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Environmental hazard
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An environmental hazard is a substance, state or event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment / or adversely affect people's health, including pollution and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes.
Any single or combination of toxic chemical, biological, or physical agents in the environment, resulting from human activities or natural processes, that may impact the health of exposed subjects, including pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, biological contaminants, toxic waste, industrial and home chemicals.[1]
Human-made hazards while not immediately health-threatening may turn out detrimental to man's well-being eventually, because deterioration in the environment can produce secondary, unwanted negative effects on the human ecosphere. The effects of water pollution may not be immediately visible because of a sewage system that helps drain off toxic substances. If those substances turn out to be persistent (e.g. persistent organic pollutant), however, they will literally be fed back to their producers via the food chain: plankton -> edible fish -> humans. In that respect, a considerable number of environmental hazards listed below are man-made (anthropogenic) hazards.
Hazards can be categorized in four types:
Chemical
Physical (mechanical, etc.)
Biological
The international pictogram for environmental hazard.
Psychosocial.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chemical
2 Physical
3 Biological
4 Psychosocial Hazards
5 References
Chemical[edit]
Chemical hazards are defined in the Globally Harmonized System and in the European Union chemical regulations. They are caused by chemical substances causing significant damage to the environment. The label is particularly applicable towards substances with aquatic toxicity. An example is zinc oxide, a common paint pigment, which is extremely toxic to aquatic life.
Toxicity or other hazards do not imply an environmental hazard, because elimination by sunlight (photolysis), water (hydrolysis) or organisms (biological elimination) neutralizes many reactive or poisonous substances. Persistence towards these elimination mechanisms combined with toxicity gives the substance the ability to do damage in the long term. Also, the lack of immediate human toxicity does not mean the substance is environmentally nonhazardous. For example, tanker truck-sized spills of substances such as milk can cause a lot of damage in the local aquatic ecosystems: the added biological oxygen demand causes rapid eutrophication, leading to anoxic conditions in the water body.
All hazards in this category are mainly anthropogenic although there exist a number of natural carcinogens and chemical elements like radon and lead may turn up in health-critical concentrations in the natural environment:
Anthrax
Antibiotic agents in animals destined for human consumption
Arsenic - a contaminant of fresh water sources (water wells)
Asbestos - carcinogenic
DDT
Carcinogens
dioxins
Endocrine disruptors
Explosive material
Fungicides
Furans
Haloalkanes
Heavy metals
Herbicides
Hormones in animals destined for human consumption
Lead in paint
Marine debris
mercury
Mutagens
Pesticides
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Radon and other natural sources of radioactivity
Soil pollution
Tobacco smoking
Toxic waste
Radon
Physical[edit]
A physical hazard is a type of occupational hazard that involves environmental hazards that can cause harm with or without contact.
Cosmic rays
Drought
Earthquake
Electromagnetic fields
E-waste
Floods
Fog
Light pollution
Lighting
Lightning
Noise pollution
Quicksand
Ultraviolet light
vibration
X-rays
Biological[edit]
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can affect human health.
Allergies
Arbovirus
Avian influenza
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Cholera
Ebola
Epidemics
Food poisoning
Malaria
Molds
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Pandemics
Pathogens
Pollen for allergic people
Rabies
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Sick building syndrome
See also: Toxicology and List of allergies
Psychosocial Hazards[edit]
Psychosocial hazards include but aren't limited to stress, violence and other workplace stressors. Work is generally beneficial to mental health and personal wellbeing. It provides people with structure and purpose and a sense of identity.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Environmental hazard". Defined Term - A dictionary of legal, industry-specific, and uncommon terms. Retrieved 23 August 2017. quoted from Code of Maryland, January 1, 2014
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Health issues of plastics and polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs)
Plasticizers: Phthalates
DIBP
DBP
BBP (BBzP)
DIHP
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DIDP
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Miscellaneous plasticizers
Organophosphates
Adipates (DEHA
DOA)
Monomers
Bisphenol A (BPA, in Polycarbonates)
Vinyl chloride (in PVC)
Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
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text:
Berlin Conference
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Berlin Conference (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The conference of Berlin
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz),[1] regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history of the Berlin Conference
2 Conference
3 General Act
3.1 Principle of Effective Occupation
4 Agenda
5 Consequences
6 See also
7 References
8 Citations
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early history of the Berlin Conference[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Before the conference, European diplomacy treated African indigenous people in the same manner as the New World natives, forming trading relationships with the indigenous chiefs. By the mid-19th century, Europeans considered Africa to be disputed territory ripe for exploration, trade, and settlement by their colonists. With the exception of trading posts along the coasts, the continent was essentially ignored.
In 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium, who had previously founded the International African Society in 1876, invited Henry Morton Stanley to join him in researching and 'civilising' the continent. In 1878, the International Congo Society was also formed, with more economic goals, but still closely related to the former society. Léopold secretly bought off the foreign investors in the Congo Society, which was turned to imperialistic goals, with the African Society serving primarily as a philanthropic front.
From 1878 to 1885, Stanley returned to the Congo, not as a reporter but as an envoy from Léopold with the secret mission to organize what would become known as the Congo Free State. French intelligence had discovered Leopold's plans, and France quickly engaged in its own colonial exploration. French naval officer Pierre de Brazza was dispatched to central Africa, traveled into the western Congo basin, and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881, in what is currently the Republic of Congo. Finally, Portugal, which already had a long, but essentially abandoned colonial Empire in the area through the mostly defunct proxy state Kongo Empire, also claimed the area. Its claims were based on old treaties with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church. It quickly made a treaty on 26 February 1884 with its former ally, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to block off the Congo Society's access to the Atlantic.
