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List of New York hurricanes
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Track map of all storms known to have made landfall in the state of New York
84 tropical or subtropical cyclones have affected the state of New York since the 17th century. The state of New York is located along the East Coast of the United States, in the Northeastern portion of the country. The strongest of these storms was the 1938 New England hurricane, which struck Long Island as a Category 3 storm on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. Killing more than 600 people, it was also the deadliest. Tropical cyclones have affected the state primarily in September but have also hit during every month of the hurricane season, June through November. Tropical cyclones rarely make landfall on the state, although it is common for remnants of tropical cyclones to produce heavy rainfall and flooding.
Contents
1 Before 1800
2 1800–99
3 1900–49
4 1950–74
5 1975–99
6 2000–2009
7 2010–present
8 Listed by month
9 Deadly storms
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Before 1800[edit]
between 1278 and 1438 — A major hurricane struck the modern-day New York/New Jersey area.[1]
August 25, 1635 — A hurricane that is reported to have tracked parallel to the East Coast impacts New England and New York, although it remains unknown if any damage occurred.[2]
September 8, 1667 — A 'severe storm' is reported in Manhattan and is reported to be a continuation of a powerful hurricane which affected the Mid-Atlantic.[2]
October 29, 1693 — The Great Storm of 1693 causes severe damage on Long Island, and is reported to create the Fire Island Cut as a result of the coast-changing storm surge and waves.[2][3]
September 23, 1785 — Several large ships crash into Governors Island as a result of powerful waves which are reported to have been generated by a tropical cyclone.[3]
August 19, 1788 — A hurricane strikes New York City or Long Island and is reported to have left the west side of the Battery "laid in ruins" after severe flooding occurs.[3]
1800–99[edit]
Estimated track of the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane
October 9, 1804 — Heavy snow falls in Eastern New York peaking at 30 inches (75 cm) as a hurricane tracks northward along the East Coast and becomes extratropical, as cold air fed into the system.[4]
September 5, 1815 — A hurricane tracks over North Carolina and parallels the East Coast before producing a heavy rainstorm in New York.[5]
September 24, 1815 — Several hundred trees fall and the majority of the fruit was stripped off apple trees just prior to harvesting time after a hurricane makes landfall on Long Island.[6]
September 16, 1816 — A possible hurricane strikes New York City, but damage remains unknown.[2]
August 9, 1817 — A tropical storm produces heavy rainfall in New York City and Long Island.[2]
September 3, 1821 — The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane results in severe damage on Long Island and is accompanied by storm surge of 13 feet (4 m). High wind causes a ship to crash on Long Island killing 17 people.[7]
June 4, 1825 — A hurricane moves off the East Coast and tracks south of New York causing several ship wrecks, and killing seven people.[3]
August 27, 1827 — High tides are reported in New York City which are caused by a hurricane offshore.[8]
August 1, 1830 – A hurricane passes to the east of New York and produces gale-force winds to New York City and Long Island.[9]
October 4, 1841 — Gale–force winds affect New York City as a hurricane tracks north along the East Coast of the United States. Damage is estimated at $2 million (1841 USD, $41 million 2007 USD).[10]
October 13, 1846 — The Great Havana Hurricane of 1846 tracks inland, causing some damage to New York City.[3]
October 6, 1849 — Severe structural damage occurs in New York City and Long Island with the passage of a hurricane to the east.[3]
July 19, 1850 — A hurricane destroys a Coney Island bath house and causes heavy rain, although damage is unknown.[3] This storm destroyed the ship Elizabeth off Fire Island and drowned American transcendentalist Margaret Fuller.
August 24, 1850 — A storm that is reported to be a hurricane affects New York and New England although there is no known damage.[2]
September 9, 1854 — A hurricane brushes the East Coast from Florida to New England causing rain on Long Island.[3]
September 16, 1858 — Low barometric pressure of 28.87 inches mercury at Sag Harbor is reported, and is thought to be associated with a tropical cyclone which causes no known damage.[3]
September 6, 1869 — A category 3 hurricane makes landfall in Rhode Island and brushes Long Island, which is affected by rain, although minimal damage resulted from the storm.[3]
October 28, 1872 — A tropical storm passes over New York City and Long Island.[11]
October 1, 1874 — New York City and the Hudson Valley receives rainfall after a minimal tropical storm tracked over Eastern New York.[11]
September 19, 1876 — The remnants of the San Felipe hurricane track over western New York State, although damage is unknown.[11]
October 24, 1878 — The state is affected by tropical storm-force winds and heavy rain with the passage of a hurricane, which made landfall in Virginia.[11][12]
August 22, 1888 — A tropical storm tracks over New York City before tracking north along the East Coast of the United States.[11]
August 24, 1893 — Hog Island is washed away by strong storm surge associated with a tropical storm of unknown strength.[3] According to HURDAT, this was a Category 1 hurricane that struck the western end of the Rockaway Peninsula, passing through Brooklyn as a weakening hurricane. Manhattan Island saw gale-force winds to 56 mph.
