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History of the Albania national football team
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Albania
Nickname(s)
Kuq e Zinjtë (The Red and Blacks)
Shqiponjat (The Eagles)
Association
Federata Shqiptare e Futbollit (FSHF)
Confederation
UEFA (Europe)
Head coach
Christian Panucci
Captain
Ansi Agolli
Most caps
Lorik Cana (93)
Top scorer
Erjon Bogdani (18)
Home stadium
Loro Boriçi Stadium
FIFA code
ALB
First colours
Second colours
Third colours
FIFA ranking
Current
62 9 (23 November 2017)
Highest
22 (August 2015[1])
Lowest
124 (August 1997[1])
Elo ranking
Current
65 (15 November 2017)[2]
Highest
55 (29 May 2016, 19 June 2016[2])
Lowest
127 (14 & 18 December 1994[2])
First international
Albania 2–3 Yugoslavia
(Tirana, Albania; 7 October 1946)[3]
Biggest win
Albania 5–0 Vietnam
(Bastia Umbra, Italy; 12 February 2003)
Albania 6–1 Cyprus
(Tirana, Albania; 12 August 2009)[3]
Biggest defeat
Hungary 12–0 Albania
(Budapest, Hungary; 24 September 1950)[3]
European Championship
Appearances
2 (first in 1964)
Best result
Round of 16, 1964
The history of the Albania national football team dates back to the team's formation and first ever international match in 1946.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Balkan Cup 1946: Albania is Champion of the Balkans
1.2 1960 European Nations' Cup
1.3 1964 European Nations' Cup
1.4 Qualifications campaigns
1.4.1 1966 FIFA World Cup
1.4.2 UEFA Euro 1968
1.4.3 1970 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1972
1.4.4 1974 FIFA World Cup
1.4.5 UEFA Euro 1976, 1978 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 1980
1.4.6 1982 FIFA World Cup
1.4.7 UEFA Euro 1984
1.4.8 1986 FIFA World Cup
1.4.9 UEFA Euro 1988
1.4.10 1990 FIFA World Cup
1.4.11 UEFA Euro 1992
1.4.12 1994 FIFA World Cup
1.4.13 UEFA Euro 1996
1.4.14 1998 FIFA World Cup
1.4.15 UEFA Euro 2000
1.4.16 2002 FIFA World Cup
1.4.17 UEFA Euro 2004
1.4.18 2006 FIFA World Cup
1.4.19 UEFA Euro 2008
1.4.20 2010 FIFA World Cup
1.4.21 UEFA Euro 2012
1.4.22 2014 FIFA World Cup
1.4.22.1 Presence of ethnic Albanian players at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
1.5 Second major tournament
1.5.1 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifications campaign
1.5.2 UEFA Euro 2016
1.5.2.1 Ranking of third-placed teams
1.6 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifications campaign
2 References
3 External links
History[edit]
Although it never played any matches, the Albanian national football team existed before the Albanian Football Association was created in 1930. This is witnessed by the registration of the Albanian team in the Balkan Cup tournament of 1929–1931, which started in 1929, a year before the creation of the association. Albania, however, eventually retired from the competition, before the competition itself started.[4] FSHF was founded on 6 June 1930, and, in 1932, Albania joined FIFA (during the congress 12 June – 16 June), however no national team matches were registered until the first international match, a debut against Yugoslavia in 1946. In 1954, Albania was one of the founding members of UEFA.
Balkan Cup 1946: Albania is Champion of the Balkans[edit]
Main article: 1946 Balkan Cup
The early years oversaw a notably successful Balkan Cup in the 1946 campaign. Albania won the cup after overcoming Yugoslavia on level points but a better goal difference. The final match was played and won against Romania 1–0. Four days earlier, Albania had already beaten Bulgaria 3–1. Albania wasn't expected to participate, but the withdrawal of Greece from the tournament offered Albania a chance to join in the re-established post-war cup.[5]
1960 European Nations' Cup[edit]
Albania did not participate in the qualifiers of the 1960 European Nations' Cup.
1964 European Nations' Cup[edit]
Main article: 1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying
This was the first time Albania competed in a Euro Cup competition and actually the only time Albania was between the best 16 teams of the Continent, the reason being Albania got past the first leg as Greece, for political reasons forfeited the game. In the eighth finals Albania faced Denmark and won in Albania 1–0, but lost in Denmark 0–4. Denmark advanced to the quarter finals.[6] At the end of the tournament Albania ranked 9th in Europe.[7][8][9]
Qualifications campaigns[edit]
1966 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 5)
The first time that Albania competed for a place in the world's elite, for the 1966 World Cup in England, was in a match against Netherlands on 24 May 1964. Drawn in Group 5 with the Dutch were also Northern Ireland and Switzerland. Albania's only point in the qualification round came from a 1–1 draw at home to Northern Ireland in Tirana, which denied Northern Ireland a place in the Finals.
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Switzerland 6 4 1 1 7 3 +4 9
Northern Ireland 6 3 2 1 9 5 +4 8
Netherlands 6 2 2 2 6 4 +2 6
Albania 6 0 1 5 2 12 −10 1
Albania – 0–2 1–1 0–2
Netherlands 2–0 – 0–0 0–0
Northern Ireland 4–1 2–1 – 1–0
Switzerland 2–0 2–1 2–1 –
UEFA Euro 1968[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying Group 4
This participation will be remembered for a draw 0–0 in Albania with West Germany that denied the Germans the participation to the UEFA Euro 1968 finals.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Yugoslavia 4 3 0 1 8 3 +5 6 Advance to play-offs — 1–0 4–0
2
West Germany 4 2 1 1 9 2 +7 5 3–1 — 6–0
3
Albania 4 0 1 3 0 12 −12 1 0–2 0–0 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
1970 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1972[edit]
For unknown political reasons Albania did not participate in the qualifiers of the FIFA World Cup 1970 and the UEFA Euro 1972.
1974 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA) § Group 4
Albania was last of the class behind Finland in these qualifiers. In this campaign Albania participated after having been idle of international matches for nearly 6 years.
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
East Germany 6 5 0 1 18 3 +15 10
Romania 6 4 1 1 17 4 +13 9
Finland 6 1 1 4 3 21 −18 3
Albania 6 1 0 5 3 13 −10 2
Albania – 1–4 1–0 1–4
East Germany 2–0 – 5–0 2–0
Finland 1–0 1–5 – 1–1
Romania 2–0 1–0 9–0 –
UEFA Euro 1976, 1978 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 1980[edit]
For unknown political reasons Albania did not participate in the qualifiers of the UEFA Euro 1976, FIFA World Cup 1978, and UEFA Euro 1980.
1982 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1982 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA) § UEFA Group 1
Again 6 years after virtually no international matches, Albania made it to be no longer last in the class, but "revenges" Finland allocating the Nordic country to get the "wooden spoon".
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
West Germany 8 8 0 0 33 3 +30 16
Austria 8 5 1 2 16 6 +10 11
Bulgaria 8 4 1 3 11 10 +1 9
Albania 8 1 0 7 4 22 −18 2
Finland 8 1 0 7 4 27 −23 2
Albania – 0–1 0–2 2–0 0–2
Austria 5–0 – 2–0 5–1 1–3
Bulgaria 2–1 0–0 – 4–0 1–3
Finland 2–1 0–2 0–2 – 0–4
West Germany 8–0 2–0 4–0 7–1 –
UEFA Euro 1984[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying Group 6