By the early 1880s, due to many factors including diplomatic maneuvers, subsequent colonial exploration, and recognition of Africa's abundance of valuable resources such as gold, timber, land, and markets, European interest in the continent had increased dramatically. Stanley's charting of the Congo River Basin (1874–77) removed the last terra incognita from European maps of the continent, and delineating the areas of British, Portuguese, French, and Belgian control. The powers raced to push these rough boundaries to their furthest limits and eliminate any potential local minor powers which might prove troublesome to European competitive diplomacy.
France moved to take over Tunisia, one of the last of the Barbary Pirate states, under the pretext of another piracy incident. French claims by Pierre de Brazza were quickly solidified with French taking control of today's Republic of the Congo in 1881 and Guinea in 1884. Italy became part of the Triple Alliance, upsetting Bismarck's carefully laid plans with the state and forcing Germany to become involved in Africa. In 1882, realizing the geopolitical extent of Portuguese control on the coasts, but seeing penetration by France eastward across Central Africa toward Ethiopia, the Nile, and the Suez Canal, Britain saw its vital trade route through Egypt and its Indian Empire threatened.
Under the pretext of the collapsed Egyptian financing and a subsequent riot, in which hundreds of Europeans and British subjects were murdered or injured, the United Kingdom intervened in nominally Ottoman Egypt. Through it, the UK also ruled over the Sudan and what would later become British Somaliland.
Conference[edit]
Owing to the European race for colonies, Germany started launching expeditions of its own, which frightened both British and French statesmen. Hoping to quickly soothe this brewing conflict, King Leopold II convinced France and Germany that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all three countries. Under support from the British and the initiative of Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, called on representatives of 13 nations in Europe as well as the United States to take part in the Berlin Conference in 1884 to work out joint policy on the African continent.
The conference was opened on November 15, 1884 and continued till its closure on 26 February 1885.[3]Whilst the number of plenipotentiaries varied per nation,[4] the following 14 countries did send representatives to attend the Berlin Conference and sign the subsequent Berlin Act:
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Denmark
France
German Empire
Italy
Netherlands
Ottoman Empire
Portugal
Russian Empire
Spain
Sweden-Norway
United Kingdom
United States - though the United States reserved the right to decline or to accept the conclusions of the Conference.[5]
The conference was convened on Saturday, November 15, 1884, at Bismarck's official residence on Wilhelmstrasse (site of the Congress of Berlin six years earlier).[6] Bismarck accepted the chairmanship. The British representative was Sir Edward Malet (Ambassador to the German Empire). Henry Morton Stanley attended as a U.S. delegate.[6]
General Act[edit]
The General Act fixed the following points:
To gain public acceptance,[7][8] the conference resolved to end slavery by African and Islamic powers. Thus, an international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres was signed by the European members. Because of this point the writer Joseph Conrad sarcastically referred to the conference as "the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs" in his novella Heart of Darkness.[9]
The Congo Free State was confirmed as the private property of the Congo Society, which supported Leopold's promises to keep the country open to all European investment. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo, some two million square kilometers, was confirmed by the European powers as essentially the property of Léopold II (but later it was organized as a Belgian colony under state administration).
The 14 signatory powers would have free trade throughout the Congo Basin as well as Lake Malawi, and east of this in an area south of 5° N.
The Niger and Congo rivers were made free for ship traffic.
A Principle of Effectivity (based on "effective occupation", see below) was introduced to stop powers setting up colonies in name only.
Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to be notified by the power taking possession, or assuming a protectorate, to the other signatory powers.
Definition of regions in which each European power had an exclusive right to "pursue" the legal ownership of land (legal in the eyes of the other European powers).[10]:44
The first reference in an international act to the obligations attaching to "spheres of influence" is contained in the Berlin Act.
Principle of Effective Occupation[edit]
The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them or had "effective occupation": in other words, if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order. The colonial power could also make use of the colony economically. This principle became important not only as a basis for the European powers to acquire territorial sovereignty in Africa, but also for determining the limits of their respective overseas possessions, as effective occupation served in some instances as a criterion for settling disputes over the boundaries between colonies. But, as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands that fronted on the African coast, European powers in numerous instances later claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the requirement of effective occupation, as articulated in Article 35 of the Final Act.
At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France. The Germans, who were new to the continent of Africa, essentially believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned, no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory, unless the state exercised strong and effective political control, and if so, only for a limited period of time, essentially an occupational force only. However, Britain's view was that Germany was a latecomer to the continent, and was assumptively unlikely to gain any new possessions, apart from already occupied territories, which were swiftly proving to be more valuable than British-occupied territories. Given that logic, it was generally assumed by Britain and France that Germany had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence. On the other side, the United Kingdom (UK) had large territorial "possessions" on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs. In the end, the British view prevailed.
The disinclination to rule what the Europeans had "conquered" is apparent throughout the protocols of the Berlin Conference, but especially in "The Principle of Effective Occupation." In line with Germany and Britain's opposing views, the powers finally agreed that this could be established by a European power establishing some kind of base on the coast, from which it was free to expand into the interior. The Europeans did not believe that the rules of occupation demanded European hegemony on the ground. The Belgians originally wanted to include that "effective occupation" required provisions that "cause peace to be administered", but other powers, specifically Britain and France, had that amendment struck out of the final document.
