text:
History of Apple Inc.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For more general information about the company, see Apple Inc.
hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2009)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Current Apple Inc. logo introduced in 1998, was taken down in 2000 and was re-established in 2014.
Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, personal computers, servers, and computer software, and is a digital distributor of media content. The company also has a chain of retail stores known as Apple Stores. Apple's core product lines are the iPhone smartphone, iPad tablet computer, iPod portable media players, and Macintosh computer line. Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Apple Computer on April 1, 1976,[1] and incorporated the company on January 3, 1977,[2] in Cupertino, California.
For more than three decades, Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales and low market share during the 1990s. Jobs, who had been ousted from the company in 1985, returned to Apple in 1996 after his company NeXT was bought by Apple.[3] The following year he became the company's interim CEO,[4] which later became permanent.[5] Jobs subsequently instilled a new corporate philosophy of recognizable products and simple design, starting with the original iMac in 1998.
With the introduction of the successful iPod music player in 2001 and iTunes Music Store in 2003, Apple established itself as a leader in the consumer electronics and media sales industries, leading it to drop "Computer" from the company's name in 2007. The company is now also known for its iOS range of smart phone, media player, and tablet computer products that began with the iPhone, followed by the iPod Touch and then iPad. As of 30 June 2015[update], Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization,[6] with an estimated value of US$1 trillion as of August 2, 2018.[7] Apple's worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totaled US$65 billion, growing to US$127.8 billion in 2011[8] and $156 billion in 2012.[9]
According to a popular urban legend the current logo resembles the apple Alan Turing ate before his death, but logo designer Rob Janoff states in an interview that he was unaware of this when he created the logo.[10]
Contents
1 1975–1985: Jobs and Wozniak
1.1 Pre-foundation
1.2 Apple I and company formation
1.3 Apple II
1.4 Apple III
1.5 Apple IPO
1.6 The IBM PC
1.7 Xerox PARC and the Lisa
1.8 Macintosh and the "1984" commercial
1.9 1985: Jobs leaves Apple
2 1985–1997: Sculley, Spindler, Amelio
2.1 Corporate performance
2.2 The Mac family
2.3 Early-mid-1990s
3 1997–2001: Apple's comeback
3.1 Return of Steve Jobs
3.2 Microsoft deal
3.3 iMac, iBook, and Power Mac G4
3.4 Mac OS X
3.5 Retail stores
4 2001–2007: iPods, iTunes Store, Intel transition
4.1 iPod
4.2 Moving on from colored plastics and the PowerPC G3
4.3 Retail store expansion
4.4 Apple and "i" Web services
4.5 iTunes Store
4.6 Intel transition
5 2007–2011: Apple Inc., iPhone, iOS, iPad
5.1 iOS evolution: iPhone and iPad
5.2 Resurgence compared to Microsoft
6 2011–present: Restructuring and Apple Watch
7 Financial history
7.1 Stock
8 Timeline of Apple Inc. products
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
1975–1985: Jobs and Wozniak[edit]
Pre-foundation[edit]
Garage of Steve Jobs' parents' home in Los Altos, California
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had withdrawn from Reed College and UC Berkeley respectively by 1975. Wozniak designed a video terminal that he could use to log on to the minicomputers at Call Computer. Alex Kamradt commissioned the design and sold a small number of them through his firm. Aside from their interest in up-to-date technology, the impetus for Jobs and Wozniak, also referred to collectively as "the two Steves", seems to have had another source. In his essay From Satori to Silicon Valley (published 1986), cultural historian Theodore Roszak made the point that the Apple Computer emerged from within the West Coast counterculture and the need to produce print-outs, letter labels, and databases. Roszak offers a bit of background on the development of the two Steves' prototype models.
In 1975, Wozniak started attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. New microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 and the IMSAI inspired him to build a microprocessor into his video terminal and have a complete computer.
At the time the only microcomputer CPUs generally available were the $179 Intel 8080 (equivalent to $814 in 2017), and the $170 Motorola 6800 (equivalent to $773 in 2017). Wozniak preferred the 6800, but both were out of his price range. So he watched, and learned, and designed computers on paper, waiting for the day he could afford a CPU.
When MOS Technology released its $20 (equivalent to $86 in 2017) 6502 chip in 1976, Wozniak wrote a version of BASIC for it, then began to design a computer for it to run on. The 6502 was designed by the same people who designed the 6800, as many in Silicon Valley left employers to form their own companies. Wozniak's earlier 6800 paper-computer needed only minor changes to run on the new chip.
Wozniak completed the machine and took it to Homebrew Computer Club meetings to show it off. At the meeting, Wozniak met his old friend Jobs, who was interested in the commercial potential of the small hobby machines.
Steve Wozniak's Apple I design was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.
The very first Apple Computer logo, drawn by Ronald Wayne, depicts Isaac Newton under an apple tree.
Created by Rob Janoff in 1977, the Apple logo with the rainbow scheme was used from April of that year[11] until August 26, 1999. Steve Jobs has asserted the apple logo was inspired by the story of his childhood.
Apple I and company formation[edit]
The two Steves had been friends for some time, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced then 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. They began their partnership when Wozniak, a talented, self-educated electronics engineer, began constructing boxes which enabled one to make long-distance phone calls at no cost, and sold several hundred models.[12] Later, Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer machine and selling it.
Jobs approached a local computer store, The Byte Shop, who said they would be interested in the machine, but only if it came fully assembled. The owner, Paul Terrell, went further, saying he would order 50 of the machines and pay US $500 each on delivery (equivalent to $2,200 in 2017).[13] Jobs then took the purchase order that he had been given from the Byte Shop to Cramer Electronics, a national electronic parts distributor, and ordered the components he needed to assemble the Apple I Computer. The local credit manager asked Jobs how he was going to pay for the parts and he replied, "I have this purchase order from the Byte Shop chain of computer stores for 50 of my computers and the payment terms are COD. If you give me the parts on a net 30-day terms I can build and deliver the computers in that time frame, collect my money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and pay you."[14][15]
The credit manager called Paul Terrell, who was attending an IEEE computer conference at Asilomar in Pacific Grove, and verified the validity of the purchase order. Amazed at the tenacity of Jobs, Terrell assured the credit manager if the computers showed up in his stores, Jobs would be paid and would have more than enough money to pay for the parts order. The two Steves and their small crew spent day and night building and testing the computers, and delivered to Terrell on time to pay his suppliers and have a tidy profit left over for their celebration and next order. Steve Jobs had found a way to finance his soon-to-be multimillion-dollar company without giving away one share of stock or ownership.
The machine had only a few notable features. One was the use of a TV as the display system, whereas many machines had no display at all. This was not like the displays of later machines, however; text was displayed at 60 characters per second. However, this was still faster than the teleprinters used on contemporary machines of that era. The Apple I also included bootstrap code on ROM, which made it easier to start up. Finally, at the insistence of Paul Terrell, Wozniak also designed a cassette interface for loading and saving programs, at the then-rapid pace of 1200 bit/s. Although the machine was fairly simple, it was nevertheless a masterpiece of design, using far fewer parts than anything in its class, and quickly earning Wozniak a reputation as a master designer.
Joined by another friend, Ronald Wayne, the two Steves started building the machines. Using a variety of methods, including borrowing space from friends and family, selling various prized items (like Wozniak's HP scientific calculator and Jobs' VW bus) and scrounging, Jobs managed to secure the parts needed while Wozniak and Wayne assembled them. Building such a machine was going to be financially burdensome, and the owner of the Byte Shop was expecting complete computers, not just printed circuit boards. The boards being a product for the customers, Terrell still paid them.[16] Jobs started looking for cash, but banks were reluctant to lend him money; the idea of a computer for ordinary people seemed absurd at the time. Jobs eventually met Mike Markkula who co-signed a bank loan for $250,000 (equivalent to $1,080,000 in 2017), and Jobs, Wozniak and Wayne formed Apple Computer on April 1, 1976. Wayne was somewhat gun-shy due to a failed venture four years earlier and soon dropped out of the company, leaving the two Steves as the active primary co-founders.[1] The name Apple was chosen because the company to beat in the technology industry at the time was Atari, and Apple Computer came before Atari alphabetically and thus also in the phone book. Another reason was that Jobs had happy memories of working on an Oregon apple farm one summer.[17] Eventually, 200 of the Apple I's were built.
Apple II[edit]
Main article: Apple II series
Wozniak had soon moved on from the Apple I. Many of the design features of the I were due to the limited amount of money they had to construct the prototype, but with the income from the sales Wozniak was able to start construction of a greatly improved machine, the Apple II; the two Steves presented it to the public at the first West Coast Computer Faire on April 16 and 17, 1977. On the first day of the exhibition, Jobs introduced the Apple II to a Japanese chemist named Toshio Mizushima, who became the first authorized Apple dealer in Japan.
