text:
List of bones of the human skeleton
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Part of a series of lists about
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The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones. It is composed of 300 bones at birth, which decreases to 80 bones in the axial skeleton (29 in the skull and 52 in the torso) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton (32 × 2 in the upper extremities including both arms and 31 × 2 in the lower extremities including both legs). Many small and variable supernumerary bones, such as some sesamoid bones, are not included in this count.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Bones
2.1 Spine (vertebral column)
2.2 Chest (thorax)
2.3 Skull (cranium and mandible)
2.4 Arm
2.5 Pelvis (pelvic girdle)
2.6 Leg
2.7 Sesamoid bones
3 References
Introduction[edit]
The bones in a human skeleton will be less as the age will be more, as multiple bones fuse, a process which typically reaches completion in the third decade of life. In addition, the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones, despite being fused naturally. Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted, while others, such as the hallux sesamoids, are not.
Individuals may have more or fewer bones than this owing to anatomical variations. The most common variations include sutural (wormian) bones, which are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull, and sesamoid bones which develop within some tendons, mainly in the hands and feet. Some individuals may also have additional (i.e., supernumerary) cervical ribs or lumbar vertebrae.
Bones[edit]
Spine (vertebral column)[edit]
A fully grown adult features 26 bones in the spine, whereas a child can have 34.
The cervical vertebrae (7)
The thoracic vertebrae (12)
The lumbar vertebrae (5)
The sacral vertebrae (5 at birth, later fused into one)
The coccygeal vertebrae (5 at birth, some or all of the bones fuse together but there seems to be a disagreement between researchers as to what the most common number should be. Some say the most common is 1, others say 2 or 3, with 4 being the least likely. It is counted as 1 in this article.[citation needed])
Chest (thorax)[edit]
There are usually 25 bones in the chest but sometimes there can be additional cervical ribs in humans. Cervical ribs occur naturally in other animals such as reptiles.
The sternum (1)
The ribs (24, in 12 pairs)
It is important to note that three pairs (the 8th, 9th and 10th), also known as false ribs, are attached to each other. They are also attached to the 7th rib by cartilage and synovial joints. Also two pairs of floating ribs (the 11th and 12th), have no anterior attachment.
Cervical ribs are extra ribs that occur in some humans.
Skull (cranium and mandible)[edit]
There are 22 bones in the skull. Including the hyoid and the bones of the middle ear, the head contains 29 bones.
The cranial bones (8)
The occipital bone
The parietal bones (2)
The frontal bone
The temporal bones (2)
The sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
The ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
The facial bones (14)
The nasal bones (2)
The maxillae (upper jaw) (2)
The lacrimal bone (2)
The zygomatic bone or cheekbone (2);
The palatine bone (2)
The inferior nasal concha (2)
The vomer
The mandible (lower jaw)
The hyoid bone (not connected to any other bone)
In the middle ears (6)
malleus (2)
incus (2)
stapes (2)
Arm[edit]
There are a total of 64 bones in the arm.
The upper arm bones (6 bones, 3 on each side)
The humerus
The shoulder (pectoral girdle)
The scapula
The clavicles
The lower arm bones (4 bones, 2 on each side)
The ulna
The radius
The hand (54 bones, 27 in each hand)
The carpals
scaphoid bone (2)
lunate bone (2)
triquetral bone (2)
pisiform bone (2)
trapezium (2)
trapezoid bone (2)
capitate bone (2)
hamate bone (2)
The metacarpals (5 × 2 = 10)
The phalanges of the hand
proximal phalanges (5 × 2 = 10)
intermediate phalanges (4 × 2 = 8)
distal phalanges (5 × 2 = 10)
Pelvis (pelvic girdle)[edit]
The hip bone has three regions: ilium, ischium, and pubis (2)
The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis, but are more important to the spinal column. For this reason it is omitted from the pelvic girdle.
Leg[edit]
The femur (2)
The patella or kneecap (2)
The tibia (2)
The fibula (2)
The foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
The tarsus
calcaneus or heel bone (2)
talus (2)
navicular bone (2)
medial cuneiform bone (2)
intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
lateral cuneiform bone (2)
cuboid bone (2)
The metatarsals (10)
The phalanges of the foot
proximal phalanges (5 × 2 = 10)
intermediate phalanges (4 x 2 = 8)
distal phalanges (5 x 2 = 10)
Sesamoid bones[edit]
Patella
Pisiform bone
Fabella
Sesamoids in the first and second metacarpal bones
Sesamoids in the first metatarsal bone
Lenticular process of the incus

For inconsistent bones, see Accessory bone.
References[edit]
The 206 Bones of the Human Body
[hide]
v
t
e
Bones in the human skeleton
Axial skeleton
Skull
Neurocranium
occipital
parietal
frontal
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
Face
nasal
maxilla
lacrimal
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
mandible
hyoid
Ear
ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
Thorax
sternum
rib cage
rib
Vertebral column
vertebrae
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
Appendicular
Shoulder
clavicle
scapula
Arm
humerus
ulna
radius
Hand
carpals (scaphoid, lunate bone, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)
metacarpals
phalanges (prox, int, dist)
Pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
Leg
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
Foot
tarsals
heelbone
anklebone
navicular
cuneiform
cuboid
metatarsals
phalanges
proximal
intermediate
distal
accessory
accessory navicular
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Lone Ranger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the fictional Western character. For other uses, see Lone Ranger (disambiguation).
This article is about the fictional Western character. For the "precision lawn mower drill team" from Arcola, Illinois, see Lawn Rangers.
Lone Ranger
Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger
Publication information
First appearance
WXYZ (January 30 or 31, 1933)
Created by
Fran Striker[1][2] or George W. Trendle[3][4][5]
In-story information
Alter ego
Ranger Reid
Team affiliations
Texas Rangers
Partnerships
Tonto
Abilities
Expert marksman [6]
Above-average athlete, horseman, hand-to-hand combatant, and master of disguise
The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture.[7]
He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ (Detroit) radio station owner George W. Trendle,[3][4][5] or by Fran Striker,[8] the show's writer.[9][10] The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several movies. The title character was played on the radio show by George Seaton, Earle Graser, and Brace Beemer.[8] Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute, Moore was replaced temporarily by John Hart, who wore a different style of mask. On the radio, Tonto was played by, among others, John Todd and Roland Parker; and in the television series, by Jay Silverheels, who was a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada.
