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Sa Re Ga Ma Pa
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This article is about the musical reality TV show. For the musical notes, see Swara. For the music company, see Saregama.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa logo Concept = Zee Tv, Atul Date
Creative director(s)
Zee TV, Neeraj Sharma
Presented by
Sonu Nigam (1995-2000)
Amaan Ali Khan and Ayaan Ali Khan (2000-01)
Shaan (2001-06)
Aditya Narayan (2007-09, 2014-present)
Purab Kohli (2010)
Manish Paul (2010)
Javed Ali (2012-2013)
Opening theme
"Sa Re Ga Ma" by Sonu Nigam and Sadhana Sargam (1995-2000)
"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by Shaan and Sadhana Sargam (2000-06)
"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by Aditya Narayan and Shriram Iyer (2007-09)
"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by Javed Ali (2010-present)
Country of origin
India
No. of seasons
6
Production
Running time
approx. 52 minutes
Release
Original network
Zee TV
Picture format
480i (SDTV),
Original release
1 May 1995 – present
External links
Website
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show. It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as Sa Re Ga Ma.[1] It is the oldest running singing reality show in India.
Series history[edit]
The first episode aired on 1 May 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam.[2] In the year 1999, the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers, Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash,[3] sons of legendary sarod-player Amjad Ali Khan. From 2002, Shaan started hosting the show.[4] Till 2005, the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them. The format changed with the advent of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting. After Shaan quit hosting the show, the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli, Manish Paul,[5] Karan Singh Rathore, Archana Jani,[6] Vipul Roy,[7] Jay Soni[8] and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani.[9] The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali[10] and the current host Aditya Narayan.[11]
The show has seen multiple variations over the years:
Sa Re Ga Ma: Contestants were scored only by the expert judges. There were 8 prelim rounds, each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers. One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds; there were a total of 4 semifinals. In the finals, there was one male winner and another female winner.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: 2 male singers, 2 female singers. The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger. At the start of this "roll-over" series, they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album; however, that never materialized.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge: Teams were formed, each Gharana (team) had a judge who mentored them. Elimination was decided by public voting.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu: A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons. Weekly elimination decided by public voting.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs: A singing competition for young children, which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality, singing talent and versatility in performance.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA: The first instalment of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge series in USA.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge: A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated. The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes.
There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu.
#
Season
Year
Winner
Host
Judges
1 Sa Re Ga Ma 1995 Sanjeevani Bhelande Sonu Nigam Anu Malik, Udit Narayan, Kumar Sanu
2 Sa Re Ga Ma 1996 Nobina Mirjankar Sonu Nigam
3 Sa Re Ga Ma 1997 Ravi Shanker Singh Sonu Nigam O.P Naiyar
4 Sa Re Ga Ma 1997 Mohammed Vakil Sonu Nigam
5 Sa Re Ga Ma 1998 Bela Shende Sonu Nigam
6 Sa Re Ga Ma 1999 Archana Udupa Sonu Nigam
7 Sa Re Ga Ma 2000 Shreya Ghoshal Sonu Nigam
8 Sa Re Ga Ma 2001 Anita Pundit Amaan Ali Khan & Ayaan Ali Khan
9 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: Golden Voice Hunt 2003 Arpita Mukherjee (singer) &
Rahul Saxena Shaan
10 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa World Series 2004 Hrishikesh Ranade &
Ronkini Gupta Shaan
11 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Special 2005 Twinkle Bajpai,
Manish Bhatt Shaan
12 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 2005 Debojit Saha Shaan Himesh Reshammiya, Jatin-Lalit, Aadesh Shrivastava, Ismail Darbar
13 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu 2006 Aishwarya Nigam &
Ujjaini Mukherjee Shaan, Ishita Arun Hariharan, Lesle Lewis
14 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2006 Sanchita Bhattacharya Shaan Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Alka Yagnik, Bappi Lahiri
15 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 2007 Aneek Dhar Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya, Ismail Darbar, Bappi Lahiri, Vishal-Shekhar
16 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International 2007 Anamika Choudhari Aditya Narayan Suresh Wadkar, Sonu Nigam
17 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 2008 Darshana Menon Aishwarya Nigam Suresh Wadkar, Aadesh Shrivastava
18 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 2009 Vaishali Mhade Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya, Aadesh Shrivastava, Shankar Mahadevan, Pritam
19 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 2009 Hemant Brijwasi Dhairya Sorecha, Afsha Musani Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Alka Yagnik
20 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge 2009 Team Maharashtra - Vaishali Mhade, Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani (first episode)
Vipul Roy and Manish Paul
Sonu Nigam, Pyarelal and Suresh Wadkar (finale)
21 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar 2010 Kamal Khan Purab Kohli, Manish Paul Daler Mehndi, Vishal-Shekhar, Sajid-Wajid
22 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 2011 Azmat Hussain Jay Soni Adnan Sami, Kailash Kher, Javed Ali
23 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 2012 Jasraj Jayant Joshi Javed Ali Shankar Mahadevan, Rahul Ram, Sajid-Wajid
24 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 2014 Gagan Gopalkrishna Gaonkar Aditya Narayan Alka Yagnik (Mahaguru), Shaan, Monali Thakur
25 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 Kushal Paul Aditya Narayan Pritam, Sajid-Wajid, Mika
26 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 2017 Shreyan Bhattacharya and
Anjali Gaikwad Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya, Javed Ali, Neha Kakkar
27 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018[12] 2018 Aditya Narayan Wajid Khan, Shekhar Ravjiani, Sona Mohapatra
