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Healing the man blind from birth
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Christ healing the blind, by Nicolas Colombel, 1682
The miracle of healing the man born blind is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels.
According to the Gospel of John, 9:1–12,[1] Jesus saw a man who had been blind since birth. His disciples asked him, "Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?"
Jesus replied:
Neither this man nor his parents sinned," said Jesus, "but this happened so that the works of God might be displayed in him. As long as it is day, we must do the works of him who sent me. Night is coming, when no one can work. While I am in the world, I am the light of the world.
Having said this, he spat on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man's eyes. "Go," he told him, "wash in the Pool of Siloam" (this word means "Sent"). So the man went and washed, and came home seeing.
His neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked, "Isn't this the same man who used to sit and beg?" Some claimed that he was. Others said, "No, he only looks like him." But he himself insisted, "I am the man."
"How then were your eyes opened?" they asked. He replied, "The man they call Jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes. He told me to go to Siloam and wash. So I went and washed, and then I could see."
"Where is this man?" they asked him. "I don't know," he said.
In this miracle, Jesus applies the title Light of the World to himself in John 9:5, saying:[2]
When I am in the world, I am the Light of the World.
This episode leads into John 9:39 where Jesus metaphorically explains that he came to this world, so that the blind may see.[2]
According to Christian tradition, the man's name was Celidonius. Jesus is shaking
See also[edit]
John 9
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Parables of Jesus
Light of the World
Seven signs in the Gospel of John
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biblegateway John 9:1–12
^ Jump up to: a b Matera, Frank J. New Testament Christology. Louisville, Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press, 1999, 235.
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Jesus Cures the Man Born Blind from The Poem of the Man-God
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Post-credits scene
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A post-credits scene (also called a tag, stinger, coda, after-credits sequence or credit cookie)[1] is a short clip that appears after all or some of the closing credits have rolled and sometimes after a production logo of a film, TV series or video game have run. It is usually included for humour or to set up a possible sequel.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modern film examples
3 In video games
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The 1903 silent film The Great Train Robbery ends with the leader of the outlaw band taking aim and firing point blank at the audience (after having been killed in the previous scene).
One of the earliest appearances of a post-credits scene in a modern mainstream film was in The Muppet Movie in 1979, and use of such scenes gained popularity throughout the 1980s at the end of comedy films. In 1980, Airplane! ended with a callback to an abandoned taxicab passenger who was not a primary character, and who had not been shown since the film's first scene. The Muppet Movie also began a trend of using such scenes to break the fourth wall, even when much of the rest of the film had kept it intact. The scenes were often used as a form of metafiction, with characters showing an awareness that they were at the end of a film, and sometimes telling the audience directly to leave the theatre. Films using this technique include Ferris Bueller's Day Off (in which the title character frequently broke the fourth wall during the film) and the musical remake of The Producers. The post-credits scene in the latter film also includes a cameo appearance by Producers creator Mel Brooks.
Post-credits scenes also appeared on the long-running television show Mystery Science Theater 3000, introduced in the 1990 episode Rocket Attack U.S.A., continuing until the end of the series. With few exceptions, they highlighted moments from the films that were either particularly nonsensical or had simply caught the writers' attention. They have also appeared in Gravity Falls in which cryptograms are shown on each episode and in the series finale, "Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls" which features a scene of Bill's body.
Modern film examples[edit]
Stingers lacking the metafictional aspects also gained prominence in the 1980s, although they were still primarily used for comedy films. Post-credits scenes became useful places for humorous scenes that would not fit in the main body of the film. Most were short clips that served to tie together loose ends—minor characters whose fates were not elaborated on earlier in the film, or plotlines that were not fully wrapped up. For example, all five Pirates of the Caribbean films include such scenes. During its wide release, Napoleon Dynamite features a stinger that reveals that Kip and LaFawnduh get married. In the film The Cannonball Run, bloopers from the film are shown.