Contents
1 Origin
2 Characters
2.1 The Lone Ranger
2.1.1 The Lone Ranger's first name
2.2 Tonto
2.3 Dan Reid Jr.
2.4 Their horses
3 Original radio series
3.1 Introductions
3.2 Cast
3.3 Music
3.4 Possible inspirations
3.5 The Green Hornet
4 Film serials
5 Television series
5.1 Hi-Yo Silver!, Kemo sabe, and other cultural tropes
5.2 Moore lawsuits
6 Films
6.1 The Lone Ranger (1956)
6.2 The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold (1958)
6.3 The Return of the Lone Ranger (1961)
6.4 The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981)
6.5 The Lone Ranger (2003)
6.6 The Lone Ranger (2013)
7 Other media
7.1 Novels
7.2 Big Little Books
7.3 Little Golden Books
7.4 Anthologies
7.5 Comic strip
7.6 Comic books
7.6.1 Comic book collections
7.7 The Lone Ranger Magazine
7.8 Animation
7.8.1 1930s
7.8.2 Format Films animated cartoon, 1966 to 1968
7.8.3 The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour, early 1980s
7.8.4 The Lone Ranger: The Lost Episodes, 2001
7.9 Video game
7.10 Premiums
7.11 Toys
7.12 Parodies and spoofs
8 Ownership
9 See also
9.1 Fictional characters
9.2 Real characters
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Origin[edit]
The Lone Ranger was so named because the character is the sole survivor of a group of six Texas Rangers.[11] While details differ, the basic story of the origin of the Lone Ranger is the same in most versions of the franchise.[8] A posse of six members of the Texas Ranger Division pursuing a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish is betrayed by a civilian guide named Collins and is ambushed in a canyon named Bryant's Gap.[12] Later, an Indian named Tonto stumbles onto the scene and discovers one ranger is barely alive, and he nurses the man back to health. In some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who saved his life when they both were children. According to the television series, Tonto gave Reid a ring and the name Kemo Sabe, which he said means "trusty scout".[13] Among the Rangers killed was the survivor's older brother, Daniel Reid, who was a captain in the Texas Rangers and the leader of the ambushed group. To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother, Reid fashions a black domino mask using cloth from his late brother's vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross bearing Reid's name so that Cavendish and his gang would believe that all of the Rangers had been killed.
In many versions Reid continues fighting for justice as The Lone Ranger even after the Cavendish gang is captured.
Characters[edit]
The Lone Ranger[edit]
As generally depicted, the Lone Ranger conducts himself by a strict moral code based on that put in place by Striker at the inception of the character. It read:
I believe that to have a friend,
a man must be one.

That all men are created equal
and that everyone has within himself
the power to make this a better world.

That God put the firewood there
but that every man
must gather and light it himself.

In being prepared
physically, mentally, and morally
to fight when necessary
for what is right.

That a man should make the most
of what equipment he has.

That 'this government,
of the people, by the people
and for the people'
shall live always.

That men should live by
the rule of what is best
for the greatest number.

That sooner or later...
somewhere...somehow...
we must settle with the world
and make payment for what we have taken.

That all things change but truth,
and that truth alone, lives on forever.

In my Creator, my country, my fellow man.[14]
In addition, Fran Striker and George W. Trendle drew up the following guidelines that embody who and what the Lone Ranger is:[15]
The Lone Ranger was never seen without his mask or some sort of disguise.
He was never captured or held for any length of time by lawmen, avoiding his being unmasked.
He always used perfect grammar and precise speech devoid of slang and colloquialisms.
Whenever he was forced to use guns, he never shot to kill, but instead tried to disarm his opponent as painlessly as possible.
He was never put in a hopeless situation; e.g., he was never seen escaping from a barrage of gunfire merely by fleeing toward the horizon.
He rarely referred to himself as the Lone Ranger. If someone's suspicion were aroused, either the Lone Ranger would present one of his silver bullets to confirm his identity or someone else would attest on his behalf; the latter happened at the end of most episodes when someone would ask "Who was that masked man?" as the Lone Ranger departed. His decision to adopt the moniker of Lone Ranger was inspired by Tonto: following the ambush at Bryant's Gap, Tonto observed him to be the only ranger left—in other words, he was the "lone" ranger.
Even though The Lone Ranger offered his aid to individuals or small groups facing powerful adversaries, the ultimate objective of his story always implied that their benefit was only a by-product of the development of the West or the country.
Adversaries were rarely other than American, to avoid criticism from minority groups. There were some exceptions to this rule. He sometimes battled foreign agents, though their nation of origin was generally not named. An exception was his having helped the Mexican Benito Juárez against French troops of Emperor Maximilian, as occurred in the radio episodes "Supplies for Juarez" (18 September 1939), "Hunted by Legionnaires" (20 September 1939) and "Lafitte's Reinforcements" (22 September 1939).
The names of unsympathetic characters were carefully chosen so that they never consisted of two names if it could be avoided. More often than not, a single nickname or surname was selected.
The Lone Ranger never drank or smoked; and saloon scenes were usually shown as cafes, with waiters and food instead of bartenders and liquor.
Criminals were never shown in enviable positions of wealth or power, and they were never successful or glamorous.
The Lone Ranger's first name[edit]
Although the Lone Ranger's last name in the radio shows was given as Reid, his first name was never specified in any of the radio or television shows. Various radio reference books, beginning with Radio's Golden Age (Eastern Valley Press, 1966), give the Lone Ranger's first name as John.[16] Some cite the 20th anniversary radio program in 1953 as the source of the name, but the Lone Ranger's first name is never mentioned in that episode.[17]
In the final chapter of the 1938 Republic The Lone Ranger movie serial, he is revealed to be Texas Ranger Allen King. In the second serial, The Lone Ranger Rides Again, he identifies himself as "Bill Andrews".
The Lone Ranger's first name is also thought to have not been mentioned in contemporary Lone Ranger newspaper comics, comic books, and tie-in premiums, though some have stated that the name John Reid was used in an illustration of the grave marker made by Tonto which appeared in either a comic book version of the character's origin story or in a children's record set.
The name John Reid is used in a scene in the 1981 film The Legend of the Lone Ranger, in which the surviving Reid digs an extra grave for himself. The Lone Ranger is also John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment's licensed Lone Ranger comic book series that began in 2006 and in the 2013 Disney film The Lone Ranger.
The name "Luke Hartman" was used in the 2003 TV-movie/unsold series pilot.
Tonto[edit]
Main article: Tonto
The character made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show. Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would have someone to talk to.[14] He was named by James Jewell, who also came up with the term "Kemosabe" based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father-in-law in upstate Michigan. In the local Native American language, "Tonto" meant "wild one."[18]
The character spoke in broken English that emphasized Tonto had learned it as a second language.
Because tonto means "stupid" or "ignorant" in Spanish, the character is renamed "Toro" (Spanish for "bull") or "Ponto" in Spanish-speaking countries.[18]
Dan Reid Jr.[edit]
The name of Captain Reid's son, the Lone Ranger's nephew, a character introduced in the radio series in 1942, who became a juvenile sidekick to the Masked Man, is Dan Reid. When Trendle and Striker later created The Green Hornet in 1936, they made this Dan Reid the father of Britt Reid, alias the Green Hornet, thereby making the Lone Ranger the Green Hornet's great-uncle.[19] Throughout The Lone Ranger radio series, Dan was played by Ernest Winstanley, Bob Martin, Clarence Weitzel, James Lipton and Dick Beals.
The Lone Ranger's nephew made his first appearance in "Heading North" (December 14, 1942) under the name "Dan Frisby", the grandson of Grandma Frisby. The two lived in an area described as "the high border country of the northwest" near the town of Martinsville close to the Canada–US border. This and the following four episodes ("Design for Murder", December 16, 1942; "Rope's End", December 18, 1942; "Law of the Apex", December 21, 1942; and "Dan's Strange Behavior", December 23, 1942) centred on a plot to steal the valuable Martin Copper Mine and Dan's being fooled by a Lone Ranger impostor into helping him steal it. The Lone Ranger and the Mounties foil the plot and capture the impostor and his gang.
