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Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup
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Saudi Arabia - Russia match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
This is a record of Saudi Arabia's results at the FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final.[1]
Saudi Arabia have played in five FIFA World Cup tournaments, which were in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2018.
Contents
1 FIFA World Cup record
1.1 FIFA World Cup record
2 List of matches
3 Record Players
4 Top Goalscorers
5 Squads
6 References
7 External links
FIFA World Cup record[edit]
FIFA World Cup record[edit]
FIFA World Cup record
Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
1930 Did not enter
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978 Did not qualify
1982
1986
1990
1994 Round of 16 12 4 2 0 2 5 6
1998 Group stage 28 3 0 1 2 2 7
2002 Group stage 32 3 0 0 3 0 12
2006 Group stage 28 3 0 1 2 2 7
2010 Did not qualify
2014
2018 Group stage 26 3 1 0 2 2 7
2022 TBD
Total Round of 16 5/21 16 3 2 11 11 39
List of matches[edit]
World Cup
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Scorers
1994 Group stage Netherlands 1–2 L Washington Amin
Morocco 2–1 W East Rutherford Al-Jaber, Amin
Belgium 1–0 W Washington Al-Owairan
Round of 16 Sweden 1–3 L Dallas Al-Ghesheyan
1998 Group stage Denmark 0–1 L Lens &
—
France 0–4 L Saint-Denis &
—
South Africa 2–2 D Bordeaux Al-Jaber, Al-Thunayan
2002 Group stage Germany 0–8 L Sapporo &
—
Cameroon 0–1 L Saitama &
—
Republic of Ireland 0–3 L Yokohama &
—
2006 Group stage Tunisia 2–2 D Munich Al-Qahtani, Al-Jaber
Ukraine 0–4 L Hamburg &
—
Spain 0–1 L Kaiserslautern &
—
2018 Group stage Russia 0–5 L Moscow &
—
Uruguay 0–1 L Rostov-on-Don &
—
Egypt 2–1 W Volgograd Al-Dawsari, Al-Faraj
Record Players[edit]
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Mohamed Al-Deayea 10 1994, 1998 and 2002
2 Sami Al-Jaber 9 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006
Abdullah Zubromawi 9 1994, 1998 and 2002
Hussein Abdulghani 9 1998, 2002 and 2006
5 Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi 6 1994 and 1998
Khaled Al-Muwallid 6 1994 and 1998
Saeed Al-Owairan 6 1994 and 1998
Fuad Anwar Amin 6 1994 and 1998
Hamzah Saleh 6 1994 and 1998
Ibrahim Al-Shahrani 6 1998 and 2002
Nawaf Al-Temyat 6 1998, 2002 and 2006
Redha Tukar 6 2002 and 2006
Top Goalscorers[edit]
Sami Al-Jaber is not only the most successful Saudi striker at the FIFA World Cup to date, he also managed to score in World Cups 12 years apart (1994 and 2006). He shares this record with eight other players, among them Pelé, Diego Maradona and Miroslav Klose.
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Sami Al-Jaber 3 1994, 1998 and 2006
2 Fuad Anwar Amin 2 1994
3 Saeed Al-Owairan 1 1994
Fahad Al-Ghesheyan 1 1994
Yousuf Al-Thunayan 1 1998
Yasser Al-Qahtani 1 2006
Salem Al-Dawsari 1 2018
Salman Al-Faraj 1 2018
Squads[edit]
show
v
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Saudi Arabia squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Al-Dosari
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Zubromawi
5 Madani
6 Anwar
7 Al-Ghesheyan
8 Al-Bishi
9 Abdullah (c)
10 Al-Owairan
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Al-Jaber
13 Abd Al-Jawad
14 Al-Muwallid
15 Al-Dawod
16 Jebreen
17 Al-Taifi
18 Al-Anazi
19 Saleh
20 Idris
21 Al-Sadiq
22 Al-Helwah
Coach: Solari
show
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Saudi Arabia squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Al-Jahani
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Zubromawi
5 Madani
6 Anwar
7 Al-Shahrani
8 Al-Dosari
9 Al-Jaber
10 S. Al-Owairan
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Al-Harbi
13 Abdulghani
14 Al-Muwallid
15 Al-Thunayan (c)
16 K. Al-Dosari
17 Dokhi
18 Al-Temyat
19 Al-Janoubi
20 Saleh
21 Al-Sadiq