The main difference internally was a completely redesigned TV interface, which held the display in memory. Now not only useful for simple text display, the Apple II included graphics and, eventually, color. Jobs meanwhile pressed for a much improved case and keyboard, with the idea that the machine should be complete and ready to run out of the box. This was almost the case for the Apple I machines sold to The Byte Shop, but one still needed to plug various parts together and type in the code to run BASIC.
With both cash and a new case design in hand thanks to designer Jerry Manock, the Apple II was released in 1977 and was one of the three "1977 Trinity" computers generally credited with creating the home computer market (the other two being the Commodore PET and the Tandy Corporation TRS-80).[18] Millions were sold well into the 1980s. A number of different models of the Apple II series were built, including the Apple IIe and Apple IIGS, which continued in public use for nearly two decades thereafter.
Apple III[edit]
Main article: Apple III
Apple III
While the Apple II was already established as a successful business-ready platform because of Visicalc, Apple was not content. The Apple III was designed to take on the business environment. The Apple III was released on May 19, 1980.
The Apple III was a relatively conservative design for computers of the era. However, Steve Jobs did not want the computer to have a fan; rather, he wanted the heat generated by the electronics to be dissipated through the chassis of the machine, forgoing the cooling fan.
However, the physical design of the case was not sufficient to cool the components inside it. By removing the fan from the design, the Apple III was prone to overheating. This caused the integrated circuit chips to disconnect from the motherboard. Customers who contacted Apple customer service were told to "raise the computers six inches in the air, and then let go", which would cause the ICs to fall back into place.
Thousands of Apple III computers were recalled. A new model was introduced in 1983 to try and rectify the problems, but the damage was already done.
Apple IPO[edit]
In the July 1980 issue of Kilobaud Microcomputing, publisher Wayne Green stated that "the best consumer ads I've seen have been those by Apple. They are attention-getting, and they must be prompting sale."[19] In August, the Financial Times reported that
Apple Computer, the fast growing Californian manufacturer of small computers for the consumer, business and educational markets, is planning to go public later this year. [It] is the largest private manufacturer in the U.S. of small computers. Founded about five years ago as a small workshop business, it has become the second largest manufacturer of small computers, after the Radio Shack division of the Tandy company.[20]
On December 12, 1980, Apple launched the Initial Public Offering of its stock to the investing public. When Apple went public, it generated more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.[21] Several venture capitalists cashed out, reaping billions in long-term capital gains.
In January 1981, Apple held its first shareholders meeting as a public company in the Flint Center, a large auditorium at nearby De Anza College (which is often used for symphony concerts) to handle the larger numbers of shareholders post-IPO. The business of the meeting had been planned so that the voting could be staged in 15 minutes or less. In most cases, voting proxies are collected by mail and counted days or months before a meeting. In this case, after the IPO, many shares were in new hands.
Steve Jobs started his prepared speech, but after being interrupted by voting several times, he dropped his prepared speech and delivered a long, emotionally charged talk about betrayal, lack of respect, and related topics.[citation needed]
The IBM PC[edit]
By August 1981 Apple was among the three largest microcomputer companies, perhaps having replaced Radio Shack as the leader.[22] IBM entered the personal computer market that month with the IBM PC,[23] but Apple had many advantages. While IBM began with one microcomputer, little available hardware or software, and a couple of hundred dealers, Apple had five times as many dealers in the US and an established international distribution network. The Apple II had an installed base of more than 250,000 customers, and hundreds of independent developers offered software and peripherals; at least ten databases and ten word processors were available, while the PC had no databases and one word processor.[24] The company's customers gained a reputation for devotion and loyalty. BYTE in 1984 stated that[25]
There are two kinds of people in the world: people who say Apple isn't just a company, it's a cause; and people who say Apple isn't a cause, it's just a company. Both groups are right. Nature has suspended the principle of noncontradiction where Apple is concerned.
Apple is more than just a company because its founding has some of the qualities of myth ... Apple is two guys in a garage undertaking the mission of bringing computing power, once reserved for big corporations, to ordinary individuals with ordinary budgets. The company's growth from two guys to a billion-dollar corporation exemplifies the American Dream. Even as a large corporation, Apple plays David to IBM's Goliath, and thus has the sympathetic role in that myth.
The magazine noted, however, that the loyalty was not entirely positive for Apple; customers were willing to overlook real flaws in its products, even while comparing the company to a higher standard than for competitors.[25] The Apple III was an example of the company's reputation among dealers that one described as "Apple arrogance".[26][27] After examining a PC and finding it unimpressive, Apple confidently purchased a full-page advertisement in The Wall Street Journal with the headline "Welcome, IBM. Seriously". Microsoft head Bill Gates was at Apple headquarters the day of IBM's announcement and later said "They didn't seem to care. It took them a full year to realize what had happened".[23] By 1983 the PC surpassed the Apple II as the best-selling personal computer.[28] By 1984 IBM had $4 billion in annual PC revenue, more than twice that of Apple and as much as the sales of it and the next three companies combined.[29] Most Apple II sales had been to companies,[30] but a Fortune survey found that 56% of American companies with personal computers used IBM PCs, compared to 16% for Apple.[31] Small businesses, schools, and some homes became the II's primary market.[30]
Xerox PARC and the Lisa[edit]
Main article: Apple Lisa
Apple Lisa
Apple Computer’s business division was focused on the Apple III, another iteration of the text-based computer. Simultaneously the Lisa group worked on a new machine that would feature a completely different interface and introduce the words mouse, icon, and desktop into the lexicon of the computing public. In return for the right to buy US$1,000,000 of pre-IPO stock, Xerox granted Apple Computer three days access to the PARC facilities. After visiting PARC, they came away with new ideas that would complete the foundation for Apple Computer's first GUI computer, the Apple Lisa.[32][33][34][35]
The first iteration of Apple's WIMP interface was a floppy disk where files could be spatially moved around. After months of usability testing, Apple designed the Lisa interface of windows and icons.
The Lisa was introduced in 1983 at a cost of US $9,995 (equivalent to $24,600 in 2017). Because of the high price, Lisa failed to penetrate the business market.
Macintosh and the "1984" commercial[edit]
Main article: Macintosh
The Macintosh 128k was announced to the press in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December.[36] Its debut, however, was announced by a single national broadcast of the now famous US$1.5 million television commercial, "1984" (equivalent to $3,500,000 in 2017). It was directed by Ridley Scott, aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984,[37] and is now considered a "watershed event"[38] and a "masterpiece."[39] 1984 used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by her white tank top with a Picasso-style picture of Apple’s Macintosh computer on it) as a means of saving humanity from "conformity" (Big Brother).[40] These images were an allusion to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother."
For a special post-election edition of Newsweek in November 1984, Apple spent more than US$2.5 million to buy all 39 of the advertising pages in the issue.[41] Apple also ran a “Test Drive a Macintosh” promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad shape that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 (equivalent to $4,700 in 2017) to US$2,495 (equivalent to $5,900 in 2017).[42]
Two days after the 1984 ad aired, the Macintosh went on sale. It came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. Although the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, it was too radical for some, who labeled it a mere "toy". Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten; this was a challenging undertaking that many software developers shied away from, and resulted in an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984 Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, followed by Microsoft Word in January 1985.[43] In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop.[44] Apple introduced Macintosh Office the same year with the lemmings ad, infamous for insulting potential customers. It was not successful.[42]
Macintosh also spawned the concept of Mac evangelism which was pioneered by Apple employee, and later Apple Fellow, Guy Kawasaki.[citation needed]
Despite initial marketing difficulties, the Macintosh brand was eventually a success for Apple. This was due to its introduction of desktop publishing (and later computer animation) through Apple's partnership with Adobe Systems which introduced the laser printer and Adobe PageMaker. Indeed, the Macintosh would become known as the de facto platform for many industries including cinema, music, advertising, publishing and the arts.
1985: Jobs leaves Apple[edit]
Sculley and Jobs' visions for the company greatly differed. The former favored open architecture computers like the Apple II, sold to education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the closed architecture Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over Chairman of the Board Jobs' Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services.[45] Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock.[46]
