text:
Showdown at Shea
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Showdown at Shea was the name given to three professional wrestling events presented by the World Wide Wrestling Federation at Flushing, New York's Shea Stadium. The events were held in 1972, 1976, and 1980.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Event results
1.1 1972
1.2 1976
1.3 1980
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Event results[edit]
1972[edit]
Showdown At Shea 1972
Information
Promotion
World Wide Wrestling Federation
Date
September 30, 1972[2]
Attendance
22,508[2]
Venue
Shea Stadium
City
Flushing, New York

No.
Results
Stipulations
Times
1
Little Beaver and Little Louie defeated Pee Wee Adams and Sonny Boy Hayes Tag team match 08:25[2]
2
El Olimpico defeated Chuck O'Connor by disqualification Singles match 05:15[2]
3
Jack Brisco defeated Mr. Fuji Singles match 14:07[2]
4
Gorilla Monsoon defeated Ernie Ladd via referee's decision after they fought to a time-limit draw Singles match 20:00[2]
5
Chief Jay Strongbow and Sonny King defeated Lou Albano and The Spoiler Tag team match 04:28[2]
6
The Fabulous Moolah (c) defeated Debbie Johnson Singles match for the World Women's Championship 07:27[2]
7
Pedro Morales (c) fought Bruno Sammartino to a curfew draw Singles match for the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship 75:05[2]
(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
During the main event George Steele came to Ringside
1976[edit]
Showdown at Shea 1976
Information
Promotion
World Wide Wrestling Federation
Date
June 25, 1976[3]
Attendance
32,000[3]
Venue
Shea Stadium
City
Flushing, New York
No.
Results
Stipulations
Times
1
Ivan Putski defeated Baron Mikel Scicluna Singles match 07:58[3]
2
José Gonzáles and Kevin Sullivan fought to a time-limit draw Singles match 20:00[3]
3
Chief Jay Strongbow and Billy White Wolf (c) defeated The Executioners (#1 and #2) Two out of three falls tag team match for the WWWF World Tag Team Championship
4
André the Giant defeated Chuck Wepner by countout Boxer vs. wrestler match 01:17 of round 3[3]
5
Bruno Sammartino (c) defeated Stan Hansen by countout Singles match for the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship 10:19[3]
6
Antonio Inoki and Muhammad Ali fought to a draw Boxer vs. wrestler match; shown to the stadium crowd via closed-circuit television from Tokyo, Japan [3]
(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
1980[edit]
Showdown at Shea 1980
Information
Promotion
World Wrestling Federation
Date
August 9, 1980[4]
Attendance
36,295[4]
Venue
Shea Stadium
City
Flushing, New York
No.
Results
Stipulations
Times
1
The Hangman defeated Rene Goulet Singles match 08:28[4]
2
Ivan Putski defeated Johnny Rodz Singles match 04:47[4]
3
Angel Marvilla defeated Jose Estrada Singles match 07:26[4]
4
The Fabulous Moolah and Beverly Shade defeated Kandi Malloy and Peggy Lee Tag team match 06:03[4]
5
Dominic DeNucci defeated Baron Mikel Scicluna Singles match 05:56[4]
6
Greg Gagne defeated Rick McGraw Singles match 14:33[4]
7
Pat Patterson defeated Tor Kamata by disqualification Singles match 02:09[4]
8
Tatsumi Fujinami (c) defeated Chavo Guerrero Singles match for the WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship 10:28[4]
9
Antonio Inoki defeated Larry Sharpe Singles match for the WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship 08:52[4]
10
André the Giant defeated Hulk Hogan Singles match 07:48[4]
11
Tony Atlas defeated Ken Patera (c) by countout Singles match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship 08:13[4]
12
Bob Backlund and Pedro Morales defeated The Wild Samoans (Afa and Sika) (c) 2-0 Two out of three falls tag team match for the WWF World Tag Team Championship 13:06[4]
13
Bruno Sammartino defeated Larry Zbyszko Steel cage match 13:59[4]
(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
See also[edit]
History of WWE
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-7566-4190-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling: The Results WWF 1963–1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4928-2597-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling: The Results WWF 1963–1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4928-2597-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling: The Results WWF 1963–1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-4928-2597-5.
External links[edit]
Wrestling Information Archive
Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Showdown_at_Shea&oldid=841578604"
Categories:
1972 in New York (state)
1972 in professional wrestling
1976 in New York (state)
1976 in professional wrestling
1980 in New York (state)
1980 in professional wrestling
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Judiciary of Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The structure of the Judiciary of Texas is laid out in Article 5 of the Texas Constitution and is further defined by statute, in particular the Texas Government Code and the Texas Probate Code.
The structure is exceedingly complex, featuring many layers of courts, numerous instances of overlapping jurisdiction (both in terms of amount in controversy and territorial), myriad differences between counties, and an unusual bifurcated appellate system at the top level found in only one other state: Oklahoma.
