text:
More Today Than Yesterday
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"More Today Than Yesterday"
Single by Spiral Starecase
from the album More Today Than Yesterday
B-side
"Broken-Hearted Man"
Released
January 7, 1969 (US)
April 1969 (UK)
Recorded
1968
Genre
Jazz rock
Length
2:48
Label
Columbia 44741
Songwriter(s)
Pat Upton
Producer(s)
Sonny Knight
Spiral Starecase singles chronology
"I'll Run"
(1968) "More Today Than Yesterday"
(1969) "No One for Me to Turn To"
(1969)
"I'll Run"
(1968) "More Today Than Yesterday"
(1969) "No One for Me to Turn To"
(1969)
"More Today Than Yesterday" is a song written by Pat Upton and performed by Spiral Starecase. It reached number 6 in Canada,[1] number 7 on the Cashbox Top 100,[2] and number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1969.[3] The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart.[4] The song was featured on their 1969 album, More Today Than Yesterday.[5]
The song was produced by Sonny Knight and arranged by Al Capps.[6]
The song was ranked number 50 on Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1969.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Other versions
3 In media
4 References
5 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[8] 6
US Billboard Hot 100 12
US Cash Box Top 100[2] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Rank
Canada[9] 63
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 50
US Cash Box Top 100[11] 67
Other versions[edit]
Charles Earland released a version of the song on his 1969 album, Black Talk![12]
Shirley Scott released a version of the song on her 1969 album, Shirley Scott & the Soul Saxes.[13]
Andy Williams released a version of the song featuring The Osmonds on his 1969 Get Together with Andy Williams.[14]
Barbara McNair released a version of the song as the title track of her 1969 album More Today Than Yesterday.
Colleen Hewett released a version of the song in Australia as the B-side of her 1971 single, "Superstar".[15]
Lena Horne released a version of the song on her 1971 album, Nature's Baby.[16]
Sonny & Cher released a version of the song on their 1971 album, All I Ever Need Is You as well as on Sonny & Cher Live, released the same year.[17]
Patti Austin released a version of the song on her 1976 album, End of a Rainbow.[18]
James Darren released a version of the song on his 2001 album, Because of You.[19]
Nick Carter released a version of the song on his 2003 album, Before the Backstreet Boys 1989–1993.[20]
Grant Green recorded a live version of the song in 1971 and it was released on his 2006 album, Live at Club Mozambique.[21]
Diana Ross includes the song as part of her playlist on many tours, including the More Today Than Yesterday: The Greatest Hits Tour.
Chicago, with the Les Deux Love Orchestra, released a cover of the song on iTunes in 2013.
Allan Harris recorded a version on his 2016 album, Nobody's Gonna Love You Better.[22]
In media[edit]
Goldfinger released a version of the song that was featured in the ending credits of the 1998 film, The Waterboy.
Jordan McCoy sang a version of the song on American Juniors.
Kenneth "Ken" Dingle sang a version of the song when he was a semi-finalist on Philippine Idol.
Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, and Joey de Leon performed a version of the song on the 37th Anniversary of Eat Bulaga!
Briefly heard in the first entrance of Jamie Lee Curtis's character in My Girl.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spiral Starecase, "More Today Than Yesterday" Canadian chart position Retrieved May 4, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b CASH BOX Top 100 Singles, June 7, 1969
Jump up ^ Spiral Starecase, "More Today Than Yesterday" US chart position Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Spiral Starecase, "More Today Than Yesterday" UK single release Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Spiral Starecase, More Today Than Yesterday Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Spiral Starecase, "More Today Than Yesterday" US single release Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1969". Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM 100 Singles, June 9, 1969 - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1969/Top 100 Songs of 1969". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/1969YESP.html CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1969, December 27, 1969
Jump up ^ Charles Earland, Black Talk! Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Shirley Scott, Shirley Scott & the Soul Saxes Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Andy Williams, Get Together with Andy Williams Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Colleen Hewett, "Superstar" single release Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Lena Horne, Nature's Baby Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Sonny & Cher, All I Ever Need Is You Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Patti Austin, End of a Rainbow Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ James Darren, Because of You Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Nick Carter, Before the Backstreet Boys 1989-1993 Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Grant Green, Live at Club Mozambique Retrieved May 4, 2015
Jump up ^ WBGO Jazz 88.3FM: https://wbgo.org/radar/allan-harris-nobodys-gonna-love-you-better, accessdate: September 30, 2016
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

This 1960s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the TV series, see If Loving You Is Wrong.
