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Little House on the Prairie (TV series)
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Little House on the Prairie
Also known as
Little House: A New Beginning
Genre
Western
Drama
Based on
Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder
Developed by
Blanche Hanalis
Directed by
William F. Claxton
Maury Dexter
Victor French
Michael Landon
Leo Penn
Starring
Michael Landon
Melissa Gilbert
Karen Grassle
Melissa Sue Anderson
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
Matthew Labyorteaux
Richard Bull
Katherine "Scottie" MacGregor
Alison Arngrim
Jonathan Gilbert
Kevin Hagen
Dabbs Greer
Victor French
Merlin Olsen
Kyle Richards
Dean Butler
Linwood Boomer
Shannen Doherty
Theme music composer
David Rose
Composer(s)
David Rose
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
204 (+ 4 specials) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michael Landon
Ed Friendly
Producer(s)
John Hawkins
William F. Claxton
Running time
48-49 minutes
Production company(s)
Ed Friendly Productions
NBC
Distributor
Worldvision Enterprises
CBS Television Distribution (USA)
NBCUniversal International Television Distribution (non-USA and Cozi airings)
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
NTSC
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
September 11, 1974 (1974-09-11) – March 21, 1983 (1983-03-21)
Chronology
Preceded by
Little House on the Prairie (film)
Followed by
Little House on the Prairie: A Look Back to Yesterday
Related shows
Father Murphy
Little House on the Prairie (known as Little House: A New Beginning in its final season) is an American western drama television series, starring Michael Landon, Melissa Gilbert, Karen Grassle, and Melissa Sue Anderson, about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in the 1870s and 1880s. The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's best-selling series of Little House books. Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s. He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie. Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls.
The regular series was preceded by the two-hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30, 1974. The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and last aired on May 10, 1982. During the 1982–83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, the series was broadcast with the new title Little House: A New Beginning.
In 1997, TV Guide ranked the two-part episode "I'll Be Waving As You Drive Away" at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list.[1]
A film adaptation of the pilot movie is currently underway at Paramount Pictures,[2] with Sean Durkin as the director, Scott Rudin as the producer, and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Notable guest stars
3 Production notes
4 Themes
5 Spin-offs and sequels
5.1 Little House: A New Beginning
5.2 Movie specials
6 Broadcast history
7 Reception
7.1 Nielsen ratings
7.2 Accolades
7.3 Popularity in Spain
8 Other media
8.1 Syndication
8.2 DVD, Blu-ray and Digital Copy releases
8.3 List of releases
9 Announced film adaptation
10 References
11 External links
Premise[edit]
Main article: List of Little House on the Prairie episodes
Based on the autobiographical "Little House" stories, episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family, who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Many episodes concern the maturation of the family's second daughter, Laura. However, episodes also focus on other family and community members, providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth-century America. The show's central characters are Charles Ingalls (farmer and mill worker), his wife Caroline, and their four daughters, Mary, Laura, Carrie, and Grace, though the family expands with the addition of adopted son Albert in season five and adopted siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven.
Other essential characters include the Oleson family: Nels, proprietor of the town's general store, Oleson's Mercantile; his malicious, gossiping wife, Harriet, who runs the Mercantile with him; and their two children, Nellie and Willie, and later, their adopted daughter, Nancy; Isaiah Edwards, Grace Snider Edwards and their three adopted children; the Garvey family, Jonathan, Alice, and Andy; Rev. Robert Alden; Lars Hanson, the town's founder and proprietor of the town's mill; and Dr. Hiram Baker, the town's physician. Teacher-turned-lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls, and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls.
Cast and characters[edit]
Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls, 1975
Main article: List of Little House on the Prairie characters
Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series, a total of 190 of the 204 episodes. Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight, but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House: A New Beginning (season nine).
Main cast[edit]
Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls
Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls (seasons 1–8)
Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder
Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall (seasons 1–7, 8)
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls (seasons 1–8)
Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert (Quinn) Ingalls (seasons 5–9)
Richard Bull as Nels Oleson
Katherine "Scottie" MacGregor as Harriet Oleson
Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton (seasons 1-7, 9)
Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson
Victor French as Isaiah Edwards (seasons 1–3, 6, 8–9)
Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards (seasons 1–3, 6)
Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker
Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden
Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms (seasons 1–4)
Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson (seasons 1–5)
Radames Pera as John (Sanderson, Jr.) Edwards (seasons 2 & 3)
Brian Part as Carl (Sanderson) Edwards (seasons 2 & 3)
Kyle Richards as Alicia (Sanderson) Edwards (seasons 2–3, 6, 8)
Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey (seasons 4–7)
Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey (seasons 4–6)
Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew "Andy" Garvey (seasons 4–7)
Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall (seasons 4–8)
Ketty Lester as Hester-Sue Terhune (seasons 5–9)
Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls (seasons 5–8)
Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder (seasons 6–9)
Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder (seasons 6–8)
Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson (seasons 8 & 9)
Jason Bateman as James (Cooper) Ingalls (seasons 7 & 8)
Missy Francis as Cassandra (Cooper) Ingalls (seasons 7 & 8)
Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder (season 9)
Notable guest stars[edit]
Many actors, who were either well-known or went on to become famous, guest-starred on the show.