In the final episode of the arc, "A Nephew Is Found" (December 25, 1942), the dying Grandma Frisby reveals to The Lone Ranger Dan's true identity and how he came to be with her. Fifteen years previously, Grandma Frisby had been part of a wagon train travelling to Fort Laramie. Also on that wagon train had been Linda Reid, wife of Texas Ranger Captain Dan Reid, and her six-month-old son Dan Jr., who were travelling from their home in Virginia to join her husband. Before the wagon train could reach Fort Laramie, Indians attacked it and Linda Reid was among those killed. Grandma Frisby took charge and care of Dan Jr., but upon reaching Fort Laramie found two messages waiting: one that Captain Reid (voiced in this story by Al Hodge) had been killed in an ambush at Bryant's Gap and the other that her own husband had been killed in an explosion. Taking Dan and certain items concerning his identity (including a small gold locket containing a picture of Dan's parents and a picture of Captain Reid's brother), Grandma Frisby travelled to Martinsville and raised Dan as her grandson.
On hearing this story, The Lone Ranger reveals his true identity and his own story to Grandma Frisby and promises that he will care for Dan like his own son. Before Grandma Frisby passes away, The Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face. Her last words are "Ride on, Lone Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side." The Lone Ranger takes the grieving Dan outside the cabin, gives him the locket and reveals their true relationship. Dan Reid Jr. would go on to be a recurring character throughout the remainder of the series, riding with The Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor.
Eventually, Dan Reid Jr. would be sent East to gain an education, making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection, and would later become part of The Green Hornet radio series, first appearing on October 22, 1936, establishing the connection between The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet in the episode "Too Hot to Handle" (November 11, 1947) and being played throughout the series by John Todd, who played "Tonto" on The Lone Ranger radio series.
Their horses[edit]
According to the episode "The Legend of Silver" (September 30, 1938), before acquiring Silver, the Lone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty. The Lone Ranger saves Silver's life from an enraged buffalo and, in gratitude, Silver chooses to give up his wild life to carry him.
The origin of Tonto's horse, Scout, is less clear. For a long time, Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller. In "Four Day Ride" (August 5, 1938), Tonto is given a paint horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud, who then takes White Feller. Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply as "Paint Horse" for several episodes. The horse is finally named Scout in "Border Dope Smuggling" (September 2, 1938). In another episode, however, the Lone Ranger, in a surge of conscience, releases Silver back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning, bringing along a companion who becomes Tonto's horse Scout.
In an echo of the Lone Ranger's line, Tonto frequently says, "Git-um up, Scout!" (The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s.) In the Format Films animated cartoon which ran from 1966 to 1968, Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka, and installments that focused exclusively on him or had him team up with the Lone Ranger ended with his saying, "Fly, Taka! On, Scout!" (Those where he teamed with the Lone Ranger had the Ranger following this up with the customary "Hi-yo, Silver! Away!")
Original radio series[edit]
The first of 2,956 radio episodes of The Lone Ranger premiered on WXYZ, a radio station serving Detroit, Michigan, on January 30, 1933[20] or January 31, 1933.[21] As Dunning writes in On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio:
There may have been a few late-night on-air shakedown shows prior to the official January 31, 1933 premiere date. Lacking concrete evidence, [Lone Ranger authority Terry] Salomonson is inclined to doubt it. "There is nothing in any of the Detroit papers to indicate this, but that in itself doesn't mean much. The papers didn't even list the show in their radio logs at first."[21]
The show was an immediate success.[4] Though it was aimed at children, adults made up at least half the audience.[4][8][22] It became so popular, it was picked up by the Mutual Broadcasting System and, on May 2, 1942,[23] by NBC's Blue Network, which in time became ABC.[24]
Introductions[edit]
An announcer introduced each episode with the following, which was sometimes changed to reflect the storyline of the episode:
In the early days of the western United States, a masked man and an Indian rode the plains, searching for truth and justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, when from out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again!
By the time it was on ABC at 7:30 pm Eastern Time, the introduction, voiced by Fred Foy, had become "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear", followed by, "From out of the west with the speed of light and a hearty 'Hi-yo, Silver!'" The intro was later changed to:
A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi-Yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States! Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again!
This was followed by Brace Beemer's voice, declaring, "Come on, Silver! Let's go, big fellow! Hi-yo, Silver! Away!"
Cast[edit]
The Lone Ranger was played by several actors:
John L. Barrett, on test broadcasts on WEBR in January 1933;
George Seaton (under the name George Stenius) (January 31 – May 9, 1933);
Series director James Jewell, for one episode;
An actor known only by the pseudonym "Jack Deeds", for one episode;
Earle Graser (May 16, 1933 – April 7, 1941). On April 8, Graser died in a car accident; and, for five episodes, the Lone Ranger was unable to speak beyond a whisper, with Tonto carrying the action. In addition, six episodes broadcast in August 1938 did not include the Lone Ranger's voice other than an occasional "Hi-Yo Silver!" in the background.[25] In those episodes, Tonto carried the dialog;
Brace Beemer (April 18, 1941 to the end), who had been the show's deep-voiced announcer for several years;
Fred Foy (March 29, 1954), also an announcer on the show, took over the role for one broadcast when Beemer had laryngitis.
Tonto was played throughout the run by actor John Todd (although there were a few isolated occasions when he was replaced by Roland Parker, better known as Kato for much of the run of sister series The Green Hornet). Other supporting players were selected from Detroit area actors and studio staff. These included Jay Michael (who also played the lead on Challenge of the Yukon, a.k.a. Sgt. Preston of the Yukon), Bill Saunders (as various villains, including Butch Cavendish), Paul Hughes (as the Ranger's friend Thunder Martin and as various army colonels and badmen), future movie star John Hodiak, Janka Fasciszewska (under the name Jane Fae), and Rube and Liz Weiss (a married couple, both actors in several radio and television programs in Detroit, Rube usually taking on villain roles on the "Ranger", and Liz playing damsels in distress). The part of nephew Dan Reid was played by various child actors, including Bob Martin, James Lipton and Dick Beals.
Music[edit]
The theme music was primarily taken from the "March of the Swiss Soldiers" finale of Gioachino Rossini's William Tell Overture, which thus came to be inseparably associated with the series. The theme was conducted by Daniel Pérez Castañeda,[26] with the softer parts excerpted from Die Moldau, composed by Bedřich Smetana.
Many other classical selections were used as incidental music, including Wagner's Flying Dutchman Overture, Bizet's Symphony in C, Mendelssohn's Fingal's Cave Overture, Emil von Řezníček's Donna Diana Overture, Liszt's Les préludes, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture and music by Schubert.[27] Classical music was originally used because it was in the public domain, thus allowing production costs to be kept low while providing a wide range of music as needed without the cost of a composer. The incidental music from Liszt's Les Preludes was being used in the 1940s by Germany's Nazi propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, as a theme in German weekly news announcements, particularly to dramatize German victories in WWII.
