text:
Celebratory gunfire
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Celebratory gunfire (also called aerial firing or happy fire) is the shooting of a firearm into the air in celebration. It is culturally accepted in parts of the Balkans, the Middle East, the Central Asian region of Afghanistan, and the South Asian regions of Pakistan and Northern India. In regions such as Puerto Rico and some areas of the United States it is practiced illegally, especially on holidays like New Year's Eve.[1]
Common occasions for celebratory gunfire include New Year's Day as well as the religious holidays Christmas and Eid.[2] The practice may result in random death and injury from stray bullets. Property damage is sometimes another result of celebratory gunfire; shattered windows and damaged roofs are often found after such celebrations.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Falling-bullet injuries
2 Property damage
3 Trends
4 Notable incidents
4.1 Middle East
4.2 United States
4.3 South Asia
4.4 Europe
4.5 South America
5 Penalties
6 Cultural references
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Falling-bullet injuries[edit]
"Bullets are not greeting cards. Celebrate without firearms." From the IANSA Macedonian poster campaign, December 2005
Bullets fired into the air usually fall back with terminal velocities much lower than their muzzle velocity when they leave the barrel of a firearm. Nevertheless, people can be injured, sometimes fatally, when bullets discharged into the air fall back down to the ground. Bullets fired at angles less than vertical are more dangerous as the bullet maintains its angular ballistic trajectory and is far less likely to engage in tumbling motion; it therefore travels at speeds much higher than a bullet in free fall.
A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that 80% of celebratory gunfire-related injuries are to the head, feet, and shoulders.[4] In Puerto Rico, about two people die and about 25 more are injured each year from celebratory gunfire on New Year's Eve, the CDC says.[5] Between the years 1985 and 1992, doctors at the King/Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, treated some 118 people for random falling-bullet injuries. Thirty-eight of them died.[6]
Firearms expert Julian Hatcher studied falling bullets in the 1920s and calculated that .30 caliber rounds reach terminal velocities of 90 m/s (300 feet per second or 204 miles per hour).[7] A bullet traveling at only 61 m/s (200 feet per second) to 100 m/s (330 feet per second) can penetrate human skin.[8]
In 2005, the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) ran education campaigns on the dangers of celebratory gunfire in Serbia and Montenegro.[9] In Serbia, the campaign slogan was "every bullet that is fired up, must come down."[10]
Property damage[edit]
Bullets often lodge in roofs, causing minor damage that requires repair in most cases. Normally, the bullet will penetrate the roof surface through to the roof deck, leaving a hole where water may run into the building and cause a leak.[11]
Trends[edit]
Philippine Health Secretary Francisco Duque III noted the drop in stray bullet injuries, in that country, during the 2005 year-end holiday period – from 33 cases to 19.[12]
The number of complaints regarding random shooting in Dallas, Texas, on New Year's Eve declined from approximately 1,000 in 1999 to 800 each in 2001 and 2002.[3]
In early 2008, increased partisanship in Lebanon led to the practice of firing celebratory gunfire in support when politicians appeared on local television, leading to multiple deaths and to calls from these leaders to end the practice.[13]
Notable incidents[edit]
Middle East[edit]
April 6, 2014: A 20-year-old pregnant mother of two, Wadia Baidawi, was struck in the head and killed by a stray bullet from her neighbor’s wedding in Sidon, Lebanon.[14]
November 21, 2012: Following a cease-fire ending fighting with Israel, celebratory gunfire in the Gaza Strip killed a man and wounded three others.[15]
October 30, 2012: Twenty-three people were electrocuted after celebratory gunfire brought down a power cable during a wedding party in eastern Saudi Arabia.[16]
August 2012: A Kuwaiti bridegroom was killed when a friend of his accidentally shot him as he charged his gun to fire into the air in celebration.[17]
August 2010: 2 people were killed and 13 were injured in Jordan, as part of the yearly celebration of the announcement of the result of Tawjihi.[18]
July 29, 2007: At least four people were reported killed and 17 others wounded by celebratory gunfire in the capital city of Baghdad, Iraq, following the victory of the national football team in the AFC Asian Cup.[19][20] Celebratory gunfire occurred despite warnings issued by Iraqi security forces and the country's leading Shiite cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, who forbade the gunfire with a religious fatwā.[21]