The Municipal Courts are the most active courts, with the County and District Courts handling most other cases and often sharing the same courthouse. Administration is the responsibility of the Texas Supreme Court, which is aided by the Texas Office of Court Administration, the Texas Judicial Council and the State Bar of Texas, which it oversees. The State Bar of Texas (SBOT)[1] is a mandatory bar, rather than merely an association of lawyers (such as the ABA or local bar associations). In order to practice law in Texas courts, an attorney must be licensed, and must pay dues. The public can obtain basic information on all Texas attorneys, including their bar number, license status, and disciplinary record, from the Bar's website.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and perception
2 Courts
2.1 Supreme Court
2.2 Court of Criminal Appeals
2.3 Courts of Appeals
2.4 District Courts
2.5 Probate Courts
2.6 Constitutional County Courts
2.7 Statutory County Courts at Law
2.8 Municipal Courts
2.9 Justice of the Peace Courts
3 Administration
4 Officers
4.1 Judges
4.2 Justices of the Peace
4.3 Magistrates
4.4 Prosecutors
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History and perception[edit]
In the 19th century, Texas had a reputation for arbitrary "frontier justice"; in one notorious example highlighted by Stanford legal historian Lawrence M. Friedman, its appellate courts upheld a conviction of "guily" (where the t was omitted) in 1879 but reversed a conviction of "guity" (where the l was omitted) in 1886.[2][3] The latter decision actually attempted to distinguish the earlier one by trying to explain why the letter l was more important than the letter t. The poor quality of Texas justice has been attributed to the state's shortage of proper law schools and law libraries, as well as the traditional preference of Texans for "'self-help' justice as practiced in the courts of 'Judge Winchester' or 'Judge Lynch.'"[4]
Courts[edit]
The Texas Supreme Court Building
Texas is the only state besides Oklahoma to have a bifurcated appellate system at the highest level.[5] The Texas Supreme Court hears appeals involving civil matters, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals hears appeals involving criminal matters.[5] Sometimes, the dividing line is murky, especially with respect to jurisdiction in mandamus and habeas corpus cases. See, e.g. Justice Willet's dissent in In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding).[6] Unlike its counterpart in Oklahoma, the Texas Supreme Court is not really supreme when it comes to a jurisdictional ping-pong or tug-of-war between the two high courts because both are co-equal.
Article V, Section 1, states:
[t]he judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme Court, in one Court of Criminal Appeals, in Courts of Appeals, in District Courts, in County Courts, in Commissioners Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, and in such other courts as may be provided by law. The Legislature may establish such other courts as it may deem necessary and prescribe the jurisdiction and organization thereof, and may conform the jurisdiction of the district and other inferior courts thereto.
As such, the Texas Legislature has created additional courts to address caseload pressures driven by population growth in different areas of the state. District courts are (usually) consecutively numbered regardless of whether they are specialize to handle criminal, civil, or family matters (though in some counties, Criminal District Courts have separate numbering systems, an example being Dallas County which has seven such courts numbered 1 through 11[7]). The highest numbers indicate that the court was created recently, but the number alone provides no clue as to location of the new court and the appellate district within which it is located. As such, a comprehensive list of Dallas courts can be found to include 60 courts in Dallas. [8]
Further sections of Article V spell out the basic requirements for each court's jurisdiction and for its officers.
Supreme Court[edit]
The Texas Supreme Court hears appeals involving civil matters and does not hear any appeals involving criminal matters except when the defendant is a juvenile. Under Texas law, juvenile proceedings (even those involving criminal activity) are considered civil matters; thus, the Texas Supreme Court hears such appeals, but it defers to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in matters where the Texas Penal Code must be interpreted. The Supreme Court also maintains responsibility for attorney licensing and discipline.
Court of Criminal Appeals[edit]
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals hears appeals on criminal cases excluding those involving juvenile proceedings. Cases in which the death penalty was imposed are directly and automatically appealed to this court, bypassing the intermediate Courts of Appeals, which hear both civil and criminal cases.
Courts of Appeals[edit]
The Old Harris County Courthouse, home of the First Court of Appeals of Texas and Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Houston
Texas has 14 Courts of Appeals, which have intermediate appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases. However, death penalty cases are automatically appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and bypass this level.
There are a total of 80 justices among the 14 Courts; each court has between three and 13 justices as set by statute. All cases are heard by a three-justice panel unless a hearing en banc is ordered (except where a particular court has only three justices assigned to it, in which instance all cases are automatically heard en banc; an example is the 12th Court of Appeals). The Texas Legislature determines which counties are assigned to a court, and has shifted counties between courts to balance the docket.
In an oddity, two of the fourteen courts are located in Houston (the 1st and 14th Courts), both having concurrent jurisdiction over the same ten counties, the largest being Harris County. Parties who want to appeal a case from any of these counties are required to state in their notice of appeal that they wish to appeal to either the first or the fourteenth court of appeals, and then have to wait and see to which one of the two they are assigned randomly. They will quickly receive a notice from the designated court advising them that they have not yet paid the required $195 filing fee to prosecute the appeal, and that their appeal may be dismissed if they do not do so within 20 days. See TEX. R. APP. P. 5 (requiring payment of fees at time of filing, unless excused). This is standard form letter that is sent even though nobody knows which court they going to end up in when they filed the notice of appeal. The notice must be filed in the trial court, but the payment has to be made in the court of appeals.
An even more bizarre situation occurs in East and North Texas, where the 6th Court has four counties – Gregg, Rusk, Upshur, and Wood – which overlap with the 12th Court, and also has Hunt County overlapping with the 5th Court.
