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Peter Rabbit (film)
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Peter Rabbit
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Will Gluck
Produced by
Will Gluck
Zareh Nalbandian
Written by
Rob Lieber
Will Gluck
Based on
Peter Rabbit
by Beatrix Potter
Starring
Rose Byrne
Domhnall Gleeson
Sam Neill
Daisy Ridley
Elizabeth Debicki
Margot Robbie
James Corden
Narrated by
Margot Robbie
Music by
Dominic Lewis[1]
Cinematography
Peter Menzies Jr.
Edited by
Christian Gazal
Production
company
Columbia Pictures[2]
Sony Pictures Animation[2]
Olive Bridge Entertainment[2]
Animal Logic[2]
2.0 Entertainment[2]
Screen Australia[2]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing
Release date
February 3, 2018 (2018-02-03) (The Grove)
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) (United States)
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) (Australia)
Running time
95 minutes[3]
Country
United States[4]
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[5]
Box office
$351.2 million[6]
Peter Rabbit is a 2018 American live-action/computer-animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck and written by Rob Lieber and Gluck, based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter. The film stars the voice of James Corden as the title character, with Rose Byrne, Domhnall Gleeson, Sam Neill, Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki, and Margot Robbie also starring. The film was released on February 9, 2018, and grossed $351 million worldwide. A sequel is set to be released on February 7, 2020.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Live-Action Actors
2.2 Voice Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Trailer criticism
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Controversy
6 Sequel
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In England's Lake District, Peter Rabbit, his cousin Benjamin Bunny, and Peter's triplet sisters Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail, spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden. They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature. Bea takes on a mother-like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their parents, who were killed by McGregor. One day, Peter is forced to leave his jacket in McGregor's garden and goes back to retrieve it. McGregor spots and catches him, but suddenly dies of a heart attack due to decades of unhealthy eating habits following his wife's death. Enthralled, Peter invites all of the local animals and takes over McGregor's manor.
Meanwhile in London, McGregor's great-nephew Thomas McGregor, an uptight, controlling workaholic, works at the toy department of Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion to associate general manager. He indifferently accepts the news about his great-uncle's death, someone he was completely unaware of, but is infuriated over losing the promotion to a lazy nephew of the managing director and is fired for losing his temper. His now-former manager encourages him to get a hobby and spend some time in the country.
When Thomas learns that his great-uncle's manor is valuable and that he's inherited it, he decides to appraise and prepare it for resale in order to start his own toy store to get even with his former employers. He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to upgrade the security of the garden wall and gates, despite Bea's objections. When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden, Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin in a river. His cousins rescue him; Thomas instead accidentally drops a prized set of binoculars that Bea had given him earlier, forcing him to retrieve it.
Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances. Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other, which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more. This all culminates when Peter rewires an electric fence set up by Thomas, prompting Thomas to throw dynamite at Peter's burrow. Thomas then attacks Peter in the garden, telling Peter that his antics caused him to become aggressive. When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it, he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow, which crushes Bea's art studio. Bea, ignoring Thomas’s explanation of his quarrel with the rabbits, breaks up with him, and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again.
Peter feels bad for what he has done, and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood, he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods. Tricking Thomas into believing he was imagining the rabbits’ ability to communicate, Peter apologizes for his part of the conflict and convinces Thomas to follow his heart. They rush back to the country, where Peter shows Bea the detonator and presses it for her to see, confirming Thomas’s previous claims that the rabbits were responsible for the explosion. Peter and Thomas apologize and convince Bea not to leave her home.
Wishing to remain with Bea, Thomas no longer wants to sell the manor but discovers that an unpleasant wealthy couple had already bought the house and finalized the sale. Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house, allowing Thomas to move back in. Thomas and Bea resume their relationship, and he permits the wildlife to freely take food from the garden as long as it's within reason. Peter and his family restore the burrow with Bea and Thomas’s help. Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village, where Bea showcases her illustrations of the rabbits.
Cast[edit]
Live-Action Actors[edit]
Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor
Rose Byrne as Bea
Sam Neill as Mr. McGregor
Marianne Jean-Baptiste as Harrods General Manager
Felix Williamson as Derek
Voice Cast[edit]
James Corden as Peter Rabbit
Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit
Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator
Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit
Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny
Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher
Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle-Duck
Sam Neill as Tommy Brock
Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod
Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland
Christian Gazal as Felix D’eer
Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit
Bryan Brown as Peter's father
David Wenham as Johnny Town-Mouse
Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II
The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman, Shana Halligan, Katharine Hoye, Chris Mann, Chad Reisser, and Fletcher Sheridan.
