text:
List of Australian game shows
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Contents
[hide]
1 Current shows
2 Past Shows
3 Longest serving Australian game show hosts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Current shows[edit]
Title
Network
Years
All Star Family Feud Network Ten 2016–
Family Feud Network Ten 2014–
Hard Quiz ABC 2016–
Have You Been Paying Attention? Network Ten 2013–
Kitchen Whiz Nine Network
GO! 2011–
Match It Seven Network
7Two 2012–
Millionaire Hot Seat Nine Network 2009–
Move It GO! 2014–
RocKwiz SBS 2005–
The Chase Australia Seven Network 2015–
The Wall Seven Network 2017–
The Great Australian Spelling Bee Network Ten 2015–
ThinkTank ABC 2018–
Past Shows[edit]
Title
Network
Years
1 vs. 100 Nine Network 2007
31 Questions Channel 31 2012–2014
A Question of Sport Network Ten 1995–1996
AFL Lovematch Fox8 2004–?
ADbc SBS One 2009–
All About Faces Nine Network 1971
All-Star Squares (See also "Hollywood Squares") Seven Network 1999
Almost Anything Goes (See "It's a Knockout") Network Ten 1976–1978
A League of Their Own Network Ten 2013
A*mazing Seven Network 1994–1998
Ampol Stamp Quiz Nine Network 1964–1965
Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader? Network Ten 2007–2009[1]
Australia's Brainiest Kid Network Ten 2005–2008
Balance Your Budget TCN-9 1959–1960
Battle Of The Sexes Network Ten 1998
Beat the Star Seven Network 2010 (Cancelled before all recorded episodes could be aired)[2]
The Better Sex Nine Network 1978
Friday Night Games
Big Brother - Friday Night Live Network Ten 2005–2008
Big Nine(see Twenty One) Nine Network 1969–1970
Big Square Eye ABC 1991–1993
Bert's Family Feud Nine Network 2006–2007
Between the Lines Nine Network 2011
Binnie Time GTV-9 1958–1959
Blankety Blanks Network Ten
Nine Network 1977–1978
1985–1986, 1996–1997
Blind Date Network Ten
Seven Network 1968–1970, 1991
1974
Blockbusters Seven Network 1991–1994
C'mon, Have a Go! Seven Network 1985–1986
Cash Bonanza Nine Network 2001
Cash Cab Channel V 2007–2010
Casino 10 Network Ten 1975–1977
Catch Us If You Can Channel V 2007
Catch Phrase / Burgo's Catch Phrase Nine Network 1997–2001, 2002–2003
The Celebrity Game Nine Network
Network Ten 1969
1976–1977
Crown Australian Celebrity Poker Challenge Fox8 2006
Celebrity Squares (see also Hollywood Squares) Network Ten
Nine Network 1967
1975–1976
Celebrity Tattletales (see also Tattletales) Seven Network 1979–1980
Child's Play Seven Network 1984
Coles £3000 Question / Coles $6000 Question Seven Network 1960–1971
Concentration Nine Network
Seven Network late 1950s to 1967
1970s, 1997
The Con Test Network Ten 2007
Crossfire Nine Network 1987–1988
The Daryl and Ossie Show Network Ten 1978
Deal or No Deal Seven Network 2003–2015
Does Father Know Best? ABC 1950s
Dog Eat Dog Seven Network 2002
Don't Forget Your Toothbrush Nine Network 1995
Double Dare Network Ten 1989–1992
Double Your Dollars Nine Network 1965
Download Nine Network 2000–2002
Do You Trust Your Wife? GTV-9 1957–1958
The Dulux Show Seven Network 1957
EC Plays Lift Off ABC 1994
The Einstein Factor ABC 2004–2009
Fairway Fun Nine Network 1960s
Family Bowl Quiz ABC 1969
Family Double Dare Network Ten 1989
Family Feud (1977-84/1988-96) Nine Network
Seven Network 1977–1984
1988–1996
The Family Game Network Ten 1967
Fear Factor Nine Network 2002
Flashback ABC 1983, 2000
Flashez ABC 1976–1977
Ford Superquiz Nine Network 1981–1982
Free for All Nine Network 1973
Friday Night Games Network Ten 2005–2006
Fun with Charades HSV-7 1956–1958
Gambit Nine Network 1974
Generation Gap Network Ten 1969
Get the Message Network Ten 1971–1972
Gladiators Seven Network 1995–1996, 2008
The Golden Show Nine Network 1960s
The Gong Show (see also The Gong Show) Network Ten 1976
Go Go Stop Seven Network 2004–2009
Good News Week ABC
Network Ten 1996–1998
1999–2000, 2008–2011
Good News World Network Ten 2011
Great Temptation Seven Network 1970–1976
The Great TV Game Show Network Ten 1989
Greed Network Ten 2001
Guess What? Nine Network 1992–1993
Have a Go Seven Network 1987
Head 2 Head ABC 2006
High Rollers Seven Network 1975
Hot Streak Seven Network 1998
Hole in the Wall Nine Network 2008
I Do, I Do Network Ten 1996
It's a Knockout Network Ten 1985–1987, 2011
It's Academic Network Ten
Seven Network
7Two 1968–1970
1970–1978, 2005–2015
It Could Be You Nine Network 1960–1967, 1969, 1982
It Pays to Be Funny ATN-7 and GTV-9 1957–1958
I've Got a Secret HSV-7, Network Ten 1956–1958, 1966, 1968–1969
Jeopardy! Seven Network
Network Ten 1970–1978
1993
Jigsaw Nine Network 1960s
Joker Poker Network Ten 2005
Keynotes Nine Network 1964, 1992–1993
The Krypton Factor ABC 1987
Lab Rats Challenge Nine Network
Seven Network
ABC3 2008–2014
Let's Make a Deal Nine Network
Network Ten 1968–1969, 1977
1991
Letterbox and $50,000 Letterbox Seven Network 1963, 1981
Letter Charades Nine Network 1967
Letters and Numbers SBS 2010–2012
Little Aussie Battlers Nine Network 10 February 1998 (one off special)
Long Play Network Ten 1977
The Love Game Seven Network 1984
The Main Event Seven Network 1991–1992
Man O Man Seven Network 1994
The Marriage Game (see also The Newlywed Game) Network Ten 1966–1972
The Master Seven Network 2006
The Mint Nine Network 2007–2008
Mastermind ABC 1978–1984
Match Game Network Ten 1960s
Match Mates Nine Network 1981–1982
Micro Macro ABC 1978
The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime (Australian game show) Seven Network 1999–2000
The Million Dollar Drop Nine Network 2011
Million Dollar Minute Seven Network 2013–2015
Million Dollar Wheel of Fortune Nine Network 2008
Mind Twist Network Ten 1992–1993
Minute to Win It Seven Network 2010
Money Makers Network Ten 1971–1973, 1982
Junior Money Makers TVQ0 (Brisbane only)[3] 1973
My Generation Nine Network 1995–1996
Name That Tune TCN9 (Sydney only) 1956–1957, 1975) (The first game show on Australian television)
National Bingo Night Seven Network 2007
National Star Quest 1978 (Talent show with a country theme. Made in Wollongong, aired on regional TV stations)