In the 1984 European Championship qualifiers, Albania finished in last place in their group of five teams. In 8 matches, Albania got 2 points, with 2 draws, 6 losses, and no wins. On the other hand, Albania made some power nations nervous. They lost 0–1 away to Turkey with the goal being scored in the 86th minute. In the next two games, Albania tied Northern Ireland to a scoreless draw and lost 1–2 to Germany, both home games. In the last three matches, Albania tied Turkey, in Qemal Stafa, also losing to Austria 2–1 in Tirana. The last game of the competition was an away game to Germany. After 22 minutes, Albania went ahead 0–1 with a goal by Genc Tomorri. However, they were tied one minute later, and after Genc Tomorri was sent off by the referee after a simulation of Rudi Voeller, Albania had to play for 60 minutes with one man down. Eventually Albania lost 2–1 with the last goal being scored in the 79th minute.[10]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
West Germany 8 5 1 2 15 5 +10 11 Qualify for final tournament — 0–1 3–0 5–1 2–1
2
Northern Ireland 8 5 1 2 8 5 +3 11 1–0 — 3–1 2–1 1–0
3
Austria 8 4 1 3 15 10 +5 9 0–0 2–0 — 4–0 5–0
4
Turkey 8 3 1 4 8 16 −8 7 0–3 1–0 3–1 — 1–0
5
Albania 8 0 2 6 4 14 −10 2 1–2 0–0 1–2 1–1 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
1986 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 1
In a 4-team group, Albania got 4 points with one win and 2 draws. After losing to Belgium in Brussels, Albania were visitors in eventual group winners Poland. There, Albania got its first point in a shocking 2–2 draw. Less than two months later, Albania was host to group runners-up Belgium in Tirana, defeating them with a clear 2–0 win. After losing to Greece away and Poland at home, Albania got its last point in its last game against neighbour rivals Greece in a 1–1 draw.
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Poland 6 3 2 1 10 6 +4 8
Belgium 6 3 2 1 7 3 +4 8
Albania 6 1 2 3 6 9 −3 4
Greece 6 1 2 3 5 10 −5 4
Albania – 2–0 1–1 0–1
Belgium 3–1 – 2–0 2–0
Greece 2–0 0–0 – 1–4
Poland 2–2 0–0 3–1 –
UEFA Euro 1988[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying Group 1
All 6 matches ended up in losses for Albania in this campaign. The group proved to be too strong for Albania that managed to score only two goals in the entire campaign.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Spain 6 5 0 1 14 6 +8 10 Qualify for final tournament — 1–0 2–0 5–0
2
Romania 6 4 1 1 13 3 +10 9 3–1 — 4–0 5–1
3
Austria 6 2 1 3 6 9 −3 5 2–3 0–0 — 3–0
4
Albania 6 0 0 6 2 17 −15 0 1–2 0–1 0–1 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 2
This was probably the worst qualifier in Albania's history as there were 6 losses in as many games with no memorable matches. Probably the match at home with Sweden could have been won, because Albania was leading and lost at least 5 clear goal chances before Sweden came back and reverted the result.
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Sweden 6 4 2 0 9 3 +6 10
England 6 3 3 0 10 0 +10 9
Poland 6 2 1 3 4 8 −4 5
Albania 6 0 0 6 3 15 −12 0
Albania – 0–2 1–2 1–2
England 5–0 – 3–0 0–0
Poland 1–0 0–0 – 0–2
Sweden 3–1 0–0 2–1 –
UEFA Euro 1992[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 1
In these qualifiers, Albania narrowly lost at home, but had a 0–9 defeat in Spain, which was the heaviest loss of Albania in an international qualifier. It is to be mentioned that the match was played in a very difficult time for Albania because of heavy political turmoil.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
France 8 8 0 0 20 6 +14 16 Qualify for final tournament — 2–1 3–1 3–1 5–0
2
Czechoslovakia 8 5 0 3 12 9 +3 10 1–2 — 3–2 1–0 2–1
3
Spain 7 3 0 4 17 12 +5 6 1–2 2–1 — 2–1 9–0
4
Iceland 8 2 0 6 7 10 −3 4 1–2 0–1 2–0 — 2–0
5
Albania 7 1 0 6 2 21 −19 2 0–1 0–2 Canc.[a] 1–0 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Notes:
Jump up ^ The match was cancelled due to the prevailing political situation in Albania, and both countries were already eliminated.[11]
1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 3)
A win over Lithuania and two draws against Latvia were the only things to remember for Albania in this otherwise forgettable campaign, where Albania finished last of the group.
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Spain 12 8 3 1 27 4 +23 19
Republic of Ireland 12 7 4 1 19 6 +13 18
Denmark 12 7 4 1 15 2 +13 18
Northern Ireland 12 5 3 4 14 13 +1 13
Lithuania 12 2 3 7 8 21 −13 7
Latvia 12 0 5 7 4 21 −17 5
Albania 12 1 2 9 6 26 −20 4
Albania – 0–1 1–1 1–0 1–2 1–2 1–5
Denmark 4–0 – 2–0 4–0 1–0 0–0 1–0
Latvia 0–0 0–0 – 1–2 1–2 0–2 0–0
Lithuania 3–1 0–0 1–1 – 0–1 0–1 0–2
Northern Ireland 3–0 0–1 2–0 2–2 – 1–1 0–0
Republic of Ireland 2–0 1–1 4–0 2–0 3–0 – 1–3
Spain 3–0 1–0 5–0 5–0 3–1 0–0 –
UEFA Euro 1996[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying Group 7
Albania managed to make life difficult to Germany during this campaign twice with Germany winning both matches only 2–1 and in the last minutes. For the rest, 2 wins, 2 draws and other 4 losses for Albania, which managed to leave Wales at bottom of group for this campaign. To mention that for the first time Albania beat another country (Moldova) as guests in an international qualifier campaign.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Germany 10 8 1 1 27 10 +17 25 Qualify for final tournament — 3–1 4–1 6–1 1–1 2–1
2
Bulgaria 10 7 1 2 24 10 +14 22 3–2 — 2–0 4–1 3–1 3–0
3
Georgia 10 5 0 5 14 13 +1 15 0–2 2–1 — 0–1 5–0 2–0
4
Moldova 10 3 0 7 11 27 −16 9 0–3 0–3 3–2 — 3–2 2–3
5
Wales 10 2 2 6 9 19 −10 8 1–2 0–3 0–1 1–0 — 2–0
6
Albania 10 2 2 6 10 16 −6 8 1–2 1–1 0–1 3–0 1–1 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 9
In the 1998 World Cup, Albania was drawn in a 6-team group which included Germany, Portugal, Ukraine, Northern Ireland and Armenia, Albania got 4 points, but showed again that it can battle with the big powers. Its two matches with Germany saw them lose 2–3 at neutral ground and a 3–4 unfortunate defeat in Hannover, in both games taking a lead. Albania got a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland and a 2–2 tie against Armenia.
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Germany 10 6 4 0 23 9 +14 22
Ukraine 10 6 2 2 10 6 +4 20
Portugal 10 5 4 1 12 4 +8 19
Armenia 10 1 5 4 8 17 −9 8
Northern Ireland 10 1 4 5 6 10 −4 7
Albania 10 1 1 8 7 20 −13 4
Albania – 1–1 2–3 1–0 0–3 0–1
Armenia 3–0 – 1–5 0–0 0–0 0–2
Germany 4–3 4–0 – 1–1 1–1 2–0
Northern Ireland 2–0 1–1 1–3 – 0–0 0–1
Portugal 2–0 3–1 0–0 1–0 – 1–0
Ukraine 1–0 1–1 0–0 2–1 2–1 –
UEFA Euro 2000[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 2
In a relatively easy group, Albania couldn't go past one single victory at home turf at the expense of Georgia. However, there were some memorable draws against Greece 0–0 in Tirana, 2–2 in Norway, and 0–0 in Latvia. Albania also drew 3–3 Latvia at home. All the other matches were narrowly lost in this unfortunate campaign.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Norway 10 8 1 1 21 9 +12 25 Qualify for final tournament — 4–0 1–0 1–3 2–2 1–0
2
Slovenia 10 5 2 3 12 14 −2 17 Advance to play-offs 1–2 — 0–3 1–0 2–0 2–1
3
Greece 10 4 3 3 13 8 +5 15 0–2 2–2 — 1–2 2–0 3–0
4
Latvia 10 3 4 3 13 12 +1 13 1–2 1–2 0–0 — 0–0 1–0
5
Albania 10 1 4 5 8 14 −6 7 1–2 0–1 0–0 3–3 — 2–1
6
Georgia 10 1 2 7 8 18 −10 5 1–4 1–1 1–2 2–2 1–0 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
2002 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 9
After a loss to Finland, Albania won over Greece 2–0 with an own goal and a late goal of Ervin Fakaj. However, after that win, another 6 losses followed for Albania, which brought the Albanian Football Federation to think about hiring a foreign coach, 33 years after the last foreign coach, Luznikov, had led Albania in a Moskow tournament in 1959.