22 Al-Antaif
Coach: Parreira & Al-Kharashy
show
v
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Saudi Arabia squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Al-Jahani
3 Tukar
4 Zubromawi
5 Harthi
6 Al-Shehri
7 Suwayed
8 Noor
9 Al-Jaber (c)
10 Al-Shalhoub
11 O. Al-Dosari
12 Dokhi
13 Abdulghani
14 Khathran
15 A. Al-Dosari
16 K. Al-Dosari
17 Al-Waked
18 Al-Temyat
19 Al-Ghamdi
20 Al-Yami
21 Zaid
22 Al-Khojali
23 Al-Thagafi
Coach: Al-Johar
show
v
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Saudi Arabia squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Dokhi
3 Tukar
4 Al-Montashari
5 Al-Qadi
6 Al-Ghamdi
7 Ameen
8 Noor
9 Al‑Jaber (c)
10 Al-Shalhoub
11 Al-Harthi
12 Khathran
13 Abdulghani
14 Kariri
15 Al-Bahri
16 Aziz
17 Al-Bishi
18 Al-Temyat
19 Massad
20 Al-Qahtani
21 Zaid
22 Khouja
23 Mouath
Coach: Paquetá
show
v
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Saudi Arabia squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Mayouf
2 Al-Harbi
3 Os. Hawsawi (c)
4 Al-Bulaihi
5 Om. Hawsawi
6 Al-Breik
7 Al-Faraj
8 Al-Shehri
9 Bahebri
10 Al-Sahlawi
11 Al-Khaibri
12 Kanno
13 Al-Shahrani
14 Otayf
15 Al-Khaibari
16 Al-Mogahwi
17 Al-Jassim
18 Al-Dawsari
19 Al-Muwallad
20 Assiri
21 Al-Mosailem
22 Al-Owais
23 M. Hawsawi
Coach: Pizzi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage (PDF), FIFA.com. Retrieved on June 6, 2007.
External links[edit]
Saudi Arabia at FIFA
show
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Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
All-time table
AFC
Australia2
China
Indonesia1
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kuwait
North Korea
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United Arab Emirates
CAF
Algeria
Angola
Cameroon
DR Congo1
Egypt
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
CONCACAF
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
CONMEBOL
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
OFC
New Zealand
UEFA
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic1
Denmark
East Germany3
England
France
Germany1
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel2
Italy
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia1
Scotland
Serbia1
Slovakia1
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=848824827"
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Laura Main
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Laura Main
Born
1977 or 1978 [1]
Aberdeen, Scotland
Residence
London
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2002–present
Laura Main is a Scottish actress known for her role as Sister Bernadette (later Doctor Turner's Wife Shelagh Turner) in the BBC1 drama series Call the Midwife.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Education
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 Theatre
5 References
6 External links
Education[edit]
Laura Main went to school at the Hazlehead Academy[3] and took dance lessons at the Danscentre in Aberdeen.[4] She then studied art history at university, also in Aberdeen, before starting drama school at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.[5]
Career[edit]
Main started performing in musical theatre at the age of 14 when she landed the role of Annie with Phoenix Youth Theatre.[2][6] At age 15 she debuted in the role of Louisa Von Trapp in a stage production of The Sound of Music. At university she performed as part of the musical society Treading the Boards in Aberdeen.[7] She has performed on stage in several productions with the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 2011 she appeared in the Stephen Sondheim musical Company.
In 2011 she was cast as Sister Bernadette in the hit BBC series Call the Midwife.[8] Main features as a soloist in several tracks on the Call the Midwife album released in February 2013. In November 2015 Main won the Children in Need Strictly Come Dancing special with dancer Brendan Cole.