New Faces Nine Network
Network Ten 1963–1985, 1989–1990
1991-1993
The Newlyweds Game (see also The Newlywed Game) Network Ten
Nine Network 1968
1987
Now You See It Seven Network
Nine Network 1985–1993
1998–1999
Opportunity Knocks Seven Network 1976
Out of the Question Seven Network 2008
The Oz Game ABC 1988–1989
Pantomime Quiz ATN-7 and GTV-9 1957
Pass the Buck Nine Network 2002
Perfect Match Australia Network Ten
Seven Network 1978, 1984–1989
2002
Personality Squares (See Hollywood Squares) Network Ten 1967–1969
1981
The Phone (Australian TV series) Fox8 2009
Pick a Box Seven Network 1957–1971
Pick Your Face Nine Network 1999–2003
Play Your Cards Right Seven Network 1984–1985
Play Your Hunch Nine Network 1962–1964
Playcards Network Ten 1969
Pot Luck Network Ten 1987
Pot of Gold Network Ten 1975–1978
Press Your Luck Seven Network 1987–1988
The Pressure Pak Show Seven Network 1957–1958
The Price Is Right (1957-1974) ATN-7 (Sydney only)
GTV-9 (Melbourne only)
Seven Network
Network Ten 1957–1959
1958
1963
1973–1974
The Price Is Right (1981-2005, 2012) Seven Network
Network Ten
Nine Network 1981–1986
1989
1993–1998
2003–2005
2012
Pyramid Nine Network
GO! 2009–2014
Pyramid Challenge Network Ten 1978
Quest ABC 1976–1978
The Quiz Kids Seven Network 1964–1968
Quizmania Nine Network 2006–2007
Quizmaster Seven Network 2002
Race Around the World ABC
Raising a Husband GTV-9 1957–1958
Randling ABC1 2012
Ripsnorters Seven Network 1997
The Rich List Seven Network 2007–2009
Sale of the Century Nine Network 1980–2001
Say G'day Nine Network 1986
Say When!! Nine Network 1962–1964
Search for a Star Network Ten 1970–1971, 1981
Second Chance Network Ten 1977
Shafted Nine Network 2002
Sharky's Friends Nine Network 2007
Showcase Network Ten 1965–1970, 1973–1974, 1978
Simply Irresistible Nine Network 1995
The Singing Bee Nine Network 2007
Snakes and Ladders HSV-7 1959
Spending Spree Nine Network 1971–1976
Spicks and Specks ABC 2005–2014
Spit It Out Seven Network
7Two 2010–2011
Split Personality Network Ten 1967
Split Second Nine Network 1972–1973
Sport in Question ABC 1986
The Squiz SBS 2009
Star Search Network Ten 1985–1986
1991
Steam Punks! ABC3 2013–2014
Stop the Music HSV-7 1956–1957
Strike It Lucky Nine Network 1994
Supermarket Sweep Australia Nine Network 1992–1994
Superquiz Network Ten 1989
Surprise Package Nine Network 1961
Take a Chance Seven Network 1959
Take a Letter Network Ten 1967
Take the Hint Nine Network 1963–1966
Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation Network Ten 2009–2012
Talking Telephone Numbers Seven Network 1996
Tell the Truth Nine Network
Network Ten 1959–1965
1971–1972)
Temptation Nine Network 2005–2009
That's My Desire HSV-7 1958–1960
Theatre Sports ABC 1987
Three on a Match Seven Network 1973–?
Tic-Tac-Dough Nine Network 1960–1964
Time Masters Seven Network 1996–1998
The Tommy Hanlon Show Nine Network 1967–1968
Total Recall Seven Network 1994–1995
Treasure Hunt Network Ten 1977–1978
The Trivial Video Show Seven Network 1986
TV Talent Scout Seven Network 1957–1958
University Challenge ABC 1987–1989
The Up-Late Game Show Network Ten 2005–2006
Video Village Nine Network 1960s
Vidiot ABC 1992–1994
Visquiz SBS 1985
The Weakest Link Seven Network 2001–2002
What Do You Know? ABC3 2010–2011
What's It Worth? ABC 1950s
What's My Line? TCN-9 1956–1958
Wheel of Fortune Seven Network 1981–2006
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Nine Network 1999–2006, 2007
Win Roy and HG's Money (see Win Ben Stein's Money) Seven Network 2000
Wipeout Seven Network 1999–2000
Wipeout Nine Network 2009
Who Dares Wins Seven Network 1996–1998
Who, What And Where?
Would You Believe? ABC 1970–1974
You're A Star Network Ten 1982
Longest serving Australian game show hosts[edit]
Host Show Duration
Andrew O'Keefe Deal or No Deal / The Chase Australia 2003–present
Larry Emdur The Price Is Right 1993–1998, 2003–2005, 2012
Tony Barber Sale of the Century 1980–1991
Glenn Ridge Sale of the Century 1991–2001
John Burgess Wheel of Fortune 1984–1996
Rob Elliott Wheel of Fortune 1997–2003
Eddie McGuire Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? / Hot Seat 1999–present
Simon Reeve It's Academic / Million Dollar Minute 2005–2015
See also[edit]
Television in Australia portal
List of Australian television series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader?". Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (10 September 2010). "Gone: Beat the Star. Bumped: Four Weddings. Returning: Border Security, The Force". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Money Makers and Junior Money Makers hosted by Philip Brady[permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
A Brief History of Australian Game Shows
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_game_shows&oldid=838698334"
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text:
Electromagnetic spectrum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Class
Freq-
uency
Wave-
length
Energy
Ionizing
radiation γ Gamma rays 300 EHz 1 pm 1.24 MeV
30 EHz 10 pm 124 keV
HX Hard X-rays
3 EHz 100 pm 12.4 keV
SX Soft X-rays
300 PHz 1 nm 1.24 keV
30 PHz 10 nm 124 eV
EUV Extreme
ultraviolet
3 PHz 100 nm 12.4 eV
NUV Near
ultraviolet
Visible 300 THz 1 μm 1.24 eV
NIR Near infrared
30 THz 10 μm 124 meV
MIR Mid infrared
3 THz 100 μm 12.4 meV
FIR Far infrared
300 GHz 1 mm 1.24 meV
Micro-
waves

and

radio
waves EHF Extremely high
frequency
30 GHz 1 cm 124 μeV
SHF Super high
frequency
3 GHz 1 dm 12.4 μeV
UHF Ultra high
frequency
300 MHz 1 m 1.24 μeV
VHF Very high
frequency
30 MHz 10 m 124 neV
HF High
frequency
3 MHz 100 m 12.4 neV
MF Medium
frequency
300 kHz 1 km 1.24 neV
LF Low
frequency
30 kHz 10 km 124 peV
VLF Very low
frequency
3 kHz 100 km 12.4 peV
ULF Ultra low frequency
300 Hz 1 Mm 1.24 peV
SLF Super low
frequency
30 Hz 10 Mm 124 feV
ELF Extremely low
frequency
3 Hz 100 Mm 12.4 feV
Sources: File:Light spectrum.svg [1][2][3]
Legend[1][2][3]
γ = Gamma rays MIR = Mid infrared HF = High freq.