Even when post-credit scenes started to be used by films with little comedy development, the same format of giving closure to incomplete storylines or inconsequential characters remained in use. Using humor in such scenes is also still common for more serious films, as in the film Daredevil, in which Bullseye is shown after his defeat by Daredevil in a full body cast. Other films eschew the comedy in favor of a twist or revelation that would be out of place elsewhere in the film, as in X-Men: The Last Stand's post-credits scene, where Professor X is shown to be alive. Another example is the stinger at the end of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets which features a post-memory loss Lockhart. A third example occurs in Young Sherlock Holmes: during the entire credits, Rathe is shown traveling to an Alpine inn, where he signs the register as "Moriarty".
With the rise of pre-planned film franchises, post-credit scenes have been adopted in order to prepare the audience for upcoming sequels, sometimes going so far as to include a cliffhanger ending where the main film is largely stand-alone. The cinematic release of The Matrix Reloaded demonstrated the sequel set-up use of stingers by featuring the trailer for The Matrix Revolutions.
Some films, including Richard Linklater's School of Rock, take the idea of the post-credits scene to its limit by running the credits during the main action of the film. In this example, the characters perform a song in the last minutes of the film, and the credits run inconspicuously until one character sings the line "the movie is over/but we're still on screen".
The Marvel Cinematic Universe has made extensive use of mid- or post-credit scenes (sometimes both) which mainly, but not always, serve purpose as a teaser for one of Marvel Studios' future films. For instance, in the post-credits scene of 2010's Iron Man 2, a large hammer at the bottom of a crater in a desert in New Mexico is shown being located by S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Coulson, thus setting up their next release, 2011's Thor, while the post-credits sequence of Captain America: The Winter Soldier introduces the characters of Pietro and Wanda Maximoff, who go on to face and then join the Avengers in Avengers: Age of Ultron. Other times, rather than to tease other films, these films use mid- and post-credits scenes as jokes, such as The Avengers, which has a post-credits scene of the team eating shawarma in a derelict restaurant in the aftermath of the film's climactic battle, or Spider-Man: Homecoming, which features Captain America educating the audience on patience.
The credits of many Pixar films, including A Bug's Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Inside Out (2015) and Finding Dory (2016), have included comedy. Other Pixar films, such as Cars (2006) and Toy Story 3 (2010), have included an epilogue that plays during the credits.
In video games[edit]
Video games, particularly those with complex stories, also use post-credits scenes. An early example is EarthBound, in which Ness awakens to knock on the front door just like the beginning of the game, and finds Pokey's brother Picky with a message from Pokey, indicating that he escaped and wants Ness to come and get him. Common is a scene or voiceover after the credits, of one or more characters speaking, revealing new information that gives a new perspective to the previous events as well as setting up part of the next game in the series.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Credit cookie". Wordspy.com. June 25, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
External links[edit]
MediaStinger—Coverage of stingers in films, television, and video games
What's After the Credits?—Coverage of stingers in films, television, and video games
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Bad to the Bone
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For the album by the same performer, see Bad to the Bone (George Thorogood & The Destroyers album). For other uses, see Bad to the Bone (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Bad to the Bone"
Single by George Thorogood and the Destroyers
from the album Bad to the Bone
B-side
"No Particular Place to Go"
Released
September 17, 1982
Format
7"
Recorded
1981
Genre
Blues rock, hard rock
Length
4:52
Label
EMI America
Songwriter(s)
George Thorogood
Producer(s)
The Delaware Destroyers
George Thorogood and the Destroyers singles chronology
"Nobody but Me"
(1982) "Bad to the Bone"
(1982)
"Nobody but Me"
(1982) "Bad to the Bone"
(1982)
"Bad to the Bone" is a song by George Thorogood and the Destroyers released in 1982 on the album of the same name. While it was not widely popular during its initial release, its video made recurrent appearances on the nascent MTV, created a year before. Licensing for films, television, and commercials has since made the song more popular.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure and influences
2 Music video
3 Personnel
4 In popular culture
4.1 Film and television
4.2 Adverts
4.3 Sporting events
4.4 Other media
5 Authorship claim
6 References
Structure and influences[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song's roots can be traced back to rock and roll musician Bo Diddley's song "I'm a Man", which uses a similar guitar riff and vocal rhythm, and has a similar overall structure, as well as Willie Dixon's "Hoochie Coochie Man", Muddy Waters's "Mannish Boy," John Lee Hooker's "I'm Bad Like Jesse James", and Johnny "Guitar" Watson's "Gangster of Love". The riff is also very similar to the one from Chuck Berry's "No Money Down" as well as Elvis Presley's "Trouble".
Music video[edit]
The video intercuts a live performance by Thorogood and his band with his playing a lengthy game of pool with Diddley. Pool player Willie Mosconi is summoned from another room by a spectator (played by Michael Parks), and he wagers a large sum of money on Diddley. As Thorogood appears to be winning, a group of children outside celebrate while Diddley gets a dirty look from Mosconi.