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
Single by Luther Ingram
from the album If Loving You Is Wrong I Don't Want to Be Right
B-side
"Puttin' Game Down"
Released
April 1972
Format
7"
Genre
Soul
Length
3:32
Label
KoKo
Songwriter(s)
Homer Banks, Carl Hampton, Raymond Jackson
Producer(s)
John Baylor
Luther Ingram singles chronology
"You Were Made For Me"
(1972) "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
(1972) "I'll Be Your Shelter (In Time of Storm)"
(1972)
"You Were Made For Me"
(1972) "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
(1972) "I'll Be Your Shelter (In Time of Storm)"
(1972)
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
Song by Millie Jackson
from the album Caught Up
B-side
"The Rap"
Released
December 1974
Recorded
1974
Genre
Soul
Length
3:27 (single version)
3:56 (album version)
Label
Spring
Composer(s)
Homer Banks, Carl Hampton, Raymond Jackson
Producer(s)
Brad Shapiro
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
Single by Barbara Mandrell
from the album Moods
B-side
"I Feel the Hurt Coming On"
Released
February 17, 1979
Recorded
c. 1978
Genre
Country
Length
3:05
Label
ABC
Songwriter(s)
Homer Banks, Carl Hampton, Raymond Jackson
Producer(s)
Tom Collins
Barbara Mandrell singles chronology
"Sleeping Single in a Double Bed"
(1978) "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
(1979) "Fooled by a Feeling"
(1979)
"Sleeping Single in a Double Bed"
(1978) "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
(1979) "Fooled by a Feeling"
(1979)
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson. Originally written for The Emotions, it has been performed by many singers, most notably by Luther Ingram, whose original recorded version[1] topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972.[3]
In 1972/73, The Faces recorded the song as an outtake for Ooh La La, their final studio album. In 1974, Millie Jackson released her version of the song which received two Grammy Award nominations.[4][5] In 1978, Barbara Mandrell's version topped the U.S. country singles charts, reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 27 on Cashbox Pop Hits, and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 1979 CMA (Country Music Association) Awards. Rod Stewart re-recorded the song for Foot Loose & Fancy Free, his eighth album; released as a single it peaked at #23 in the UK singles chart in 1980.
Contents
1 The song
2 Notable performers
2.1 Chart recordings
2.1.1 Luther Ingram
2.1.2 Jackie Burns
2.1.3 Millie Jackson
2.1.4 Barbara Mandrell
2.1.5 Rhonda Clark
3 References
4 External links
The song[edit]
The song is about an adulterous love affair, told from the point of view of either the mistress or the cheating spouse, depending on the gender of the performer. Regardless, both parties involved express their desire to maintain the affair, while at the same time acknowledging that the relationship is wrong according to conventional moral standards.
Millie Jackson, however, took a somewhat different approach. On both studio and live recordings, her version is typically divided into three parts: "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right," "The Rap," and "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right (Reprise)," which together have a running time of over 11 minutes.[6] The first and third parts include the song more or less as originally written, while the second part was written by Jackson herself. Titled "The Rap," the middle segment is a monologue in which an unrepentant Jackson discusses her status as the "other woman" and why she loves it.[7]
Notable performers[edit]
Although it was first recorded by The Emotions and Veda Brown, those recordings were never released. Other notable singers to cover it include country singer Jackie Burns (whose version made the Hot Country Songs chart in 1972),[8] Isaac Hayes, Millie Jackson, Rod Stewart, Percy Sledge, Bobby "Blue" Bland, David Ruffin, LeAnn Rimes, Renée Geyer, Ramsey Lewis, reggae singer Alton Ellis, Tom Jones, Cassandra Wilson, Nathan Cavaleri, Rania Zeriri and Johanne Desforges (French cover : Si je ne peux t'aimer a quoi bon exister).