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
England 8 5 2 1 16 6 +10 17
Germany 8 5 2 1 14 10 +4 17
Finland 8 3 3 2 12 7 +5 12
Greece 8 2 1 5 7 17 −10 7
Albania 8 1 0 7 5 14 −9 3
Albania – 1–3 0–2 0–2 2–0
England 2–0 – 2–1 0–1 2–2
Finland 2–1 0–0 – 2–2 5–1
Germany 2–1 1–5 0–0 – 2–0
Greece 1–0 0–2 1–0 2–4 –
UEFA Euro 2004[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 10
The 2004 Qualifications for the European competition was of some success for Albania. This was the season when Albania was undefeated at home, tying two and winning two, but with 0 points on the road. Giuseppe Dossena for the first two matches and Hans-Peter Briegel for the remaining six led Albania to an undefeated run with a 1–1 draw against eventual winners of the group, Switzerland. Afterwards, a back to back encounter with Russia, saw the loss 4–1 in Russian soil, however Albania paid Russia back by beating them 3–1. This game is probably the all-time best result for Albania. After missing a penalty, Albania scored first after just 20 minutes, but Russia tied 56 minutes later. Then after a lot of pressure from Albania, Russia conceded 2 goals in just 3 minutes. In the two other home games, Albania tied Republic of Ireland 0–0 and beat Georgia 3–1. Away Albania got 0 points, but managed to score 4 goals.[12]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Switzerland 8 4 3 1 15 11 +4 15 Qualify for final tournament — 2–2 2–0 3–2 4–1
2
Russia 8 4 2 2 19 12 +7 14 Advance to play-offs 4–1 — 4–2 4–1 3–1
3
Republic of Ireland 8 3 2 3 10 11 −1 11 1–2 1–1 — 2–1 2–0
4
Albania 8 2 2 4 11 15 −4 8 1–1 3–1 0–0 — 3–1
5
Georgia 8 2 1 5 8 14 −6 7 0–0 1–0[a] 1–2 3–0 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Notes:
Jump up ^ The match was originally played on 12 October 2002, but was abandoned at half-time with the score 0–0 due to floodlight failure and rescheduled.
2006 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification - UEFA Group 2
Albania kicked off the qualification for a place in Germany 2006 World Cup with a bang. Two months after Greece beat Portugal to win the European championship, Albania defeated Greece 2–1 in a match which Albania scored goals in the 2' and 11' minute. This was an early knock out from the World Cup 2006 in Germany for the Greeks. Albania went on to disappoint by losing to Georgia away and Denmark at home, before returning to winning ways by beating Kazakhstan 0–1. February and March 2005 would be the toughest part of the qualification for Albania since they had to play Ukraine, Turkey, and Greece, losing all three of those ties. Later Albania would beat Georgia 3–2 and Kazakhstan 2–1. The last positive result for Albania in this tournament would be a 2–2 draw away at Ukraine. At the end, Albania got 13 points and topped Georgia and Kazakhstan. The 13-point mark set a new record for group matches.[13]
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Ukraine 12 7 4 1 18 7 +11 25
Turkey 12 6 5 1 23 9 +14 23
Denmark 12 6 4 2 24 12 +12 22
Greece 12 6 3 3 15 9 +6 21
Albania 12 4 1 7 11 20 −9 13
Georgia 12 2 4 6 14 25 −11 10
Kazakhstan 12 0 1 11 6 29 −23 1
Albania – 0–2 3–2 2–1 2–1 0–1 0–2
Denmark 3–1 – 6–1 1–0 3–0 1–1 1–1
Georgia 2–0 2–2 – 1–3 0–0 2–5 1–1
Greece 2–0 2–1 1–0 – 3–1 0–0 0–1
Kazakhstan 0–1 1–2 1–2 1–2 – 0–6 1–2
Turkey 2–0 2–2 1–1 0–0 4–0 – 0–3
Ukraine 2–2 1–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 0–1 –
UEFA Euro 2008[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group G
In the matches for the 2008 European qualifiers campaign, Albania have managed very good results as well as good team play in some matches comparing to previous outings in such tournaments. Starting with the 2–2 away draw to Belarus, two wins against Luxembourg home and away (2–0, 3–0) and a 0–0 draw away to Bulgaria have been the most cherished results. Great matches have been played against Netherlands in both legs, although allegedly dubious referee decisions have marred Albania's performances,[14][15] ending up in two losses (2–1, 0–1). Other setbacks have also been suffered after drawing 0–0 against Slovenia and losing 0–2 to Romania in both matches played at home. Albania ended hopes of qualifying mathematically when they failed to win over Slovenia away and managed a yet again 0–0 draw. In the penultimate match at home against Bulgaria, Albania excelled playing wonderfully, but ended up in a very unlucky draw. After going ahead with dominating football, they conceded in the dying minutes and later missed a penalty. In the last match at home, Albania was hugely disappointing losing 2–4 against Belarus. Contrary to the popular belief that this would be the easiest match during the campaign, Albania not only missed a chance to break the points-record of all competitions but also produced a very lethargic performance in a rainy night. Albania's Euro campaign ended with a disaster match, losing 6–1 away to Romania which eventually resulted in the resignation of the coach Otto Barić and his assistant.[16]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Romania 12 9 2 1 26 7 +19 29 Qualify for final tournament — 1–0 2–2 3–1 6–1 2–0 3–0
2
Netherlands 12 8 2 2 15 5 +10 26 0–0 — 2–0 3–0 2–1 2–0 1–0
3
Bulgaria 12 7 4 1 18 7 +11 25 1–0 1–1 — 2–1 0–0 3–0 3–0
4
Belarus 12 4 1 7 17 23 −6 13 1–3 2–1 0–2 — 2–2 4–2 0–1
5
Albania 12 2 5 5 12 18 −6 11 0–2 0–1 1–1 2–4 — 0–0 2–0
6
Slovenia 12 3 2 7 9 16 −7 11 1–2 0–1 0–2 1–0 0–0 — 2–0
7
Luxembourg 12 1 0 11 2 23 −21 3 0–2 0–1 0–1 1–2 0–3 0–3 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 1
On December 2007, Football Association of Albania's president, Armand Duka, announced Arie Haan would replace Croatian-Austrian Otto Barić as Albania's head coach. Haan signed a two-year contract on 4 January 2008. On 14 March 2008, Albania was suspended from international football (FIFA and UEFA), due to heavy political interference in the Football Association. The suspension lasted 46 days.[17][18][19]
With Haan as coach Albania started 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification with a 0–0 draw against Sweden at home. Four days later, the Albanians defeated Malta 3–0 with goals from Erjon Bogdani, Armend Dallku and Klodian Duro. On 11 October 2008, Albania lost 2–0 to Hungary in Budapest and then drew 0–0 with Portugal in Braga, making the biggest shock on this group. On 11 February 2009, Albania drew with Malta in Ta'Qali 0–0. Albania then lost 1–0 to Hungary at home on 28 March 2009 and 3–0 to Denmark in Copenhagen on 1 April 2009. In the home match against Portugal, Hugo Almeida scored early for Portugal, before Albania equalised with a goal from Erjon Bogdani. However, with just a few seconds left in the game, Bruno Alves scored the winner for Portugal, eliminating Albania. At the end of the campaign, Albania drew 1–1 against Denmark and lost 4–1 to Sweden and Haan was replaced by Croatian coach Josip Kuže in May 2009.[20]
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Denmark 10 6 3 1 16 5 +11 21
Portugal 10 5 4 1 17 5 +12 19
Sweden 10 5 3 2 13 5 +8 18
Hungary 10 5 1 4 10 8 +2 16
Albania 10 1 4 5 6 13 −7 7
Malta 10 0 1 9 0 26 −26 1
Albania – 1–1 0–1 3–0 1–2 0–0
Denmark 3–0 – 0–1 3–0 1–1 1–0
Hungary 2–0 0–0 – 3–0 0–1 1–2
Malta 0–0 0–3 0–1 – 0–4 0–1
Portugal 0–0 2–3 3–0 4–0 – 0–0
Sweden 4–1 0–1 2–1 4–0 0–0 –

