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Home (Michael Bublé song)
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"Home"
Single by Michael Bublé
from the album It's Time
Released
March 28, 2005
Format
CD single, Digital download
Recorded
2002
Genre
Easy listening, Country pop
Length
3:45
Label
143, Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bublé, Alan Chang, Amy Foster-Gillies
Producer(s)
Bob Rock
Michael Bublé singles chronology
"Feeling Good"
(2005) "Home"
(2005) "Save the Last Dance for Me"
(2006)
"Feeling Good"
(2005) "Home"
(2005) "Save the Last Dance for Me"
(2006)
"Home" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Michael Bublé, and released on March 28, 2005, as the second single from his second major-label studio album, It's Time. The song was written by Bublé, along with co-writers Alan Chang and Amy Foster-Gillies.
Contents
1 Background
2 Track listing
3 Chart history
4 Certifications
5 Westlife version
5.1 Tours performed at
5.2 Track listing
5.3 Music video
5.4 Charts
5.4.1 Weekly charts
5.4.2 Year-end charts
5.5 Certifications
5.6 Streaming Counts
6 Blake Shelton version
6.1 Peak chart positions
6.2 Year-end charts
7 Other notable recordings
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Home was first released on March 28, 2005, as Bublé's debut single in the United Kingdom. It received a relatively low promoted release, as at the time, the lead single from It's Time, "Feeling Good", had only just been released in other territories around the world. As such, it underperformed heavily, only peaking at #162 on the UK Singles Chart. When the album was released three months later, to much more widespread success and critical acclaim, it was decided that "Home" would be released as the album's second single worldwide, accompanied by a re-release of the single in the United Kingdom. As such, the second time around, the single was a massive hit, topping the adult contemporary chart in the United States, reaching a high chart position in Canada, and peaking at a relatively successful #31 in the United Kingdom. This time, the release was accompanied by a music video, directed by Noble Jones, who had previously filmed the video for "Feeling Good". The song was also used in the film The Wedding Date.
Subsequently, two cover versions of the song have also been released as singles by other artists. The first of these was recorded by Irish boyband Westlife, whose version was a top ten hit in several European countries. American country music singer Blake Shelton also released his version in early 2008, which reached the top of the American country singles charts. In December 2011, Bublé performed a duet version of the song with English singer-songwriter Gary Barlow, whilst also performing Barlow's "Rule the World". The performance gained great reception from fans, when it began trending worldwide on Twitter.[1] Soon after, a petition was set up for the collaboration to be made available for digital download, to challenge for the UK Christmas Number One spot.[2]
"Home" centralizes on the male narrator, who is separated from his lover, possibly his wife, while off travelling. He expresses a desire to return home and be with his lover. Bublé had been away touring in Italy when he co-wrote the lyrics, for his then-fiancée, Debbie Timuss. Bublé describes his loneliness from missing her in the lyrics.[3] Aaron Latham of Allmusic, in his review of It's Time, described the song favorably. He called it a "positive step forward" for Bublé, adding "The success of this ballad provides yet another direction that he can explore and expand upon."[4]
Track listing[edit]
UK CD single #1 (Debut release)[5]
"Home" (U.K. Radio Mix) - 3:23
"Home" (Album Version) - 3:45
UK CD single #2 (Debut release)[6]
"Home" (U.K. Radio Mix) - 3:23
"Home" (Album Version) - 3:45
"Nice N'Easy" - 4:11
"Home" (Music Video) - 3:54
UK CD single (Second release)[7][8]
"Home" (Album Version) - 3:45
"Song For You" (featuring Chris Botti) - 3:12
Chart history[edit]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[9] 35
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 36
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[11] 30
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 55
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[13] 56
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[14] 55
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[15] 33
UK Singles Chart 31
US Billboard Hot 100[16] 72
US Billboard Adult Contemporary 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Italy (FIMI)[17]
Gold
United States (RIAA)[18]
Platinum
Westlife version[edit]
For another Westlife song, see Turnaround (Westlife album).
"Home"
Single by Westlife
from the album Back Home
Released
October 29, 2007
Format
CD single, digital download
Recorded
Rokstone Studios, London 2007
Length
3:26
Label
Sony BMG
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bublé, Alan Chang, Amy Foster-Gillies
Producer(s)
Steve Mac
Westlife singles chronology
"The Rose"
(2006) "Home"
(2007) "Us Against the World"
(2008)
"The Rose"
(2006) "Home"
(2007) "Us Against the World"
(2008)
Music video
Home on YouTube
Back Home track listing
show
12 tracks
"Home"
"Us Against the World"
"Something Right"
"I'm Already There"
"When I'm With You"
"Have You Ever?"