July 22, 2003: More than 20 people were reported killed in Iraq from celebratory gunfire following the deaths of Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay in 2003.[13]
United States[edit]
July 1, 2017: A 13-year-old boy, Noah Inman, was struck in his head and killed while playing basketball in the street.[22]
January 1, 2017: Armando Martinez, a Texas state Representative, was wounded in the head by a stray bullet during a New Year's celebration.[23]
January 1, 2015: A 43-year-old man, Javier Suarez Rivera, was struck in his head and killed while watching fireworks with his family in Houston.[24][25]
July 4, 2013: A 7-year-old boy, Brendon Mackey, was struck in the top of his head and killed while walking with his father shortly before 9 p.m. amid a large crowd prior to the fireworks display over the Swift Creek Reservoir.[26]
January 1, 2013: A 10-year-old girl, Aaliyah Boyer, collapsed after being struck in the back of the head while watching the neighborhood fireworks in Eklton, Maryland. She died two days later of her injuries. [27]
July 4, 2012: A 34-year-old woman, Michelle Packard, was struck in the head and killed while watching the fireworks with her family. The police believe the shot could have come from a mile away.[28]
January 1, 2010: A four-year-old boy, Marquel Peters, was struck by a bullet and killed inside his church The Church of God of Prophecy in Decatur, GA. It is presumed the bullet may have penetrated the roof of the church around 12:20AM.[29]
December 28, 2005: A 23-year-old U.S. Army private on leave after basic training fired a 9mm pistol into the air in celebration with friends, according to police, one of the bullets came through a fifth-floor apartment window in the New York City borough of Queens, striking a 28-year-old mother of two in the eye. Her husband found her lifeless body moments later. The shooter had been drinking the night before and turned himself in to police the next morning when he heard the news. He was charged with second-degree manslaughter and weapons-related crimes,[30][31] and was later found guilty and sentenced to four to twelve years in prison.[32]
June 14, 1999: Arizona, A fourteen-year-old girl, Shannon Smith, was struck on the top of her head by a bullet and killed while in the backyard of her home.[33] This incident resulted in Arizona enacting "Shannon's Law" in 2000, that made the discharge of a firearm into the air illegal
December 31, 1994: Amy Silberman, a tourist from Boston, was killed by a falling bullet from celebratory firing while walking on the Riverwalk in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Police Department there has been striving to educate the public on the danger since then, frequently making arrests for firing into the air.[34]
July 4, 1950: Bernard Doyle was killed in his seat while attending a New York Giants game at the Polo Grounds. The bullet was determined to have been fired by Robert Peebles, a juvenile, from an apartment building some distance away on Coogan's Bluff, presumably in celebration of Independence Day.[35][36][37]
South Asia[edit]
November 16, 2016: A self-proclaimed godwoman and her private guards went on a celebratory shooting spree at a wedding in Haryana's Karnal town in India, killing the groom's aunt and leaving three of his relatives critically wounded.[38]
February 25, 2007: Five people were killed by stray bullets fired at a kite festival in Lahore, Pakistan, including a six-year-old schoolboy who was struck in the head near his home in the city's Mazang area.[39]
December 1859: An autopsy showed that a native servant in India, who suddenly fell dead for no apparent reason, was mortally wounded from a bullet fired from a distance too far for the shot to be heard. The falling bullet had sufficient energy to pass through the victim's shoulder, a rib, a lung, his heart and his diaphragm.[40]
June 6, 2013: a 42-year-old Pakistani woman was killed by a stray bullet from celebratory gunfire. The gunfire was attributed to celebrations for the election of Pakistan's prime minister Newaz Sharif. Her 19-year-old niece was also hit, and rushed to hospital in critical condition.[41]
Europe[edit]
January 1, 2005: A stray bullet hit a young girl during New Year celebrations in the central square of downtown Skopje, Macedonia. She died two days later. This incident led to the 2006 IANSA awareness campaign in that country.[2]
October 12, 2003: Wedding guests in Belgrade, Serbia mistakenly shot down a small aircraft.[42]
On 7 January 2008, at about 9:30 pm, a Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 (4O-AOK) was shot at while landing at Podgorica Airport. A routine inspection of the aircraft led to the discovery of a bullet hole in the aircraft's tail. The aircraft was carrying 20 passengers, but no one was injured. The reason for the incident is unknown; however, reports indicate that it may have been an inadvertent result of guns being fired during celebrations for Orthodox Christmas.