UEFA Euro 2012[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group D
The draw for the qualifying rounds of UEFA Euro 2012 was held on 7 February 2010 in the Congress Hall of the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, with matches set to begin on 3–4 September 2010.[21] Seedings were based on the UEFA national team coefficient ranking.[22][23] Albania was drawn in Group D along with France, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, and Luxembourg.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
France 10 6 3 1 15 4 +11 21 Qualify for final tournament — 1–1 2–0 0–1 3–0 2–0
2
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 6 2 2 17 8 +9 20 Advance to play-offs 0–2 — 2–1 1–0 2–0 5–0
3
Romania 10 3 5 2 13 9 +4 14 0–0 3–0 — 2–2 1–1 3–1
4
Belarus 10 3 4 3 8 7 +1 13 1–1 0–2 0–0 — 2–0 2–0
5
Albania 10 2 3 5 7 14 −7 9 1–2 1–1 1–1 1–0 — 1–0
6
Luxembourg 10 1 1 8 3 21 −18 4 0–2 0–3 0–2 0–0 2–1 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E
Josip Kuže parted ways with Albania three years and a half after he started the job, and in December 2011, Italian coach Gianni De Biasi replaced him.[24] Albania started well the qualifiers and was, at one point, 2nd in group with 6 matches played, and 4 on hand, but failed to be successful in the last four, losing away in Slovenia and Iceland, as well as at home against Switzerland, and drawing in Cyprus.[25] With De Biasi the Albania national team reached an unprecedented high number of players, who although are ethnically Albanian, were not born in Albania, but either in Kosovo, or outside of Kosovo, while hailing from Albanian Kosovar parents. As of 13 August 2013, 14 Albanians of Kosovo origin were either part of the start-up team, or have received recent call-ups.[26]
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Switzerland 10 7 3 0 17 6 +11 24
Iceland 10 5 2 3 17 15 +2 17
Slovenia 10 5 0 5 14 11 +3 15
Norway 10 3 3 4 10 13 −3 12
Albania 10 3 2 5 9 11 −2 11
Cyprus 10 1 2 7 4 15 −11 5
Albania — 3–1 1–2 1–1 1–0 1–2
Cyprus 0–0 — 1–0 1–3 0–2 0–0
Iceland 2–1 2–0 — 2–0 2–4 0–2
Norway 0–1 2–0 1–1 — 2–1 0–2
Slovenia 1–0 2–1 1–2 3–0 — 0–2
Switzerland 2–0 1–0 4–4 1–1 1–0 —

