text:
Millimetre
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Further information: Metre
Millimetre
Ruler with millimetre and centimetre marks
Unit information
Unit system
SI derived unit
Unit of
Length
Symbol
mm
Named after
The metric prefix mille (Latin for "one thousand") and the metre
Unit conversions
1 mm in ... ... is equal to ...
micrometres
6997100000000000000♠1×103 μm = 1000 μm
centimetres
6999100000000000000♠1×10−1 cm = 0.1 cm
metres
6997100000000000000♠1×10−3 m = 0.001 m
kilometres
6997100000000000000♠1×10−6 km
inches
0.039370 in
feet
0.0032808 ft
The millimetre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI unit symbol mm) or millimeter (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousandth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Therefore, there are one thousand millimetres in a metre. There are ten millimetres in a centimetre.
One millimetre is equal to 7003100000000000000♠1000 micrometres or 7006100000000000000♠1000000 nanometres. A millimetre is equal to exactly 5⁄127 (approximately 0.039370) of an inch.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Unicode symbols
3 Measurement
4 See also
5 References
Definition[edit]
Since 1983, the metre has been defined as "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/7008299792458000000♠299792458 of a second".[1] A millimetre, 1/1000 of a metre, is therefore the distance travelled by light in 1/7011299792458000000♠299792458000 of a second.
Unicode symbols[edit]
For the purposes of compatibility with Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) characters, Unicode has symbols for:
millimetre (㎜) - code U+339C[2]
square millimetre (㎟) - code U+339F[2]
cubic millimetre (㎣) - code U+33A3[2]
In Japanese typography, these square symbols were historically used for laying out unit symbols without distorting the grid layout of text characters.
Measurement[edit]
On a metric ruler, the smallest measurements are normally millimetres.[3] High-quality engineering rules may be graduated in increments of 0.5 mm. Digital Vernier callipers are commonly capable of reading increments as small as 0.01 mm.[4]
Microwaves with a frequency of 300 GHz have a wavelength of 1 mm. Using wavelengths between 30 GHz and 300 GHz for data transmission, in contrast to the 300 MHz to 3 GHz normally used in mobile devices, has the potential to allow data transfer rates of 10 gigabits per second.[5]
The smallest distances the human eye can resolve is around 0.02 to 0.04 mm, approximately the width of a human hair.[6] A sheet of paper is typically between 0.07 mm and 0.18 mm thick, with ordinary printer paper or copy paper approximately a tenth of a millimetre thick.[7]
See also[edit]
Look up millimetre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Metric system
Orders of magnitude (length)
Submillimeter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CJK Compatibility" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "How do I read a ruler?". onlineconversion.com. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Accuracy of Calipers". TresnaInstrument.com. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Huang, Kao-Cheng; Wang, Zhaocheng (2011). Millimeter Wave Communication Systems. ISBN 9781118102756.
Jump up ^ "How Small Can the Naked Eye See?". Focus Magazine. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thickness of a Piece of Paper". hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
hide
v
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e
SI units of length
From smallest to largest (left to right). Commonly used units shown in bold italics.
yoctometre (1×10−24 m)
zeptometre
attometre
femtometre
picometre
nanometre
micrometre
millimetre
centimetre
decimetre
metre (m)
decametre
hectometre
kilometre
megametre
gigametre
terametre
petametre
exametre
zettametre
yottametre (1×1024 m)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millimetre&oldid=846381060"
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List of longest-living organisms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For Oldest life forms, see Earliest known life forms.
Hanako, a Japanese Koi that lived for 226 years (1751–1977).
This is a list of the longest-living organisms; that is, the individuals (in some instances, clones) of a species. This may be, for a given species:
Oldest verified known individuals that are currently living
Verified Record holders, such as the most long-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the most long-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff (1967-2005)
Ordinarily, this does not consider the age of the species itself, comparing species by the range of age-span of their individuals, or the time between first appearance (speciation) and extinction of the species.
Contents
1 Biological immortality
2 Revived into activity after stasis
3 Clonal plant and fungal colonies
4 Individual microorganisms
5 Individual plant specimens
6 Humans
7 Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals
8 Aquatic animals
9 See also
10 Further reading
11 References
12 External links
Biological immortality[edit]
Hydras may not grow old.
