text:
Auto-da-fé
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Auto-da-fé (disambiguation).
Saint Dominic presiding over an auto-da-fé, by Pedro Berruguete (around 1495)[1]
An auto-da-fé or auto-de-fé (from Portuguese auto da fé, meaning "act of faith") was the ritual of public penance of condemned heretics and apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition, Portuguese Inquisition or the Mexican Inquisition had decided their punishment, followed by the execution by the civil authorities of the sentences imposed.
The most extreme punishment imposed on those convicted was execution by burning. In popular usage, the term auto-da-fé, the act of public penance, came to mean the burning at the stake.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Process
3 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The first recorded auto-da-fé was held in Paris in 1242, under Louis IX.[2]
On 1 November 1478, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella received permission from Pope Sixtus IV to name Inquisitors throughout their domains, to protect Catholicism as the true faith. It originally applied to the Crown of Castile — the domain of Isabella — but in 1483, Ferdinand extended it to his domain of the Crown of Aragon. Ferdinand's action met with great resistance, and resulted in the assassination by conversos in 1485 of Pedro de Arbués. In spite of this social discontent it is considered that between 1487 and 1505 the Chapter of Barcelona processed more than 1000 people, of which only 25 were absolved.[3]
The monarchs immediately began establishing permanent trials and developing bureaucracies to carry out investigations in most cities and communities in their empire. The first Iberian auto-da-fé took place in Seville in 1481; six of the men and women who participated in this first religious ritual were later executed.[4] Later, Franciscan missionaries brought the Inquisition to the New World.
The exact number of people executed by the Inquisition is not known. Juan Antonio Llorente, the ex-secretary of the Holy Office, gave the following numbers for the Inquisition excluding the American colonies, Sicily and Sardinia: 31,912 burnt, 17,696 burned in effigy, and 291,450 reconciled de vehementi (required to perform an act of penance).[5] Later in the nineteenth century, José Amador de los Ríos gave even higher numbers, stating that only between the years 1484 and 1525, 28,540 were burned in person, 16,520 burned in effigy and 303,847 penanced.[5] However, after extensive examinations of archival records, modern scholars provide lower estimates, indicating that fewer than 10,000 were actually executed during the whole history of the Spanish Inquisition,[6] perhaps around 3,000.[7]
The Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536 and lasted officially until 1821. Its influence was much weakened by the late 18th century under the government of the Marquês de Pombal. They were also held in the Portuguese colony of Goa following the establishment of the Inquisition there in 1562–1563.
Autos-da-fé also took place in New Spain, the State of Brazil, and the Viceroyalty of Peru.[8] Contemporary historians of the Conquistadors, such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo, recorded them. Although records are incomplete, one historian estimates that about 50 people were executed by the Mexican Inquisition.[9]
Process[edit]
1683 painting by Francisco Rizi depicting the auto-da-fé held in Plaza Mayor, Madrid in 1680.
The auto-da-fé was a major aspect of the tribunals,[10] and the final step in the Inquisition process. It involved a Catholic Mass, prayer, a public procession of those found guilty, and a reading of their sentences.[11]
An Inquisition usually began with the public proclamation of a grace period of 40 days. Anyone who was guilty or knew of someone who was guilty was urged to confess. If the accused were charged, they were presumed guilty. Officials could apply torture during the trial. Inquisitors were required to hear and record all testimony.[citation needed] Proceedings were to be kept secret, and the identity of witnesses was not known to the accused.
After the trial, officials proclaimed the prisoner's sentence and administered in an auto-da-fé. The auto-da-fé was not an impromptu event, but thoroughly orchestrated. Preparations began a month in advance, and only occurred when the inquisition authorities believed there were enough prisoners in a given community or city. The ritual took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours with ecclesiastical and civil authorities in attendance.[12]
Bordering the city's plaza, an all-night vigil would be held with prayers, ending in Mass at daybreak and a breakfast feast prepared for all who joined in.[13]
Condemned by the Inquisition wearing a sambenito carrying the cross of St. Andrew (Francisco de Goya).
The ceremony of public penitence then began with a procession of prisoners, who bore elaborate visual symbols on their garments and bodies. These symbols were called sanbenito, and were made of yellow sackcloth. They served to identify the specific acts of treason of the accused, whose identities were kept secret until the very last moment. In addition, the prisoners usually had no idea what the outcome of their trial had been or their sentencing.[citation needed]
The prisoners were taken outside the city walls to a place called the quemadero or burning place. There the sentences were read. Prisoners who were acquitted or whose sentence was suspended would fall on their knees in thanksgiving,[14] but the condemned would be punished. Artistic representations of the auto-da-fé usually depict physical punishment such as whipping, torture, and burning at the stake.