District Courts[edit]
The Texas district courts are the trial courts of general jurisdiction.
The district court has exclusive jurisdiction on felony cases, cases involving title to land, and election contest cases. It shares jurisdiction with the county courts, and in some case justice of the peace courts, for civil cases (its lowest limit for hearing a case is a mere $200 in controversy, while JP courts can hear cases up to $10,000). Family law jurisdiction varies depending on the existence of a county court-at-law; in some counties, the district courts share jurisdiction over divorces, child custody and support matters, adoptions and child welfare cases with county courts at law. Also, probate jurisdiction varies depending on the existence of a statutory probate court in the county. In some larger counties, such as Harris County, the district courts are specialized, some hearing family matters, others hearing criminal cases, and a third set hearing non-family civil cases.
In more rural areas, as many as five counties share a district court; urban counties, on the other hand, have multiple district courts, which in some cases specialize in civil, criminal, family law or juvenile matters.
One of the most unusual features of Texas trial courts, including district courts, is the tradition of having only one judge per trial court. Instead of adding more departments to existing courts in response to population growth, Texas adds more courts. The result is that a typical Texas urban courthouse is home to many single-judge trial courts, each of which is legally organized as a separate court with its own unique name and number. This contrasts sharply with the prevailing tradition in the federal judiciary and the courts of virtually all U.S. states, in which a trial court can have multiple judges sitting in separate departments and all of which have authority to act in the name of the same trial court. While Texas law provides for certain specific circumstances in which a judge of one trial court can act for an absent judge of another trial court in the same jurisdiction, it is not as flexible as simply treating all trial judges as members of the same court (and in turn occasionally results in another basis for appeal).
This tradition dates back to the hurried enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas in 1836 by the newborn Republic. Section 2 of Article IV provided for "not less than three nor more than eight" judicial districts, and that "a judge" would be appointed for each district. Similar clauses implying one judge per court appeared in all subsequent constitutions. For example, Section 7 of Article V of the 1876 state constitution provided for 26 judicial districts, and that "a judge" would be elected for each district. This issue was finally remedied by a constitutional amendment in 1985, but the tradition of one judge per trial court was by then thoroughly entrenched.
Probate Courts[edit]
In another unique twist, the Constitution grants the Legislature the authority to determine which court handles probate matters. Thus, in ten of the 15 largest counties (specifically, the counties of Bexar, Collin, Dallas, Denton, El Paso, Galveston, Harris, Hidalgo, Tarrant, and Travis) the Legislature has established one or more Statutory Probate Courts. These specialized courts handle matters of probate, guardianship, trust, and mental health. In some counties, the statutory probate courts also hear condemnation cases. There are no jurisdictional monetary limits on the types of lawsuits that a statutory probate court may hear. As such, their jurisdiction at times overlaps that of the district court.
Constitutional County Courts[edit]
The Harris County Civil Courthouse
See also: Counties of Texas
Not to be confused with County Courts at Law, which are created by statute, there is a County Court for each of the 254 counties in Texas. The Texas Constitution states that "[t]here shall be established in each county in this State a County Court ..." Sections 15 through 17 of Article V, as well as Chapters 25 and 26 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of these Courts and their officers.
The county court has exclusive jurisdiction over "Class A" and "Class B" misdemeanors (these offenses can involve jail time), concurrent jurisdiction over civil cases where the amount in controversy is moderately sized, and appellate jurisdiction over JP and municipal court cases (for municipal court cases, this may involve a trial de novo if the lower court is not a "court of record").
County court judges are not required to be licensed attorneys. Due to this, defendants in counties which only have the traditional constitutional county court may ask to have their cases transferred to that county's district court for trial if the district judge consents [1]. However, defendants in counties with the county court at law structure do not have this option, as the county court at law judges are required to have law degrees.
Section 15 states that the County Court shall be a "court of record". Section 16 states that the County Court "has jurisdiction as provided by law"; Section 17 states that the County Court shall hold terms as provided by law and that County Court juries shall consist of six persons, but in civil cases a jury shall not be empaneled unless one of the parties demands it and pays a jury fee or files an affidavit stating that it is unable to do so.
Since the county judge is also responsible for presiding over the Commissioners Court (the main executive and legislative body of the county), in 94 counties the Texas Legislature has established county courts at law to relieve the county judge of judicial duties. The first multi-county statutory county court (composed of Fisher, Mitchell, and Nolan counties) was created in 2013. In most counties with courts at law, the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the constitutional county court has been transferred to the county courts at law. Unlike the county judge, judges of the county courts of law are required to be attorneys. The county courts at law may hear both civil and criminal matters, or hear them separately, depending on how the Legislature has structured them (Dallas, Denton, El Paso, Harris, and Tarrant counties have "county criminal courts" or "county criminal courts at law" that hear only criminal cases).
Statutory County Courts at Law[edit]
Statutory County Courts at Law, not to be confused with Constitutional County Courts, generally have broader jurisdiction than constitutional county courts. Statutory County Courts can generally entertain lawsuits in which the amount in controversy is over $500 but not over $200,000. [9] However, unlike constitutional county courts, the jurisdiction of Statutory County Courts can vary from county to county. For example, in Dallas County, Statutory County Courts have jurisdiction nearly as broad as that of District Courts. [10] In Travis County, the amount in controversy for matters the Statutory County Court can entertain ranges from $500 to $250,000. [11] There is no clear policy reason for the varying jurisdictions of the Statutory County Courts.