Main article: Biological immortality
If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age, for all or part of the lifecycle.[1]
If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan can be long or short, though the species technically "does not age".
Hydra species were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate.[2]
Other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times.
The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.[3] However, no single specimen has been observed for any extended period, and estimating the age of a specimen is not possible by any known means.
At least one hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata[4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1[5]) can also revert from medusa stage into polyp stage.
The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. The cycle can be repeated many times.[6]
Revived into activity after stasis[edit]
This Judean Date Palm sprouted from a 2,000-year-old seed.
Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years. Claims have been made of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years,[7] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years, the longest living organisms in history.[8][better source needed][9][not in citation given] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. His results were duplicated at a separate independent laboratory facility.[10]
In July 2018, scientists from four Russian institutions collaborating with Princeton University reported that they had analyzed about 300 prehistoric worms recovered from permafrost above the Arctic Circle in Sakha Republic, and that after being thawed, two of the nematodes revived and began moving and eating. One found in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop on the Kolyma River was believed to be about 32,000 years old, while the other, recovered in 2015 near the Alazeya River, was dated at approximately 41,700 years old. These nematodes were believed to be the oldest living multicellular animals on Earth.[11]
A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years. Named 'Methuselah', it is currently growing at Kibbutz|Keturah, Israel.[12]
Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated to be 31,800 years old ± 300 years.[13]
In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully germinated.[14][15]
During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, revived yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years.[16][citation needed] Cano went on to found a brewery and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[17]
Around 1992, working among others with entomologist George Poinar, Cano sequenced the DNA of a fossil weevil trapped in amber;[18] Poinar was the author of a 1982 paper on conservation of specimens in amber[19] which influenced Michael Crichton to write his award-winning Jurassic Park.[20]
Clonal plant and fungal colonies[edit]
Pando is a clonal colony of quaking aspens that is at least 80,000 years old.
As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[21]
Pando is a Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) tree or clonal colony that has been estimated at 80,000 years old.[22] Unlike many other clonal "colonies", the above-ground trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system.
The Jurupa Oak colony is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old, with other estimates ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 years old.[23]
A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it occupies was above water at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago.[24][25][26]
Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania: the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old.[27]
Eucalyptus recurva: clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old.[28]
King Clone is a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old.[29] Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old, but this is as yet unconfirmed.
A Huon pine colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at 10,000 years old, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.[30]
Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce in Sweden, is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman, at Umeå University, the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Old Tjikko is small, only 5 m (16 ft) in height.[31][32][33][34]
A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be around 13,000 years old.[35]
"Humongous Fungus", an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest, is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old.[36][37] It is thought to be the world's largest organism by area, at 2,384 acres (965 hectares).
Individual microorganisms[edit]
Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old, with a generation time of 10 millennia.[38] These are slowly metabolizing, not in a dormant state.
Some Actinobacteria found in Siberia are estimated to be half a million years old.[39][40][41]
Individual plant specimens[edit]
The Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe.
A Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old.[42] This is the oldest known tree in North America, and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world.
The Cypress of Abarkuh is estimated to be between 4000 to 5000 years and is likely the second-oldest living being in Asia (or the oldest according to Russian scientist Alexander Rouf[citation needed]).
Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second- or third-oldest individual tree in the world. Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old, this ancient yew (Taxus baccata) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales.
Fortingall Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years, although now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second-oldest verified age, a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old.[21]
The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age.[42]
A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is 2,300 years old (planted in 288 BC).[43] It is the oldest known living to date human-planted tree in the world.[44]
A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.[45]
Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older. An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis.[46][47]
Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is 2,170 to 7,200 years old.
Great sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.[citation needed]
Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, the north of Chile, and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude. Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old.[48]
Humans[edit]
Main articles: List of the verified oldest people and List of oldest living people
>80
77.5–80
75–77.5
72.5–75
70–72.5
67.5–70
65–67.5
60–65
55–60
50–55
Life expectancy by region in 2015
Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.[49]
The longest-living person who is still living and known is Kane Tanaka. (born 2 January 1903).[50]
These are single examples; for a broader view, see Life expectancy (includes humans).
Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals[edit]
Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata, India.[51] If verified, it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world.
Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at an age of 188 years in May 1965, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.[52]
Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be about 186 years old, and may, therefore, be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true.[53]
Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[54]
Timothy, a spur-thighed tortoise, born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK.[55]
Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the age of 55 years in December 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.[56]
The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand, can live well above 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.[57]
Muja, the world's oldest alligator
Muja, an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo, is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world.[58] Muja is more than 80 years old.[59]
A female blue-and-yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899, which would make her 119 years old, as of 2018. Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable. She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill, but Churchill's daughter denies the claim.[60]
Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born in January 18, 1917, and died in February 26, 2003, at 86 years, surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83.[61]
Thaao, an Andean condor, died at the age of 80.[62]
Cookie, (hatched June 30, 1933) an Australian-born Major Mitchell's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83.[63]
A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the age of 66. As of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.[64]
The oldest living horse on record was named Ol' Billy. Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years. Henry Harrison, an occupant of London during the time, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill's death.[65]
Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born August 3, 1967, and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6, 2005.[66]
The oldest bear on record was Andreas, a European brown bear, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece.[67] He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death.
Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar bear and third-oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42 years.[68]
A wild-born black rhino named Elly was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017.[69]
Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4.[70]
The oldest bat recorded, a Brandt's bat, is at least 41 years old.[71]
Aquatic animals[edit]
Giant barrel sponges can live more than 2,000 years.
Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old.[72][73][74]
Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old.[75]
The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old.[76]
The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years.[77]
The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old.[78]
A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 507 years.[79] Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[80]
Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating [81][82][83]
Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old, resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512.[84][85] That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.[86]
Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years, the oldest being Hanako, which died at an age of 226 years on July 7, 1977.[87][88]
Rougheye rockfish – 205 years old.[89]
Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live up to 149 years.[90]
Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least to 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.[91]
The maximum life-span of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years.[92][93][94]
Specimens of the Red Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, have been found to be over 200 years old.[95]
The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.[96]
Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state.[97]
Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years.[98][99]
George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009.[100]
In 2012, a sturgeon was caught in a Wisconsin river that was estimated to be 125 years old.[101]
A killer whale of the "Southern Resident Community" identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age as 65–80.[102][103]
A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Ale was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.[104]
See also[edit]
Biological immortality
Earliest known life forms
Immortality
Largest organism
Life timeline
List of oldest dogs
List of oldest trees
Lists of organisms by population
Longevity
Maximum life span
Nature timeline
Oldest people and List of oldest people
Regeneration
Further reading[edit]
Rachel Sussman (2014). The Oldest Living Things in the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226057507.
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External links[edit]
Rachel Sussman: The world's oldest living things - TED Talk
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Career Girls Murders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Career Girls Murders
Date
August 28, 1963 (1963-08-28)
Location
New York City, New York
Deaths
Emily Hoffert
Janice Wylie
Suspect(s)
George Whitmore Jr.
Convicted
Richard "Ricky" Robles
The "Career Girls Murders" was the name given by the media to the killings of Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie in their apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on August 28, 1963. George Whitmore, Jr., was accused of this and other crimes but later cleared.