The Macintosh's failure to defeat the PC strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In June 1985, the board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was stripped of all duties. Jobs, while taking the position of Chairman of the firm, had no influence over Apple's direction and subsequently resigned. Sculley reorganized the company, unifying sales and marketing in one division and product operations and development in another.[47][45] In a show of defiance at being set aside by Apple Computer, Jobs sold all but one of his 6.5 million shares in the company for $70 million. Jobs then acquired the visual effects house, Pixar for $5M (equivalent to $11,200,000 in 2017). He also went on to found NeXT Inc., a computer company that built machines with futuristic designs and ran the UNIX-derived NeXTstep operating system. NeXTSTEP would eventually be developed into Mac OS X. While not a commercial success, due in part to its high price, the NeXT computer would introduce important concepts to the history of the personal computer (including serving as the initial platform for Tim Berners-Lee as he was developing the World Wide Web).[48]
1985–1997: Sculley, Spindler, Amelio[edit]
Macintosh SE
Corporate performance[edit]
See also: List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple
Under leadership of John Sculley, Apple issued its first corporate stock dividend on May 11, 1987. A month later on June 16, Apple stock split for the first time in a 2:1 split. Apple kept a quarterly dividend with about 0.3% yield until November 21, 1995.[citation needed] Between March 1988 and January 1989, Apple undertook five acquisitions, including software companies Network Innovations,[49] Styleware,[50] Nashoba Systems,[51] and Coral Software,[52] as well as satellite communications company Orion Network Systems.[53]
Apple continued to sell both lines of its computers, the Apple II and the Macintosh. A few months after introducing the Mac, Apple released a compact version of the Apple II called the Apple IIc. And in 1986 Apple introduced the Apple IIgs, an Apple II positioned as something of a hybrid product with a mouse-driven, Mac-like operating environment. Even with the release of the first Macintosh, Apple II computers remained the main source of income for Apple for years.[54]
The Mac family[edit]
See also: Timeline of Macintosh models
At the same time, the Mac was becoming a product family of its own. The original model evolved into the Mac Plus in 1986 and spawned the Mac SE and the Mac II in 1987 and the Mac Classic and Mac LC in 1990. Meanwhile, Apple attempted its first portable Macs: the failed Macintosh Portable in 1989 and then the more popular PowerBook in 1991, a landmark product that established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop. Popular products and increasing revenues made this a good time for Apple. MacAddict magazine has called 1989 to 1991 the "first golden age" of the Macintosh.
On February 19, 1987, Apple registered the "Apple.com" domain name, making it one of the first hundred companies to register a .com address on the nascent Internet.[55]
Early-mid-1990s[edit]
In the late 1980s, Apple's fiercest technological rivals were the Amiga and Atari ST platforms. But computers based on the IBM PC were far more popular than all three, and by the 1990s, they finally had a comparable GUI thanks to Windows 3.0, and were out-competing Apple.
Apple's response to the PC threat was a profusion of new Macintosh lines such as Quadra, Centris, and Performa. However, these new lines were marketed poorly by what was now "arguably one of the worst-managed companies in the industry".[56] For one, there were too many models, differentiated by very minor graduations in their tech specs. The excess of arbitrary model numbers confused many consumers and hurt Apple's reputation for simplicity. Apple's retail resellers like Sears and CompUSA often failed to sell or even competently display these Macs. Compounding matters was the fact that, although the machines were cheaper than a comparable PC (when taken into account all the components built-in which had to be added to the 'bare bones PC'), the poor marketing gave the impression that the machines were more expensive.[citation needed] Inventory grew as Apple consistently underestimated demand for popular models and overestimated demand for others.[56]
In 1991, Apple partnered with long-time competitor IBM and Motorola to form the AIM alliance. The ultimate goal was to create a revolutionary new computing platform, known as PReP, which would use IBM and Motorola hardware and Apple software. As the first step toward the PReP platform, Apple started the Power Macintosh line in 1994, using PowerPC processors from Motorola and IBM. These processors used a RISC architecture, which differed substantially from the Motorola 680X0 series that were used by all previous Macs. Parts of Apple's operating system software were rewritten so that most software written for older Macs could run in emulation on the PowerPC series.[citation needed] Apple also refused IBM's offer to purchase the company, but later unsuccessfully sought another offer from IBM,[57] and at one point was "hours away" from an acquisition by Sun Microsystems.[56][58]
In addition to computers, Apple has also produced consumer devices. In 1993, Apple released the Newton, an early personal digital assistant (PDA). It defined and launched the PDA category and was a forerunner and inspiration of devices such as Palm Pilot and Pocket PC.[citation needed]
In 1994 Apple launched eWorld, an online service providing email, news and a bulletin board system to replace AppleLink. It was shut down in 1996.
During 1995, a decision was made to (officially) start licensing the Mac OS and Macintosh ROMs to 3rd party manufacturers who started producing Macintosh “clones”. This was done in order to achieve deeper market penetration and extra revenue for the company. This decision lead to Apple having over a 10% market share until 1997 when Steve Jobs was re-hired as interim CEO to replace Gil Amelio. Jobs promptly found a loophole in the licensing contracts Apple had with the clone manufacturers and terminated the Macintosh OS licensing program, ending the Macintosh clone era. The result of this action was that Macintosh computer market share quickly fell from 10% to around 3%.
In 1996, the struggling NeXT company beat out Be Inc.'s BeOS in its bid to sell its operating system to Apple. Apple purchased Steve Jobs' company, NeXT on December 10, 1996, and its NeXTstep operating system. This would not only bring Steve Jobs back to Apple's management, but NeXT technology would become the foundation of the Mac OS X operating system.
1997–2001: Apple's comeback[edit]
Return of Steve Jobs[edit]
On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted as CEO of Apple by the board of directors. Jobs stepped in as the interim CEO to begin a critical restructuring of the company's product line. He would eventually become CEO and served in that position until August 2011. On August 24, 2011 Steve Jobs resigned his position as chief executive officer of Apple before his long battle with pancreatic cancer took his life on October 5, 2011.[59]
On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, an online retail store based upon the WebObjects application server the company had acquired in its purchase of NeXT. The new direct sales outlet was also tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.[60][61]
Microsoft deal[edit]
At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be entering into a partnership with Microsoft. Included in this was a five-year commitment from Microsoft to release Microsoft Office for Macintosh as well as a US$150 million investment in Apple. As part of the deal Apple and Microsoft agreed to settle a long-standing dispute over whether Microsoft's Windows operating system infringed on any of Apple's patents.[62] It was also announced that Internet Explorer would be shipped as the default browser on the Macintosh, with the user being able to have a preference. Microsoft chairman Bill Gates appeared at the expo on-screen, further explaining Microsoft's plans for the software they were developing for Mac, and stating that he was very excited to be helping Apple return to success. After this, Steve Jobs said this to the audience at the expo:
If we want to move forward and see Apple healthy and prospering again, we have to let go of a few things here. We have to let go of this notion that for Apple to win, Microsoft has to lose. We have to embrace a notion that for Apple to win, Apple has to do a really good job. And if others are going to help us that's great, because we need all the help we can get, and if we screw up and we don't do a good job, it's not somebody else's fault, it's our fault. So I think that is a very important perspective. If we want Microsoft Office on the Mac, we better treat the company that puts it out with a little bit of gratitude; we'd like their software.
So, the era of setting this up as a competition between Apple and Microsoft is over as far as I'm concerned. This is about getting Apple healthy, this is about Apple being able to make incredibly great contributions to the industry and to get healthy and prosper again.[63]
The day before the announcement Apple had a market cap of $2.46 billion,[64] and had ended its previous quarter with quarterly revenues of US$1.7 billion and cash reserves of US$1.2 billion,[65] making the US$150 million amount of the investment largely symbolic. Apple CFO Fred Anderson stated that Apple would use the additional funds to invest in its core markets of education and creative content.[62]
iMac, iBook, and Power Mac G4[edit]
The original iMac
While discontinuing Apple's licensing of its operating system to third-party computer manufacturers, one of Jobs's first moves as new acting CEO was to develop the iMac, which bought Apple time to restructure. The original iMac integrated a CRT display and CPU into a streamlined, translucent plastic body. The line became a sales smash, moving about one million units each year. It also helped re-introduce Apple to the media and public, and announced the company's new emphasis on the design and aesthetics of its products.
In 1999, Apple introduced the Power Mac G4, which utilized the Motorola-made PowerPC 7400 containing a 128-bit instruction unit known as AltiVec, its flagship processor line. Also that year, Apple unveiled the iBook, its first consumer-oriented laptop that was also the first Macintosh to support the use of Wireless LAN via the optional AirPort card that was based on the 802.11b standard; it helped popularize the use of Wireless LAN technology to connect computers to networks.
Mac OS X[edit]
Main article: Mac OS X
Company headquarters on Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California
In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X (now known as macOS), an operating system based on NeXT's NeXTSTEP and incorporating parts of the FreeBSD kernel.[66] Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X married the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of a completely overhauled user interface. To aid users in transitioning their applications from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of Mac OS 9 applications through the Classic environment. Apple's Carbon API also allowed developers to adapt their Mac OS 9 software to use Mac OS X's features.