"It's You"
"Catch My Breath"
"The Easy Way"
"I Do"
"Pictures In My Head"
"You Must Have Had a Broken Heart"
Westlife released a cover version of "Home" as their first single from their eighth studio album Back Home (2007). Westlife's version differs slightly in their lyrical arrangement as compared to Michael Bublé's version. Simon Cowell chose this song for the band. It has sold over 200,000 copies in the UK so far.[19] Local radio station, Dublin's Q102, received exclusive airplay of the single on September 14, 2007 from Westlife's manager, Louis Walsh. The next day, an Irish online radio station, Klubb FM, played it as well. The official artwork for the single was released on September 28, 2007, while the single's music video was made available online on October 5, 2007. The song was #91 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.[20] The single sold over 200,000 copies in the UK alone and was certified Silver, it peaked at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. Hard to Say I'm Sorry was included as the B-Side for the single. It charted individually on the official UK Singles Chart at #135.
Tours performed at[edit]
Back Home Tour (2008)
Where We Are Tour (2010)
Gravity Tour (2011)
Greatest Hits Tour (2012)
Track listing[edit]
UK CD1
"Home" (Single Mix)
"Hard To Say I'm Sorry"
UK CD2
"Home" (Single Mix)
"Total Eclipse Of The Heart" (Sunset Strippers Full Dance Mix)
"Home" (Soul Seekerz Remix - Radio Edit)
Music video[edit]
The music video for this single was shot in Vancouver using interior and exterior shots of the Orpheum Theater. The exterior shots of the marquee are on Granville Street. A short preview of the video was posted on the band's official website on October 5, 2007. The full video was made available during the later part of the day on The Box. It was directed by Mike Lipscombe and features the band in front of a Boeing 747 plane along with scenes of loved ones meeting each other at the airport.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
Bulgaria Singles Chart[21] 23
Czech Republic Radio Top 100 Chart[22] 59
German Singles Chart 70
Irish Singles Chart 2
Norwegian Singles Chart 7
Scottish Singles Chart[23] 2
Swedish Singles Chart 8
Taiwanese Singles Chart 2
UK Singles Chart 3
UK Physical Singles (OCC)[24] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Position
Irish Singles Chart[25] 14
UK Singles Chart[26] 43
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[27]
Silver 200,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Streaming Counts[edit]
Site
Count
Worldwide (YouTube) (Official and unofficial counts included; as of October 2018) 22 million +
Worldwide (Spotify) (as of October 2018) 8 million +
Blake Shelton version[edit]
"Home"
Single by Blake Shelton
from the album Pure BS
Released
February 4, 2008 (2008-02-04)
Format
CD single, music download
Genre
Country
Length
3:50
Label
Warner Bros. Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bublé, Alan Chang, Amy Foster-Gillies
Producer(s)
Brent Rowan
Blake Shelton singles chronology
"The More I Drink"
(2007) "Home"
(2008) "She Wouldn't Be Gone"
(2008)
"The More I Drink"
(2007) "Home"
(2008) "She Wouldn't Be Gone"
(2008)
A version was released by American country music artist Blake Shelton on February 1, 2008. This cover entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 60 for the week of February 12, 2008. It was included on a June 2008 re-issue of Shelton's 2007 album Pure BS[28] and Blake Shelton Collector's Edition, an EP which is only available at Walmart. Shelton's rendition features backing vocals from his girlfriend (now ex-wife), Miranda Lambert.
Shelton's version of the song reached Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week of July 19, 2008, becoming the fourth Number One hit of his career,[29] and his first since "Some Beach" in December 2004. His version also reached number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Shelton occasionally performed the song with Bublé in concert. In 2012, he e-mailed Bublé, asking if he would write new lyrics for a Christmas version of the song and sing duet vocals on it. The re-written version, featuring Bublé, appears on Shelton's 2012 album, Cheers, It's Christmas.[30]
Peak chart positions[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[31] 41
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[32] 1
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[32] 36A
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[33] 45A
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles[34] 19B
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[32] 36B
AChristmas re-recording with Michael Bublé.
BLive recording with Usher.
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[35] 5
Other notable recordings[edit]
Having performed this song on-stage alongside Bublé at Wembley Arena (4 December 2007),[36] Leon Jackson, the winner of the fourth series of the UK rendition of The X Factor, released this song as a B-Side on his Christmas No. 1 single, "When You Believe".
A cover of "Home" was sung by Damian McGinty in an episode on the third season of Glee, "Heart". It was also said that it is one of Damian's favorite songs.[citation needed]
The song was included in Eoghan Quigg's critically vilified 2009 album.
An R&B version of the song was included on Ruben Studdard's 2014 album Unconditional Love.