South America[edit]
December 25, 2012: A stray bullet killed a three-year-old girl in Asunción, Paraguay.[43]
Penalties[edit]
In the Republic of Macedonia, a person found guilty of firing off a gun during celebrations faces a jail sentence of up to ten years.[2]
In Pakistan, section 144 of the law is imposed to prevent aerial firing during celebrations if harm is caused, and an FIR may be registered against a person who does so. However, many cases of aerial firing go unreported.[1]
In the United States, crime classifications vary from a misdemeanor to a felony in different states:
In Arizona, firing a gun into the air was raised from a misdemeanor to a felony by Shannon's law, in response to the death of a 14-year-old from a stray bullet in 1999.[44]
In California, discharging a firearm into the air is a felony punishable by three years in state prison. If the stray bullet kills someone, the shooter can be charged with murder.[45][46]
In Minnesota, it is illegal to discharge a firearm over a cemetery, or at or in a public transit vehicle. Additionally, local governments may regulate the discharge of a weapon within their jurisdictions.[44]
In Ohio, discharging a firearm or a deadly weapon in a public place is classified as disorderly conduct, a Class B misdemeanor, punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine of up to $2,000.[47]
In Texas, random gunfire is a Class A misdemeanor, punishable by a maximum one year in jail and $4,000 fine. Anyone who injures or kills someone with a stray bullet could face more serious felony charges.[3]
In Wisconsin, criminal charges for this type of offense range from "endangering safety by use of a dangerous weapon" to "reckless homicide" in the event of a death, with penalties ranging from nine months to 25 years in prison."[5]
Cultural references[edit]
The non-fiction U.S. cable television program MythBusters on the Discovery Channel covered this topic in Episode 50: "Bullets Fired Up" (original airdate: April 19, 2006). Special-effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman conducted a series of experiments to answer the question: "Can celebratory gunfire kill when the bullets fall back to earth?"
Using pig carcasses, they worked out the terminal velocity of a falling bullet and had a mixed result, answering the question with all three of the show's possible outcomes: Confirmed, Plausible and Busted.[48] They tested falling bullets by firing them from both a handgun and a rifle, by firing them from an air gun designed to propel them at terminal velocity, and by dropping them in the desert from an instrumented balloon.
They found that while bullets traveling on a perfectly vertical trajectory tumble on the way down, creating turbulence that reduces terminal velocity below that which would kill, it was very difficult to fire a bullet in a near-ideal vertical trajectory. In practice, bullets were likely to remain spin-stabilized on a ballistic trajectory and fall at a potentially lethal terminal velocity. They also verified cases of actual deaths from falling bullets.[49]
See also[edit]
Feu de joie
21-gun salute
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Shaikh, Hassan Latif (29 June 2012). "Celebratory gunfire". Dawn. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Campaign in Macedonia raises awareness of dangers posed by gunfire (SETimes.com)". Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New Year's Eve gunfire may bring jail time". United Press International. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ "New Year's Eve Injuries Caused by Celebratory Gunfire --- Puerto Rico, 2003". Retrieved 2007-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Abdul-Alim, Jamaal (2005-12-29). "JS Online: Hold the gunfire". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
Jump up ^ Incorvaia, A.N.; Poulos, D.M.; Jones, R.N.; Tschirhart, J.M. (2007-01-01). "Can a Falling Bullet Be Lethal at Terminal Velocity? Cardiac Injury Caused by a Celebratory Bullet". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 83 (1): 283–4. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.046. PMID 17184680. Archived from the original (abstract) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Hatcher, Julian Sommerville (1962). Hatcher's Notebook. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 514. ISBN 0-8117-0795-4.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Michael J. (2005). Head, Face and Neck Trauma: Comprehensive Management. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. p. 189. ISBN 1-58890-308-7.
Jump up ^ "Shooting in the air: turning celebration into tragedy". International Action Network on Small Arms. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Serbs Told To Keep Guns Quiet On New Year's Eve – RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Retrieved 2007-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Professionals Topics Library : Roofs & Bullets". Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Javellana-Santos, Julie. "3 Killed, Over 600 Injured in Philippine Year-End Revelry". Arab News. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Ayed, Nahlah (2008-04-15). "Mideast Dispatches: Deadly merriment, the fallout from celebratory gunfire". CBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Zaatari (2014-04-07). "Sidon demands security after stray-bullet death". The Daily Star, Lebanon. Retrieved 2014-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Man killed by celebratory gunfire in Gaza". Ma'an News Agency. 22 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Celebratory gunfire at Saudi wedding cuts cable, 23 electrocuted". Reuters. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Celebratory fire kills Kuwaiti groom at wedding". AFP. 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jordanian King Goes to War Over Celebratory Gunfire". Green Prophet. 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
Jump up ^ Burton, Randy (2007-07-31). "Raining bullets in the Middle East". The StarPhoenix. Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Gunshots celebrate Iraq soccer win, leave 4 dead". Associated Press. AM New York. 2007-07-30. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "Soccer underdogs unite Iraqis". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Michelle L. (2017-07-10). "Boy, 13, dies after being hit by falling bullet in Hammond". Chicago Post-Tribune. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/02/us/texas-representative-bullet-hits-head/index.html
Jump up ^ http://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article5292357.html
Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/02/us-usa-texas-death-idUSKBN0KB1B420150102
Jump up ^ http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/local/chesterfield/boy-shot-in-head-at-chesterfield-fireworks-celebration/article_95a28426-e549-11e2-a881-001a4bcf6878.html
Jump up ^ https://www.thetrace.org/2015/12/celebratory-gunfire-new-years/
Jump up ^ Rowe, Kellie (2012-07-08). "Student shot at fireworks show, died next morning". The State News. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Falling Bullet Kills 4-Year-Old Boy In DeKalb". wsbtv.com. 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Stray bullet kills S Asian expat". BBC NEWS. 2005-12-31. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Kilgannon, Corey (2005-12-31). "Soldier Charged in Shooting Death of Woman at Window". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Meenan, Mick (2006-06-01). "Metro Briefing : New York: Queens: Ex-Private Gets 4 To 12 Years For Manslaughter". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special14/articles/1015coldcase15.html
Jump up ^ "History Of The New Orleans Police Department". Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Mystery Bullet Kills Baseball Fan In Midst of Crowd at Polo Grounds". The New York Times. July 5, 1950. Retrieved September 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Mystery Shot Kills Baseball Fan in Crowd of 49,000". Chicago Tribune. July 5, 1950. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boy Confesses Firing Shot into Polo Grounds". The Day (New London). July 8, 1950. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sadhvi Deva Thakur booked as celebratory firing kills woman". Indian Express.
