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Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection
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Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection
Compilation album by Stevie Wonder
Released
1996/1998
Genre
Soul
Label
Motown
Producer
Stevie Wonder, Hank Cosby
Stevie Wonder chronology
Conversation Peace
(1995)Conversation Peace1995 Song Review
(1996) At the Close of a Century
(1999)At the Close of a Century1999
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic (1996 version) [1]
Allmusic (1998 version) [2]
Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection is a double-disc compilation album by Stevie Wonder.
Track listings[edit]
Disc 1
"Part-Time Lover" (7" single version) – 3:43
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" (Single version) – 4:21
"Superstition" (Single version) – 3:59
"Sir Duke" – 3:51
"My Cherie Amour" – 2:51
"I Was Made to Love Her" – 2:35
"Overjoyed" – 3:41
"Hey Love" – 2:42
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" – 2:37
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" (Single version) – 2:54
"Ribbon in the Sky" (Edited version) – 3:42
"Master Blaster (Jammin')" (7" single version) – 4:49
"Living for the City" (Single version) – 3:41
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)" – 2:52
"Lately" – 4:04
"Do I Do" – 10:27
Disc 2
"Send One Your Love" – 4:01
"Ebony and Ivory" (with Paul McCartney) – 3:40
"All I Do" – 5:16
"That Girl" – 5:16
"For Your Love" (7" single version) – 4:03
"I Wish" – 4:11
"You Will Know" (Radio edit) – 4:00
"Boogie On Reggae Woman" (Single version) – 4:06
"Higher Ground" (Single version) – 3:07
"These Three Words" – 4:53
"Stay Gold" – 3:33
"Love Light in Flight" – 6:54
"Kiss Lonely Good-Bye" (Single version) – 4:05
"Hold On to Your Dream" – 4:19
"Redemption Song" – 3:46
1998 edition[edit]
"Isn't She Lovely"
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
"Superstition"
"Sir Duke"
"Master Blaster (Jammin')"
"Ebony and Ivory"
"Happy Birthday"
"Living for the City"
"He's Misstra Know-It-All"
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life"
"Lately"
"Part-Time Lover"
"My Cherie Amour"
"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"For Once in My Life"
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
"For Your Love"
"Kiss Lonely Good-Bye"
"Redemption Song"
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection at AllMusic
[hide]
v
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Stevie Wonder
Studio albums
The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie
Tribute to Uncle Ray
With a Song in My Heart
Stevie at the Beach
Up-Tight
Down to Earth
I Was Made to Love Her
Someday at Christmas
Eivets Rednow
For Once in My Life
My Cherie Amour
Signed, Sealed & Delivered
Where I'm Coming From
Music of My Mind
Talking Book
Innervisions
Fulfillingness' First Finale
Songs in the Key of Life
Hotter than July
In Square Circle
Characters
Conversation Peace
A Time to Love
Live albums
Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius
Stevie Wonder Live
Live at the Talk of the Town
Natural Wonder
Soundtracks
Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"
The Woman in Red
Jungle Fever
Compilations
Looking Back
Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I
Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection
At the Close of a Century
Ballad Collection
The Definitive Collection
20th Century Masters
The Complete Stevie Wonder
Top ten singles
"Fingertips - Part 2"
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)"
"Blowin' in the Wind"
"A Place in the Sun"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"I'm Wondering"
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
"For Once in My Life"
"My Cherie Amour"
"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"
"Never Had a Dream Come True"
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
"Heaven Help Us All"
"If You Really Love Me"
"Superstition"
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life"
"Higher Ground"
"Living for the City"
"He's Misstra Know-It-All"