This principle, along with others that were written at the Conference allowed the Europeans to "conquer" Africa while doing as little as possible to administer or control it. The Principle of Effective Occupation did not apply so much to the hinterlands of Africa at the time of the conference. This gave rise to "hinterland theory," which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory. Since Africa was irregularly shaped, this theory caused problems and was later rejected.[11]
Agenda[edit]
Portugal–Britain: The Portuguese government presented a project, known as the "Pink Map" (also called the "Rose-Colored Map"), in which the colonies of Angola and Mozambique were united by co-option of the intervening territory (land that later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi.) All of the countries attending the conference, except for the United Kingdom, endorsed Portugal's ambitions. A little more than five years later, in 1890, the British government, in breach of the Treaty of Windsor (and of the Treaty of Berlin itself), issued an ultimatum demanding that the Portuguese withdraw from the disputed area.[citation needed]
France–Britain: A line running from Say in Niger to Maroua, on the north-east coast of Lake Chad determined what part belonged to whom. France would own territory to the north of this line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it. The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad. Furthermore, between the 11th and 15th degrees latitude, the border would pass between Ouaddaï, which would be French, and Darfur in Sudan, to be British. In reality, a no man's land 200 kilometres wide was put in place between the 21st and 23rd meridians.
France–Germany: The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was designated French, that to the south being German.
Britain–Germany: The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.
France–Italy: Italy was to own what lies north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian.
Consequences[edit]
European claims in Africa, 1913. Modern-day boundaries, largely a legacy of the colonial era, are shown.
Belgium Germany Spain France
Britain Italy Portugal Independent
The conference provided an opportunity to channel latent European hostilities towards one another outward, provide new areas for helping the European powers expand in the face of rising American, Russian, and Japanese interests, and form constructive dialogue for limiting future hostilities. For Africans, colonialism was introduced across nearly all the continent. When African independence was regained after World War II, it was in the form of fragmented states.[12]
The Scramble for Africa sped up after the Conference, since even within areas designated as their sphere of influence, the European powers still had to take possession under the Principle of Effectivity. In central Africa in particular, expeditions were dispatched to coerce traditional rulers into signing treaties, using force if necessary, as for example in the case of Msiri, King of Katanga, in 1891. Bedouin and Berber ruled states in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara were overrun by the French in several wars by the beginning of World War I. The British moved up from South Africa and down from Egypt conquering states such as the Mahdist State and the Sultanate of Zanzibar and, having already defeated the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa, in 1879, moving on to subdue and dismantle the independent Boer republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State.
Within a few years, Africa was at least nominally divided up south of the Sahara. By 1895, the only independent states were:
Morocco, involved in colonial conflicts with Spain and France, who conquered the nation in the 20th century.
Liberia, founded with the support of the United States for returned slaves
Ethiopian Empire, the only free native state, which fended off Italian invasion from Eritrea in what is known as the First Italo-Abyssinian War of 1889–1896 but was later defeated in 1936 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Majeerteen Sultanate, founded in the early 18th century; it was annexed by Italy in the 20th century
Sultanate of Hobyo, carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate, which ruled northern Somalia until the 20th century, when it was conquered by Italy.
The following states lost their independence to the British Empire roughly a decade after (see below for more information):
Orange Free State, a Boer republic founded by Dutch settlers
South African Republic (Transvaal), also a Boer republic
By 1902, 90% of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control. The large part of the Sahara was French, while after the quelling of the Mahdi rebellion and the ending of the Fashoda crisis, the Sudan remained firmly under joint British–Egyptian rulership with Egypt being under British occupation before becoming a British protectorate in 1914.
The Boer republics were conquered by the United Kingdom in the Boer war from 1899 to 1902. Morocco was divided between the French and Spanish in 1911, and Libya was conquered by Italy in 1912. The official British annexation of Egypt in 1914 ended the colonial division of Africa.
See also[edit]
Brussels Conference Act of 1890
Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Berlin West Africa Conference", Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Ajala, Adekunle (1983), "The Nature of African Boundaries", Africa Spectrum, Institute of African Affairs at GIGA, Hamburg, 18 (2): 177–189, JSTOR 40174114, Kwame Nkrumah once made the point that the Berlin Conference of 1884/85 was responsible for "the old carve-up of Africa". Other writers have also laid the blame for "the partition of Africa" on the doors of the Berlin Conference. But William Roger Louis holds a contrary view, although he conceded that "the Berlin Act did have a relevance to the course of the partition" of Africa.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized". ThoughtCo. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ 140.112.142.79/publish/pdfs/22/22_08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://lril.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/31.full
^ Jump up to: a b Louis, Wm. Roger. Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B. Tauris, May, 2007
Jump up ^ David, Saul. "BBC - History - British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'". www.bbc.co.uk/history. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Craven, M. (1 March 2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–59. doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Olusoga, David; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). The Kaisers's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. London, UK: Faber and Faber. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6.
Jump up ^ Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa. Ch. 3 p71-72
Jump up ^ de Blij, H.J.; Muller, Peter O. (1997). Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 340.
Citations[edit]
Tapiwa Michael Njitimana, Erald Yomisi (2013)The Demise Of Germany
Chamberlain, Muriel E. (1999). The Scramble for Africa. London: Longman, 1974, 2nd ed. ISBN 0-582-36881-2.
Crowe, Sybil E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. New York: Longmans, Green. ISBN 0-8371-3287-8 (1981, New ed. edition).
Förster, Stig, Wolfgang J. Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson (1989). Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884–1885 and the Onset of Partition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920500-0.
Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost. ISBN 0-395-75924-2.
Nuzzo, Luigi. "Colonial Law," in: European History Online (EGO), published by the Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz 2012-04-16. URL: http://www.ieg-ego.eu/nuzzol-2011-en URN: urn:nbn:de:0159-2012041215 [2012-04-16].
Petringa, Maria (2006). Brazza, A Life for Africa. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
Further reading[edit]
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972)-- Walter Rodney
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Conference (1884).
Geography.about.com - Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to Divide Africa.
"The Berlin Conference", BBC In Our Time
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 147248497
LCCN: n85354834
GND: 4073682-9
SUDOC: 028069951
BNF: cb11997855w (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Conference&oldid=807228407"
Categories:
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Aflac
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Aflaq or Affleck.