Presence of ethnic Albanian players at the 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]
After the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying ended, Albania captain Lorik Cana was included in the best eleven of the players which missed out at the 2014 FIFA World Cup because of failing to qualify with their national team.[27] Some of the other well known players (non-ethnic Albanian) on the list that miss out were Zlatan Ibrahimović (Sweden), Robert Lewandowski (Poland) and Gareth Bale (Wales).
Before the 2014 World Cup, a significant presence of ethnic Albanians had been noted in several national teams. On 5 March 2014, 54 ethnic Albanians were called up by seven different national teams: Albania (19), Kosovo (22), Switzerland (5), Macedonia national football team (4), Finland (2), Germany (1) and Montenegro (1).[28]
The Spanish newspaper Mundo Deportivo reported a significant presence of Albanians at the 2014 World Cup, noting a number of "originating stars who are springing up in major competitions on the globe," making particular mention of Xherdan Shaqiri. According to the newspaper, if Albania coach Gianni De Biasi had been able to select the Albania-qualified players from the Switzerland team and Belgium's Adnan Januzaj, whose father was a Kosovo-born Albanian it would have been Albania, not Switzerland, who reached the round of 16 of the World Cup. Other players mentioned included the Xhaka brothers, Granit and Taulant, who play for Switzerland and Albania respectively, as well as Switzerland internationals Blerim Džemaili, Admir Mehmedi and Valon Behrami.[29]
Then, in September 2014, it was reported that 80 Albanians played with foreign (thus excluding Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia) senior and youth national teams, out of which 46 with Switzerland only.[30]
Second major tournament[edit]
UEFA Euro 2016 qualifications campaign[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group I
The qualifying draw took place on 23 February 2014. Albania was drawn in Group I along with Portugal, Denmark, Serbia, and Armenia. Qualifying matches started in September 2014. Albania started the qualifiers by grabbing an historic result as they beat the group favourites of Portugal 1–0 at Estádio Municipal de Braga thanks to a goal from Bekim Balaj.[31] In the second match against Denmark at the newly renovated stadium Elbasan Arena, Albania was on lead until the 82th minute where Lasse Vibe equalized, with the match ending 1–1. In the next game against Serbia at Partizan Stadium, the match was abandoned in 42nd minute after several on and off the field incidents. Despite the great violence by Serbia's houligans against Albania at Partizan Stadium, Serbia absurditly was awarded with the 3–0 victory after the decision by UEFA.[32] The decision was appealed by both Serbia and Albania,[33][34] but the decision was upheld by UEFA.[35] Both associations then filed further appeals to the Court of Arbitration for Sport,[36] and on 10 July 2015 the Court of Arbitration for Sport rejected the appeal filed by the Serbian FA, and upholds in part the appeal filed by the Albanian FA, meaning the match is deemed to have been forfeited by Serbia with 0–3 and they are still deducted three points.[37]
In the fourth match against Armenia at home, Albania were behind from the 4th minute after an own goal from Mërgim Mavraj, but it was also Mavraj who equalized the result in the 77th with a powerful header. Four minutes later it was the substitute Shkëlzen Gashi who sealed the 2–1 triumph to put Albania in the 2nd position along with Denmark with 10 points.[38] It was the first time that Albania ended the first part of the qualifiers in the second spot. Albania made history again by beating for the first time ever the one-time World Champions and the major UEFA Euro 2016 tournament hosts of France at Elbasan Arena in the "Group I" Friendly Match.[39] After a draw against Denmark, Albania clinched at least a play-off place. Despite losing to Portugal and Serbia, Albania defeated Armenia 3–0 in Yerevan and qualified for UEFA Euro 2016, its second ever appearance at a major men's football tournament.[40] For this achievement the entire team was bestowed the Honor of Nation Order by Albania's President Bujar Nishani.[41] In addition to the qualification, Albania achieved a world record in terms of not conceding any away goal during the tournament, while scoring seven away goals.[42][citation needed]
To make this a year to remember for Albanian football, local team KF Skënderbeu Korçë qualified for 2015–16 UEFA Europa League, where they claimed first ever points in UEFA competition with a 3–0 victory over Sporting CP.
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Portugal 8 7 0 1 11 5 +6 21 Qualify for final tournament — 0–1 1–0 2–1 1–0
2
Albania[a] 8 4 2 2 10 5 +5 14 0–1 — 1–1 0–2 2–1
3
Denmark 8 3 3 2 8 5 +3 12 Advance to play-offs 0–1 0–0 — 2–0 2–1
4
Serbia[a] 8 2 1 5 8 13 −5 4 1–2 0–3[a] 1–3 — 2–0
5
Armenia 8 0 2 6 5 14 −9 2 2–3 0–3 0–0 1–1 —
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Notes:
^ Jump up to: a b c The Serbia v Albania match was awarded as a 3–0 win to Albania, and Serbia were also deducted three points, after the match was abandoned at 0–0 because home fans invaded the pitch and attacked Albania players when a drone carried a pro-Albanian flag over the stadium.
After the Serbia–Albania match, the national team of Albania was awarded by the cities of Tirana, Vlore, Kamëz, and Bajram Curri awards of honor and city recognition for protecting the national symbols.[43]
UEFA Euro 2016[edit]
Main article: UEFA Euro 2016 Group A
The draw for the finals will take place at the Palais des Congrès de la Porte Maillot in Paris on 12 December 2015, 18:00 CET.[44][45][46] The 24 qualified teams will be drawn into six groups of four teams, with the hosts France being automatically placed in position A1. The remaining teams will be seeded into four pots of five (Pot 1) or six teams (Pots 2, 3 and 4). As the title holders, Spain will be seeded in Pot 1, while the other 22 teams will be seeded according to the UEFA National team coefficients updated after the completion of the qualifying group stage (excluding the play-offs), which were released by UEFA on 14 October 2015.[47][48][49][50]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
France (H) 3 2 1 0 4 1 +3 7 Advance to knockout phase
2
Switzerland 3 1 2 0 2 1 +1 5
3
Albania 3 1 0 2 1 3 −2 3
4
Romania 3 0 1 2 2 4 −2 1
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers
(H) Host.
Ranking of third-placed teams[edit]
Pos
Grp
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
B Slovakia 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4 Advance to knockout phase
2
E Republic of Ireland 3 1 1 1 2 4 −2 4
3
F Portugal 3 0 3 0 4 4 0 3
4
C Northern Ireland 3 1 0 2 2 2 0 3
5
D Turkey 3 1 0 2 2 4 −2 3
6
A Albania 3 1 0 2 1 3 −2 3
Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: 1) Higher number of points obtained; 2) Superior goal difference; 3) Higher number of goals scored; 4) Fair play conduct; 5) Position in the UEFA national team coefficient ranking system.
2018 FIFA World Cup qualifications campaign[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G
Albania's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign kicked off well, as the team collected all 6 possible points in their first two matches, beating Macedonia 2–1 in the opening match on 5 September 2016 and later Liechtenstein 0–2 away on 6 October.[51]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Spain 10 9 1 0 36 3 +33 28 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 3–0 3–0 4–1 4–0 8–0
2
Italy 10 7 2 1 21 8 +13 23 Advance to second round 1–1 — 2–0 1–0 1–1 5–0
3
Albania 10 4 1 5 10 13 −3 13 0–2 0–1 — 0–3 2–1 2–0
4
Israel 10 4 0 6 10 15 −5 12 0–1 1–3 0–3 — 0–1 2–1
5
Macedonia 10 3 2 5 15 15 0 11 1–2 2–3 1–1 1–2 — 4–0
6
Liechtenstein 10 0 0 10 1 39 −38 0 0–8 0–4 0–2 0–1 0–3 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b FIFAAlbania. "Albania in FIFA website". FIFA. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirill. "Eloratings.net". Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirill (16 August 2010). "Albania matches". Kirill. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Zemra Shqiptare". Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Besnik Dizdari (2007). Ballkaniada 1946: Shqipëria – kampione e Ballkanit ne startin e "Luftës së ftohtë" në Evropë. Rozafat. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-99943-979-0-7.
Jump up ^ 1963: Dy fitore 3–0 Greqisë dhe Shqipëria në 16-she të Europës!
Jump up ^ Armillotta, Giovanni (14 October 2015). "Shqipëria në fazën finale? Nuk është hera e parë!". Panorama-Sport. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Jump up ^ UEFA. "Victories of Albania until Euro2016 qualifiers". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Dizdari, Besnik (15 October 2015). "Dr. Armillotta ka të drejtë". Panorama-Sport. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Ndeshjet e pashlyeshme që çuan te "Drama e Trier-it"… Panorama Sport