Willie Aames (episode 3.15)
Anne Archer (episode 1.17)
Hermione Baddeley (3 episodes)
Jonathan Banks (episode 6.16)
Billy Barty (2 episodes)
Peter Billingsley (episode 8.12)
Dirk Blocker (episode 1.9)
Ray Bolger (2 episodes, S5)
Ernest Borgnine (episode 1.13/14)
Christopher Bowman (episodes 5.9, 5.18)
Todd Bridges (episode 3.18)
Red Buttons (episode 1.19)
Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash (episode 3.1)
Charles Cioffi (episode 5.22)
Michael Conrad (episode 4.8)
Keith Coogan (episode 7.15)
James Cromwell (episode 7.1)
David Faustino (episode 7.5)
Gil Gerard (episode 4.4)
Louis Gossett, Jr. (episode 2.18)
Jerry Hardin (episode 5.23)
Melora Hardin (episodes 8.1/2, Look Back to Yesterday)
Mariette Hartley (episode 2.19)
John Hillerman (episode 5.8)
Rance Howard (episode 3.13)
Ernie Hudson (episode 8.8)
Rick Hurst (episode 1.3)
John Ireland (episode 3.4)
Burl Ives (episode 3.10)
Ford Rainey (episodes 2.2, 4.21)
Richard Jaeckel (episodes 2.18, 7.17/18)
Jack Kruschen (episode 8.6)
Katy Kurtzman (episodes 3.19, 4.16)
Charles Lane (episode 9.3)
Sheila Larken (episode 9.13)
Robert Loggia (episode 9.4)
Mike Lookinland (episode 4.4)
Chuck McCann (episode 1.11)
Vera Miles (episode 9.19)
Richard Mulligan (episode 2.21)
Patricia Neal (episode 2.7)
James Olson (episode 6.10)
Sean Penn (uncredited student extra)
Eddie Quillan (7 episodes)
Anne Ramsey (episode 5.1)
Nick Ramus (episode 4.13)
Kim Richards (episode 1.7)
James B. Sikking (episode 3.17)
Queenie Smith (5 episodes)
Madeleine Stowe (episode 7.6)
Robert Torti (episode 8.6)
Mitch Vogel (episode 1.23)
M. Emmet Walsh (episode 8.8)[4]
Collin Wilcox (episode 4.7)
Harris Yulin (episode 1.20)
and three of Landon's children:
Michael Landon, Jr. (episode 3.20)
Leslie Landon (4 guest episodes)
Shawna Landon (Little House Years / episode 9.15; both uncredited)
Production notes[edit]
Of the 204 episodes, Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68, while co-star Victor French helmed 18. Maury Dexter (who was often an assistant director) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively.
Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles, while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley, where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed. Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora, California. Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes. In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape, where the show is supposed to take place, there are no tall mountains.
The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose. The ending theme music, also written by Rose, originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later-season episode of Michael Landon's previous long-running series, Bonanza.
Themes[edit]
Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption, alcoholism, faith, poverty, blindness, and prejudice of all types including racism. Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction (i.e. morphine), leukemia, child abuse, and even rape. Although predominantly a drama, the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well.
Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza. Season two's "A Matter of Faith" was based on the Bonanza episode "A Matter of Circumstance"; season five's "Someone Please Love Me" was based on the Bonanza episode "A Dream To Dream"; season seven's "The Silent Cry" was based on the Bonanza episode "The Sound of Sadness"; season eight's "He Was Only Twelve" was based on the Bonanza episode "He Was Only Seven"; and season nine's "Little Lou" was based on the Bonanza episode "It's A Small World".
Spin-offs and sequels[edit]
Little House: A New Beginning[edit]
When Michael Landon decided to leave the show (though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director), season nine was renamed, the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo, and more characters were added to the cast. A new family, the Carters (Stan Ivar as John, Pamela Roylance as Sarah, Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb, and David Friedman as younger son Jason), move into the Ingalls house. Meanwhile, Almanzo and Laura take in their niece, Jenny Wilder, when Almanzo's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter, Rose. The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes, while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters. The explanation given for the original characters' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak, Iowa, to pursue a promising life. The show lost viewers, and this version of the series was canceled after one season. However, the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format.
Movie specials[edit]
Three made-for-television post-series movies followed during the 1983-84 television season: Little House on the Prairie: A Look Back to Yesterday (1983), Little House: The Last Farewell (1984), and Little House: Bless All the Dear Children (1984).
In The Last Farewell, Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove. They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township, and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain. Despite their best efforts, the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away. At a town meeting, John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has. Each man takes turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town.[5]
When asked why the set was blown up, the show's producer, Kent McCray, said that when the series started, he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state. When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings, Michael Landon thought for a while and said, "What if we blow up the town? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away." He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings, except for the little house and the church. Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up.[6]
Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell, but ended up being the last of the three movies to air.[7] Given its Christmas-related content, NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season.
Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series: the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years (1979), a Thanksgiving special/clip show that aired in the middle of season six.
Broadcast history[edit]
For the first two seasons, the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET/7pm CT, to moderate ratings. In 1976, the series became a Monday night staple on NBC; after the move, it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run.