Municipal Courts[edit]
See also: Cities of Texas
An Austin Municipal Court
Under the authority granted it by Section 1 of Article V, the Legislature has allowed for the creation of municipal courts in each incorporated city in Texas, by voter approval creating such court. Chapters 29 and 30 of the Texas Government Code outline the duties of these Courts and their officers.
Municipal courts in Texas come into contact with more defendants than all other Texas courts combined. The subject matter of municipal courts relates to crimes relating to public safety and quality of life issues. In recent years, municipal courts and justice court in Texas have become the primary venue for acts of misconduct committed by children.
Within the city limits, these courts have shared jurisdiction with the JP courts on Class C criminal misdemeanor cases, and have exclusive jurisdiction on cases involving city ordinances. Municipal courts have limited civil jurisdiction over public matters relating to public safety (e.g., dangerous dog determinations). Confusion surrounding a municipal court's civil jurisdiction is complicated that if a municipal court is a "court of record," the Legislature has authorized municipalities to adopt ordinances that give municipal courts concurrent jurisdiction over substandard building cases with county and/or district courts. The matter of civil jurisdiction has been further confused by the advent of civil penalties for conduct that can be prosecuted as a Class C misdemeanor (e.g. certain parking violations, red light camera violations).
As a general rule, the municipal courts are not "courts of record" (i.e., no court reporter recorded and transcribed the proceedings), and thus an appeal to the county level would require a whole new trial (i.e., a trial de novo). This proved to be a loophole for some defendants in traffic cases, who betted on the officer not being able to attend, and thus having the case dismissed. Furthermore, the de novo trials crowded the dockets of already busy county courts at law. Many major cities—such as those in Austin, El Paso, Houston, Dallas and San Antonio—have chosen to convert their municipal courts to courts of record (this also requires voter approval) to close this loophole.
Municipal court cases are generally appealed to the county court level, but cannot be appealed beyond that level unless the fine is more than $100 or a constitutional matter is asserted.
Justice of the Peace Courts[edit]
A JP court of Judge Roy Bean in 1900
The lowest court level in Texas is the Justice of the Peace Court (also called Justice Court or JP Court). Each county has at least one JP Court.[12] Sections 18 and 19 of Article V, as well as Chapters 27 and 28 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of these Courts and their officers.
Section 19 sets forth the minimum jurisdiction of the JP court:
Original jurisdiction in "criminal matters of misdemeanor cases punishable by fine only" (called "Class C" misdemeanor cases under the Texas Penal Code),
Exclusive jurisdiction in "civil matters where the amount in controversy is $200 or less", and
"Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law". Under this provision, the Legislature has raised the top limit on civil matters to $10,000 and assigned the JP courts, among others, the right to hear cases involving eviction as well as cases involving foreclosure and liens against personal property where the amount falls within the (revised) JP Court's jurisdiction. In addition, marriage licenses are obtained through JP offices, and JP's are also legally permitted to perform marriage ceremonies.
JP cases are appealed to the county court level where the case results in a trial de novo. In criminal cases, cases beginning in justice court cannot be appealed beyond the county level court unless the fine is more than $100 or a constitutional matter is asserted.
Under Section 18, the number of JP's (and associated constables; each county has as many constables as JP's) is dependent on the size of the county:
For counties with populations less than 18,000 (as determined by the census), the entire county shall be one JP precinct, unless the Commissioners' Court determines that more are needed, in which case the court can divide the county into no more than four JP precincts.
For counties with populations at least 18,000 but less than 50,000, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than two nor more than eight.
For counties with populations 50,000 or greater, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than four nor more than eight.
In any county with population less than 150,000, if any precinct contains a city with 18,000 or more population, that precinct shall have two JP's.
In any county with population 150,000 or greater, each JP precinct may have more than one JP.
Special provisions apply to Chambers and Randall counties (must have no fewer than two nor more than six precincts) and to Mills, Reagan, and Roberts (the Constable office is abolished, with the Sheriff's office performing all duties).
Administration[edit]
The Texas Law Center, which houses the State Bar of Texas
The Texas Supreme Court has constitutional responsibility for the efficient administration of the judicial system and possesses the authority to make rules of administration applicable to the courts[13] in addition to promulgation and amend rules governing procedure in trial and appellate courts, and rules of evidence.[14] The chief justice of the Supreme Court, presiding judge of the Court of Criminal Appeals, chief justices of each of the 14 courts of appeals, and judges of each of the trial courts are generally responsible for the administration of their respective courts.[13]
There is a local administrative district judge in each county, as well as a local administrative statutory county court judge in each county that has a statutory county court.[13] In counties with two or more district courts, a local administrative district judge is elected by the district judges in the county for a term not to exceed two years; in counties with two or more statutory county courts, a local administrative statutory county court judge is elected by the statutory county court judges for a term not to exceed two years.[15] The local administrative judge is charged with implementing the local rules of administration, supervising the expeditious movement of court caseloads, and other administrative duties.[16]
eFileTexas.gov is the official electronic court filing (e-filing) system.[17] Each county maintains (or does not maintain) their own docket management and retrieval systems,[18] similar to PACER for the federal government. There is no longer an officially published reporter. West's Texas Cases (a Texas-specific version of the South Western Reporter) includes reported opinions of the Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, and the Courts of Appeals.[19][20] The Texas Reports includes Supreme Court opinions until July 1962, and the Texas Criminal Reports includes Court of Criminal Appeals opinions until November 1962.[20] There is no systematic reporting of decisions of trial courts.[19] Court opinions can generally be freely accessed on the web from the various courts' websites, with appellate opinions generally being available from 1997–2002 onwards.[21]
In 2014 the Texas Court of Appeals's web sites were updated and migrated to new web addresses (with automatic forwarding from the old URLs). Each court's website allows for case and opinion searches using various types of input in addition to cause number, such as party name, attorney name, attorney bar number, file date/date range, and full-text search using key words. All current opinion are now released as pdf documents, rather than html, and thus standardized, although different courts use different templates and citation/footnoting styles, which makes for some degree of variation in appearance. Additionally, courts of appeals are now also making procedural orders, briefs, and motions available online.