August 29, 1893 Sea Islands hurricane moves thorough the Hudson Valley as a tropical storm.[13] Lives were lost in the Rockaways and when tow boats were destroyed at various points along the Hudson River. Roofs, structures, boats and crops were destroyed or damaged from Brooklyn to as far west as Dunkirk. Winds of 54 and 57 MPH recorded in New York and Albany respectively.[14][15]
October 10, 1894 10 People were killed and 15 injured at 74 Monroe Street in Manhattan when winds blew a building under construction onto a tenement crushing it. Extensive damage in the NYC and Long Island to telegraph lines, trees and boats docked on shore. Storm formed over Gulf of Mexico as a Category 3 weakened over land in the Southeast and re strengthened to a Category 1 over the Chesapeake Bay before striking Long Island.[16][17]
1900–49[edit]
Storm surge from the 1938 New England hurricane
September 12, 1900 - Remnants of the Galveston hurricane brought tropical storm conditions to New York City and Brooklyn killing one person and damaging property.[18]
September 17, 1903 — The 1903 Vagabond Hurricane produces wind gusts in excess of 65 mph (105 km/h) and 3 inches (75 mm) of rain in Central Park.[19]
August 15, 1904 — A Category 2 hurricane skirts the East Coast of the United States producing gale-force winds and heavy rain in Eastern New York and Long Island.[20]
August 2, 1908 — A hurricane develops near North Carolina and moves northward along the coast, brushing Long Island.[21]
July 21, 1916 — Strong winds are reported on Long Island as a category 3 hurricane passes to the east.[3]
August 25, 1933 — The 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane produces up to 6 inches (150 mm) of rain in Southeast New York State; other damage is unknown.[22]
September 8, 1934 — A strong tropical storm makes landfall on Long Island.[23]
September 20, 1936 — Strong waves and storm surge associated with a powerful hurricane floods much of Long Beach Island and causes severe beach erosion along the coast.[24]
September 21, 1938 — The New England hurricane of 1938 (also called "The Long Island Express") makes landfall on Suffolk County (Long Island) as a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.[25] Wind gusts of 125 mph (200 km/h) and storm surge of 18 feet (5 m) washes across part of the island.[26] In New York 60 deaths and hundreds of injuries were attributed to the storm.[27] In addition, 2,600 boats and 8,900 houses are destroyed.[28] Throughout New England the hurricane killed over 682 people,[29] damaged or destroyed over 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $4.7 billion (2005 US dollars).[30]
September 14, 1944 — The 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane makes landfall on Long Island as a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale at a high forward speed of 40 mph (64 km/h). Wind gusts of well over 100 mph (160 km/h) breaks previous wind records in New York City, while a minimum pressure reading of 28.47 inches is recorded on Long Island. 117 homes are completely destroyed, while 2,427 are severely damaged and almost 1000 businesses are destroyed or damaged. In all, six people are killed, and one person is injured.[31]
September 18, 1945 — A weak tropical depression crosses into Southeastern New York.[11]
August 29, 1949 — A tropical storm tracks into Central New York causing no known damage.[11]
1950–74[edit]
Rainfall from Hurricane Agnes (1972)
1954 — Hurricane Hazel - wind gust of 113 mph at Battery Park, highest ever recorded in New York City.
