series premiered on April 13, 2016.[24][25] In Australia and New Zealand, the pilot debuted on February 6, 2016, and the series began airing on February 28 on Disney Junior.[26] In Southeast Asia, Return of the Roar premiered on March 20, 2016, on Disney Channel (April 11, 2016, on Disney Junior) and the series premiered on April 17, 2016, on Disney Junior block in Disney Channel.[27][28] It aired in TVNZ in New Zealand and 7flix in Australia. E-Junior in the United Arab Emirates and MiniMini+ in Poland.
Home media[edit]
DVD releases[edit]
Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.
Title
Release Date
Episodes
Additional Features
The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar[29] February 23, 2016 Television movie Music video of Beau Black performing "Here Comes the Lion Guard."
Talking Lion Guard Backpack Clip
The Lion Guard: Unleash the Power[30] September 20, 2016
"Fuli's New Family" (Season 1, Episode 7)
"Bunga the Wise" (Season 1, Episode 3)
"Eye of the Beholder" (Season 1, Episode 5)
"Follow That Hippo!" (Season 1, Episode 9)
"The Search for Utamu" (Season 1, Episode 8)
"Never Judge a Hyena by Its Spots" (Season 1, Episode 1)
Lion Guard Power Necklace
The Lion Guard: Life in the Pride Lands[31] January 10, 2017
"The Rise of Makuu" (Season 1, Episode 2)
"The Kupatana Celebration" (Season 1, Episode 6)
"Bunga and the King" (Season 1, Episode 13)
"Never Roar Again" (Season 1, Episode 21)
"The Imaginary Okapi" (Season 1, Episode 14)
Music videos: "A Trail to Hope", "Teke Ruka Teleza"
It's UnBungalievable shorts
Five Lion Guard Wristbands
The Lion Guard: The Rise of Scar[32] January 9, 2018
"The Rise of Scar" (Season 2, Episode 5/Television movie)
"The Trouble With Galagos" (Season 1, Episode 16)
"Janja's New Crew" (Season 1, Episode 17)
"Baboons!" (Season 1, Episode 18)
"Lions of the Outlands" (Season 1, Episode 20)
Soundtracks[edit]
The Lion Guard (Music from the TV Series)
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
January 8, 2016
Genre
Children, pop, Pop rock, world, soundtrack
Length
34:43
Label
Walt Disney
The Lion Guard (Music from the TV Series)[33]
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Call of the Guard (The Lion Guard Theme)" The Lion Guard Chorus 1:03
2. "A Beautiful Day (Ni Siku Nzuri)" Beau Black 2:16
3. "Zuka Zama" Bunga 1:57
4. "Tonight We Strike" Janja, Mzingo & Hyenas 1:56
5. "Kion's Lament" Kion 3:24
6. "Here Comes the Lion Guard" Beau Black 2:28
7. "We're the Same (Sisi Ni Sawa)" Kion & Jasiri 2:33
8. "Outta the Way" Janja, Cheezi & Chungu 2:00
9. "Duties of the King" Simba & Zazu 2:01
10. "Bunga the Wise" Timon, Pumbaa & Bunga 1:41
11. "My Own Way" Fuli 2:18
12. "Jackal Style" Reirei 2:10
13. "Panic and Run" Janja, Cheezi, & Chungu 1:34
14. "It Is Time" Beau Black 3:01
15. "Call of the Guard (Full Version)" The Lion Guard Chorus 4:21
Total length: 34:43
A second soundtrack release entitled The Lion Guard: Disney Junior Music was released digitally on September 1, 2017.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Lion King spinoff voice cast includes Rob Lowe, Gabrielle Union, James Earl Jones, and more - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ "Mercury Filmworks". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Disney's The Lion King to Continue with The Lion Guard". ComingSoon.net.
^ Jump up to: a b Beck, Jerry (October 9, 2015). "Disney's "The Lion Guard: Return Of The Roar" Set For Nov. 22 Debut". Animation Scoop. Indiewire. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wagmeister, Elizabeth (December 9, 2015). "Disney's 'Lion King' Revival Series 'The Lion Guard' to Premiere in January". Variety. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brett, Susan (February 8, 2016). "EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Disney's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel". TVdaily.com. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lion King spin-off The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar sneak peek - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCarthy, Tyler (August 12, 2015). "'Lion King' Sequel Series 'The Lion Guard' To Debut On Disney With Several Original Characters Recast". International Business Times. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Beck, Jerry (August 12, 2015). "FIRST LOOK: Disney Channel's "The Lion Guard"". Animation Scoop. Indiewire. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "David Oyelowo to Play Scar in 'The Lion Guard'". Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Emma Bunton will star in Disney Junior's The Lion Guard". The List. August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://owlcation.com/stem/Meet-Zoe-The-Rare-Golden-Zebra
Jump up ^ https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2017/08/09/golden-zebra-zoe-dies-hawaii/
Jump up ^ "The Lion King Getting Sequel TV Series, The Lion Guard, On Disney Junior". E! Online.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (June 9, 2014). "Disney Junior Plans Preschool Series Based on 'The Lion King' (Exclusive)". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Catalog Overview". abovethetreeline.com.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney XD & Disney Junior Stars Set for 2015 D23 EXPO". Broadway World. June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (August 12, 2015). "Disney to Revive 'Lion King' With 'Lion Guard' TV Series". Variety. Variety Media. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelley, Shamus (December 12, 2017). "How Does A Disney Junior Show Tell Compelling Stories?". denofgeek.com. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Dickson, Jeremy (November 12, 2015). "The Lion Guard director dishes on how Disney re-animated a classic". kidscreen.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dickson, Jeremy (January 8, 2015). "Disney's The Lion Guard gets short-form spinoff". kidscreen.