The Texas Judicial Council is the primary policy-making body for the judiciary.[22] It is responsible for studying and recommending changes to improve the administration of justice.[23] The Administrative Director of the Office of Court Administration serves as Executive Director for the Council.
The Texas Office of Court Administration provides information and research, technology services, budgetary and legal support, and other administrative assistance to a variety of judicial branch entities and courts, under the supervision of the Supreme Court of Texas and the Chief Justice.[22] The office is led by an Administrative Director appointed by the Supreme Court and reporting to the Chief Justice.
The State Bar of Texas (the Texas Bar) is an agency of the judiciary under the administrative control of the Texas Supreme Court. The Texas Bar is responsible for assisting the Texas Supreme Court in overseeing all attorneys licensed to practice law in Texas.
Officers[edit]
Judge Roy Bean, a Justice of the Peace and "The Law West of the Pecos"
Judges[edit]
Judges are elected in partisan elections.[5][24] Trial judges are elected for 4 years, and appeals court judges are elected for 6 years.[5] The Governor may fill vacancies until the next election, and judges traditionally leave office before their last term is completed.[5] Judges may be removed by voters in retention elections, by trial by jury, or by legislative address or impeachment if state judges.[25] Some incumbent judges/justices who seek reelection are defeated in primary elections, others in general elections. The chances of election-driver turnover on district and appellate benches is affected by the nature of the concurrent elections (presidential or mid-term) and by partisan tides, at least in the more competitive counties and appellate districts, e.g. Dallas and Harris County/Houston (county-level) and San Antonio (appellate district level).
District court judges are required to be licensed attorneys. In addition to judicial powers, district judges also have administrative duties as well. District judges may remove county officials [2], officials of a general-law municipality [3], and municipal court judges [4] under certain circumstances. Also, they appoint and supervise the county auditor, oversee the operations of the adult and juvenile probation offices, and are granted "supervisory" jurisdiction over the county commissioners court.
County judges do not need to be lawyers, and most are not.[26] Sections 15 through 17 of Article V, as well as Chapters 25 and 26 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of County Court officers. Section 15 states that the county judge shall be "well informed in the law of the State", "a conservator of the peace", and shall be elected for a four-year term. The county judge is also responsible for presiding over the Commissioners Court (the main executive and legislative body of the county). County court at law judges are required to be lawyers.[26]
In one of the odd provisions of the Texas Government Code, there is no requirement that a municipal judge be an attorney if the municipal court is not a court of record (Chapter 29, Section 29.004), but the municipal judge must be a licensed attorney with at least two years experience in practicing Texas law if the municipal court is a court of record (Chapter 30, Section 30.00006). The Code provides for differing requirements for municipal judges in certain cities, such as:
Lubbock (five years experience, Section 30.00044)
El Paso (provides for a presiding judge to be paid 20% above the other judges, Section 30.00128)
San Antonio (must be have resided in the city for three years prior to appointment, Section 30.00224)
Wichita Falls (need not be a resident of the city when appointed but must be a resident during his tenure, Section 30.00304),
Sweetwater (need only be a licensed attorney in good standing, Section 30.00464)
Lewisville ("shall devote as much time to the office as it requires", Section 30.01326)
Houston ("may only be removed under Article V, Section 1-a, of the Texas Constitution", Section 30.00674)
Bullard (the requirement for being a licensed attorney does not apply, Section 30.01482)
Westlake and Trophy Club (both cities are located in Tarrant and Denton counties; for Westlake criminal appeals are taken to the Tarrant County Courts at Law, while for Trophy Club criminal appeals are taken to the Denton County Courts at Law, Sections 30.01781 and 30.01811)
The thirteen-member Texas State Commission on Judicial Conduct hears complaints against judges, and may censure, reprimand, or recommend removal by the Supreme Court.[27][25] It very rarely punishes judges;[27] out of more than 1,110 complaints it resolved in fiscal year 2009, only 70 disciplinary actions were taken.[25][28]
Justices of the Peace[edit]
There is no requirement that the JP be an attorney.[29] However, the Texas Government Code requires a JP to attend an 80-hour course involving the performance of JP duties within one year after initial election, and a 20-hour course every year thereafter. In addition, the JP is an ex officio notary public.