Jump up ^ "La UEFA suspende el Albania-España por el clima de inestabilidad que padece el país" [UEFA suspends Albania-Spain match due to climate of instability in the country]. elpais.com (in Spanish). El País. 17 December 1991. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Vetëm 7 pikë, kombëtarja kuqezi na riktheu 10 vite pas
Jump up ^ Dizdari Kur Brigel mposhtte trajnerët e mëparshëm të Shqipërisë…
Jump up ^ Disallowed Albanian goal, versus the Netherlands, Euro 2008 qualifier: ESPNsoccernet website. Retrieved on 14 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Albanian Football Federation, files official complaint with UEFA regarding Netherlands game: Albania soccer website. Retrieved on 16 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Baric: Po largohem[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Albania suspension lifted by FIFA[dead link]
Jump up ^ FIFA says its emergency committee has decided to lift suspension of Albania[dead link]
Jump up ^ FIFA lifts suspension of Albania over alleged interference
Jump up ^ Televizioni Koha. "Televizioni Koha - JOSIP KUZHE TRAJNER I SHQIPËRISË - Sport". Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2012". UEFA.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
Jump up ^ Spain among top draw seeds
Jump up ^ National Team Coefficients Overview
Jump up ^ "Albania name De Biasi coach". Fifa.com. 2011-12-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
Jump up ^ Panorama, Opinion — 4 April 2015 "Revolucioni" i Kombëtares, atdhetaria dhe "pseudoatdhetaria
Jump up ^ Mesazhi (8 August 2013). "Kombëtarja e Kosovës brenda Kombëtares së Shqipërisë". Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Team Focus: Not at the World Cup XI WhoScored.com
Jump up ^ "54 futbollistë shqiptarë në 7 përfaqësuese për një ditë". Borozani.com. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "El Mundo Deportivo: Shqipëria, kombëtarja e munguar e botërorit". aSport.al. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Talentë shqiptarë, 80 futbollistë në kombëtaret e huaja". Panorama Sport. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Bekim" kuqezi në Aveiro, Shqipëria shokon Portugalinë". Panorama Sport. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disciplinary decision on Serbia-Albania match". UEFA.com. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ AFP (24 October 2014). "Albania to appeal UEFA punishment over Serbia". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Serbia to appeal UEFA decision". Goal.com. 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Decisions upheld for Serbia-Albania match". UEFA.com. 2 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The football associations of Albania and Serbia file appeals at the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)" (PDF). tas-cas.org. Court of Arbitration for Sport. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "FOOTBALL: The CAS rejects the appeal filed by the Serbian FA, upholds in part the appeal filed by the Albanian FA: the match Serbia-Albania is deemed to have been forfeited by Serbia (0-3)". Tribunal Arbitral du Sport / Court of Arbitration for Sport. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Albania head off Armenia threat". UEFA. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kaçe free-kick gives Albania win against France". UEFA. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jubilant Albania defy the odds to reach a maiden European Championship". Daily Mail. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Ora News (11 October 2015). "Shqipëria kualifikohet, Presidenti Nishani vlerëson kombëtaren me dekoratën "Nderi i Kombit"". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/1225716
Jump up ^ Gazeta Tema (23 October 2014). "Folklorizmi shkon deri ne ekstrem". Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2016: key dates and milestones". UEFA.com. 1 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2016 steering group meets in Paris". UEFA.com. 23 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Finals draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2016 play-off, final tournament draw info". UEFA. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2016 draw pots take shape". UEFA. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2016 draw pots confirmed for 12 December". UEFA.com. 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "National team coefficients overview" (pdf). UEFA. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ - Qualifiers - Europe FIFA.com
External links[edit]
Albania Football Association official profile
Albania national team profile at UEFA.com
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Roman conquest of Britain
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This article is about the conquest begun in AD 43. For other Roman invasions of Britain, see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt.
Roman conquest of Britain.
The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain (Latin: Britannia). Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south.
Between 55 BC and the 40s AD, the status quo of tribute, hostages, and client states without direct military occupation, begun by Caesar's invasions of Britain, largely remained intact. Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms.[1] According to Augustus's Res Gestae, two British kings, Dubnovellaunus and Tincomarus, fled to Rome as suppliants during his reign,[2] and Strabo's Geography, written during this period, says Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered.[3]
By the 40s AD, the political situation within Britain was apparently in ferment. The Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum (Colchester), and were pressing their neighbours the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Julius Caesar's former ally Commius.[4]
Caligula planned a campaign against the Britons in 40, but its execution was bizarre: according to Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars, he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the English Channel and, once his forces had become quite confused, ordered them to gather seashells, referring to them as "plunder from the ocean due to the Capitol and the Palace".[5] Modern historians are unsure if that was meant to be an ironic punishment for the soldiers' mutiny or due to Caligula's derangement. Certainly this invasion attempt readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius' invasion possible three years later. For example, Caligula built a lighthouse at Bononia (modern Boulogne-sur-Mer), the Tour D'Ordre, that provided a model for the one built soon after at Dubris (Dover).
Contents
[hide]
1 Claudian preparations
2 Crossing and landing
3 River battles
4 AD 44–60
5 AD 60–78
6 Campaigns of Agricola (AD 78–84)
6.1 Scotland before Agricola
6.2 Agricola in Caledonia
7 AD 84–96
8 Failure to conquer Caledonia
9 See also
10 Citations
11 References
12 Further reading
Claudian preparations[edit]
[show]
v
t
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Roman invasion and
occupation of Britain
Caesar's invasions (55–54 BC)
Conquest of Britain (43–76 AD)
Medway
Capture of Camulodunon
Caer Caradoc
Menai
Boudica's uprising (60–61 AD)
Camulodunum
Londinium
Watling Street
Scotch Corner (71 AD)
Mons Graupius (83 AD)
Siege of Burnswark (140 AD)
Caledonia (208–210 AD)
Carausian Revolt (286–296 AD)
Usurpation of Magnentius (350–353 AD)
Carausius II (354–358 AD)
Great Conspiracy (367–368 AD)
Usurpation of Magnus Maximus (383–388 AD)
Stilicho's Pictish War (398 AD)
Usurpation of Marcus (406–407 AD)
Usurpation of Gratian (407 AD)
Usurpation of Constantine III (407–411 AD)
In 43, possibly by re-collecting Caligula's troops from 40, Claudius mounted an invasion force to re-instate Verica, an exiled king of the Atrebates.[6] Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator, was given overall charge of four legions, totalling about 20,000 men, plus about the same number of auxiliaries. The legions were:
Legio II Augusta
Legio IX Hispana
Legio XIV Gemina
Legio XX Valeria Victrix
The II Augusta is known to have been commanded by the future emperor Vespasian. Three other men of appropriate rank to command legions are known from the sources to have been involved in the invasion. Cassius Dio mentions Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, who probably led the IX Hispana, and Vespasian's brother Titus Flavius Sabinus the Younger. He wrote that Sabinus was Vespasian's lieutenant, but as Sabinus was the older brother and preceded Vespasian into public life, he could hardly have been a military tribune. Eutropius mentions Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, although as a former consul he may have been too senior, and perhaps accompanied Claudius later.[7]
Crossing and landing[edit]
Main article: Site of the Claudian invasion of Britain