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Disney's The Lion Guard: Return Of The Roar Primetime Television Movie Event Premieres Sunday, November 22 on Disney Channel" (Press release). Toronto: Corus Entertainment. October 9, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Disney Junior's The Lion Guard, an Animated Series Featuring the Adventures of Kion — Simba and Nala's Second-Born Cub Debuts Sunday, January 17 at 11:30 a.m. ET/PT" (Press release). Toronto: Corus Entertainment. December 10, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar". TV Guide UK. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard debuts 13th April 2016 on Disney Junior". Primary Times. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard: the circle of life continues". Foxtel Insider. Foxtel. February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar". Disney Southeast Asia. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard: Series Premiere". Disney Southeast Asia. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar' on DVD with Exclusive Gift on February 23 – Stitch Kingdom". Stitch Kingdom.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (June 10, 2016). "The Lion Guard – 'Unleash The Power': Disney's Press Release for the First DVD!". tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard – Life in the Pride Lands on Disney DVD January 10th". dapsmagic.com. November 2, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snook, Jay (January 8, 2018). "A Dangerous Foe Returns on 'The Lion Guard: The Rise of Scar'". goodmenproject.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Lion Guard (Music from the TV Series) by Various Artists". iTunes Store. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
External links[edit]
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other treaties of Paris, see Treaty of Paris (disambiguation).
Treaty of Paris
The Definitive Treaty of Peace Between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America
Drafted
November 30, 1782
Signed
September 3, 1783
Location
Paris, France
Effective
May 12, 1784
Condition
Ratification by the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America
Signatories
Great Britain
United States of America
Depositary
United States government[1]
Language
English
Treaty of Paris (1783) at Wikisource
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States, on lines "exceedingly generous" to the latter.[2] Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war.
This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause — France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic — are known collectively as the Peace of Paris.[3][4] Only Article 1 of the treaty, which acknowledges the United States' existence as free sovereign and independent states, remains in force.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Agreement
2 Treaty key points
3 Consequences
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 Further reading
6.1 Primary sources
7 External links
Agreement[edit]
Benjamin West's painting of the delegations at the Treaty of Paris: John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed.
Peace negotiations began in April 1782, and continued through the summer. Representing the United States were Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Laurens, and John Adams. David Hartley and Richard Oswald represented Great Britain. The treaty was signed at the Hotel d'York (presently 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris on September 3, 1783, by Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Hartley.[6]
Regarding the American Treaty, the key episodes came in September, 1782, when French Foreign Minister Vergennes proposed a solution that was strongly opposed by his ally, the United States. France was exhausted by the war, and everyone wanted peace except for Spain, which insisted on continuing the war until it could capture Gibraltar from the British. Vergennes came up with the deal that Spain would accept instead of Gibraltar. The United States would gain its independence but be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain would take the area north of the Ohio River. In the area south of that would be set up an independent Indian state under Spanish control. It would be an Indian barrier state.[7]
However, the Americans realized that they could get a better deal directly from London. John Jay promptly told the British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them, cutting off France and Spain. The British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne agreed. He was in charge of the British negotiations (some of which took place in his study at Lansdowne House, now a bar in the Lansdowne Club) and he now saw a chance to split the United States away from France and make the new country a valuable economic partner.[8] The western terms were that the United States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of Canada. The northern boundary would be almost the same as today.[9] The United States would gain fishing rights off Canadian coasts, and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property. It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States, and deliberately so from the British point of view. Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two-way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States, as indeed came to pass.[10]