"You Haven't Done Nothin'"
"Boogie On Reggae Woman"
"I Wish"
"Sir Duke"
"Send One Your Love"
"Master Blaster (Jammin')"
"I Ain't Gonna Stand for It"
"Happy Birthday"
"That Girl"
"Do I Do"
"Ebony and Ivory"
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
"Love Light in Flight"
"Part-Time Lover"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Go Home"
Other singles
"Hey Harmonica Man"
"Hey Love"
"I Don't Know Why"
"Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer"
"Superwoman (Where Were You When I Needed You)"
"Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing"
"As"
"Another Star"
"Lately"
"Ribbon in the Sky"
"Overjoyed"
"Faith"
Other songs
"You and I (We Can Conquer the World)"
"Golden Lady
"All in Love Is Fair"
"They Won't Go When I Go"
"Knocks Me Off My Feet"
"Pastime Paradise"
"Isn't She Lovely"
"Black Man"
Collaborations
"Ebony and Ivory"
"We Are the World"
"Just Good Friends"
"California Roll"
Related articles
Discography
Lula Mae Hardaway
Syreeta Wright
KJLH
Wonderin'
"Wonder-ful"
Book
Category
This 1990s R&B/soul album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Review:_A_Greatest_Hits_Collection&oldid=825396998"
Categories:
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Albums produced by Hank Cosby
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text:
Glycosuria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Glycosuria
Classification and external resources
ICD-10
R81
ICD9 = 791.5
DiseasesDB
5323
Patient UK
Glycosuria
MeSH
D006029
[edit on Wikidata]
Glycosuria or glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus. Rarely, glycosuria is due to an intrinsic problem with glucose reabsorption within the kidneys (such as Fanconi syndrome), producing a condition termed renal glycosuria.[1] Glycosuria leads to excessive water loss into the urine with resultant dehydration, a process called osmotic diuresis.
Alimentary glycosuria is a temporary condition, when a high amount of carbohydrate is taken, it is rapidly absorbed in some cases where a part of the stomach is surgically removed, the excessive glucose appears in urine producing glucosuria.
Pathophysiology[edit]
Blood is filtered by millions of nephrons, the functional units that comprise the kidneys. In each nephron, blood flows from the arteriole into the glomerulus, a tuft of leaky capillaries. The Bowman's capsule surrounds each glomerulus, and collects the filtrate that the glomerulus forms. The filtrate contains waste products (e.g. urea), electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride), amino acids, and glucose. The filtrate passes into the renal tubules of the kidney. In the first part of the renal tubule, the proximal tubule, glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the bloodstream. The proximal tubule can only reabsorb a limited amount of glucose (~375 mg/min[2]), known as the transport maximum. When the blood glucose level exceeds about 160–180 mg/dL, the proximal tubule becomes overwhelmed and begins to excrete glucose in the urine.
Approximate correlation between dipstick designation and plasma concentration of glucose
Urine dipstick
designation
Approximate plasma
concentration
trace 100 mg/dL [3]
1+ 250 mg/dL[3] df
2+ 500 mg/dL[3]
3+ 1000 mg/dL[3]
4+ 2000 mg/dL[3]
This point is called the renal threshold for glucose (RTG).[4] Some people, especially children and pregnant women, may have a low RTG (less than ~7 mmol/L[4] glucose in blood to have glucosuria).
If the RTG is so low that even normal blood glucose levels produce the condition, it is referred to as renal glycosuria.
Glucose in urine can be identified by Benedict's qualitative test.
Medical induction with glycosuric drugs[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Glycosuria can be induced therapeutically for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 using SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin (collectively known as gliflozins).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rose, Burton; Rennke, Helmut (1994). Renal pathophysiology – the essentials (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 194. ISBN 0-683-07354-0.