Thorogood smokes a fat cigar throughout the pool-playing sequence. The video ends with Thorogood making the 8 ball drop into a pocket by flicking a large quantity of cigar ash on the floor, apparently triggering the drop of the ball in the pocket.
Personnel[edit]
George Thorogood–guitar, vocals
Billy Blough–bass
Jeff Simon–drums
Hank Carter–saxophone
Ian Stewart–piano
In popular culture[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible, otherwise delete it. (September 2017)
Film and television[edit]
The song has been used in filmmaking and television productions, often as a tongue-in-cheek comedic device when a "bad guy" needs to be introduced or identified. An example of this is in the opening of the movie Christine, where the song is played as the red and white 1958 Plymouth rolls down the production line and injures an inspector. The song was used in the bar scene in Terminator 2: Judgment Day where the Terminator first is shown in his full leather outfit. It can also be heard in the card game scene from the remake of The Parent Trap. The song was used in the scenes in the 1988 drama film Talk Radio in the scenes where radio talk show host Barry Champlain's radio show, used as the opening and closing theme of his radio show. It was also used in the 2010 3D animation movie, Megamind. It was also the title theme to Problem Child and its sequel, and Major Payne. It is also included in the South Park episode "You're Not Yelping" while Cartman walks down a hallway. It is also played during Shaun the Sheep Movie after Shaun is caught by Animal Containment.
The song was used many times in Married... with Children, when Al Bundy does something fun, usually followed by the line "Let's Rock." For example, in "Hot off the Grill", "A Man's Castle", "Heels on Wheels" episodes.
The song was referenced in the episode of Family Matters, Crash Course, by Steve Urkel when Eddie Winslow crashed the family station wagon in the living without a driver's license. Urkel stated that he is bad to the bone and that bad is his middle name.
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for the episode "Alvin's Oldest Fan" from their TV series. It was also featured in the episode "Endless Summer" of the series Renegade. Almost the entire record can be heard at the beginning of the episode "Nobody Lives Forever" on the TV series Miami Vice. An episode of Disney's TV show 101 Dalmatians: The Series has an episode named after the song.
Adverts[edit]
In 2008, "Bad to the Bone" was used for a Wrangler Jeans TV commercial featuring Dale Earnhardt, Jr. A similar commercial featuring Brett Favre was released later that year. A modified version of the song was used in a TV ad for the Buick Grand National. In advertisements for the TV show Lost, the song was used as the theme music for the character James "Sawyer" Ford. In 2013, it was heard in a TV commercial for Bank of America.
Sporting events[edit]
The song is used by Dennis Anderson's Grave Digger monster truck as entrance music, and plays during his portion of the freestyle round at Monster Jam events, and as an entrance theme for closing pitcher Takashi Saito of the Los Angeles Dodgers. It was also played during every at bat of former Seattle Mariners slugger Jay Buhner and former Atlanta Braves and San Diego Padres slugger Ryan Klesko.
The song is also used by 2-Time World Champion Professional Bull Rider JB Mauney.
The song is also used as an entrance theme song in professional wrestling. Multiple wrestlers have used it as their theme song, such as L. A. Park in Mexico, Kevin Wacholz, who used the song in the 1980s as "Mr. Magnificent" Kevin Kelly while wrestling for the American Wrestling Association and Gino Hernandez and Chris Adams as "The Bad to the Bone Boys" in World Class Championship Wrestling in Texas. American mixed martial artist Phil Baroni used it as his entrance song at UFC 106. It was also used by The Bad Crew.
The song is used in the home matches of HIFK (a Finnish professional ice hockey team competing in the Liiga) when HIFK acquires a penalty.
Other media[edit]
On October 7, 2008, the song was released as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band. It also featured in Rock Band Track Pack: Classic Rock. The video game Rock 'n Roll Racing also uses it.
Talk show host Bill Cunningham uses the song as the opening intro to his afternoon talk show on WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, and on his Sunday night radio show. The song E.V.I.L. B.O.Y.S. from the hit Disney show Phineas and Ferb sampled the base melody of the song to give it a Blues-sound.
Authorship claim[edit]
Chicago area musician James Pobiega, who goes by the stage name "Little Howlin' Wolf", has claimed that he wrote "Bad to the Bone" and that Thorogood stole it from him.[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mehr, Bob (10 November 2005). "Out of the Wilderness". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
[hide]
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e
George Thorogood and the Destroyers
Studio albums
1977: George Thorogood and the Destroyers
1978: Move It On Over
1979: Better Than the Rest
1980: More George Thorogood and the Destroyers
1982: Bad to the Bone
1985: Maverick
1986: Nadine
1988: Born to Be Bad
1991: Boogie People
1993: Haircut
1997: Rockin' My Life Away
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Poinsettia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Poinsettia (disambiguation).
"Christmas Star" redirects here. For the Christian tradition, see Star of Bethlehem.
Poinsettia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Euphorbia
Species: E. pulcherrima
Binomial name