In the late 1930s, Trendle acquired the rights to use incidental music from Republic Pictures motion picture serials as part of a deal for Republic to produce a serial based (loosely) on the Lone Ranger. This music was then modified by NBC radio arranger Ben Bonnell and recorded in Mexico to avoid American union rules. This music was used in both the radio and later television shows.[26]
Possible inspirations[edit]
The character was originally believed to be inspired by Texas Ranger Captain John R. Hughes, to whom the book The Lone Star Ranger by Zane Grey was dedicated in 1915.[28] Another possible historical inspiration was Bass Reeves, the first black deputy U.S. marshal west of the Mississippi River.[29] Other suggested inspirations were Zorro and Robin Hood.[30]
The Green Hornet[edit]
Main article: Green Hornet
The radio series inspired a spinoff called The Green Hornet, which depicts the son of the Lone Ranger's nephew Dan,[31] Britt Reid, originally played by Al Hodge, who in contemporary times, fights crime with a similar secret identity and a sidekick, Kato. In the Green Hornet comic book series published by NOW Comics, the Lone Ranger makes a cameo appearance by being in a portrait in the Reid home. Contrary to most visual media depictions, and acknowledged by developer/original script writer Ron Fortier to be the result of legal complications,[32] his mask covers all of his face, as it did in the two serials from Republic Pictures (see below). However, rights to The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet have been acquired by separate owners and the familial link has been ignored in the Western character's various incarnations. The Lone Ranger – Green Hornet connection is part of Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton Universe, which connects disparate fictional characters.
Film serials[edit]
Main articles: The Lone Ranger (serial) and The Lone Ranger Rides Again
Republic Pictures released two serials starring the Lone Ranger. The first, released in 1938, utilized several actors playing different men portraying the masked hero, with the true Lone Ranger unknown to the audience until the conclusion; the character played by Lee Powell is ultimately revealed to be the Lone Ranger. The second serial, The Lone Ranger Rides Again, was released in 1939 and starred Robert Livingston. Tonto was played in both by Victor Daniels, billed as Chief Thundercloud.
Television series[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger (TV series)
The Lone Ranger was a TV show that aired for eight seasons, from 1949 to 1957, and starred Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as Tonto. Only five of the eight seasons had new episodes. It was the ABC television network's first big hit of the early 1950s.[20] Moore's tenure as the Ranger is probably the best-known treatment of the franchise.[33] Moore was replaced in the third season by John Hart,[34][35] but he returned for the final two seasons. The fifth and final season was the only one shot in color. A total of 221 episodes were made.
Hi-Yo Silver!, Kemo sabe, and other cultural tropes[edit]
At the beginning of each episode, the magnificent white stallion, Silver, would rear up with the Lone Ranger on his back, then they would dash off, the Ranger encouragingly shouting, "Hi-Yo, Silver!"[36] Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mount by calling out, "Get 'em up, Scout!" At the end of each episode, mission completed, one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other authority, "Who was that masked man?" When it was explained, "Oh, he's the Lone Ranger!", the Ranger and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the cry, "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" catching the attention of one of the townspeople crossing the street.
Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as "Kemo sabe", described as meaning either "faithful friend," or "trusty scout".[12][37] It is more likely the word derives from the Anishnaabe language. Gimoozaabi is said to mean "he looks out in secret." [38] These catchphrases, the Ranger's trademark silver bullets, and the theme music from the William Tell Overture have become tropes of popular culture.[citation needed]
Moore lawsuits[edit]
After the series ended, Moore continued to make public appearances as the Lone Ranger. In 1979, Jack Wrather, then owner of the rights to the character, obtained a restraining order against Moore, enjoining Moore from appearing in public in his mask.[39] The actor began wearing oversized wraparound Foster Grant sunglasses, as a substitute for the mask. Moore later won a countersuit, allowing him to resume his costume.[39]
Films[edit]
Clayton Moore series:
The Lone Ranger (1956)[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)
The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold (1958)[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold
Other Lone Rangers:
The Return of the Lone Ranger (1961)[edit]
In 1961 CBS produced Return of the Lone Ranger, starring Tex Hill, as the pilot episode for a proposed TV series.[citation needed]
1981 film, The Legend of the Lone Ranger
The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981)[edit]
Main article: The Legend of the Lone Ranger
At the time of the 1981 release of the film The Legend of the Lone Ranger, the company owning the rights to the character, Wrather Corp., filed a lawsuit and obtained a court injunction to prevent Clayton Moore from appearing as the Lone Ranger,[40] and then gave a cameo to his TV replacement, John Hart. The film itself was a critical and commercial failure. It starred Klinton Spilsbury in his only motion picture appearance. His lines were overdubbed by James Keach.[41] The part of Tonto was played by Michael Horse, a Native American of Yaqui, Mescalero Apache, Zuni, and Latino descent.
Moore, who never appeared publicly without his mask, was enjoined in the lawsuit from wearing it and, in protest, he began wearing oversized sunglasses that were the approximate size and shape of the mask.[42] In a sequence in the movie, John Reid, a newly graduated attorney, is travelling west in a stagecoach to meet his brother. Another passenger announces his intent to make his fortune from his invention of sunglasses. The stage is robbed and the inventor killed. As John Reid lays the dead man on the floor with the broken dark glasses, yet another passenger says, "So much for American opportunity."
The Lone Ranger (2003)[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger (2003 TV movie)
In 2003, the WB network aired a two-hour Lone Ranger TV movie, starring Chad Michael Murray as the Lone Ranger. The TV movie served as the pilot for a possible new series. However, the movie was greeted unenthusiastically; the name of the secret identity of the Lone Ranger was changed from "John Reid" to "Luke Hartman", and while an empty grave was still alongside those of the five dead Rangers, its supposed occupant was unidentified, and the hero maintained his unmasked identity, as well, becoming a cowboy version of Zorro, as in the first film serial. Ultimately, the project was shelved, with the pilot aired in telefilm form during the summer season due to Murray's popularity with the target audience of the network.
2013 film, The Lone Ranger
The Lone Ranger (2013)[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)
In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films released The Lone Ranger, starring Armie Hammer as the Lone Ranger and Johnny Depp as Tonto.[43] Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film is an origin story of the two characters and explores the duo's efforts to subdue the immoral actions of the corrupt, and to bring them to justice, in the American Old West. The film, produced with an estimated budget of $225 million, was received negatively by American critics and performed poorly at the box office.[44]
Other media[edit]
The series also inspired numerous comic books, books, and gramophone records.
Novels[edit]
The first Lone Ranger novel appeared in 1936, and eventually 18 volumes were published, as listed below. The first book was written by Gaylord Dubois, but the others were written by the character's primary developer, Fran Striker. Striker also re-edited and rewrote parts of later editions of the first novel. First published between 1936 and 1956 in hardback by Grosset and Dunlap, these stories were reprinted in 1978 by Pinnacle Books.
In 2012, Moonstone Books published the novel The Lone Ranger: Vendetta, written by Howard Hopkins.