The auto-da-fé was also a form of penitence for the public viewers, because they too were engaging in a process of reconciliation and by being involved were given the chance to confront their sins and be forgiven by the Church.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
The auto-da-fé, usually represented as a heretic being burned at the stake, is a symbol used widely in the arts, especially in Europe.
Voltaire featured an auto-da-fé held by the people of Lisbon after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in chapter six of his anti-religious satire Candide (1759). The university of Coimbra decides that this "great ceremony was an infallible means of preventing the earth from quaking."
Edgar Allan Poe – In "The Pit and the Pendulum", Poe uses the auto-da-fé as a reference point for the narrator as he tries to determine what is happening to him.
Giuseppe Verdi – In his 1866 opera Don Carlos, Verdi includes a pivotal scene in the third act that depicts the beginning of an auto-da-fé in front of the Cathedral of Valladolid in Spain where heretics are about to be burned at the stake.
Herman Melville – In Moby-Dick, near the end of Chapter 54, mentions auto-da-fé in passing: "'Though there are no Auto-da-Fe's in Lima now,' said one of the company to another; 'I fear our sailor friend runs risk of the archiepiscopacy. Let us withdraw more out of the moonlight. I see no need of this.'" In "The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade" (1857), set on a Mississippi steamboat filled with colorful characters and the Devil himself as the con-man, Melville weaves an allegory on how easily one may win over a person's, or for that matter, an entire people's confidence. The book opens with the words "Dedicated to victims of Auto da Fe."
Leonard Bernstein composed and produced a musical adaptation of Voltaire's Candide in 1956, featuring a song called Auto-da-Fé that includes the chorus, "It's a lovely day for drinking and for watching people fry," referring to the spectacle of public executions.
Elias Canetti won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981 for his work, especially his novel Die Blendung (1935), literally "The Blinding," translated into English as Auto-da-Fé (1946).
Fyodor Dostoevsky begins a chapter of The Brothers Karamazov with a "splendid Auto-da-Fé". The chapter is famously called "The Grand Inquisitor".
Tennessee Williams wrote a one-act play entitled Auto-da-Fé (1938).
Roger Zelazny wrote a short story, Auto-da-Fé, which appeared in Dangerous Visions, 1967.
In Dai Sijie's Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, the final climactic book burning is repeatedly referred to as auto-da-fé.
José Saramago goes into detail about an Auto-da-fé in Baltasar and Blimunda (1982).
Mel Brooks's cult comedy History of the World, Part I (1981) makes reference to the auto-da-fé in its segment about the Spanish Inquisition.
The West Wing episode "7A Wf 83429", the first episode of the fifth season, when referring to a meeting where the Democratic leaders are going to punish them for invoking the 25th, Josh says "Anyone else coming to the auto da fe?"
SPK titled their 1983 compilation album Auto Da Fe.
In Matthew Lewis's Gothic novel The Monk (1796), madrileño monk Ambrosio barely escapes burning in an auto-da-fé. Convicted of rape and murder (which also turn out to be incest and matricide) he is sentenced to death by burning at the stake. He is rescued last-minute by intervention of Lucifer only to be left on a precipice in the Sierra Morena mountains. After falling down, insects drink his blood and mountain eagles "tore his flesh piecemeal, and dug out his eye-balls with their crooked beaks" before he perishes.
The 2016 film Assassin's Creed depicts an auto-da-fé in 1492 Spain. The sequence involves a parading of the accused and the outcomes of the sentencing.
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ *[1] at Prado Museum
Jump up ^ Stavans 2005:xxxiv
Jump up ^ «La Inquisició» Archived 16 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Històries de Catalunya, TV3, s.d.
Jump up ^ Cullen Murphy, God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012, pp. 65-69; ISBN 978-0-618-09156-0
^ Jump up to: a b Cecil Roth (1964) The Spanish Inquisition, W. W. Norton & Company, 1964 ISBN 0-393-00255-1, ISBN 978-0-393-00255-3 page 123
Jump up ^ Dedieu, p. 85; Perez, pp. 170–173.
Jump up ^ Monter, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Jacob Rader (1999). "36". The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 0-87820-217-X.