Production[edit]
The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack.[7] The official announcement of the film came that December.[8]
In August 2016, Will Gluck was reported to direct from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber. James Corden was cast to voice Peter Rabbit, and Rose Byrne was selected to play one of the live-action roles.[9] Gluck produced the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic, which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film.[9]
Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki joined the cast in September 2016, and the live action production was scheduled to commence in Sydney, Australia, in January 2017.[10][11][12] The next month, Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor, the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor, and Margot Robbie joined the cast, expected to voice a bunny.[13][14] In November, Sia was cast as Mrs Tiggy-Winkle.[15]
Filming[edit]
On December 18, 2016, a first image of the title character, along with the film's logo, was revealed.[16] Production began in December 2016.[17][18] Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney.[19] In March 2017, filming took place at Central railway station, Sydney, which was depicted as London Paddington station along with Mortuary railway station being depicted as the country station.[20]
Release[edit]
Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23, 2018,[8] but it was moved up to February 9, 2018.[21]
Trailer criticism[edit]
The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character, many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter's works. Collider called the trailer "garbage" and a "low brow 'comedy' cringe fest".[22]
Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that "the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling [...] there's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit – gentle, Edwardian Peter Rabbit – thoughtlessly injuring some birds, or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club, or literally twerking" and argued "there is no way on Earth that [Beatrix Potter would] have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this."[23]
Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was "so gut wrenchingly bad" and that "if the movie lives up to its two minute preview – [it] is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie." He finished by writing "Listen carefully, and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter, turning furiously in her grave."[24] On November 7, a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released.[25]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on digital platforms on April 20, 2018. A Blu-ray and DVD and 4K followed on May 1, 2018.[26]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Peter Rabbit grossed $115.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $235.9 million in other territories (including $20.5 million in Australia), for a worldwide total of $351.2 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[6]
In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates as high as $25 million.[27] It ended up making $25 million over the weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ($38.8 million).[28] The film dropped 30% in its second weekend to $17.5 million ($23.4 million over the four-day Martin Luther King Jr. weekend), finishing second behind newcomer Black Panther.[29]
In the UK, Peter Rabbit became the biggest family film of 2018, overtaking Pixar's Coco with $56.3 million.[30] Totals from other markets include China ($26.5 million), Australia ($20.2 million), France ($12.3 million) and Germany ($12.1 million).[31]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 64% based on 133 reviews and an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 51 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[33] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[34]
Controversy[edit]
In the first week after the film's release, groups in multiple countries criticized it for "allergy bullying" and called for an apology from Sony. The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor — whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries — is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth, causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen.[35][36][37] In response, Sony published a statement saying "We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue, and we truly apologize".[38]
Sequel[edit]
Sony is developing a sequel set to be released on February 7, 2020. Gluck will return to write and direct the film.[39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter (September 5, 2017). "Dominic Lewis to Score 'Peter Rabbit'". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Variety Media. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT (PG)". BBFC. February 6, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". AllMovie. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pressburg, Matt (July 17, 2017). "Why Sony, LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart: Flops, 'Ghostbusters' and Feet on Desk (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tweedie, Steven (April 17, 2015). "Leaked Sony emails reveal 'Peter Rabbit' feature film is in the works". Business Insider. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Spencer (December 22, 2015). "Emoji Movie, Animated Spider-Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys; Siegel, Tatiana (August 4, 2016). "James Corden, Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony's 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 26, 2016). "Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki Join 'Peter Rabbit' Live-Action/Animated Pic (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gaul, Lou (October 14, 2016). "'Wish' list: Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson's shoes". Burlington County Times. GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (September 26, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (October 18, 2016). "Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live-Action 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys; Ford, Rebecca (October 24, 2016). "Margot Robbie in Talks to Join 'Peter Rabbit' Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sia [@Sia] (November 7, 2017). "The new UK trailer for #PeterRabbitMovie has arrived! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5" (Tweet). Retrieved April 6, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Chipman, Bob (December 18, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT". Movie Insider. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (December 17, 2016). "Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden". /Film. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rose Byrne, look alike body double, Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crofts, Cassie (March 8, 2017). "These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out". Smoothfm. NOVA Entertainment. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Trombore, Dave (September 21, 2017). "First 'Peter Rabbit' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Stuart (September 25, 2017). "James Corden's Peter Rabbit: another kids' classic wrecked forever". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baldock, James (September 25, 2017). "Here's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie – and it's a total disaster". Metro. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cowdrey, Katharine (November 7, 2017). "Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film". The Bookseller. London, England: Bookseller Media. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 7, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion – B.O. Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 11, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax; 'Peter Rabbit' Bounces To $25M Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 18, 2018). "'Black Panther' Rips Apart Box Office Records: 3-Day Opening Rises To $194M+; 4-Day At $223M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gant, Charles (April 4, 2018). "Peter Rabbit outruns Ready Player One at UK box office". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (May 20, 2018). "'Deadpool 2' Sets Fox Record With $176M Overseas Bow; 'Avengers: Infinity War' Tops $1.81B WW – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit". CinemaScore. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Guardian staff (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Seselja, Edwina; Dawes, Samantha (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit: Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ward, Victoria (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene". BBC News. BBC. February 12, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (May 4, 2018). "'Peter Rabbit 2' in the Works From Sony Pictures". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Peter Rabbit (film)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set, Centennial Park.
Official website
Peter Rabbit on IMDb
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Beatrix Potter
The Tales
The Tale of Peter Rabbit
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin
The Tailor of Gloucester
The Tale of Benjamin Bunny
The Tale of Two Bad Mice
The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan
The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher
The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
The Story of Miss Moppet
The Tale of Tom Kitten
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding
The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
The Tale of Ginger and Pickles
The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes
The Tale of Mr. Tod
The Tale of Pigling Bland
Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes
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Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes
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Tom Kitten's Painting Book
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The Tales of Beatrix Potter
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Peter Rabbit (television series)
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The Star (2017)
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The Smurfs (2011)
The Smurfs 2 (2013)
Goosebumps (2015)
Peter Rabbit (2018)
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So You Want to Be a Pirate! (2012)
Goodnight Mr. Foot (2012)
The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow (2013)
Super Manny (2013)
Earl Scouts (2013)
Steve's First Bath (2014)
Attack of the 50-Foot Gummi Bear (2014)
Puppy! (2017)
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Fired Up! (2009)
Easy A (2010)
Friends with Benefits (2011)
Annie (2014)
Peter Rabbit (2018)
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Pay It Forward (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pay It Forward
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mimi Leder
Produced by
Peter Abrams
Robert L. Levy
Steven Reuther
Screenplay by
Leslie Dixon
Based on
Pay It Forward
by Catherine Ryan Hyde
Starring
Kevin Spacey
Helen Hunt
Haley Joel Osment
Jay Mohr
James Caviezel
Jon Bon Jovi
Angie Dickinson
Music by
Thomas Newman
Cinematography
Oliver Stapleton
Edited by
David Rosenbloom
Production
company
Bel Air Entertainment
Tapestry Films
Pathé
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
October 20, 2000 (2000-10-20)
Running time
123 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million
Box office
$55.7 million[1]
Pay It Forward is a 2000 American drama-romance film based on the novel of the same name by Catherine Ryan Hyde. It is set in Las Vegas, and it chronicles 12-year-old Trevor McKinney's launch of a goodwill movement known as 'pay it forward'. Directed by Mimi Leder and written by Leslie Dixon, it stars Haley Joel Osment as Trevor, Helen Hunt as his alcoholic single mother Arlene McKinney, and Kevin Spacey as his physically and emotionally scarred social studies teacher Eugene Simonet.