Aflac, Inc.
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: AFL
S&P 500 component
Industry
Financial services
Insurance
Founded
November 17, 1955; 62 years ago (1955-11-17)[1](as American Family Life Insurance Company of Columbus)
Founder
John Amos
Paul Amos
Bill Amos
Headquarters
Aflac Building
Columbus, Georgia, U.S.
Area served
United States
Japan
Key people
Dan Amos (Chairman, CEO)
Frederick J. Crawford (CFO)
Products
Supplemental health &
life insurance
Revenue
US$ 29.2 billion (2016)[2]
Operating income
US$ 4.34 billion (2016)[2]
Net income
US$ 2.70 billion (2016)[2]
Total assets
US$ 129.82 billion (2016)[2]
Total equity
US$ 20.48 billion (2016)[2]
Number of employees
10,212 (2016)[2]
Website
aflac.com
Aflac Inc. /ˈæflæk/ (American Family Life Assurance Company) is an American insurance company and is the largest provider of supplemental insurance in the United States.[3] The company was founded in 1955 and is based in Columbus, Georgia. In the U.S., Aflac underwrites a wide range of insurance policies, but is perhaps more known for its payroll deduction insurance coverage, which pays cash benefits when a policyholder has a covered accident or illness. The company states it "provides financial protection to more than 50 million people worldwide".[4]
In 2009, Aflac acquired Continental American Insurance Company for $100 million;[5] this enabled Aflac to sell supplemental insurance on both the individual and group platform.[6] As of June 30, 2012, Aflac was represented by approximately 19,300 sales agencies in Japan, and 76,900 licensed sales associates in the U.S.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Business
3 Critics of cancer policies
4 The Aflac Duck
5 Corporate philanthropy and social responsibility
6 Aflac and Macy's Partnership
7 Award programs
8 Awards and honors
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
The company was founded by brothers John, Paul (died 2014), and William Amos in Columbus, Georgia, in 1955, as American Family Life Insurance Company of Columbus. In 1964, the company name was changed to American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus. The company, in 1990, adopted the Aflac acronym, although the official name of the underwriting subsidiary remains American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus. Aflac announced the appointment of Frederick J. Crawford as Chief Financial Officer, as well as Executive Vice President in June 2015.[8]
The company signed 6,426 policyholders in its first year.[9] Aflac pioneered cancer insurance in 1958. Beginning in 1964, the company decided to focus sales on worksite settings, eventually through policies sponsored by employers and funded through payroll deductions. By 2003, more than 98% of Aflac policies in the United States were issued on a payroll deduction basis, making the company a leader in that approach to policy distribution.
Business[edit]
Aflac operates in the United States and Japan, and has its worldwide headquarters and corporate offices in an eighteen-story tower just east of Downtown Columbus, Georgia, in an area known as MidTown. The Aflac tower is the tallest building in the city. As of June 30, 2015, the corporation's total assets were more than $103 billion, and the company insured more than 50 million people worldwide.[10]
Aflac is the largest provider of guaranteed-renewable insurance in the United States and the largest insurance company overall in Japan, when measured by individual insurance policies in force.[11]
The company now offers several types of insurance policies in the United States, including the following:
Accident
Cancer/Specified Disease
Dental
Hospital Confinement Indemnity
Hospital Confinement Sickness Indemnity
Hospital Intensive Care
Life
Lump Sum Cancer
Lump Sum Cancer Critical Illness
Specified Health Event
Short Term Disability
Vision
Aflac also offers un-reimbursed medical, dependent day-care, and transportation flexible spending accounts. The company also offers human resources services for HIPAA and COBRA. From 1979 to 1997, the company owned several television stations, most of them in small and medium markets. It sold the broadcasting division (including flagship station WTVM) to what became Raycom Media in 1997.[12]
Critics of cancer policies[edit]
Consumer groups and some government officials say that cancer insurance returns fewer premium dollars to policyholders than standard insurance. A United States General Accounting Office study found that the policies paid back as little as 35% of premiums (Aflac said its cancer insurance paid back 62.4%). In comparison, New York State requires most major-medical policies to pay back 82% and group policies to pay back 75%. New York State does not allow stand-alone cancer policies. In 1997, AFLAC spent $175,000 on lobbyists and campaign contributions to change the law.[13] New York State lifted its ban in 1998, for purchasers who already have basic coverage. Consumer Reports recommended that policyholders use the money instead to buy lower-deductible insurance.[14] Insurance claims by line appear on the Annual Statement filed with each state. Loss claims are a percent of total premium before commissions.