The main invasion force under Aulus Plautius crossed in three divisions. The port of departure is usually taken to have been Boulogne (Latin: Bononia), and the main landing at Rutupiae (Richborough, on the east coast of Kent). Neither of these locations is certain. Dio does not mention the port of departure, and although Suetonius says that the secondary force under Claudius sailed from Boulogne,[8] it does not necessarily follow that the entire invasion force did. Richborough has a large natural harbour which would have been suitable, and archaeology shows Roman military occupation at about the right time. However, Dio says the Romans sailed east to west, and a journey from Boulogne to Richborough is south to north. Some historians[9] suggest a sailing from Boulogne to the Solent, landing in the vicinity of Noviomagus (Chichester) or Southampton, in territory formerly ruled by Verica. An alternative explanation might be a sailing from the mouth of the Rhine to Richborough, which would be east to west.[10]
River battles[edit]
British resistance was led by Togodumnus and Caratacus, sons of the late king of the Catuvellauni, Cunobeline. A substantial British force met the Romans at a river crossing thought to be near Rochester on the River Medway. The battle raged for two days. Hosidius Geta was almost captured, but recovered and turned the battle so decisively that he was awarded the "Roman triumph".
The British were pushed back to the Thames. They were pursued by the Romans across the river causing some Roman losses in the marshes of Essex. Whether the Romans made use of an existing bridge for this purpose or built a temporary one is uncertain. At least one division of auxiliary Batavian troops swam across the river as a separate force.
Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final push. Cassius Dio presents this as Plautius needing the emperor's assistance to defeat the resurgent British, who were determined to avenge Togodumnus. However, Claudius was no military man. Claudius's arch says he received the surrender of eleven kings without any loss,[11] and Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars says that Claudius received the surrender of the Britons without battle or bloodshed.[12] It is likely that the Catuvellauni were already as good as beaten, allowing the emperor to appear as conqueror on the final march on Camulodunum. Cassius Dio relates that he brought war elephants and heavy armaments which would have overawed any remaining native resistance. Eleven tribes of South East Britain surrendered to Claudius and the Romans prepared to move further west and north. The Romans established their new capital at Camulodunum and Claudius returned to Rome to celebrate his victory. Caratacus escaped and would continue the resistance further west.
AD 44–60[edit]
Roman campaigns from AD 43 to 60.
Campaigns under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain.
The Roman Empire in AD 54.
Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went, going at least as far as Exeter, which would appear to have become an early base for Leg. II Augusta. [13] Legio IX Hispana was sent north towards Lincoln (Latin: Lindum Colonia) and within four years of the invasion it is likely that an area south of a line from the Humber to the Severn Estuary was under Roman control. That this line is followed by the Roman road of the Fosse Way has led many historians to debate the route's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation. It is more likely that the border between Roman and Iron Age Britain was less direct and more mutable during this period.
Late in 47 the new governor of Britain, Publius Ostorius Scapula, began a campaign against the tribes of modern-day Wales, and the Cheshire Gap. The Silures of southeast Wales caused considerable problems to Ostorius and fiercely defended the Welsh border country. Caratacus himself was defeated in the Battle of Caer Caradoc and fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the Pennines. Their queen, Cartimandua was unable or unwilling to protect him however given her own truce with the Romans and handed him over to the invaders. Ostorius died and was replaced by Aulus Didius Gallus who brought the Welsh borders under control but did not move further north or west, probably because Claudius was keen to avoid what he considered a difficult and drawn-out war for little material gain in the mountainous terrain of upland Britain. When Nero became emperor in 54, he seems to have decided to continue the invasion and appointed Quintus Veranius as governor, a man experienced in dealing with the troublesome hill tribes of Anatolia. Veranius and his successor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus mounted a successful campaign across Wales, famously destroying the druidical centre at Mona or Anglesey in 60 at what historians later called the Menai Massacre. Final occupation of Wales was postponed however when the rebellion of Boudica forced the Romans to return to the south east. The Silures were not finally conquered until circa 76 when Sextus Julius Frontinus' long campaign against them began to have success.
AD 60–78[edit]
Following the successful suppression of Boudica's uprising, a number of new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north. Cartimandua was forced to ask for Roman aid following a rebellion by her husband Venutius. Quintus Petillius Cerialis took his legions from Lincoln as far as York and defeated Venutius near Stanwick around 70. This resulted in the already Romanised Brigantes and Parisii tribes being further assimilated into the empire proper. Frontinus was sent into Roman Britain in 74 to succeed Quintus Petillius Cerialis as governor of that island. He subdued the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a new base at Caerleon for Legio II Augusta (Isca Augusta) and a network of smaller forts fifteen to twenty kilometres apart for his auxiliary units. During his tenure, he probably established the fort at Pumsaint in west Wales, largely to exploit the gold deposits at Dolaucothi. He retired in 78, and later he was appointed water commissioner in Rome. The new governor was Gnaeus Julius Agricola, made famous through the highly laudatory biography of him written by his son-in-law, Tacitus.
Campaigns of Agricola (AD 78–84)[edit]
Agricola's campaigns.
Northern campaigns.
Roman military organization in the north.
The Roman Empire in AD 96.
Arriving in mid-summer of 78, Agricola found several previously defeated peoples had re-established their independence. The first to be dealt with were the Ordovices of north Wales, who had destroyed a cavalry ala of Roman auxiliaries stationed in their territory. Knowing the terrain from his prior military service in Britain, he was able to move quickly to defeat and virtually exterminate them. He then invaded Anglesey, forcing the inhabitants to sue for peace.[14] The following year he moved against the Brigantes of northern England and the Selgovae along the southern coast of Scotland, using overwhelming military power to re-establish Roman control.[15]
Scotland before Agricola[edit]
Details of the early years of the Roman occupation in North Britain are unclear but began no earlier than 71, as Tacitus says that in that year Petillius Cerialis (governor 71–74) waged a successful war against the Brigantes,[16] whose territory straddled Britain along the Solway-Tyne line. Tacitus praises both Cerialis and his successor Julius Frontinus (governor 75–78), but provides no additional information on events prior to 79 regarding the lands or peoples living north of the Brigantes. The Romans certainly would have followed up their initial victory over the Brigantes in some manner. In particular, archaeology has shown that the Romans had campaigned and built military camps in the north along Gask Ridge, controlling the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands, and also throughout the Scottish Lowlands in northeastern Scotland. In describing Agricola's campaigns, Tacitus does not explicitly state that this is actually a return to lands previously occupied by Rome, where Roman occupation either had been thrown off by the Brittonic inhabitants, or had been abandoned by the Romans.
Agricola in Caledonia[edit]
Tacitus says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80 he marched to the Firth of Tay (some historians hold that he stopped along the Firth of Forth in that year), not returning south until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the new lands that he had conquered, and in the rebellious lands that he had re-conquered.[17] In 82 he sailed to either Kintyre or the shores of Argyll, or to both. In 83 and 84 he moved north along Scotland's eastern and northern coasts using both land and naval forces, campaigning successfully against the inhabitants, and winning a significant victory over the northern British peoples led by Calgacus at the Battle of Mons Graupius.[18]