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Reality shows take centre stage on TV - Livemint". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Sonu Nigam back as host on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Music is inspiration". The Hans India. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Shaan". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Purab Kohli bids adieu to Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar". ZEE TV. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega challenge gets its hosts". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Vipul to do some more hosting". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Jay Soni turns host - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Dhairya Sonecha & Afsha Musani to Host 'Hero Honda Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs'". ZEE TV. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "'Hero Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012' finds new host in Javed Ali with top 15 contestants | Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry". www.bestmediainfo.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Aditya Narayan returns to host 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil' Champs - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ www.zeetv.com
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Sa Re Ga Ma Pa
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017
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Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008
Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge
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Rain, Rain, Go Away (short story)
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"Rain, Rain, Go Away" was originally published in the September 1959 issue of Fantastic Universe
"Rain, Rain, Go Away" is a short story by Isaac Asimov. A fantasy rather than a science fiction story, it was based on an idea by Bob Mills, editor of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, but rejected by him. It was instead published in the September 1959 issue of Fantastic Universe and reprinted in the 1975 collection Buy Jupiter and Other Stories.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Notes
3 Sources
4 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The story concerns a seemingly perfect family, the Sakkaros, who become neighbours of another family, the Wrights. The Wrights are puzzled at the great lengths the Sakkaros go to avoid any contact with water, such as when Mrs. Wright tells her husband that Mrs. Sakkaro's kitchen was so clean it seemed to be never used, and when she offered Mrs. Wright a glass of water she filled the glass carefully while covered with a napkin, but Mr. Wright chalks it up to Mrs. Sakkaro being a good neighbor. The only other odd fact about the home was that the family always seems to be tanning, but at the slightest chance of rain they all rush inside the safety of their home. Mr. & Mrs. Wright see the study of the Sakkaro residence is filled with newspapers and encyclopedias, which Mr. Sakkaro explains is part of his research. Nor do the Wrights know the ethnicity of their neighbors, with Mrs. Wright thinking it could be a Spanish name while Mr. Wright thinks "Sakkaro" sounds Japanese. [note 1] To find out more about the Sakkaros the Wrights invite them out, and the Sakkaros pay for them all to go to a town carnival. The Sakkaros are extremely cautious and bring a radio with them that is tuned to the weather channel, and a barometer. At the carnival they seem to have a good time with Mr. & Mrs. Wright and their son Tommy, but they display bizarre food choices, particularly nothing but candy floss. Mr. Wright comments to his wife that he offered to buy Mr. Sakkaro a hamburger, who grimly refused, and Mrs. Wright also remarks that she had a similar reaction from Mrs. Sakkaro when she offered a soft drink. When their radio unexpectedly calls for rain, the Sakkaros appear to be in shock until they get to their house. When they pull up, it starts to drizzle, and the Sakkaros rush to get to the safety of their home. Mrs. Wright annoyingly says to her husband "Honestly, George, you would think they are..." the downpour happens and the Sakkaros are hit by the rain, causing the faces to blur and their bodies to dissolve, leaving only their clothes and sticky heaps. Mrs. Wright is unable to stop her sentence "...made of sugar and afraid they would melt".
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The name "Sakkaro" is an apparent wordplay on saccharo-, a combining form that means "sugar", by Asimov, who displayed a fondness for puns.
Sources[edit]
Asimov, Isaac (1975). Buy Jupiter, and Other Stories (1st ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-05077-1.
External links[edit]
Rain, Rain, Go Away title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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Liquid air
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Liquid air is air that has been cooled to very low temperatures (cryogenic temperatures), so that it has condensed into a pale blue mobile liquid.[1] To protect it from room temperature, it must be kept in a vacuum insulated flask. Liquid air can absorb heat rapidly and revert to its gaseous state. It is often used for condensing other substances into liquid and/or solidifying them, and as an industrial source of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and other inert gases through a process called air separation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Preparation
2.1 Principle of production
2.2 Process of manufacture
3 Application
3.1 Transport and energy storage
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Properties[edit]
Liquid air has a density of approximately 870 kg/m3 (0.87 g/cm3), though the density may vary depending on the elemental composition of the air. Since dry gaseous air contains approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, the density of liquid air at standard composition is calculated by the percentage of the components and their respective liquid densities (see liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen). Although air contains trace amounts of carbon dioxide (about 0.040%), this gas sublimates (transfers directly between gas and solid, and therefore does not exist as a liquid) at pressures less than 5.1 atmospheres.
The boiling point of liquid air is -194.35 °C, intermediate between the boiling points of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen. However, it can be difficult to keep at a stable temperature as the liquid boils, since the nitrogen will boil off first, leaving the mixture oxygen-rich and changing the boiling point. This may also occur in some circumstances due to the liquid air condensing oxygen out of the atmosphere.[2]
Liquid air freezes at approximately 58 K (-215 °C)(-355 F), also at standard atmospheric pressure.[citation needed]
Preparation[edit]
Principle of production[edit]
The constituents of air were once known as "permanent gases", as they could not be liquified solely by compression at room temperature. A compression process will raise the temperature of the gas. This heat is removed by cooling to the ambient temperature in a heat exchanger, and then expanding by venting into a chamber. The expansion causes a lowering of the temperature, and by counter-flow heat exchange of the expanded air, the pressurized air entering the expander is further cooled. With sufficient compression, flow, and heat removal, eventually droplets of liquid air will form, which may then be employed directly for low temperature demonstrations.