The film was released on October 20, 2000 to mixed reviews, with most critics praising the acting, writing, music and cinematography but criticizing the story and accusing it of excessive emotional manipulation, particularly in its ending. It was a moderate box office success, earning just over $55.7 million on a $40 million budget.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Reception
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Trevor (Haley Joel Osment) begins 7th grade in Las Vegas, Nevada, his social studies teacher Eugene Simonet (Kevin Spacey) gives the class an assignment to devise and put into action a plan that will change the world for the better. Trevor's plan is a charitable program based on the networking of good deeds. He calls his plan "pay it forward", which means the recipient of a favor does a favor for three others rather than paying the favor back. However, it needs to be a major favor that the recipient cannot complete themselves.
Trevor does a favor for three people, asking each of them to "pay the favor forward" by doing favors for three other people, and so on, along a branching tree of good deeds. His first good deed is to let a homeless man named Jerry (James Caviezel) live in his garage, and Jerry pays the favor forward by doing car repairs for Trevor's mother. Trevor's efforts appear to fail when Jerry relapses into drug addiction, but Jerry pays his debt forward later by talking to a suicidal woman, who is about to jump off a bridge.
Meanwhile, Trevor's mother Arlene (Helen Hunt) confronts Eugene about Trevor's project after discovering Jerry in their house. Trevor then selects Eugene as his next "pay it forward" target and tricks Eugene and Arlene into a romantic dinner date. This also appears to fail until Trevor and Arlene argue about her love for Ricky, her alcoholic ex-husband, and she slaps him in a fit of anger. The two adults are brought together again when Trevor runs away from home and Arlene asks Eugene to help her find him.
After finding Trevor, Arlene begins to pursue Eugene sexually. Eugene has deep burn marks visible on his neck and face, and he initially resists Arlene's overtures out of insecurity. When they finally sleep together, he is seen to have extensive scarring all over his torso. Arlene accepts Eugene's physical disfigurement and forms an emotional bond with him, but quickly abandons their relationship when Ricky (Jon Bon Jovi) returns to her, claiming to have given up drinking. His return and her acceptance of it angers Eugene, whose own mother had a habit of taking his abusive, alcoholic father back. When Arlene attempts to explain to Eugene that she believes Ricky has changed for good, Eugene explains that his father intentionally burned him by knocking him unconscious, then pouring gasoline over him and igniting it. He berates Arlene for being "one of those women" and warns her of Ricky's potential to abuse Trevor. When Ricky drinks again and resumes his abusive behavior, Arlene realizes her mistake and forces him to leave.
Trevor's school assignment marks the beginning of the story's chronology, but the opening scene in the film shows one of the later favors in the "pay it forward" tree, in which a man gives a car to Los Angeles journalist Chris Chandler (Jay Mohr). As the film proceeds, Chris traces the chain of favors back to its origin as Trevor's school project. After her date with Eugene, Arlene paid Jerry's favor forward by forgiving her own mother, Grace (Angie Dickinson), for her mistakes in raising Arlene, and Grace, who is homeless, helps a gang member escape from the police. The gang member then saves a girl's life in a hospital, and the girl's father gives Chris his new car.
Chris finally identifies Trevor as the originator of "pay it forward" and conducts a recorded interview in which Trevor describes his hopes and concerns for the project. Eugene, hearing Trevor's words, realizes that he and Arlene should be together. As Eugene and Arlene reconcile with an embrace, Trevor notices his friend, Adam, being bullied by gangster-like children, as he has several times before. He pays it forward to Adam by rushing into the scene and fighting the bullies while Eugene and Arlene rush to stop him. One of the bullies takes a switchblade out of his pocket and stabs Trevor in the abdomen with it. The bullies run away and Trevor is taken to the hospital, where he dies from his injuries. This news is reported on television as well as the fact that the movement is spreading across the country; Arlene and Eugene are soon visited by hundreds of people who have participated in or heard of the "Pay It Forward" movement by gathering in a vigil to pay Trevor their respects.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Spacey as Eugene Simonet. He is Trevor's social studies teacher, and an emotionally and physically scarred man. As a teenager, he suffered abuse from his father (including lighting him on fire) and still has burns visible on his face and torso. He begins the film as a shy recluse, self-conscious about his deformities, but eventually he enters a relationship with Trevor's mother Arlene and overcomes his fears. He sets an assignment to Trevor's class, asking them to change the world for the better. He is significantly changed from the novel, where he was an African-American man named Reuben St. Clair who had been injured in the Vietnam War.
Helen Hunt as Arlene McKinney. She is Trevor's alcoholic, single mother who works at both a casino and a strip club. She has a past history of abusive relationships, especially with her mostly absent husband Ricky. She eventually enters a relationship with Eugene, and with his and Trevor's help manages to overcome her alcoholism and abuse.
Haley Joel Osment as Trevor McKinney. He is a 12-year-old boy who is troubled by his mother's alcoholism and his father's abuse and absence. He starts the "Pay It Forward" movement. He initially believes that the movement was not successful, and does not feel much pride towards it, stating that he was acting to improve the world - not to receive recognition. He is stabbed and killed while trying to pay it forward to his bullied friend, Adam.