The actions of the police department led Whitmore to be improperly accused of this and other crimes, including the murder of Minnie Edmonds and the attempted rape and assault of Elba Borrero. Whitmore was wrongfully incarcerated for 1,216 days — from his arrest on April 24, 1964, until his release on bond on July 13, 1966, and from the revocation of his bond on February 28, 1972 — until his exoneration on April 10, 1973,[1] when, after what author T.J. English called, in his book The Savage City, "a numbing cycle of trials, convictions, convictions overturned, retrials, and appeals", Whitmore was cleared of all charges and set free. Whitmore's treatment by the authorities has been cited as an example that led the US Supreme Court to issue the guidelines known as the Miranda rights. The Supreme Court cited Mr. Whitmore’s case as ‘‘the most conspicuous example’’ of police coercion in the country when it issued its 1966 ruling establishing a set of protections for suspects, including the right to remain silent, in Miranda v. Arizona.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Crimes
2 Investigation
3 First arrest
4 New witness
5 Conviction
6 Legacy
7 In popular culture
8 References
Crimes[edit]
On August 28, 1963, Patricia Tolles, 23, who worked at the book division at Time-Life, returned to her apartment on the third floor of 57 East 88th Street. There she found the apartment ransacked and covered in blood. In a bedroom were the bodies of her roommates, Newsweek researcher Janice Wylie (aged 21), and schoolteacher Emily Hoffert (aged 23). Both had been stabbed over 60 times with knives from their own kitchen, and there was evidence that Wylie, who was wearing only a towel, had been sexually assaulted.[3][4][5]
The case was dubbed the "Career Girls Murders" by the media because Wylie, the daughter of advertising executive and novelist Max Wylie and niece of novelist Philip Wylie,[6] and Hoffert were representative of the thousands of young women who had come from all over America to New York to seek jobs and careers. Others like them now felt unsafe and the police were under pressure to solve the case. Hundreds of detectives were assigned to the investigation and thousands of people were interviewed, but as the weeks went by no arrests were made.[7]
Investigation[edit]
Initially police believed that the victims knew their killer. The level of violence found is usually an indication of a personal relationship with the victim.[3] There were no signs of forced entry and the apartment, which was on the third floor of a nine-story building, was also guarded by a doorman.[4][5] Though the apartment was in disarray, nothing appeared to be stolen so robbery was not believed to be a motive. The victims' hands and feet were bound, then they were tied back-to-back to each other, Wylie nude, Hoffert dressed. Two bloody 10- to 12-inch carving knives were found next to the bodies and an additional knife in one of the two bathrooms.[4][5]
Police theorized that the women were attacked and murdered in the bedroom where their bodies were discovered. They did not immediately release information regarding the rape of Wylie. In fact, they told the press that it did not appear that either were raped, but allowed that an autopsy may reveal otherwise. They did say that the women were slashed repeatedly in the neck and abdomen.[4][5] The focus to interview the people named in Wylie's green address book did not lead to identifying a suspect.[3] A $10,000 reward was established to aid in the apprehension of a culprit.[3]
First arrest[edit]
In April the following year, Elba Borrero identified George Whitmore, Jr., a nineteen-year-old day laborer, as the man who had attempted to rape her a few days prior.[8] Borrero would later acknowledge that Whitmore was the only suspect police had shown her.[3][9]
When Whitmore was arrested it was found that he was in possession of photo of a white blonde woman. Brooklyn detectives Joe DiPrima and Edward Bulger jumped to the conclusion that the blonde in the photo was Janice Wylie, although her family denied it.[8] The photo was that of Arlene Franco, a high school classmate of Whitmore, living in New Jersey, who had lost or discarded it in a park, where Whitmore found it and for some reason decided to keep it in his wallet.[1][3] Whitmore immediately became a suspect in Wylie and Hoffert double murder. Detectives DiPrima and Bulger proceeded to question Whitmore about the Wylie-Hoffert murders and after hours of leading questions Whitmore finally confessed.[8]
Brooklyn police announced that Whitmore had confessed to the murders of Wylie and Hoffert, as well as the murder of Minnie Edmonds (an unrelated murder) and the attempted rape of Borrero. The NYPD announced Whitmore had given details of the Wylie-Hoffert killings which only the murderer could have known, but Manhattan prosecutors noticed that every detail in the Whitmore confession was known to the police beforehand.[9] Police stated he had drawn a detailed diagram of the apartment and had in his wallet a photo of Janice Wylie that had been stolen from the flat.[3][10][11]
Whitmore repudiated his confessions, claiming he had been beaten during the interrogations; that counsel had not been present; and that his request for a lie detector test had been denied.[10] Witnesses were located claiming Whitmore had been in Wildwood, New Jersey at the time of the Manhattan murders, watching a live TV broadcast speech of Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington, miles away from the crime scene.[12] Despite Whitmore's discredited confession, New York County District Attorney Frank Hogan did not dismiss the indictment against him.[9]
New witness[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On October 9, 1964, Nathan "Jimmy" Delaney (aged 35), a junkie and small-time dealer, was arrested for the murder of a rival drug dealer, Roberto Cruz del Valle. Facing the death penalty, Delaney offered to make a deal: in return for leniency, he would give police the name of the real "career girls" killer, and he claimed it was not Whitmore. Delaney's wife, Marjorie, was also an addict and a prostitute.