The Aflac Duck[edit]
Since December 1999, the company's identity and brand has become more widely recognized in the United States as the result of TV commercials featuring the Aflac Duck, who frustratedly quacks the company's name to unsuspecting prospective policy holders. The duck concept and all of the commercials to date have been created by Kaplan Thaler Group, an advertising agency based in New York City. Metzer Farms, a Gonzales, California goose, duck, and gamebird hatchery, supplied them with the initial ducklings that each grew into the famous duck. Struggling to come up with a concept to make the big but relatively obscure insurance company's name memorable, one of the agency's art directors stumbled upon the duck idea while walking around Central Park at lunchtime uttering, "Aflac, Aflac." He soon realized how much the company's name sounded like a duck's quack. The Aflac Duck character has now starred in more than 30 commercials. In many of these commercials, character actor Earl Billings also appears. The Aflac Duck is enshrined on Madison Avenue's Walk of Fame as one of America's Favorite Advertising Icons.[15]
In April 2009, Aflac introduced a new marketing campaign called "Get the Aflacts", designed to educate consumers about the specific benefits of the insurance products the company sells. The Aflacts campaign gave the Aflac Duck "a more prominent role", designed to "help potential customers learn the Aflacts, er, facts about policies and other products", according to The New York Times.[16]
Celebrities have starred in the Aflac ads, including Chevy Chase (2003); Yogi Berra; Yao Ming; Donald Trump's wife and future First Lady, Melania Trump (2005); NASCAR Cup Series driver Carl Edwards (2008–2014); the United States Olympic synchronized swimming team (2004); and Wayne Newton playing at Stardust Hotel and Casino for the 2003 commercial. The duck also appeared with Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner, and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.[17] In 2005, the company logo was changed to incorporate the duck. The first commercial using the new logo featured Gilbert Gottfried at a pet store because the duck kept saying, "Aflac!" and he had to trade in the duck for a parrot, saying, "If you're hurt and can't work".[18]
The duck was originally voiced by comedian Gilbert Gottfried, who also voiced Digit on the PBS Kids series Cyberchase and Iago in the Disney film Aladdin.[19] After 11 years as the voice of the Aflac duck, Gottfried was dismissed on March 14, 2011, due to jokes on Gottfried's Twitter account referencing the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The company's chief marketing officer stated that "Gilbert's recent comments about the crisis in Japan were lacking in humor, and certainly do not represent the thoughts and feelings of anyone at Aflac."[20]
On March 23, 2011, Aflac announced that the company was taking applications for the new voice of the Aflac Duck through QuackAflac.com until April 1. Commercials requesting the submissions, first aired in 2006 but updated, resemble a silent movie.[21][22] On April 26, 2011, it was announced that Daniel McKeague, a television advertising sales manager from Hugo, Minnesota, would be the new voice of the Aflac duck.[23] The first Aflac commercial featuring the duck's new voice aired May 1, 2011. In 2017 an Aflac ad inserted an animated Aflac duck into the opening credits of the DuckTales reboot.
Corporate philanthropy and social responsibility[edit]
The company states that through a partnership with Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Aflac has contributed more than $100 million to childhood cancer research and treatment.[24]
Aflac employees are formally involved in an array of charitable organizations such as Habitat for Humanity International, the Easter Seals, and the United Way.[25]
Aflac's stated objectives include the decrease of its environmental impact, for which the company is into a partnership with the Clean Air Campaign to encourage employees to engage with greater frequency in alternate commuting methods.[26]
Aflac and Macy's Partnership[edit]
Aflac and Macy’s have partnered since 2001 to sell the annual Aflac holiday plush duck in select Macy’s stores nationwide.[27] Net proceeds from each duck sold are donated to the participating children’s cancer facility nearest to where it is purchased. Since 2001, more than $3 million has been raised from the sale of the ducks.[28]
Aflac has participated in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade for the past six years. A new balloonicle was unveiled in 2014, featuring the Aflac Duck wearing ice skates.[29]
Award programs[edit]
See also: Baseball awards § U.S. high-school baseball
Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year (first presented in 2004).[30]
The Jackie Robinson Award is given to the high-school player who is entering his senior year and who best displays character, leadership, and the values of being a student athlete in academics and community affairs.[30] The award is presented at an annual All-American Awards banquet, which was first held in 2003.[31] The banquet follows the annual All-American Baseball Classic, an East-West all-star game featuring the 38 best players from around the nation who are entering their senior year of high school.[30][31] First held in 2003, the game is played at Petco Park, San Diego, California.[30][32] Proceeds from the game and banquet are donated to Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego and its fight against childhood cancer.[32]
In 2011, the name of the all-star game was changed to the Perfect Game All-American Classic.[32]
Awards and honors[edit]
Aflac has been the recipient of several awards:
Aflac has appeared on Fortune's 100 Best Companies to Work For list for 17 consecutive years.
Aflac has appeared on Fortune's America's Most Admired Companies list for 15 years.
Aflac has been recognized by Ethisphere magazine as a World's Most Ethical Companies for 10 consecutive years, and is the only insurance company to do so.[33]
Aflac has been named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index North America for six consecutive years.
In August 2016, Latina Style magazine placed Aflac on the list of the 50 Best Companies for Latinas to work for in the United States. Aflac has been on this annual list for 17 years.
Aflac has appeared on Black Enterprise magazine's list of the Top 40 Best Companies for Diversity for 10 years.
See also[edit]
List of United States insurance companies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Our History". Aflac.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "US SEC: Form 10-K Aflac, Incorporated". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aflac Profit Rises 20% on Japanese Currency Strength". Bloomberg. April 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ "About Aflac". Aflac. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aflac, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date July 29, 2009" (PDF). Aflac. Retrieved December 31, 2012 – via secdatabase.com.
Jump up ^ (Press release). Aflac http://www.aflac.com/aboutaflac/pressroom/pressreleasestory.aspx?rid=1313847. Missing or empty |title= (help)[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ "Aflac, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date August 3, 2012" (PDF). Aflac. Retrieved January 1, 2013 – via secdatabase.com.
Jump up ^ Adams, Tony. "Aflac grabs executive away from insurance competitor for CFO job". Ledger-Enquirer.
Jump up ^ "Aflac History". Aflac.
Jump up ^ "Aflac, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date July 28, 2015" (PDF). Aflac. Retrieved September 5, 2015 – via secdatabase.com.