Jay Mohr as Chris Chandler. He is a reporter who traces the "Pay it Forward" movement from Los Angeles back to Trevor. He interviews Trevor and writes a magazine column on the movement after Trevor's death.
James Caviezel as Jerry. He is a homeless drug addict who Trevor attempts to help as part of the "Pay it Forward" movement. Although Trevor believes his attempts have failed once Jerry relapses into drug use, Jerry eventually pays it forward by saving a woman who was about to kill herself on a bridge.
Angie Dickinson as Grace. She is Arlene's mother and Trevor's grandmother. Although she was a negligent parent to Arlene, almost forcing them to live on the street, Arlene eventually forgives her as part of the "Pay it Forward" movement.
Jon Bon Jovi as Ricky McKinney. He is Trevor's abusive and alcoholic father who has since left the family. Arlene often allows him to return to the family despite the abuse, however she learns throughout the film to reject him and protect Trevor and herself from violence.
Marc Donato as Adam. He is Trevor's friend who has been bullied his whole life at school. Trevor pays it forward to him by preventing him from being bullied, however he is stabbed in the process.
David Ramsey also stars as Sidney Parker, an African-American man involved in the "Pay it Forward" movement, as does Gary Werntz (director Mimi Leder's real-life husband) as Mr. Thorsen. Kathleen Wilhoite also stars as Bonnie, Arlene's sponsor and mentor.
Production[edit]
Leslie Dixon adapted the screenplay from the book of the same name by Catherine Ryan Hyde, which was available as an open writing assignment.[2] Dixon struggled with the adaptation of the book in part because of multiple narrative voices within it. Specifically in that the reporter, the central character in the film, does not show up until halfway through the novel. Stuck, Dixon considered returning the money she was paid for the assignment.[3] She eventually hit upon the idea to start with the reporter and trace the events backwards.[3] Dixon presented the idea to Hyde who in turn liked it so much that she decided to change the then unpublished novel's plot structure to mirror the film's.[4] In the novel, the character of Eugene Simonet was originally an African-American man named Reuben St. Clair. The role was offered to Denzel Washington, but he turned it down. Kevin Spacey was contacted next and accepted the role.
On November 19, 1999, it was announced that Osment had been cast as Trevor McKinney.
The film was shot in late 1999 and early 2000. Filming took place on location in Las Vegas, Nevada and on studio in Los Angeles, California, with additional shooting (for the bridge scene) taking place in Portland, Oregon.
Soundtrack[edit]
The film's soundtrack was composed by Thomas Newman and was released by Varèse Sarabande on October 7, 2000 (around two weeks before the film's release).
The soundtrack was generally praised by critics, and is considered to be fitting with the theme of the film.
The track listing of the soundtrack is:
Possibility (02:34)
Car Trouble (01:08)
Washer Vodka (01:53)
Cereal Bum (01:04)
Come Out Jerry (01:10)
Fixture Vodka (01:37)
Rat Bastard (00:57)
One Kiss (01:47)
Tardiness (02:11)
In Recovery (01:03)
Jaguar (01:04)
Dumpster (01:11)
Sleepover (04:33)
Cosmic Aristotle (01:56)
Euphemism (01:06)
Pay it Forward (01:06)
Night and Day and Night (01:09)
Asthma (00:59)
Powers of Three (01:03)
Desert Drive (01:35)
Wasted Air (01:42)
The Bad Thing (00:51)
Gasoline (01:40)
Velocity Organ (01:27)
I Forgive You (02:26)
In addition, the song "Calling All Angels" by Jane Siberry is played in the film and is included on the soundtrack.
Reception[edit]
The film opened at #4 in the North American box office making $9,631,359 USD in its opening weekend, behind Remember the Titans, Bedazzled, Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 and Meet the Parents, which was on its third week at number one.
Worldwide, the film was a moderate box office success, earning just over $55.7 million on a $40 million budget.
The film received mixed reviews, although the performances of Spacey, Hunt, and Osment were universally praised.
Rotten Tomatoes rated the film with 40% based on 127 reviews with a consensus saying, "Pay It Forward has strong performances from Spacey, Hunt, and Osment, but the movie itself is too emotionally manipulative and the ending is bad."[5]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 stars out of a possible 4 stating, "With a cleaner story line, the basic idea could have been free to deliver. As it is, we get a better movie than we might have, because the performances are so good: Spacey as a vulnerable and wounded man; Hunt as a woman no less wounded in her own way, and Osment, once again proving himself the equal of adult actors in the complexity and depth of his performance. I believed in them and cared for them. I wish the movie could have gotten out of their way."[6]
Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum gave it a "D" grade, calling it "reprehensible" for using "shameless cliches of emotional and physical damage" and then "blackmailing audiences into joining the let's-be-nice 'movement'" in order to be transparent Oscar bait.[7]
See also[edit]
Whitewashing in film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pay It Forward (2000) - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Cohen, David S (2008). SCREENPLAYS: HOW 25 SCRIPTS MADE IT TO A THEATER NEAR YOU-FOR BETTER OR WORSE (First ed.). New York: HarperEntertainment. p. 115.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen 117
Jump up ^ Cohen 117-118
Jump up ^ "Pay It Forward". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "Pay It Forward Movie Review & Film Summary (2000) - Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pay It Forward". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pay It Forward (film)
Pay It Forward on IMDb
Pay It Forward at Rotten Tomatoes
Pay It Forward at Metacritic
Pay It Forward at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Mimi Leder
A Little Piece of Heaven (1991)
The Innocent (1994)
The Peacemaker (1997)
Deep Impact (1998)
Pay It Forward (2000)
Thick as Thieves (2009)
On the Basis of Sex (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pay_It_Forward_(film)&oldid=841712607"
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text:
Koh-i-Noor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Kohinoor" redirects here. For other uses, see Kohinoor (disambiguation).