An a cappella version by The King's Singers was published on their 2010 album Swimming Over London[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Twitter BUBLE BARLOW search
Jump up ^ Michael Buble & Gary Barlow Duets – Make This Xmas Number One, December 18,2011, Simon Gallagher Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.michaelbuble.jazzyutopia.com/articles2005-02.shtml
Jump up ^ Latham, Aaron. "it's Time review". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ Home, Warner Bros Records, 2005-03-28, retrieved 2016-08-20
Jump up ^ Home, Warner Bros Records, 2005-03-28, retrieved 2016-08-20
Jump up ^ "Home/Song for You: Michael Buble: Amazon.de: Musik". Amazon.de. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
Jump up ^ Home, Warner Bros Records, 2005-11-14, retrieved 2016-08-20
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Michael Bublé – Home". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Michael Bublé – Home" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Michael Bublé Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Michael Bublé – Home" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Michael Bublé – Home". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Michael Bublé – Home". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Michael Bublè – Home" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Michael Bublè – Home". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 12 December 2014. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ "Westlife | Official Top 20 | MTV UK". Mtv.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
Jump up ^ MTV Asia. "Top 100 Hits List" Archived 2007-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2007-12-27
Jump up ^ "Home by Westlife - Music Charts". acharts.co.
Jump up ^ ds. "SNS IFPI". www.ifpicr.cz.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Official Physical Singles Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com.
Jump up ^ "Best of singles 2007". IRMA. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2007". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Westlife – Home". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Type Home in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton calls "Home"". Country Standard Time. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton calls number one "Home"". Country Standard Time. 2008-07-07. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton Explains His Christmas Duet With Michael Buble". Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Blake Shelton Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton – Chart history – Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2008: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Leon performs with Bublé at Wembley". Digital Spy. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Album Swimming Over London by The King's Singers". Signum Records. 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Michael Bublé
Discography
Studio albums
BaBalu (2001)
Dream (2002)
Michael Bublé (2003)
It's Time (2005)
Call Me Irresponsible (2007)
Crazy Love (2009)
Christmas (2011)
To Be Loved (2013)
Nobody but Me (2016)
Love (2018)
Live albums
Come Fly with Me (2004)
Caught in the Act (2005)
Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden (2009)
Extended plays
First Dance (1995)
Totally Bublé (2003)
Let It Snow (2003)
More (2005)
With Love (2006)
A Taste of Bublé (2008)
Special Delivery (2010)
A Holiday Gift for You (2010)
Singles
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
"Kissing a Fool"
"Sway"
"Spider-Man Theme"
"Feeling Good"
"Home"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Everything"
"Me and Mrs. Jones"
"Lost"
"It Had Better Be Tonight"
"Comin' Home Baby"
"Haven't Met You Yet"
"Hold On"
"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"
"Cry Me a River"
"Crazy Love"
"Hollywood"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" / "Jingle Bells"
"White Christmas"
"Nobody but Me"
Concert tours
Crazy Love Tour (2010–12)
To Be Loved Tour (2013–14)
show
v
t
e
Westlife singles and songs
Discography
Unreleased songs
Westlife
"Swear It Again"
"If I Let You Go"
"Flying Without Wings"
"I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun"
"Fool Again"
"More Than Words"
"Miss You"
"Forever"
Coast to Coast
"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"
"My Love"
"What Makes a Man"
"I Lay My Love on You" ("En Ti Deje Mi Amor")
"Uptown Girl"
"When You're Looking Like That" ("Con Lo Bien Que Te Ves")
"Soledad"
"No Place That Far"
"My Girl"
"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted"
"I'll Be There"
World of Our Own
"Queen of My Heart"
"World of Our Own"
"Bop Bop Baby"
"Evergreen"
"Angel"
"I Wanna Grow Old With You"
Unbreakable
"Unbreakable"
"Tonight/Miss You Nights"
"Written in the Stars"
Turnaround
"Hey Whatever"
"Mandy"
"Obvious"
"To Be With You"
"Lost in You"
"Grease Lightning"
Allow Us to Be Frank
"Ain't That a Kick in the Head"
"Smile"
"Beyond the Sea"
"Fly Me to the Moon"
"The Way You Look Tonight"
"Let There Be Love"
"Come Fly With Me"
"Mack the Knife"
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco"
"Summer Wind"
"Clementine"
"When I Fall in Love"
"Moon River"
"That's Life"
Face to Face
"You Raise Me Up"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Amazing"
"Desperado"
"In This Life"
"White Christmas"
The Love Album
"The Rose"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"All Out of Love"
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You"
"Butterfly Kisses"
"Easy"
"You Light Up My Life"
"You Are So Beautiful (To Me)"
"The Dance"
"All or Nothing"
"You've Lost That Loving Feeling"
"If"
"Solitaire"
Back Home
"Home"
"Us Against the World"
"Something Right"
"I'm Already There"
"Hard to Say I'm Sorry"
"Have You Ever"
Where We Are
"What About Now"
Gravity
"Safe"
"I Will Reach You"
"The Reason"
"Please Stay"
Greatest Hits
"Lighthouse"
"Beautiful World"
Other songs
"Everybody Hurts"
"Beautiful in White"
"If I Had Words"
"Back at One"
"Daytime Friends, Nighttime Lovers"
"No More Tears (Enough is Enough)"
Book
Category
Template
show
v
t
e
Blake Shelton singles
Discography
Blake Shelton
"Austin"
"All Over Me"
"Ol' Red"
The Dreamer
"The Baby"
"Heavy Liftin'"
"Playboys of the Southwestern World"
Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill
"Some Beach"
"Goodbye Time"
"Nobody but Me"
Pure BS
"Don't Make Me"
"The More I Drink"
"Home"
Startin' Fires
"She Wouldn't Be Gone"
"I'll Just Hold On"
Red River Blue
"Honey Bee"
"God Gave Me You"
"Drink on It"
"Over"
Based on a True Story...