Reception[edit]
Nielsen ratings[edit]
Season 1 (1974–75): #13[8]
Season 2 (1975–76): Not in top 30[9]
Season 3 (1976–77): #15
Season 4 (1977–78): #7[10]
Season 5 (1978–79): #14[11]
Season 6 (1979–80): #16[12]
Season 7 (1980–81): #10[13]
Season 8 (1981–82): #24 (Tied with: The Facts of Life)
Season 9 (1982–83): #28
Accolades[edit]
1978: Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series, Ted Voigtlander, episode "The Fighter"[14]
1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series, Ted Voigtlander, episode "The Craftsman"[14]
1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series, David Rose, episode "The Craftsman"
1980: TP de Oro, Spain, Mejor Actriz Extranjera (Best Foreign Actress), Melissa Sue Anderson[citation needed]
1981: Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script, Michael Landon, episode "May We Make Them Proud"[citation needed]
1982: Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore), David Rose, episode "He Was Only Twelve" (Part 2)
1983: Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series, Melissa Gilbert
1984: Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series, Melissa Gilbert
Popularity in Spain[edit]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, La Casa de la Pradera (Little House on the Prairie) was one of Spanish Television's most popular series. In 1976 Karen Grassle (Caroline Quiner Ingalls) won Spanish television's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress, and the series itself won for best foreign series; Melissa Sue Anderson (Mary Ingalls) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television's 625 Lineas program in early 1979. The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor (Harriet Oleson) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980.
Other media[edit]
Syndication[edit]
The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run. In addition to airing on local stations, it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP[15] and Hallmark Channel.[16] In the past, it has aired on TV Land and TBS. As of September 19, 2016, the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily, with the exception of Seasons eight and nine.
In the U.S., television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution. Originally, NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises, since networks could not own syndication arms at the time. As a result of corporate changes, Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment, finally passing to CTD in 2007. In Canada, reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS, a Christian-based network, as of September 1, 2008.
Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series, it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E/I programming guidelines. The show is typically stripped (run five days a week) in syndication, which is enough to completely cover a TV station's E/I requirements and more.
NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well. Sister company NBC Universal International Television distributes the series internationally.
DVD, Blu-ray and Digital Copy releases[edit]
The entire series has been released on standard-definition DVD, high-definition Blu-ray, and on both standard and high-definition Digital Copy. In addition, some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS. Starting with Season 7, the Blu-ray's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com.
There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another. The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution, a company based in Quebec. A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes—these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises, the series' former distributor. Other episodes were time-compressed and are NTSC-converted video prints from UK PAL masters, while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints, also from Worldvision. Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions. The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality, such as tracking lines, as well as audio problems, though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons. The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed-captioning.
These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim, Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler. For the original movies & complete series sets, Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon, the casting of the show, and more. Imavision also released a French-language version of the series. Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions. Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision, but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below. The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback (a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label); this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2. Unlike the original North American DVD sets, the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes.
In 2014, Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD, and also for the first time, in high definition on Blu-ray, as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video. These new releases, which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters, contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound. The Blu-rays, with their high bitrate, high definition 1080p picture (as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available. The first six seasons on Blu-ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs. Starting with Season 7, Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu-ray's exclusively through Amazon.com. In the process, they made several other changes to the Blu-ray's including compressing the audio (though with a relatively high bitrate), simplifying the on-screen disc menus, and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons.
The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English, French, and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles. They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases, but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called "The Little House Phenomenon". Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie. Season 7 contains no special features. Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras, with "Look Back to Yesterday" and "The Last Farewell" appearing on Season 8, and "Bless All The Dear Children" appearing on Season 9. Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this, both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline, and also because they included "The Last Farewell" on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending. Lionsgate's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order, since "Bless All The Dear Children" was the last episode broadcast even though "The Last Farewell" was the last one produced. None of the available releases of the series contain "Little House Years", which was a three-hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips.
While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available, there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems. The most significant of these, affecting all formats of the remastered releases, include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode, "Divorce, Walnut Grove Style," almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9's "Home Again," and extremely low volume of the townspeoples' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie, "The Last Farewell."[17]
List of releases[edit]
Name
No. of
episodes
Originally aired
DVD release dates
Remastered DVD & Blu-ray release date
Digital Copy release date
Region 1
Region 2
Region 1
Region 1
Season 1 24 1974–1975 July 8, 2003 July 25, 2005 March 25, 2014 March 25, 2014
Season 2 22 1975–1976 July 8, 2003 March 27, 2006 May 6, 2014 May 6, 2014
Season 3 22 1976–1977 November 4, 2003 March 10, 2008 September 9, 2014 September 9, 2014
Season 4 22 1977–1978 February 17, 2004 May 26, 2008 January 20, 2015 September 9, 2014
Season 5 24 1978–1979 June 29, 2004 August 4, 2008 April 14, 2015 September 9, 2014
Season 6 24 1979–1980 October 26, 2004 May 3, 2010 July 14, 2015 September 9, 2014
Season 7 22 1980–1981 February 15, 2005 July 17, 2010 October 6, 2015 (DVD)
December 22, 2015 (Blu-ray) September 9, 2014
Season 8 22 1981–1982 June 14, 2005 March 20, 2011 January 19, 2016 (DVD)
March 22, 2016 (Blu-ray) September 9, 2014
Season 9 22 1982–1983 November 1, 2005 January 20, 2012 April 19, 2016 September 9, 2014
3-Movie
Box Set 3 movies 1983–1984 November 28, 2006 None (but is in Complete set) September 13, 2016 (DVD only) September 13, 2016
The Complete
Television Series 204 1974–1984 November 11, 2008 October 7, 2015 (Dutch import) October 6, 2015 (DVD only) September 9, 2014
Announced film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (feature film)
In October 2012, Sony Pictures announced that a film based on the series's pilot is under development, with Scott Rudin as the producer.[18] However, the film was later on turnaround to Paramount Pictures in 2016, where the film resumed development.[19] [20] It has Sean Durkin as the director and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter, although Rudin is still the film’s producer. [21] No actors have been selected or joined the cast yet.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". TV Guide (June 28 – July 4). 1997. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "'Little House on the Prairie' Movie Lands at Paramount (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Little House On The Prairie set for big screen reboot by Paramount". Mail Online. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago". TV.com. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Last Farewell Summary". CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Parker, Lennon. "The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove". Prairie Fans. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Melissa (2009). Prairie Tale: A Memoir (pp. 141-142). Simon Spotlight Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1974".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1975".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1977".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1978".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1979".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1980".