The main constituents of air were liquefied for the first time by Polish scientists Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883.
Devices for the production of liquid air are simple enough to be fabricated by the experimenter using commonly available materials.
Process of manufacture[edit]
The most common process for the preparation of liquid air is the two-column Hampson–Linde cycle using the Joule–Thomson effect. Air is fed at high pressure (>60 psig, or 520 kPa) into the lower column, in which it is separated into pure nitrogen and oxygen-rich liquid. The rich liquid and some of the nitrogen are fed as reflux into the upper column, which operates at low pressure (<10 psig, or 170 kPa), where the final separation into pure nitrogen and oxygen occurs. A raw argon product can be removed from the middle of the upper column for further purification.[3]
Application[edit]
In manufacturing processes, the liquid air product is fractionated into its constituent gases in either liquid or gaseous form, as the oxygen is especially useful for fuel gas welding and cutting, and the argon is useful as an oxygen-excluding shielding gas in gas tungsten arc welding. Liquid nitrogen is useful in various low-temperature applications, being nonreactive at normal temperatures (unlike oxygen), and boiling at 77 K (−196 °C; −321 °F).
During World War II, Nazi Germany's nuclear scientists reportedly experimented with a bomb made from liquid air and coal dust.[4]
Transport and energy storage[edit]
Main articles: Liquid Air and Cryogenic energy storage
Between 1899 and 1902, the automobile Liquid Air was produced and demonstrated by a joint American/English company, with the claim that they could construct a car that would run a hundred miles on liquid air.
On 2 October 2012, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers said liquid air could be used as a means of storing energy. This was based on a technology that was developed by Peter Dearman, a garage inventor in Hertfordshire, England to power vehicles.[5]
See also[edit]
Compressed air
Compressed air energy storage
Cryogenic energy storage
Grid energy storage
Industrial gas
Liquefaction of gases
Liquid nitrogen vehicle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Babbage (Oct 15, 2012). "Difference Engine: End of the electric car?". The Economist. Retrieved Oct 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armararego. W. L. F. and Perrin. D. D., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals 4th edition. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd (1996). p36
Jump up ^ "Air liquefaction, "Linde Air", rectification: into new markets with new research findings". The Linde Group. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Henry, Hitler's Suppressed and Still-Secret Weapons, Science and Technology. Adventures Unlimited Press: Kempton, Illinois. 2007, pp. 30-36, 91-102.
Jump up ^ "Liquid air 'offers energy storage hope'". BBC News. 2012-10-02.
External links[edit]
2013-05-20 MIT Technology Review article on liquid air developments for transportation and grid energy storage
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_air&oldid=811221109"
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List of members of the United Nations Security Council
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected, non-permanent members. Prior to 1966, there were six elected members, while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, apart from the representation of China. Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two-year term, and half of these places are contested each year. To ensure geographical continuity, a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings.
Contents
1 Current membership
2 Regional Groups
3 Previous and future Security Council composition
4 Membership by year
4.1 Permanent
4.2 Non-permanent (1946–1965)
4.3 Non-permanent (1966–present)
5 List by number of years as Security Council member
6 Future candidacies
7 Non-members
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
Current membership[edit]
Permanent members
Country
Regional Group
Member Since
People's Republic of China Asia-Pacific Group 1971, replaced the Republic of China
France Western European and Others Group 1946
Russian Federation Eastern European Group 1991, replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
United Kingdom Western European and Others Group 1946
United States Western European and Others Group 1946
Non-permanent members
Country
Regional Group
Term Began
Term Ends
Bolivia Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC) 2017 2018
Egypt African Group 2016 2017
Ethiopia African Group 2017 2018
Italy Western European and Others Group 2017 2017*
Japan Asia-Pacific Group 2016 2017
Kazakhstan Asia-Pacific Group 2017 2018
Senegal African Group 2016 2017
Sweden Western European and Others Group 2017 2018
Ukraine Eastern European Group 2016 2017
Uruguay Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC) 2016 2017
*During the 2016 Security Council elections, Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two-year term, in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018.[1][2]
Members of the current UNSC on the map of the world
Permanent members
Non-permanent members
Regional Groups[edit]
African Group
Asia-Pacific Group
Eastern European Group
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
Western European and Others Group
UN member not in any voting group
Non-UN state or territory
African Group: 3 members
Asia-Pacific Group:[a] 2 members
Eastern European Group (CEIT, or Countries with Economies in Transition): 1 member
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC): 2 members
Western European and Others Group (WEOG): 2 members; at least one of these must be from Western Europe[3]
In addition, one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country, alternately from the African or Asia-Pacific groups. This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968.
Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two-year term; these elections always begin in October of the year, and continue until the two-thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached. Re-election is allowed, but the term must not be consecutive.
Electoral timetable
Term beginning in years that are:
odd
even
African Group one member two members *
Asia-Pacific Group one member one member *
Eastern European Group none one member
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC) one member one member
Western European and Others Group two members none
* The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces.
Previous and future Security Council composition[edit]
From 1946 to 1965, the security council included six non-permanent members. The regional grouping at that time was:
Latin America: 2 members
Commonwealth of Nations: 1 member
Eastern Europe: 1 member
Middle East: 1 member
Western Europe: 1 member
There were some exceptions to this grouping: Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956.
As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council, Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations, are seeking permanent representation on this body. Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus.
Membership by year[edit]
Permanent[edit]
Year
Permanent seats
1945–1948