HX = Hard X-rays FIR = Far infrared MF = Medium freq.
SX = Soft X-rays Radio waves LF = Low freq.
EUV = Extreme ultraviolet EHF = Extremely high freq. VLF = Very low freq.
NUV = Near ultraviolet SHF = Super high freq. VF/ULF = Voice freq.
Visible light UHF = Ultra high freq. SLF = Super low freq.
NIR = Near Infrared VHF = Very high freq. ELF = Extremely low freq.
Freq = Frequency
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. This frequency range is divided into separate bands, and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are called by different names; beginning at the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the spectrum these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length.[4] Gamma rays, X-rays, and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Exposure to these rays can be a health hazard, causing radiation sickness, DNA damage and cancer. Radiation of visible light wavelengths and lower are called nonionizing radiation as they cannot cause these effects.
In most of the frequency bands above, a technique called spectroscopy can be used to physically separate waves of different frequencies, producing a spectrum showing the constituent frequencies. Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter.[5] Other technological uses are described under electromagnetic radiation.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery
2 Range of the spectrum
3 Rationale for spectrum regional names
4 Types of radiation
4.1 Boundaries
4.2 Regions of the spectrum
4.3 Radio frequency
4.4 Microwaves
4.5 Terahertz radiation
4.6 Infrared radiation
4.7 Visible radiation (light)
4.8 Ultraviolet radiation
4.9 X-rays
4.10 Gamma rays
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery
See also: History of electromagnetism, History of radio, History of electrical engineering, and History of optics
For most of history, visible light was the only known part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ancient Greeks recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including reflection and refraction. The study of light continued, and during the 16th and 17th centuries conflicting theories regarded light as either a wave or a particle.[6]
The first discovery of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light came in 1800, when William Herschel discovered infrared radiation.[7] He was studying the temperature of different colors by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays" that were a type of light ray that could not be seen.
The next year, Johann Ritter, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions). These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum.[8] They were later renamed ultraviolet radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when Michael Faraday noticed that the polarization of light traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see Faraday effect). During the 1860s James Maxwell developed four partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field. Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known speed of light. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary electrical circuit of a certain type. Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886 the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various dielectric media, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree resin. In a later experiment, Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of microwaves. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the wireless telegraph and the radio.
In 1895 Wilhelm Röntgen noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an evacuated tube subjected to a high voltage. He called these radiations x-rays and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for them in the field of medicine.
The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of gamma rays. In 1900 Paul Villard was studying the radioactive emissions of radium when he identified a new type of radiation that he first thought consisted of particles similar to known alpha and beta particles, but with the power of being far more penetrating than either. However, in 1910, British physicist William Henry Bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914, Ernest Rutherford (who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta particles) and Edward Andrade measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies.
Range of the spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the frequency f, wavelength λ, or photon energy E. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 7023239999999999999♠2.4×1023 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium (~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency,[5] so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of atoms, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be as long as the universe. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion electron volts), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a femtoelectronvolt). These relations are illustrated by the following equations:
f = c λ , or f = E h , or E = h c λ , {\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},}
where:
c = 7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s is the speed of light in a vacuum
h = 6966662606895999999♠6.62606896(33)×10−34 J·s = 6985413566733000000♠4.13566733(10)×10−15 eV·s is Planck's constant.[9]
Whenever electromagnetic waves exist in a medium with matter, their wavelength is decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, no matter what medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in terms of the vacuum wavelength, although this is not always explicitly stated.
Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, terahertz (or sub-millimeter) radiation, infrared, the visible region that is perceived as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and molecules, its behavior also depends on the amount of energy per quantum (photon) it carries.
Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm. A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm[citation needed]. Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in astrophysics. For example, many hydrogen atoms emit a radio wave photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30 Hz and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae[10] and frequencies as high as 7027290000000000000♠2.9×1027 Hz have been detected from astrophysical sources.[11]
Rationale for spectrum regional names
Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum. These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum, as though these were different types of radiation. Thus, although these "different kinds" of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons related to these qualitative interaction differences.
Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter
Region of the spectrum
Main interactions with matter
Radio Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material (plasma oscillation). An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an antenna.
Microwave through far infrared Plasma oscillation, molecular rotation
Near infrared Molecular vibration, plasma oscillation (in metals only)
Visible Molecular electron excitation (including pigment molecules found in the human retina), plasma oscillations (in metals only)
Ultraviolet Excitation of molecular and atomic valence electrons, including ejection of the electrons (photoelectric effect)
X-rays Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons, Compton scattering (for low atomic numbers)
Gamma rays Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei
High-energy gamma rays Creation of particle-antiparticle pairs. At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high-energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter.
Types of radiation
The electromagnetic spectrum
A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths
Boundaries
A discussion of the regions (or bands or types) of the electromagnetic spectrum is given below. Note that there are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a rainbow (which is the sub-spectrum of visible light). Radiation of each frequency and wavelength (or in each band) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation in that it can excite and add energy to some chemical bonds and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for photosynthesis and the working of the visual system.
Regions of the spectrum
The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes:[5]
Gamma radiation
X-ray radiation
Ultraviolet radiation
Visible radiation
Infrared radiation
Terahertz radiation
Microwave radiation
Radio waves
This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength, which is characteristic of the type of radiation.[5] While, in general, the classification scheme is accurate, in reality there is often some overlap between neighboring types of electromagnetic energy. For example, SLF radio waves at 60 Hz may be received and studied by astronomers, or may be ducted along wires as electric power, although the latter is, in the strict sense, not electromagnetic radiation at all (see near and far field).