August 31, 1954 — Hurricane Carol makes landfall on Long Island and produces wind gusts of 120 miles per hour (190 km/h) on Montauk Point.[3] On eastern Long Island near where Carol made landfall, a pressure of 960 mbar is recorded.[32] Winds on the island gust to 120 mph (195 km/h). The hurricane's storm surge covers the Montauk Highway in Montauk, effectively isolating eastern Long Island for a period of time. Due to the compact nature of the storm, most of Long Island is largely unaffected by the hurricane.[32] Specific damage totals for New York are unknown, although the storm in its entirety causes $460 million (1954 USD) in damage.[32]
September 10, 1954 — Hurricane Edna tracks to the east of Long Island producing 9 inches (230 mm) of rain.[3] Prior to the storm, New York City orders an emergency standby for the majority of its hospitals, and subways.[33]
August 13, 1955 — Hurricane Connie produces 13.24 inches (370 mm) of rain in Southeast New York, although damage is unknown.[34]
September 28, 1956 — Hurricane Flossy tracks to the south of Long Island, brushing it with light rainfall.[35]
October 1, 1959 — The remnants of Hurricane Gracie track into Central New York and drops up to 6 inches (150 mm) of rain.[36]
September 11, 1960 — Hurricane Donna makes landfall on Long Island as a Category 2 hurricane. Sustained winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) on eastern Long Island and 70 mph (110 km/h) winds on western Long Island are reported, and tides are 6 feet (2 m) above normal along most of the coast. Strong waves also cause beach erosion and several homes along the shore to be destroyed. Due to well-executed warnings, damages are extremely low, and it is reported that no deaths result from the storm.[37]
September 21, 1961 — Hurricane Esther causes $3 million (1961 USD, $20 million 2007 USD) in damage in Suffolk County as it tracks to the east of Long Island. Coastal areas of Long Island were flooded, as well as storm surge and wind gusts of 108 mph (173 km/h), which causes 260,000 homes to be left without power.[38]
October 8, 1962 — Hurricane Daisy tracks east of New England, producing light rainfall in extreme eastern portions of Upstate New York.[39]
September 23, 1964 — Beach erosion and moderate wind gusts are reported on Long Island as Hurricane Gladys tracks a couple hundred miles south of New York.[40]
October 19, 1964 — Light rainfall is reported as Hurricane Isbell tracks off the coast.[41]
September 10, 1969 — Rainfall up to 3 inches (75 mm) is reported on Long Island and in portions of Southeastern New York associated with Hurricane Gerda.[42]
August 28, 1971 — Tropical Storm Doria produces up to 8 inches (200 mm) of rain in New York City and Upstate New York causing moderate to severe flooding and floods subways in New York City.[43][44]
June 22, 1972 — Hurricane Agnes makes landfall near New York City and produces up to 12 inches (300 mm) of rain in Southeastern New York State and much of Western New York, with locally higher amounts. Storm tides of 3.1 feet (1 m) and wind gusts of 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) occur in New York City, and severe river flooding causes six deaths.[45]
September 4, 1972 — Tropical Storm Carrie produces light rainfall on the eastern end of Long Island.[46]
1975–99[edit]
August 11, 1976 — Hurricane Belle makes landfall on Long Island as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, producing up to 6 inches (150 mm) of rain.[47] 30,000 people are evacuated in New York in anticipation of Belle. Wind gusts of up to 70 mph and tides of 7.2 feet (2.3 m) above normal are reported in New York City and Long Island. Moderate river flooding occurs, as well as minor crop damage. In all, one person is killed by a falling tree, and damage is reported at $257 million (1976 USD, $980 million 2007 USD).[48]
September 1, 1978 — The remnants of Tropical Storm Debra produces light rainfall along the southern edge of New York State.[49]
September 7, 1979 — The remnants of Hurricane David produce light to moderate rainfall up to 3 inches (75 mm) in much of New York State.[50]
September 2, 1983 — Tropical Storm Dean produces light rain near New York City[51] and causes minor beach erosion.[52]
Late October 1984 — The remnants of a tropical depression track just north of New York City, producing extremely light showers.[53]
July 1985 — The remnants of Hurricane Bob produce light rainfall in Southeastern New York.[54]
September 25, 1985 — The remnants of Tropical Storm Henri produce light rain in isolated areas.[55]
Hurricane Gloria to the south of New York (1985)
September 27, 1985 — Hurricane Gloria makes landfall on Long Island as a Category 2 hurricane. Wind gusts of up to 100 mph (135 km/h) and 3.4 inches (86 mm) of rain [56] contribute to $300 million (1985 USD, $591 million 2007 USD) in damage, and one fatality.[57] In addition, 48 homes on Long Island were destroyed, and hundreds more were damaged.[57]
September 10, 1987 — Tropical Depression Eleven produces rainfall up to 3 inches (75 mm) in much of New York State.[58]
August 30, 1988 — Tropical Storm Chris produces moderate rainfall in Upstate New York.[59]
September 24, 1989 — The remnants of Hurricane Hugo produce light rain and gusty winds in Central and Eastern New York.[60]
August 19, 1991 — Hurricane Bob comes within a short distance of making landfall on the eastern tip of Long Island as a category 2 hurricane. Heavy rainfall up to 7 inches (175 mm) and high wind gusts causes two deaths and $75 million (1991 USD, $117 million 2007 USD), as well as severe beach erosion which came as a result of storm surge up to 6 feet (2 m) above average.[61]
October 30, 1991 — The 1991 Perfect Storm kills one man when he is swept off a bridge, and causes moderate to severe beach erosion.[62]
August 28, 1992 — The remnants of Hurricane Andrew produce light rainfall in the western portions of the state.[63]
Hurricane Floyd produced heavy rain in New York (1999).