Jump up ^ "11 Dead At Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives At Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured". CBS News. 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Longmore, Thomas (1895). Gunshot Injuries, Their History, Characteristic Features, Complications, and General Treatment. Longmans, Green.
Jump up ^ "Celebratory gunfire kills woman". IOL News. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3185884.stm
Jump up ^ "Bala perdida mata a una niña de tres años". Retrieved 2012-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Celebratory Gunfire". Citizens For A Safer Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-08-03. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "4th of July Gunfire Reduction Program". Official web site of the Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ "New Years' Eve Gunfire Can Be Deadly". MyMotherLode.com News. Clarke Broadcasting Corporation. 2002-12-31. Archived from the original on 2006-11-30.
Jump up ^ "WTAW News Talk 1620 – News Archives". Retrieved 2007-08-02. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Discovery Channel :: Mythbusters: Episode Guide". StarPhoenix. CanWest Interactive. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Annotated Mythbusters: Episode 50: Bullets Fired Up, Vodka Myths III". Retrieved 2007-08-01.
Further reading[edit]
"Falling bullets: terminal velocities and penetration studies", by L. C. Haag, Wound Ballistics Conference, April 1994, Sacramento, California.
External links[edit]
UN Development Programme activity report
Can a bullet fired into the air kill someone when it comes down? The Straight Dope
Celebratory Gunfire: Good Idea or Not?
'Celebratory' shot kills groom
Spreading the Word About Dangers of Celebratory Gunfire: Henry Louis Adams
Minister Fighting to End Celebratory Gunfire
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text:
Safety coffin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Taberger's Safety Coffin employed a bell as a signaling device, for anybody buried alive.
A safety coffin or security coffin is a coffin fitted with a mechanism to prevent premature burial or allow the occupant to signal that they have been buried alive. A large number of designs for safety coffins were patented during the 18th and 19th centuries and variations on the idea are still available today.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 "Saved by the bell" expression
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
History[edit]
The fear of being buried alive peaked during the cholera epidemics of the 18th and 19th centuries but accounts of live burial have been recorded even further back. When his tomb was reopened, the philosopher John Duns Scotus (1266 – 1308) was reportedly found outside his coffin with his hands torn and bloody after attempting to escape. The fears of being buried alive were heightened by reports of doctors and accounts in literature and the newspapers. As well as dealing with the subject in "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Cask of Amontillado", Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Premature Burial", which was published in 1844. It contained accounts of supposedly genuine cases of premature burial as well as detailing the narrator's own (perceived) interment while still alive.
The recovery of supposedly dead victims of cholera, as depicted in The Premature Burial by Antoine Wiertz, fuelled the demand for safety coffins.
The general fear of premature burial led to the invention of many safety devices which could be incorporated into coffins. Most consisted of some type of device for communication to the outside world such as a cord attached to a bell that the interred person could ring should they revive after the burial. A safety coffin of this type appears in the 1979 film The First Great Train Robbery.[1] Other variations on the bell included flags and pyrotechnics. Some designs included ladders, escape hatches, and even feeding tubes, but many forgot a method for providing air.
Robert Robinson died in Manchester in 1791. A movable glass pane was inserted in his coffin, and the mausoleum had a door for purposes of inspection by a watchman, who was to see if he breathed on the glass. He instructed his relatives to visit his grave periodically to check that he was still dead.[2]
The first recorded safety coffin was constructed on the orders of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792. He had a window installed to allow light in, an air tube to provide a supply of fresh air, and instead of having the lid nailed down he had a lock fitted. In a special pocket of his shroud he had two keys, one for the coffin lid and a second for the tomb door.
P.G. Pessler, a German priest, suggested in 1798 that all coffins have a tube inserted from which a cord would run to the church bells. If an individual had been buried alive they could draw attention to themself by ringing the bells. This idea, while highly impractical, led to the first designs of safety coffins equipped with signalling systems. Pessler's colleague, Pastor Beck, suggested that coffins should have a small trumpet-like tube attached. Each day the local priest could check the state of putrefaction of the corpse by sniffing the odours emanating from the tube. If no odour was detected or the priest heard cries for help the coffin could be dug up and the occupant rescued.