Jump up ^ DeFronzo, Ralph A.; Hompesch, Marcus; Kasichayanula, Sreeneeranj; Liu, Xiaoni; Hong, Ying; Pfister, Marc; Morrow, Linda A.; Leslie, Bruce R.; Boulton, David W. (October 2013). "Characterization of Renal Glucose Reabsorption in Response to Dapagliflozin in Healthy Subjects and Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes". Diabetes Care. 36 (10): 3169–3176. doi:10.2337/dc13-0387. ISSN 0149-5992. PMC 3781504. PMID 23735727.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Han BR, Oh YS, Ahn KH, Kim HY, Hong SC, Oh MJ, Kim HJ, Kim YT, Lee KW, Kim SH. BR, Han (Sep 2010). "Clinical Implication of 2nd Trimester Glycosuria". Korean J Perinatol. 21 (3): 258–65. [1] [2]
^ Jump up to: a b AIDA on-line' Explanations
hide
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Components and results of urine tests (CPT 81000–81099; R80–R82, 791)
Components
Albumin
Myoglobin
hCG
Leukocyte esterase
Urine pregnancy test
Ketone bodies
Glucose
Urobilinogen
Bilirubin
Creatinine
RBC
WBC
Urinary casts
Chemical properties
Urine specific gravity
Urine osmolality
Urine pH
Urine anion gap
Abnormal findings
Red blood cells
Hematuria (Microscopic hematuria)
White blood cells
Eosinophiluria
Proteinuria
Albuminuria/Microalbuminuria
Myoglobinuria
Hemoglobinuria
Small molecules
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
Bilirubinuria
Hyperuricosuria/Hypouricosuria
Aminoaciduria
Pathogens
Bacteriuria
Other
Chyluria
Crystalluria
osmolality (Isosthenuria, Hypersthenuria)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycosuria&oldid=860301596"
Categories:
Diabetes
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine
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List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Isla de Muerta" redirects here. For other uses, see Isla Muerta (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is a list of islands and other locations in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Davy Jones's Locker
2 Isla Cruces
3 Isla de Muerta
4 Pelegosto
5 Port Royal
6 Rum-runner's Isle
7 Shipwreck Cove
8 Singapore
9 Tortuga
10 See also
11 References
Davy Jones's Locker[edit]
Davy Jones's Locker is a fictional place featured prominently in At World's End. It is based on a real superstition. The arid plain where the Pearl is beached was filmed at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The shore where the Pearl reenters the ocean was filmed at the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in California.[1]
The Locker is similar to purgatory, and is the destination for souls that die at sea. Davy Jones was entrusted with the task of ferrying the souls of the deceased into the next world by the goddess Calypso. After Jack Sparrow is killed by the Kraken in Dead Man's Chest, Calypso organizes a mission to rescue his soul from the Locker back to the land of the living.
In the third film, Calypso is accompanied by Elizabeth Swann, Will Turner, and Hector Barbossa, among others. They reach the Locker by the use of magical charts leading to World's End. Sao Feng, one of the nine Pirate Lords, was the previous owner of these charts.
After the crew reach the Locker, they find Jack and the Black Pearl stranded in the desert. Jack, unable to move the ship, has begun to hallucinate. The ship is transported to the ocean by many crabs under the control of Calypso. While on the ocean, the crew see the ghost of Governor Weatherby Swann, who has been murdered on the orders of Cutler Beckett.
By deciphering the clues on Sao Feng's charts, Jack discovers the way to escape the Locker. At sunset, the crew capsizes the ship; this triggers a green flash and returns the Pearl to the world of the living, effectively reviving Jack.
Isla Cruces[edit]
Isla Cruces is a fictional island. The ruined church, graveyard, and mill were filmed in Vieille Case, Dominica. The beach where Norrington, Sparrow, and Turner duel was filmed near Little Exuma in The Bahamas.[2]
In Dead Man's Chest, Isla Cruces is a tropical island where Davy Jones buried the Dead Man's Chest. This chest contains his beating heart; stabbing the heart is the only way to kill Jones. The island appears to have been abandoned. The previous occupants are unknown, but there are crumbling buildings indicating that it was once inhabited.
On the island, Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, and James Norrington duel for control of the chest. James Norrington escapes with the chest, and gives it to Cutler Beckett in exchange for a full pardon.
It is not revealed in the film why Davy Jones buried the Dead Man's Chest on Isla Cruces. However, the film's writers, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, imply in the Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest DVD audio commentary, that Jones chose it because it is a plague island that remains deserted.[citation needed]
Isla de Muerta[edit]
Isla de Muerta is an island featured in The Curse of the Black Pearl. It is a mysterious land where the Black Pearl's pirate crew hide their looted treasure. It is the location of the Aztec treasure that has cursed Hector Barbossa and the other members of his crew.