The Lone Ranger (1936)
The Lone Ranger and the Mystery Ranch (1938)
The Lone Ranger and the Gold Robbery (1939)
The Lone Ranger and the Outlaw Stronghold (1939)
The Lone Ranger and Tonto (1940)
The Lone Ranger Rides (1941)
The Lone Ranger at the Haunted Gulch (1941)
The Lone Ranger Traps the Smugglers (1941)
The Lone Ranger Rides Again (1943)
The Lone Ranger Rides North (1943)
The Lone Ranger and the Silver Bullet (1948)
The Lone Ranger on Powderhorn Trail (1949)
The Lone Ranger in Wild Horse Canyon (1950)
The Lone Ranger West of Maverick Pass (1951)
The Lone Ranger on Gunsight Mesa (1952)
The Lone Ranger and the Bitter Spring Feud (1953)
The Lone Ranger and the Code of the West (1954)
The Lone Ranger and Trouble on the Santa Fe (1955)
The Lone Ranger on Red Butte Trail (1956)
The Lone Ranger: Vendetta (2012), ISBN 978-1936814152
Big Little Books[edit]
From 1935 to 1950, 13 Big Little Books were published.
The Lone Ranger and his Horse Silver (1935)
The Lone Ranger and the Vanishing Herd (1936)
The Lone Ranger and the Secret Killer (1937)
The Lone Ranger and the Menace of Murder Valley (1938)
The Lone Ranger and the Lost Valley (1938)
The Lone Ranger and Dead Men's Mine (1939)
The Lone Ranger and the Black Shirt Highwayman (1939)
The Lone Ranger and the Red Renegades (1939)
The Lone Ranger Follows Through (1941)
The Lone Ranger and the Secret Weapon (1943)
The Lone Ranger on the Barbary Coast (1944)
The Lone Ranger and the Silver Bullets (1946)
The Lone Ranger and the Secret of Somber Cavern (1950)
Little Golden Books[edit]
Three Little Golden Books were published.
The Lone Ranger (1956)
The Lone Ranger and Tonto (1957)
The Lone Ranger and the Talking Pony (1958)
Anthologies[edit]
In, 1993, Perennial published the anthology The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, a collection of short stories by Sherman Alexie.
In 2012, Moonstone Books published the anthology The Lone Ranger Chronicles, edited by Matthew Baugh Starr with stories by Johnny. D Boggs, James Reasoner, Mel Odom, Bill Crider, Matthew Baugh, Tim Lasiuta, Joe Gentile, Paul Kupperberg, Dennis O'Neil, Kent Conwell, David McDonald, Thom Brannon, Troy D. Smith, Chuck Dixon, and Richard Dean Starr, stories incorporating famous characters of the western, such as Cisco Kid, Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday.
The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, 1993, Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-097624-8
The Lone Ranger Chronicles, anthology edited by Matthew Baugh Starr, 2012, Moonstone Books, ISBN 978-1936814237
Comic strip[edit]
King Features Syndicate distributed a newspaper strip of the Lone Ranger from September 1938 to December 1971. Fran Striker himself initially scripted the feature, but time constraints soon required him to quit, replaced by Bob Green, later followed by Paul S. Newman and others.[45] The original artist was Ed Kressy, but he was replaced in 1939 by Charles Flanders (fr) who drew the strip until its conclusion.[46]
In 1981, the New York Times Syndicate launched a second Lone Ranger strip, written by Cary Bates with art by Russ Heath.[47] It ran until 1984. In 1993 Pure Imagination Publishing collected two of the storylines and put them in a comic book.
Comic books[edit]
Cover of The Lone Ranger #1 (Jan–Feb 1968), the first comic book version of the character published by Dell Comics. Art by Mo Gollub
In 1948, Western Publishing, with its publishing partner Dell Comics, launched a comic book series which lasted 145 issues. This originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips (as had all previous comic book appearances of the character in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell). However, new stories by writer Paul S. Newman and artist Tom Gill began with issue #38 (August 1951). Some original content was presented as early as #7 (January 1949), but these were non-Lone Ranger fillers. Newman and Gill produced the series until its final issue, #145 (July 1962).[48]
Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues. Such was the Ranger's popularity at the time that even his horse Silver had a comic book, The Lone Ranger's Famous Horse Hi-Yo Silver, starting in 1952 and running 34 issues; writer Gaylord DuBois wrote and developed Silver as a hero in his own right. In addition, Dell also published three big Lone Ranger annuals, as well as an adaptation of the 1956 theatrical film.
The Dell series came to an end in 1962. Later that same year, Western Publishing ended its publishing partnership with Dell Comics and started up its own comic book imprint, Gold Key Comics. The new imprint launched its own Lone Ranger title in 1964. Initially reprinting material from the Dell run, original content did not begin until issue #22 in 1975, and the magazine itself folded with #28 in 1977.[49] Additionally, Hemmets Journal AB published a three-part Swedish Lone Ranger story the same year.[citation needed]
In 1994, Topps Comics produced a four-issue miniseries, The Lone Ranger and Tonto, written by Joe R. Lansdale and drawn by Timothy Truman.[50] One of the major changes in this series was the characterization of Tonto, who was now shown to be a very witty, outspoken, and sarcastic character, even willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument, and commenting on his past pop-culture depictions with the words, "Of course, quimo sabe. Maybe when we talk I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, the way they write about me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?".[51]
The first issue of a new Lone Ranger series from Dynamite Entertainment by Brett Matthews and Sergio Cariello shipped September 6, 2006. It has started as a six-issue miniseries, but due to its success, it has become an ongoing series by the same team. On September 15, 2006, Dynamite Entertainment announced that The Lone Ranger #1 had sold out of its first printing. A second printing of the first issue was announced; a first for the company.[52] The series has received an Eisner Awards nomination for best new series in 2007. True West magazine awarded the publication the "Best Western Comic Book of the Year" in their 2009 Best of The West Source Book! And in 2010 Dynamite released "The Lone Ranger Avenges the Death of Zorro".
The second volume of the series by Dynamite came in January 2012. Written by Ande Parks and drawn by Esteve Polls, it ran for a total of 25 numbers, with the last issue being released in June 2014.[53]
Apart from the ongoing series, Dynamite released several miniseries starring the Lone Ranger, such as The Lone Ranger and Tonto (4 issues, written by Brett Matthews; John Abrams with art by Mario Guevara) in 2008; Snake of Iron, a 5-part by Chuck Dixon and Steve Polls published in 2012, and Vindicated, 4 issues by Justin Gray and Rey Villegas in 2014.
In 2016, The Lone Ranger teamed-up with the Green Hornet for a 5-part written by Michael Uslan with art by Giovani Timpano.[54][55]
Comic book collections[edit]
All of them from Dynamite Entertainment, include:
The Lone Ranger Vol. 1 (160 pages, Collects The Lone Ranger #1–6)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 2 Lines Not Crossed (128 pages, Collects The Lone Ranger #7–11)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 3 Scorched Earth (144 pages, Collects The Lone Ranger #12–16)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 4 Resolve (Collects The Lone Ranger #17–25)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 5 Hard Country (Collects The Lone Ranger Volume 2 #1–6)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 6 Native Ground (Collects The Lone Ranger Volume 2 #7–12)
The Lone Ranger & Tonto (128 pages)
The Lone Ranger: Snake of Iron (92 pages)
The Lone Ranger Omnibus (632 pages)
The Lone Ranger: Vindicated (112 pages)
The Lone Ranger: Death of Zorro (128 pages)
The Lone Ranger Magazine[edit]
In 1937, eight issues of The Lone Ranger Magazine were published by Trojan Publishing, with stories written by Fran Striker.[56]
Animation[edit]
1930s[edit]
In late 1930's Roy Meredith produced the first-known animated film based on Lone Ranger, in this silent film The Lone Ranger and Tonto capture a band of cattle rustlers and save the life of the rancher.[57]
Format Films animated cartoon, 1966 to 1968[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger (animated TV series)
An animated series of The Lone Ranger ran from 1966 to 1968 on CBS. It was produced by Herbert Klynn and Jules Engel of Format Films, Hollywood, and designed and animated at the Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Film studios in London, England. The show lasted thirty episodes; however, these were invariably split into three separate shorts, with the middle segment being a solo adventure for Tonto, so that there were actually 90 installments in all. The last episode aired on March 9, 1968.