^ Jump up to: a b "Ted Voigtlander, 75; Won Emmys for 'Little House' Cinematography". Los Angeles Times. December 11, 1988. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family-Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies". www.insp.com.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows (Week of April 29, 2013) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog". sitcomsonline.com.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie: Seasons 1-10".
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (2016-01-26). "'Little House on the Prairie' Movie in the Works at Paramount". Variety. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ Dawn, Randee. "Grab your bonnets! 'Little House on the Prairie' is heading to the big screen". TODAY.com. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ Lee, Benjamin (2016-01-27). "Little House on the Prairie movie back in development". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ "'Little House on the Prairie' Movie Lands at Paramount (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie (TV series).
Television in the United States portal
1970s portal
1980s portal
Little House on the Prairie on IMDb
Little House: Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb
Little House: The Last Farewell on IMDb
Little House: Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb
The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide
Little House on the Prairie Official Website
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Notre Dame school
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This article is about the group of composers. For other uses, see Notre Dame High School.
Breves dies hominis
Breves dies hominis, Notre Dame school.
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The Notre Dame school or the Notre Dame school of polyphony refers to the group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with the music they produced.
The only composers whose names have come down to us from this time are Léonin and Pérotin. Both were mentioned by an anonymous English student, known as Anonymous IV, who was either working or studying at Notre Dame later in the 13th century. In addition to naming the two composers as "the best composers of organum," and specifying that they compiled the big book of organum known as the Magnus Liber Organi, he provides a few tantalizing bits of information on the music and the principles involved in its composition. Pérotin is the first composer of organum quadruplum—four-voice polyphony—at least the first composer whose music has survived, since complete survivals of notated music from this time are scarce.
Léonin, Pérotin and the other anonymous composers whose music has survived are representatives of the era of European music history known as the ars antiqua. The motet was first developed during this period out of the clausula, which is one of the most frequently encountered types of composition in the Magnus Liber Organi.
While music with notation has survived, in substantial quantity, the interpretation of this music, especially with regard to rhythm, remains controversial. Three music theorists describe the contemporary practice: Johannes de Garlandia, Franco of Cologne, and Anonymous IV. However, they were all writing more than two generations after the music was written, and may have been imposing their current practice, which was quickly evolving, on music which was conceived differently. In much music of the Notre Dame School the lowest voices sing long note values while the upper voice or voices sing highly ornamented lines, which often use repeating patterns of long and short notes known as the "rhythmic modes." This marked the beginning of notation capable of showing relative durations of notes within and between parts (Hoppin 1978, p. 221).
Contemporary composers such as Steve Reich and Arvo Pärt cite the music of the Notre Dame School as an influence on their work.
Notre Dame motets[edit]
The earliest motets are the Notre Dame motets, written by composers such as Leonin and Perotin during the 13th century. These motets were polyphonic, with a different text in each voice, and employed the rhythmic modes. An example of a Notre Dame motet is Salve, salus hominum/O radians stella/nostrum by Perotin, composed between 1180 and 1238.
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bibliography[edit]
History of Music at Notre-Dame de Paris (in French)
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. (ISBN 0-393-09090-6)
Gleason, Harold and Becker, Warren. Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. (ISBN 0-89917-034-X)
"Notre Dame School," "Organum," "Léonin," "Pérotin," in Sadie, Stanley ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
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User story
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Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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In software development and product management, a user story is an informal, natural language description of one or more features of a software system. User stories are often written from the perspective of an end user or user of a system. They are often recorded on index cards, on Post-it notes, or in project management software. Depending on the project, user stories may be written by various stakeholders including clients, users, managers or development team members.
User stories are a type of boundary object. They facilitate sensemaking and communication, that is, they help software teams organize their understanding of the system and its context.[1]
User stories are often confused with system requirements. A requirement is a formal description of need; a user story is an informal description of a feature.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Common templates
2 Examples
3 Usage
4 Benefits
5 Limitations
6 Story map
7 Comparing with use cases
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
History[edit]
In 1998 Alistair Cockburn visited the Chrysler C3 project in Detroit and coined the phrase "A user story is a promise for a conversation."[2]
With Extreme Programming (XP),[3] user stories were a part of the planning game.
In 2001, Ron Jeffries proposed a "Three Cs" formula for user story creation:[4]
The Card (or often a post-it note) is a tangible durable physical token to hold the concepts;
The Conversation is between the stakeholders (customers, users, developers, testers, etc.). It is verbal and often supplemented by documentation;
The Confirmation ensures that the objectives of the conversation have been reached.
User stories are written by or for users or customers to influence the functionality of the system being developed. In some teams, the product manager (or product owner in Scrum), is primarily responsible for formulating user stories and organizing them into a product backlog. In other teams, anyone can write a user story. User stories can be developed through discussion with stakeholders, based on personas or simply made up.