According to Jack Sparrow, Isla de Muerta is an island that cannot be found, except by those who already know where it is hidden. From the air, the island resembles a human skull. Mysteriously shrouded in fog, the isle is surrounded by a graveyard of sunken ships; its waters swarm with hammerhead sharks and shoaling fish. The island contains a series of connected caves, which contain the crew's loot and the Chest of Cortes.
Before the events of the film, Hector Barbossa leads a mutiny against Jack Sparrow and becomes the captain of Black Pearl. Later, the crew finds cursed Aztec treasure on Isla de Muerta. By removing the golden medallions from their chest, the crew become undead and lose the ability to feel physical pleasure. In order to remove the curse, the crew collect the medallions and return them.
Barbossa, believing that Elizabeth Swann is the key to breaking his curse, kidnaps her and brings her to Isla de Muerta. Captain Sparrow uses his magical compass, which points to the thing the user wants most, to follow him. With the help of Will Turner, Elizabeth, and Jack fight against the pirates in the caves under the island. James Norrington and his men fight against Barbossa's crew in the bay just offshore. By using Will's blood, the curse is broken and Jack kills Barbossa.
In Dead Man's Chest, it's learned that the island was reclaimed by the sea, taking with it both the cursed Aztec treasure and the mountains of gold that Barbossa's crew had hoarded while they were cursed. It was with this gold that Jack Sparrow had agreed to pay his new crew.
Pelegosto[edit]
Pelegosto, also known as Cannibal Island, is a fictional island. Scenes set on the island were filmed on Dominica. The Pelegosto tribe's main village was built south of the island's capital, Roseau. Other scenes were filmed in Morne Trois Pitons National Park and Indian River.[2]
In Dead Man's Chest, Bootstrap Bill Turner, acting as Davy Jones's agent, delivers the Black Spot to Captain Jack Sparrow, a mark indicating that his blood debt to Jones is due. To avoid the monstrous Kraken that is hunting him, Jack commands the crew of the Black Pearl to land as fast as possible. They alight on Pelegosto, a typical Caribbean island with sandy beaches and lush, mountainous jungles. But it is hardly the paradise it appears to be; it is inhabited by a vicious cannibal tribe that captures the Pearl's crew. They believe Jack Sparrow is a god in human form and intend to eat him to "release him from his fleshy prison". Will Turner arrives and helps them escape.
Jack seeks out Tia Dalma, an obeah woman, for help. Dalma lives in shack on the other side of the island. He trades Barbossa's undead monkey for a jar of dirt, which she claims will protect him from Davy Jones. After Jack's death at the hands of the Kraken, his crew return to Tia Dalma's shack on Pelegosto. Tia Dalma reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa, and they will lead a mission to rescue Jack from Davy Jones's Locker.
Port Royal[edit]
Port Royal is a British colony. It is based on the historical Port Royal, a city located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica.
Scenes set in the harbor of Port Royal were filmed at Wallilabou Bay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. A replica of Fort Charles was built on the Palos Verdes Peninsula near Los Angeles, as was Governor Swann's mansion. The scenes set inside the mansion were filmed in Manhattan Beach, California.[3]
Port Royal appears in all movies except in On Stranger Tides.
Elizabeth Swann arrives in Port Royal as a child, after her father Weatherby Swann is appointed governor. In the first film, Will Turner works in the town as a blacksmith's apprentice. Port Royal is attacked by the crew of the Black Pearl after Elizabeth accidentally summons the pirates. Pintel and Ragetti kidnap Elizabeth from her mansion, which is located in the town. Jack is imprisoned in the jail there, but Will Turner helps him escape.
In Dead Man's Chest, Cutler Beckett uses Port Royal as his base of operations.
Rum-runner's Isle[edit]
The scenes on Rum-runner's Isle were filmed in Petit Tabac, one of five islands known as the Tobago Cays, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[3][4]
Before the events of the first film, Barbossa leads a mutiny against Jack and strands him on a small island. He leaves Jack a pistol holding a single shot; he could use this to commit suicide before starving to death. For many years, Barbossa assumes that Jack has died; he is surprised to learn of his survival during the events of the first film. Jack repeatedly claims that he used a raft made of sea turtles and his own back hair to escape the island. In reality, the island was a haven for rum-runners. Jack discovers their stash of liquor, lies on a beach drinking rum for three days, and barters passage off the isle when the bootleggers return.