"Sure Be Cool If You Did"
"Boys 'Round Here"
"Mine Would Be You"
"Doin' What She Likes"
"My Eyes"
Bringing Back the Sunshine
"Neon Light"
"Lonely Tonight"
"Sangria"
"Gonna"
If I'm Honest
"Straight Outta Cold Beer"
"She's Got a Way with Words"
"Came Here to Forget"
"A Guy with a Girl"
"Go Ahead and Break My Heart"
"Friends"
"Savior's Shadow"
"Every Time I Hear That Song"
Texoma Shore
"I'll Name the Dogs"
"I Lived It"
"Turnin' Me On"
Collaborations
"The Truth About Men"
"Just a Fool"
"Medicine"
"You Make It Feel Like Christmas"
Other songs
"Hillbilly Bone"
"All About Tonight"
"Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"
"Footloose"
"Over You"
show
v
t
e
Miranda Lambert singles
Kerosene
"Me and Charlie Talking"
"Bring Me Down"
"Kerosene"
"New Strings"
Crazy Ex-Girlfriend
"Famous in a Small Town"
"Gunpowder & Lead"
"More Like Her"
Revolution
"Dead Flowers"
"White Liar"
"The House That Built Me"
"Only Prettier"
"Heart Like Mine"
Four the Record
"Baggage Claim"
"Over You"
"Fastest Girl in Town"
"Mama's Broken Heart"
"All Kinds of Kinds"
Platinum
"Automatic"
"Somethin' Bad"
"Little Red Wagon"
"Smokin' and Drinkin'"
The Weight of These Wings
"Vice"
"We Should Be Friends"
"Tin Man"
"Keeper of the Flame"
Featured singles
"We Were Us"
"Drowns the Whiskey"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_(Michael_Bublé_song)&oldid=865078736"
Categories:
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Trade and use of saffron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Saffron threads are soaked in hot—but not boiling—water for several minutes prior to use in cuisine. This helps release the beneficial components.
Sale of saffron and other spices in Iran
Saffron is a key seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine in use for over three millennia.[1] One of the world's most expensive spices by weight,[2] saffron consists of stigmas plucked from the vegetatively propagated and sterile Crocus sativus, known popularly as the saffron crocus. The resulting dried "threads"[N 1] are distinguished by their bitter taste, hay-like fragrance, and slight metallic notes. The saffron crocus is unknown in the wild; its most likely precursor, Crocus cartwrightianus, originated in Crete or Central Asia;[3] The saffron crocus is native to Southwest Asia and was first cultivated in what is now Greece.[4][5][6]
From antiquity to modern times the history of saffron is full of applications in food, drink, and traditional herbal medicine: from Africa and Asia to Europe and the Americas the brilliant red threads were—and are—prized in baking, curries, and liquor. It coloured textiles and other items and often helped confer the social standing of political elites and religious adepts. Ancient peoples believed saffron could be used to treat stomach upsets, bubonic plague, and smallpox.
"Saffron, for example, was once less regarded than it is today because the crocus from which it is extracted was not particularly mysterious. It flourished in European locations extending from Asia Minor, where it originated, to Saffron Walden in England, where it was naturalised. Only subsequently, when its labour-intensive cultivation became largely centred in Kashmir, did it seem sufficiently exotic to qualify as one of the most precious of spices."[7]
Saffron crocus cultivation has long centered on a broad belt of Eurasia bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the southwest to India and China in the northeast. The major producers of antiquity—Iran, Spain, India, and Greece—continue to dominate the world trade.