Chart recordings[edit]
Luther Ingram[edit]
Chart (1972)
Peak
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 3
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[10] 1
Jackie Burns[edit]
Chart (1972)
Peak
Position
US Billboard Hot Country Singles[8] 71
Millie Jackson[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 42
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[12] 42
Barbara Mandrell[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 31
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[15] 6
Rhonda Clark[edit]
Chart (1992)
Peak
Position
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[16] 26
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "If Loving You Is Wrong (I Don't Want to Be Right)", SecondhandSongs.com. Retrieved 13 March 2017
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 274.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972
Jump up ^ "Millie Jackson". MTV Artists. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Patrick Mondout. "Super 70s.com - Grammy Awards for 1974". Retrieved 2008-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: MILLIE JACKSON: Caught Up / Still Caught Up: Music". Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Catching Up with Soul Icon Millie Jackson". NPR.org. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Joel Whitburn, Top Country Singles 1944-1993, p.488
Jump up ^ "Luther Ingram Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Luther Ingram Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Millie Jackson Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Millie Jackson Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Barbara Mandrell Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Barbara Mandrell Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 148.
Jump up ^ "Rhonda Clark Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Video: Luther Ingram on YouTube
Video: Millie Jackson live performance on YouTube
Lyrics: Millie Jackson version from MTV.com
show
v
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Millie Jackson
Albums
Millie Jackson
It Hurts So Good
Caught Up
Still Caught Up
Feelin' Bitchy
Get It Out'cha System
A Moment's Pleasure
Live & Uncensored
E.S.P. (Extra Sexual Persuasion)
An Imitation of Love
Back to the S**t!
Not for Church Folk!
Singles
"It Hurts So Good"
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
"Sweet Music Man"
"Hot! Wild! Unrestricted! Crazy Love"
show
v
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Rod Stewart singles
1970s
"It's All Over Now" (1970)
"Reason to Believe"/"Maggie May" (1971)
"Every Picture Tells a Story"/"Reason to Believe" (1971) Spain only
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"/"Mandolin Wind" (1971)
"Handbags and Gladrags" (1972)
"You Wear It Well" (1972)
"Angel" (1972)
"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)" (1972)
"Twistin' the Night Away" (1973, 1987)
"Oh! No Not My Baby" (1973)
"Farewell" / "You Send Me" (1973)
"Mine for Me" (1974)
"You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything" (1974) Stewart/Faces
"Sailing" (1975)
"This Old Heart of Mine" (1975)
"Tonight's the Night" (1976)
"The Killing of Georgie" (1976)
"Get Back" (1976)
"The First Cut Is the Deepest" (1977)
"I Don't Want to Talk About It" (1977, 1990)
"You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)" (1978)
"Hot Legs" (1978)
"I Was Only Joking" (1978)
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" (1978, 1997)
"Ain't Love a Bitch" (1979)
"Blondes (Have More Fun)" (1979)
1980s
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" (1980)
"Passion" (1980)
"Tonight, I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me)" (1981)
"Young Turks" (1982)
"How Long" (1982)
"Baby Jane" (1983)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1983)
"Infatuation" (1984)
"Some Guys Have All the Luck" (1984)
"All Right Now" (1984)
"People Get Ready" (1985, 1991, 1993) Stewart/Beck
"Love Touch" (1986)
"In My Life" (1987)
"Forever Young" (1988)
"My Heart Can't Tell You No" (1988)
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)" (1989)Stewart/Isley
"Downtown Train" (1989)
1990s
"It Takes Two" (1990)Stewart/Turner
"Rhythm of My Heart" (1991)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"Your Song" (1992)
"Ruby Tuesday" (1993)
"Have I Told You Lately" (1993)
"Reason to Believe" (unplugged, 1993)
"All for Love" (1993) Stewart/Adams/Sting
"Leave Virginia Alone" (1995)
"Lady Luck" (1996)
"Ooh La La" (1998)
"Rocks" (1998)
"Cigarettes and Alcohol" (1998)
"Faith of the Heart" (1999)
2000s
"These Foolish Things" (2002)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (2003)
"Time After Time" (2003)
"What a Wonderful World" (2004)
"Blue Moon" (2004)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (2005)
"I've Got a Crush on You" (2005)
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (2006)
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (2006)
2010s
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (2012)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (2012)
"Everyday" (2015)
show
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Renée Geyer
Discography
Studio albums
Renée Geyer (1973)
It's a Man's Man's World (1974)
Ready to Deal (1975)
Moving Along (1977)
Winner (1978)
Blues License (1979)
So Lucky (1981)
Sing to Me (1985)
Difficult Woman (1994)
Sweet Life (1999)
Tenderland (2003)
Tonight (2005)
Dedicated (2007)
Renéessance (2009)
Swing (2013)
Live albums