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Willd. ex Klotzsch
The poinsettia (/pɔɪnˈsɛtiə/ or /pɔɪnˈsɛtə/)[1][2] (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a commercially important plant species of the diverse spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). The species is indigenous to Mexico. It is particularly well known for its red and green foliage and is widely used in Christmas floral displays. It derives its common English name from Joel Roberts Poinsett,[3] the first United States Minister to Mexico,[4] who introduced the plant to the US in 1825.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Religious and other traditional associations
3 Creation of the American poinsettia industry
4 Cultivation
4.1 Diseases
5 Toxicity claims
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
Poinsettia leaves, bracts, and flowers at Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve of West Bengal, India
Euphorbia pulcherrima is a shrub or small tree, typically reaching a height of 0.6–4 metres (2–13 ft). The plant bears dark green dentate leaves that measure 7–16 centimetres (2.8–6.3 in) in length. The colored bracts—which are most often flaming red but can be orange, pale green, cream, pink, white, or marbled—are often mistaken for flower petals because of their groupings and colors, but are actually leaves.[5][6] The colors of the bracts are created through photoperiodism, meaning that they require darkness (12 hours at a time for at least five days in a row) to change color. At the same time, the plants require abundant light during the day for the brightest color.[7]
The flowers of the poinsettia are unassuming and do not attract pollinators. They are grouped within small yellow structures found in the center of each leaf bunch, and are called cyathia.[8]
The poinsettia is native to Mexico.[9] It is found in the wild in deciduous tropical forests at moderate elevations from southern Sinaloa down the entire Pacific coast of Mexico to Chiapas and Guatemala. It is also found in the interior in the hot, seasonally dry forests of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas.[10] Reports of E. pulcherrima growing in the wild in Nicaragua and Costa Rica have yet to be confirmed by botanists.[11]
Religious and other traditional associations[edit]
The Aztecs used the plant to produce red dye and as an antipyretic medication.[8] In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the plant is called Cuitlaxochitl, meaning "flower that grows in residues or soil"[8] Today it is known in Mexico and Guatemala as Flor de Noche Buena, meaning Christmas Eve Flower.[8] In Spain it is known as Flor de Pascua or Pascua, meaning Easter flower.[8] In Chile and Peru, the plant became known as Crown of the Andes.[8] In Hungarian, it is called Santa Claus' Flower, and is widely used as a Christmas decoration.
The plant's association with Christmas began in 16th-century Mexico, where legend tells of a girl, commonly called Pepita or Maria, who was too poor to provide a gift for the celebration of Jesus' birthday and was inspired by an angel to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar.[12] Crimson blossoms sprouted from the weeds and became poinsettias.[13] From the 17th century, Franciscan friars in Mexico included the plants in their Christmas celebrations.[14] The star-shaped leaf pattern is said to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem, and the red color represents the blood sacrifice through the crucifixion of Jesus.[15]
Poinsettias are popular Christmas decorations[3] in homes, churches, offices, and elsewhere across North America. They are available in large numbers from grocery, drug, and hardware stores. In the United States, December 12 is National Poinsettia Day.[16]
Creation of the American poinsettia industry[edit]
Albert Ecke emigrated from Germany to Los Angeles in 1900, opening a dairy and orchard in the Eagle Rock area. He became intrigued by the plant and sold them from street stands. His son, Paul Ecke, developed the grafting technique, but it was the third generation of Eckes, Paul Ecke Jr., who was responsible for advancing the association between the plant and Christmas.[17]
Besides changing the market from mature plants shipped by rail to cuttings sent by air, he sent free plants to television stations for them to display on air from Thanksgiving to Christmas. He also appeared on television programs like The Tonight Show and Bob Hope's Christmas specials to promote the plants.[17]
Until the 1990s, the Ecke family, who had moved their operation to Encinitas, California, in 1923, had a virtual monopoly on poinsettias owing to a technique that made their plants much more attractive.[18] They produced a fuller, more compact plant by grafting two varieties of poinsettia together. A poinsettia left to grow on its own will naturally take an open, somewhat weedy look. The Eckes' technique made it possible to get every seedling to branch, resulting in a bushier plant.[18]
In the late 1980s, university researcher John Dole[19] discovered the method previously known only to the Eckes and published it,[20] allowing competitors to flourish, particularly those using low-cost labor in Latin America. The Ecke family's business, now led by Paul Ecke III, decided to stop producing plants in the U.S., but as of 2008, they still serve about 70 percent of the domestic market and 50 percent of the worldwide market.[17]
Cultivation[edit]
A poinsettia that was stressed and reflowered after growing in bonsai form
Poinsettia varieties on sale in England
A close-up photo of a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