Republic of China
France
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
United States
1949–1970

Republic of China (Taiwan)
1971–1991

People's Republic of China
1992–present

Russian Federation
Non-permanent (1946–1965)[edit]
Year
Latin American Seats
Commonwealth Seat
Eastern European
& Asian Seat[b]
Middle Eastern Seat
Western European Seat
1946

Brazil
Mexico
Australia
Poland
Egypt
Netherlands
1947

Colombia
Syria
Belgium
1948

Argentina
Canada
Ukraine
1949

Cuba
Egypt
Norway
1950

Ecuador
India
Yugoslavia
1951

Brazil
Turkey
Netherlands
1952

Chile
Pakistan
Greece
1953

Colombia
Lebanon
Denmark
1954

Brazil
New Zealand
Turkey
1955

Peru
Iran
Belgium
1956

Cuba
Australia
Yugoslavia
1957

Colombia
Philippines
Iraq
Sweden
1958

Panama
Canada
Japan
1959

Argentina
Tunisia
Italy
1960

Ecuador
Ceylon
Poland
1961

Chile
Turkey
United Arab Republic
Liberia[c]
1962

Venezuela
Ghana
Romania
Ireland
1963

Brazil
Philippines
Morocco[d]
Norway
1964

Bolivia
Ivory Coast[e]
Czechoslovakia
1965

Uruguay
Malaysia
Jordan
Netherlands
Non-permanent (1966–present)[edit]
Year
African Group
Asia-Pacific Group
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
Western European and Others Group
Eastern European Group
* indicates Arab nations' representative
1966

Mali
Nigeria
Uganda
Japan
Jordan *
Argentina
Uruguay
Netherlands
New Zealand
Bulgaria
1967

Ethiopia
India
Brazil
Canada
Denmark
1968

Algeria *
Senegal
Pakistan
Paraguay
Hungary
1969

Zambia
Nepal
Colombia
Finland
Spain
1970

Burundi
Sierra Leone
Syria *
Nicaragua
Poland
1971

Somalia
Japan
Argentina
Belgium
Italy
1972

Guinea
Sudan *
India
Panama
Yugoslavia
1973

Kenya
Indonesia
Peru
Australia
Austria
1974

Cameroon
Mauritania
Iraq *
Costa Rica
Byelorussia
1975

Tanzania
Japan
Guyana
Italy
Sweden
1976

Benin
Libya *
Pakistan
Panama
Romania
1977

Mauritius
India
Venezuela
Canada
West Germany
1978

Gabon
Nigeria
Kuwait *
Bolivia
Czechoslovakia
1979

Zambia
Bangladesh
Jamaica
Norway
Portugal
1980

Niger
Tunisia *
Philippines
Mexico
East Germany
1981

Uganda
Japan
Panama
Ireland
Spain
1982

Togo
Zaire
Jordan *
Guyana
Poland
1983

Zimbabwe
Pakistan
Nicaragua
Malta
Netherlands
1984

Burkina Faso[f]
Egypt *
India
Peru
Ukraine
1985

Madagascar
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Australia
Denmark
1986