Jump up ^ Jose Rogelio Alvarez, ed. "Inquisicion" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de Mexico. VII (2000 ed.). Mexico City: Sabeca International Investment Corp.. ISBN 1-56409-034-5
Jump up ^ Perry, Mary Elizabeth; Cruz, Anne J., eds. (1991). Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07098-1.
Jump up ^ Peters, Edward. Inquisition. New York: The Free Press, 1988.
Jump up ^ Many of the public autos-da-fé were described in contemporary published works listing the dignitaries in attendance, the condemned and their sentences. See for example, Matias de Bocanegra, Auto general de la fé..., Mexico: 1649
Jump up ^ Potter, Robert. The Auto de Fé as Medieval Drama. University of California, Santa Barbara. pp. 110–115.
Jump up ^ Potter, Robert. The Auto de Fé as Medieval Drama. University of Santa Barbara. pp. 115–119.
Bibliography
Arouet, Francois-Marie (Voltaire) (1758). Candide
Dedieu, Jean-Pierre (1987) L'Inquisition. Les Editions Fides
Kamen, Henry. (1997) The Spanish Inquisition : A Historical Revision. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Lea, Henry Charles (1906–1907). A History of the Inquisition of Spain (4 volumes). New York and London.
Monter, William (1990). Frontiers of Heresy. The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Land to Sicily. Cambridge University Press
Perez, Joseph (2006) The Spanish Inquisition: A History, Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11982-8, ISBN 978-0-300-11982-4
Peters, Edward. (1988) Inquisition. New York: The Free Press.
Stavans, Ilan. (2005) The Schocken Book of Modern Sephardic Literature. Random House, Inc. New York
Whitechapel, Simon (2003). Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition. Creation Books. ISBN 1-84068-105-5
External links[edit]
Look up auto da fe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
(in Spanish) La Inquisición Española: origen, desarrollo, organización, administración, métodos y proceso inquisitorial
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Auto-da-fé". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auto-da-fé&oldid=795727885"
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Prevailing winds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Winds are part of Earth's atmospheric circulation.
The westerlies (blue) and trade winds (yellow and red)
Play media
Global surface wind vector flow lines colored by wind speed from June 1, 2011 to October 31, 2011.
Prevailing winds are winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth's surface. The dominant winds are the trends in direction of wind with the highest speed over a particular point on the Earth's surface. A region's prevailing and dominant winds are enacted by global patterns of movement in the Earth's atmosphere.[1] In general, easterly flow occurs at low and medium latitudes globally. In the mid-latitudes, westerly winds are the rule and their strength is largely determined by the polar cyclone. In areas where winds tend to be light, the sea breeze/land breeze cycle is the most important to the prevailing wind; in areas which have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes dominate the wind pattern. Highly elevated surfaces can induce a thermal low, which then augments the environmental wind flow.
Wind roses are tools used to determine the direction of the prevailing wind. Knowledge of the prevailing wind allows the development of prevention strategies for wind erosion of agricultural land, such as across the Great Plains. Sand dunes can orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind regime within coastal and desert locations. Insects drift along with the prevailing wind, while birds are able to fly more independently of it. Prevailing winds in mountain locations can lead to significant rainfall gradients within the topography, ranging from wet across windward-facing slopes to desert-like conditions along their lee slopes. Prevailing winds can have differences due to the uneven heating of the Earth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Determination for a location
2 Climatology
2.1 Trades and their impact
2.2 Westerlies and their impact
2.3 Polar easterlies
3 Local considerations
3.1 Sea and land breezes
3.2 Circulation in elevated regions
4 Effect on precipitation
5 Effect on nature
6 See also
7 References
Determination for a location[edit]
Wind rose plot for Fresno Air Terminal (FAT), Fresno, California for the month of April 1961
Main article: Wind rose
A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a polar coordinate grid, the wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each spoke around the circle is related to the frequency that the wind blows from a particular direction per unit time. Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles. A wind rose plot may contain additional information, in that each spoke is broken down into color-coded bands that show wind direction ranges. Wind roses typically use 8 or 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc.,[2] although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions.[3]
Climatology[edit]
Trades and their impact[edit]
Main article: Trade wind
The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth's equator,[4] equatorward of the subtropical ridge. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.[5] The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over world's oceans, guiding their path westward.[6] Trade winds also steer African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean sea, as well as portions of southeast North America.[7]
Westerlies and their impact[edit]
Effect of prevailing wind on a coniferous tree, western Turkey.