Common templates[edit]
User stories may follow one of several formats or templates. The most common would be the Connextra template:[5][6]
As a <role> I can <capability>, so that <receive benefit>
Chris Matts suggested that "hunting the value" was the first step in successfully delivering software, and proposed this alternative:[7]
In order to <receive benefit> as a <role>, I can <goal/desire>
Elias Weldemichael, on the other hand, suggested the "so that" clause is perhaps optional although still often helpful:[8]
As a <role>, I can <goal/desire>, so that <why>
Another template based on the Five Ws specifies:[citation needed]
As <who> <when> <where>, I <want> because <why>
Another template based on Rachel Davies' popular template:[9]
As <persona>, I can <what?> so that <why?>
where a persona is a fictional stakeholder (e.g. user). A persona may include a name, picture; characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, and a goal which the product should help them achieve.
Examples[edit]
Screening Quiz (Epic Story)
As the HR manager, I want to create a screening quiz so that I can understand whether I want to send possible recruits to the functional manager.[10]
Quiz Recall
As a manager, I want to browse my existing quizzes so I can recall what I have in place and figure out if I can just reuse or update an existing quiz for the position I need now.[10]
Limited Backup
As a user, I can indicate folders not to backup so that my backup drive isn't filled up with things I don't need saved.[11]
Usage[edit]
As a central part of many agile development methodologies, such as in XP's planning game, user stories define what has to be built in the software project. User stories are prioritized by the customer (or the product owner in Scrum) to indicate which are most important for the system and will be broken down into tasks and estimated by the developers. One way of estimating is via a Fibonacci scale.
When user stories are about to be implemented, the developers should have the possibility to talk to the customer about it. The short stories may be difficult to interpret, may require some background knowledge or the requirements may have changed since the story was written.
Every user story must at some point have one or more acceptance tests attached, allowing the developer to test when the user story is done and also allowing the customer to validate it. Without a precise formulation of the requirements, prolonged nonconstructive arguments may arise when the product is to be delivered.
Benefits[edit]
There is no good evidence that using user stories increases software success or developer productivity. However, user stories facilitate sensemaking without undue problem structuring, which is linked to success.[12]
Limitations[edit]
Limitations of user stories include:
Scale-up problem
User stories written on small physical cards are hard to maintain, difficult to scale to large projects and troublesome for geographically distributed teams.
Vague, informal and incomplete
User story cards are regarded as conversation starters. Being informal, they are open to many interpretations. Being brief, they do not state all of the details necessary to implement a feature. Stories are therefore inappropriate for reaching formal agreements or writing legal contracts.[13]
Lack of non-functional requirements
User stories rarely include performance or non-functional requirement details, so non-functional tests (e.g. response time) may be overlooked.
Story map[edit]
A story map in action
A story map[14] is a graphical, two-dimensional visualization of the product backlog. At the top of the map are the headings under which stories are grouped, usually referred to as 'epics' (big coarse-grained user stories[15]), 'themes' (collections of related user stories[16]) or 'activities'. These are identified by orienting at the user’s workflow or "the order you'd explain the behavior of the system". Vertically, below the epics, the actual story cards are allocated and ordered by priority. The first horizontal row is a "walking skeleton"[17] and below that represents increasing sophistication.[18][clarification needed]
In this way it becomes possible to describe even big systems without losing the big picture.
Comparing with use cases[edit]
A use case has been described as "a generalized description of a set of interactions between the system and one or more actors, where an actor is either a user or another system."[19] While user stories and use cases have some similarities, there are several differences between them.
User Stories
Use Cases
Similarities
Generally formulated in users' everyday language. They should help the reader understand what the software should accomplish.
Written in users' everyday business language, to facilitate stakeholder communications.
Differences
Provide a small-scale and easy-to-use presentation of information, with little detail, thus remaining open to interpretation, through conversations with on-site customers.
Use cases organize requirements to form a narrative of how users relate to and use a system. Hence they focus on user goals and how interacting with a system satisfies the goals.[20]
Use case flows describe sequences of interactions, and may be worded in terms of a formal model. A use case is intended to provide sufficient detail for it to be understood on its own.
Template As a <type of user>, I can <some goal> so that <some reason>.[11]
Title: "goal the use case is trying to satisfy"
Main Success Scenario: numbered list of steps
Step: "a simple statement of the interaction between the actor and a system"
Extensions: separately numbered lists, one per Extension
Extension: "a condition that results in different interactions from .. the main success scenario". An extension from main step 3 is numbered 3a, etc.
Kent Beck, Alistair Cockburn, Martin Fowler and others discussed this topic further on the c2.com wiki (the home of extreme programming).[21]
See also[edit]
Kanban board
Persona (user experience)
Scenario (computing)
Use case
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ralph, Paul (2015). "The Sensemaking-coevolution-implementation theory of software design". Science of Computer Programming. 101: 21–41. arXiv:1302.4061  . doi:10.1016/j.scico.2014.11.007.
Jump up ^ "Origin of story card is a promise for a conversation : Alistair.Cockburn.us". alistair.cockburn.us. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Jump up ^ Beck, Kent (1999). "Embracing change with extreme programming". IEEE Computer. 32 (10): 70–77.
Jump up ^ Ron Jeffries (August 30, 2001). "Essential XP: Card, Conversation, Confirmation".
Jump up ^ https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/role-feature/
Jump up ^ Mishkin Berteig (2014-03-06). "User Stories and Story Splitting". Agile Advice. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ AntonyMarcano (2011-03-24). "Old Favourite: Feature Injection User Stories on a Business Value Theme". Antonymarcano.com. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ Weldemichael, Weldemichael. "User Story Template Advantages". Mountaingoatsoftware.com. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ "10 Tips for Writing Good User Stories". Romanpichler.com. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Cowan, Alexander. "Your Best Agile User Story". Cowan+. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohn, Mike. "User Stories". Mountain Goat Software. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Ralph, Paul; Mohanani, Rahul. "Is Requirements Engineering Inherently Counterproductive?". IEEE. doi:10.1109/TwinPeaks.2015.12.