Prior to his recall in 84, Agricola built a network of military roads and forts to secure the Roman occupation. Existing forts were strengthened and new ones planted in northeastern Scotland along the Highland Line, consolidating control of the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands. The line of military communication and supply along southeastern Scotland and northeastern England (i.e., Dere Street) was well-fortified. In southern-most Caledonia, the lands of the Selgovae (approximating to modern Dumfriesshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright) were heavily planted with forts, not only establishing effective control there, but also completing a military enclosure of south-central Scotland (most of the Southern Uplands, Teviotdale, and western Tweeddale).[19] In contrast to Roman actions against the Selgovae, the territories of the Novantae, Damnonii, and Votadini were not planted with forts, and there is nothing to indicate that the Romans were at war with them.
AD 84–96[edit]
Agricola was recalled to Rome by Domitian. His successors are not named in any surviving source, but it seems they were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north. The fortress at Inchtuthil was dismantled before its completion and the other fortifications of the Gask Ridge in Perthshire, erected to consolidate the Roman presence in Scotland in the aftermath of Mons Graupius, were abandoned within the space of a few years. It is equally likely that the costs of a drawn-out war outweighed any economic or political benefit and it was more profitable to leave the Caledonians alone and only under de jure submission.
Failure to conquer Caledonia[edit]
Main article: Scotland during the Roman Empire
Roman occupation was withdrawn to a line subsequently established as one of the limites (singular limes) of the empire (i.e. a defensible frontier) by the construction of Hadrian's Wall. An attempt was made to push this line north to the River Clyde-River Forth area in 142 when the Antonine Wall was constructed. This was once again abandoned after two decades and only subsequently re-occupied on an occasional basis.
The Romans retreated to the earlier and stronger Hadrian's Wall in the River TyneSolway Firth frontier area, this having been constructed around 122. Roman troops, however, penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times. Indeed, there is a greater density of Roman marching camps in Scotland than anywhere else in Europe as a result of at least four major attempts to subdue the area.
The most notable was in 209 when the emperor Septimius Severus, claiming to be provoked by the belligerence of the Maeatae tribe, campaigned against the Caledonian Confederacy, a coalition of Brittonic Pictish[20] tribes of the north of Britain. He used the three legions of the British garrison (augmented by the recently formed 2nd Parthica legion), 9000 imperial guards with cavalry support, and numerous auxiliaries supplied from the sea by the British fleet, the Rhine fleet and two fleets transferred from the Danube for the purpose. According to Dio Cassius, he inflicted genocidal depredations on the natives and incurred the loss of 50,000 of his own men to the attrition of guerrilla tactics before having to withdraw to Hadrian's Wall. He repaired and reinforced the wall with a degree of thoroughness that led most subsequent Roman authors to attribute the construction of the wall to him. It was during the negotiations to purchase the truce necessary to secure the Roman retreat to the wall that the first recorded utterance, attributable with any reasonable degree of confidence, to a native of Scotland was made (as recorded by Dio Cassius). When Septimius Severus's wife, Julia Domna, criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women, the wife of a Caledonian chief, Argentocoxos, replied: "We consort openly with the best of men while you allow yourselves to be debauched in private by the worst".[21] The emperor Septimius Severus died at York while planning to renew hostilities, and these plans were abandoned by his son Caracalla.
Later excursions into Scotland by the Romans were generally limited to the scouting expeditions of exploratores in the buffer zone that developed between the walls, trading contacts, bribes to purchase truces from the natives, and eventually the spread of Christianity. The degree to which the Romans interacted with the Gaelic speaking island of Hibernia (modern Ireland) is still unresolved amongst archaeologists in Ireland. The successes and failures of the Romans in subduing the peoples of Britain are still represented in the political geography of the British Isles today.[clarification needed]
See also[edit]
A monument to the conquest, in Walmer, Kent.
Ancient Britain
Roman Britain
Roman mining
British military history
Itius Portus
Roman governors of Britain
Pugnaces Britanniae
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History 49.38, 53.22, 53.25
Jump up ^ Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti 32. The name of the second king is defaced, but Tincomarus is the most likely reconstruction.
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geography 4.5
Jump up ^ John Creighton (2000), Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain, Cambridge University Press
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Caligula 44–46; Dio Cassius, Roman History 59.25
Jump up ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.19–22
Jump up ^ Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 7:13
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Claudius 17
Jump up ^ For example, John Manley, AD43: a Reassessment.
Jump up ^ Strabo (Geography 4:5.2) names the Rhine as a commonly used point of departure for crossings to Britain in the 1st century AD.
Jump up ^ Arch of Claudius
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Claudius 17
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Vespasian 4
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:363–364, Life of Agricola, Ch. 18
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:365–366, Life of Agricola, Ch. 20–21
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:362, Life of Agricola, Ch. 17
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:364–368, Life of Agricola, Ch. 19–23.
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:368–380, Life of Agricola, Ch. 24–38.
Jump up ^ Frere 1987:88–89, Britannia
Jump up ^ ^ Encyclopaedia Romana. University of Chicago. accessed March 1, 2007
Jump up ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 77.16
References[edit]
Frere, Sheppad Sunderland (1987), Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7102-1215-1
Tacitus, Cornelius (98), "The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola", The Works of Tacitus (The Oxford Translation, Revised), II, London: Henry G. Bohn (published 1854), pp. 343–389 Check date values in: |date= (help)
Further reading[edit]
The Great Invasion , Leonard Cottrell, Coward–McCann, New York, 1962, hardback. Was published in the UK in 1958.
Tacitus, Histories, Annals and De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae
A.D. 43, John Manley, Tempus, 2002.
Roman Britain, Peter Salway, Oxford, 1986
Miles Russel – Ruling Britannia – History Today 8/2005 pp 5–6
Francis Pryor. 2004. Britain BC. New York: HarperPerennial.
Francis Pryor. 2004. Britain AD. New York: HarperCollins.
George Shipway – Imperial Governor. 2002. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks.
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values: Den romerske erobring af Britannien – Danish

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values: Conquête romaine de la Grande-Bretagne – French

values: Romeinske ferovering fan Brittanje – Western Frisian

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values:
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values: Penaklukan Britania oleh Romawi – Indonesian

values: Landvinningar Rómverja á Bretlandi – Icelandic

values:
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values: Romeinse verovering van Britannia – Dutch

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values: Conquista romana da Britânia – Portuguese

values: Cucerirea romană a Marii Britanii – Romanian

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values: Римское завоевание Британии – Russian

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values: Roman invasion of Britain – Simple English

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values: Римско освајање Британије – Serbian

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values: Rimsko osvajanje Britanije – Serbo-Croatian

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values: Римське завоювання Британії – Ukrainian

values:
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values: Cuộc chinh phục Britannia của La Mã – Vietnamese

values: 羅馬征服不列顛 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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