The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is partly based on sources: the photons generated from nuclear decay or other nuclear and subnuclear/particle process, are always termed gamma rays, whereas X-rays are generated by electronic transitions involving highly energetic inner atomic electrons.[12][13][14] In general, nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions, so gamma-rays are more energetic than X-rays, but exceptions exist. By analogy to electronic transitions, muonic atom transitions are also said to produce X-rays, even though their energy may exceed 6 megaelectronvolts (0.96 pJ),[15] whereas there are many (77 known to be less than 10 keV (1.6 fJ)) low-energy nuclear transitions (e.g., the 7.6 eV (1.22 aJ) nuclear transition of thorium-229), and, despite being one million-fold less energetic than some muonic X-rays, the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear origin.[16]
The convention that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus, is always called "gamma ray" radiation is the only convention that is universally respected, however. Many astronomical gamma ray sources (such as gamma ray bursts) are known to be too energetic (in both intensity and wavelength) to be of nuclear origin. Quite often, in high energy physics and in medical radiotherapy, very high energy EMR (in the >10 MeV region)—which is of higher energy than any nuclear gamma ray—is not called X-ray or gamma-ray, but instead by the generic term of "high energy photons."
The region of the spectrum where a particular observed electromagnetic radiation falls, is reference frame-dependent (due to the Doppler shift for light), so EM radiation that one observer would say is in one region of the spectrum could appear to an observer moving at a substantial fraction of the speed of light with respect to the first to be in another part of the spectrum. For example, consider the cosmic microwave background. It was produced, when matter and radiation decoupled, by the de-excitation of hydrogen atoms to the ground state. These photons were from Lyman series transitions, putting them in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now this radiation has undergone enough cosmological red shift to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers moving slowly (compared to the speed of light) with respect to the cosmos.
Radio frequency
Main articles: Radio frequency, Radio spectrum, and Radio waves
Radio waves are emitted and received by antennas, which consist of conductors such as metal rod resonators. In artificial generation of radio waves, an electronic device called a transmitter generates an AC electric current which is applied to an antenna. The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves. In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a radio receiver. Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the ionosphere which can reflect certain frequencies.
Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in radio communication systems such as radio broadcasting, television, two way radios, mobile phones, communication satellites, and wireless networking. In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is modulated with an information-bearing signal in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by demodulation in the receiver. Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like Global Positioning System (GPS) and navigational beacons, and locating distant objects in radiolocation and radar. They are also used for remote control, and for industrial heating.
The use of the radio spectrum is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by a body called the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) which allocates frequencies to different users for different uses.
Microwaves
Main article: Microwaves
Plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
Microwaves are radio waves of short wavelength, from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the SHF and EHF frequency bands. Microwave energy is produced with klystron and magnetron tubes, and with solid state devices such as Gunn and IMPATT diodes. Although they are emitted and absorbed by short antennas, they are also absorbed by polar molecules, coupling to vibrational and rotational modes, resulting in bulk heating. Unlike higher frequency waves such as infrared and light which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface. This effect is used to heat food in microwave ovens, and for industrial heating and medical diathermy. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in radar, and are used for satellite communication, and wireless networking technologies such as Wifi, although this is at intensity levels unable to cause thermal heating. The copper cables (transmission lines) which are used to carry lower frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called waveguides are used to carry them. Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gasses limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers.
Terahertz radiation
Main article: Terahertz radiation
Terahertz radiation is a region of the spectrum between far infrared and microwaves. Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy at the high end of the band (sub-millimeter waves or so-called terahertz waves), but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing. Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment.[17] Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases, making this frequency range useless for long distance communication.
Infrared radiation
Main article: Infrared radiation
The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm - 750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:[5]
Far-infrared, from 300 GHz to 30 THz (1 mm – 10 μm). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as "sub-millimeter" in astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm.
Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10–2.5 μm). Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range, and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region. This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region, since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound.
Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500–750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light. The highest frequences in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film, and by many types of solid state image sensors for infrared photography and videography.
Visible radiation (light)
Main article: Visible spectrum
Above infrared in frequency comes visible light. The Sun emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light.[18] By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the human eye is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites the human visual system is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end.
Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colors of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.
If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object, say, a bowl of fruit, and then strikes the eyes, this results in visual perception of the scene. The brain's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues, and through this insufficiently-understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people perceive a bowl of fruit.
At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths. Optical fiber transmits light that, although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum (it is usually infrared), can carry information. The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves.
Ultraviolet radiation
Main article: Ultraviolet
The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's ozone
Next in frequency comes ultraviolet (UV). The wavelength of UV rays is shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than the X-ray.
UV is the longest wavelength radiation whose photons are energetic enough to ionize atoms, separating electrons from them, and thus causing chemical reactions. Short wavelength UV and the shorter wavelength radiation above it (X-rays and gamma rays) are called ionizing radiation, and exposure to them can damage living tissue, making them a health hazard. UV can also cause many substances to glow with visible light; this is called fluorescence.
At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive. Sunburn, for example, is caused by the disruptive effects of middle range UV radiation on skin cells, which is the main cause of skin cancer. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex DNA molecules in the cells producing thymine dimers making it a very potent mutagen.
The Sun emits significant UV radiation (about 10% of its total power), including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land (ocean water would provide some protection for life there). However, most of the Sun's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they reach the surface. The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic oxygen in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary dioxygen in air to absorb. This leaves less than 3% of sunlight at sea level in UV, with all of this remainder at the lower energies. The remainder is UV-A, along with some UV-B. The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light (called UV-A) is not blocked well by the atmosphere, but does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage. However, it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals, mutations and skin damage. See ultraviolet for more information.
X-rays
Main article: X-rays
After UV come X-rays, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the Compton effect. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as radiography). X-rays are useful as probes in high-energy physics. In astronomy, the accretion disks around neutron stars and black holes emit X-rays, enabling studies of these phenomena. X-rays are also emitted by the coronas of stars and are strongly emitted by some types of nebulae. However, X-ray telescopes must be placed outside the Earth's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays, since the great depth of the atmosphere of Earth is opaque to X-rays (with areal density of 1000 grams per cm2), equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water.[19] This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays (and also astronomical gamma rays—see below).
Gamma rays
Main article: Gamma rays
After hard X-rays come gamma rays, which were discovered by Paul Ulrich Villard in 1900. These are the most energetic photons, having no defined lower limit to their wavelength. In astronomy they are valuable for studying high-energy objects or regions, however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth's atmosphere. Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of radioisotopes. They are used for irradiation of foods and seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they are occasionally used in radiation cancer therapy.[20] More commonly, gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in nuclear medicine, an example being PET scans. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of Compton scattering.