Great Britain also signed separate agreements with France and Spain, and (provisionally) with the Netherlands.[11] In the treaty with Spain, the territories of East and West Florida were ceded to Spain (without a clear northern boundary, resulting in a territorial dispute resolved by the Treaty of Madrid in 1795). Spain also received the island of Menorca; the Bahama Islands, Grenada, and Montserrat, captured by the French and Spanish, were returned to Britain. The treaty with France was mostly about exchanges of captured territory (France's only net gains were the island of Tobago, and Senegal in Africa), but also reinforced earlier treaties, guaranteeing fishing rights off Newfoundland. Dutch possessions in the East Indies, captured in 1781, were returned by Britain to the Netherlands in exchange for trading privileges in the Dutch East Indies, by a treaty which was not finalized until 1784.[12]
The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784. Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved, the first reaching France in March 1784. British ratification occurred on April 9, 1784, and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784.[13]
Treaty key points[edit]
Last page of the Treaty of Paris
Map of the United States and territories after the Treaty of Paris
Preamble. Declares the treaty to be "in the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity", states the bona fides of the signatories, and declares the intention of both parties to "forget all past misunderstandings and differences" and "secure to both perpetual peace and harmony".
Britain acknowledges the United States (New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia[14]) to be free, sovereign, and independent states, and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, property, and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof;
Establishing the boundaries of the United States, including but not limited to those between the United States and British North America;
Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence;
Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side;
The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands and "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects" (Loyalists);
United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists;
Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released; all property of the British army (including slaves) now in the United States is to remain and be forfeited;
Great Britain and the United States are each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River;
Territories captured by Americans subsequent to the treaty will be returned without compensation;
Ratification of the treaty is to occur within six months from its signing.
Eschatocol. "Done at Paris, this third day of September in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three."
Consequences[edit]
Historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the United States in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries. Historians such as Alvord, Harlow, and Ritcheson have emphasized that British generosity was based on a statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between Britain and the United States. The concession of the vast trans-Appalachian region was designed to facilitate the growth of the American population and create lucrative markets for British merchants, without any military or administrative costs to Britain.[15] The point was the United States would become a major trading partner. As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it, "The English buy peace rather than make it".[2] Vermont was included within the boundaries because the state of New York insisted that Vermont was a part of New York, although Vermont was then under a government that considered Vermont not to be a part of the United States.[16]
Privileges that the Americans had received from Britain automatically when they had colonial status (including protection from pirates in the Mediterranean Sea; see: the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War) were withdrawn. Individual states ignored federal recommendations, under Article 5, to restore confiscated Loyalist property, and also ignored Article 6 (e.g., by confiscating Loyalist property for "unpaid debts"). Some, notably Virginia, also defied Article 4 and maintained laws against payment of debts to British creditors. The British often ignored the provision of Article 7 about removal of slaves.[17]
The actual geography of North America turned out not to match the details used in the treaty. The Treaty specified a southern boundary for the United States, but the separate Anglo-Spanish agreement did not specify a northern boundary for Florida, and the Spanish government assumed that the boundary was the same as in the 1763 agreement by which they had first given their territory in Florida to Britain. While that West Florida Controversy continued, Spain used its new control of Florida to block American access to the Mississippi, in defiance of Article 8.[18] The treaty stated that the boundary of the United States extended from the "most northwesternmost point" of the Lake of the Woods (now partly in Minnesota, partly in Manitoba, and partly in Ontario) directly westward until it reached the Mississippi River. But in fact that Mississippi does not extend that far northward; the line going west from the Lake of the Woods never intersects the river.
Great Britain violated the treaty stipulation that they should relinquish control of forts in United States territory "with all convenient speed." British troops remained stationed at six forts in the Great Lakes region, plus two at the north end of Lake Champlain. The British also built an additional fort in present day Ohio in 1794, during the Northwest Indian War. They found justification for these actions in the unstable and extremely tense situation that existed in the area following the war, in the failure of the United States government to fulfill commitments made to compensate loyalists for their losses, and in the British need for time to liquidate various assets in the region.[19] All posts were relinquished peacefully through diplomatic means as a result of the 1794 Jay Treaty. They were:
Name
Present day location
Fort au Fer Lake Champlain – Champlain, New York
Fort Dutchman's Point Lake Champlain – North Hero, Vermont
Fort Lernoult (including Fort Detroit) Detroit River – Detroit, Michigan
Fort Mackinac Straits of Mackinac – Mackinac Island, Michigan
Fort Miami Maumee River – Maumee, Ohio
Fort Niagara Niagara River – Youngstown, New York
Fort Ontario Lake Ontario – Oswego, New York
Fort Oswegatchie Saint Lawrence River – Ogdensburg, New York
See also[edit]
Ratification Day (United States)
List of United States treaties
America's Critical Period, the period of U.S. history in the 1780s after the American Revolution and prior to the ratification of the United States Constitution.
History of the United States (1776–89)
Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris – Hunter Miller's Notes". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Quote from Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford and Shane J. Maddock, American foreign relations: A history, to 1920 (2009) vol 1 p 20
Jump up ^ Morris 1965
Jump up ^ Jeremy Black, British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (1994) pp 11–20
Jump up ^ "Treaties in Force A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2016" (PDF). United States Department of State. United States Government. p. 463. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Avalon Project – British-American Diplomcay : The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783".
Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea." Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61#2-4 (1989): 46–63.
Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson, "The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America, 1782–1783: Vision and Reality." International History Review 5#3 (1983): 322–345.
Jump up ^ In 1842 some shifts were made in Maine and Minnesota. William E. Lass (1980). Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since 1783. Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 63–70.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull (1987). A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. Yale UP. pp. 144–151.
Jump up ^ Frances G, Davenport and Charles O. Paullin, European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies (1917) vol 1 p vii
Jump up ^ Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown, Britain in the Hanoverian age, 1714–1837 (1997) p. 533
Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, "Josiah Harmar, Diplomatic Courier." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 87.4 (1963): 420–430.
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson, "The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America, 1782–1783: Vision and Reality." International History Review (1983) 5#3 pp: 322–345. online
Jump up ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Jump up ^ James W. Ely Jr. (2007). The Guardian of Every Other Right: A Constitutional History of Property Rights. Oxford UP. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Jones, Howard (2002). Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8420-2916-2.
Jump up ^ Benn, Carl (1993). Historic Fort York, 1793–1993. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-920474-79-2.
Further reading[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Dull, Jonathan R. (1987). A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03886-0. ch. 17–20
Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. Foreign affairs and the founding fathers: from Confederation to constitution, 1776–1787 (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 199pp excerpt and text search, a concise survey
Harlow, Vincent T. The Founding of the Second British Empire 1763–1793. Volume 1: Discovery and Revolution (1952)
Hoffman, Ronald; Peter J. Albert editor (1981). Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-0864-7. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Hoffman, Ronald; Peter J. Albert editor (1986). Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1071-4. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ; Specialized essays by scholars
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge," International History Review, Sept 1983, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 431–442
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers; the Great Powers and American Independence (1965), the standard scholarly history
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51, a summary of his long book in JSTOR
Perkins, James Breck (1911). "Negotiations for Peace". France in the American Revolution. Houghton Mifflin.
Ritcheson, Charles R. "The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America, 1782–1783: Vision and Reality." International History Review (1983) 5#3 pp: 322–345. online
Stockley, Andrew (2001). Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782–1783. University of Exeter Press.
Primary sources[edit]
Franklin, Benjamin. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 21 Through May 15, 1783 (Vol. 39. Yale University Press, 2009)
Franklin, Benjamin (1906). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. The Macmillan company.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris, 1783.
Treaty of Paris, 1783; International Treaties and Related Records, 1778–1974; General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11; National Archives.
Approval of the American victory in England Unique arch inscription commemorates "Liberty in N America Triumphant MDCCLXXXIII"
The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 Text of the treaty provided by Yale Law School's Avalon Project
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values: Paris sülh müqaviləsi (1783) – Azerbaijani