The poinsettia has been cultivated in Egypt since the 1860s, when it was brought from Mexico during the Egyptian campaign. It is called bent el consul, "the consul's daughter", referring to the U.S. ambassador Joel Poinsett.[11]
There are over 100 cultivated varieties of poinsettia.[8][21]
In areas outside its natural environment, it is commonly grown as an indoor plant where it prefers good morning sun, then shade in the hotter part of the day. Contrary to popular belief, flowering poinsettias can be kept outside, even during winter, as long as they are kept frost-free. It is widely grown and very popular in subtropical climates such as Australia, Rwanda and Malta.[22]
The plant requires a daily period of uninterrupted long, dark nights followed by bright sunny days for around two months in autumn in order to encourage it to develop colored bracts.[citation needed] Any incidental light during these nights (from a nearby television set, from under a door frame, even from passing cars or street lights) hampers bract production. Commercial production of poinsettia has been done by placing them inside a greenhouse and covering the latter completely to imitate the natural biological situation.[citation needed]
To produce extra axillary buds that are necessary for plants containing multiple flowers, a phytoplasma infection—whose symptoms include the proliferation of axillary buds—is used.[23] The discovery of the role phytoplasmas play in the growth of axillary buds is credited to Ing-Ming Lee of the USDA Agricultural Research Service.[24]
Diseases[edit]
Main article: List of poinsettia diseases
Poinsettias are susceptible to several diseases, mostly fungal, but also bacterial and parasitic.
Toxicity claims[edit]
In the United States and perhaps elsewhere, there is a common misconception that the poinsettia is highly toxic. This misconception was spread by a 1919 urban legend of a two-year-old child dying after consuming a poinsettia leaf.[25]
While the sap and latex of many plants of the spurge genus are indeed toxic,[26] the poinsettia's toxicity is relatively mild. Its latex can cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.[27] It is also mildly irritating to the skin or stomach[9] and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting if eaten.[28] Sap introduced into the human eye may cause temporary blindness.[29]
An American Journal of Emergency Medicine study of 22,793 cases reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers showed no fatalities, and furthermore that a strong majority of poinsettia exposures are accidental, involve children, and usually do not result in any type of medical treatment.[30] POISINDEX, a major source for poison control centers, says a 50 lb (23 kg) child would have to eat 500 bracts (poinsettia leaves) to accumulate levels of toxins found to be harmful in experiments.[25] An Ohio State University study showed no problems even with extremely large doses.[31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "poinsettia"
Jump up ^ "poinsettia". Dictionary.com. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bussell, Gene (December 2009). "Get Ready for Holiday Flowers". Southern Living. 44 (12): 88.
Jump up ^ "Mexico". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Poinsettia Facts - The Poinsettia Pages - University of Illinois Extension". extension.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
Jump up ^ Perry, Leonard. "Fun Facts about Poinsettias". pss.uvm.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
Jump up ^ "How To Make Poinsettia Turn Red: Make A Poinsettia Rebloom". Gardening Know How. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Seltzer, Erica D.; Spinner, MaryAnne. "Poinsettia Facts". The Poinsettia Pages. University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bender, Steve, ed. (January 2004). "Euphorbia". The Southern Living Garden Book (2nd ed.). Birmingham, Alabama: Oxmoor House. p. 306. ISBN 0-376-03910-8.
Jump up ^ Trejo, L., M. E. Olson, P. Feria, K. M. Olsen, L. E. Eguiarte, B. Arroyo y J. A. Gruhn. 2012. "Poinsettia's wild ancestor in the Mexican dry tropics: historical, genetic, and environmental evidence." American Journal of Botany 99: 1146–1157.
^ Jump up to: a b Joel Roberts Poinsett. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition [serial online]. November 2011;:1. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 8, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants | Horticulture and Home Pest News". www.ipm.iastate.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Flowers Ireland Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jauron, Richard (December 8, 1995). "The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants". Horticulture and Home Pest News. Iowa State University. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Christmas Poinsettia' Fine Art Print by Anne Gitto". RedBubble. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Poinsettia Day Bill of Congress". Poinsettiaday.com. July 22, 2002. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anton, Mike (December 23, 2008). "The bloom is off the poinsettia business". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Cynthia Crossen, "Holiday's Ubiquitous Houseplant," Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2000.
Jump up ^ How Poinsettias Became Synonymous With Christmas
Jump up ^ Poinsettia Day Industry
Jump up ^ Perry, Leonard. "Fun Facts About Poinsettia". Perry's Perennial Pages. University of Vermont Extension, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Smurfplant, Habitat