Koh-i-Noor
Glass replicas of the diamond before (upside down) and after it was re-cut in 1852
Weight
105.602 carats (21.1204 g)[a]
Dimensions
3.6 cm (1.4 in) long
3.2 cm (1.3 in) wide
1.3 cm (0.5 in) deep
Colour
D (colourless)[4]
Type
IIa[4]
Cut
Oval brilliant
Facets
66[5]
Country of origin
India
Mine of origin
Kollur Mine
Cut by
Levie Benjamin Voorzanger
Owner
Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown[6]
Estimated value
Not insured[7]
The Koh-i-Noor (UK: /ˌkoʊɪˈnʊər/;[8] US: /ˈkoʊɪnʊər/;[9] Persian: کوهِ نور), also spelt Kohinoor and Koh-i-Nur, is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world, weighing 105.6 carats (21.12 g),[a] and part of the British Crown Jewels.
The diamond was originally owned by the Kakatiya dynasty.[10] Probably mined in Golconda, India, there is no record of its original weight, but the earliest well-attested weight is 186 old carats (191 metric carats or 38.2 g). Koh-i-Noor is Persian for "Mountain of Light"; it has been known by this name since the 18th century. It changed hands between various factions in modern-day India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, until being ceded to Queen Victoria after the British conquest of the Punjab in 1849.
Originally, the stone was of a similar cut to other Mughal era diamonds which are now in the Iranian Crown Jewels. In 1851, it went on display at the Great Exhibition in London, but the lacklustre cut failed to impress viewers. Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, ordered it to be re-cut as an oval brilliant by Coster Diamonds. By modern standards, the culet is unusually broad, giving the impression of a black hole when the stone is viewed head-on; it is nevertheless regarded by gemmologists as "full of life".[11]
Because its history involves a great deal of fighting between men, the Koh-i-Noor acquired a reputation within the British royal family for bringing bad luck to any man who wears it. Since arriving in the UK, it has only been worn by female members of the family.[12] Victoria wore the stone in a brooch and a circlet. After she died in 1901, it was set in the Crown of Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII. It was transferred to the Crown of Queen Mary in 1911, and finally to the Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1937.
Today, the diamond is on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, where it is seen by millions of visitors each year. The governments of India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan have all claimed rightful ownership of the Koh-i-Noor and demanded its return ever since India gained independence from the UK in 1947. The British government insists the gem was obtained legally under the terms of the Last Treaty of Lahore and has rejected the claims.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Early history
1.3 Acquisition by Queen Victoria
1.3.1 Journey to the United Kingdom
1.4 The Great Exhibition
1.5 1852 re-cutting
1.6 Crown Jewel
2 Ownership dispute
2.1 India
2.2 Pakistan
2.3 Afghanistan
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
The diamond is widely believed to have come from Kollur Mine,[13][14] a series of 4-metre (13 ft) deep gravel-clay pits on the banks of Krishna River in the Golconda (present-day Andhra Pradesh), India.[15] It is impossible to know exactly when or where it was found, and many unverifiable theories exist as to its original owner.[16]
Early history[edit]
Babur, the Turco-Mongol founder of the Mughal Empire, wrote about a "famous" diamond that weighed just over 187 old carats – approximately the size of the 186-carat Koh-i-Noor.[17] Some historians think Babur's diamond is the earliest reliable reference to the Koh-i-Noor.[18] According to his diary, it was acquired by Alauddin Khalji, second ruler of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, when he invaded the kingdoms of southern India at the beginning of the 14th century. It later passed to succeeding dynasties of the Sultanate, and Babur received the diamond in 1526 as a tribute for his conquest of Delhi and Agra at the Battle of Panipat.[16]
Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, had the stone placed into his ornate Peacock Throne. In 1658, his son and successor, Aurangzeb, confined the ailing emperor to Agra Fort. While in the possession of Aurangzeb, it was allegedly cut by Hortenso Borgia, a Venetian lapidary, reducing the weight of the large stone to 186 carats (37.2 g).[19] For this carelessness, Borgia was reprimanded and fined 10,000 rupees.[20] According to recent research the story of Borgia cutting the diamond is not correct, and most probably mixed up with the Orlov, part of Catherine the Great's imperial Russian sceptre in the Kremlin.[21]
One of Ranjit Singh's favourite horses with the head of his stables. His jewels are shown, to scale, including the Koh-i-Noor (top centre).[22]
Following the 1739 invasion of Delhi by Nader Shah, the Afsharid Shah of Persia, the treasury of the Mughal Empire was looted by his army in an organised and thorough acquisition of the Mughal nobility's wealth.[23] Along with millions of rupees and an assortment of historic jewels, the Shah also carried away the Koh-i-Noor.[24] He exclaimed Koh-i-Noor!, Persian for "Mountain of Light", when he obtained the famous stone.[25] One of his consorts said, "If a strong man were to throw four stones – one north, one south, one east, one west, and a fifth stone up into the air – and if the space between them were to be filled with gold, all would not equal the value of the Koh-i-Noor".[26]
After Nader Shah was killed and his empire collapsed in 1747, the Koh-i-Noor fell to his grandson, who in 1751 gave it to Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Afghan Empire, in return for his support.[24] One of Ahmed's descendants, Shuja Shah Durrani, wore a bracelet containing the Koh-i-Noor on the occasion of Mountstuart Elphinstone's visit to Peshawar in 1808.[27] A year later, Shujah formed an alliance with the United Kingdom to help defend against a possible invasion of Afghanistan by Russia.[28] He was quickly overthrown, but fled with the diamond to Lahore, where Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire, in return for his hospitality, insisted upon the gem being given to him, and he took possession of it in 1813.[23]
Acquisition by Queen Victoria[edit]
Its new owner, Ranjit Singh, willed the diamond to the East India Company administered Hindu Jagannath Temple in Puri, in modern-day Odisha, India.[29] However, after his death in 1839, his will was not executed.[30] On 29 March 1849, following the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Kingdom of Punjab was formally annexed to Company rule, and the Last Treaty of Lahore was signed, officially ceding the Koh-i-Noor to Queen Victoria and the Maharaja's other assets to the company. Article III of the treaty read: "The gem called the Koh-i-Noor, which was taken from Shah Sooja-ool-moolk by Maharajah Ranjeet Singh, shall be surrendered by the Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of England (sic)".[31]
The Governor-General in charge of the ratification of this treaty was the Marquess of Dalhousie. The manner of his aiding in the transfer of the diamond was criticized even by some of his contemporaries in Britain. Although some thought it should have been presented as a gift to Queen Victoria by the East India Company, it is clear that Dalhousie believed the stone was a spoil of war, and treated it accordingly, ensuring that it was officially surrendered to her by Duleep Singh, the youngest son of Ranjit Singh.[32] The presentation of the Koh-i-Noor by the East India Company to the queen was the latest in a long history of transfers of the diamond as a coveted spoil of war.[33] Duleep Singh had been placed in the guardianship of Dr John Login, a surgeon in the British Army serving in the Presidency of Bengal. Duleep Singh would move to England in 1854.