The cultivation of saffron in the Americas was begun by members of the Schwenkfelder Church in Pennsylvania. In recent decades cultivation has spread to New Zealand, Tasmania, and California. Iran has accounted for around 90–93 percent of recent annual world production and thereby dominates the export market on a by-quantity basis.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Modern trade
1.1 Producers
1.2 Price
1.2.1 Factors determining costs
1.2.2 Actual prices
1.3 Buyers
2 Culinary use
3 Folk medicine
4 Colouring and perfumery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
Modern trade[edit]
Producing regions:
major
minor
Producing nations:
major
minor
Trading centres:
present
past
Producers[edit]
Almost all saffron grows in a belt bounded by the Mediterranean in the west and mountainous Kashmir in the east. All other continents except Antarctica produce smaller amounts. In 1991, Some 300 t (300,000 kg) of whole threads and powder are gleaned yearly,[9] of which 50 t (50,000 kg) is top-grade "coupe" saffron.[10] Iran is by far the world's most important producer: in 2005 it grossed some 230 tonnes (230,000 kg) of dry threads, or 93.7 percent of the year's global total mass; much of the Iranian crop was bound for export.[8] In the same year, second-ranked Greece produced 5.7 t (5,700.0 kg). Morocco and India Most of the region's saffron is grown in the more climatically suitable "Vale of Kashmir", which is administered in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir; region of Kashmir, tied as the next-highest producers, each produced 2.3 t (2,300.0 kg).[8] In decreasing order, Iran, Greece, Morocco, the Kashmir region in India, Azerbaijan, Spain, and Italy dominate the world harvest.
In Iran, the world's leading producer, the erstwhile and northeasterly Khorasan Province, which in 2004 was divided in three, grows 95 percent of Iranian saffron: the hinterlands of Birjand, Ghayen, Ferdows in South Khorasan Province, along with areas abutting Gonabad and Torbat-e Heydarieh in Razavi Khorasan Province, are its key cropping areas.[11] Afghanistan has resumed cultivation in recent years; in restive Kashmir it has waned.[12] Despite numerous cultivation efforts in such countries as Austria, England, Germany, and Switzerland, only select locales continue the harvest in northern and central Europe. Among these is the small Swiss village of Mund, in the Valais canton, whose annual saffron output amounts to several kilograms.[9] Microscale cultivation occurs in Tasmania,[13] China, Egypt, France, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey (especially Safranbolu), California, and Central Africa.[5][14]
C. sativus.
Price[edit]
Factors determining costs[edit]
The high cost of saffron is due to the difficulty of manually extracting large numbers of minute stigmas, which are the only part of the crocus with the desired aroma and flavour. An exorbitant number of flowers need to be processed in order to yield marketable amounts of saffron. Obtaining 1 lb (0.45 kg) of dry saffron requires the harvesting of some 50,000 flowers, the equivalent of an association football pitch's area of cultivation, or roughly 7,140 m2 (0.714 ha).[15] By another estimate some 75,000 flowers are needed to produce one pound of dry saffron.[16] This too depends on the typical stigma size of each saffron cultivar. Another complication arises in the flowers' simultaneous and transient blooming. Since so many crocus flowers are needed to yield even derisory quantities of dry saffron, the harvest can be a frenetic affair entailing about forty hours of intense labour. In Kashmir, the thousands of growers must work continuously in relays over the span of one or two weeks throughout both day and night.[17]
Once extracted, the stigmas must be dried quickly, lest decomposition or mould ruin the batch's marketability. The traditional method of drying involves spreading the fresh stigmas over screens of fine mesh, which are then baked over hot coals or wood or in oven-heated rooms where temperatures reach 30–35 °C (86–95 °F) for 10–12 hours. Afterwards the dried spice is preferably sealed in airtight glass containers.[N 2][18]
Actual prices[edit]
Bulk quantities of lower-grade saffron can reach upwards of US$500 per pound; retail costs for small amounts may exceed ten times that rate. In Western countries the average retail price is approximately US$1,000 per pound.[5] Prices vary widely elsewhere, but on average tend to be lower. The high price is somewhat offset by the small quantities needed in kitchens: a few grams at most in medicinal use and a few strands, at most, in culinary applications; there are between 70,000 and 200,000 strands in a pound.