During The Curse of the Black Pearl, Barbossa captures Elizabeth and Jack. Will Turner barters for their safety. Barbossa uses a loophole in their agreement to maroon Elizabeth and Jack on the same island. Elizabeth burns the stash of rum in order to create a signal fire, and they are rescued by James Norrington.
Shipwreck Cove[edit]
Shipwreck Cove is an inlet on the fictional Shipwreck Island, appearing in At World's End. Shipwreck Cove is considered to be an impregnable fortress, well-supplied, and able to withstand nearly any siege. It serves as the meeting place for the Brethren Court, which is a gathering of the world's nine Pirate Lords.
Scenes set on Shipwreck Island were filmed in Dominica.[1]
The Fourth Brethren Court meet to discuss the threat of the East India Trading Company and the ways in which to combat this threat. Barbossa insists that the Court must free Calypso, a sea goddess who was trapped in human form by the first Brethren Court. Sparrow and Elizabeth prefer to fight directly against the EITC. Elizabeth is elected Pirate King by the Court, and she declares war on Cutler Beckett.
The Pirate's Code is kept at Shipwreck Cove. This rulebook serves as the source of law for all pirates. Jack Sparrow's father, Captain Teague, is the Keeper of the Code.
Singapore[edit]
The fictionalised Singapore is filled with bridge-covered waterways and crude wooden buildings, and differs markedly from the actual historical Singapore.[citation needed] The sets for the bathhouse, harbor, and stilt houses were constructed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles.[1]
It appears in At World's End. Hector Barbossa and Elizabeth Swann visit Sao Feng to steal his navigational charts, which lead to World's End. They request a ship and a crew to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones’s Locker. Sao Feng has captured Will Turner, who attempted to steal the charts from Feng. After a tense standoff, the pirates form a temporary alliance when they are attacked by Ian Mercer and the East India Trading Company. After a series of skirmishes and negotiations, Feng grants them a ship and a crew.
Tortuga[edit]
Tortuga is an island off the northern coast of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), out of the jurisdiction of the Royal Navy and the East India Trading Company. While it remains a free port where traders can escape the high East India tariffs, it is a dangerous one where illegal transactions are common.
Scenes set in Tortuga were filmed in Wallilabou Bay, St. Vincent and the Grenadines.[1]
In the first film, Captain Jack Sparrow and Will Turner moor their stolen ship, the Interceptor, in Tortuga to recruit a crew. Their crew included Joshamee Gibbs, Anamaria, Cotton, and Marty. Here, Jack Sparrow also encounters Giselle and Scarlett, with whom has he had past romantic relationships.
In Dead Man's Chest, Will goes to Tortuga to hunt for Jack Sparrow. A denizen tells Will that he saw a ship with black sails (the Black Pearl) beached on Pelegosto. Jack returns to Tortuga to try to enlist ninety-nine unsuspecting sailors to pay off his blood debt to Davy Jones. Although he falls far short of his goal, the new crew proves useful during the final confrontation with the Kraken. Jack is reunited with Elizabeth Swann while in Tortuga and also recruits the disgraced James Norrington, who resigned his commission after losing his ship in a hurricane.
At the conclusion of At World's End, Barbossa leaves Jack and Gibbs in Tortuga by once again hijacking the Black Pearl. Gibbs remains in Tortuga with Giselle and Scarlett.
At the end of On Stranger Tides, Barbossa is in command of Blackbeard's ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge. He yells out that they will travel back to Tortuga, although this is not shown onscreen.
See also[edit]
Locations in prequel series
List of fictional islands
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved 31 Mar 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved 31 Mar 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. 2 Aug 2015. Retrieved 25 Mar 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pirates of the Caribbean". St. Vincent and the Grenadines Tourism Authority. Retrieved 25 Mar 2017.