Journey to the United Kingdom[edit]
Diagram of the pre-1852 cut.[34]

Fig I. Shaded area is the base.
Fig II. A: flaw; B and C: notches cut to hold stone in a setting; D: flaw created by fracture at E; F: fracture created by a blow; G: unpolished cleavage plane; H: basal cleavage plane.
Fig III. Opposite side, showing facets and peak of the "Mountain of Light"
In due course, the Governor-General received the Koh-i-Noor from Dr Login, who had been appointed Governor of the Citadel, on 6 April 1848 under a receipt dated 7 December 1849, in the presence of members of the Board of Administration for the affairs of the Punjab: Sir Henry Lawrence (President), C. G. Mansel, John Lawrence and Sir Henry Elliot (Secretary to the Government of India).
Legend in the Lawrence family has it that before the voyage, John Lawrence left the jewel in his waistcoat pocket when it was sent to be laundered, and was most grateful when it was returned promptly by the valet who found it.[35]
On 1 February 1850, the jewel was sealed in a small iron safe inside a red dispatch box, both sealed with red tape and a wax seal and kept in a chest at Bombay Treasury awaiting a steamer ship from China. It was then sent to England for presentation to Queen Victoria in the care of Captain J. Ramsay and Brevet Lt. Col F. Mackeson under tight security arrangements, one of which was the placement of the dispatch box in a larger iron safe. They departed from Bombay on 6 April on board HMS Medea, captained by Captain Lockyer.
The ship had a difficult voyage: an outbreak of cholera on board when the ship was in Mauritius had the locals demanding its departure, and they asked their governor to open fire on the vessel and destroy it if there was no response. Shortly afterwards, the vessel was hit by a severe gale that blew for some 12 hours.
On arrival in Britain on 29 June, the passengers and mail were unloaded in Plymouth, but the Koh-i-Noor stayed on board until the ship reached Spithead, near Portsmouth, on 1 July. The next morning, Ramsay and Mackeson, in the company of Mr Onslow, the private secretary to the Chairman of the Court of Directors of the British East India Company, proceeded by train to East India House in the City of London and passed the diamond into the care of the chairman and deputy chairman of the East India Company.
The Koh-i-Noor was formally presented to Queen Victoria on 3 July 1850 at Buckingham Palace by the deputy chairman of the East India Company.[33] The date had been chosen to coincide with the Company's 250th anniversary.[36]
The Great Exhibition[edit]
In the armlet given to Victoria
Members of the public were given a chance to see the Koh-i-Noor when The Great Exhibition was staged at Hyde Park, London, in 1851. It represented the might of the British Empire and took pride of place in the eastern part of the central gallery.[37]
Its mysterious past and advertised value of £1–2 million drew large crowds.[38] At first, the stone was put inside a gilded birdcage, but after complaints about its dull appearance, the Koh-i-Noor was moved to a case with black velvet and gas lamps in the hope that it would sparkle better.[39] Despite this, the flawed and asymmetrical diamond still failed to please viewers.[3]
1852 re-cutting[edit]
Originally, the diamond had 169 facets and was 4.1 centimetres (1.6 in) long, 3.26 centimetres (1.28 in) wide, and 1.62 centimetres (0.64 in) deep. It was high-domed, with a flat base and both triangular and rectangular facets, similar in overall appearance to other Mughal era diamonds which are now in the Iranian Crown Jewels.[40]
Disappointment in the appearance of the stone was not uncommon. After consulting various mineralogists, including Sir David Brewster, it was decided by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, with the consent of the government, to polish the Koh-i-Noor. One of the largest and most famous Dutch diamond merchants, Mozes Coster, was employed for the task. He sent to London one of his most experienced artisans, Levie Benjamin Voorzanger, and his assistants.[23]
The 1852 re-cutting
On 17 July 1852, the cutting began at the factory of Garrard & Co. in Haymarket, using a steam-powered mill built specially for the job by Maudslay, Sons and Field.[41] Under the supervision of Prince Albert and the Duke of Wellington, and the technical direction of the queen's mineralogist, James Tennant, the cutting took thirty-eight days. Albert spent a total of £8,000 on the operation,[42] which reduced the weight of the diamond from 186 old carats (191 modern carats or 38.2 g) to its current 105.6 carats (21.12 g).[43] The stone measures 3.6 cm (1.4 in) long, 3.2 cm (1.3 in) wide, and 1.3 cm (0.5 in) deep.[44] Brilliant-cut diamonds usually have fifty-eight facets, but the Koh-i-Noor has eight additional "star" facets around the culet, making a total of sixty-six facets.[5]
The great loss of weight is to some extent accounted for by the fact that Voorzanger discovered several flaws, one especially big, that he found it necessary to cut away.[23] Although Prince Albert was dissatisfied with such a huge reduction, most experts agreed that Voorzanger had made the right decision and carried out his job with impeccable skill.[42] When Queen Victoria showed the re-cut diamond to the young Maharaja Duleep Singh, the Koh-i-Noor's last non-British owner, he was apparently unable to speak for several minutes afterwards.[43]
The much lighter but more dazzling stone was mounted in a honeysuckle brooch and a circlet worn by the queen.[3] At this time, it belonged to her personally, and was not yet part of the Crown Jewels.[23] Although Victoria wore it often, she became uneasy about the way in which the diamond had been acquired. In a letter to her eldest daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, she wrote in the 1870s: "No one feels more strongly than I do about India or how much I opposed our taking those countries and I think no more will be taken, for it is very wrong and no advantage to us. You know also how I dislike wearing the Koh-i-Noor".[45]