September 27, 1992 — Tropical Storm Danielle produces light rain in Western New York.[64]
July 22, 1994 — Tropical Depression Two produces light rain in isolated areas of the state and generates thunderstorms which down several trees.[65]
August 18, 1994 — Tropical Storm Beryl's remnants produce up to 3 inches (75 mm) of rain in Central New York[66] causing moderate flooding which causes two fatalities and $1.5 million (1994 USD, $21 million 2007 USD) in damage, and 14 homes are damaged or destroyed. In addition, State Route 7 was closed for several hours due to flooding.[67]
July 13, 1996 — Hurricane Bertha makes landfall on Long Island as a tropical storm, producing heavy rainfall which caused moderate flooding in the lower Hudson Valley in addition to tropical storm-force winds.[68]
July 24, 1997 — Hurricane Danny causes light rainfall over New York City and Long Island.[69]
September 8, 1999 — The remnants of Hurricane Dennis produce bands of heavy rain which caused some flooding, especially in Rockland County where three feet of flood water accumulated in some locations.[70]
September 16, 1999 — Hurricane Floyd produces rainfall up to 13 inches (325 mm) and wind gusts of up to 60 mph (95 km/h) affect Southeastern New York. Severe flooding results from the storm, killing two people and causing an early estimate of $14.6 million (1997 USD, $18 million 2007 USD), although it is reported that damage could total to far more than that. One of the deaths occurred when a person was swept into a flooded river.[71][72]
2000–2009[edit]
The outer rainbands of Hurricane Isabel affected the state in 2003.
September 20, 2000 — The remnants of Hurricane Gordon produce light rainfall in Southeastern New York State.[73]
September 23, 2000 — The remnants of Tropical Storm Helene brushes Southeastern New York with moderate rainfall and 30MPH winds.[citation needed]
June 17, 2001 — The remnants of Tropical Storm Allison produce moderate rainfall up to 3 inches (75 mm), although it fell in just a couple hours causing minor to moderate flash flooding.[74]
August 10, 2002 — Tropical Storm Cristobal generates rip currents which drown three people on the coast of Long Island.[75]
September 28, 2002 — The remnants of Hurricane Isidore produce widespread light rainfall over much of the state and moderate wind gusts.[76] Some small trees are blown down, and minor power outages are reported.[77]
September 21, 2003 — Hurricane Isabel affects the state with high winds and flooding. Damage in New York totals to $90 million (2003 USD, $98 million 2006 USD).[78] In and around New York City, about 1.1 million customers were left without power, though most outages were fixed by the day after the hurricane passed through the region.[79] Offshore of Long Beach, rough waves killed a man while bodysurfing.[80]
August 4, 2004 — Hurricane Alex drops 2.83 inches (70 mm) of rain on Long Island.[81]
August 13, 2004 — Tropical Storm Bonnie produces rainfall peaking at 4 inches causing several rivers to swell to at or slightly above flood stage.[82]
August 14, 2004 — Hurricane Charley brushes Long Island and produces light rainfall.[81]
September 4, 2004 — Hurricane Gaston produces light rainfall on Long Island.[83]
September 9, 2004 — The remnants of Hurricane Frances produces heavy rainfall up to 7 inches (175 mm) which causes extensive flooding in central New York. One death, a drowning, and $6 million (2005 USD, $6.5 million 2007 USD) in damage results from the flooding.[84][85]
July 9, 2005 — The remnants of Hurricane Cindy produce moderate rainfall in Upstate New York causing light damage due to flooding and gusty winds, which downed some trees.[86]
August 30, 2005 — The remnants of Hurricane Katrina produce heavy rainfall up to 5 inches (125 mm) of rain in the western portion of the state. High winds also affect the state, with 4,500 people in Buffalo left without power after high winds downed trees and power lines.[87]
October 5, 2005 — Tropical Storm Tammy's remnants contribute to a rainstorm which turns into the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005. Up to 13 inches (325 mm) of rain cause severe flooding throughout the Hudson Valley, killing 10 and causing millions of dollars in damage.[88][89]
September 2, 2006 — The remnants of Hurricane Ernesto produce light to moderate rainfall over much of the state and wind gusts of up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h).[90] Numerous trees and powerlines are reported fallen, and several thousand people are left without power, primarily in the New York City area.[91]
June 5, 2007 — Tropical Storm Barry produces 3.91 inches (99 mm) of rain in New York City.[92] The heavy rainfall leads to flooding in the Finger Lakes region of New York State, washing out roads and driveways. Roads and several driveways were washed out.[93]
September 6, 2008 — Hurricane Hanna strikes Long Island as a tropical storm with wind gusts of 52 mph (84 km/h) at Shinnecock Inlet. Aside from numerous downed trees, damage was minimal.[94]
August 22, 2009 — Offshore Hurricane Bill causes severe beach erosion and coastal damage on the southern shore of Long Island.[95]
2010–present[edit]
Hurricane Irene making landfall in New York in 2011.