Dr. Adolf Gutsmuth was buried alive several times to demonstrate a safety coffin of his own design, and in 1822 he stayed underground for several hours and even ate a meal of soup, bratwurst, marzipan, sauerkraut, spätzle, beer, and for dessert, prinzregententorte, delivered to him through the coffin's feeding tube.
The 1820s also saw the use of "portable death chambers" in Germany. A small chamber, equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body, was constructed over an empty grave. Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers. If the bell was rung the "body" could be immediately removed, but if the watchman observed signs of putrefaction in the corpse, a door in the floor of the chamber could be opened and the body would drop down into the grave. A panel could then be slid in to cover the grave and the upper chamber removed and reused.
In 1829, Dr. Johann Gottfried Taberger designed a system using a bell which would alert the cemetery nightwatchman. The corpse would have strings attached to its hands, head and feet. A housing around the bell above ground prevented it ringing accidentally. An improvement over previous designs, the housing prevented rainwater from running down the tube and netting prevented insects from entering the coffin. If the bell rang the watchman had to insert a second tube and pump air into the coffin with a bellows to allow the occupant to survive until the casket could be dug up.
Vester's "Burial Case" was an elaborate variation on earlier bell and cord systems.
The systems using cords tied to the body suffered from the drawback that the natural processes of decay often caused the body to swell or shift position, causing accidental tension on the cords and a "false positive". Franz Vester's 1868 "Burial Case" overcame this problem by adding a tube through which the face of the "corpse" could be viewed. If the interred person came to, they could ring the bell (if not strong enough to ascend the tube by means of a supplied ladder) and the watchmen could check to see if the person had genuinely returned to life or whether it was merely a movement of the corpse. Vester's design allowed the viewing tube to be removed and reused once death was assured.
Count Michel de Karnice-Karnicki, a chamberlain to the Tsar of Russia, patented his own safety coffin, called Le Karnice, in 1897 and demonstrated it at the Sorbonne the following year. His design detected movement in the coffin and opened a tube to supply air while simultaneously raising a flag and ringing a bell. Le Karnice never caught on: it was too sensitive to allow for even a slight movement in a decaying corpse, and a demonstration in which one of Karnice-Karnicki's assistants had been buried alive ended badly when the signalling systems failed. Luckily, the breathing tube had activated and the assistant was disinterred unharmed, but the reputation of Le Karnice was damaged beyond repair.
In 1995 a modern safety coffin was patented by Fabrizio Caselli. His design included an emergency alarm, intercom system, a torch (flashlight), breathing apparatus, and both a heart monitor and stimulator.[3]
Despite the fear of burial while still alive, there are no documented cases of anybody being saved by a safety coffin.[citation needed]
"Saved by the bell" expression[edit]
Folk etymology has suggested that perhaps the phrases "saved by the bell", "dead ringer" and "graveyard shift" come from the use of safety coffins in the Victorian era; however, these have been dispelled as urban myth, attributed to a linguistic e-mail hoax Life in the 1500s.[4][5] The "saved by the bell" expression is actually well established to have come from boxing, where a boxer who is still on their feet but close to being knocked down can be saved from losing by the bell ringing to indicate the end of the round.[6]
In popular culture[edit]
The 2009 song The Tale of Solomon Snell by Duncan Sheik from his album Whisper House tells the story of a man who for his burial gives instructions to be buried in a safety coffin with a bell mechanism attached but ultimately fails to be saved due to the person in charge of listening to the bell getting drunk.
See also[edit]
Burial vault
Lazarus phenomenon
Tomb
Safety bicycle, invented at about the same time
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079240/
Jump up ^ James Cocks; Memorials of Hatherlow and of the old Chadkick Chapel; Stockport, 1895.
Jump up ^ * "Safety coffins". Australian Museum. 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Wilton, David (2009). Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-19-537557-2.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara. "snopes.com: Life in the 1500s:". snopes.com. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/saved-by-the-bell.html
References[edit]
Patents related to alarms/signals used in connection with coffins for indicating life in persons supposed to be dead.
Troy Taylor (2000). "Beyond The Grave". Retrieved 5 December 2006.
Jan Bondeson (2002). Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear. W W Norton & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-393-32222-X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_coffin&oldid=814019459"
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Ali (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For Ali ibn Abi Talib, see Ali. For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation).