Jump up ^ "Limitations of user stories". Ferolen.com. April 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Patton, Jeff. "The new user story backlog is a map". Retrieved 17 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Pichler, Roman. "10 Tips for Writing Good User Stories". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Mike. "User Stories, Epics and Themes". Mountaingoatsoftware.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Cockburn, Alistair. "Walking Skeleton". Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Story Mapping". Agile Alliance. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Mike. "Project Advantages of User Stories as Requirements". Mountaingoatsoftware.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin Fowler (18 August 2003). "UseCasesAndStories". Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "', '' + words + '', '". C2.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Daniel H. Steinberg, Daniel W. Palmer, Extreme Software Engineering, Pearson Education, Inc., ISBN 0-13-047381-2.
Mike Cohn, User Stories Applied, 2004, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321-20568-5.
Mike Cohn, Agile Estimating and Planning, 2006, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-147941-5.
Business Analyst Time
Payton Consulting 'How user stories are different from IEEE requirements
How to plan and develop better products with user story mapping and kanban
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_story&oldid=841544811"
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List of motorcycle manufacturers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of motorcycle manufacturers worldwide, sorted by extant/extinct status and by country. These are producers whose motocars are available to the public, including both street legal as well as racetrack-only or off-road-only motorcycles. The list of current manufacturers does not include badge engineered bikes or motorcycle customisers, but the list of defunct manufactures may include some of these if they are well remembered for their historical significance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Manufacturers currently in production
1.1 Argentina
1.2 Austria
1.3 Australia
1.4 Azerbaijan
1.5 Bangladesh
1.6 Belarus
1.7 Brazil
1.8 Canada
1.9 China
1.10 Colombia
1.11 Czech Republic
1.12 France
1.13 Germany
1.14 India
1.15 Indonesia
1.16 Italy
1.17 Japan
1.18 South Korea
1.19 Malaysia
1.20 Mexico
1.21 Pakistan
1.22 Poland
1.23 Portugal
1.24 Russia
1.25 Slovenia
1.26 Spain
1.27 Taiwan
1.28 Thailand
1.29 Turkey
1.30 Ukraine
1.31 United Kingdom
1.32 United States
2 Manufacturers no longer in production
2.1 Australia
2.2 Austria
2.3 Belgium
2.4 Brazil
2.5 Bulgaria
2.6 Canada
2.7 Czech Republic
2.8 Denmark
2.9 Finland
2.10 France
2.11 Germany
2.12 East Germany
2.13 Greece
2.14 India
2.15 Italy
2.16 Japan
2.17 Mexico
2.18 New Zealand
2.19 Norway
2.20 Pakistan
2.21 Poland
2.22 Portugal
2.23 Russian Empire
2.24 Spain
2.25 Sweden
2.26 Switzerland
2.27 United Kingdom
2.28 United States
2.29 USSR
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Manufacturers currently in production[edit]
This is a list of companies currently producing and selling motorcycles available to the public, including both street and race/off-road motorcycles. It does not include badge engineered bikes sold under a different name than their producer, nor motorcycle customisers.
Argentina[edit]
Motomel
Tehuelche
Siambretta
Zanella
Austria[edit]
Husqvarna
KTM
Australia[edit]
Thumpstar
Azerbaijan[edit]
NAZ
Bangladesh[edit]
Hero Bangladesh
Runner Automobiles Ltd
Walton Hi-Tech Industries Ltd.
Belarus[edit]
MMZ
Brazil[edit]
Brasil & Movimento
Dafra Motos
Canada[edit]
Bombardier/Can-Am (trikes)
China[edit]
Baotian Motorcycle Company
Chang Jiang
Dayun
Evoke Motorcycles
Hero Chini
Jincheng Group
Jincheng Suzuki
Lifan
Loncin
Qianjiang
Qingqi
Thumpstar
Yinxiang Motorcycle
Znen
Zongshen
Colombia[edit]
AKT
Auteco
Czech Republic[edit]
Blata
Jawa
France[edit]
Brough Motorcycles
Midual
Peugeot Scooters
Scorpa
Sherco
Solex
Terrot
Voxan
Germany[edit]
BMW
DKW
Horex
MZ
Sachs
Simson
Sommer
India[edit]
Aprilia India (Piaggio Group)
Bajaj
Benelli India (partner with DSK)
BMW India (partner with TVS)
Ducati India
Eicher Motors
Harley-Davidson India
Hero
Honda India
Hysoung India (partner with DSK)
Indian Motorcycle India
Kawasaki India
KTM India (partner with Bajaj)
Mahindra
Moto Guzzi India (Piaggio Group)
MV Agusta India (partner with Kinetic)
Royal Enfield
Suzuki India
Triumph India (partner with Bajaj)
TVS
UM India (partner with LML)
Vespa India (Piaggio Group)
Yamaha India
Indonesia[edit]
Honda Indonesia
Kawasaki Indonesia
Suzuki Indomobil
TVS Indonesia
Yamaha Indonesia
Italy[edit]
Aermacchi
Aprilia
Benelli
Beta Motor
Bimota
Borile
Cagiva
Ducati
Energica Motor Company
Fantic Motor