August 27–28, 2011 — Hurricane Irene makes landfall on Coney Island as a tropical storm with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Storm surge reaches underneath the boardwalks in both Coney Island and Long Beach. and the Hudson River also flooded. Top recorded winds reach 70 mph at the height of the storm and left 400,000 without power. The storm also killed five people in the state and had a major impact on Upstate NY. The storm caused the National Weather Service in Albany, NY to issue a Tropical Storm Warning for the local forecast area. This had never been done before, and actually required a breach in protocol to achieve. Prior to this event, the Albany, NY forecast area was considered outside of the valid area for Tropical Storm warnings.
October 28–29, 2012- Hurricane Sandy, a historic storm, makes landfall near Atlantic City, New Jersey with 70 mph winds. This storm was unusual because it was a late season hurricane combined with a Nor'easter at high tide during a full moon, producing long-lasting and devastating results not seen in generations. The largest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Basin, wind gusts topped 100 mph (160 km/h) in some parts of the New York Metropolitan area. Sandy caused a record 14.41 feet (4.39 m) storm surge at Battery Park, New York City, flooding various parts of Lower Manhattan including various tunnels and subway systems, making them inoperable for weeks. As of late 2018 some are still damaged. The immediate aftermath included widespread flooding, massive power outages and a system-wide disruption of mass transit service. Sandy had a significant effect on the digital world: 1/4 of cable, Internet, and wireless providers were unable to properly operate following the storm.[citation needed] Over nine million customers were without power, including 90 percent of Long Island and most of Manhattan below 49th Street, some for several months. Many low-lying neighborhoods in NJ and NY were completely destroyed. Thousands of homes and businesses were demolished by the record storm surge.
June 7–8, 2013 - Remnants of Tropical Storm Andrea impact New York with 4+ inches of rain and wind gusts of 45 mph (72 km/h).
July 4, 2014 - Hurricane Arthur passes to the southeast of New York, producing light to moderate rainfall along the coast; however, winds remain generally below tropical storm force. Some holiday celebrations in the New York metropolitan area were canceled or postponed.
June 21–22, 2015 - The remnants of Tropical Storm Bill pass through Upstate New York, producing heavy rain.
May 28, 2016 - Tropical Storm Bonnie brings heavy rain up to the Northeast coast
October 9–10, 2016 - Hurricane Matthew interacts with a frontal system, bringing heavy rain and minor flooding to the state.
June 19, 2017 - The remnants of Tropical Storm Cindy producing severe thunderstorms and EF-0 tornadoes around the Tri-State Area
September 19–20, 2017 - Tropical Storm Jose passes Long Island closely, producing heavy wind and rain
September 27, 2017 - Hurricane Maria brings showers and some gusty winds to the shore.
October 28–30, 2017 - Tropical Storm Philippe interacts with a low pressure system, bringing high winds and heavy rain to the Northeast.
September 8-9, 2018 - The remnants of Tropical Storm Gordon which had previously been absorbed by another system bring minor flooding to NYC
Hurricane Michael interacts with a cold front and brings heavy rain and gusty winds to NYC and Long Island.
Listed by month[edit]
Number of recorded storms affecting New York
Month
Number of storms
June
4
July
7
August
23
September
37
October
14
Deadly storms[edit]
The following table includes all storms which caused fatalities in New York State.