Retail stores[edit]
Main article: Apple Store
In May 2001, after much speculation, Apple announced the opening of a line of Apple retail stores, to be located throughout the major U.S. computer buying markets. The stores were designed for two primary purposes: to stem the tide of Apple's declining share of the computer market and to respond to poor marketing of Apple products at third-party retail outlets.
2001–2007: iPods, iTunes Store, Intel transition[edit]
iPod[edit]
Main article: iPod
A 2nd generation iPod
iPod mini with the user interface set to German
In October 2001, Apple introduced its first iPod portable digital audio player. Then iPod started as a 5 gigabyte player capable of storing around 1000 songs. Since then it has evolved into an array of products including the Mini (now discontinued), the iPod Touch, the Shuffle (now discontinued), the iPod Classic (also discontinued), the Nano (now discontinued), the iPhone and the iPad. Since March 2011, the largest storage capacity for an iPod has been 160 gigabytes.[67] Speaking to software developers on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs said the company's share of the entire portable music device market stood at 76%.[citation needed]
The iPod gave an enormous lift to Apple's financial results.[68] In the quarter ending March 26, 2005, Apple earned US$290 million, or 34¢ a share, on sales of US$3.24 billion. The year before in the same quarter, Apple earned just US$46 million, or 6¢ a share, on revenue of US$1.91 billion.
Moving on from colored plastics and the PowerPC G3[edit]
In early 2002, Apple unveiled a completely redesigned iMac, using the G4 processor and LCD display. The new iMac G4 design had a white hemispherical base and a flat panel all-digital display supported by a swiveling chrome neck. After several iterations increasing the processing speed and screen sizes from 15" to 17" to 20" the iMac G4 was discontinued and replaced by the iMac G5 in the summer of 2004.
In 2002, Apple also released the Xserve 1U rack mounted server. Originally featuring two G4 chips, the Xserve was unusual for Apple in two ways. It represented an earnest effort to enter the enterprise computer market and it was also relatively cheaper than similar machines released by its competitors. This was due, in no small part, to Apple's use of Fast ATA drives as opposed to the SCSI hard drives used in traditional rack-mounted servers. Apple later released the Xserve RAID, a 14 drive RAID which was, again, cheaper than competing systems.
In mid-2003, Steve Jobs launched the Power Mac G5, based on IBM's G5 processor. Its all-metal anodized aluminum chassis finished Apple's transition away from colored plastics in their computers. Apple claims this was the first 64-bit computer sold to the general public. The Power Mac G5 was also used by Virginia Tech to build its prototype System X supercomputing cluster, which at the time garnered the prestigious recognition of the third fastest supercomputer in the world. It cost only US$5.2 million to build, far less than the previous No. 3 and other ranking supercomputers. Apple's Xserves were soon updated to use the G5 as well. They replaced the Power Mac G5 machines as the main building block of Virginia Tech's System X, which was ranked in November 2004 as the world's seventh fastest supercomputer.[69]
A new iMac based on the G5 processor was unveiled August 31, 2004 and was made available in mid-September. This model dispensed with the base altogether, placing the CPU and the rest of the computing hardware behind the flat-panel screen, which is suspended from a streamlined aluminum foot. This new iMac, dubbed the iMac G5, was the "world's thinnest desktop computer",[70] measuring in at around two inches (around 5 centimeters).[71]
2004, however, was a turning point for Apple. After creating a sizable financial base to work with, the company began experimenting with new parts from new suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to produce new designs quickly over a short amount of time, with the release of the iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.
On April 29, 2005, Apple released Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger" to the general public.
Apple's wildly successful PowerBook and iBook products relied on Apple's previous generation G4 architecture which were produced by Freescale Semiconductor, a spin-off from Motorola. Engineers at IBM had minimal success in making their PowerPC G5 processor consume less power and run cooler but not enough to run in iBook or PowerBook formats. As of the week of October 24, 2005 Apple released the Power Mac G5 Dual that features a Dual-Core processor. This processor contains two cores in one rather than have two separate processors. Apple has also developed the Power Mac G5 Quad that uses two of the Dual-Core processors for enhanced workstation power and performance. The new Power Mac G5 Dual cores run individually at 2.0 GHz or 2.3 GHz. The Power Mac G5 Quad cores run individually at 2.5 GHz and all variations have a graphics processor that has 256-bit memory bandwidth.[72]
Retail store expansion[edit]
Initially, the Apple Stores were only opened in the United States, but in late 2003, Apple opened its first Apple Store abroad, in Tokyo's Ginza district. Ginza was followed by a store in Osaka, Japan in August 2004. In 2005, Apple opened stores in Nagoya, the Shibuya district of Tokyo, Fukuoka, and Sendai. Another store was opened in Sapporo in 2006. Apple's first European store opened in London, on Regent Street, in November 2004. A store in the Bullring shopping centre in Birmingham opened in April 2005, and the Bluewater shopping centre in Dartford, Kent opened in July 2005. Apple opened its first store in Canada in the middle of 2005 at the Yorkdale Shopping Centre in North York, Toronto. Later on in 2005 Apple opened the Meadowhall Store in Sheffield and the Trafford Centre Store in Manchester (UK). Recent additions in the London area include the Brent Cross Apple Store (January 2006), the Apple Store in Westfield in Shepherd's Bush (September 2008) and the Apple Store in Covent Garden (August 2010), which is currently the largest store[73] in the world.
Also, in an effort to court a broader market, Apple opened several "mini" stores in October 2004 in an attempt to capture markets where demand does not necessarily dictate a full scale store. The first of these stores was opened at Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California. These stores follow in the footsteps of the successful Apple products: iPod mini and Mac mini. These stores are only one half the square footage of the smallest "normal" store and thus can be placed in several smaller markets.
Apple and "i" Web services[edit]
In 2000, Apple introduced its iTools service, a set of free web-based tools that included an email account, internet greeting cards called iCards, a service called iReview that gave internet users a place to read and write reviews of Web sites, and a tool called KidSafe which promised to prevent children from browsing inappropriate portions of the web. The latter two services were eventually canceled because of lack of success, while iCards and email became integrated into Apple's .Mac subscription based service introduced in 2002 and discontinued in mid-2008 to make way for the release of the new MobileMe service, coinciding with the iPhone 3G release. MobileMe, which carried the same US$99.00 annual subscription price as its .Mac predecessor, featured the addition of "push" services to instantly and automatically send emails, contacts and calendar updates directly to users' iPhone devices. Some controversy surrounded the release of MobileMe services to users resulting in expected downtime and a significantly longer release window. As a result of this, Apple extended the subscriptions of existing MobileMe subscribers by an additional 30 days free-of-charge.[74] At the WWDC event in June 2011, Apple announced its most up to date cloud service, iCloud, replacing MobileMe. This service kept most of the core services that MobileMe offered, however dropping iDisk, Gallery, and iWeb. Additionally, it added a number of other features to the group, including Find my Mac, iTunes Match, Photo Stream, Documents & Data Backup, and iCloud backup for iOS devices. The service requires users to be running iOS 5 and OS X 10.7 Lion.
iTunes Store[edit]
Main article: iTunes Store
The iTunes Music Store was launched in April 2003, with 2 million downloads in the first 16 days. Music was purchased through the iTunes application, which was initially Macintosh-only; in October 2003, support for Windows was added. Initially, the music store was only available in the United States due to licensing restrictions.
In June 2004 Apple opened their iTunes Music Store in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. A version for the European Union version opened October 2004, but it was not initially available in the Republic of Ireland due to the intransigence of the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) but was opened there a few months later on Thursday January 6, 2005. A version for Canada opened in December 2004. On May 10, 2005, the iTunes Music Store was expanded to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.
On December 16, 2004, Apple sold its 200 millionth song on the iTunes Music Store to Ryan Alekman from Belchertown, Massachusetts. The download was The Complete U2, by U2.[75] Just under three months later Apple sold its 300 millionth song on March 2, 2005.[76] On July 17, 2005, the iTunes Music Store sold its 500 millionth song.[77] At that point, songs were selling at an accelerating annualized rate of more than 500 million.
On October 25, 2005, the iTunes Store went live in Australia, with songs selling for A$1.69 each, albums at (generally) A$16.99 and music videos and Pixar short films at A$3.39. Briefly, people in New Zealand were able to buy music off the Australian store. However, that loophole was quickly closed.
On February 23, 2006, the iTunes Music Store sold its 1 billionth song.[78]
The iTunes Music Store changed its name to iTunes Store on September 12, 2006 when it began offering video content (TV shows and movies) for sale. Since iTunes' inception it has sold over 2 billion songs, 1.2 billion of which were sold in 2006. Since downloadable TV and movie content was added 50 million TV episodes and 1.3 million movies have been downloaded.
In early 2010, Apple celebrated the 10 billionth song downloaded from the iTunes Music Store.[79]
Intel transition[edit]
Main article: Apple–Intel transition