See also
Electromagnetism portal
Electronics portal
Telecommunication portal
Bandplan
Cosmic ray
Digital dividend after digital television transition
Electroencephalography
Infrared window
Ionizing radiation
List of international common standards
Optical window
Ozone layer
Radiant energy
Radiation
Radio window
Spectroscopy
V band
W band
Notes and references
^ Jump up to: a b What is Light? Archived December 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. – UC Davis lecture slides
^ Jump up to: a b Elert, Glenn. "The Electromagnetic Spectrum, The Physics Hypertextbook". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Definition of frequency bands on". Vlf.it. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ Bakshi, U. A.; Godse, A. P. (2009). Basic Electronics Engineering. Technical Publications. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-81-8431-580-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mehta, Akul. "Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy". Pharmaxchange.info. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ Haitel, Gary (2014-05-15). Origins and Grand Finale: How the Bible and Science relate to the Origin of Everything, Abuses of Political Authority, and End Times Predictions. iUniverse. ISBN 9781491732571.
Jump up ^ "Herschel Discovers Infrared Light". Cool Cosmos Classroom activities. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 4 March 2013. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum […] and then measured the temperature of each colour. […] He found that the temperatures of the colors increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum. […] Herschel decided to measure the temperature just beyond the red of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his surprise, he found that this region had the highest temperature of all.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Michael W. "Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776–1810)". The Florida State University. Retrieved 5 March 2013. Ritter […] hypothesized that there must also be invisible radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum and commenced experiments to confirm his speculation. He began working with silver chloride, a substance decomposed by light, measuring the speed at which different colors of light broke it down. […] Ritter […] demonstrated that the fastest rate of decomposition occurred with radiation that could not be seen, but that existed in a region beyond the violet. Ritter initially referred to the new type of radiation as chemical rays, but the title of ultraviolet radiation eventually became the preferred term.
Jump up ^ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006". Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (2): 633–730. arXiv:0801.0028  . Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633. Direct link to value.
Jump up ^ Condon, J. J.; Ransom, S. M. "Essential Radio Astronomy: Pulsar Properties". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
Jump up ^ Abdo, A. A.; Allen, B.; Berley, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Casanova, S.; Chen, C.; Coyne, D. G.; Delay, R. S.; Dingus, B. L.; Ellsworth, R. W.; Fleysher, L.; Fleysher, R.; Gebauer, I.; Gonzalez, M. M.; Goodman, J. A.; Hays, E.; Hoffman, C. M.; Kolterman, B. E.; Kelley, L. A.; Lansdell, C. P.; Linnemann, J. T.; McEnery, J. E.; Mincer, A. I.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Nemethy, P.; Noyes, D.; Ryan, J. M.; Samuelson, F. W.; Saz Parkinson, P. M.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 658: L33. arXiv:astro-ph/0611691  . Bibcode:2007ApJ...658L..33A. doi:10.1086/513696.
Jump up ^ Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1. USA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 2–5. ISBN 0-201-02116-1.
Jump up ^ L'Annunziata, Michael; Baradei, Mohammad (2003). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-12-436603-1.
Jump up ^ Grupen, Claus; Cowan, G.; Eidelman, S. D.; Stroh, T. (2005). Astroparticle Physics. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 3-540-25312-2.
Jump up ^ Corrections to muonic X-rays and a possible proton halo slac-pub-0335 (1967)
Jump up ^ "Gamma-Rays". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Advanced weapon systems using lethal Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas". India Daily. March 6, 2005. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5". Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ Koontz, Steve (26 June 2012) Designing Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose. NASA/MIT Workshop. See pages I-7 (atmosphere) and I-23 (for water).
Jump up ^ Uses of Electromagnetic Waves | gcse-revision, physics, waves, uses-electromagnetic-waves | Revision World
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electromagnetic spectrum.
UnwantedEmissions.com (U.S. radio spectrum allocations resource)
Australian Radiofrequency Spectrum Allocations Chart (from Australian Communications and Media Authority)
Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (from Industry Canada)
U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart — Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from Department of Commerce)
UK frequency allocation table (from Ofcom, which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency's duties, pdf format)
Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool – Very complete and customizable.
How to render the color spectrum / Code – Only approximately right.
Poster "Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum" (992 kB)
Electromagnetic Spectrum presentation
Electromagnetic Spectrum Strategy: A Call to Action U.S. Department of Defense
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The Color Purple (musical)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Color Purple
Original poster from The Broadway Theatre production, 2005
Music
Stephen Bray
Brenda Russell
Allee Willis
Lyrics
Stephen Bray
Brenda Russell
Allee Willis
Book
Marsha Norman
Basis
The Color Purple by Alice Walker
Productions
2005 Broadway
2007 Chicago
2007 1st U.S. Tour
2010 2nd U.S. Tour
2011 Vienna
2012 3rd U.S. Tour
2013 Off-West End
2015 Broadway revival
2016 Australia
2017 U.S. Tour
Awards
2016 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical
2016 Drama League Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical
2017 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album
The Color Purple is a musical with a book by Marsha Norman and music and lyrics by Stephen Bray, Brenda Russell, and Allee Willis. Based on the 1982 novel by Alice Walker, the show follows the journey of Celie, an African-American woman in the American South from the early to mid-20th century.
The original Broadway production ran from 2005 to 2008, earning eleven Tony Award nominations in 2006. An enthusiastically acclaimed Broadway revival opened in late 2015 and ran through early 2017, winning two 2016 Tony Awards—including Best Revival of a Musical.
Contents
[hide]
1 Productions
1.1 Workshop and world premiere (2004–2005)
1.2 Broadway (2005–2008)
1.3 First national tour (2007–2010)
1.3.1 Chicago (2007)
1.4 Second national tour (2010–2011)
1.5 Third national tour (2012)
1.6 London production (2013)
1.7 Broadway revival (2015–2017)
2 Synopsis
2.1 Act I
2.2 Act II
3 Cast
3.1 Original casts of notable productions
3.2 Cast replacements
4 Musical numbers
5 Awards and nominations
5.1 Original Broadway production
5.2 2015 Broadway revival
6 References
7 External links
Productions[edit]
Workshop and world premiere (2004–2005)[edit]
The Color Purple was originally workshopped by the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia, in the summer of 2004 following Scott Sanders' optioning the work from Alice Walker in 1999 and auditioning various creative team members. The September 9, 2004, world premiere of the musical was produced by the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta by special arrangement with Creative Battery and Scott Sanders Productions.
For the Atlanta run, La Chanze starred as Celie, Felicia P. Fields as Sofia, Saycon Sengbloh as Nettie, Adriane Lenox as Shug and Kingsley Leggs as Mister. Gary Griffin staged the work, with scenic design by John Lee Beatty, lighting by Brian MacDevitt, costumes by Paul Tazewell and sound by Jon Weston.[1][2]
Broadway (2005–2008)[edit]
The musical opened on Broadway at The Broadway Theatre on December 1, 2005. It was directed by Gary Griffin, produced by Scott Sanders, Quincy Jones and Oprah Winfrey, with choreography by Donald Byrd and musical direction by Linda Twine. The musical closed on February 24, 2008, after 30 previews and 910 regular performances. The Broadway production recouped its $11 million investment within its first year on Broadway, and had grossed over $103 million by the time it closed.[3]
The original Broadway production starred LaChanze as Celie, Brandon Victor Dixon as Harpo, Felicia P. Fields as Sofia, Renée Elise Goldsberry as Nettie, Kingsley Leggs as Mister, Krisha Marcano as Squeak, and Elisabeth Withers-Mendes as Shug Avery.