Magistrates[edit]
A "magistrate" can be any judge or JP and can set bonds, arraign defendants, issue search and arrest warrants, and conduct criminal bond forfeiture hearings.[29] Five counties (Bexar, Dallas, Lubbock, Tarrant, and Travis) have district court magistrates who are appointed by district court judges and do not conduct trials.[30]
Prosecutors[edit]
There are several prosecution offices: district attorneys, county attorneys, criminal district attorneys, and city attorneys.[31] District attorneys prosecute criminal cases in district courts and serve one or more counties in which they are elected for four-year terms.[32] County attorneys prosecute misdemeanor criminal cases and serve a single county in which they are elected for four-year terms.[33] Criminal district attorneys prosecute both felony and misdemeanor criminal cases and serve a single county in which they are elected for four-year terms.[12] City attorneys prosecute criminal cases in municipal courts.[12] If a county has only a district attorney or county attorney, this official prosecutes all criminal cases within the county.[34]
See also[edit]
Government of Texas
Law of Texas
Law enforcement in Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.texasbar.com/
Jump up ^ Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 3rd ed. (New York: Touchstone, 2005), 299.
Jump up ^ Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 256.
Jump up ^ Bill Neal, Getting Away With Murder On The Texas Frontier: Notorious Killings & Celebrated Trials (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2006), 5-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Maxwell, Crain & Santos 2010, p. 55.
Jump up ^ https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=e.g.+In+re+Reece,+341+S.W.3d+360+(Tex.+2011)+(orig.+proceeding).+&hl=en&as_sdt=6,44&case=13629628230375350015&scilh=0
Jump up ^ http://www.dallascounty.org/department/courts/county_criminal.php
Jump up ^ http://www.dallascourts.com/forms/lstCourts.asp?division=num
Jump up ^ http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.25.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.25.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.25.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson 1997, p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Administration 2012, p. 9.
Jump up ^ http://www.txcourts.gov/rules-forms/rules-standards.aspx
Jump up ^ Administration 2012, pp. 9-10.
Jump up ^ Administration 2012, p. 10.
Jump up ^ "eFileTexas.gov | EFileTexas.gov". eFileTexas.gov. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Texas Courts Online | Case searches". Texas Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Quarles & Cordon 2003, p. 73.
^ Jump up to: a b Quarles & Cordon 2008, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Quarles & Cordon 2008, pp. 35–36.
^ Jump up to: a b Annual Reports of the Judicial Support Agencies, Boards and Commissions: For the Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2012 (PDF). Texas Office of Court Administration. December 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Reavley, Tom (1973). "The Texas Judiciary: Problems and Needs". The 63rd Texas Legislature Pre-session Conference: Judicial Reorganization, Revenue Sharing, Property Taxation and School Finance. Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin. p. 10. OCLC 621945.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1998, p. 69.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bessette et al. 2011, p. 782.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson 1997, p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b Dautrich et al. 2009, p. 769.
Jump up ^ Jennings, Dianne (14 December 2009). "State Commission on Judicial Conduct has the job of judging Texas' judges". The Dallas Morning News.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson 1997, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1997, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1997, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 17-18.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 18-19.
Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. 2007, p. 866.
Maxwell, William Earl; Crain, Ernest; Santos, Adolfo (2010). Texas Politics Today (2009-2010 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-49-557025-7.
Hansen, Mark (October 1998). "A Run for the Bench". ABA Journal. 84: 68–72. ISSN 0747-0088.
Annual Statistical Report for the Texas Judiciary (2012) (PDF). Texas Office of Court Administration. January 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Anderson, Ken (1997). Crime in Texas: Your Complete Guide to the Criminal Justice System. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70478-X. LCCN 96-41661.
Schmidt, Steffen W.; Bardes, Barbara A.; Shelley, Mack C.; Crain, Ernest; Maxwell, William Earl (2007). American Government and Politics Today: Texas Edition 2007-2008 (13th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-39202-6. LCCN 2006936862.
Dautrich, Kenneth; Yalof, David A.; Prindle, David F.; Newell, Charldean; Shoemaker, Mark (2009). American Government, Texas Edition: Historical, Popular, and Global Perspectives: Texas Edition. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-57031-8. LCCN 2008939486.
Bessette, Joseph M.; Pitney, Jr., John J.; Brown, Lyle C.; Langenegger, Joyce A.; Garcia, Sonia R.; Lewis, Ted A.; Biles, Robert E. (2011). American Government and Politics: Deliberation, Democracy and Citizenship: Texas Edition. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-90588-2. LCCN 2010942819.
Quarles, Brandon D.; Cordon, Matthew C. (2003). Legal Research for the Texas Practitioner. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. ISBN 0-8377-3626-9.
Quarles, Brandon D.; Cordon, Matthew C. (2008). Researching Texas Law (2nd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8377-1533-9.
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Packard Automotive Plant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Packard Automotive Plant
The Packard Automotive Plant in 2009
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
General information
Status
Undergoing cleanup, renovations and reconstruction
Type
Automobile factory
Location
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Coordinates
42°22′46.62″N 83°1′44.14″W / 42.3796167°N 83.0289278°W / 42.3796167; -83.0289278Coordinates: 42°22′46.62″N 83°1′44.14″W / 42.3796167°N 83.0289278°W / 42.3796167; -83.0289278
Construction started
1903
Completed
1911
Technical details
Floor area
3,500,000 sq ft (330,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect
Albert Kahn
Structural engineer
Henry Joy
The Packard Automotive Plant is a former automobile-manufacturing factory in Detroit, Michigan where luxury cars were made by the Packard Motor Car Company and later by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation.