Congo
Ghana
United Arab Emirates *
Venezuela
Bulgaria
1987

Zambia
Japan
Argentina
West Germany
Italy
1988

Algeria *
Senegal
Nepal
Brazil
Yugoslavia
1989

Ethiopia
Malaysia
Colombia
Canada
Finland
1990

Ivory Coast
Zaire
Yemen *[g]
Cuba
Romania
1991

Zimbabwe
India
Ecuador
Austria
Belgium
1992

Cape Verde
Morocco *
Japan
Venezuela
Hungary
1993

Djibouti
Pakistan
Brazil
New Zealand
Spain
1994

Nigeria
Rwanda
Oman *
Argentina
Czech Republic
1995

Botswana
Indonesia
Honduras
Germany
Italy
1996

Egypt *
Guinea-Bissau
South Korea
Chile
Poland
1997

Kenya
Japan
Costa Rica
Portugal
Sweden
1998

Gabon
Gambia
Bahrain *
Brazil
Slovenia
1999

Namibia
Malaysia
Argentina
Canada
Netherlands
2000

Mali
Tunisia *
Bangladesh
Jamaica
Ukraine
2001

Mauritius
Singapore
Colombia
Ireland
Norway
2002

Cameroon
Guinea
Syria *
Mexico
Bulgaria
2003

Angola
Pakistan
Chile
Germany
Spain
2004

Algeria *
Benin
Philippines
Brazil
Romania
2005

Tanzania
Japan
Argentina
Denmark
Greece
2006

Ghana
Congo
Qatar *
Peru
Slovakia
2007

South Africa
Indonesia
Panama
Belgium
Italy
2008

Burkina Faso
Libya *
Vietnam
Costa Rica
Croatia
2009

Uganda
Japan
Mexico
Austria
Turkey
2010

Gabon
Nigeria
Lebanon *
Brazil
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2011