Jump up ^ Lee; et al. (1997). "Phytoplasma induced free branching in commercial cultivars". 15. Nature Biotechnology: 178–182.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Kim (December 1, 2015). "Poinsettias: Helping an Icon to Bloom at the Right Time". USDA. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Poisonous Poinsettias". Snopes.com. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Eke, Tom; Al-Husainy, Sahar & Raynor, Mathew K. (2000). "The spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by Euphorbia plant sap" (PDF). Arch Ophthalmol. 118 (1): 13–16. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.13. PMID 10636407.
Jump up ^ "Latex Allergy? Beware Poinsettias". WebMD. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction?". Retrieved December 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Complete Poinsettia information from Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis JM (November 1996). "Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes...just as we thought". Am J Emerg Med. 14 (7): 671–4. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8. PMID 8906768.
Jump up ^ "Poinsettia Care in the Home". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Horticulture has a page on the topic of: Euphorbia pulcherrima
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbia pulcherrima.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Poinsettia.
The Wild Poinsettia Page: Images of Euphorbia pulcherrima in the wild in Mexico
Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) - Plants & Fungi At Kew
Patently Poinsettia By Elizabeth Dougherty
Snopes on toxicity
Earthworm Castings as a Substrate for Poinsettia Production
Manipulation of Light Environment to Produce High-quality Poinsettia Plants
Patent US4724276 - Process for altering poinsettia growth
Poinsettia: The Christmas Flower
Poinsettia pages at the University of Illinois, UIUC
Poinsettias in Africa
Ohio State University Fact Sheet
Poinsettia FAQ
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Intensive and extensive properties
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Specific heat capacity c = {\displaystyle c=}
T {\displaystyle T} ∂ S {\displaystyle \partial S}
N {\displaystyle N} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T}
Compressibility β = − {\displaystyle \beta =-}
1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V}
V {\displaystyle V} ∂ p {\displaystyle \partial p}
Thermal expansion α = {\displaystyle \alpha =}
1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V}
V {\displaystyle V} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T}
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U ( S , V ) {\displaystyle U(S,V)}
Enthalpy
H ( S , p ) = U + p V {\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
Helmholtz free energy
A ( T , V ) = U − T S {\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
Gibbs free energy
G ( T , p ) = H − T S {\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
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Physical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive quantities, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes. According to IUPAC, an intensive property is one whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system. An extensive property is one whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.[1]
An intensive property is a bulk property, meaning that it is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. Examples of intensive properties include temperature, T, refractive index, n, density, ρ, and hardness of an object, η (IUPAC symbols[1] are used throughout this article). When a diamond is cut, the pieces maintain their intrinsic hardness (until the sample reduces to a few atoms thick), so hardness is independent of the size of the system, for larger samples.[attribution needed]
By contrast, an extensive property is additive for subsystems.[2] This means the system could be divided into any number of subsystems, and the extensive property measured for each subsystem; the value of the property for the system would be the sum of the property for each subsystem. For example, both the mass, m, and the volume, V, of a diamond are directly proportional to the amount that is left after cutting it from the raw mineral.
The ratio of two extensive properties of the same object or system is an intensive property. For example, the ratio of an object's mass and volume, which are two extensive properties, is density, which is an intensive property.[3]
The terms intensive and extensive quantities were introduced by Richard C. Tolman in 1917.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Intensive properties
1.1 Examples
2 Extensive properties
2.1 Examples
3 Composite properties
4 "Specific" properties
5 Limitations
6 References
Intensive properties[edit]
An intensive property is a physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of the substance for which it is measured. For example, the temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium is the same as the temperature of any part of it. If the system is divided the temperature of each subsystem is identical. The same applies to the density of a homogeneous system; if the system is divided in half, the mass and the volume change in the identical ratio and the density remains unchanged. Additionally, the boiling point of a substance is another example of an intensive property. For example, the boiling point of water is 100 °C at a pressure of one atmosphere, which remains true regardless of quantity.
The distinction between intensive and extensive properties has some theoretical uses. For example, in thermodynamics, according to the state postulate:-"The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties". Other intensive properties are derived from those two variables.
Examples[edit]