First national tour (2007–2010)[edit]
Chicago (2007)[edit]
The First National tour began on April 17, 2007, starting with an extended run at the Cadillac Palace Theatre in Chicago, Illinois. The company includes LaToya London as Nettie, Michelle Williams as Shug Avery, Felicia P. Fields as Sofia, and Jeannette Bayardelle as Celie, Stephanie St. James as Squeak. Bayardelle and Fields both are reprising their roles from Broadway. The show exceeded expectations, which necessitated a four-week extension of its Chicago engagement until September 30, 2007.[4] The original expectation was that the show would run in Chicago until November.[5] In all, the show produced respectable business results bringing in about $1 million per week for the first half of the engagement, but less during the summer months when the ticket prices were reduced to $39.50 to keep the theater full.[6]
Chicago was notable as a starting point of the national tour because Oprah Winfrey, a 1986 Academy Awards nominee in the film adaptation[7] is a Chicago resident.[8][9] In addition, Felicia Fields is a Chicago native and resident. It was also a homecoming for Gary Griffin. Both Fields and Griffin made their broadway theatre debuts with this musical.[10] As a result of the Chicago connections the Chicago premiere had a star-studded red carpet with Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley, Jesse Jackson, R. Kelly, and Roger Ebert.[11] Others in attendance included United States Senator Carol Moseley Braun and Christie Hefner.[12] Coverage of the Chicago premiere was prominent in international media.[13]
Second national tour (2010–2011)[edit]
A second national tour with a new non-Equity cast opened on March 12, 2010 at the Lyric Opera House and visited numerous US cities, making several return engagements. The role of Celie was played by Detroit native Dayna Jarae Dantzler. The role of Shug Avery was played by New Orleans native Taprena Augustine. Tour stops include Omaha, Nashville, Fort Lauderdale, Mobile, Durham, and more.[14][15] Due to an overwhelming demand, the tour returned to New Orleans where it played a 5-show limited-engagement at the Mahalia Jackson Theater for the Performing Arts from February 11–13, 2011.[16]
Third national tour (2012)[edit]
A third national tour with a non-Equity cast opened January 17, 2012 at the Francis Marion University PAC, in Florence, South Carolina, with previews in New Haven, CT at the Schubert Theater. The role of Celie is played by Washington, D.C. native, Ashley L. Ware, and Taprena Augustine has reprised her role as Shug Avery alongside Dayna Quincy taking the role of Nettie (later taking the role of Celie at Toby's Dinner Theatre in Columbia). Tour stops include Nevada (Las Vegas & Reno), Alabama (Mobile), Pennsylvania (Williamsport, Reading & Bloomsburg), and more.[15]
London production (2013)[edit]
A first international production, directed by John Doyle, opened in London at The Menier Chocolate Factory on July 17, 2013. The limited run ended on 14 September 2013. The cast included Cynthia Erivo (Celie), Nicola Hughes (Shug) and Christopher Colquhoun (Mister/Albert).
Broadway revival (2015–2017)[edit]
On January 9, 2015, producers Scott Sanders, Roy Furman, and Oprah Winfrey announced that the Menier Chocolate Factory production would be mounted on Broadway. Jennifer Hudson makes her Broadway debut in the role of Shug, Danielle Brooks plays the role of Sofia, and Cynthia Erivo reprises her role as Celie. Kyle Jean-Baptiste was slated to be in it as well, but he died in August 2015.[17][18] Previews began November 10, 2015, with the official opening December 10 at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.[19][20][21] Erivo won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, with the production taking home the 2016 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.[22] The production closed on January 8, 2017.[23]
Synopsis[edit]
Act I[edit]
On a Sunday morning in 1909, fourteen-year-old Celie – who has had one child by her father Alphonso and is now pregnant with her second – plays a clapping game with her younger sister Nettie. While attending services with the other members of their rural Georgia community, Celie goes into labor and is dragged out of the church as the congregation quietly looks on ("Huckleberry Pie/Mysterious Ways"). After Celie gives birth to a son, her father takes the child away and bluntly tells her he is going to get rid of it like the last one. Celie quietly says goodbye to her newborn and asks God for a sign ("Somebody Gonna Love You").
Four years later, local farmer and widower Albert "Mister" Johnson approaches Alphonso and asks permission to marry one of his daughters. Alphonso agrees, offering him Celie, instead of Nettie, and throwing a cow into the bargain. Although the girls promise never to be separated, Celie goes with Mister to save Nettie's dreams of becoming a teacher ("Our Prayer"). The local Church Ladies cluck their approval ("That Fine Mister") while Mister's field hands introduce Celie to a life of hard work ("Big Dog").
One day, Nettie arrives, explaining that she is tired of Alphonso's lecherous attentions and asking if she can stay. Mister agrees, but later attacks Nettie while she is walking to school. She fights back, prompting Mister to kick her out. Celie protests, but Mister swears they will never see each other again. As she leaves Mister's property, Nettie promises to write to Celie. But when she goes to the mailbox the next day, Mister slams the mailbox shut, threatening to kill her if he ever sees her touch it. ("Lily of the Field").
In 1920, Mister's son Harpo brings home Sofia, a strong-willed woman whom he later marries ("Dear God - Sofia"). When he complains that he is tired of Sofia bossing him around, Mister and Celie tell him the only way to get her to listen is to beat her. Harpo attempts to do so but ends up being beaten by Sofia ("A Tree Named Sofia"). After confronting Celie, Sofia learns the extent of Mister's cruelty and tells Celie to stand up for herself before leaving home to spend time with her sisters ("Hell No!").
Harpo decides to turn his house into a juke joint and engages in an affair with a waitress named Squeak, who moves in with him ("Brown Betty"). Sometime later, the community prepares for the arrival of jazz singer Shug Avery, who is revealed to be Mister's longtime lover ("Shug Avery Comin' to Town"). But when Shug arrives with her band, she is in such bad shape that Celie nurses her back to health in spite of local disapproval ("All We've Got to Say").
While tailoring a dress for Shug's debut, Celie experiences feelings of warmth and tenderness for the first time ("Dear God - Shug"). Shug, meanwhile, learns more about Celie's relationship with Mister and encourages her to find her inner strength ("Too Beautiful for Words"').