Contents
1 Design and operation
2 Current status
2.1 Sale
2.2 Renovation
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Bibliography
5 External links
Design and operation[edit]
The Packard Plant's building number 10 during expansion circa 1911
The 3,500,000-square-foot (325,000 m2), plant was designed by Albert Kahn Associates using Trussed Concrete Steel Company products. It is located on 40 acres (16 ha) of land on East Grand Boulevard on the city's east side. It included the first use of reinforced concrete in the United States for industrial construction in the automobile industry.[1][2][3][4][5]
The Packard plant was opened in 1903 and at the time was considered the most modern automobile manufacturing facility in the world, with skilled craftsmen involved in over eighty trades. The factory complex closed in 1958, though other businesses operated on the premises or used it for storage until the late 1990s.
In the 1990s, the buildings were used to host infamous "underground" raves and techno parties, including the Spastik party hosted by Richie Hawtin [6][7]
A number of the outer buildings were in use by businesses up through the early 2000s. In 2010, the last remaining tenant, Chemical Processing, announced its intention to vacate the premises after 52 years.[8]
Current status[edit]
The infamous "Packard Dump Truck" October 13, 2009
Since its abandonment, the plant has been a haven for graffiti artists, urban explorers, paintballers and auto scrappers, and much of the wiring and other building materials have been scavenged.[9] In one incident, vandals pushed a dump truck from the fourth floor. Karen Nagher, the executive director of the nonprofit organization Preservation Wayne, stated that she was irked to see people come from "all over the world" to poke around Detroit. "Piece by piece, they're disassembling those buildings, making it harder and harder to restore them".[10]
Despite many years of neglect and abuse, the reinforced concrete structures remain mostly intact and structurally sound. Portions of the upper floors of several small sections in various buildings have collapsed or been partly demolished and lie in ruins in the wake of several aborted attempts at demolition over the years.
The City of Detroit has pledged legal action to have the property demolished or secured.[11] Dominic Cristini, whose claim of ownership is disputed, was said to be conducting construction surveys in advance of full-scale demolition as of early 2012.[12][13]
On February 5, 2013, it was reported that aluminum letter placards spelling the Nazi slogan "Arbeit macht frei" (work makes free) were placed in the windows of the E. Grand Boulevard bridge.[14][15] Community volunteers promptly removed the letters.
In April 2013, it was announced that AMC's Low Winter Sun would be filming around the location.[16]
Sale[edit]
Due to tax delinquency, the 43 parcels composing the plant were put up for auction in September 2013. The starting bid was $975,000 (the amount owed in taxes) and there were no takers.[17]
Another auction in October 2013 posted a starting bid of $21,000, or about $500 per parcel.[18] This auction closed with a top bid of $6,038,000 by Dr. Jill Van Horn, a Texas-based physician who announced in an email that she would team up with "partners and investors from Detroit, Wall Street and international firms," to turn the site into an "economic engine", refurbishing the plant grounds for a manufactured-house assembly facility.[19] However, the deadline for full payment was missed, prompting Wayne County to initiate talks with the second-highest bidder, Bill Hults, a Chicago-area developer who placed a $2,003,000 bid in the October auction. In a separate email, Dr. Van Horn stated, "It seemed (David Szymanski, Deputy Wayne County Treasurer) had already made up his mind to talk to the second bidder". Hults then made several non-refundable down-payments on the plant, but he ultimately failed to raise the entire sum of his bid.
Around the same time in October 2013, a Spanish investor, Fernando Palazuelo, also expressed interest in securing the Packard Plant. It was purchased for $405,000 on December 12, 2013.[20][21] Palazuelo plans on moving into the plant by April 9, his 59th birthday. He plans on having six different uses for the Packard Plant Project (residential, retail, offices, light industry, recreation and art) that is estimated to cost about $350 million over the next 10 to 15 years. First, he hopes to bring a big 3 automotive parts manufacturer to the plant in exchange for a few years of free rent. He also hopes to create a work space for local artists and an upscale go-kart track.[22]
As of August 2016, no redevelopment had taken place at the historic 40-acre site on Detroit's east side. At the time, many remained skeptical that the enormous effort would ever succeed — or even get off the ground — given the nearly half-billion-dollar price tag of the project that Palazuelo had envisioned.[23]
Renovation[edit]
In May 2017, Arte Express, the holding company for Palazuelo, held a ground breaking ceremony for phase I of the project which will include the former 121,000-square-foot administrative building on the site.[24] On August 12, 2017, the inaugural public tour of the property was conducted, which included access to the second floor of the administration building on the complex's western side.[25] It is predicted that office space in the administration building could become available as early as 2019.[25]
See also[edit]
Architecture portal
Cars portal
Metro Detroit portal
Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Olsen 2002, p. 38 "In 1905 Kahn and Julius designed the Packard Plant number 10 using steel-reinforced concrete, the first such application for an industrial plant".