South Africa
India
Colombia
Germany
Portugal
2012

Morocco *
Togo
Pakistan
Guatemala
Azerbaijan
2013

Rwanda
South Korea
Argentina
Australia
Luxembourg
2014

Chad
Nigeria
Jordan *
Chile
Lithuania
2015

Angola
Malaysia
Venezuela
New Zealand
Spain
2016

Egypt *
Senegal
Japan
Uruguay
Ukraine
2017

Ethiopia
Kazakhstan
Bolivia
Italy
Sweden
2018

Ivory Coast
Equatorial Guinea
Kuwait *
Peru
Netherlands[2]
Poland
List by number of years as Security Council member[edit]
This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council, including the five permanent members, all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC. Of all the members, 6 have so far ceased to exist, leaving the list with 124 modern nations. These, combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date (see Non-members, below), make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN.
Years on the Security Council, as of 2016, including current year where relevant :
Indicates permanent member
Indicates current elected member (2017)
Indicates former United Nations member
Years[h]
Country
First Year
Most Recent Year
Regional Group
Notes
71 France 1946 2017 WEOG Permanent member
71 United Kingdom 1946 2017 WEOG Permanent member
71 United States 1946 2017 WEOG Permanent member
46 Soviet Union 1946 1991 E. European Former permanent member, replaced by Russian Federation
45 People's Republic of China 1971 2017 Asia-Pacific Permanent member
26 Republic of China 1946 1971 Asian Former permanent member, replaced by People's Republic of China
25 Russian Federation 1991 2017 E. European Permanent member
21 Japan 1958 2017 Asia-Pacific Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017
20 Brazil 1946 2011 GRULAC
18 Argentina 1948 2014 GRULAC
14 Colombia 1947 2012 GRULAC
14 India 1950 2012 Asia-Pacific
14 Pakistan 1952 2013 Asia-Pacific
12 Canada 1948 2000 WEOG
12 Italy 1959 2008 WEOG
10 Australia 1946 2014 WEOG
10 Belgium 1947 2008 WEOG
10 Chile 1952 2015 GRULAC
10 Egypt 1946 2017 African (Arabic) Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic, of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern-day Egypt; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017
10 Germany 1977 2012 WEOG Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany (but does not include East Germany's 2 years, listed separately below)
10 Nigeria 1966 2015 African
10 Panama 1958 2008 GRULAC
10 Spain 1969 2016 WEOG
10 Venezuela 1962 2016 GRULAC
9 Netherlands 1946 2000 WEOG
9 Poland 1946 1997 E. European
8 Denmark 1953 2006 WEOG
8 Norway 1949 2002 WEOG
8 Peru 1955 2007 GRULAC
7 Malaysia 1965 2016 Asia-Pacific
7 Mexico 1946 2010 GRULAC
7 New Zealand 1954 2016 WEOG
7 Romania 1962 2005 E. European
7 Syria 1947 2003 Asia-Pacific (Arabic) Includes one year (1961) during which the United Arab Republic was a member, for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union
7 Turkey 1951 2010 WEOG
7 Ukraine 1948 2016 E. European Includes 4 years of membership under the name of Ukrainian SSR; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership; current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017
7 Yugoslavia 1950 1989 E. European Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia
6 Algeria 1968 1989 African (Arabic)
6 Austria 1973 2010 WEOG
6 Bulgaria 1966 2003 E. European
6 Costa Rica 1974 2009 GRULAC
6 Cuba 1949 1991 GRULAC
6 Ecuador 1950 1992 GRULAC
6 Gabon 1978 2011 African
6 Ghana 1962 2007 African
6 Indonesia 1973 2008 Asia-Pacific
6 Jordan 1965 2015 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
6 Morocco 1963 2013 African (Arabic)
6 Philippines 1957 2004 Asia-Pacific
6 Portugal 1979 2012 WEOG
6 Sweden 1957 1998 WEOG
6 Tunisia 1959 2003 African (Arabic)
6 Zambia 1969 1988 African
5 Ireland 1962 2002 WEOG
5 Senegal 1968 2017 African Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017
5 Uganda 1966 2010 African
4 Angola 2003 2016 African
4 Bangladesh 1979 2001 Asia-Pacific
4 Benin 1976 2005 African
4 Bolivia 1964 1979 GRULAC
4 Burkina Faso 1984 2009 African For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta.
4 Cameroon 1974 2003 African
4 Côte d'Ivoire 1964 1991 African
4 Ethiopia 1967 1990 African
4 Finland 1969 1990 WEOG
4 Greece 1952 2006 WEOG
4 Guinea 1972 2003 African
4 Guyana 1975 1983 GRULAC
4 Hungary 1968 1993 E. European
4 Iraq 1957 1975 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
4 Jamaica 1979 2001 GRULAC
4 Kenya 1973 1998 African
4 Lebanon 1953 2011 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
4 Libya 1976 2009 African (Arabic)
4 Mali 1966 2001 African
4 Mauritius 1977 2002 African
4 Nepal 1969 1989 Asia-Pacific
4 Nicaragua 1970 1984 GRULAC
4 Republic of the Congo 1986 2007 African
4 Republic of Korea 1996 2014 Asia-Pacific
4 Rwanda 1994 2014 African
4 South Africa 2007 2012 African
4 Tanzania 1975 2006 African
4 Togo 1982 2013 African
4 Zaire 1982 1991 African Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo
4 Zimbabwe 1983 1992 African
3 Czechoslovakia 1964 1979 E. European Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia
3 Uruguay 1965 2016 GRULAC Current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017
2 Azerbaijan 2012 2013 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership
2 Bahrain 1998 1999 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2010 2011 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership
2 Botswana 1995 1996 African
2 Burundi 1970 1971 African
2 Byelorussian SSR 1974 1975 E. European Now known as Belarus; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership
2 Cape Verde 1992 1993 African
2 Ceylon 1960 1961 Asia-Pacific Now known as Sri Lanka
2 Chad 2014 2015 African (Arabic) Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960;
2 Croatia 2008 2009 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership
2 Czech Republic 1994 1995 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership
2 Djibouti 1993 1994 African
2 Gambia 1998 1999 African
2 East Germany 1980 1981 E. European Now subsumed into Germany, which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany
2 Guatemala 2012 2013 GRULAC
2 Guinea-Bissau 1996 1997 African
2 Honduras 1995 1996 GRULAC
2 Iran 1955 1956 Asia-Pacific
2 Kuwait 1978 1979 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
2 Lithuania 2014 2015 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015
2 Luxembourg 2013 2014 WEOG
2 Madagascar 1985 1986 African
2 Malta 1983 1984 WEOG
2 Mauritania 1974 1975 African
2 Namibia 1999 2000 African
2 Niger 1980 1981 African
2 Oman 1994 1995 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
2 Paraguay 1968 1969 GRULAC
2 Sierra Leone 1970 1971 African
2 Singapore 2001 2002 Asia-Pacific Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council
2 Slovakia 2006 2007 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership
2 Slovenia 1998 1999 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership
2 Somalia 1971 1972 African
2 Sudan 1972 1973 African (Arabic)
2 Thailand 1985 1986 Asia-Pacific
2 Trinidad and Tobago 1985 1986 GRULAC
2 Qatar 2006 2007 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
2 United Arab Emirates 1986 1987 Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
2 United Arab Republic 1961 1962 African (Arabic) Predecessor of Syria and Egypt
2 Vietnam 2008 2009 Asia-Pacific
2 Yemen 1990 1991 Asia-Pacific (Arabic) The entity elected, and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership, was South Yemen: unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership.
1 Liberia 1961 1961 African Served only one year[i]
1 Kazakhstan 2017 2017 Asia-Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991.
Future candidacies[edit]