A price set during 2014 for Saffron grown within England was £15 for 0.2. grams, this being sold at Fortnum & Mason, and a gram priced at a value with a maximum of £75. [19]
Buyers[edit]
Experienced saffron buyers often have rules of thumb when deliberating on their purchases. They may look for threads exhibiting a vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, and elasticity. They reject threads displaying the telltale dull brick-red colouring—indicative of old stock—and broken-off debris collected at the container's bottom, indicative of age-related brittle dryness. Such aged samples are most likely encountered around the main June harvest season, when retailers attempt to clear out the previous season's old inventory and make room for the new season's crop. Buyers recommend that only the current season's threads be used. Reputable saffron wholesalers and retailers will indicate the year of harvest or the two years that bracket the harvest date; a late 2002 harvest would thus be shown as "2002/2003".[20]
Culinary use[edit]
Saffron is one of three key ingredients in paella valenciana
Saffron features in European, North African, and Asian cuisines. Its aroma is described by taste experts as resembling that of honey, with woody, hay-like, and earthy notes; according to another such assessment, it tastes of hay, but only with bitter hints. Because it imparts a luminous yellow-orange hue, it is used worldwide in everything from cheeses, confectioneries, and liquors to baked goods, curries, meat dishes, and soups. In past eras, many dishes called for prohibitively copious amounts—hardly for taste, but to parade their wealth.[21]
Because of its high cost saffron was often replaced by or diluted with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) or turmeric (Curcuma longa) in cuisine. Both mimic saffron's colour well, but have distinctive flavours. Saffron is used in the confectionery and liquor industries; this is its most common use in Italy.[22] Chartreuse, izarra, and strega are types of alcoholic beverages that rely on saffron to provide a flourish of colour and flavour. The savvy often crumble and pre-soak saffron threads for several minutes prior to adding them to their dishes. They may toss threads into water or sherry and leave them to soak for approximately ten minutes. This process extracts the threads' colour and flavour into the liquid phase; powdered saffron does not require this step.[23] The soaking solution is then added to the hot cooking dish, allowing even colour and flavour distribution, which is critical in preparing baked goods or thick sauces.[21]
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Saffron
Threads are a popular condiment for rice in Spain and Iran, India and Pakistan, and other countries. Two examples of such saffron rice is the zarzuela fish-seafood stew and paella valenciana, a piquant rice-meat preparation. It is essential in making the French bouillabaisse, which is a spicy fish stew from Marseilles, and the Italian risotto alla milanese.
A Swedish-style saffron bun, traditionally consumed before Christmas
The saffron bun has Swedish and Cornish variants and in Swedish is known as lussekatt (literally "Lucy cat", after Saint Lucy) or lussebulle. The latter is a rich yeast dough bun that is enhanced with saffron, along with cinnamon or nutmeg and currants. They are typically eaten during Advent, and especially on Saint Lucy's Day. In England, the saffron "revel buns" were traditionally baked for anniversary feasts (revels) or for church dedications. In the West of Cornwall, large saffron "tea treat buns" signify Methodist Sunday School outings and activities.
Moroccans use saffron in their tajine-prepared dishes, including kefta (meatballs with tomato), mqualli (a citron-chicken dish), and mrouzia (succulent lamb dressed with plums and almonds). Saffron is key in the chermoula herb mixture that flavours many Moroccan dishes. Uzbeks use it in a special rice-based offering known as "wedding plov" (cf. pilaf). Saffron is also essential in chelow kabab, the Iranian national dish. The use of saffron in south Indian cuisine is perhaps best characterised by the eponymous Kesari bhath[24] - a semolina based dessert from Karnataka. South Asian cuisines also use saffron in biryanis, which are spicy rice-vegetable dishes. (An example is the Pakki variety of Hyderabadi biryani.) Saffron spices subcontinental beef and chicken entrees and goes into many sweets, particularly in Muslim and Rajasthani fare. Modern technology has added another delicacy to the list: saffron ice cream. Regional milk-based sweets feature it,[6] among them gulab jamun, kulfi, double ka meetha, and "saffron lassi"; the last is a sweet yogurt-based Jodhpuri drink that is culturally symbolic.