Main article: Westerlies
The westerlies or the prevailing westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes (i.e., between 35 and 65 degrees latitude), which blow in areas poleward of the high pressure area known as the subtropical ridge in the horse latitudes.[8][9] These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east,[10] and steer extra-tropical cyclones in this general manner. The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.[5] They are strongest in the winter when the pressure is lower over the poles, such as when the polar cyclone is strongest, and weakest during the summer when the polar cyclone is weakest and when pressures are higher over the poles.[11]
Together with the trade winds, the westerlies enabled a round-trip trade route for sailing ships crossing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as the westerlies lead to the development of strong ocean currents in both hemispheres. The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down. The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes are called the Roaring Forties, between 40 and 50 degrees south latitude, within the Southern Hemisphere.[12] The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents,[13][14] especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse.
The westerlies explain why coastal North America tends to be wet, especially from Northern California to Alaska, during the winter. Differential heating from the sun between the land which is quite cool and the ocean which is relatively warm causes areas of low pressure to develop over land. This results in moisture rich air from the Pacific Ocean to flow from the west, resulting in frequent rainstorms and wind on the coast. This moisture continues to flow eastward until orographic lift caused by the Coast, Cascade, Columbia and Rocky Mountains cause a rain shadow effect which limits further penetration of these systems and associated rainfall eastward. This trend reverses in the summer when strong heating of the land causes high pressure and tends to block moisture-rich air from the Pacific from reaching land. This explains why most of coastal North America in the middle latitudes experiences dry summers, despite abundant rainfall in the winter.[8][9]
Polar easterlies[edit]
Main article: Polar easterlies
The polar easterlies (also known as Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards the low-pressure areas within the westerlies at high latitudes. Like trade winds and unlike the westerlies, these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west, and are often weak and irregular.[15] Due to the low sun angle, cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high-pressure areas, forcing an outflow of air toward the equator;[16] that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect.
Local considerations[edit]
Sea and land breezes[edit]
Main article: Sea breeze
A: Sea breeze, B: Land breeze
In areas where the wind flow is light, sea breezes and land breezes are important factors in a location's prevailing winds. The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land due to its greater specific heat.[17] The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's surface. As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it. The warm air is less dense and so it rises. This rising air over the land lowers the sea level pressure by about 0.2%. The cooler air above the sea, now with higher sea level pressure, flows towards the land into the lower pressure, creating a cooler breeze near the coast.
The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea. If an off-shore wind of 8 knots (15 km/h) exists, the sea breeze is not likely to develop. At night, the land cools off more quickly than the ocean due to differences in their specific heat values, which forces the daytime sea breeze to dissipate. If the temperature onshore cools below the temperature offshore, the pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, establishing a land breeze, as long as an onshore wind is not strong enough to oppose it.[18]
Circulation in elevated regions[edit]
Mountain wave schematic. The wind flows towards a mountain and produces a first oscillation (A). A second wave occurs further away and higher. The lenticular clouds form at the peak of the waves (B).
Over elevated surfaces, heating of the ground exceeds the heating of the surrounding air at the same altitude above sea level, creating an associated thermal low over the terrain and enhancing any lows which would have otherwise existed,[19][20] and changing the wind circulation of the region. In areas where there is rugged topography that significantly interrupts the environmental wind flow, the wind can change direction and accelerate parallel to the wind obstruction. This barrier jet can increase the low level wind by 45%.[21] In mountainous areas, local distortion of the airflow is more severe. Jagged terrain combines to produce unpredictable flow patterns and turbulence, such as rotors. Strong updrafts, downdrafts and eddies develop as the air flows over hills and down valleys. Wind direction changes due to the contour of the land. If there is a pass in the mountain range, winds will rush through the pass with considerable speed due to the Bernoulli principle that describes an inverse relationship between speed and pressure. The airflow can remain turbulent and erratic for some distance downwind into the flatter countryside. These conditions are dangerous to ascending and descending airplanes.[22]
Daytime heating and nighttime cooling of the hilly slopes lead to day to night variations in the airflow, similar to the relationship between sea breeze and land breeze. At night, the sides of the hills cool through radiation of the heat. The air along the hills becomes cooler and denser, blowing down into the valley, drawn by gravity. This is known a katabatic wind or mountain breeze. If the slopes are covered with ice and snow, the katabatic wind will blow during the day, carrying the cold dense air into the warmer, barren valleys. The slopes of hills not covered by snow will be warmed during the day. The air that comes in contact with the warmed slopes becomes warmer and less dense and flows uphill. This is known as an anabatic wind or valley breeze.[23]
Effect on precipitation[edit]
Orographic precipitation
Main articles: Orographic lift, Precipitation types (meteorology), and United States rainfall climatology
Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to consistent winds (for example, the trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see katabatic wind) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a rain shadow is observed.[24]
In South America, the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina.[25] The Sierra Nevada range creates the same effect in North America forming the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts.[26][27]
Effect on nature[edit]
Sand blowing off a crest in the Kelso Dunes of the Mojave Desert, California.