In a keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs officially announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Macintosh computers beginning in 2006.[80] Jobs confirmed rumors that the company had secretly been producing versions of its current operating system Mac OS X for both PowerPC and Intel processors over the past 5 years, and that the transition to Intel processor systems would last until the end of 2007. Rumors of cross-platform compatibility had been spurred by the fact that Mac OS X is based on OpenStep, an operating system that was available for many platforms. In fact, Apple's own Darwin, the open source underpinnings of Mac OS X, was also available for Intel's x86 architecture.[81][82][83]
On January 10, 2006, the first Intel-based machines, the iMac and MacBook Pro, were introduced.[84][85] They were based on the Intel Core Duo platform. This introduction came with the news that Apple would complete the transition to Intel processors on all hardware by the end of 2006, a year ahead of the originally quoted schedule.
2007–2011: Apple Inc., iPhone, iOS, iPad[edit]
On January 9, 2007, Apple Computer, Inc. shortened its name to simply Apple Inc. In his Macworld Expo keynote address, Steve Jobs explained that with their current product mix consisting of the iPod and Apple TV as well as their Macintosh brand, Apple really wasn't just a computer company anymore. At the same address, Jobs revealed a product that would revolutionize an industry in which Apple had never previously competed: the Apple iPhone. The iPhone combined Apple's first widescreen iPod with the world's first mobile device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet communicator able to run a fully functional version of Apple's web browser, Safari, on the then-named iPhone OS (later renamed iOS).
iOS evolution: iPhone and iPad[edit]
Main articles: iOS, iPhone, and iPad
The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries/markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12-month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death.
On February 10, 2011, the iPhone 4 was made available on both Verizon Wireless and AT&T. Now two iPod types are multi-touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch, a big advance in technology. Apple TV currently has a 2nd generation model, which is 4 times smaller than the original Apple TV. Apple has also gone wireless, selling a wireless trackpad, keyboard, mouse, and external hard drive. Wired accessories are, however, still available.
The Apple iPad was announced on January 27, 2010 with retail availability commencing in April and systematically growing in markets throughout 2010. The iPad fits into Apple's iOS product line, being twice the screen size of an iPhone without the phone abilities. While there were initial fears of product cannibalisation the FY2010 financial results released in Jan 2011 included commentary of a reverse 'halo' effect, where iPad sales were leading to increased sales of iMacs and MacBooks.[86]
Resurgence compared to Microsoft[edit]
Since 2005, Apple's revenues, profits, and stock price have grown significantly. On May 26, 2010, Apple's stock market value overtook Microsoft's,[87][88][89] and Apple's revenues surpassed those of Microsoft in the third quarter of 2010.[90][91] After giving their results for the first quarter of 2011, Microsoft's net profits of $5.2 billion were lower for the quarter than those of Apple, which earned $6 billion in net profit for the quarter.[92][93] The late April announcement of profits by the companies marked the first time in 20 years that Microsoft's profits had been lower than Apple's,[94] a situation described by Ars Technica as "unimaginable a decade ago".[92]
The Guardian reported that one of the reasons for the change was because PC software, where Microsoft dominates, has become less important compared to the tablet and smartphone markets, where Apple has a strong presence.[94] One reason for this was a surprise drop in PC sales in the quarter.[94] Another issue for Microsoft was that its online search business had lost a lot of money, with a loss of $700 million in the first quarter of 2010.[94]
2011–present: Restructuring and Apple Watch[edit]
On March 2, 2011, Apple unveiled the iPad's second generation model, the iPad 2. Like the 4th generation iPod Touch and iPhone, the iPad 2 comes with a front-facing camera as well as a rear-facing camera, along with three new apps that utilize these new features: Camera, FaceTime, and Photo Booth.
On August 24, 2011, Steve Jobs resigned from his position as CEO[95] with Tim Cook taking his place. On October 29, 2012, Apple announced structural changes to increase collaboration between hardware, software and services.[96] This involved the departure of Scott Forstall, responsible for the launch of iOS (iPhone OS at the time of launch), who was replaced with Craig Federighi as head of iOS and OS X teams. Jony Ive became head of HI (Human Interface), whilst Eddy Cue was announced as head of online services including Siri and Maps. The most notable short term difference of this restructuring was the launch of iOS 7, the first version of the operating system to use a drastically different design to its predecessors, headed by Jony Ive.,[97] followed by OS X Yosemite a year later with a similar design.
During this time, Apple released the iPhone 5, the first iPhone to have a screen larger than 3.5",[98] the iPod Touch 5, also with a 4" screen, the iPhone 5S with fingerprint scanning technology in the form of Touch ID, and iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, with screens at 4.7" and 5.5". They released the iPad 3rd generation with Retina Display, followed by the iPad (4th generation) just half a year later. The iPad Mini was announced alongside the iPad 4th gen, and was the first to feature a smaller screen than 9.7". This was followed by the iPad Mini 2 with Retina Display in 2013, alongside the iPad Air, a continuation of the original 9.7" range of iPads, which was subsequently followed by the iPad Air 2 with Touch ID in 2014. Apple also released various major Mac updates, including the MacBook Pro with Retina Display,[99] whilst also discontinuing the original MacBook range for a short period, before reintroducing it in 2015 with various new features, a Retina Display and a new design that implemented USB-C, while removing all other ports.[100] Apple also updated the Mac Pro and iMac lines with a drastically different smaller/thinner, but more powerful designs.
On November 25, 2013, Apple acquired a company called PrimeSense.[101] On May 28, 2014, Apple acquired Beats Electronics, producers of the popular Beats by Dre headphone and speaker range, as well as streaming service Beats Music.
On September 9, 2014, Apple announced the Apple Watch, the first new product range since the departure of Steve Jobs.[102] The product cannot function beyond basic features without being within Bluetooth or WiFi range to an iPhone, and contains basic applications (many acting as a remote for other devices, such as a music remote, or a control for an Apple TV) and fitness tracking. The Apple Watch received mixed reviews, with critics suggesting that whilst the device showed promise, it lacked a clear purpose, similar to many of the devices already on the market.[103] The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015.[104]
On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with 3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth-generation Apple TV, along with the fourth-generation iPad Mini. On March 21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone SE and the smaller iPad Pro.
On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus with an improved camera and a faster processor than the previous generation. The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus have high storage options. On October 27, 2016, Apple announced the new 13 and 15 inch Macbook Pro with a retina Touch Bar. On March 21, 2017, Apple announced the iPad (2017). This is the iPad Air 2 successor, equipped with a faster processor, and starts at $329. Apple also announced the (Product)RED iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus.
On June 5, 2017, Apple announced iOS 11 as well as new versions of macOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Apple also released updated versions of the iMac, MacBook Pro, and MacBook. Apple also released the new 10.5 and 12.9 inch iPad Pro. Apple also released a Siri speaker similar to the Amazon Echo called HomePod.
On September 12, 2017 at the Steve Jobs Theater, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus with better camera features, more improvements in product design, user experience, performance and more, and announced the iPhone X with facial recognition technology and wireless charging. Apple also announced the 4K Apple TV with 4K, HDR and Dolby Vision experience, and the Apple Watch Series 3, supporting a cellular connection, running watchOS 4.
Financial history[edit]
As cash reserves increased significantly in 2006, Apple created Braeburn Capital on April 6, 2006 to manage its assets.[105]
Financial period
Net sales (Million USD)
Net profits (Million USD)
Revenue growth
Return on net sales
FY 1977[106] 0.773 n/a --- ---
FY 1978 7.856 0.793 920% 10%
FY 1979 47.867 5.073 508% 11%
FY 1980 117.126 11.698 146% 10%
FY 1981[107] 335 39.420 184% 12%
FY 1982 583 61 74% 10%
FY 1983 983 77 69% 8%
FY 1984 1,516 64 54% 4%
FY 1985 1,918 61 27% 3%
FY 1986 1,902 154 -1% 8%
FY 1987 2,661 218 40% 8%
FY 1988 4,071 400 53% 10%
FY 1989 5,284 454 30% 9%
FY 1990 5,558 475 5% 9%
FY 1991 6,309 310 12% 5%
FY 1992 7,087 530 12% 7%
FY 1993 7,977 87 13% 1%
FY 1994 9,189 310 15% 3%
FY 1995 11,062 424 20% 4%
FY 1996 9,833 -816 -11% -8%
FY 1997 7,081 -1,045 -28% -15%
FY 1998 5,941 309 -16% 5%
FY 1999 6,134 601 3% 10%
FY 2000 7,983 786 30% 10%
FY 2001 5,363 -37 -33% -1%
FY 2002 5,724 65 7% 1%
FY 2003 6,207 57 8% 1%
FY 2004 8,279 266 33% 3%
FY 2005 13,931 1,328 68% 10%
FY 2006 19,315 1,989 39% 10%
FY 2007 24,006 3,496 24% 15%
FY 2008 32,479 4,834 35% 15%
FY 2009[108] 42,905 8,235 32% 19%
FY 2010 65,225 14,013 52% 21%
FY 2011 108,249 25,922 66% 24%
FY 2012 156,508 41,733 45% 27%
FY 2013 170,910 37,037 9% 22%
FY 2014 182,795 39,510 7% 22%
FY 2015 233,715 53,394 28% 23%
FY 2016 215,639 45,687 -8% 21%
Stock[edit]
'AAPL' is the stock symbol under which Apple Inc. trades on the NASDAQ stock market. Apple originally went public on December 12, 1980, with an initial public offering at US$22.00[109] per share. The stock has split 2 for 1 three different times on June 15, 1987, June 21, 2000 and February 28, 2005. Apple initially paid dividends from June 15, 1987 to December 15, 1995. On March 19, 2012, Apple announced that it would again start paying a dividend of $2.65 per quarter (beginning in the quarter that starts in July 2012) along a $10 billion share buyback which would commence September 30, 2012, the start of its fiscal 2013 year.
Gene Munster and Michael Olson of Piper Jaffray are the main analysts who track Apple stock. Piper Jaffray estimate future stock and revenue of Apple annually, and have been doing so for several years.[110]