Delaney explained to police that on the day of the killings he had met an old acquaintance, Richard "Ricky" Robles, who had told him that he had committed the murders. Robles, a 22-year-old burglar, had a long record of drug use and had been released from prison just two months prior to the murders. To support his habit, Robles needed anywhere from $30 to $50 per day.
Delaney told detectives that Robles had turned up at his apartment on the day of the killings, his hands and clothes covered in blood, and demanding drugs. The shaken Robles told Delaney, “I just iced two dames.” His clothes had blood spatters on them; Delaney gave him a shirt and a pair of pants to change into. Delaney said he then went out to buy drugs with money Robles had given him.
The Delaneys were wired with listening devices, which were also installed in their and Robles' apartments. Over time, Robles talked about details of the murders that convinced investigators he was the real killer; he was arrested and charged on January 26, 1965.[10]
Conviction[edit]
In the autumn of 1965, Robles was tried for the Wylie-Hoffert murders. His attorneys attempted to buoy the credibility of Whitmore's Wylie-Hoffert confession to create a reasonable doubt that their own client had committed the crime. However, prosecutor John F. Keenan replied by summoning Whitmore and the detectives who had arrested him. Robles' attorneys were unable to translate doubts about police interrogation methods to their own client's advantage, despite testimony that Robles had confessed to the Wylie-Hoffert murders while suffering from heroin withdrawal and without his attorney present.[13]
Delaney testified that Robles told him the motive for the murders was because Hoffert told him that she could identify him to police.[14] It was pointed out by Robles' attorney that Delaney was given immunity in exchange for his testimony.[1]
On December 1, 1965, Robles was found guilty of the murders of Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie and sentenced to life in prison, the New York Legislature having, just months before, abolished the death penalty, except in the cases of the killing of police officers, prison guards, and murders committed while escaping jail.[1] He was found guilty, largely on the basis of secretly tape-recorded conversations about the murders. Despite the conviction of Robles, numerous questions regarding the police conduct in this case were left unanswered. "Police detectives, who may have been motivated by their sense of justice, resorted to highly questionable means to extract a confession from a suspect who was too weak to resist. Their colossal blunders in the career girls murder case almost put George Whitmore Jr. on death row for a crime he certainly did not commit. No formal charges were ever brought against Detectives Bulger and DiPrima who consistently denied any wrongdoing in the case. But exactly how Whitmore was able to supply a 61-page confession to a double murder he never committed was never explained."[15]
Robles, who had himself publicly protested his innocence over the original double-murders, did not admit his guilt until a parole board hearing in November 1986. He admitted he had broken into the apartment to obtain money for drugs and had assumed at first it was empty. When Wylie, who had been taking a shower, appeared, he attacked and raped her. Hoffert had turned up shortly afterwards and he attacked her as well. Defiantly, she told him that she would remember his face and report him to the police, whereupon he murdered both her and Wylie. The three-member panel rejected granting parole, citing "the nature of the crime". No charges were pressed against the police officers who had obtained Whitmore's "confessions".[15]
Legacy[edit]
The case of Whitmore and his treatment by the police was one of many examples used by the US Supreme Court when it issued the guidelines known as the Miranda rights in June 1966 by which, when a defendant is taken into custody and accused of a crime, he must be advised of his constitutional rights.[16] The court acknowledged that coercive interrogations could produce false confessions, and in a footnote stated: [t]he most conspicuous example occurred in New York in 1964 when a Negro of limited intelligence confessed to two brutal murders and a rape which he had not committed.