See also: Dune, Erosion, and Insect
Insects are swept along by the prevailing winds, while birds follow their own course.[28] As such, fine line patterns within weather radar imagery, associated with converging winds, are dominated by insect returns.[29] In the Great Plains, wind erosion of agricultural land is a significant problem, and is mainly driven by the prevailing wind. Because of this, wind barrier strips have been developed to minimize this type of erosion. The strips can be in the form of soil ridges, crop strips, crops rows, or trees which act as wind breaks. They are oriented perpendicular to the wind in order to be most effective.[30] In regions with minimal vegetation, such as coastal and desert areas, transverse sand dunes orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, while longitudinal dunes orient themselves parallel to the prevailing winds.[31]
See also[edit]
Trade winds
Wind speed
Atmospheric circulation
Winds in the age of sail
References[edit]
Jump up ^ URS (2008). Section 3.2 Climate conditions (in Spanish). Estudio de Impacto Ambiental Subterráneo de Gas Natural Castor. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Wind rose. Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ Jan Curtis (2007). Wind Rose Data. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "trade winds". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Ralph Stockman Tarr; Frank Morton McMurry; Almon Ernest Parkins (1909). Advanced geography. Macmillan. pp. 246–.
Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). 3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
Jump up ^ Science Daily (1999-07-14). African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality. Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Westerlies". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Sue Ferguson (2001-09-07). "Climatology of the Interior Columbia River Basin" (PDF). Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Westerlies. Archived 2010-06-22 at the Wayback Machine. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Halldór Björnsson (2005). Global circulation. Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine. Veðurstofu Íslands. Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
Jump up ^ Walker, Stuart (1998). The sailor's wind. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 91. ISBN 9780393045550.
Jump up ^ Barbie Bischof; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan (2003). "The North Atlantic Drift Current". The National Oceanographic Partnership Program. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
Jump up ^ Erik A. Rasmussen; John Turner (2003). Polar Lows. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Polar easterlies. Archived 2012-06-22 at WebCite American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Michael E. Ritter (2008). The Physical Environment: Global scale circulation. Archived 2009-05-06 at the Wayback Machine. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Dr. Steve Ackerman (1995). Sea and Land Breezes. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ JetStream: An Online School For Weather (2008). The Sea Breeze. Archived 2006-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Office in Tucson, Arizona (2008). What is a monsoon? National Weather Service Western Region Headquarters. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.
Jump up ^ Douglas G. Hahn and Syukuro Manabe (1975). The Role of Mountains in the South Asian Monsoon Circulation. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 32, Issue 8, pp. 1515–1541. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.
Jump up ^ J. D. Doyle (1997). The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband. Monthly weather review, vol. 125, no. 7, pp. 1465–1488. ISSN 0027-0644. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
Jump up ^ National Center for Atmospheric Research (2006). T-REX: Catching the Sierra’s waves and rotors Archived 2009-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
Jump up ^ ALLSTAR Network (2009). Flight Environment: Prevailing winds. Florida International University. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ Dr. Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes. Physical Geography. Retrieved on 2009-01-01.
Jump up ^ Paul E. Lydolph (1985). The Climate of the Earth. Rowman & Littlefield, p. 333. ISBN 978-0-86598-119-5. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.
Jump up ^ Michael A. Mares (1999). Encyclopedia of Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press, p. 252. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.