Timeline of Apple Inc. products
See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products, Timeline of Apple II family, and Timeline of Macintosh models
Products on this timeline indicate introduction dates only and not necessarily discontinued dates, as new products begin on a contiguous product line.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Apple Computer Company Partnership Agreement" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Apple Investor Relations FAQ". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc". Apple Inc. February 7, 1997. Archived from the original on July 24, 2001. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief". The New York Times. September 17, 1997. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Norr, Henry (January 6, 2000). "MacWorld Expo/Permanent Jobs/Apple CEO finally drops 'interim' from title". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Financial Times
Jump up ^ "AApple is first public company worth $1 trillion". BBC News. 2018-08-02.
Jump up ^ Goldman, David (February 29, 2012). "At $500 billion, Apple is worth more than Poland – Feb. 29, 2012". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 Apple Form 10-K". October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo | creativebits". 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
Jump up ^ Rob Janoff. "The Apple Logo Story". Archived from the original on March 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apple Computer, Inc. History".
Jump up ^ Young, Jeffrey; William L. Simon (2005). iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-471-72083-6.
Jump up ^ Steve Wozniak; Gina Smith. iWoz: The Autobiography of the Man Who Started the Computer Revolution. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7553-1408-9.
Jump up ^ Williams, Gregg; Moore, Rob (December 1984). "The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History". BYTE (interview). pp. A67. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Young, Jeffrey; William L. Simon (2005). iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-471-72083-6.
Jump up ^ Linzmayer, Owen. Apple Confidential.
Jump up ^ Alfred Dupont Chandler, Takashi Hikino, Andrew Von Nordenflycht, Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Industries, Harvard University Press, 2009, page 134
Jump up ^ Green, Wayne (July 1980). "Publisher's Remarks". Kilobaud. p. 6. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Financial Times, Paul Betts: Apple Computer plans to go public August 29, 1980, pg. 16
Jump up ^ Steve Wozniak interview with Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days
Jump up ^ Hogan, Thom (August 31, 1981). "From Zero to a Billion in Five Years". InfoWorld. pp. 6–7. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Isaacson, Walter (2013). Steve Jobs. Simon and Schuster. p. 135. ISBN 1451648545.
Jump up ^ Rosen Research (November 30, 1981). "From the Rosen Electronics Letter / IBM's impact on microcomputer manufacturers". InfoWorld. pp. 86–87. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lemmons, Phil (December 1984). "Apple and Its Personal Computers". BYTE. p. A4.
Jump up ^ Dvorak, John C. (1983-11-28). "Inside Track". InfoWorld. p. 188. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ McMullen, Barbara E.; John F. (1984-02-21). "Apple Charts The Course For IBM". PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Sanger, David E. (August 5, 1985). "Philip Estridge Dies in Jet Crash; Guided IBM Personal Computer". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Libes, Sol (September 1985). "The Top Ten". BYTE. p. 418. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Mace, Scott (1984-04-09). "Apple IIe Sales Surge as IIc is Readied". InfoWorld. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Don (April 16, 1985). "PCs Rated Number One". PC Magazine. p. 42. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Did Steve Jobs steal everything from Xerox PARC?".
Jump up ^ "Apple Lore: The creation of the Macintosh". Archived from the original on March 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Xerox PARC Visit".
Jump up ^ "How Xerox Forfeited the PC War". Archived from the original on July 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Apple Macintosh 18 Page Brochure". DigiBarn Computer Museum. Retrieved April 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ Ted Friedman. "Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers". Archived from the original on October 5, 1999.
Jump up ^ Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event
Jump up ^ Leopold, Todd (February 3, 2006). "Why 2006 isn't like '1984'". CNN. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). "The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20". MacWorld 21.1, page 18. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "1984 Newsweek Macintosh ads". GUIdebook, Newsweek. Retrieved April 24, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Hormby, Thomas (October 2, 2006). "Apple's Worst Business Decisions". OS News. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers (1984-1985)". Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dvorak, John (November 26, 2006). "Whatever Happened to Lotus Jazz?". Dvorak Uncensored. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Robbeloth, DeWitt (Oct–Nov 1985). "Whither Apple?". II Computing. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rice, Valerie (April 15, 1985). "Unrecognized Apple II Employees Exit". InfoWorld. p. 35. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Isaacson, Walter. Steve Jobs. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1442369054.
Jump up ^ "Tim Berners-Lee: client". W3.org. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Apple Buying Software Unit". The New York Times. March 2, 1988.
Jump up ^ "COMPANY NEWS; Apple Unit Buys Software Concern". The New York Times. June 27, 1988.
Jump up ^ Julie Pitta (July 11, 1988). "Claris buys Nashoba Systems". Computerworld. Vol. 22 no. 28. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Michael Swaine (April 1, 1989). "Apple Acquires Lisp Company". Dr. Dobb's Journal.
Jump up ^ Julie Pitta (June 13, 1988). "Apple buys Orion, aims to mine SNA". Computerworld. Vol. 22 no. 24. p. 18.
Jump up ^ Steve Jobs, official biography
Jump up ^ First dot com .com ever in the world. symbolics.com cmu.edu purdue.edu rice.edu ucla.edu think.com css.gov mitre.org
^ Jump up to: a b c Alsop, Stewart (February 5, 1996). "Apple of Sun's Eye". Time. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). "An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Preimesberger, Chris (February 25, 2011). "How Apple Dodged a Sun Buyout: Former CEOs McNealy, Zander Tell All". eWeek. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Primack, Doug. "Fallen Apple: Steve Jobs resigns". CNN. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Harreld, Heather (January 5, 1997). "Apple gains tech, agency customers in Next deal". Federal Computer Week. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Apple unveils new marketing strategy". Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. November 1997. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Microsoft to invest $150 million in Apple". CNET News. August 6, 1997. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "MacWorld Boston 1997 – Steve Jobs returns – Bill Gates appeares on-screen". Mac History. Oct 2010. Retrieved 19 Mar 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apple market cap August 5, 1997 – Wolfram Alpha". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Conference Call, 07/17/97 Apple Q3 '97". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Amit Singh. "What is Mac OS X? - XNU: The Kernel". Mac OS X Internals. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Apple, Inc. "iPod Classic". apple.com. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Apple Reports Second Quarter Results" (Press release). Apple Inc. April 13, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TOP500 List for November 2004". top500.org. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ian Betteridge (August 31, 2004). "Apple Unveils 'World's Thinnest Desktop'". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis.
Jump up ^ Sanford, Glen D. "apple-history.com / iMac G5". apple-history.com. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Brad (September 1, 2004). "Apple Expo – Apple Exec: No G5 Laptop "Anytime Soon"". macobserver.com. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ Scott Shuey (October 27, 2015). "Is Apple Store in Dubai the world's largest?". Gulf News.
Jump up ^ Apple Sends Apology Letter, 30-Day Extension to MobileMe Customers