Jump up ^ Smith 1994, p. 59 "Together they built ten works buildings for Packard, Plant No. 10 (1905) being the first reinforced concrete structure in the automobile industry, notable for its lengths of open space between columns and the good lighting from near-floor-to-ceiling windows".
Jump up ^ Darley 2003, p. 82 "The example of flexibility that he chose to illustrate was Albert Kahn's building of 1905 for Packard in Detroit, building No. 10, the first to use the Kahn reinforced concrete system successfully, which has been effortlessly extended by an additional two stories in 1911".
Jump up ^ Baldwin 2002, p. 197 "His first major corporate client was the Packard Motor Car Company, headed by Henry B. Joy, from whom Kahn eventually designed ten buildings, culminating in Detroit's first large auto plant, the first reinforced concrete auto factory in America".
Jump up ^ Sedlar, Frank (June 24, 2013). "Engineering Industrial Architecture: Albert Kahn and the Trussed Concrete Steel Company" (PDF). 2012–2013 MLibrary Undergraduate Research Award Maize Award for Single-Term Projects. University of Michigan.
Jump up ^ "Even in ruin, Detroit's Packard plant inspires artists".
Jump up ^ "Five More Unbelievable Places Richie Hawtin Has Played". November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ Kellogg, Alex P. (November 6, 2009). "How Do You Put the Dump Into Dump Truck? Push It Off the Fourth Floor" – via www.wsj.com.
Jump up ^ "Detroit still hunting down Packard plant owner".
Jump up ^ [3][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Detroit's infamous Packard plant to be razed. Finally".
Jump up ^ "Packard Plant Tagged With Nazi Slogan 'Arbeit Macht Frei'". February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ [4][dead link]
Jump up ^ Hinds, Julie (April 22, 2013). "Detroit filming for AMC's 'Low Winter Sun' will put spotlight on city". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Anglebrandt, Gary (May 28, 2013). "Packard plant among parcels up for auction of foreclosed properties". Crain's Business Detroit. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Left Lane News. "Packard Plant headed for auction with $21,000 bid". Left Lane News. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Detroit's iconic Packard plant could soon be back in business".
Jump up ^ [5][dead link]
Jump up ^ [6][dead link]
Jump up ^ [7][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Packard Plant redevelopment could actually happen soon".
Jump up ^ Chambers, Jennifer. "Packard Plant makeover finally springs into action". The Detroit News. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nagl, Kurt (August 12, 2017). "Inaugural Tour of Packard Plant Captivates Visitors". Crain's Detroit Business. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Baldwin, Neil (2002). Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-163-6.
Darley, Gillian (2003). Factory. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-155-6.
Olsen, Byron (2002). The American Auto Factory. MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-1059-5.
Smith, Terry (1994). Making the Modern: Industry, Art, and Design in America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76347-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Packard Automotive Plant.
"Largest Abandoned Factory in the World: The Packard Factory, Detroit." Sometimes Interesting. 15 Aug 2011
Detroit News
The Abandoned Packard Plant at Detroiturbex.com
Packard Plant photos
blog.hemmings.com on Planned demolition mid-2012
Recent photos of the Packard Plant
Detroit Free Press photos - then and now
Packard images in IR
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Automotive industry in the United States
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Thomas
Freightliner
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New Flyer
NABI
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Allison
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By state
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Nash
Rambler
Armor Holdings
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Case
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Durant
Flint
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Mason
Rugby
Star
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Street & Racing Technology (still used as a trim for dodge vehicles)
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Continental
Edsel
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General Motors
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Geo
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LaSalle
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Sheridan
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Henry J
Kaiser
Willys
Marathon Motor Works
Marmon
Roosevelt
Marvel Motors
Matbro
Mercer
Monaco Coach
Muntz Car Company
North American Bus Industries
Oliver Farm Equipment
Packard
Peerless Motor Company
Pierce-Arrow
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Erskine
Rockne
Stutz
Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation
United Defense
VL
White
Wildfire
Defunct factories
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Diamond-Star Motors
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Ford factories closed
General Motors factories closed
NUMMI
Packard Automotive Plant
Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly
Related topics
AAA
Chicago Auto Show
Interstate Highway System
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
New York International Auto Show
North American International Auto Show
SAE International
(1)Although New Flyer is Canadian, their Subsidiaries, NABI and Motor Coach Industries, are headquartered in the U.S.
(2)Former meaning the company is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business
Category
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Packard
Vehicles
6
8
Light 8
Super 8
Twin Six
30
110
120
180
200
250
300
400
Caribbean
Cavalier
Clipper (model)
Constellation
Continental Eight
Executive
Hawk
Mayfair
Model A-F
Model G
Model U
Pacific
Pan-American
Panther
Patrician
Request
Station Sedan
People
Roy Gullickson
Henry Bourne Joy
Alvan Macauley
James J. Nance
James Ward Packard
William Doud Packard
Fernando Palazuelo
Richard A. Teague
Jesse G. Vincent
Other
Aircraft engines
Building
Clipper (marque)
Factory
Jingle
Museum
Proving Grounds
Showroom
Studebaker-based Packards
Studebaker-Packard Corporation
Ultramatic
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packard_Automotive_Plant&oldid=853167208"
Categories:
1911 establishments in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Detroit
Buildings designed by Albert Kahn
Former motor vehicle assembly plants
History of Detroit
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Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Packard
Unused buildings in Michigan
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