values: Париж килешеүе (1783) – Bashkir

values: Парижки договор (1783) – Bulgarian

values: Συνθήκη των Παρισίων (1783) – Greek

values: معاهده پاریس (۱۷۸۳) – Persian

values: Версаль тынчтык договору – Kyrgyz

values: Париски мировен договор (1783) – Macedonian

values: पॅरिसचा तह – Marathi

values: Парижский мир (1783) – Russian

values: 1783 பாரிசு உடன்படிக்கை – Tamil

values: Паризький договір (1783) – Ukrainian

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Witch window
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A Vermont or witch window.
In American vernacular architecture, a witch window (also known as a Vermont window, among other names) is a window (usually a double-hung sash window, occasionally a single-sided casement window) placed in the gable-end wall of a house[1] and rotated approximately 1/8 of a turn (45 degrees) from the vertical, leaving it diagonal, with its long edge parallel to the roof slope.[1][2] This technique allows a builder to fit a full-sized window into the long, narrow wall space between two adjacent roof lines.
Witch windows are found almost exclusively in or near the U.S. state of Vermont, generally in the central and northern parts of the state.[3] They are principally installed in farmhouses from the 19th century,[1][2] although they can be found—less frequently—in new construction.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Construction
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name "witch window" appears to come from a folk belief that witches cannot fly their broomsticks through the tilted windows, although it seems unlikely that the tale was taken seriously.[4][5][6][7] The windows are also known as "coffin windows";[2] it is unclear if they really were used for removing a coffin from the second floor (avoiding a narrow staircase), or if the odd placement on the wall was reminiscent of a coffin.[1][8] Either explanation seems far-fetched.[1][8] They are alternatively known as "Vermont windows" because of their distribution,[3] and as "sideways"[2] or "lazy windows"[3] for their orientation.
Construction[edit]
On this house, the clapboards are hung at an angle to match the window.
Dormer windows, which can leave a room very cold, are unusual in Vermont, particularly in older construction; windows are mostly placed in walls. When a house is expanded, for example with a kitchen wing or an attached shed, there may be very little wall space available in the gable end in which to put a window, which may be the only window available for an upper floor room (if there is no dormer—adding a dormer to an existing roof is problematic, as it involves puncturing the roof membrane[9]).[3]
The solution is to rotate the window until its long edge is parallel to the nearby roof line, to better maximize the space available for a window.[1] Thus, not only is the window area (and thus incoming light and ventilation) maximized, but building or buying a custom window is avoided. The window that was removed from the wall may even be re-used.[4][10]
An alternative explanation for the orientation of the window is that getting at least one corner of a window up as far as possible in the interior of the house allows hot air (which rises to the top of the room) to escape on summer afternoons.[5] However, this reasoning seems suspect, as Vermont is not as hot as many other locations,[11] while the windows are not ubiquitous.[1] If heat escape were the goal, diagonal windows could be placed in other walls as well.
The diagonal orientation of the window can complicate the placement of the siding (such as clapboards) on the wall in which the window is hung, because if the siding is horizontal, it will meet the window frame at an acute angle, complicating both the cutting of the siding and the waterproofing of the frame-siding joint. One solution is to orient all of the siding on the wall so that it is parallel with the window frame.
A very unusual example of a diagonal window set in a brick wall.
See also[edit]
Fortochka
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g George Nash, Renovating Old Houses: Bringing New Life to Vintage Homes. The Taunton Press, Newtown, Connecticut, 2003, p. 8.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Howard Frank Mosher, A Stranger in the Kingdom, Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, 1989 (republished 2002), p. 46.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Justin Falango, "Architectural Details: New England", Dover, Kohl & Partners, May 26, 2011; accessed 2012.04.23.
^ Jump up to: a b Kathryn Eddy. Building Blocks: Exploring witch windows Barre Montpelier Times Argus. July 30,2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Vermont--diagonal "witch windows" in houses "The Straight Dope".
Jump up ^ Evan Coughlin, Window That Fends Off Witches?, Newslinc, October 14, 2010; accessed 2012.02.15.[dead link]
Jump up ^ For more about witches flying through windows, see Angelique Van Engelen, "What Made Witches Fly?" (http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Made-Witches-Fly?&id=484076), Ezine Articles, August 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b See Pacita T. de la Cruz, Adaptive re-use: An Early Twentieth Century Approach in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, by Dr. George Woodward, Developer, and Herman Louis Duhring, Jr., Architect. M.S. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1984, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Catasterist, Free & Clear (and also witch windows), September 2010. Accessed 2010.12.14.
Jump up ^ Amy Kolb Noyes, "What's the History of Vermont's 'Witch Windows'?", Vermont Public Radio, July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ See Matt Sutkoski, "Vermont is hot, but not like elsewhere", Burlington Free Press, August 5, 2010.[dead link]
Further reading[edit]
Herbert Wheaton Congdon, Old Vermont Houses: 1763-1850, 1940 (reprinted 1968, Noone House, Peterborough, N.H.).
David G. De Long, Helen Searing, and Robert A.M. Stern, eds., American Architecture: Innovation and Tradition, Rizzoli, New York, 1986.
Thomas C. Hubka, Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The Connected Farm Buildings of New England, University Press of New England, Hanover, N.H., 1984.
Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, A Guide to Vermont Architecture, reprinted 1996, Montpelier, Vermont.
External links[edit]
Discussion of installing a Vermont window in an existing wall
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