Jump up ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 200 Million Songs" (Press release). Apple Inc. December 16, 2004. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Surpass 300 Million" (Press release). Apple Inc. March 2, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top Half a Billion Songs" (Press release). Apple Inc. July 18, 2005. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top One Billion Songs" (Press release). Apple Inc. February 23, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store Tops 10 Billion Songs Sold" (Press release). Apple Inc. February 25, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 6, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Apple shakes hands with Intel". CNET. CBS Interactive. June 6, 2005. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Apple confirms switch to Intel". AppleInsider. June 6, 2005. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ Markoff, John; Lohr, Steve (June 6, 2005). "Apple Plans to Switch From I.B.M. to Intel Chips". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Apple Unveils New iMac with Intel Core Duo Processor" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 10, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Apple Introduces MacBook Pro" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 10, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Apple Reports First Quarter Results" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 18, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Helft, Miguel; Vance, Ashlee (May 26, 2010). "Apple Passes Microsoft as No. 1 in Tech". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rigby, Bill (May 26, 2010). "Apple overtakes Microsoft as biggest tech company". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Blake (May 27, 2010). "Apple topples Microsoft's throne". CNNMoney. CNN. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Slivka, Eric (October 28, 2010). "Apple Tops Microsoft in Third Quarter Revenue". MacRumors. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Ed (October 29, 2010). "Apple Tops Microsoft Revenue in Third Quarter". Cult of Mac. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bright, Peter (April 28, 2011). "Microsoft beats estimates, but not Apple in third quarter earnings". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kopytoff, Verne G. (April 28, 2011). "PC Sales Off, Games Buoy Microsoft". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Arthur, Charles (April 28, 2011). "Microsoft falls behind Apple for first time in 20 years". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steve Jobs Resigns as CEO of Apple" (Press release). Apple Inc. August 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Apple Announces Changes to Increase Collaboration Across Hardware, Software & Services" (Press release). Apple Inc. October 29, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Seifert (June 10, 2013). "Apple announces iOS 7, 'biggest change' since the introduction of the iPhone, coming this fall". The Verge.
Jump up ^ "Apple Introduces iPhone 5" (Press release). Apple Inc. September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dieter Bohn (June 11, 2012). "Apple announces next-generation 15-inch MacBook Pro with Retina display, ships today for $2,199". The Verge.
Jump up ^ Kyle Russell (March 9, 2015). "Apple Introduces A Reinvented MacBook, Starting At $1299". TechCrunch.
Jump up ^ "Apple buys 3D company that helped make Kinect". CNN. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Husain Sumra (September 9, 2014). "Apple Announces Apple Watch, Available in Early 2015 From $349". MacRumors.
Jump up ^ Brad Reed (April 8, 2015). "Apple Watch review roundup – what the critics are saying about Apple's newest device". Boy Genius Report.
Jump up ^ "Apple Watch Available Now With Starting Price At £299". HuffPost UK.
Jump up ^ Hesseldahl, Arik (April 5, 2006). "Apple Takes Its Bankroll to Reno". BusinessWeek. Retrieved September 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ "InfoWorld". InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. September 14, 1981. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marketing planning and strategy". South-Western Pub. Co. 1985. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results" (Press release). Apple Inc. October 18, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Investor Relations - Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Analyst: 'Apple Likely To Outperform Competition For Years". MacMinute. January 13, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Edwards, Jim. These Pictures Of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful - Business Insider, December 26, 2013. Contains vintage photos from the early days of Apple.
Apple Inc. | Complete Documentation since 1976. These Pictures Of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful
Gruman, Galen; Jim Heid (Feb 1994). "Macintosh Innovation". MacWorld: 86–98. .
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Inc..
Welcome to Macintosh – 2008 documentary film about Apple history and innovation.
25 Years of Mac: From Boxy Beige to Silver Sleek – 2008 Wired on the 25th anniversary of the Macintosh.
The Apple Products That Totally Failed In The Market
show
v
t
e
Apple Inc.
History
Outline
Founders
Steve Jobs
Steve Wozniak
Ronald Wayne
Board of
directors
Current
James A. Bell
Tim Cook (CEO)
Albert Gore Jr.
Robert A. Iger
Andrea Jung
Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman)
Ronald D. Sugar
Susan L. Wagner
Former
Gil Amelio
Fred D. Anderson
Bill Campbell
Mickey Drexler
Al Eisenstat
Larry Ellison
Steve Jobs
Delano Lewis
Mike Markkula
Arthur Rock
Eric Schmidt
John Sculley
Edgar S. Woolard Jr.
Jerry York
Executives
Current
Tim Cook (CEO)
Jony Ive (CDO)
Jeff Williams (COO)
Luca Maestri (CFO)
Katherine Adams (General Counsel)
Angela Ahrendts
Eddy Cue
Craig Federighi
Lisa Jackson
Dan Riccio
Phil Schiller
Johny Srouji
Former
Gil Amelio
Fred D. Anderson
John Browett
Guerrino De Luca
Paul Deneve
Al Eisenstat
Tony Fadell
Scott Forstall
Ellen Hancock
Nancy R. Heinen
Steve Jobs
Ron Johnson
Mike Markkula
David Nagel
Peter Oppenheimer
Mark Papermaster
Jon Rubinstein
Michael Scott
John Sculley
Bertrand Serlet
Bruce Sewell
Michael Spindler
Sina Tamaddon
Avie Tevanian
Ronald Wayne
Steve Wozniak
Products
Hardware
Mac
iMac
iMac Pro
MacBook family
Mac Mini
Mac Pro
iPod
Classic
Nano
Shuffle
Touch
iPhone
iPad
Mini
Air
Pro
Accessories
Apple TV
Apple Watch
AirPods
HomePod
Software
Classic Mac OS
macOS
History
Server
Software
iOS
Version history
tvOS
watchOS
audioOS
Core Foundation
Developer Tools
Final Cut Pro
Logic Pro
QuickTime
CarPlay
HomeKit
Services
Apple ID
Apple Maps
Apple Music
Apple Pay
Developer
iAd
TestFlight
WWDC
Game Center
iCloud
MobileMe
iWork
News
Newsstand
Stores
App Store
iOS
macOS
tvOS
Apple Store
iBookstore
iTunes Store
Support
AppleCare
Apple Specialist
Certifications
Genius Bar
ProCare
One to One
Companies
Subsidiaries
Beats Electronics
Beats Music
Braeburn Capital
FileMaker Inc.
Acquisitions
Anobit
AuthenTec Inc.
Beats Electronics
Beats Music
Cue
Emagic
FingerWorks
Intrinsity
Lala
NeXT
Nothing Real
Metaio
P.A. Semi
PrimeSense
Shazam
Siri
Spotsetter
Texture
Topsy
Related
Advertising
1984
Think different
Get a Mac
iPods
Product Red
Campus
Park
Design
IDg
Typography
Book
Didi Chuxing
History
Codenames
Community
Criticism
Litigation
FBI–Apple encryption dispute
iOS app approvals
Apple Music Festival
Welcome to Macintosh (2008 documentary)
Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs
Original programs distributed by Apple
Book
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
Key figures in the history of Apple Inc.
Primary founders
Steve Jobs
Steve Wozniak
CEOs
Michael Scott (1977–1981)
Mike Markkula (1981–1983)
John Sculley (1983–1993)
Michael Spindler (1993–1996)
Gil Amelio (1996–1997)
Steve Jobs (1997–2011)
Tim Cook (2011–present)
Current
employees
Katherine Adams
Angela Ahrendts
Eddy Cue
Chris Espinosa
Craig Federighi
Jony Ive
Lisa Jackson
Luca Maestri
Bob Mansfield
Dan Riccio
Phil Schiller
Johny Srouji
Bud Tribble
Jeff Williams
Steve Wozniak
Former
employees
Gil Amelio
Fred D. Anderson
Bill Atkinson
Susan Barnes
Chrisann Brennan
Steve Capps
Satjiv S. Chahil
George Crow
Tony Fadell
Bill Fernandez
Scott Forstall
Jean-Louis Gassée
Ellen Hancock
Nancy Heinen
Andy Hertzfeld
Joanna Hoffman
Rod Holt
Bruce Horn
Steve Jobs
Ron Johnson
Susan Kare
Guy Kawasaki
Alan Kay
Daniel Kottke
Guerrino De Luca
Mike Markkula
David Nagel
Ike Nassi
Don Norman
Peter Oppenheimer
Rich Page
Mark Papermaster
Jef Raskin
Jon Rubinstein
Michael Scott
John Sculley
Bertrand Serlet
Bruce Sewell
Burrell Smith
Michael Spindler
Sina Tamaddon
Avie Tevanian
Ronald Wayne
Del Yocam
show
v
t
e
Steve Jobs
Career
Timeline
Apple Computer
Macintosh
NeXT
Pixar
Return to Apple
Legacy
Artistic depictions
Official Biography
Honors and public recognition
Family
Laurene Powell Jobs (wife)
Mona Simpson (sister)
Chrisann Brennan (mother of his first born)
Lisa Brennan-Jobs (daughter)
Related
Stevenote
Reality distortion field
Stay Hungry Stay Foolish
Jackling House
Seva Foundation
Venus
1984 commercial
Think different
Steve Wozniak
show
v
t
e
Steve Wozniak
Products and projects
Apple I
Apple II
Apple Desktop Bus
Breakout
Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose
CL 9 CORE
Electronic Frontier Foundation
iWoz
US Festival
Silicon Valley Comic Con
Companies
Acquicor Technology (co-founder)
Apple, Inc. (co-founder)
CL 9 (founder)
Fusion-io, Inc. (chief scientist)
Wheels of Zeus (founder)
Awards
Honors and awards for Steve Wozniak
Film
Jobs
Pirates of Silicon Valley
Steve Jobs
Triumph of the Nerds
TV appearances
"The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification" (The Big Bang Theory)
Dancing with the Stars season 8
Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List season 4
Related
Apple IIGS with limited edition signed case
Blue box
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
Homebrew Computer Club
Steve Jobs
Phreaking
Segway polo
History of Apple Inc.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Apple_Inc.&oldid=854083787"
Categories:
Apple Inc.
Steve Jobs
History of computer companies
History of computing hardware
History of companies of the United States
Hidden categories:
Pages using Timeline
Use mdy dates from March 2015
Articles needing additional references from September 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles with obsolete information from January 2009
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015
All articles containing potentially dated statements
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Languages
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
کوردی
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 21:17 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