Crown Jewel[edit]
The Koh-i-Noor in the front cross of Queen Mary's Crown
After Queen Victoria's death, the Koh-i-Noor was set in the Crown of Queen Alexandra, the wife of Edward VII, that was used to crown her at their coronation in 1902. The diamond was transferred to Queen Mary's Crown in 1911,[46] and finally to The Queen Mother's Crown in 1937.[47] When The Queen Mother died in 2002, the crown was placed on top of her coffin for the lying-in-state and funeral.[48]
All these crowns are on display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London with crystal replicas of the diamond set in the older crowns.[49] The original bracelet given to Queen Victoria can also be seen there. A glass model of the Koh-i-Noor shows visitors how it looked when it was brought to the United Kingdom. Replicas of the diamond in this and its re-cut forms can also be seen in the 'Vault' exhibit at the Natural History Museum in London.[50]
During the Second World War, the Crown Jewels were moved from their home at the Tower of London to Windsor Castle.[51] In 1990, The Sunday Telegraph, citing a biography of the French army general, Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, by his widow, Simonne, reported that George VI hid the Koh-i-Noor at the bottom of a pond or lake near Windsor Castle, about 32 km (20 miles) outside London, where it remained until after the war. The only people who knew of the hiding place were the king and his librarian, Sir Owen Morshead, who apparently revealed the secret to the general and his wife on their visit to England in 1949.[52]
Ownership dispute[edit]
The Koh-i-Noor has long been a subject of diplomatic controversy, with India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan all demanding its return from the UK at various points.[53]
India[edit]
The Government of India, believing the gem was rightfully theirs, first demanded the return of the Koh-i-Noor as soon as independence was granted in 1947. A second request followed in 1953, the year of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Each time, the British government rejected the claims, saying that ownership was non-negotiable.[42]
In 2000, several members of the Indian Parliament signed a letter calling for the diamond to be given back to India, claiming it was taken illegally.[30] British officials said that a variety of claims meant it was impossible to establish the diamond's original owner,[54] and that it had been part of Britain's heritage for more than 150 years.[55]
In July 2010, while visiting India, David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said of returning the diamond, "If you say yes to one you suddenly find the British Museum would be empty. I am afraid to say, it is going to have to stay put".[42] On a subsequent visit in February 2013, he said, "They're not having that back".[56]
In April 2016, the Indian Culture Ministry stated it would make "all possible efforts" to arrange the return of the Koh-i-Noor to India.[57] It was despite the Indian Government earlier conceding that the diamond was a gift. The Solicitor General of India had made the announcement before the Supreme Court of India due to public interest litigation by a campaign group.[58] He said "It was given voluntarily by Ranjit Singh to the British as compensation for help in the Sikh wars. The Koh-i-Noor is not a stolen object".[59]
Pakistan[edit]
In 1976, Pakistan asserted its ownership of the diamond, saying its return would be "a convincing demonstration of the spirit that moved Britain voluntarily to shed its imperial encumbrances and lead the process of decolonisation". In a letter to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, James Callaghan, wrote, "I need not remind you of the various hands through which the stone has passed over the past two centuries, nor that explicit provision for its transfer to the British crown was made in the peace treaty with the Maharajah of Lahore in 1849. I could not advise Her Majesty that it should be surrendered".[60]
Afghanistan[edit]
In 2000, the Taliban's foreign affairs spokesman, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, said the Koh-i-Noor was the legitimate property of Afghanistan, and demanded for it to be handed over to the regime. "The history of the diamond shows it was taken from us (Afghanistan) to India, and from there to Britain. We have a much better claim than the Indians", he said.[54]. The Afghan claim derives from Shah Shuja Durrani memoirs, which states he surrendered the diamond to Ranjit Singh while Singh was having his son tortured in front of him, so argue the Maharajah of Lahore acquired the stone illegitimately.[61]
In popular culture[edit]
The Koh-i-Noor made its first appearance in popular culture in The Moonstone (1868), a 19th-century British epistolary novel by Wilkie Collins, generally considered to be the first full length detective novel in the English language. In his preface to the first edition of the book, Collins says that he based his eponymous "Moonstone" on the histories of two stones: the Orlov, a 189.62-carat (37.9 g) diamond in the Russian Imperial Sceptre, and the Koh-i-Noor.[62] In the 1966 Penguin Books edition of The Moonstone, J. I. M. Stewart states that Collins used G. C. King's The Natural History, Ancient and Modern, of Precious Stones … (1865) to research the history of the Koh-i-Noor.[63]
See also[edit]
Golconda Diamonds
List of diamonds
List of largest rough diamonds
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Weights from 82 3⁄4 to 122 3⁄4 carats have been erroneously published since the 19th century.[1] Until 1992, the official weight of the Koh-i-Noor was 108.93 metric carats,[2] but this figure has been revised to 105.602 metric carats,[3] or 102 13⁄16 old English carats.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Israel, p. 176.