These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS's science fiction Western, The Wild Wild West, in that the plots were bizarre and had elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology thrown in. Even the Lone Ranger's greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf, similar to James T. West's greatest enemy, Dr. Miguelito Loveless. He was called Tiny Tom, and was voiced by Dick Beals. This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production, and it provided the first exposure many 1960s children had to the characters.
The Lone Ranger's voice was provided by Michael Rye, who had portrayed Jack Armstrong: The All-American Boy on radio. Shepard Menken played Tonto. The narrator in the opening title was Marvin Miller. Other "guest voices" were provided by Paul Winchell, Agnes Moorehead and Hans Conried.
The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour, early 1980s[edit]
Main article: The Lone Ranger (1980 TV series)
Further information: The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour
The Lone Ranger was featured, along with Zorro and Tarzan, in Adventure Hour cartoon shorts in the early 1980s, produced by Filmation. These episodes featured William Conrad as the voice of the Masked Man, although he was listed in the credits as "J. Darnoc" (Conrad spelled backwards). This series took a more realistic tone with a heavily historical context to include an educational element to the stories, even though there were several episodes that did feature elements of science fiction (much like the earlier cartoons from the 1960s). There were 14 episodes, combining two adventures in each episode, for a total of 28 stories. Though Conrad was the main voice featured, other noted voice actors in the Filmation series include an uncredited Lou Scheimer, Frank Welker, and Michael Bell.
The Lone Ranger: The Lost Episodes, 2001[edit]
In 2001, GoodTimes Home Video released a videotape called The Lone Ranger: The Lost Episodes. Along with clips from the first 1930s film serial, trailers for the two post-TV series features, commercials with Moore, and sometimes Silverheels, in character, and two complete television episodes, there was a cartoon short, said to date from the late 1930s.[58][59] This cartoon was produced by Pathegrams on 16mm film and sold to the home market and libraries, which often showed cartoons as a prelude to the feature films they would play for children, much as they do videos now. It was a silent film, like most films produced for the home market in those days, and had dialog written on title cards, just as films of the silent era. The DVD also has the approximately eight-minute-long documentary, "The Lone Ranger and the Peace Patrol". Presented and narrated by Clayton Moore, it revolves around purchasing U.S. Savings Stamps, a child's version of Savings Bonds. The main focus is to get children to invest in the stamps. The narrated segment culminates with the inaugural ceremonies on the grounds of the Washington Memorial before a crowd of thousands of children and their parents.
Video game[edit]
Further information: The Lone Ranger (video game)
A video game version of The Lone Ranger was released by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1991. It is an action adventure game featuring three different perspectives: side-scrolling, overhead, and first-person exploration. The game loosely follows the plot of the 1981 film The Legend of the Lone Ranger, with the ultimate goal being the rescue of the President of the United States, whom the Lone Ranger's nemesis, "Butch" Cavendish, has kidnapped.
Premiums[edit]
The Lone Ranger program offered many radio premiums, including the Lone Ranger Six-Shooter Ring and the Lone Ranger Deputy Badge. Some used a silver bullet motif. One ring had a miniature of one of his six-guns atop it, with a flint and striking wheel, as used in cigarette lighters, so that "fanning" the miniature pistol would produce a shower of sparks. During World War II, the premiums adapted to the times. In 1942, the program offered the Kix Blackout Kit.
Some premiums were rather anachronistic for a 19th-century hero. In 1947, the program offered the Kix Atomic Bomb Ring, also known to collectors as the Lone Ranger Atom Bomb Ring.[60] This ring was a miniature spinthariscope that actually had a small amount of polonium-210 in it, which emitted alpha particles to produce scintillations on the zinc sulfide outer part of the ring. With its tailfin piece removed, though, the "bomb" body looked like a silver bullet.
The sponsor was General Mills, with its breakfast-cereal products: Cheerios, Wheaties, and Kix. In 1947, Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box. Different versions of the boxes would have Frontier Town buildings on their backs to cut out. One could also send in ten cents and a box-top to get each of the four map sections of the town. These, as well as nine different boxes, were needed to complete the cardboard Frontier Town.
Toys[edit]
Besides the premiums offered in connection with the radio series, there have been many Lone Ranger commercial toys released over the years. One of the most successful was a line of 10-inch action figures and accessories released by Gabriel Toys in 1973.
Parodies and spoofs[edit]
In the 1939 Looney Tune The Lone Stranger and Porky, supervised by Bob Clampett, the masked man comes to the rescue of stagecoach driver in distress, Porky Pig.[61]
In 1940, Hugh Harman made a Lone Ranger parody for MGM Cartoons titled The Lonesome Stranger.[62]
Jay Silverheels appeared as Tonto on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson in a comedy sketch in which Carson is interviewing Tonto for employment. The audio portion of this sketch was included in the LP Here's Johnny! Magic Moments From The Tonight Show, released by Casablanca Records.
Both Clayton Moore and Silverheels appeared as the Lone Ranger and Tonto in a commercial for Jeno's Pizza Rolls produced by ad man/satirist Stan Freberg. The commercial was a spoof of a then-current commercial for Lark cigarettes which also used the William Tell overture theme music.
A recorded routine by comic Lenny Bruce formed the basis for the 1971 animated cartoon, Thank You Mask Man, produced by John Magnuson Associates. This was an adult humor routine, comically implying a gay relationship between the Ranger and Tonto.
Parody versions of The Lone Ranger (called Lonely Rider) and Tonto appear as main characters in 1971 Finnish western comedy The Unhanged (Hirttämättömät). They were played by Vesa-Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen.
The Top Ranger is a movie parody produced by Disney starring Mickey Mouse (Top Ranger) and Goofy (Tonto-lone), with the script and drawing by Marco Gervasio and published in an Italian comic book, Topolino #3005 (July 2, 2013).[63]
"The Provolone Ranger", an episode of the Super Mario Bros. Super Show, featured Mario donning a mask to fight outlaws alongside of a speedy companion named Pronto. In a spoof of the Lone Ranger's habit of leaving before those whom he has helped can thank him, the episode ends with Mario returning to collect a reward of pasta.
In "Wild West Rangers"", a two-part episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Pink Ranger Kimberly Hart (Amy Jo Johnson) falls backwards through time to the Old West, where she meets look-alike ancestors of her fellow Power Rangers and other characters in the show. A hero called the White Stranger, a mask-less duplicate of Kimberly's boyfriend Tommy Oliver, the White Ranger (played by Jason David Frank) rides to the rescue on more than one occasion when danger threatens.