Folk medicine[edit]
Saffron from Afghanistan
Saffron's folkloric uses as an herbal medicine are legendary and legion. It was used for its carminative (suppressing cramps and flatulence) and emmenagogic (enhancing pelvic blood flow) properties.[25] Medieval Europeans used it to treat respiratory disorders—coughs and colds, scarlet fever, smallpox, cancer, hypoxia, and asthma. Other targets were: blood disorders, insomnia, paralysis, heart diseases, stomach upsets, gout, chronic uterine haemorrhage, dysmorrhea, amenorrhea, infant colic, and eye disorders.[26] For the ancient Persians and Egyptians saffron was an aphrodisiac, a general-use antidote against poisoning, a digestive stimulant, and a tonic for dysentery and measles. European practitioners of the archaic and quixotic "Doctrine of Signatures" took its yellowish hue as a sign of its putative curative properties against jaundice.[27]
Colouring and perfumery[edit]
See also: Saffron (color)
Buddhist monks in Hangzhou, China
"India saffron" and turmeric at a Turkish market
Despite its high cost, saffron has been used as a fabric dye, particularly in China and India. It is in the long run an unstable colouring agent; the imparted vibrant orange-yellow hue quickly fades to a pale and creamy yellow.[28] Even in minute amounts, the saffron stamens yield a luminous yellow-orange; increasing the applied saffron concentration will give fabric of increasingly rich shades of red. Clothing dyed with saffron was traditionally reserved for the noble classes, implying that saffron played a ritualised and status-keying role. It was originally responsible for the vermilion-, ochre-, and saffron-hued robes and mantles worn by Buddhist and Hindu monks. In medieval Ireland and Scotland, well-to-do monks wore a long linen undershirt known as a léine, which was traditionally dyed with saffron.[29] In histology the hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS) stain and Movat's pentachrome stain are used as a tissue stain to make biological structures more visible under a microscope.[30] Saffron stains collagen yellow.[30]
There have been many attempts to replace saffron with a cheaper dye. Saffron's usual substitutes in food—turmeric and safflower, among others—yield a garishly bright yellow that could hardly be confused with that of saffron. Saffron's main colourant is the flavonoid crocin; it has been discovered in the less tediously harvested—and hence less costly—gardenia fruit. Research in China is ongoing.[31] In Europe saffron threads were a key component of an aromatic oil known as crocinum, which comprised such motley ingredients as alkanet, dragon's blood (for colour), and wine (again for colour). Crocinum was applied as a perfume to hair. Another preparation involved mixing saffron with wine to produce a viscous yellow spray; it was copiously applied in sudoriferously sunny Roman amphitheatres—as an air freshener.[32]
See also[edit]
History of saffron
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Another term that denotes the stigmas.
Jump up ^ Pure saffron stigmas will often be mixed with stamens to add "dead"—read: "worthless"—weight. To put it mildly, stamens have little culinary appeal but will still add the signature yellow color of saffron. Powdered saffron should be red-orange rather than yellowish in colour.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Deo 2003, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Raghavan 2006, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Rubio-Moraga et al. 2009.
Jump up ^ Grigg 1974, p. 287.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hill 2004, p. 272.
^ Jump up to: a b McGee 2004, p. 422.
Jump up ^ Keay (2005), pp. 19-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ghorbani 2008, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Katzer 2010.
Jump up ^ Negbi 1999, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Kafi et al. 2006, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Malik 2007.
Jump up ^ Courtney 2002.
Jump up ^ Abdullaev 2002, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Hill 2004, p. 273.
Jump up ^ Rau 1969, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Lak 1998.
Jump up ^ Negbi 1999, p. 8.
Jump up ^ L. Crossley - article published by The Mail Online November 6, 2014 [Retrieved 2015-12-07]
Jump up ^ Hill 2004, p. 274.
^ Jump up to: a b Hill 2004, p. 275.
Jump up ^ Negbi 1999, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Willard 2002, p. 203.
Jump up ^ Kesari is the Kannada word for Saffron
Jump up ^ Park 2005.
Jump up ^ Abdullaev 2002, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Darling Biomedical Library 2002.
Jump up ^ Willard 2002, p. 205.
Jump up ^ Major 1892, p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b Sigdel, S.; Gemind, J. T.; Tomashefski Jr, J. F. (2011). "The Movat pentachrome stain as a means of identifying microcrystalline cellulose among other particulates found in lung tissue". Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 135 (2): 249–254. PMID 21284446. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-135.2.249.
Jump up ^ Dharmananda 2005.
Jump up ^ Dalby 2002, p. 138.