Main articles: United Nations Security Council election, 2018; United Nations Security Council election, 2019; United Nations Security Council election, 2020; United Nations Security Council election, 2021; United Nations Security Council election, 2022; United Nations Security Council election, 2023; and United Nations Security Council election, 2024
The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership:
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Eastern Europe
GRULAC
WEOG
2018
South Africa[5] Indonesia,[6][7] Maldives[6][8] – Argentina[9], Dominican Republic[10] Belgium,[11][12][13] Germany,[12][13] Israel[12][13]
2019
? India,[14][15] Vietnam[7][16] Estonia[17] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[6] –
2020
? Afghanistan[15] – ? Ireland,[18] Norway,[19] San Marino,[20] Canada[21]
2021
? Bahrain,[22] United Arab Emirates[15] Albania[23] ? –
2022
? Mongolia[24][15] – ? Switzerland,[25] Malta[6]
2023
? Tajikistan[26] ? Guyana[6] –
2024
? Pakistan[6] – ? Greece,[27] Denmark[20]
2025
? ? Latvia,[28] Montenegro[29] ? –
2026
? The Philippines[7] – ? Portugal,[30] Austria[20]
2027
? Republic of Korea[31] ? ? –
2028
? Iran[32] – ? Australia,[33] Finland[20]
2029
? ? Croatia[34] ? –
2031
? ? Armenia[35] ? –
Serbia[36] as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future, but did not specify any term.
Non-members[edit]
As of July 2011, there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council. The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members. As a result, many members have never been on the Security Council. The following list is a summary of all countries, currently 68 modern nations[37] and three historical ones, that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council. The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Member states of the United Nations that have never been members of the United Nations Security Council as of January 2017.
Indicates former United Nations member
UN Member state
Regional Group
Security Council membership as part of another entity
Afghanistan Asia-Pacific
Albania E. European
Andorra WEOG
Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980
Armenia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991
Bahamas GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973
Barbados GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966
Belize GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981
Bhutan Asia-Pacific
Brunei Asia-Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984, and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945
Cambodia Asia-Pacific Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953
Central African Republic African Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960
Comoros African Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975
Cyprus Asia-Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960
Democratic People's Republic of Korea Asia-Pacific
Dominica GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978
Dominican Republic GRULAC
El Salvador GRULAC
Equatorial Guinea African Equatorial Guinea was a colony of Spain until 1968, but Spain's first term on the UNSC was in 1969
Eritrea African Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952, then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993
Estonia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991
Fiji Asia-Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970
Georgia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991
Grenada GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974
Haiti GRULAC
Iceland WEOG
Israel None / WEOG[j] Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948
Kiribati Asian / None[k] Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979
Kyrgyzstan Asia-Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991
Laos Asia-Pacific Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949
Latvia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991
Lesotho African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966
Liechtenstein WEOG
Macedonia E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 3 April 1993
Malawi African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 6 July 1964
Maldives Asia-Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1887 to 26 July 1965
Marshall Islands Asia-Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 21 October 1986
Federated States of Micronesia Asia-Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 3 November 1986
Moldova E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 28 June 1940 to 25 December 1991
Monaco WEOG
Mongolia Asia-Pacific
Montenegro E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 28 April 1992[l]
Mozambique African Mozambique was a colony of Portugal from 1498 to 25 June 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979
Myanmar Asia-Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1824 to 4 January 1948
Nauru Asia-Pacific Was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand from 1 January 1946 to 31 January 1968
Palau Asia-Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 1 October 1994
Papua New Guinea Asia-Pacific Was administered by Australia in the case of the Territory of Papua from 1905, the Territory of New Guinea as a League of Nations mandate from 1919 and as a unified Territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1949 until 16 September 1975
Saint Kitts and Nevis GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1713 to 19 September 1983
Saint Lucia GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1803 to 22 February 1979
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 27 October 1979
Samoa Asia-Pacific Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of New Zealand from 17 December 1920 to 25 January 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of New Zealand from 25 January 1947 to 1 January 1962
San Marino WEOG
São Tomé and Príncipe African São Tomé and Príncipe was a colony of Portugal from 1471 to 12 July 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979
Saudi Arabia Asia-Pacific Saudi Arabia was elected in the 2013 election, but declined the seat.[38]
Serbia E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 31 January 1946 to 27 April 1992[m]
Seychelles African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 29 June 1976
Solomon Islands Asia-Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1893 to 7 July 1978
South Sudan African Was part of Sudan from the country's independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on 1 January 1956 to 9 July 2011
Suriname GRULAC Was a colony of the Netherlands from 1667 to 25 November 1975
Swaziland African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 6 September 1968
Switzerland WEOG
Tajikistan Asia-Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1924 to 25 December 1991
Tanganyika Commonwealth Seat Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of the United Kingdom from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United Kingdom until 9 December 1962, then independent until federation with Zanzibar to form Tanzania
Timor-Leste Asia-Pacific During the existence of the United Nations, Timor Leste has been a colony of Portugal (until 28 November 1975) and occupied by Indonesia (until 1999); Indonesia was a Security Council member in 1995-6.
Tonga Asia-Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 18 May 1900 to 4 June 1970
Turkmenistan Asia-Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 8 December 1991
Tuvalu Asia-Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 1 October 1978
Uzbekistan Asia-Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 25 December 1991