Jump up ^ Williams, Mary Elizabeth (March 15, 2011). "Sympathy for Gilbert Gottfried". Salon. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (August 14, 1996). "Venture in Accord to Buy 7 TV Stations From Aflac". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cropper, Carol Marie (April 20, 1997). "When the Policy Covers Only One Disease". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Esteb Cureton, Sally; Cureton, Dave. "Cancer Insurance: Is It Right For You?". cancerpage.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "About Aflac". Aflac. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Not Daffy or Donald, but Still Aflac's Rising Star". The New York Times. April 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Looney Tunes Aflac Commercial (Video). Retrieved July 6, 2014 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ The Hall of Advertising (January 26, 2012). Aflac: Pet Shop (2005, USA) (Video). Retrieved May 10, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "The AFLAC Duck Selected as One of America's Favorite Icons" (Press release). Aflac. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gilbert Gottfried fired by Aflac over Japan tsunami jokes". Los Angeles Times. March 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Are you annoying? Aflac needs new duck voice". MSNBC. Associated Press. March 23, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Stuart (March 22, 2011). "Aflac and Monster Team Up to Find a Duck's Voice". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Kim (April 26, 2011). "Aflac duck gets Minnesota accent?". MSN Money. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Children's Healthcare of Atlanta". Aflac. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Community Involvement". Aflac. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aflac: Saving money and the environment". The Clean Air Campaign. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aflac and Macy's promote holiday campaign with social media and messaging app". Mobile Marketer. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Aflac Holiday Duck Sings in a Festive Season of Giving for Kids Fighting Cancer" (Press release). Aflac. Retrieved November 16, 2016 – via PRNewswire.
Jump up ^ Neumeister, Larry (November 27, 2014). "Americans mark Thanksgiving with parades, turkey". Fort Wayne, IN: WANE-TV. Associated Press. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The 2010 Aflac National High School Player of The Year Nominees Announced". Satellite TV News. Satellite Television. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011. The seventh annual Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year Award will be presented at the Aflac All-American Awards dinner to be held at the San Diego Hall of Champions on August 14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fox Sports Network's Live coverage of 2010 Aflac All-American Baseball Classic on August 15: 2010 Aflac All-American Baseball Classic Roster Announced". Satellite TV News. July 8, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2011. The Aflac All-American Baseball Classic is ... part of Aflac's ... commitment to the fight against childhood cancer, with ticket proceeds benefiting Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego. Since 2003, the Aflac All-American Baseball Classic has generated nearly $805,000 for charity.
^ Jump up to: a b c "2011 Perfect Game All-American Classic Rosters Announced". Satellite TV News. July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2011. Perfect Game All-American Classic alumni have had a significant presence in Major League Baseball's first-year player drafts. Since the game's inception in 2003, 98 alumni have been selected in the first round.... The game has also produced over 40 players that are currently on a Major League Baseball roster. A record 18 Perfect Game All-Americans were taken in the first round of the 2011 draft, 13 of which played in last year's game.
Jump up ^ "Honorees". [full citation needed]
External links[edit]
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Corporate website
Business data for Aflac: Google Finance
Yahoo! Finance
Reuters
SEC filings
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aflac&oldid=840701520"
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Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again"
Single by Debby Boone
from the album Love Has No Reason
B-side
"When it's Just You and Me"
Released
February 1980
Recorded
November 1979
Genre
Country
Length
2:29
Label
Warner Bros. 49176
Songwriter(s)
Debbie Hupp
Bob Morrison
Producer(s)
Larry Butler
Debby Boone singles chronology
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool"
(1979) "Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again"
(1980) "Free to Be Lonely Again"
(1980)
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool"
(1979) "Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again"
(1980) "Free to Be Lonely Again"
(1980)
"Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again" is a song recorded by American country and pop music artist Debby Boone. It was released in February 1980 as the first single from the album Love Has No Reason. The song was written by Debbie Hupp and Bob Morrison.
The song was Debby Boone's most successful country hit and her only number one. The single stayed at number one for a week and spent a total of ten weeks on the country chart.[1]
Historic week[edit]
The song was part of a historic week on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the week it reached number one. That week, all of the top five positions were held by female singers.
The Top 5 from that week was:
"It's Like We Never Said Goodbye" by Crystal Gayle
"A Lesson in Leavin'" by Dottie West
"Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again" by Debby Boone
"Beneath Still Waters" by Emmylou Harris
"Two Story House" by Tammy Wynette (duet with George Jones)[2]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[4] 31
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 20
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 50.
Jump up ^ Billboard magazine — April 19, 1980 issue.
Jump up ^ "Debby Boone – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Debby Boone.
Jump up ^ "Debby Boone – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Debby Boone.
Preceded by
"A Lesson in Leavin'"
by Dottie West Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
May 3, 1980 Succeeded by
"Beneath Still Waters"
by Emmylou Harris
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"Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again"
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text:
Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Stars in my Pocket Like Grains of Sand
Dust-jacket from the first edition
Author
Samuel R. Delany
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Science fiction novel
Publisher
Bantam Books
Publication date
1984
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
368 pp
ISBN
978-0-553-05053-0
OCLC
11685942
Dewey Decimal
813/.54 19
LC Class
PS3554.E437 S7 1984
Followed by
The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities (unfinished)
Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand (1984) is a science fiction novel by Samuel R. Delany. It was part of a planned duology ("diptych", in Delany's description) whose second half, The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities, remains unfinished.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Major themes
2.1 Fractured Subjectivity
2.2 Cleansing
3 Genre of Science Fiction
4 Connections to Delany's other work
5 The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities
6 Popular culture
7 Editions
8 References
Plot summary[edit]
The novel takes place in a distant future in which diverse human societies have developed on some 6000 planets. Many of these worlds are shared with intelligent nonhumans, although only one alien species (the mysterious Xlv) also possesses faster-than-light travel. In an attempt to find a stable defense against the phenomenon known as Cultural Fugue (a process where "socioeconomic pressures [reach] a point of technological recomplication and perturbation where the population completely destroys all life across the planetary surface"), many human worlds have aligned themselves with one of two broad factions: the Sygn, which promotes and celebrates social diversity, and the Family, which promotes adherence to an idealized norm of human relations modeled on the nuclear family.