Ownership[edit]
From its inception, George W. Trendle had legal ownership of the Lone Ranger and characters associated with the Lone Ranger through his company, The Lone Ranger, Inc. Trendle sold The Lone Ranger, Inc. to oil man and film producer Jack Wrather in 1954 for $3 million. After Wrather died in 1984, his widow, Bonita Granville, sold the Wrather Productions properties to Southbrook International Television Co. in 1985 for $10 million.[64][65][66] Broadway Video acquired the rights in 1994. Classic Media acquired the rights in 2000. DreamWorks Animation acquired Classic Media in 2012 and renamed the division DreamWorks Classics,[67] which was acquired by NBCUniversal in 2016 for $3.8 billion. Its Universal Pictures unit presently has the rights to the Lone Ranger.[68]
See also[edit]
Motion Picture Production Code (Hays Code)
Fictional characters[edit]
Bonanza
Boon
The Cisco Kid
Gunsmoke
Morgan Kane
Old Shatterhand
Rawhide
Tex Willer
Zorro
Real characters[edit]
John R. Hughes
Bass Reeves
Roy Rogers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Green Hornet, Martin Grams, Jr. and Terry Salomonson, 2010, p. 5-6
Jump up ^ His Typewriter Grew Spurs, Fran Striker Jr., 1983
^ Jump up to: a b "The Lone Ranger". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Lone Ranger". Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Radio: The Masked Rider". Time magazine. January 14, 1952. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Stassel (December 29, 1999). "Clayton Moore, TV's 'Lone Ranger,' Dies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 27, 2008). "Disney preps 'Lone Ranger' remake". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dennis McLellan (June 9, 1993). "A Gathering of Kemo Sabes : TV's Lone Ranger, Fans Return to Those Thrilling Days of Yesteryear". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ His Typewriter Grew Spurs, 1983
Jump up ^ WYXIE Wonderland, Dick Osgood, 1981
Jump up ^ Lachno, James (June 2, 2011). "The Lone Ranger: 10 things you never knew". The Telegraph. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Lone Ranger Season 1 Episodes 2,3,4 "Enter the Lone Ranger, The Lone Ranger Fights on, The Lone Ranger Triumphs", 1949
Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger, "Pilot Episode"
^ Jump up to: a b "The Lone Ranger: Justice from Outside the Law". NPR. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Lone Ranger: F.A.Q." Weird Science-Fantasy Web Links. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Frank Buxton and Bill Owen, Radio's Golden Age: The Programs and the Personalities ([New York]: Easton Valley Press, 1966): 209.
Jump up ^ 20th Anniversary Show. Lonerangerfanclub.com (MP3). Retrieved July 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Hise, James, Who was that Masked Man? The Story of the Lone Ranger" (Pioneer Books, Las Vegas, 1990), pp. 16–18.
Jump up ^ Jim Harmon, The Great Radio Heroes, Doubleday,1967
^ Jump up to: a b "Jan 30, 1933: The Lone Ranger debuts on Detroit radio". History.com. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Dunning, p. 407
Jump up ^ "The Lone Ranger". RadioSpirits.com. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dunning, p. 404
Jump up ^ King, Susan (November 12, 2008). "'Lone Ranger' back in the saddle". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
Jump up ^ from "Conspiracy for Revenge" (aired 1938-08-08) to "Crooked Sheriff" (aired 1938-08-19)
^ Jump up to: a b Music of The Lone Ranger CD liner notes by Graham Newton, 1992.
Jump up ^ Jim Harmon, The Great Radio Heroes (McFarland, 2001), p. 162.
Jump up ^ "Lone Ranger Research Connects the Dots to Cambridge", Mike Clark, CommunityCasts.com
Jump up ^ Sheena McKenzie. "Was this African American cop the inspiration for the Lone Ranger?". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Secret History of the Lone Ranger". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Too Hot Too Handle," The Green Hornet (radio series) (November 11, 1947), ABC radio network.
Jump up ^ Murray, Will, "Where Hornets Swarm", Comics Scene, # 9, (October) 1989, Starlog Communications, Inc., p. 41.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (June 12, 1993). "After 60 Years, the Lone Ranger Still Lives". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (September 22, 2009). "John Hart dies at 91; the other 'Lone Ranger'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Moore, Clayton; Thompson, Frank (October 1, 1998). I Was That Masked Man. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 978-0878332168.
Jump up ^ Striker, Fran (1941). The Lone Ranger Rides. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. passim. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Richard (1996). Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. New York: Mouton De Gruyer. p. back cover. ISBN 3-11-013749-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Who's That Masked Man? Hi-Yo-It's Clayton Moore!". The Los Angeles Times. January 15, 1985.
Jump up ^ Grant, Dell Omega (January 30, 1985). "Clayton Moore Back In Mask". Lifestyles. Chicago: Chicago Tribune. New York Times News Service. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Legend of the Lone Ranger". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1999-12-29). "Clayton Moore, Television's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
Jump up ^ Jenna Cooper (2008-09-25). "Disney Announces Upcoming Films, Tron, Prince of Persia, and the Lone Ranger Starring Johnny Depp". UGO Networks. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Jump up ^ Bowles, Scott. "'Despicable minions unseat 'Lone Ranger' at Theaters", USA Today, 7 July 2013. Retrieved on 8 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Dan Scapperotti, "Then you are...Lone Ranger," Comics Scene, #9, (October) 1989, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 44 (also corroborates artists source).
Jump up ^ "The Lone Ranger comic strip by Fran Striker". Kenpiercebooks.com. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ Lambiek comic shop and studio in Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1926-09-29). "Comic creator: Russ Heath". Lambiek.net. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger (Dell, 1948 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger (Gold Key, 1964 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
Jump up ^ Lone Ranger and Tonto, The (Topps, 1994 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
Jump up ^ Sheyahshe, Michael A. (2008). Native Americans in Comic Books. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 124–126.
Jump up ^ "Dynamite – The Official Site – The Best of Vampirella Master Series Omnibus Trade Paperback, George R.R. Martin's A Clash of Kings, James Bond: Kill Chain, The Boys and More!". Dynamiteentertainment.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [dead link]
Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger vol. 2 at the GCD
Jump up ^ Michael Uslan On Finally Making The Lone Ranger / Green Hornet Connection, interview by Dan Wickline on Bleeding Cool website, September 28, 2016
Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger/Green Hornet at the GCD
Jump up ^ Tuska, John, A Variable Harvest: Essays and Reviews of Film and Literature (McFarland, 1990), pp. 283
Jump up ^ "1930s Lone Ranger Cartoon". Archive.org. Retrieved 22 September 2017 – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ Riddle, Ray; et al. (2000–2013). "Lone Ranger: Lost Episodes". Amazon.com. Customer Reviews. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Charles, Jim; et al. (2013). "The Lone Ranger: Lost Episodes and Rare Footage". Amazon.com. Customer Reviews. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reif, Rita. ARTS/ARTIFACTS; Trivia Long Ago, Serious Treasures Now. The New York Times. June 11, 1995.