Jump up ^ Adam Ganson (2003). Geology of Death Valley. Indiana University. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
Jump up ^ Diana Yates (2008). Birds migrate together at night in dispersed flocks, new study indicates. University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ Bart Geerts and Dave Leon (2003). P5A.6 Fine-Scale Vertical Structure of a Cold Front As Revealed By Airborne 95 GHZ Radar. University of Wyoming. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ W. S. Chepil, F. H. Siddoway and D. V. Armbrust (1964). In the Great Plains: Prevailing Wind Erosion Direction. Archived 2010-06-25 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, March–April 1964, p. 67. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ Ronald Greeley, James D. Iversen (1987). Wind as a geological process on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. CUP Archive, pp. 158–162. ISBN 978-0-521-35962-7. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
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text:
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
Studio album by Limp Bizkit
Released
October 17, 2000
Recorded
2000[1]
Studio
Westlake Studios, Los Angeles
Genre
Nu metal
rap metal
Length
75:00
Label
Interscope, Flip
Producer
DJ Lethal, Fred Durst, Josh Abraham, Scott Weiland, Swizz Beatz, Terry Date
Limp Bizkit chronology
Significant Other
(1999)Significant Other1999 Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
(2000) New Old Songs
(2001)New Old Songs2001
Singles from Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
"Take a Look Around"
Released: July 18, 2000
"My Generation"
Released: October 10, 2000
"Rollin'"
Released: October 10, 2000
"My Way"
Released: January 6, 2001
"Boiler"
Released: November 20, 2001
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water is the third studio album by Limp Bizkit, it was released on October 17, 2000, by Interscope Records and Flip Records.
Contents
[hide]
1 Commercial performance
2 Music and lyrics
3 Critical reception
4 Track listing
5 Personnel
6 Charts
7 Certifications
8 References
Commercial performance[edit]
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water went to number 1 on the Billboard 200,[2] selling 1,050,000 copies in its first week of being released,[3][4] with 400,000 of those copies being sold in the album's first day of release[5]—the largest first-week sales debut for a rock album in the United States ever since Nielsen Soundscan began tracking album sales in 1991.[6] In its second week of being released, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water sold 392,000 copies.[7] Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was at number 1 on the Billboard 200 for two weeks.[8] Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water also went to number 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart.[9] Two months after its release date, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was certified 4x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Almost seven months after its release date, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was certified 5x platinum by the RIAA. In April 2002, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was certified 6x platinum by the RIAA.[10] Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water also was certified 6x platinum by Music Canada in October 2001.[11]
Music and lyrics[edit]
"My Way"
Sample of Limp Bizkit's "My Way" from Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water (2000)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The first part of the title is a scatological reference to the appearance of the human anus (Chocolate Starfish). However, Hot Dog Flavored Water is an inside joke started by Wes Borland at a truck stop while the band was on tour, where Borland saw bottles of Crystal Geyser flavored water, and made a joke about having meat or hot dog flavors.[12]
Durst himself refers to the album name in three songs. First, "Livin' It Up", where he declares that "The chocolate starfish is my man Fred Durst" (Wes Borland has stated in an interview when questioned on the naming of the album that "Fred calls himself Chocolate Starfish, because people call him an asshole all the time"[12]), "Hot Dog", where he tells his detractors to "Kiss my starfish, my chocolate starfish," and "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" where he mentions "Chocolate Starfish" in the introduction.
The song "Hot Dog" features the word "fuck" 46 times as pointed out by Durst himself in the lyrics "if I say fuck 2 more times that's 46 fucks in this fucked up rhyme". The chorus parodies the Nine Inch Nails songs "Closer", "The Perfect Drug" and "Burn". Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails, who inspired his music, although Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor had made negative remarks about Durst during that period.[13] Reviewers have often interpreted Durst's lyrics in "Hot Dog" as an insult to Reznor.[14][15][16] "Livin' It Up" samples "Life in the Fast Lane" by the American rock band The Eagles. The lyrics of My Generation reference "My Generation" by The Who and "Welcome to the Jungle" by Guns N' Roses.
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [17]
Robert Christgau [18]
Entertainment Weekly C[19]
The Essential Rock Discography 7/10[20]
Melody Maker [21]
NME 6/10[22]
Q [23]
Rolling Stone [24]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [25]
Spin 7/10[26]
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water received mixed reviews from critics, as Metacritic gave it a 49 out of 100.[27] AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote, "Durst's self-pitying and the monotonous music give away that the band bashed Chocolate Starfish out very quickly – it's the sound of a band determined to deliver a sequel in a finite amount of time."[17] The Rolling Stone Album Guide awarded the album three out of five stars,[25] whereas the magazine itself gave the album a 3.5 out of 5. Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was listed in the book for 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die but later removed.[28]
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was placed at number 11 in Q magazine's 2006 list, "The 50 Worst Albums Ever!"[29]
Track listing[edit]
All lyrics written by Fred Durst, except where noted; all music composed by Wes Borland, John Otto, and Sam Rivers, except where noted.