value: b

value: i

value: small

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values:
mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Apple_Stores
mw-redirect
Apple Stores

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: List of corporations by market capitalization

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: 1975–1985: Jobs and Wozniak

values:
/wiki/UC_Berkeley
mw-redirect
UC Berkeley

values:
/wiki/BASIC_programming_language
mw-redirect
BASIC programming language

values: Edit section: Apple I and company formation

values:
/wiki/Radio_Shack
mw-redirect
Radio Shack

values:
/wiki/Initial_Public_Offering
mw-redirect
Initial Public Offering

values:
/wiki/Flint_Center
mw-redirect
Flint Center

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Mouse_(computing)
mw-redirect
Mouse (computing)

values: Edit section: Macintosh and the "1984" commercial

values:
/wiki/Macintosh_128k
mw-redirect
Macintosh 128k

values:
/wiki/1984_(television_commercial)
mw-redirect
1984 (television commercial)

values:
/wiki/Big_Brother_(1984)
mw-redirect
Big Brother (1984)

values:
/wiki/Command_line_interface
mw-redirect
Command line interface

values:
/wiki/Lemmings_(television_commercial)
mw-redirect
Lemmings (television commercial)

values:
/wiki/Apple_evangelist
mw-redirect
Apple evangelist

values:
/wiki/Apple_Fellow
mw-redirect
Apple Fellow

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)

values:
/wiki/Laser_printer
mw-redirect
Laser printer

values:
/wiki/Closed_architecture
mw-redirect
Closed architecture

values:
/wiki/Annual_meeting
mw-redirect
Annual meeting

values: Edit section: 1985–1997: Sculley, Spindler, Amelio

values: List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple

values:
/wiki/Technical_specifications
mw-redirect
Technical specifications

values:
/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company
mw-redirect
Sears, Roebuck and Company

values:
/wiki/Newton_(platform)
mw-redirect
Newton (platform)

values: Edit section: 1997–2001: Apple's comeback

values:
/wiki/Apple_Store_(online)
mw-redirect
Apple Store (online)

values:
/wiki/Macworld_Expo
mw-redirect
Macworld Expo

values: Edit section: iMac, iBook, and Power Mac G4

values:
/wiki/Classic_(Mac_OS_X)
mw-redirect
Classic (Mac OS X)

values: Edit section: 2001–2007: iPods, iTunes Store, Intel transition

values: Edit section: Moving on from colored plastics and the PowerPC G3

values:
/wiki/Anodized_aluminum
mw-redirect
Anodized aluminum

values:
/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4
mw-redirect
Mac OS X v10.4

values:
/wiki/Osaka,_Osaka
mw-redirect
Osaka, Osaka

values:
/wiki/Nagoya,_Aichi
mw-redirect
Nagoya, Aichi

values:
/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo
mw-redirect
Shibuya, Tokyo

values:
/wiki/Fukuoka,_Fukuoka
mw-redirect
Fukuoka, Fukuoka

values:
/wiki/Sendai,_Miyagi
mw-redirect
Sendai, Miyagi

values:
/wiki/Sapporo,_Hokkaid%C5%8D
mw-redirect
Sapporo, Hokkaidō

values:
/wiki/Bluewater_Shopping_Centre
mw-redirect
Bluewater Shopping Centre

values:
/wiki/North_York,_Ontario
mw-redirect
North York, Ontario

values:
/wiki/Meadowhall_Centre
mw-redirect
Meadowhall Centre

values: Edit section: Apple and "i" Web services

values:
/wiki/World_wide_web
mw-redirect
World wide web

values:
/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_transition
mw-redirect
Apple–Intel transition

values:
/wiki/Open_source
mw-redirect
Open source

values: Edit section: 2007–2011: Apple Inc., iPhone, iOS, iPad

values: Edit section: iOS evolution: iPhone and iPad

values: Edit section: Resurgence compared to Microsoft

values: Edit section: 2011–present: Restructuring and Apple Watch

values:
/wiki/IPod_Touch_5
mw-redirect
IPod Touch 5

values:
/wiki/IPhone_6_Plus
mw-redirect
IPhone 6 Plus

values:
/wiki/IPad_3rd_generation
mw-redirect
IPad 3rd generation

values:
/wiki/MacBook_Pro_with_Retina_Display
mw-redirect
MacBook Pro with Retina Display

values:
/wiki/Beats_by_Dre
mw-redirect
Beats by Dre

values:
/wiki/IPhone_6S_Plus
mw-redirect
IPhone 6S Plus

values:
/wiki/IPhone_7_Plus
mw-redirect
IPhone 7 Plus

values:
/wiki/Macbook_Pro
mw-redirect
Macbook Pro

values:
/wiki/Steve_Jobs_Theater
mw-redirect
Steve Jobs Theater

values:
/wiki/Stock_symbol
mw-redirect
Stock symbol

values:
/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_II_family
mw-redirect
Timeline of Apple II family

values:
nofollow
http://robjanoff.com/applelogo/
external text

values: Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm

values:
nofollow
https://www.top500.org/lists/2004/11/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://apple-history.com/imac_g5

values:
nofollow
external text
http://investor.apple.com/faq.cfm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.welcometomacintosh.com

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Didi_Chuxing
mw-redirect
Didi Chuxing

values: List of artistic depictions of Steve Jobs

values: List of original programs distributed by Apple

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Apple,_Inc.
mw-redirect
Apple, Inc.

values:
/wiki/Fusion-io,_Inc.
mw-redirect
Fusion-io, Inc.

values: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution

values: Category:History of companies of the United States

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with obsolete information from January 2009

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc.
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: تاریخچه اپل – Persian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: 애플의 역사 – Korean

values: 苹果公司历史 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_Apple_Inc rootpage-History_of_Apple_Inc skin-vector action-view