Ghezzi & Brian
Gilera
Italjet
Lambretta
Minarelli (engines only)
Moto Guzzi
Moto Morini
Motobi
MV Agusta
Paton
Piaggio
SWM
Terra Modena
Vyrus
Japan[edit]
Honda
Kawasaki
Suzuki
Yamaha
South Korea[edit]
Daelim
Hyosung
KR Motors
Malaysia[edit]
Hong Leong Yamaha
Kawasaki
KTM
Modenas
Naza
Suzuki
SYM Motors
Mexico[edit]
Italika
Pakistan[edit]
Atlas Honda Bikes
DYL Motorcycles
Pak Suzuki Motors
Ravi Motorcycles
Yamaha Motor Pakistan
Poland[edit]
Junak
SFM Junak
Portugal[edit]
AJP
Aliança
Conquistador
Dural
Russia[edit]
IMZ-Ural
IZh
Velomotors
ZiD as the Voskhod
Slovenia[edit]
Tomos
Spain[edit]
Bultaco
Derbi
Gas Gas
Montesa
Ossa
Rieju
Sanglas
Taiwan[edit]
Aeon Motor
Gogoro
Kymco
PGO
SYM
Taiwan Golden Bee
Thailand[edit]
A.P. Honda
Turkey[edit]
Kanuni
Mondial (Ugur Motor Vehicles)
Ukraine[edit]
KMZ
United Kingdom[edit]
AJS
Ariel Motor Company
BSA
Cheney Racing
Clews Competition Motorcycles
Greeves
Hesketh
Megelli Motorcycles
Métisse
Norton
Triumph[1]
Wasp Motorcycles
United States[edit]
Alligator
Arlen Ness
ATK motorcycles
Boss Hoss
Brammo
Cleveland CycleWerks
Confederate Motorcycles
Electric Moto Corporation
Erik Buell Racing
Harley-Davidson
Indian
Janus Motorcycles
MTT
MotoCzysz
Motus
Rokon
Victory Motorcycles
Whizzer (parts and accessories only)
Zero Electric
Manufacturers no longer in production[edit]
This is a list of companies that formerly produced and sold motorcycles available to the public, including both street and race/off-road motorcycles. It also includes some former motorcycle producers of noted historical significance but which would today be classified as badge engineered or customisers. It includes both companies that are defunct, those that still exist but no longer make motorcycles, and some that were acquired by other companies.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Australia[edit]
Abbotsford motorcycles (1912–1913)
Absolom motorcycles (1915–)
Aussi Also (1920–)
Bennett & Barkell Motorcycles (1910 to at least 1917)
Carberry (2009–2011)
Hunwick Harrup 1500cc[2]
Waratah motorcycles (1911 to around 1948)
Austria[edit]
Delta-Gnom (1923–1963)
Laurin & Klement (1899–1908)
Puch (1903–1987)
Belgium[edit]
FN (1901–1967)
Gillet Herstal
Minerva (1900–1914)
Saroléa (1901–1960)
Brazil[edit]
Agrale (1984–1987)[3]
Brumana Pugliese (1970–1982)
Bulgaria[edit]
Balkan (1958–1975)
Canada[edit]
Can-Am (1973–1987, brand reused 2006–present for ATVs and trikes)
Moto-Skeeter (mini-bikes, 1971–1972)
Czech Republic[edit]
Böhmerland (1923–1939)
CZ (1935–1997)
ESO (1949–1962)
Jawa CZ
Praga Hostivař (1929–1933)
Premier (1913–1933)
Denmark[edit]
Nimbus (1919–1959)
Finland[edit]
Helkama
Tunturi
France[edit]
AGF
Aiglon (1908–1953)
Alcyon (1904–1957)
Automoto
Dollar (1925–1939)
Dresch (1923–1939)
Elf
Gima
Gnome et Rhône (1919–1959)
Juery (1930s–1960s)
Monet-Goyon
Motobécane
New-Map
Nougier
Radior
Ratier (1959–1962)
Scorpa (1993–2009)
Terrot
Germany[edit]
Adler (automobile) (1900–1957)
Ardie (1919–1957)
D-Rad (1923–1933)
DKW (1919– )
Express (1933–1958)
Hecker (1922–1957)
Hercules (1904–1996)
Hildebrand & Wolfmüller (1894–1897)
Hoffman (1949–1954)
Horex (1923–1960)
Killinger and Freund Motorcycle (1935)
Kreidler (1951–1982)
Maico (1926–1986)
Mars (1903–1958)
Megola (1921–1925)
Münch (1966–1980)
Neander (1924–1932)
NSU (1901–1960)
Opel (1901–1930)
Orionette (1921–1925)
Simson (1948–1963)
TWN (Triumph Nürnberg) (1903–1957)[1]
Victoria (1899–1966)
Wanderer (1902–1929)
Windhoff
Zündapp (1921–1984)
East Germany[edit]
BMW (1945–1952)
EMW (1952–)
MZ (–2009)
Greece[edit]
Alta (1962–1972)
Lefas (1982–2005)
Maratos (1950)
MEBEA (1960–1975)
Mego (1962–1992)
YMC (2000–2011)
India[edit]
Andhra Pradesh Scooters Ltd (Allwyn Pushpak)
API (Lamby scooters)
Escorts Group (WFM/Yamaha motorcycles)
Ideal Jawa (1960–1996)
Kinetic Engineering (Luna/Honda NH scooters)
Lambretta licensed manufacturers
LML (Vespa scooters)
Mopeds India Limited (Suvega-Motobecane mopeds)
Italy[edit]
Abra
Accossato
Aermacchi
Aeromere/Capriolo
Aetos
Agrati
AIM
Alano
Alato
Aldbert
Atala
Autozodiaco
Bianchi (1897–1967)
Caproni
Ceccato (1947–1962)
Cimatti
CNA
Della Ferrera
FB Mondial (1948–1979)
Frera
Fusi
Galbusera
Garelli Motorcycles (1919–2012)
Innocenti (1947–1997)
Iso Rivolta (1953–1974)
Lamborghini (1986)
Laverda (1949–2006)
Malaguti
MAS
Maserati (1947–1960)
Morbidelli
Moretti Motor Company
Moto Rumi
Parilla
Japan[edit]
Abe-Star (1951–1958)
Aero (1925–1927)
Bridgestone (?–1966)
Fuji
Hodaka (1964–1980)
Marusho (1948–1967)
Meguro (1924–1960)
Mitsubishi (1946–1963)
Miyata
Rikuo (1929–1958)
Shin Meiwa (1952–1964)
Tohatsu (1950–1964)
Yamaguchi (1955–1963)
Mexico[edit]
Cooper (1971–1975)
New Zealand[edit]
Britten Motorcycles
Nzeta
Wood
Norway[edit]
Tempo
Pakistan[edit]
DYL Motorcycles
Poland[edit]
CWS
SHL
Sokół
WSK
Portugal[edit]
CASAL (1953–2000)
FAMEL (1950–2002)
SIS
Russian Empire[edit]
Alexander Leutner & Co. (1899–1918?)