Really Really Love You: Live at the Dallas Brooks Hall (1976)
Renée Live (1983)
Live at the Basement (1986)
Live at the Athenaeum (2004)
Soundtracks
Seven Deadly Sins (1993)
Compilation albums
Renée Geyer at Her Very Best (1977)
Faves (1983)
The Best of Renee Geyer 1973-1998 (1998)
The Ultimate Collection (2010)
Singles
"Oh! Boy"
"It's a Man's Man's World"
"Heading in the Right Direction
"If Loving You is Wrong"
"Shakey Ground"
"Stares and Whispers"
"Money (That's What I Want)"
"The Thrill is Gone"
"Say I Love You"
"Do You Know What I Mean"
"I Can Feel the Fire"
"Goin' Back"
"All My Love"
"Crazy"
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"
"I Wish It Would Rain"
Other songs
"Rock Around the Clock"
"You're Not Alone (Australian Olympians song)" (as part of Australian Olympians)
"Yil Lull" (as part of Singers For The Red Black & Gold)
Related articles
Sun 1972
Oz for Africa
Mary and Max
show
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Barbara Mandrell
Studio albums
Treat Him Right
The Midnight Oil
This Time I Almost Made It
This Is Barbara Mandrell
Midnight Angel
Lovers, Friends and Strangers
Love's Ups and Downs
Moods
Just for the Record
Love Is Fair
...In Black and White
He Set My Life to Music
Spun Gold
Clean Cut
Get to the Heart
Moments
Sure Feels Good
I'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight
Morning Sun
No Nonsense
Key's in the Mailbox
It Works for Me
Christmas albums
Christmas at Our House
Live albums
Barbara Mandrell Live
Collaboration albums
A Perfect Match (with David Houston)
Meant for Each Other (with Lee Greenwood)
Compilation albums
The Best of Barbara Mandrell
Greatest Hits
Notable singles
"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)"
"Woman to Woman"
"Sleeping Single in a Double Bed"
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
"Fooled by a Feeling"
"Years"
"Crackers"
"The Best of Strangers"
"Love Is Fair"
"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool"
"Wish You Were Here"
"'Till You're Gone"
"Operator, Long Distance Please"
"In Times Like These"
"One of a Kind Pair of Fools"
"Happy Birthday Dear Heartache"
"Only a Lonely Heart Knows"
"There's No Love in Tennessee"
"Angel in Your Arms"
"Fast Lanes and Country Roads"
"When You Get to the Heart" (with The Oak Ridge Boys)
"No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You"
"Child Support"
"I Wish That I Could Fall in Love Today"
"My Train of Thought"
Collaboration singles
"To Me" (with Lee Greenwood)
"It Should Have Been Love by Now" (with Lee Greenwood)
Related articles
Discography
Louise Mandrell
Irlene Mandrell
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong)_I_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Right&oldid=847128167"
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Songs written by Homer Banks
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Song recordings produced by Tom Collins (record producer)
Soul ballads
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Five-Year Plans of India
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From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister. Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission (resigned on 26 May 2014). The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017.[1] Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.[2] The new government led by Narendra Modi, elected in 2014, has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 First Plan (1951–1956)
3 Second Plan (1956–1961)
4 Third Plan (1961–1966)
5 Fourth Plan (1969–1974)
6 Fifth Plan (1974–1978)
7 Rolling Plan (1978–1980)
8 Sixth Plan (1980–1985)
9 Seventh Plan (1985–1990)
10 Annual Plans (1990–1992)
11 Eighth Plan (1992–1997)
12 Ninth Plan (1997–2002)
13 Tenth Plan (2002–2007)
14 Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)
15 Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)
16 See also
17 References
18 External links
History[edit]
Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[3]
The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). It built a particular system of mixed economy, with a great role for the public sector (with an emerging welfare state), as well as a growing private sector (represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan).
First Plan (1951–1956)[edit]
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The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.
The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.
The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.
At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was quasi successful for the government.
Second Plan (1956–1961)[edit]
The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.[4][5]
Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.
The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous.
"The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.[6]"
Third Plan (1961–1966)[edit]
The Third Five-year Plan, stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.
Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.
State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.[6]
Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.
Fourth Plan (1969–1974)[edit]
At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.[6]
Fifth Plan (1974–1978)[edit]
The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao), and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.[7][citation needed]
The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.