Total deaths
Name
Year
Number
of deaths
New England hurricane of 1938 1938 60
Hurricane Sandy 2012 53
Hurricane Edna 1954 29
1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane 1821 17
Hurricane Five 1894 10
Hurricane Agnes 1972 6
1944 Great Atlantic hurricane 1944 6
Hurricane Irene 2011 5
Tropical Storm Cristobal 2002 3
Tropical Storm Beryl 1994 2
Hurricane Bob 1991 2
Hurricane Floyd 1999 2
Hurricane Belle 1976 1
Hurricane Gloria 1985 1
Hurricane Isabel 2003 1
Hurricane Frances 2004 1
Tropical Storm Tammy 2005 1
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
List of New Jersey hurricanes
List of New England hurricanes
List of Pennsylvania hurricanes
List of North Carolina hurricanes
List of Florida hurricanes
New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ David Roth. "Hurricane Hugo Rainfall Summary". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center (1991). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page 4". Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center. "1991 Perfect Storm". Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Hurricane Andrew Rainfall Summary". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Tropical Storm Danielle Rainfall Summary". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1995). "Event Report for Tropical Depression Two". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Tropical Storm Beryl Rainfall Summary". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1994). "Event Report for Tropical Storm Beryl". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1996). "Event Report for Hurricane Bertha". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1997). "Event Report for Hurricane Danny". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1999). "Event Report for Hurricane Dennis". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1999). "Event Report for Hurricane Floyd". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center (1999). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Floyd". NOAA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Hurricane Gordon Rainfall Summary". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Report for Tropical Storm Allison". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2002). "Event Report for New York". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Tropical Storm Isidore Rainfall Summary". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2002). "Event Report for Hurricane Isidore". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Jack Beven & Hugh Cobb (2003). "Hurricane Isabel Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ CNN News (2003). "State-by-state assessment of damage from Isabel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2003). "Event Report for Southeast New York". Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Roth, David M; Weather Prediction Center (2012). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic United States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Event Report for Tropical Storm Bonnie". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Gaston". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Event Report for Hurricane Frances". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Event report for Hurricane Frances". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Event report for Hurricane Cindy". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Event Report for Hurricane Katrina". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Subtropical Depression Twenty-Two" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2006.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Event Report for Tropical Storm Tammy". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ David Roth. "Hurricane Erneto Rainfall Summary". Retrieved February 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Reported for Hurricane Ernesto". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fracasso (2007). "Public Advisory Number 14 for Remnants of Barry". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved June 3, 2007. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Tropical Storm Barry Event Report for New York". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved November 19, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Event Record Details: Tropical Storm". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved April 16, 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Russell Drumm (December 3, 2009). "Federal, State Funds Sought for Damage". The East Hampton Star. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
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The Queen of Spades (story)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Queen of Spades (Russian: «Пиковая дама»; translit. Pikovaya dama) is a short story with supernatural elements by Alexander Pushkin about human avarice. Pushkin wrote the story in autumn 1833 in Boldino[1] and it was first published in the literary magazine Biblioteka dlya chteniya in March 1834.[2]
The story was the basis of the operas The Queen of Spades (1890) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, La dame de pique (1850) by Fromental Halévy and Pique Dame (1864) by Franz von Suppé[3] (the overture to the Suppé work is all that remains in today's repertoire). It has been filmed numerous times.
Contents
1 Plot summary
2 Inspiration
3 Themes
3.1 Reality vs. the supernatural
3.2 Storytelling
3.3 Avarice
4 Style
5 Adaptations
6 References
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Obukhov Hospital in St. Petersburg, Russia, where Hermann is committed at the story's conclusion
Hermann, an ethnic German, is an officer of the engineers in the Imperial Russian Army. He constantly watches the other officers gamble, but never plays himself. One night, Tomsky tells a story about his grandmother, an elderly countess. Many years ago, in France, she lost a fortune at cards, and then won it back with the secret of the three winning cards, which she learned from the notorious Count of St. Germain. Hermann becomes obsessed with obtaining the secret.
The countess (who is now 87 years old) has a young ward, Lizavyeta Ivanovna. Hermann sends love letters to Lizavyeta, and persuades her to let him into the house. There Hermann accosts the countess, demanding the secret. She first tells him that story was a joke, but Hermann refuses to believe her. He repeats his demands, but she does not speak. He draws a pistol and threatens her, and the old lady dies of fright. Hermann then flees to the apartment of Lizavyeta in the same building. There he confesses to have killed the countess by fright with his pistol. He defends himself by saying that the pistol was not loaded. He escapes from the house with the aid of Lizavyeta, who is disgusted to learn that his professions of love were a mask for greed.
Hermann attends the funeral of the countess, and is terrified to see the countess open her eyes in the coffin and look at him. Later that night, the ghost of the countess appears. The ghost names the secret three cards (three, seven, ace), tells him he must play just once each night and then orders him to marry Lizavyeta. Hermann takes his entire savings to Chekalinsky's salon, where wealthy men gamble for high stakes. On the first night, he bets it all on the three and wins. On the second night, he wins on the seven. On the third night, he bets on the ace — but when cards are shown, he finds he has bet on the Queen of Spades, rather than the ace, and loses everything. When the Queen appears to wink at him, he is astonished by her remarkable resemblance to the old countess, and flees in terror. In a short conclusion, Pushkin writes that Lizavyeta marries the son of the Countess' former steward, a state official who makes a good salary. Hermann, however, goes mad and is committed to an asylum. He is installed in Room 17 at the Obuhov hospital; he answers no questions, but merely mutters with unusual rapidity: "Three, seven, ace! Three, seven, queen!"