Vanuatu Asia-Pacific Was a Condominium under joint sovereignty of the United Kingdom and France from 1906 to 30 July 1980
Zanzibar Commonwealth Seat Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 27 August 1896 to 10 December 1963, then independent until federation with Tanganyika to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964.
FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 27 April 1992
See also[edit]
United Nations portal
United Nations Regional Groups
Member states of the United Nations
List of members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council
List of members of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights
Notes[edit]
^ "Asian group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia-Pacific group", Radio New Zealand International, 2011-08-31.
^ The Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956 onwards.
^ Liberia took the place of the Western European country in 1961
^ Morocco took the place of the Middle Eastern country in 1963–1964.
^ Côte d'Ivoire took the place of a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965.
^ At the time of election, and until August 1984, the country was known as Republic of Upper Volta.
^ The election was secured by South Yemen, and in May 1990, during its membership of the Security Council, it unified with North Yemen to form the single country of Yemen.
^ Table shows years completed or in progress. Each term on the Council consist of 2 years. Any odd number of years are countries currently serving the first year of a term, countries with terms between 1956 and 1967, when the order of the council changed, or the three countries (Mexico, Egypt and the Netherlands) who had the first terms in 1946 and changed in 1947.
^ Liberia retired after one year following an agreement reached on the 15th Session. Ireland was elected for the remainder of the two-year term.[4]
^ Not a member of any regional group until joining the WEOG in 2000. Crossette, Barbara (3 December 1999). "Membership in Key Group Within U.N. Eludes Israel". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
^ As of May 2006, Kiribati is not a member of any regional group.
^ Montenegro was also part of FR Yugoslavia and of Serbia and Montenegro from 27 April 1992 to 5 June 2006, but these entities were not members of the Security Council.
^ Serbia was also part of FR Yugoslavia and of Serbia and Montenegro from 27 April 1992 to 5 June 2006, but these entities were not members of the Security Council.
References[edit]
^ "Republic of Italy and Kingdom of the Netherlands agree to split membership of UN Security Council 2017-2018". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ a b "Italy, Netherlands ask to share Security Council seat". Al Jazeera. June 28, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ The United Nations Security Council, The Green Papers Worldwide
^ Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 47 – 1961. Aust. Bureau of Statistics. p. 1143. GGKEY:5SX8QTW3P5T. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
^ https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-09-17-zuma-to-campaign-for-sas-third-turn-as-non-permanent-member-of-un-security-council/
^ a b c d e f "Candidature Chart of the Commonwealth Countries". Commonwealth of Nations. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ a b c "46th ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting Joint Communiqué". VietnamPlus. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ "India – Maldives Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs of India. January 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
^ "Violating Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Would Only Destroy Its Credibility, Undermine Global Confidence, Iran’s President Tells General Debate". United Nations. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^ https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2017/08/30/dominican-candidacy-to-security-council-seat-gets-regional-push/
^ http://www.diplomatie.be/newyorkun/default.asp?id=105&mnu=105
^ a b c "Surprise UN attack: Germany v. Israel". New York Post. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
^ a b c "Is Germany Preventing Israel from Joining the Security Council?". Jewish Voice. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "India’s troubled Security Council bid". The Daily Star. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ a b c d Ankit Kumar. "CHOOSING BETWEEN ALLIES AND UNSC SEAT: INDIA’S CATCH 22 SITUATION" (PDF). Centre for Air Power studies. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ "Viet Nam makes bilateral leap with Ukraine towards prosperity". Viet Nam News. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ "Estonian Security Policy". Estonian Embassy in Stockholm. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ "Department of Foreign Affairs". Irelandunnewyork.org.
^ "Norway and the United Nations: Common Future, Common Solutions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ a b c d "Switzerland's candidature for a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for the 2023-2024 term" (PDF). Swiss Federal Council. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "Trudeau unveils Canada's plan to seek 2021 UN Security Council seat". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ "Security Council Elections: Options after Saudi Arabia Rejects its Seat". What's in Blue?. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 2017-05-22. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ "Secretary-General, Opening Annual General Debate, Urges World Leaders to Tackle Global Challenges Decisively for Sake of Future Generations". United Nations. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ "Swiss aim for UN Security Council in 2023–24. – swissinfo". Swissinfo.ch. 12 January 2011.
^ "Speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan H.E. Mr. Sirodjidin Aslov at the 41st session of the Council of the OIC Member States Foreign Ministers". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ [1]
^ "Dombrovskis and UN secretary general discuss UN priorities and Latvia's interests". The Baltic Course. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
^ "Minister Describes Use of Force to Address Problems as ‘Ineffective, Meaningless and Destructive’, on Fourth Day of General Assembly’s Annual Debate". United Nations. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "Non-Permanent Member of the Security Council 2027-2028". Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "Seoul to push to win nonpermanent UNSC seat for 2028-29". Yonhap New Agency. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
^ "RESOLUTION NO.6/42-ORG ON CANDIDACIES SUBMITTED BY OIC MEMBER STATES FOR POSTS IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS". Organization of Islamic Cooperation. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
^ "General Debate Statement by The Hon Julie Bishop MP Minister of Foreign Affairs of Australia" (PDF). United Nations. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "MVP RH". Un.mfa.hr.
^ "Uruguay and Armenia support each other at UN Security Council". News.am. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ Tadić: Kandidovaćemo se za poziciju u Savetu bezbednosti Archived 6 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Countries never elected members of the Security Council". United Nations. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ United Nations, General Assembly, Letter dated 12 November 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, A/68/599 (14 November 2013), available from undocs.org/A/68/599
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