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Length
1. "Intro" 1:18
2. "Hot Dog" 3:50
3. "My Generation" 3:41
4. "Full Nelson" 4:07
5. "My Way" 4:32
6. "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" 3:33
7. "Livin' It Up" 4:24
8. "The One" (includes hidden track "I Want You To Stay") 5:43
9. "Getcha Groove On" (featuring Xzibit)
Durst
Xzibit
DJ Lethal 4:29
10. "Take a Look Around" Lalo Schifrin 5:21
11. "It'll Be OK" 5:06
12. "Boiler" 7:00
13. "Hold On" (featuring Scott Weiland)
Durst
Scott Weiland
5:42
14. "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)" (featuring DMX and Method Man & Redman)
DMX
Durst, Method Man
Redman
Swizz Beatz 6:22
15. "Outro" 9:47
Total length: 1:15:08
[show]Initial release bonus disc
No.
Title
Length
16. "Snake in Your Face" 4:08
17. "Back o'da Bus" 1:18
[show]US limited edition bonus tracks
No.
Title
Length
16. "It's Like That Y'All" (featuring Run-DMC) 4:31
[show]Japanese limited edition bonus tracks
No.
Title
Length
1. "Crushed" 3:24
2. "Faith" 2:26
3. "Counterfeit" 5:06
[show]Special UK edition bonus tracks
No.
Title
Length
1. "Crushed" 3:24
2. "Faith" 2:26
3. "Counterfeit" (Lethal Dose Mix)
4. "Faith" (CD-ROM video)
5. "Nookie" (CD-ROM video)
6. "Re-Arranged" (CD-ROM video)
7. "N2Gether Now" (CD-ROM video)
Notes
Trent Reznor receives music credits for "Hot Dog" for samples only.
Eric Barrier and William Griffin receive music credits for "My Way" for samples only.
Glenn Frey, Don Henley, and Joe Walsh receive music credits for "Livin' It Up" for samples only.
Track 15 features voice overs by Ben Stiller, Mark Wahlberg, Rob Dyrdek and Stephan Jenkins.
Personnel[edit]
Limp Bizkit
Fred Durst – vocals, art direction, liner notes, photography
Wes Borland – guitar, cover art
Sam Rivers – bass
DJ Lethal – turntables, samples, keyboards, programming, sound development
John Otto – drums
Additional musicians
Scott Borland – keyboards on tracks 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12 & 13
Scott Weiland – vocals on "Hold On"
DMX, Redman, Method Man – vocals on "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)"
Xzibit – vocals on "Getcha Groove On"
Stephan Jenkins, Ben Stiller, Mark Wahlberg, Rob (The Man Child) Dyrdek – vocals on "Outro"
Rich Keller – bass guitar on "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)"
Production
Produced by Limp Bizkit and Terry Date, additional production by Scott Weiland and Josh Abraham (all tracks but 9 and 14); DJ Lethal and Fred Durst (track 9); Swizz Beatz (track 14)
Executive producer – Eve Butler
Assistant executive producer – Peter Katsis
Production coordination – Erin Haley
Editing: Domenic Barbers, DJ Premier, Carl Nappa
Editing assistant – Cailan Mccarthy
Engineers – Eric B., Joe Barresi, Barney Chase, Terry Date, Jesse Gorman, Kevin Guarnieri, Scott Olson, Ted Reiger, Dylan Vaughan, Darren Venbitti, Rakim
Assistant engineers – Barney Chase, Steve Conover, David Dominguez, Jaime Duncan, Fran Flannery, Kevin Guarnieri, Femio Hernández, Matt Kingdom, Carl Nappa, Pete Novak, Ted Reiger, Doug Trantow, Alex Morfas
Mastering – Vlado Mellior
Mixing – Andy Wallace (all tracks but 9, 10 and 14), Rich Keller (track 14), Brendan O'Brien (track 10), Michael Patterson (track 9)
Assistant mix engineers - Steve Sisco, Josh Wilbur, Ryan Williams, Karl Egsieker
Art coordinator – Liam Wars
Charts[edit]
Album
Chart (2000)[30]
Peak
position
Canadian Albums Chart 1
US Billboard 200 1
US Top Internet Albums 1
Australian ARIA Albums Chart 1
UK Albums Chart 1
German Albums Chart 1
Finnish Albums Chart 2
Polish Albums Chart[31] 2
Spanish Albums Chart[32] 11
Singles
Year
Single
Chart
Position
2000 "My Generation" Mainstream Rock Tracks 33
US Modern Rock Tracks 18
"Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" Mainstream Rock Tracks 10
US Modern Rock Tracks 4
Rhythmic Top 40 38
US Billboard Hot 100 65
"Take a Look Around" Mainstream Rock Tracks 15
US Modern Rock Tracks 8
2001 "My Way" Mainstream Rock Tracks 4
Modern Rock Tracks 3
US Billboard Hot 100 75
Top 40 Mainstream 40
"Boiler" Mainstream Rock Tracks 30
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Sales
Argentina Gold 20,000
Australia 4x Platinum 280,000
Austria Platinum 20,000
Brazil Gold 100,000
Canada 6x Platinum 600,000
Finland Platinum 52,202[33]
Germany Gold 150,000
Mexico Platinum + Gold 225,000+
Netherlands Platinum 50,000