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Food pyramid (nutrition)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A food pyramid or diet pyramid is a triangular diagram representing the optimal number of servings to be eaten each day from each of the basic food groups.[1] The first pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974.[2][3][4] The 1992 pyramid introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was called the "Food Guide Pyramid". It was updated in 2005, and then it was replaced by MyPlate in 2011.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Food pyramid published by the WHO and FAO
3 USDA food pyramid
3.1 History
3.1.1 Vegetables
3.1.2 Grains
3.1.3 Fruits
3.1.4 Oils and sweets
3.1.5 Dairy
3.1.6 Meat and beans
3.2 Controversy
3.3 Alternatives
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin[edit]
The "Basic Seven" developed by the United States Department of Agriculture
Amid high food prices in 1972, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare developed the idea of "basic foods" that were both cheap and nutritious, and "supplemental foods" that added nutrition missing from the basic foods. Anna-Britt Agnsäter, chief of the "test kitchen" for Kooperativa Förbundet (a cooperative Swedish retail chain), held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsäter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF's Vi magazine.[2][3][4] The pyramid was divided into basic foods at the base, including milk, cheese, margarine, bread, cereals and potato; a large section of supplemental vegetables and fruit; and an apex of supplemental meat, fish and egg. The pyramid competed with the National Board's "dietary circle," which KF saw as problematic for resembling a cake divided into seven slices, and for not indicating how much of each food should be eaten. While the Board distanced itself from the pyramid, KF continued to promote it, and food pyramids were developed in other Scandinavian countries, as well as West Germany, Japan and Sri Lanka. The United States later developed its first food pyramid in 1992.
Food pyramid published by the WHO and FAO[edit]
The World Health Organization, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization, published guidelines that can effectively be represented in a food pyramid relating to objectives to prevent obesity, chronic diseases and dental caries based on meta-analysis [7][8] though they represent it as a table rather than a "pyramid". The structure is similar in some respects to the USDA food pyramid, but there are clear distinctions between types of fats, and a more dramatic distinction where carbohydrates are split on the basis of free sugars versus sugars in their natural form. Some food substances are singled out due to the impact on the target issues the "pyramid" is meant to address, while in a later revision, some recommendations are omitted since they follow automatically from other recommendations while other sub-categories are added. The reports quoted here explain that where there is no stated lower limit in the table below, there is no requirement for that nutrient in the diet.
A "simplified" representation of the "Food Pyramid" from the 2002 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation recommendations
Dietary factor
1989 WHO Study Group recommendations
2002 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation recommendations
Total fat 15–30% 15–30%
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) 0–10% <10%
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 3–7% 6–10%
n-6 PUFAs 5–8%
n-3 PUFAs 1–2%
Trans fatty acids <1%
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) By difference
Total carbohydrate 55–75% 55–75%
Free sugars 0–10% <10%
Complex carbohydrate 50–70% No recommendation
Protein 10–15% 10–15%
Cholesterol 5000000000000000000♠0–300 mg/day < 300 mg/day
Sodium chloride (Sodium) 6997600000000000000♠< 6 g/day < 5 g/day (< 2 g/day)
Fruits and vegetables ≥ 400 g/day ≥ 400 g/day
Pulses, nuts and seeds ≥ 30 g/day (as part of the 400 g of fruit and vegetables)
Total dietary fiber 27–40 g/day From foods
NSP 16–24 g/day From foods
All percentages are percentages of calories, not of weight or volume. To understand why, consider the determination of an amount of "10% free sugar" to include in a day's worth of calories. For the same amount of calories, free sugars take up less volume and weight, being refined and extracted from the competing carbohydrates in their natural form. In a similar manner all the items are in competition for various categories of calories.
The representation as a pyramid is not precise, and involves variations due to the alternative percentages of different elements, but the main sections can be represented.
USDA food pyramid[edit]
History[edit]
Main article: History of USDA nutrition guides
The USDA's original food pyramid from 1992, (OUTDATED)[9]
The USDA's updated food pyramid from 2005, MyPyramid.