When this was discovered, the prosecutor[who?] was reported as saying: "Call it what you want — brain-washing, hypnosis, fright. The only thing I don't believe is that Whitmore was beaten."[17]
Janice Wylie's mother and sister, Isobel Wylie and Pamela Wylie Sullivan, respectively, both died within five years of the murders, the former from cancer. Max Wylie committed suicide by gunshot in 1975 in Fredericksburg, Virginia.[citation needed]
Whitmore made a life for himself in Wildwood, New Jersey. He successfully sued for false arrest and was awarded $500,000 from the City of New York. He operated a commercial fishing boat for a time, but he was later disabled in a boating accident. He blew through the award money, he was unemployed for long stretches, and suffered from depression and alcoholism. Although Whitmore never married, he sired four daughters and two sons. George Whitmore Jr. died on October 8, 2012 died in a nursing home of a heart attack. He was 68 years old.[18]
In popular culture[edit]
The case was the basis of the 1973 television movie The Marcus-Nelson Murders, which in turn served as a pilot for the crime drama series Kojak.[19]
A 1973 novel titled The Killings, by Edgar-winning author Clark Howard, also fictionalized the case, changing the setting from NYC to Los Angeles.
In a 2009 episode of Mad Men (season 3, episode 9, "Wee Small Hours"), two characters hear the beginning of a radio broadcast, in which the newscaster reports that the bodies of the victims had been found in their apartment.
The case was revisited in 2013 in Investigation Discovery's series A Crime to Remember (Season 1 Episode 2).
Robert Tanenbaum, prolific author of legal thrillers, and ex trial attorney, former mayor of Beverly Hills wrote novel "Echoes of my Soul" based on his own personal experience as a young lawyer employed as a young lawyer in the Homicide Bureau. Mel Glass asked Tanenbaum to write the story, and made available trial transcripts and other material to use in the book. The book is available from Amazon.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "George A. Whitmore: A plethora of false confessions". Northwestern Law Bluhm Legal Clinic: Center on Wrongful Convictions. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "George Whitmore Jr., 68; coerced confession was key factor in Miranda ruling". Boston Globe. October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Career Girl Murders". A Crime to Remember. Season 1.02. November 19, 2013. Investigation Discovery. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "One Niece of Philip Wylie: Two Girls Found Slain in N.Y. Flat". Tucson Daily Citizen. UPI. August 29, 1963. p. 19. Retrieved January 14, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Philip Wylie's Niece, Another Woman Slain in N.Y. Apartment". The Hammond Times. AP. August 29, 1963. p. A2. Retrieved January 14, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ T.J English (March 15, 2011). "3". The Savage City: Race, Murder, and a Generation on the Edge. HarperCollins. p. 2. ISBN 0061824550.
Jump up ^ "March On Washington, Coinciding Murders Redefined Liberties". KOSU. August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Peters, Justin (August 28, 2013). "The "Career Girls Murders" Might Be the Most Important Criminal Case That Most People Don't Know About". Slate.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Whitmore Confessions and Richard Robles Trial: 1965 – Confessions Discredited – Jury, Button, Wylie, and Borrero". Law.jrank.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gado, Mark. "The Career Girls Murders". TruTV.com. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Jobless Youth Confesses, Brutal Slaying Of Girls Solved". The Charleston Daily Mail. AP. April 25, 1964. p. A2. Retrieved January 14, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Mark Gado. "The Career Girls Murders". CrimeLibrary.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Whitmore Confessions and Richard Robles Trial: 1965 – Richard Robles Arrested". Law.jrank.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Career Girl Defied Killer, Court Is Told". The Des Moines Register. AP. October 26, 1965. p. A2. Retrieved January 14, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b "THE CAREER GIRLS MURDERS — 'I Was Like a Ghost!'". Trutv.com. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Miranda v. Arizona: 384 U.S. 436 (1966): Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center". Supreme.justia.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "The Whitmore Confessions and Richard Robles Trial: 1965 – Whitmore Retried In Assault Case – Court, Miranda, Rape, and Defense". Law.jrank.org. June 13, 1966. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George Whitmore Jr 68 Dies Falsely Confessed to 3 Murders in 1964". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Marcus-Nelson Murders (1973)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
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