Poland Gold[34] 50,000[35]
United Kingdom 2x Platinum 600,000
United States 8x Platinum 8,000,000
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hochman, Steve (March 19, 2000). "POP MUSIC; Pop eye, A Korn-Bizkit-Rage Tour Might Be Summer's Highlight". LA Times Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Limp Bizkit - Chart history (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hilburn, Robert (October 26, 2000). "Limp Bizkit Joins an Elite Group as First-Week Album Sales Top 1 Million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seymour, Craig (October 26, 2000). "High 'Rollin". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reese, Lori (October 24, 2000). "Bizkit in Gravy". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (November 23, 2015). "Adele's '25' Is the 20th Album to Sell a Million Copies in a Week: See the Full List". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hilburn, Robert (November 2, 2000). "Limp Bizkit Keeps Lenny Kravitz at Bay". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard 200 - 2000 Archive". Billboard. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Limp Bizkit - Chart history (Billboard Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Limp Bizkit – Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Limp Bizkit – Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water". Music Canada.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wild Wild Wes". Guitar World: 104. October 2000.
Jump up ^ Interview with Fred Durst by K-Rock New York. 2000.
Jump up ^ Hector Saldana (November 30, 2000). "Raw rules with Limp Bizkit" (fee required). San Antonio Express-News. pp. 4F. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "This tour needs some new anger" (fee required). Telegram & Gazette. October 24, 2000. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "CD Reviews New Releases" (fee required). The Hartford Courant. October 19, 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water – Limp Bizkit". Allmusic. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Robert Christgau: CG: Limp Bizkit".
Jump up ^ "Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water - EW.com".
Jump up ^ Strong, Martin Charles (2006). "Limp Bizkit". The Essential Rock Discography (8th ed.). Open City Books. p. 638. ISBN 1-84195-860-3.
Jump up ^ October 24, 2000, p.58
Jump up ^ October 14, 2000, p.41
Jump up ^ 12/00, p.124
Jump up ^ Sheffield, Rob. "Recordings: Limp Bizkit, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 29, 2001. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. (2004). "Limp Bizkit". The new Rolling Stone album guide. Simon and Schuster. p. 487. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ "Robert Christgau: Limp Bizkit: Chocolate St*rfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water".
Jump up ^ "Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic.com. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (23 March 2010). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-2074-2.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Worst Albums Ever!". Q. Bauer Media Group (238). May 2006.
Jump up ^ AllMusic ((( Chocolate Starfish and the Hotdog Flavored Water > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ))). AllMusic. Accessed May 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS – Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. October 30, 2000. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959-2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Musiikkituottajat - Tilastot - Kulta- ja platinalevyt".
Jump up ^ Złote płyty CD przyznane w 2001 roku - Gold certifications in 2001. ZPAV. January 11, 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zasady przyznawania złotych płyt - Regulation for Gold certifications in 2001. ZPAV. 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
Preceded by
Rule 3:36 by Ja Rule Billboard 200 number one album
November 4–17, 2000 Succeeded by
The Dynasty: Roc La Familia by Jay-Z
Preceded by
The Greatest Hits by Texas UK number one album
February 3, 2001 – February 9, 2001 Succeeded by
No Angel by Dido
Preceded by
Light Years by Kylie Minogue Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album
October 23–29, 2000 Succeeded by
All That You Can't Leave Behind by U2
|}
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