In 2017, Main was cast in the lead role of Princess Fiona, in the second UK tour of Shrek the Musical. Main will share the role with The X Factor contestant Amelia Lily. Main's first performance was on the 12th December 2017, at the Edinburgh Playhouse.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Film/TV
Role
Notes
2002 Is Harry on the Boat? Rival Club Rep TV series
2003 The Forsyte Saga: To Let Mary McKenzie TV mini-series (1 episode)
Trevor's World of Sport nurse TV series
2004 Monarch of the Glen Jaynie Cresswell TV series (1 episode: #6.4)
Murder City DC Alison Bain TV series (10 episodes, 2004–2006)
2007 Holby City Julia Mason TV series (1 episode: After the Fall)
2010 The Invisible Atomic Monsters from Mars Beth
Rob and Valentyna in Scotland Waitress in Pub short
2011 Holby City Diedre Hunter TV series (1 episode: What You mean by Home)
Doctors Amanda Luckhurst TV series (1 episode: Lasso the Moon)
2012–present Call the Midwife Sister Bernadette/(Medical) Sister Shelagh Turner TV series (42 episodes)
2014 The Mill Rebecca Howlett TV series
2014 Father Brown Dorothy Underwood TV series (1 episode: The Maddest of All)
2016 Doctors Kate Wilkinson TV series (1 episode: Living Together)
Theatre[edit]
Year
Play title
Role
Notes
1991 Annie Annie[6] Aberdeen Arts Centre
1992 The Sound of Music Louisa von Trapp[9] His Majesty's Theatre Aberdeen
1996 Aberdeen Student Show: The Good, the Bad and the Buttery [10] His Majesty's Theatre Aberdeen
1997 Aberdeen Student Show: Scaffie Society Judy Free[10] His Majesty's Theatre Aberdeen
1998 Aberdeen Student Show: From Rubislaw with Love Shauna Connery[10] His Majesty's Theatre Aberdeen
2001 Company Amy
Alice in Wonderland Edith/Eaglet (understudy Alice) Royal Shakespeare Company [11]
2002 As You Like It Phoebe[12] Regents Park Open Air Theatre
Romeo and Juliet Juliet Regents Park Open Air Theatre
2006 Young Woodley Maude Finborough Theatre
Tea and Sympathy Laura Reynolds Finborough Theatre
2007 All I want for Christmas Irina Vanevskaya Upstairs at the Gatehouse
2008 On the Island of Aars Morag McMac Pleasance Courtyard Edinburgh
2009 State Fair Margy Frake Finborough Theatre
Super Alice Smith Carly Trafalgar Studios
2010 State Fair Margy Frake Trafalgar Studios
Me and Juliet Jeanie Finborough Theatre
2011 Company Susan Southwark Playhouse
2012 Robin Hood Maid Marion Queen's Theatre Barnstaple
2013 The Lost Dragon Harlow Playhouse
2017 Shrek the Musical Princess Fiona UK tour
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keegan, Natalie (18 February 2017). "Who is Laura Main?". The Sun. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Call The Midwife Album Laura Main Interview". Female First. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Aberdeen actress stars in new BBC TV series". Evening. 14 January 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Past pupils and alumni at danscentre". danscentre. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Hendry, Steve (3 February 2013). "Call the Midwife star Laura Main: Playing Sister Bernadette has been the answer to my prayers". Daily Record. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aberdeen theatre company celebrates 25 years of top talent - Evening Express". Evening Express. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1361757/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm#overview
Jump up ^ "My lovestruck nun's been a gift from God, says TV star Laura Main". dailyrecord.co.uk. Daily Record. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Laura Main". Spotlight. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Massey, Paul (2 May 1997). "Theatre Scaffie Society, His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen". The Herald. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alice in Wonderland". Theatricalia. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Hodges, Amanda (June 2002). "As You Like It". London Theatre Guide. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
External links[edit]
Laura Main on IMDb

This article about a Scottish actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Eustachian tube
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Eustachian Tube
External and middle ear. Eustachian tube labelled as auditory tube
Middle ear, with auditory tube at bottom right
Details
Precursor
first pharyngeal pouch
Identifiers
Latin
Tuba auditiva, tuba auditivea,
tuba auditoria
MeSH
A09.246.397.369
Code
381.81
Dorlands
/Elsevier
t_21/12826987
TA
A15.3.02.073
FMA
9705
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The Eustachian tube /juːˌsteɪ.ʃənˈtjuːb/, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube,[1] is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm (1.4 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.[2] It is named after the sixteenth-century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi.[3]
In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects from the chamber of the middle ear to the back of the nasopharynx.
Normally, the Eustachian tube is collapsed, but it gapes open both with swallowing and with positive pressure. When taking off in an airplane, the surrounding air pressure goes from higher (on the ground) to lower (in the sky). The air in the middle ear expands as the plane gains altitude, and pushes its way into the back of the nose and mouth. On the way down, the volume of air in the middle ear shrinks, and a slight vacuum is produced. Active opening of the Eustachian tube is required to equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the surrounding atmosphere as the plane descends. The diver also experiences this change in pressure, but with greater rates of pressure change; active opening of the Eustachian tube is required more frequently as the diver goes deeper into higher pressure.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Bony part
1.2 Cartilaginous part
1.3 Muscles
2 Development
3 Function
3.1 Pressure equalization
3.2 Mucus drainage
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Surgical eardrum piercing
4.2 Permanent venting to external ear canal
4.3 Eustachian tube prosthesis
4.4 Removal of excessive tube tissue
5 Other animals
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Upper respiratory system, showing entrance to auditory tube near middle.