Inspiration[edit]
The character of the old countess was inspired by Princess Natalya Petrovna Galitzine (Princesse Moustache) who served as the lady-in-waiting for 5 Russian emperors and was 92 at the time Pushkin wrote "The Queen of Spades". According to legend, Galitzine had been a successful gambler. When her grandson lost a considerable amount of money playing cards and came to her to beg her for money, Galitzine instead revealed to him the secret three cards that Count Saint-Germain showed to her in Paris.[4]
Critics have argued that the Count Saint-Germain holds historical importance in the story. Saint-Germain serves as the namesake for the story's protagonist, Hermann. Beyond this, the historical Saint-Germain may represent a father figure for Hermann, the antithesis to Hermann's character, or a former love interest of the countess who seeks revenge for her death by causing Hermann to pick the wrong cards.[5]
The card game of Faro also plays an important role in Pushkin's story. The game is played by having a player bet on a winning card. The dealer then begins turning over cards, burning the first (known as 'soda') to his left. The second card is placed face up to his right; this is the first winning card. The third card is placed face up in the left pile, as a losing card. The dealer continues turning over cards, alternating piles until the bet has been won or lost.[6]
Themes[edit]
Reality vs. the supernatural[edit]
Graffiti, 2008
According to Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Pushkin’s tale represents “the pinnacle of the art of the fantastic.”[7] While readers may think that the vision of the Countess that appears to Hermann was merely an apparition, at the end of the story, Pushkin has still given no definitive answer. Readers must decide whether the countess appeared only to Hermann in his mind, a realistic solution, or whether Hermann has entered the world of the supernatural. Critics have attempted to answer this question using a variety of cryptographic clues within the text. These critics focus on three elements: the origin of the three, seven and ace; whether Hermann could have identified the cards without the ghost’s intervention, and possible explanations for Hermann’s mistake with the last card.[4]
Different critics have presented contradicting supernatural or rational views of Hermann’s final mistake. The critic Gary Rosenshield claims that, by making the wrong choice of cards, Hermann actually did the right thing: as a man obsessed with gambling, having won the money would have meant that he could never gamble again, and therefore would have never again lived.[8]
Other critics with rational explanations, such as Nathan Rosen and Viktor Vonogradov, claim that Hermann may have simply seen a likeness between the Countess who gave him the secret and the Queen card, leading him to make a mistake.[9][10] This explanation focuses on Pushkin’s quote in the story that “Two fixed ideas can no more exist together in the moral world than two bodies can occupy one and the same place in the physical world.” Here, Hermann cannot separate the actual cards from the Countess who reveals them to him, leading him to accidentally choose the queen instead of an ace.
In contrast to these rational explanations, other critics claim that Hermann entered the world of the supernatural and that the card actually changed after Hermann had picked it. These explanations argue that the Countess sought revenge on Hermann for her death. Critic Sergei Davydov argues that, since the Countess doubted that Hermann would indeed marry Lizavyeta—a concession he had made to acquire the secret—her ghost caused a magical transformation of the cards that led to Hermann’s downfall.[4]
Storytelling[edit]
Pushkin’s tale is considered to be a work about “telling stories.” Hermann, who is an author within the context of the story, in a way attempts to author his own fate by setting up a gambling situation in which he is guaranteed to win. Hermann’s motivations to set up the scenario also come primarily from gossip, or word of mouth from his acquaintances. It is as if he is set within a story told by others, and feels inspired to write his own.[11]
Avarice[edit]
Rosenshield describes Pushkin’s Queen of Spades as an “eternal tale of gambling and avarice.”[12] In the story, Hermann becomes obsessed by gambling, even before the Countess grants him her secret to the cards. According to critic Nathan Rosen, Hermann’s fatal mistake at the end of the story constitutes an act of self-punishment: Hermann punishes himself for the avarice of his corrupted soul.[13] Beyond this greed in the form of his gambling obsession, Hermann’s avarice manifests itself in his dealings with Lizavyeta and the Countess. From the moment when he first sets eye on her, Hermann manipulates Lizaveta and her “injured innocence” to gain access to the Countess and the gambling secrets she holds; however, Hermann’s “depravity becomes fully manifest in the climactic bedroom scene” when he trespasses into the Countess’ room and causes her death.[14]
Style[edit]
Pushkin uses metapoetic moments throughout the story to question the reliability of the narrator and to discern the genre of the work. These metapoetic moments refer to the story dealing with stories internally. One of the clearest example of this takes place after Hermann’s encounter with the countess’ ghostly form. After her departure, Hermann immediately writes down his vision, recording it on paper and writing a small story within the larger story of The Queen of Spades.[11] A second example is when Tomsky and his grandmother talk about traditional plot lines within a Russian novel, of which his grandmother denies the existence.[11]
Adaptations[edit]
Pushkin's story has been adapted numerous times into multiple mediums. These include:
An 1864 German operetta by Franz von Suppe
An 1890 opera by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
A 1910 Russian silent short directed by Pyotr Chardynin
A 1916 Russian silent film directed by Yakov Protazanov
A 1927 German silent film
A 1947 episode of the American radio program Mystery in the Air, starring Peter Lorre.[15]
A 1949 British film directed by Thorold Dickinson, which received widespread critical acclaim and was nominated for the BAFTA award for Best British Film
A 1960 Soviet film directed by Roman Tikhomirov
A 1982 Soviet film by Igor Maslennikov
The story has also been adapted for radio, including:
the November 9, 1947 episode of Mystery in the Air, starring Peter Lorre as Hermann
a 1997 BBC Radio 4 adaptation for the Afternoon Drama series, with Greg Wise and Amanda Root
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Binyon, Pushkin: A Biography, p. 424.