Jump up ^ "The Films of Bob Clampett". Library, University of California, Berkeley. 1996. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". Youtube.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italy: Topolino (libretto) # 3005". Coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Pando, Leo. An Illustrated History of Trigger: The Lives and Legend of Roy Rogers' Palomino. p. 203.
Jump up ^ "Jack and Bonita Granville Wrather Papers". Oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Los Angeles Times from Los Angeles, California on April 25, 1985 · 73". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Verrier, Richard (23 July 2012). "DreamWorks Animation buys 'Casper,' 'Lassie' parent Classic Media". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBCUniversal Announces Acquisition of DreamWorks Animation". Nbcuniversal.com. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Bisco, Jim, "Buffalo's Lone Ranger: The Prolific Fran Striker Wrote the Book on Early Radio," Western New York Heritage, Volume 7, Number 4, Winter 2005.
Grams, Martin, The Green Hornet: A History of Radio, Motion Pictures, Comics and Television, OTR Publishing, 2010.
Harmon, Jim, The Great Radio Heroes, Doubleday, 1967.
Jones, Reginald, The Mystery of the Masked Man's Music: A Search for the Music Used on the Lone Ranger Radio Program, 1933–1954, Scarecrow Press, 1987 (ISBN 0-8108-3974-1).
Osgood, Dick. Wyxie Wonderland: An Unauthorized 50-Year Diary of WXYZ Detroit. Ohio: Bowling Green University Press, 1981.
Holland, Dave "From Out Of The Past: A Pictorial History Of The Lone Ranger" (Holland House, 1988)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lone Ranger.
Lone Ranger is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Lone Ranger at the National Radio Hall of Fame
The Lone Ranger Radio Series 1938 – 1956 (downloadable mp3 files)
The Lone Ranger Rides (1941) at Project Gutenberg and LibriVox
Lone Ranger at DreamWorks Classics
The Lone Ranger at Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner
Death of the Lone Ranger at Snopes.com
Old Time Radio Podcast Rebroadcasting the show in the order it was placed.
Richard Goldstein (December 29, 1999). "Clayton Moore, Television's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man, Dies at 85". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
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text:
Susan Bennett
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Susan Bennett
Born
(1949-07-31) July 31, 1949 (age 68)[1][2]
Clinton, Oneida County, New York, U.S.
Nationality
American
Alma mater
Brown University
Occupation
Voice actor
Years active
1974–present
Known for
Voice of Siri
Website
susancbennett.com
Susan Bennett (born July 31, 1949) is an American voice-over artist. She is best known for being the female American voice of Apple's "Siri" since the service was introduced on the iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011 until iOS 11.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Siri
4 Personal life
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Susan Bennett was born in Clinton, New York, and attended high school at Clinton Central School. In 1967, she enrolled in Pembroke College, but graduated in 1971 from Brown University after the two schools merged.[4]
While at Brown, Bennett concentrated her studies in the classics and intended to become a teacher. She acted in Sock and Buskin theatrical productions, was a member of a jazz band, and was a singer with the "Chattertocks" a cappella group.[4]
Career[edit]
Bennett's career began in 1974 when she was recorded as the voice of First National Bank of Atlanta's "Tillie the All-Time Teller."[5] She has recorded messages for the public address system in all Delta Air Lines terminals worldwide, as well as voicing e-learning software and GPS navigation software,[6] and telephone systems.[7] Bennett's voice has also been used in numerous local and national television advertisements for Ford, Coca-Cola, Fisher-Price, McDonald's, The Home Depot, Goodyear, Visa, Macy's, Hot Pockets, Club Med, and Cartoon Network, among others.
Siri[edit]
In June 2005, the software company ScanSoft was looking for someone to be the voice for a database project involving speech construction. ScanSoft inquired with GM Voices and selected Bennett, who happened to be present when the scheduled voice-over artist was absent.[8] She worked in a home recording booth for the entire month of July 2005, more than four hours each day, reading phrases and sentences. The recordings were then concatenated into the various words, sentences, and paragraphs used in the Siri voice.[7] Bennett only became aware she was the voice of Siri when a friend contacted her through email in October 2011.
Despite Apple not having acknowledged or confirmed its use of Bennett, audio-forensics experts hired by CNN expressed 100 percent certainty that Bennett is the voice of Siri.[7]
Personal life[edit]
While at Brown University, Bennett met her husband, Curt Bennett, who played in the National Hockey League[4] as well as for the United States national ice hockey team in the 1970s.[citation needed] Bennett now lives in Atlanta, Georgia and has a son Cameron [8] and a pet tabby cat named Boo.[9]
In popular culture[edit]
On October 4, 2013, she appeared on CNN "New Day" explaining how she got picked to play the part of Siri.[10]
In the March 13, 2015 episode of Adult Swim's The Jack and Triumph Show, titled "Siri", Bennett appeared as herself, and was referred to as the "voice of Siri".[11]
In July 2016 Bennett appeared on comedian Anthony Anderson's ABC game show To Tell the Truth, and was revealed as the true voice of Siri.[12]
Bennett voiced Batman's computer in the 2017 animated feature film The Lego Batman Movie. Bennett used her Siri voice, but was credited as Siri as a joke. As an update for the iPhone, whenever the user says 'Hey Computer' to Siri, she will respond with Batman related things.[13]
See also[edit]
Pat Fleet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Meet Susan Bennett: voice of Siri, Apple's voice-activated virtual assistant". Mail Online. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Villarreal, Yvonne (19 October 2013). "Susan Bennett voices her feelings on being 'Siri classic'" – via LA Times.
Jump up ^ Mayo, Benjamin (September 19, 2018). "Apple releases iOS 11 for iPhone and iPad, here's everything new". 9to5mac . Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nussenbaum, Kate (2013-10-22). "Alum revealed as voice of iPhone's Siri". The Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Daniel (2013-10-04). "Susan Bennett confirms that she is the original voice of Apple's Siri (video)". Engadget. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
Jump up ^ Boone, John (2013-10-04). "Meet Siri: Susan Bennett Reveals Herself as the Mysterious Voice Behind the iPhone". E!. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ravitz, Jessica (2013-10-04). "'I'm the original voice of Siri'". CNN. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Susan Bennett". All Things Considered. National Public Radio via WNYC. December 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Susan Bennett [@SiriouslySusan] (Jul 1, 2015). "Boo with his guitar & gold record, relaxing on a summer night" (Tweet). Retrieved September 6, 2015 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Voice of Siri", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2bTymnb1uE Cnn.Com, Posted Oct 4, 2013, Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Siri"". The Jack and Triuph Show. Season 01. Episode 04. 13 March 2015. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ To Tell the Truth | date=June 14, 2016 | S1 E03 Episode 103 http://abc.go.com/shows/to-tell-the-truth/episode-guide/season-01/3-episode-3
Jump up ^ Erao, Matthew (February 14, 2017). "Your iPhone Has a Funny LEGO Batman Easter Egg". Screen Rant.
External links[edit]
Official website
Susan Bennett on IMDb
Laura Sydell (5 October 2015). "Hey Siri, What Did You Say? Why Computers Still Mispronounce Names". (audio story featuring the voices of Siri and Susan Bennett)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Bennett&oldid=843400572"
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