The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, approximately at the level of the inferior nasal concha. It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part.
Bony part[edit]
The bony part (1/3) nearest to the middle ear is made of bone and is about 12 mm in length. It begins in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity, below the septum canalis musculotubarii, and, gradually narrowing, ends at the angle of junction of the squamous and the petrous parts of the temporal bone, its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous part.[4]
Cartilaginous part[edit]
The cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube is about 24 mm. in length and is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the bony part of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.
The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal opening, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus.
The position and relations of the pharyngeal opening are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil.
Muscles[edit]
There are four muscles associated with the function of the Eustachian tube:
Levator veli palatini (innervated by the vagus nerve)
Salpingopharyngeus (innervated by the vagus nerve)
Tensor tympani (innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V)
Tensor veli palatini (innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V)
The tube is opened during swallowing by contraction of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini, muscles of the soft palate.[1]
Development[edit]
The Eustachian tube is derived from the ventral part of the first pharyngeal pouch and second endodermal pouch, which during embryogenesis forms the tubotympanic recess. The distal part of the tubotympanic sulcus gives rise to the tympanic cavity, while the proximal tubular structure becomes the Eustachian tube. It helps transformation of sound waves.
Function[edit]
Pressure equalization[edit]
Under normal circumstances, the human Eustachian tube is closed, but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. Pressure differences cause temporary conductive hearing loss by decreased motion of the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the ear.[5] Various methods of ear clearing such as yawning, swallowing, or chewing gum may be used to intentionally open the tube and equalize pressures. When this happens, humans hear a small popping sound, an event familiar to aircraft passengers, scuba divers, or drivers in mountainous regions. Devices assisting in pressure equalization include an ad hoc balloon applied to the nose, creating inflation by positive air pressure.[6] Some people learn to voluntarily 'click' their ears, together or separately, performing a pressure equalizing routine by opening their Eustachian tubes when pressure changes are experienced, as in ascending/descending in aircraft, mountain driving, elevator lift/drops, etc. Some are even able to deliberately keep their Eustachian tubes open for a brief period, and even increase or decrease air pressure in the middle ear. The 'clicking' can actually be heard audibly by putting one's ear to another's while performing the clicking sound. This voluntary control may be first discovered when yawning or swallowing, or by other means (above). Those who develop this ability may discover that it can be done deliberately without force even when there are no pressure issues involved.
Mucus drainage[edit]
The Eustachian tube also drains mucus from the middle ear. Upper respiratory tract infections or allergies can cause the Eustachian tube, or the membranes surrounding its opening to become swollen, trapping fluid, which serves as a growth medium for bacteria, causing ear infections. This swelling can be reduced through the use of decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, and phenylephrine.[7] Ear infections are more common in children because the tube is horizontal and shorter, making bacterial entry easier, and it also has a smaller diameter, making the movement of fluid more difficult. In addition, children's developing immune systems and poor hygiene habits make them more prone to upper respiratory infections.
Clinical significance[edit]
Play media
Video explanation of eustachian tube dysfunction
Otitis media, or inflammation of the middle ear, commonly affects the Eustachian tube. Children under 7 are more susceptible to this condition, one theory being that this is because the Eustachian tube is shorter and at more of a horizontal angle than in the adult ear. Others argue that susceptibility in this age group is related to immunological factors and not Eustachian tube anatomy.[citation needed]
Barotitis, a form of barotrauma, may occur when there is a substantial difference in air or water pressure between the outer and the inner ear — for example, during a rapid ascent while scuba diving, or during sudden decompression of an aircraft at high altitude.
Some people are born with a dysfunctional Eustachian tube[8] that is much slimmer than usual. The cause may be genetic, but it has also been posited as a condition in which the patient did not fully recover from the effects of pressure on the middle ear during birth (retained birth compression).[9][unreliable medical source] It is suggested that Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in a large amount of mucus accumulating in the middle ear, often impairing hearing to a degree. This condition is known as otitis media with effusion, and may result in the mucus becoming very thick and glue-like, a condition known as glue ear.
A patulous Eustachian tube is a rare condition in which the Eustachian tube remains intermittently open, causing an echoing sound of the person's own heartbeat, breathing, and speech. This may be temporarily relieved by holding the head upside down.
Smoking can also cause damage to the cilia that protect the Eustachian tube from mucus, which can result in the clogging of the tube and a buildup of bacteria in the ear, leading to a middle ear infection.[10]
Recurring and chronic cases of sinus infection can result in Eustachian tube dysfunction caused by excessive mucus production which, in turn, causes obstruction to the openings of the Eustachian tubes.