Ali
Pronunciation
Arabic: [ˈʕaliː]
Persian: [ʔæˈliː]
Turkish: [ˈɑli]
Hindustani: [ʔəˈliː]
Finnish: [ɑli]
Gender
Male
Language(s)
Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Finnish, others
Origin
Meaning
Islamic: High, exalted, champion, noble
Finnish: Diminutive of Alexander (other languages)
Other names
Variant form(s)
Aly, Alli, Alley, Allie, Ally
Ali (Arabic: علي, ʿAlī) is a male Arabic name derived from the Arabic root ʕ-l-w, which literally means "high" , "elevated" or "champion". It is a common name in Arab countries and the rest of the Muslim world. Islamic traditional use of the name goes back to the Islamic leader Ali ibn Abi Talib but the name is also present in some pre-islamic tribesmen (banu hanifa) and identical in form and meaning to the Hebrew: עֵלִי, Eli, which goes back to the High Priest Eli in the biblical Books of Samuel.
The name Ali also arises in other traditions. Among English-speakers as short for male and female names starting with "Al-", or the Old Norse man's name Áli. It can also be an English nickname, as a shortened form of Alice, Alison, Alistair, Alexander, or Alexandra.
Ali is also a Finnish male given name, derived from Aleksanteri.[1]
Contents
1 Islam
2 Given name
2.1 Males
2.2 Females
3 Surname
4 Derived names
4.1 Male
4.2 Female
5 Entertainment
5.1 Stage name or pseudonym
5.2 Fictional characters
6 See also
7 References
Islam[edit]
al-'Ali (The Sublimely Exalted), one of the 99 names of God in Islam
Ali ('Ali ibn Abi Talib), cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the fourth Caliph of Islam and the first infallible imam (leader) in Twelver Shi'a thought.
'Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin), fourth infallible imam in Twelver Shi'a thought, grandson of Ali ibn Abi Talib
'Ali ibn Musa (ar-Reza), eighth infallible imam in Twelver Shi'a thought.
'Ali ibn Muhammad (al-Hadi), tenth infallible imam in Twelver Shi'a thought.
Given name[edit]
Males[edit]
Ali al-Sistani, Highest-ranking Iraqi religious leader
Ali (actor), Telugu comedian and TV presenter
Ali (French rapper)
Ali (American rapper), aka Ali Jones, American rapper
Ali (South Korean singer)
Ali (graffiti artist)
Ali Aaltonen, Finnish Red Guard commander
Ali Abu Awwad, Palestinian pacifist
Ali Akbar Navis, Indonesian author
Ali Akdemir, Turkish scientist
Ali al-Abdallah, Syrian writer and human rights activist
Ali Alanç (born 1959), Turkish football manager
Ali Alatas, Indonesian diplomat
Ali Annabi, Tunisian fencer
Ali Babacan, Turkish politician
Ali Bacher, South African cricket batsman & administrator
Ali Kemal Bey, Turkish journalist, newspaper editor and poet
Ali Kireş, Turkish footballer
Ali Bozer, Turkish politician
Ali Brownlee (1959–2016), English sportscaster
Ali Çetinkaya, Turkish Army officer
Ali Daei (born 1969), Iranian footballer
Ali al-Dandachi, Syrian scout leader
Ali Demić, Bosnian basketball player
Ali Eren Demirezen (born 1990), Turkish amateur boxer
Ali Dizaei (born 1962), Anglo-Iranian police officer and criminal
Ali Džabič (1853–1918), Bosnian mufti
Ali Erdemir, Turkish scientist
Ali Fadel, Iraqi politician
Ali Farokhmanesh (born 1988), American basketball player and coach
Ali Güneş, Turkish footballer
Ali Hassan al-Majid (1941–2010), Iraqi politician and mass murderer
Ali İsmet Öztürk (born 1964), Turkish aerobatics pilot
Ali Jarbawi, Palestinian politician
Ali Kaya (born Stanley Kiprotich Mukche in 1994), Kenyan-Turkish long-distance runner
Ali Kaya (serial killer) (born 1979), Turkish serial killer
Ali Khademhosseini (born 1975), Iranian-Canadian bioengineer
Ali Kordan (1958–2009), Iranian politician
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi, 11th century physician
Ali Moulana, Sri Lankan politician, chairman of Eravur Urban Council
Ali Maksum, Indonesian Islamic leader
Ali Marpet (born 1993), American football player in the NFL
Ali Marwi, Kuwaiti footballer
Ali Noorzad, Afghan basketball player
Ali Nuhić, German-born Bosnian footballer
Ali Ölmez, Turkish footballer
Ali Omari, Afghan footballer
Ali Özgentürk, Turkish film director
Ali Öztürk (footballer born 1986), Turkish footballer
Ali Öztürk (footballer born 1987), Turkish footballer
Ali Qanso, Lebanese politician
Ali ibn Ridwan, 11th century astrologer
Ali Saad (actor), Lebanese actor and voice actor
Ali Sabancı, Turkish businessman
Ali Sadikin, Indonesian politician
Ali Said Raygal, Somali politician
Ali Saleem, Pakistani television host