References[edit]
Books
Dalby, A. (2002), Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices (1st ed.), University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-23674-5
Grigg, D. B. (1974), The Agricultural Systems of the World (1st ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-09843-4
Hill, T. (2004), The Contemporary Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices: Seasonings for the Global Kitchen (1st ed.), Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-21423-6
Kafi, M.; Koocheki, A.; Rashed, M. H.; Nassiri, M. (eds.) (2006), Saffron (Crocus sativus) Production and Processing (1st ed.), Science Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57808-427-2 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Keay, John (2005): The Spice Route: A History. John Murray, U.K. ISBN 0 7195 6805 6
Major, J. (1892), "A History of Greater Britain as well England as Scotland", Publications of the Scottish History Society, University Press, 10
McGee, H. (2004), On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1
Negbi, M. (ed.) (1999), Saffron: Crocus sativusL., CRC Press, ISBN 978-90-5702-394-1 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Raghavan, S. (2006), "Saffron", Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings (2 ed.), CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-8493-2842-8
Rau, S. R. (1969), The Cooking of India, Foods of the World, Time-Life Books, ISBN 978-0-8094-0069-0
Willard, P. (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Journal articles
Abdullaev, F. I. (2002), "Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)", Experimental Biology and Medicine, 227 (1), pp. 20–5, PMID 11788779, retrieved 11 September 2011
Assimopoulou, A. N.; Papageorgiou, V. P.; Sinakos, Z. (2005), "Radical Scavenging Activity of Crocus sativus L. Extract and Its Bioactive Constituents", Phytotherapy Research, 19 (11), pp. 997–1000, PMID 16317646, doi:10.1002/ptr.1749
Boskabady, M. H.; Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M.; Nemati, H.; Esmaeilzadeh, M. (2010), "Inhibitory Effect of Crocus sativus (Saffron) on Histamine (H1) Receptors of Guinea Pig Tracheal Chains", Die Pharmazie, 65 (4), pp. 300–5, PMID 20432629
Chang, P. Y.; Kuo, W.; Liang, C. T.; Wang, C. K. (1964), "The Pharmacological Action of 藏红花 (zà hóng huā—Crocus sativus L.): Effect on the Uterus and Estrous Cycle", Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 11
Chryssanthi, D. G.; Dedes, P. G.; Karamanos, N. K.; Cordopatis, P.; Lamari, F. N. (2011), "Crocetin Inhibits Invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells via Downregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases", Planta Medica, 77 (2), pp. 146–51, PMID 20803418, doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250178
Deo, B. (2003), "Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice" (PDF), Crop and Food Research, New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research (20), archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2005, retrieved 10 January 2006
Dharmananda, S. (2005), "Saffron: An Anti-Depressant Herb", Institute for Traditional Medicine, archived from the original on 26 September 2006, retrieved 10 January 2006
Ghorbani, M. (2008), "The Efficiency of Saffron's Marketing Channel in Iran" (PDF), World Applied Sciences Journal, 4 (4), pp. 523–527, ISSN 1818-4952, retrieved 3 October 2011
Gout, B.; Bourges, C.; Paineau-Dubreuil, S. (2010), "Satiereal, a Crocus sativus L. Extract, Reduces Snacking and Increases Satiety in a Randomised Placebo-Controlled Study of Mildly Overweight, Healthy Women", Nutrition Research, 30 (5), pp. 305–13, PMID 20579522, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.04.008
Hasegawa, J. H.; Kurumboor, S. K.; Nair, S. C. (1995), "Saffron Chemoprevention in Biology and Medicine: A Review", Cancer Biotherapy, 10 (4), pp. 257–64, PMID 8590890
Hosseinzadeh, H.; Karimi, G.; Niapoor, M. (2004), "Antidepressant Effect of Crocus sativus L. Stigma Extracts and Their Constituents, Crocin and Safranal, In Mice", Acta Horticulturae, International Society for Horticultural Science (650), pp. 435–445, retrieved 23 November 2009
Nair, S. C.; Pannikar, B.; Panikkar, K. R. (1991), "Antitumour Activity of Saffron (Crocus sativus)", Cancer Letters, 57 (2), pp. 109–14, PMID 2025883, doi:10.1016/0304-3835(91)90203-T
Rubio-Moraga, A.; Castillo-López, R.; Gómez-Gómez, L.; Ahrazem, O. (2009), "Saffron Is a Monomorphic Species as Revealed by RAPD, ISSR, and Microsatellite Analyses", BMC Research Notes, 2, p. 189, PMC 2758891  , PMID 19772674, doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-189
Miscellaneous
Courtney, P. (2002), "Tasmania's Saffron Gold", Landline, Australian Broadcasting Corp. (published 19 May 2002), retrieved 29 September 2011
Katzer, G. (2010), "Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)", Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages, retrieved 3 December 2012
Lak, D. (1998), "Kashmiris Pin Hopes on Saffron", BBC News (published 11 November 1998), retrieved 11 September 2011
Malik, N. (2007), Saffron Manual for Afghanistan (PDF), DACAAR Rural Development Program, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2011, retrieved 17 September 2011
Park, J. B. (2005), "Saffron", USDA Phytochemical Database, archived from the original on 25 September 2006, retrieved 10 January 2006
External links[edit]
ICEX (2015), Saffron in the word, ICEX
Darling Biomedical Library (2002), Saffron, UCLA
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This page was last edited on 4 September 2017, at 19:46.
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values: تجارت و استفاده از زعفران – Persian

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