The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people.
The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.[6]
Rolling Plan (1978–1980)[edit]
The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made.The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed. The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy. The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country’s economy. The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year, it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress.
Sixth Plan (1980–1985)[edit]
The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian socialism. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force[citation needed]. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.4%.[6] The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.[clarification needed]
Seventh Plan (1985–1990)[edit]
The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.
The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".
As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.
Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.
Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:
Balance of payments (estimates): Export – ₹330 billion (US$4.9 billion), Imports – (-)₹540 billion (US$8.0 billion), Trade Balance – (-)₹210 billion (US$3.1 billion)
Merchandise exports (estimates): ₹606.53 billion (US$9.0 billion)
Merchandise imports (estimates): ₹954.37 billion (US$14.2 billion)
Projections for balance of payments: Export – ₹607 billion (US$9.0 billion), Imports – (-) ₹954 billion (US$14.2 billion), Trade Balance- (-) ₹347 billion (US$5.2 billion)
Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.
The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.[8] and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.
Annual Plans (1990–1992)[edit]
The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992–1997.
Eighth Plan (1992–1997)[edit]
1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five-year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (later Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of liberalization, privatisation and globalization (LPG) in India.
Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs, Nagar Palikas, NGOs, decentralisation and people's participation.
Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.
The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.
To achieve the target of an average of 5.6% per annum, investment of 23.2% of the gross domestic product was required. The incremental capital ratio is 4.1. The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources, with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6% of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6% of gross domestic production.[9]
Ninth Plan (1997–2002)[edit]
The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.
Budget
The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹859,200 crore (US$130 billion). The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the center was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country. The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity. The Ninth Five-Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society.
Objectives
The main objective of the Ninth Five-Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country. Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five-Year Plan were:
Population control.
Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development.
Reduction of poverty.
Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor.
Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities.
Primary education to all children in the country.
Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
Developing self-reliance in terms of agriculture.
Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices.
Strategies
Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy.
New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country.
Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth.
Combination of public and private support to increase employment.
Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self-reliance.
Providing services like electricity, telecommunication, railways etc.
Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country.
Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions/bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process.
Performance
The Ninth Five-Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4% against a target of 6.5%
The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1% against the target of 4.2%
The industrial growth in the country was 4.5% which was higher than that of the target of 3%
The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8%.
An average annual growth rate of 6.7% was reached.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio-economic development of the country. However, for a well-planned economy of any country, there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation. A combined effort of public, private, and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India's economy.
The target growth was 7.1% and the actual growth was 6.8%.
Tenth Plan (2002–2007)[edit]
The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan:
Attain 8% GDP growth per year.
Reduction of poverty rate by 5% by 2007.
Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
20-point program was introduced.
Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.
The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities.
Expenditure of ₹43,825 crore (US$6.5 billion) for tenth five years.
Out of total plan outlay, ₹921,291 crore (US$140 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and ₹691,009 crore (US$100 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories.
Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)[edit]
it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister.
It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18-23 years of age group by 2011-12.
It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.
Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction).
Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.
Empowerment through education and skill development.
Reduction of gender inequality.
Environmental sustainability.
To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.
Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.
Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.
Increase agriculture growth to 4%.
Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)[edit]
Main article: 12th Five-Year Plan (India)
The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.[10]
With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.
"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the 12th plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,” Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.
“When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”
He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.
The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.[11] The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.
The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were:
To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector.
To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment.
To enhance access to higher education.
To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0-3 years.
To provide electricity to all villages.
To ensure that 50% of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water.
To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year.
To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.
See also[edit]
Five-year plans of China
Five-Year Plans of Romania
Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union
Common minimum programme
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Planning Commission, Government of India : Five Year Plans. Planningcommission.nic.in. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
Jump up ^ Planning Commission (24 February 1997). "A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-17.
Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans" in Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 7 pp. 156–160
Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir, India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (London and New York: Routledge 2008), Chapter 2.
Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e L. N. Dash (2000). World bank and economic development of India. APH Publishing. p. 375. ISBN 81-7648-121-1.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm
Jump up ^ Agrawal, A N (1995). Indian Economy: Problems of development and planning. pune: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 676.
Jump up ^ "National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan". Indian Express. 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
External links[edit]
Official website of the Planning Commission of India
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&oldid=845732814"
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