Ali Salem, Egyptian playwright
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
Ali Sami Yen, Turkish Association Football entrepreneur
Ali Sarı (born 1986), Turkish taekwondo practitioner
Ali Sastroamidjojo, 8th and 10th Prime Minister of Indonesia
Ali Shahalom, British-Bangladeshi comedian
Ali Shayegan (1903–1981), Iranian politician
Ali Tandoğan, Turkish footballer
Ali Tayebnia (born 1960), Iranian academic and politician
Ali Turan, Turkish footballer
Ali Williams (born 1981), New Zealand rugby union player
Ali Yafie, Indonesian Islamic leader
Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Somali Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo
Ali Nihat Yazıcı, Turkish Chess official
Ali I of Yejju (died 1788), Ethiopian leader
Ali II of Yejju (c. 1819 – c. 1866), Ethiopian leader
Ali Al-Zein (born 1949), Lebanese actor and voice actor
Middle name
Abbas Ali Khalatbari (1912–1979), Iranian diplomat
Lotf Ali Khan (c. 1769–1794), last Shah of the Zand dynasty, of Persia
Females[edit]
Ali Krieger (born 1984), American soccer player
Ali Landry (born 1973), American model and actress
Ali Larter (born 1976), American actress
Ali Lee (born 1982), Hong Kong actress
Ali Lohan (born 1993), American model and actress
Ali MacGraw (born 1939), American actress
Ali Michael (born 1990), American fashion model
Ali Riley (born 1987), American-born New Zealand soccer player
Surname[edit]
Aamir Ali, Indian television actor
Abdulaziz Ali (born 1980), Qatari footballer
Ahmadu Ali (born 1936), Nigerian politician
Ahmed Ali (1910-1994), Pakistani writer
Ali (born 1968), Indian film actor
Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born 1969), writer, and politician
Begum Nawazish Ali (born 1979), Pakistani television host
Filiz Ali (born 1937), Turkish pianist
Hameen Ali (born 1977), American football player
Hassan Al-Ali, former General Secretary of the Kuwait Boy Scouts Association
Imtiaz Ali (born 1971), Indian film director
Imtiaz Ali (born 1954), former West Indian cricketer
Imtiaz Ali, Trinidadian cricketer
Laila Ali (born 1977), daughter of Muhammad Ali, female boxer
Mahershala Ali (born 1974), American actor
Meral Yıldız Ali (born 1987), Romanian-Turkish female table tennis player
Muhammad Ali (1942–2016; born Cassius Clay), American boxer
Muhammad Shamsi Ali (born 1967), Indonesian-American Muslim scholar
Noble Drew Ali (1886–1929), Founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America
Rashied Ali (1935–2009), American drummer
Rucka Rucka Ali (born 1987), American rapper, radio personality, singer, comedian, and satirist
Rushanara Ali (born 1975), British politician
Sabahattin Ali (1907-1948), Turkish novelist and journalist
Safiye Ali (1891-1952), Turkish physician
Saleem Ali (born 1973), Pakistani-American scholar
Salim Ali (1896-1987), Indian ornithologist and naturalist
Samina Ali, Indian-American author and activist
Sarfraz Ali (born c. 1977), convicted of the racially motivated murder of Ross Parker
Sayfuz Ali (born 1988), British-Bangladeshi singer-songwriter
Somy Ali (born 1976), Bollywood actress
Sonni Ali (died 1492), first king of the West African Songhai empire
Tatyana Ali (born 1979), American actress and singer
Derived names[edit]
Male[edit]
Abdul Ali
Ali Reza
Barkat Ali
Mehmet Ali
Female[edit]
Aliye
Entertainment[edit]
Stage name or pseudonym[edit]
Ali (French rapper)
Ali (graffiti artist)
Ali (American rapper), aka Ali Jones, American rapper
Ali (South Korean singer)
Ali B, Dutch rapper
Ali B (DJ), British DJ
Ali Bongo (1929–2009), stage name of British comedy magician William Wallace
Ali G, stage persona used by comedian Sacha Baron Cohen
Ali Official, British-Bangladeshi comedian
Big Ali, American rapper and DJ
Fictional characters[edit]
Ali (character), a Chinese cartoon character
Ali Baba, character described in the adventure tale of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"
Ali Al-Saachez, character in the anime Gundam 00, one of the main antagonists of the show
See also[edit]
Turkish name
Alli (disambiguation)
Allie
Alley (surname)
Prince Ali (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kustaa Vilkuna, Marketta Huitu and Pirjo Mikkonen. Etunimet, published in Joka kodin suuri nimikirja. Suuri Suomalainen Kirjakerho, 1990.
Name list
This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_(name)&oldid=853321113"
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This page was last edited on 3 August 2018, at 22:37 (UTC).