Jump up ^ Binyon, Pushkin: A Biography, p. 444.
Jump up ^ The Operatic Pushkin
^ Jump up to: a b c Davydov, Sergei (1999-01-01). "The Ace in "The Queen of Spades"". Slavic Review. 58 (2): 309–328. doi:10.2307/2673073. JSTOR 2673073.
Jump up ^ CORNWELL, NEIL (2002-01-01). ""You've heard of the Count Saint-Germain ..." —in Pushkin's 'The Queen of Spades' and Far Beyond". New Zealand Slavonic Journal: 49–66. JSTOR 40922261.
Jump up ^ "Playing Cards, Card Games and Rules, Games and Family Fun from Bicycle". www.bicyclecards.ca. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
Jump up ^ Dostoyevsky, Fyodor; Dolinin, A. S (1935-01-01). F.M. Dostoevskiĭ: materialy i issledovanii︠a︡ (in Russian). Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR.
Jump up ^ Rosenshield, Gary (1994-01-01). "Choosing the Right Card: Madness, Gambling, and the Imagination in Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades"". PMLA. 109 (5): 995–1008. doi:10.2307/462967. JSTOR 462967.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Nathan (1975-01-01). "The Magic Cards in The Queen of Spades". The Slavic and East European Journal. 19 (3): 255–275. doi:10.2307/306284. JSTOR 306284.
Jump up ^ "ФЭБ: Vinogradov. Stil' "Pikovoi damy". — 1936 (текст)". feb-web.ru. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c Douglas, Clayton, J. ""The Queen of Spades": A Seriously Intended Joke - The Pushkin Review / Пушкинский вестник". pushkiniana.org. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
Jump up ^ Gregg, Richard. “Germann the Confessor and the Stony, Seated Countess: The Moral Subtext of Pushkin's 'the Queen of Spades'”. The Slavonic and East European Review 78.4 (2000): 612–624. Web.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Nathan. "The Magic Cards in the Queen of Spades." The Slavic and East European Journal 19.3 (1975): 255-75. Web.
Jump up ^ Rosenshield, Gary. Pushkin and the Genres of Madness: The Masterpieces of 1833.Madison, WI: U of Wisconsin, 2003. Print.
Jump up ^ "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. 42 (3): 39. Summer 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Queen of Spades
Пиковая дама available at Russian Virtual Library (in Russian)
"The Queen of Spades", transl. by Natalie Duddington
Queen of Spades public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Queen of Spades (1910) on YouTube (English subtitles)
Opera Queen of Spades on YouTube
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13325962r (data)
GND: 4463252-6
LCCN: no98014638
NLA: 35049980
SUDOC: 091625629
VIAF: 185706895
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Alexander Pushkin
Narrative poems
Ruslan and Ludmila (1820)
The Prisoner of the Caucasus (1820–1822)
The Gabrieliad (1821)
The Fountain of Bakhchisaray (1823)
The Gypsies (1827)
Poltava (1829)
The Bronze Horseman (1833)
Short poems
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Verse fairy tales
The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda (1830)
The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1831)
The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish (1833)
The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights (1833)
The Tale of the Golden Cockerel (1834)
Verse novel
Eugene Onegin (1833)
Prose
The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin (1830)
"The Shot"
"The Blizzard"
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Dubrovsky (1833)
The Queen of Spades (1834)
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The Captain's Daughter (1836)
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People
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Anna Petrovna Kern
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Vasily Pushkin (uncle)
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Dostoyevsky Speech
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Alexander Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades" (1833)
Films
The Queen of Spades (1916, Russia)
The Queen of Spades (1927, Germany)
The Queen of Spades (1949, Great Britain)
The Queen of Spades (1960, USSR)
The Queen of Spades (1982, USSR)
Opera
The Queen of Spades (Tchaikovsky)
Pique Dame (Suppé)
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1834 short stories
Short stories by Aleksandr Pushkin
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This page was last edited on 1 May 2018, at 05:40 (UTC).
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