That night, at Harpo's Juke Joint, Shug brings down the house with a raucous blues number ("Push Da Button"). Sofia arrives with her new boyfriend Buster and dances with Harpo, prompting Squeak to pick a fight with her ("Uh Oh!"). The fight eventually escalates into a bar brawl, prompting Shug and Celie to escape.
After returning to Mister's house, Shug and Celie explore their newfound relationship ("What About Love?"). Shug uncovers several letters for Celie that have come from Africa. Celie recognizes Nettie's handwriting and realizes that her sister is alive ("Act I Finale").
Act II[edit]
While reading the letters that Mister has hidden from her, Celie learns that Nettie is in Africa and is living with the missionary family that adopted her children ("African Homeland"). In Georgia, Sofia is arrested for assaulting the mayor after refusing to work for his wife. When Celie goes to visit her, she learns Sofia will serve out her sentence in the Mayor's custody.
In 1932, Shug brings her lover Grady over for Easter. After learning the extent of Celie's anger towards God, Shug invites her to come back to Memphis with her so they can enjoy the simple joys of life ("The Color Purple"). After sitting down to dinner ("Church Ladies' Easter"), Celie tells Mister that she is leaving and Squeak announces she is leaving as well.
When Mister refuses and tries to beat her, Celie stands firm and curses him ("I Curse You, Mister"). Harpo then invites Sofia to come back and live at the Juke Joint, reconciling with her in the process. Eventually, Mister begins to feel the effect of Celie's curse. Harpo challenges his father to make things right after a bunch of terrible things happen to Mister, which force Mister to try to understand the meaning of Celie's curse and the meaning of life other than his tough childhood. ("Mister's Song/Celie's Curse").
At Shug's Memphis home, Celie starts writing back to Nettie and discovers that she has a natural gift for making pants. After inheriting her childhood home, Celie starts a business and begins selling her designs ("Miss Celie's Pants"). Meanwhile, Harpo and Sofia hit it off and then the two learn that Mister is having difficulty getting Nettie and the children to come to the United States. The three resolve to make a plan. ("Any Little Thing")
Shug tells Celie that she has fallen in love with a 19-year-old musician in her band and asks her permission to have one last fling with him. Meanwhile, Mister has reconciled his life ("What About Love? [Reprise]"). While walking home, Celie realizes that she isn't destroyed by this and, for the first time, feels a deep love for herself ("I'm Here").
Several years later, while hosting a Fourth of July picnic for the community, Celie hears a car horn and a familiar voice from her childhood. It is Nettie singing the clapping song they sang years ago. They both run to each other and hug with Celie's children right behind them all grown up. After learning that Mister and Shug have made the reunion possible, Celie thanks them and God for reuniting her with her sister ("The Color Purple [Reprise]").
Cast[edit]
Original casts of notable productions[edit]
Character
2005 Broadway
2007 U.S. Tour
2010 U.S. Tour
2013 Off-West End
2015 Broadway Revival
2016 Australia
Celie
LaChanze Jeannette Bayardelle Kenita R. Miller Cynthia Erivo Jayme-Lee Hanekom
Shug Avery
Elisabeth Withers Michelle Williams Angela Robinson Nicola Hughes Jennifer Hudson Thando Sikwila
Sofia
Felicia P. Fields Sophia Nomvete Danielle Brooks Vanessa Menjivar
Mister/Albert
Kingsley Leggs Rufus Bonds, Jr. Christopher Colquhoun Isaiah Johnson Kendrew A. Heriveaux
Harpo
Brandon Victor Dixon Stu James Adebayo Bolaji Kyle Scatliffe Iopu Auva'a
Nettie
Renée Elise Goldsberry LaToya London Abiona Omonua Joaquina Kalukango Anna Francesca Armenia
Cast replacements[edit]
Jeannette Bayardelle assumed the role of Celie from LaChanze in the original Broadway production on November 5, 2006.
Patina R. Miller assumed the role of Celie from Jeannette Bayardelle in the original Broadway production on February 20, 2007.
Fantasia Barrino assumed the role of Celie in the original Broadway production from April 10, 2007, to January 6, 2008, becoming the first American Idol winner on Broadway.[24]
Fantasia reprised her performance as Celie in the 2010 National tour from June 30 to September 13, 2010.
Heather Headley assumed the role of Shug Avery from Jennifer Hudson in the 2015 Broadway revival on May 10, 2016.[25]
Jennie Harney assumed the role of Nettie from Joaquina Kalukango in the 2015 revival on September 20, 2016.[26]
Jennifer Holliday assumed the role of Shug Avery from Heather Headley in the 2015 revival on October 4, 2016.
Carrie Compere assumed the role of Sofia from Danielle Brooks in the 2015 revival on November 15, 2016.[27]
Nathaniel Stampley assumed the role of Mister from Isaiah Johnson in the 2015 revival on November 15, 2016. [28]
Musical numbers[edit]
Act I
"Overture" – Orchestra
"Huckleberry Pie" / "Mysterious Ways" – Young Celie and Young Nettie / Celie, Nettie and Ensemble
"Somebody Gonna Love You" – Celie
"Our Prayer" – Nettie, Celie, Mister, Doris, Darlene, Jarene and Pa
"That Fine Mister" – Doris, Darlene and Jarene
"Big Dog" – Mister, Celie, Young Harpo, Mister's Daughters and Male Ensemble
"Lily of the Field" – Celie, Nettie and Mister
"Dear God - Sofia" – Celie
"A Tree Named Sofia" – Doris, Darlene and Jarene
"Brown Betty" – Harpo, Squeak, Celie and Male Ensemble
"Shug Avery Comin' to Town" – Mister, Celie and Ensemble
"All We've Got to Say" – Doris, Darlene and Jarene
"Dear God - Shug" – Celie and Shug
"Too Beautiful for Words" – Shug
"Push Da Button" – Shug, Harpo and Ensemble
"Uh-Oh!" – Sofia, Squeak, Celie, Buster and Female Ensemble
"What About Love?" – Celie and Shug
"Act I Finale" – Orchestra, Shug, Celie and Nettie
Act II
"African Homeland" – Nettie, Celie, Young Adam, Young Olivia and Ensemble
"The Color Purple" – Shug and Celie
"Church Ladies' Easter" – Doris, Darlene and Jarene
"I Curse You Mister" – Celie and Mister
"Mister's Song - Celie's Curse" – Mister
"Miss Celie's Pants" – Celie, Shug, Sofia and Female Ensemble
"Any Little Thing" – Harpo and Sofia
"What About Love? (Reprise)" – Celie and Shug
"I'm Here" – Celie
"The Color Purple (Reprise)" – Celie and Company
Awards and nominations[edit]
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2006 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated [29]
Best Book of a Musical Marsha Norman Nominated
Best Original Score Brenda Russell, Allee Willis and Stephen Bray Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical LaChanze Won
Best Featured Actor in a Musical Brandon Victor Dixon Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Musical Felicia P. Fields Nominated
Elizabeth Withers-Mendez Nominated
Best Choreography Donald Byrd Nominated
Best Scenic Design John Lee Beatty Nominated
Best Costume Design Paul Tazewell Nominated
Best Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt Nominated
Theatre World Award Felicia P. Fields Won [30]
Elisabeth Withers-Mendes Won
2007 Grammy Award Best Musical Show Album Nominated
Theatre World Award Fantasia Barrino Honoree [31]
2015 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2016 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Won [32]
Best Actress in a Musical Cynthia Erivo Won