The story opens on the planet Rhyonon. Korga, a tall, misfit youth, undergoes the Radical Anxiety Termination, or RAT, procedure, a form of psychosurgery which makes him a passive slave, after which he is known as Rat Korga. After he has lived under a number of masters, Rat Korga's world is destroyed by a conflagration. This is later explained to be the result of Cultural Fugue, though the explanation is open to dispute, especially since Xlv spacecraft were present in the Rhyonon system when the disaster occurred. Because he was deep inside a mine shaft at the time of the disaster, Rat Korga survives (though badly injured), the only known being ever to survive Cultural Fugue. Rat Korga serves as a reminder of the possibility of Cultural Fugue and the destruction of a planet, which is part of what makes him so appealing to the inhabitants of Velm.
The action then moves to Velm, a Sygn-aligned world that humanity shares with its native three-sexed intelligent species, the evelm, and where sexual relationships take many forms — monogamous, promiscuous, anonymous, and interspecies. Resident Marq Dyeth, an "industrial diplomat" who helps manage the transfer of technology between different societies, is informed that Rat Korga is his perfect sexual match by an associate in the powerful and mysterious Web, an organization that manages information flows between worlds. Equipping him with a prosthesis (the rings of Vondramach Okk, a tyrant who once ruled ten planets and employed of one of Marq's ancestors) that restores the initiative he lost due to the RAT procedure, the Web sends Rat Korga to Velm under the pretext that he is a student, and he and Marq begin a romantic and sexual affair. They go on an unusual hunting expedition and return to a dinner party which becomes chaotic due to the disruptive presence of visitors from a Family world and intense planetwide interest in Korga. Soon after, Rat Korga is forced to leave Velm and be permanently separated from Marq (their pairing having been an alien cultural experiment) because their interaction was creating a threat of Cultural Fugue.
Major themes[edit]
Fractured Subjectivity[edit]
Thomas Foster argues that Stars in My Pocket treats "fractured subjectivity" as a natural condition by representing "nonnormative racial, sexual, and familiar formations and practices" as normal within Marq's world.[1] Quoting directly from the novel, Foster claims that "[t]he utopian project of this novel resides in its attempt to imagine a future setting in which 'the 'fragmented subject' is at its healthiest, happiest, and most creative because society and economics contrive... to make questions of unity and centerness irrelevant'" [1][2] This theme of fractured identity is part of Delany's own postmodern critique of identity that treats social categories like race, sexuality, gender, and class as absolute and static.
Cleansing[edit]
In his essay Clean, Robert F. Reid-Pharr argues that what Delany achieves in Stars “is a themataziation of the complex ways the spectacle of gay male identity is established through a set of essentially ritualistic practices wherein the gay man is figured clean or more precisely cleansing.[3]” The character of Korga, and his movement through RAT procedures into liberation and then to corporate slavery exemplifies this process in Stars, and Reid-Pharr also suggests a connection in this method of identity construction between the gay male subject and the subject position of the African American slave.
Delany explores issues related to miscegenation through his employment of the Thant family in the novel. The Thant’s do not approve of the mixed family status of Dyeth family, which has produced offspring with the Evelmi species, six-legged, many tongued, three sexed beings that are the original inhabitants of their planet, Velm.
Delany also broaches the question of consent, as it relates to one’s enslavement, by depicting characters, such as Rat Korga, having the option to choose to go into slavery. In fact, one cannot be enslaved in the novel, without explicit consent. This is exemplified in beginning of the novel, when Rat Korga is asked to verbally consent by another character who is handling the enslavement process. “Say ‘yes.’ We need a voiceprint of the actual word; this is being recorded. Otherwise it isn’t legal.”[4]
Genre of Science Fiction[edit]
Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand is about the distant future but the ideas that Delany writes about are reflections of the contemporary world. Delany himself has said, “Science fiction is not ‘about the future.’ Science fiction is in dialogue with the present…[the science fiction writer] indulge[s] in a significant distortion of the present that sets up a rich and complex dialogue with the reader’s here and now.”[5] While Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand provides an alternative and unconventional relationship between humanity and the natural world, Delany reminds the reader to be critical about the extent in which the social distortions in the novel are actually “distant” from the current social order. As a result, Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand critiques and disrupts contemporary understandings of the world. These ruptures occur in from Delany’s use of third-person gender pronouns, to the redefinition of family and kinship, to the concept of technicity (technologically driven modes of social differentiation and belonging).[6] By forcing the reader to constantly go through these breaks and fissures in their social understandings, Delany reveals “the arbitrariness of these signifiers, their contingency and openness to recontextualization…as they move across worlds, literally and figuratively.”[7]
Connections to Delany's other work[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Stars has a number of plot elements that are similar to certain elements in Triton. Most notable is the presence in both novels of the General Information service, although it is more sophisticated in Stars (one need merely think a question for GI to place the knowledge in one's mind, as opposed to Triton's GI which takes questions on machines similar to modern computers). Both novels also feature aboveground and institutionalized versions of gay male cruising spaces, although open to all genders and sexual preferences; in Triton the protagonist visits such a space in the form of an indoor club, while in Stars the protagonists visit one of their city's many parklike runs set aside for that purpose. Finally, the Family/Sygn conflict in Stars is similar to the conflict between the social systems of Earth and the Outer Satellites in Triton; a "Sygn" is present in Triton, but is a minor religious cult mentioned very briefly.
Delany's short story "Omegahelm" (found in Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories) is set in the same universe as Stars; it concerns Vondramach Okk (see above) and her one attempt to have a child.
Times Square Red, Times Square Blue, two nonfiction essays written by Delany, also include descriptions of cross-class, cross-ethnic, non-monogamous sexual encounters similar to those explored by Marq and Korga in the Stars.