Examples of intensive properties include:[2][4][5]
chemical potential, μ
color[6]
concentration, c
density, ρ (or specific gravity)
magnetic permeability, μ
melting point and boiling point[7]
molality, m or b
pressure, p
specific heat capacity, cp
specific rotation, [α]
specific volume, v
standard reduction potential,[7] E°
temperature, T
thermal conductivity
Extensive properties[edit]
The IUPAC Gold Book defines an extensive property as a physical quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.[1] The value of such an additive property is proportional to the size of the system it describes, or to the quantity of matter in the system. For example, the amount of heat required to melt ice at constant temperature and pressure is an extensive property, known as the enthalpy of fusion. The amount of heat required to melt one ice cube would be much less than the amount of heat required to melt an iceberg, so it is dependent on the quantity.
Extensive properties are not just dependent on the amount of material in a system; the relation must be additive. If, say, a property depended on the square of the mass, it would not be an extensive property. (Consider a system consisting of two 1 gram weights. The total mass is 2 g, squaring that gives 4 g2. Squaring and summing the individual masses gives 2 g2. This property is not additive for the two subsystems.)
Dividing one extensive property by another extensive property generally gives an intensive value—for example: mass (extensive) divided by volume (extensive) gives density (intensive).
Examples[edit]
Examples of extensive properties include:[2][4][5]
amount of substance, mol
energy, E
enthalpy, H
entropy, S
Gibbs energy, G
heat capacity, Cp
Helmholtz energy, A or F
internal energy, U
mass, m
volume, V
Composite properties[edit]
Properties can be combined to give new properties, which may be called derived[1] or composite properties. For example, mass and volume can be combined to give density. These composite properties can also be classified as intensive or extensive. Suppose a composite property F {\displaystyle F} is a function of a set of intensive properties { a i } {\displaystyle \{a_{i}\}} and a set of extensive properties { A j } {\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}} , which can be shown as F ( { a i } , { A j } ) {\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\})} . If the size of the system is changed by some scaling factor, α {\displaystyle \alpha } , only the extensive properties will change, since intensive properties are independent of the size of the system. The scaled system, then, can be represented as F ( { a i } , { α A j } ) {\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{\alpha A_{j}\})} .
Intensive properties are independent of the size of the system, so the property F is an intensive property if for all values of the scaling factor, α {\displaystyle \alpha } ,
F ( { a i } , { α A j } ) = F ( { a i } , { A j } ) . {\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{\alpha A_{j}\})=F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\}).\,}
(This is equivalent to saying that intensive composite properties are homogeneous functions of degree 0 with respect to { A j } {\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}} .)
It follows, for example, that the ratio of two extensive properties is an intensive property. To illustrate, consider a system having a certain mass, m {\displaystyle m} , and volume, V {\displaystyle V} . The density, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is equal to mass (extensive) divided by volume (extensive): ρ = m V {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}} . If the system is scaled by the factor α {\displaystyle \alpha } , then the mass and volume become α m {\displaystyle \alpha m} and α V {\displaystyle \alpha V} , and the density becomes ρ = α m α V {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {\alpha m}{\alpha V}}} ; the two α {\displaystyle \alpha } s cancel, so this could be written mathematically as ρ ( α m , α V ) = ρ ( m , V ) {\displaystyle \rho (\alpha m,\alpha V)=\rho (m,V)} , which is analogous to the equation for F {\displaystyle F} above.
The property F {\displaystyle F} is an extensive property if for all α {\displaystyle \alpha } ,
F ( { a i } , { α A j } ) = α F ( { a i } , { A j } ) . {\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{\alpha A_{j}\})=\alpha F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\}).\,}
(This is equivalent to saying that extensive composite properties are homogeneous functions of degree 1 with respect to { A j } {\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}} .) It follows from Euler's homogeneous function theorem that
F ( { a i } , { A j } ) = ∑ j A j ( ∂ F ∂ A j ) , {\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\})=\sum _{j}A_{j}\left({\frac {\partial F}{\partial A_{j}}}\right),}
where the partial derivative is taken with all parameters constant except A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} .[8] This last equation can be used to derive thermodynamic relations.
"Specific" properties[edit]
See also: List of thermodynamic properties
A specific property is obtained by dividing an extensive property of a system by its mass. For example, heat capacity is an extensive property of a system. Dividing heat capacity, Cp, by the mass of the system gives the specific heat capacity, cp, which is an intensive property. When the extensive property is represented by an upper-case letter, the symbol for the corresponding intensive property is usually represented by a lower-case letter. Common examples are given in the table below.[2]
Specific properties derived from extensive properties