Best Featured Actress in a Musical Danielle Brooks Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical John Doyle Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated [33]
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Cynthia Erivo Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Danielle Brooks Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Musical John Doyle Won
Outstanding Orchestrations Catherine Jayes and Joseph Joubert Nominated
Outstanding Lighting Design for a Musical Jane Cox Nominated
Drama League Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won [34]
Distinguished Performance Cynthia Erivo Nominated
Jennifer Hudson Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated [35]
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Cynthia Erivo Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Danielle Brooks Nominated
Theatre World Award Cynthia Erivo Honoree [36]
Danielle Brooks Honoree
2017 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Won [37]
Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Musical Performance in a Daytime Program Cynthia Erivo and Cast of The Color Purple for "The Color Purple" on The Today Show Won [38][39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alice Walker Novel Sings as 'The Color Purple' Musical Starts World Premiere, Sept. 9" playbill.com, September 2004
Jump up ^ Broadwayworld.com, March 2004 "Alliance Theatre to Premiere 'The Color Purple' A New Musical" broadwayworld.com, 2004
Jump up ^ "Broadway's 'The Color Purple' Will Close Feb. 24" playbill.com, January 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam (2007-07-17). "The Color Purple Extends Chicago Run By a Month". Playbill News. Playbill, Inc. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ "The Color Purple to Begin National Tour in Chicago in 2007". Broadway.com, Inc. 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris (2007-09-28). "'Color Purple' makes its exit". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ "The Color Purple (1985)". rogerebert.com. 2004-03-28. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Oprah at Chicago premiere of 'Purple'". USA TODAY. 2007-05-06. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Oprah Winfrey attends Chicago premiere of "The Color Purple"". the International Herald Tribune. 2007-05-03. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Scott C. (2007-05-09). "Theater: The Color Purple". Windy City Times. Windy City Media Group. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ Baca, Stacey (2007-05-04). "Winfrey attends Chicago premiere of 'The Color Purple'". ABC Inc., WLS-TV/DT Chicago, IL. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Oprah's 'Purple' Opens In Chicago: Local Celebrities Step Onto Red Carpet". NBC Universal, Inc. 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ "People: Avril Lavigne, Oprah Winfrey, Don Imus". the International Herald Tribune. 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
Jump up ^ "'The Color Purple' tour listing" phoenix-ent.com
^ Jump up to: a b [1] colorpurple.com
Jump up ^ [2] facebook.com
Jump up ^ "Kyle Jean-Baptiste, 1st Black Actor to Play Jean Valjean on Broadway, Dies in Fall". CBS News. August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rutti, Ron (August 29, 2015). "Baldwin Wallace Graduate Kyle Jean-Baptiste, Youngest to Play 'Les Miserables' Lead, Is Dead at 21". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jennifer Hudson Will Make Broadway Debut in Color Purple Revival". Playbill.com. 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam and Viagas, Robert. "Broadway 'Color Purple' Revival With Jennifer Hudson and Cynthia Erivo Sets Full Cast" Playbill, October 6, 2015
Jump up ^ Playbill Staff. "The Verdict: Read Reviews for Broadway 'Color Purple' Revival, With Jennifer Hudson and Cynthia Erivo" playbill.com, December 11, 2015
Jump up ^ "The Tony Award Nominees - Winners". TonyAwards.com. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
Jump up ^ Viagas, Robert. "Broadway 'Color Purple' Posts Closing Notice", Playbill, October 30, 2016
Jump up ^ "American Idol's Fantasia Barrino to Join The Color Purple". broadwayworld.com. Wisdom Digital Media. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael. "Jennifer Hudson to Exit 'Color Purple'; Enter Heather Headley" The New York Times, April 7, 2016
Jump up ^ McPhee, Ryan. "Broadway Newcomer Jennie Harney Will Join The Color Purple" Broadway.com., September 7, 2016
Jump up ^ Viagas, Robert. "Broadway’s 'The Color Purple' Is Getting a New Sofia" Playbill, October 13, 2016
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. "THE COLOR PURPLE to Welcome New 'Mister' on Broadway" BroadwayWorld.com, October 24, 2016
Jump up ^ Staff, Playbill (June 12, 2006). "Just the Facts: List of 2006 Tony Award Winners and Nominees". Playbill.com. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff, Broadway.com (May 12, 2006). "Winners of the 2006 Theatre World Awards Announced". Broadway.com. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff, New York Theatre Wire. "63rd ANNUAL THEATRE WORLD AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED". New York Theatre Wire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Respers France, Lisa (June 13, 2016). "Tony Awards 2016: The Winners List". CNN. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Viagas, Robert (April 28, 2016). "She Loves Me Leads Drama Desk Nominations". Playbill.com. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (April 20, 2016). "2016 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced". Playbill.com. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Viagas, Robert (April 19, 2016). "2016 Outer Critics Circle Nominees Announced". Playbill.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (May 2, 2016). "Theatre World Awards Announce 2016 Winners". Playbill.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2017 Grammy Awards: Complete list of nominees". Los Angeles Times. December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). New York City: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 44th Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners" (PDF). Los Angeles: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official site
The Color Purple at the Internet Broadway Database
The Color Purple Audition Advice & Show Information from MusicalTheatreAudition.net
The Color Purple at Broadway Theater
Wanabehuman: Theatre review - The Color Purple, New York City
The Color Purple on Broadway.com
[show]
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Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical
Carousel (1994)
Show Boat (1995)
The King and I (1996)
Chicago (1997)
Cabaret (1998)
Annie Get Your Gun (1999)
Kiss Me, Kate (2000)
42nd Street (2001)
Into the Woods (2002)
Nine (2003)
Assassins (2004)
La Cage aux Folles (2005)
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Company (2007)
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Hair (2009)
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Works by Alice Walker
Books
The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970)
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Warrior Marks (1993)
Short stories
"Everyday Use" (1973)
Collections
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The Color Purple (film)
The Color Purple (musical)
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