Surgical eardrum piercing[edit]
In severe cases of childhood inner ear infections and Eustachian tube blockage, ventilation can be provided by a surgical puncturing of the eardrum to permit air equalization, known as myringotomy. The eardrum would normally naturally heal and close the hole, so a tiny plastic rimmed grommet is inserted into the hole to hold it open. This is known as a tympanostomy tube. As a child grows, the tube is eventually naturally expelled by the body. Longer-lasting vent grommets with larger flanges have been researched, but these can lead to permanent perforation of the eardrum.
Permanent venting to external ear canal[edit]
Surgical implantation of permanent bypasses around the eardrum have also been studied, though these suffer from blockage issues, requiring frequent manual cleaning. These also can lead to inner ear infection due to the direct path from the external to the internal ear.[11]
Eustachian tube prosthesis[edit]
Another approach to permitting middle ear drainage is the use of a prosthesis inserted into the Eustachian tube, to assist in holding the tube open. The prosthesis does not necessarily hold the tube completely open all the time, but may instead lightly brace the tissue walls of a narrow tube to assist in venting.
One such example invented in 1978 is a silicone tube with a flange at the top, which keeps it from dislodging and sliding out into the throat.[12] However, in a study in 1978 it was not found to be effective for long-term use, and would eventually become internally blocked with mucus or otitis media, or dislodged from its position.[13]
Removal of excessive tube tissue[edit]
Debridement has also been studied as a solution to inability to open the Eustachian tube. Hypertrophy (excessive growth) of the cells that produce mucus can make the tube hard to open, and the procedure to reduce the growth is known as "microdebrider eustachian tuboplasty".[14]
Other animals[edit]
In the equids (horses) and some rodent-like species such as the desert hyrax, an evagination of the eustachian tube is known as the guttural pouch and is divided into medial and lateral compartments by the stylohyoid bone of the hyoid apparatus. This is of great importance in equine medicine as the pouches are prone to infections, and, due to their intimate relationship to the cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI) and the internal and external carotid artery, various syndromes may arise relating to which is damaged. Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a very common presentation to veterinary surgeons and this may often be fatal unless a balloon catheter can be placed in time to suppress bleeding.
Additional images[edit]
Frontal section through left ear; upper half of section
View of the inner wall of the tympanum (enlarged)
The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani, viewed from within, from behind, and from above
See also[edit]
Ear
Ear drum
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; A. M. R. Agur (13 February 2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 970. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.
Jump up ^ http://www.medicinenet.com/eustachian_tube_problems/article.htm
Jump up ^ Eustachian tube at Who Named It?
Jump up ^ 'Ear - Dissector Answers at University of Michigan Medical School
Jump up ^ Page 152 in: Rex S. Haberman (2004). Middle Ear and Mastoid Surgery. New York: Thieme Medical Pub. ISBN 1-58890-173-4.
Jump up ^ Leunig, A.; Mees, K. (2008). "Mittelohrbelüftung mit dem Otovent®-Latexmembran- System". Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie. 74 (6): 352–354. PMID 7662078. doi:10.1055/s-2007-997756.
Jump up ^ "Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection Treatment & Management". Medscape. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
Jump up ^ Eustachian Tube Function and Dysfunction at Baylor College of Medicine
Jump up ^ "FAQs - Cranial Osteopathy". The Children's Clinic. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Dubin MG, Pollock HW, Ebert CS, Berg E, Buenting JE, Prazma JP (2002). "Eustachian tube dysfunction after tobacco smoke exposure". Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 126 (1): 14–19. PMID 11821759. doi:10.1067/mhn.2002.121320.
Jump up ^ US Patent #3,982,545, "Middle ear aeration and implant", issued Aug 22, 1974 http://www.google.com/patents/US3982545 Accessed Feb 4, 2016
Jump up ^ US Patent #4015607, "Eustachian tube prosthesis", issued Jan 23, 1976 http://www.google.com/patents/US4015607 Accessed Feb 4, 2016
Jump up ^ J.W. Wright III et al. "The Eustachian tube prosthesis revisited", Journal of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, vol. 86, 1978, pp. 834-837
Jump up ^ Metson, R; Pletcher, SD; Poe, DS (2007). "Microdebrider eustachian tuboplasty: A preliminary report". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136: 422–7. PMID 17321871. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.10.031.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eustachian tube.
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction And Sinus Infection
5-Minute Clinical Consult Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Pressure Regulation
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