Spain[edit]
Bultaco (1958–1983)
Cofersa (1954–1962)
Gimson (1930–1982)
Lube (1947–1967)
Montesa (1945–1985)
MotoTrans (1957–1983)
Ossa (1924–1982; 2010– )
Sanglas (1942–1981)
Sweden[edit]
Aktiv (1927–1937)
Husaberg (1988–2014)
Husqvarna
Monark
Nordstjernan
Switzerland[edit]
Motosacoche (1900–1956)
United Kingdom[edit]
AJS (1909–2000; currently "badge engineered" importers of Chinese bikes)
AJW (1928–1977)
Ambassador (1946–1964)
AMC (1938–1966)
Ariel (1902–1970)
Armstrong (1980–1987)
Beardmore Precision (1921–1924)
Blackburne (1913–1921)
Brough (1908–1926)[4]
Brough Superior³ (1919–1940)
BSA (1905–2003); see BSA Company
Calthorpe
Clyno (1908–1923)
Cotton
Coventry-Eagle
DOT
Douglas (1907–1957)
EMC (1946–1977)
Excelsior (Coventry) (1896–1962)
Francis-Barnett (1919–1966)
Greeves
Haden
Hesketh (1982–1984)
HRD²
Ivy (1907–1934)
James
JAP
Levis (1911–1939)
Martinsyde (1908–1923)
Matchless (1899–1966)
Ner-a Car (1921–1926)
New Hudson
New Imperial (1901–1939)
Norman
Norton (1902–; reformed in 2008)[5]
OK-Supreme (1882–1940)
OEC (1901–1954)
Panther
Quadrant (1901–1928)
Quasar (1977–1985)
Raleigh (1899–1967)
Rickman (1960–1975)
Royal Enfield (1901–1968, production continues in India)
Rudge-Whitworth (1909–1939)
Scott (1909–1978)
Singer
Sprite
Stevens (1934–1938)
Sun (1911–1961)
Sunbeam (1912–1956)
Tandon
Triumph Engineering Ltd (1902–; reformed in the 1980s and now still made)[1]
Vale-Onslow (SOS) (1926–?)
Velocette (1904–1968)
Villiers
Vincent[6]
Vincent HRD (1928– )[6]
Wooler (1911–1954)
United States[edit]
Ace (1920–1927)
American IronHorse (1995–2008)
Buell (2009–2015)
Buell Motorcycle Company (1983–2009)
California Motorcycle Company (?–1999)
Crocker (1936–1941)
Curtiss (1902–1910)
Cushman (1936–1965)
Excelsior (Chicago) (1907–1931)
Excelsior-Henderson (1993 / 1998–2001)
Fischer
Flying Merkel (1911–1915)
Henderson (1911–1931)
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Indian
originally Springfield company (1901–1953)
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See also[edit]
List of scooter manufacturers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Triumph brand has had two distinct eras, one as Triumph Engineering Company, then under BSA at Meriden, and the recent one as Triumph Motorcycles at Hinckley, with ten years between the two.
Jump up ^ Cormier, Jason (2014-07-14). "Hunwick Hallam / Hunwick Harrop - Aussie Innovation". OddBike. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Agrale Historia". MOTO.com.br. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ Pronounced "Bruff".
Jump up ^ "Norton website". The Norton company closed in the UK in 1976. The company reopened in 1995 in Portland, Oregon, United States, manufacturing replacement parts and eventually new Norton models. The venture eventually required capital and was bought by Stuart Garner who intends to return production to the United Kingdom.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vincent Motors". In 1928, Phil Vincent bought HRD and changed the name to Vincent HRD. In 1949, it was renamed Vincent. Production of Vincent stopped in 1955. In 1994, Bernard Li acquired the rights to the Vincent trademark, and in 1996 formed Vincent Motors, USA, which made five prototype motorcycles in 2002. The engine used in these motorcycles has since gone out of production and Li has since died. It is therefore not likely that series production will begin.
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