The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities[edit]
All editions of Stars contain an author's note stating that it is the first half of a diptych, the second half of which is the novel The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities. Delany took this title from the translator's forward to Richard Howard's translation of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal. An excerpt from Splendor was printed in the Review of Contemporary Fiction in September, 1996.[8] In a 2001 interview,[9] Delany gave this brief summary:
The book was conceived of as a city novel. For the bulk of it, the main characters, Rat and Marq, try to make their home in a city on the other side of the planet Velm from the one Marq was born and raised in. Then they have to journey back to Dyethshome, in an educational trip across Marq's world. In the course of it, a number of things that once looked pretty fair in volume one turn out not to be so pleasant in volume two.
Splendor is unfinished, and is unlikely to ever be finished. Delany has stated two reasons for this in various writings and public appearances.[10] First, much of the creative impetus for Stars came from his relationship with his then-partner, Frank Romeo (to whom the novel is dedicated); this relationship ended soon after the novel was published, removing much of Delany's creative energy related to the project. Second, the novel was published just as AIDS was becoming an epidemic in the gay culture Delany was immersed in, and he found it difficult to continue to write about a setting which mirrored the sexual scene that gave rise to an epidemic that caused the deaths of many people close to him.
In fact, Stars was the last of Delany's major science fiction projects until 2012's Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders. As seen in 1984: Selected Letters, at the time Stars was published his relationship with his publisher, Bantam, underwent a major rupture, with Bantam declining to print the final volume of the Return to Nevèrÿon series, Return to Nevèrÿon (eventually published by Arbor House as The Bridge of Lost Desire). Delany's works largely went out of print in the immediately following years, and he turned to academia for his living, taking up the first of his professorial posts in 1988, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Popular culture[edit]
The British musical group Opus III's first album, Mind Fruit, included the song Stars in my Pocket with lyrics referencing the novel.
Referenced by Cam O'bi in the Noname song Diddy Bop, from her Telefone mixtape.
Hip hop group Clipping's second album is titled Splendor & Misery, and the lyrics include the continuation, "of bodies, of cities".
cover of the Wesleyan University Press paperback reprint edition
Editions[edit]
Bantam, 1984, 368 pp, hardcover. ISBN 978-0-553-05053-0
Bantam Spectra, 1985, 368 pp, paperback. ISBN 978-0-553-25149-4
QPB/Bantam, 1985, 368 pp, paperback. no ISBN
Grafton/Panther, 1986, 464 pp, paperback, ISBN 978-0-586-06749-9
Bantam Spectra, 1990, 385 pp, paperback, ISBN 978-0-553-25149-4, adds a 10-page afterword on postmodernism
Wesleyan University Press, 2004, 356 pp, paperback. ISBN 978-0-8195-6714-7, adds a foreword by Carl Freedman
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Foster, Thomas (2015-10-07). ""Innocent by Contamination": Ethnicity and Technicity in Delany's Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand". African American Review. 48 (3): 239–256. ISSN 1945-6182.
Jump up ^ Delany, Samuel R.; Freedman, Carl (2004-12-15). Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand (20th ed.). Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan. ISBN 9780819567147.
Jump up ^ Reid-Pharr, Robert F. “Clean: Death and Desire in Samuel R. Delany’s Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand.” American Literature, Volume 83, Number 2, June 2011. Duke University Press
Jump up ^ (Delany 1984: 5)
Jump up ^ Jeffrey Allen, Tucker (2010). "The Necessity of models, of Alternatives: Samuel R. Delany's Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand". South Atlantic Quarterly. 109 (2, (Spring 2010)): 249–278.
Jump up ^ Foster, Thomas. “Innocent by Contamination: Ethnicity and Technicity in Delany’s Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand.” African American Review 48, no. 3 (Fall 2015): 239-256, 243.
Jump up ^ Foster, Thomas. “Innocent by Contamination: Ethnicity and Technicity in Delany’s Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand.” African American Review 48, no. 3 (Fall 2015): 239-256, 248.
Jump up ^ "From The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities", The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Vol. XVI, no. 3, 1996. Dalkey Archive Press: retrieved from Internet Archive, 22 Oct 2008
Jump up ^ Interview with Matrix magazine, 2001, reprinted in Conversations With Samuel R. Delany, ed. Carl Freedman, University Press of Mississippi, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Delany Answers Your Science Fiction Questions!", question by Djehuty.
hide
v
t
e
Samuel R. Delany
Stand-alone novels
The Jewels of Aptor (1962)
The Ballad of Beta-2 (1965)
Empire Star (1966)
Babel-17 (1966)
The Einstein Intersection (1967)
Nova (1968)
Equinox (1973)
Dhalgren (1975)
Trouble on Triton (1976)
Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand (1984)
They Fly at Çiron (1993)
The Mad Man (1994)
Hogg (1995)
Phallos (2004)
Dark Reflections (2007)
Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders (2012)
The Fall of the Towers
Captives of the Flame (1963)
The Towers of Toron (1964)
City of a Thousand Suns (1965)
Return to Nevèrÿon
Tales of Nevèrÿon (1979)
Neveryóna (1983)
Flight from Nevèrÿon (1985)
Return to Nevèrÿon (1987)
Short stories
Stories
"Aye, and Gomorrah..." (1967)
"Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones" (1968)
Collections
Driftglass (1971)
Distant Stars (1981)
The Complete Nebula Award-Winning Fiction (1983)
Driftglass/Starshards (1993)
Atlantis: Three Tales (1995)
Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories (2003)
Nonfiction
Heavenly Breakfast (1979)
The Motion of Light in Water (1988)
Silent Interviews (1995)
Longer Views (1996)
Times Square Red, Times Square Blue (1999)
Shorter Views (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stars_in_My_Pocket_Like_Grains_of_Sand&oldid=828383750"
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