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text:
Morton's The Steakhouse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Best Steak Anywhere!"
Morton's The Steakhouse, San Jose, CA
Founded
17 Feburary 1978 in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Founder
Arnold J. Morton and Klaus Fritsch[1]
Headquarters
1510 West Loop S, Houston, Texas, United States
Number of locations
73 in United States, 8 overseaas, 12 franchised (included before)
Key people
Tilman J. Fertitta, President, CEO & Sole Owner
Gary Bullers, Regional Director of Operations
Ralph Cook, Regional Director of Operations Richard H. Liem, Treasurer and Vice President
Steven L. Scheinthal Esq., Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
[2]
Products
Steaks, Wine, Seafood
Revenue
$66.029 million (Estimated)[3]
Number of employees
4154 (03 September 2017[4])
Parent
Landry's Restaurants
Rating
low credit rating (These businesses have a low projected risk of delinquency and a moderate to low risk of failure.)
Website
www.mortons.com
Morton’s The Steakhouse is a chain of more than 78 steak restaurants with locations in the United States and franchised abroad.[5] It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Landry's, Inc..[6][7] founded in Chicago in 1978.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Special events
2 Affiliates
3 References
4 External Links
History[edit]
Morton’s was co-founded in 1978 by Arnold J. Morton and Klaus Fritsch.[9] Before they became friends and restaurant entrepreneurs, Morton and Fritsch worked together at the Playboy Club in Montreal. While the club was in the process of changing its menu, Fritsch prepared a hamburger for Morton to sample. Morton said the burger was the best he’d ever tasted. Together, they opened Morton’s of Chicago in Newberry Plaza in Downtown Chicago. The original location remains open.[10][11][12]
In 1987, Morton's, then with $15 million in sales and nine restaurants throughout the United States, was sold for $12.4 million to the venture capital firm Quantum Restaurant Group, Inc. in partnership with the Baltimore brokerage house Alex. Brown & Sons. Fritsch stayed on as president.[13]
In December 2011, Tilman Fertitta, President, CEO and sole owner of Landry’s, Inc., announced his company had acquired all shares of Morton’s stock, assuming complete ownership. In 2012, Landry’s completed the acquisition and moved company operations to its headquarters in Houston.[14][15]
Special events[edit]
Some Morton’s locations host ESPN’s "Lunch with a Legend" series, where guests dine and interact with current and former athletes: in the past these have included Dwyane Wade, Bobby Hull, Derrick Rose, Dick Vermeil, Tony Stewart, Elgin Baylor and others.[16][17][18] Morton’s also hosts "Celebrity Server" events to raise funds for local foundations and charities. Local celebrities act as waiters at these special events, which have included Larry Fitzgerald, Jim Furyk, Jack Nicklaus and Jonathan Vilma.[19][20]
Affiliates[edit]
Landry's, Inc.
Landry's Seafood
Rainforest Cafe
Bubba Gump Shrimp Company
Cadillac Bar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Experience Our Culture". Morton's The Steakhouse. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview of Morton's Restaurant Group, Inc.". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Morton's Restaurant Group Inc Revenue and Financial Data". Retrieved 2017-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview of Morton's Restaurant Group, Inc.". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Locations". Morton's The Steakhouse. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Landry's to beef up with Morton's purchase". Houston Chronicle. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Landry’s CEO to buy Morton’s Steakhouse". San Antonio Business Journal. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Arnold `Arnie' Morton". Chicago Tribune. 2005-05-29. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Experience Our Culture". Morton's The Steakhouse. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "History of Morton's Restaurant Group, Inc.". Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Restaurateur Arnold 'Arnie' Morton Dies at 83". Fox News. 2005-05-29. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Morton's Restaurant Group Remembers Arnie Morton, Who Died in Chicago on May 28; Legendary Restaurateur was Co-Founder of Morton's Steakhouses.". PRNewswire. 2005-05-31. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ Funding Universe: "Morton's Restaurant Group, Inc. History" retrieved August 3, 2015
Jump up ^ "Morton's steakhouse chain to be sold". Chicago Tribune. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Morton's inches closer to being owned by Landry's Inc.". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Lunch with a Legend - Ricky Williams". ESPN. 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "'Lunch With A Legend:' Briggs on Urlacher - Chicago Bears Blog". ESPN. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Lunch with a Legend". Morton's The Steakhouse. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Servers". Morton's The Steakhouse. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ McLain, Samantha. "Jonathan Vilma to Host Third Annual Celebrity Servers Dinner at Morton’s". Neworleanssaints.com. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
External Links[edit]
Headquarter for Landry's Inc List of all subsidiaries of Landry's Inc
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morton%27s_The_Steakhouse&oldid=798823900"
Categories:
Restaurant chains in the United States
Companies based in Houston
Restaurants established in 1978
1978 establishments in Illinois
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