Extensive
property
Symbol
SI units
Intensive
property
Symbol
SI units
Volume V m3 or L Specific volume* v m3/kg or L/kg
Internal energy U J Specific internal energy u J/kg
Entropy S J/K Specific entropy s J/(kg·K)
Enthalpy H J Specific enthalpy h J/kg
Gibbs free energy G J Specific Gibbs free energy g J/kg
Heat capacity
at constant volume CV J/K Specific heat capacity
at constant volume cv J/(kg·K)
Heat capacity
at constant pressure CP J/K Specific heat capacity
at constant pressure cP J/(kg·K)
*Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.
If the amount of substance in moles can be determined, then each of these thermodynamic properties may be expressed on a molar basis, and their name may be qualified with the adjective molar, yielding terms such as molar volume, molar internal energy, molar enthalpy, and molar entropy. The symbol for molar quantities may be indicated by adding a subscript "m" to the corresponding extensive property. For example, molar enthalpy is Hm.[2] A well known molar volume, Vm, is that of an ideal gas at standard conditions for temperature and pressure, with the value 22.41L/mol. Molar Gibbs free energy is commonly referred to as chemical potential, symbolized by μ, particularly when discussing a partial molar Gibbs free energy μi for a component i in a mixture.
Limitations[edit]
The general validity of the division of physical properties into extensive and intensive kinds has been addressed in the course of science.[9] Redlich noted that, although physical properties and especially thermodynamic properties are most conveniently defined as either intensive or extensive, these two categories are not all-inclusive and some well-defined physical properties conform to neither definition.[5] Redlich also provides examples of mathematical functions that alter the strict additivity relationship for extensive systems, such as the square or square root of volume, which may occur in some contexts, albeit rarely used.[5]
Other systems, for which standard definitions do not provide a simple answer, are systems in which the subsystems interact when combined. Redlich pointed out that the assignment of some properties as intensive or extensive may depend on the way subsystems are arranged. For example, if two identical galvanic cells are connected in parallel, the voltage of the system is equal to the voltage of each cell, while the electric charge transferred (or the electric current) is extensive. However, if the same cells are connected in series, the charge becomes intensive and the voltage extensive.[5] The IUPAC definitions do not consider such cases.[2]
Some intensive properties do not apply at very small sizes. For example, viscosity is a macroscopic quantity and is not relevant for extremely small systems. Likewise, at a very small scale color is not independent of size, as shown by quantum dots, whose color depends on the size of the "dot".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d McNaught, A. D.; Wilkinson, A.; Nic, M.; Jirat, J.; Kosata, B.; Jenkins, A. (2014). IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). 2.3.3. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. doi:10.1351/goldbook.E02281. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cohen, E. R.; et al. (2007). IUPAC Green Book (PDF) (3rd ed.). Cambridge: IUPAC and RSC Publishing. pp. 6 (20 of 250 in PDF file). ISBN 978 0 85404 433 7.
Jump up ^ Canagaratna, Sebastian G. (1992). "Intensive and Extensive: Underused Concepts". J. Chem. Educ. 69 (12): 957–963. Bibcode:1992JChEd..69..957C. doi:10.1021/ed069p957.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tolman, Richard C. (1917). "The Measurable Quantities of Physics". Phys. Rev. 9 (3): 237–253.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Redlich, O. (1970). "Intensive and Extensive Properties". J. Chem. Educ. 47 (2): 154–156. Bibcode:1970JChEd..47..154R. doi:10.1021/ed047p154.2.
Jump up ^ Chang, R.; Goldsby, K. (2015). Chemistry (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 312. ISBN 978-0078021510.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, T. E.; LeMay, H. E.; Bursten, B. E.; Murphy, C.; Woodward; P.; Stoltzfus, M. E. (2014). Chemistry: The Central Science (13th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0321910417.
Jump up ^ Alberty, R. A. (2001). "Use of Legendre transforms in chemical thermodynamics" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 73 (8): 1349–1380. doi:10.1351/pac200173081349.
Jump up ^ George N. Hatsopoulos, G. N.; Keenan, J. H. (1965). Principles of General Thermodynamics. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9780471359999. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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values: {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {\alpha m}{\alpha V}}}

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values: {\displaystyle \rho (\alpha m,\alpha V)=\rho (m,V)}

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values: خاصية مكثفة وخاصية شمولية – Arabic

values: Propietats intensives i extensives – Catalan

values: Propiedades intensivas y extensivas – Spanish

values: خواص شدتی و مقداری – Persian

values: Extensivité et intensivité (physique) – French

values: 세기 성질과 크기 성질 – Korean

values: विस्तारात्मक तथा अविस्तारात्मक गुणधर्म – Hindi

values: Sifat ekstensif dan intensif – Indonesian

values: Proprietà intensive ed estensive – Italian

values: גדלים אקסטנסיביים ואינטנסיביים – Hebrew

values: 示量性と示強性 – Japanese

values: Intensive og ekstensive egenskaper – Norwegian

values: Интенсивная и экстенсивная величина – Russian

values: 內含及外延性質 – Chinese

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