Jump up ^ Balfour, p. 184.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rose, p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b Sucher and Carriere, p. 126.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, p. 77.
Jump up ^ "Crown Jewels". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 211. United Kingdom: House of Commons. 16 July 1992. col. 944W.
Jump up ^ "Royal Residences". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 407. United Kingdom: House of Commons. 19 June 2003. col. 353W.
Jump up ^ Collins English Dictionary. "Definition of 'Koh-i-noor'". HarperCollins. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Collins English Dictionary. "Definition of 'Kohinoor'". HarperCollins. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i8/MDYwODE0MDI=.pdf
Jump up ^ Howie, p. 293.
Jump up ^ Mears, et al., p. 27.
Jump up ^ Fanthorpe, p. 202.
Jump up ^ Mears (1988), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Kurien, p. 112.
^ Jump up to: a b Rose, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Streeter, pp. 116–117, 130.
Jump up ^ Lafont, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Leela Kohli (30 May 1953). "Fascinating history of world's best diamonds". The Northern Star. Lismore, New South Wales: National Library of Australia. p. 6. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Younghusband and Davenport, pp. 53–57.
Jump up ^ "Koh-i-Noor: Six myths about a priceless diamond". BBC News. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Eden, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Davenport, pp. 57–59.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim Siebenhüner in Hofmeester and Grewe, pp. 27–28.
Jump up ^ Argenzio, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Anita Anand (16 February 2016). "The Koh-i-Noor diamond is in Britain illegally. But it should still stay there". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies. 27. W. H. Allen & Co. 1838. p. 177.
Jump up ^ William Dalrymple (2012). Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan. Bloomsbury. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-408-8183-05.
Jump up ^ Rastogi, p. 145.
^ Jump up to: a b "Indian MPs demand Koh-i-Noor's return". BBC News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Login, p. 126.
Jump up ^ Broun-Ramsay, pp. 87–88
^ Jump up to: a b Keay, pp. 156–158
Jump up ^ Valentine Ball in Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Travels in India, 1889, Macmillan, vol. II, Appendix, plate VI.
Jump up ^ William Riddell Birdwood (1946). In My Time: Recollections and Anecdotes. Skeffington & Son. p. 85.
Jump up ^ Tarshis, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Davis, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Young, p. 345.
Jump up ^ Jane Carlyle (11 May 1851). "The Carlyle Letters: The Collected Letters, Volume 26". Duke University Press. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sucher and Carriere, pp. 140-141
Jump up ^ The Illustrated London News. Illustrated London News & Sketch Ltd. 24 July 1852. p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Neil Tweedie (29 July 2010). "The Koh-i-Noor: diamond robbery?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sucher and Carriere, pp. 124, 126.
Jump up ^ Bari and Sautter, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Tarling, p. 27.
Jump up ^ "Queen Mary's Crown". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 31704.
Jump up ^ "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Crown". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 31703.
Jump up ^ "Priceless gem in Queen Mother's crown". BBC News. 4 April 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Crown Jewels: Famous Diamonds". Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Glittering finale for the Museum of Life documentary". Natural History Museum. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Hennessy, p. 237.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (10 June 1990). "British Crown Jewels hidden in lake in World World II, newspaper says". AP News Archive. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Dalrymple and Anand, p. 13.
^ Jump up to: a b Luke Harding (5 November 2000). "Taliban asks the Queen to return Koh-i-Noor gem". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Andrzej Jakubowski (2015). State Succession in Cultural Property. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-873806-0.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Sara C. (21 February 2013). "Koh-i-Noor diamond will not be returned to India, David Cameron insists". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Nida Najar (20 April 2016). "India says it wants one of the Crown Jewels back from Britain". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Koh-i-Noor not stolen but gifted: Centre". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "India: Koh-i-Noor gem given to UK, not stolen". Sky News. 19 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Pakistan Horizon. 29. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. 1976. p. 267.
Jump up ^ Jamal, Momin (26 February 2017). "Kohinoor's story: from treachery to treasury". Daily Times. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilkie Collins (1874). The Moonstone: A Novel. Harper & Brothers. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Goodland, p. 136.
Bibliography[edit]
Argenzio, Victor (1977). Crystal Clear: The Story of Diamonds. David McKay Co. ISBN 978-0-679-20317-9.
Balfour, Ian (2009). Famous Diamonds. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 978-1-85149-479-8.
Bari, Hubert; Sautter, Violaine (2001). Diamonds: In the Heart of the Earth, in the Heart of Stars, at the Heart of Power. Vilo International. ISBN 978-2-84576-032-5.
Broun-Ramsay, James Andrew (1911). Private Letters (2 ed.). India: Blackwood.
Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017). Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-408-88886-5.
Davenport, Cyril (1897). The English Regalia. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
Davis, John R. (1999). The Great Exhibition. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-1614-1.
Dixon-Smith, Sally; Edwards, Sebastian; Kilby, Sarah; Murphy, Clare; Souden, David; Spooner, Jane; Worsley, Lucy (2010). The Crown Jewels: Souvenir Guidebook. Historic Royal Palaces. ISBN 978-1-873993-13-2.
Eden, Emily (1844). Portraits of the Princes and People of India. J. Dickinson & Son. p. 14.
Fanthorpe, Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (2009). Secrets of the World's Undiscovered Treasures. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-77070-508-1.
Goodlad, Lauren M. E. (2015). The Victorian Geopolitical Aesthetic: Realism, Sovereignty, and Transnational Experience. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872827-6.
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Israel, Nigel B. (1992). "'The Most Unkindest Cut of All' - Recutting the Koh-i-Nur". Journal of Gemology. 23 (3): 176. ISSN 0022-1252.
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External links[edit]
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