The USDA food pyramid was created in 1992 and divided into six horizontal sections containing depictions of foods from each section's food group. It was updated in 2005 with colorful vertical wedges replacing the horizontal sections and renamed MyPyramid. MyPyramid was often displayed with the food images absent, creating a more abstract design. In an effort to restructure food nutrition guidelines, the USDA rolled out its new MyPlate program in June 2011. My Plate is divided into four slightly different sized quadrants, with fruits and vegetables taking up half the space, and grains and protein making up the other half. The vegetables and grains portions are the largest of the four.
A modified food pyramid was proposed in 1999 for adults aged over 70.[10][11]
Vegetables[edit]
A vegetable is a part of a plant consumed by humans that is generally savory but is not sweet. A vegetable is not considered a grain, fruit, nut, spice, or herb. For example, the stem, root, flower, etc., may be eaten as vegetables. Vegetables contain many vitamins and minerals; however, different vegetables contain different spreads, so it is important to eat a wide variety of types. For example, green vegetables typically contain vitamin A, dark orange and dark green vegetables contain vitamin C, and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium. Vegetables are very low in fats and calories, but ingredients added in preparation can often add these.
Grains[edit]
These foods provide complex carbohydrates, which are an important source of energy, especially for a low-fat meal plan. Examples include corn, wheat, pasta, and rice.
Fruits[edit]
In terms of food (rather than botany), fruits are the sweet-tasting seed-bearing parts of plants, or occasionally sweet parts of plants which do not bear seeds. These include apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, etc. Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars, fiber and vitamins. Processing fruit when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients. The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group. Note that a massive number of different plant species produce seed pods which are considered fruits in botany, and there are a number of botanical fruits which are conventionally not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste, e.g., tomatoes or avocados.
Oils and sweets[edit]
A food pyramid's tip is the smallest part, so the fats and sweets in the top of the Food Pyramid should comprise the smallest percentage of the diet. The foods at the top of the food pyramid should be eaten sparingly because they provide calories, but not much in the way of nutrition. These foods include salad dressings, oils, cream, butter, margarine, sugars, soft drinks, candies, and sweet desserts.
Dairy[edit]
Dairy products are produced from the milk of mammals, usually but not exclusively cattle. They include milk, yogurt and cheese. Milk and its derivative products are a rich source of dietary calcium and also provide protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D. However, many dairy products are high in saturated fat and cholesterol compared to vegetables, fruits and whole grains, which is why skimmed products are available as an alternative. Historically, adults were recommended to consume three cups of dairy products per day.[12] More recently, evidence is mounting that dairy products have greater levels of negative effects on health than previously thought and confer fewer benefits. For example, recent research has shown that dairy products are not related to stronger bones or less fractures; on the flip side, another study showed that milk (and yogurt) consumption results in higher bone mineral density in the hip. Overall, the majority of research suggests that dairy has some beneficial effects on bone health, in part because of milk's other nutrients.[13][14][15]
Meat and beans[edit]
Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs.
The meat group is one of the major compacted food groups in the food guide pyramid. Many of the same nutrients found in meat can also be found in foods like eggs, dry beans, and nuts, such foods are typically placed in the same category as meats, as meat alternatives. These include tofu, products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy, eggs, and cheeses. For those who do not consume meat or animal products (see Vegetarianism, veganism and Taboo food and drink), meat analogs, tofu, beans, lentils, chick peas, nuts and other high-protein vegetables are also included in this group. The food guide pyramid suggests that adults eat 2–3 servings per day. One serving of meat is 4 oz (110 g), about the size of a deck of cards.
Controversy[edit]
USDA food pyramid
Inside the pyramid
Many nutritional experts, like Harvard nutritionist Dr. Walter Willett, believe the 1992 pyramid does not reflect the latest research on dietetics.[16] Certain dietary choices that have been linked to heart disease, such as an 8 oz (230 g) serving of hamburger daily, were technically permitted under the pyramid. The pyramid also lacked differentiation within the protein-rich group ("Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts").[17]
In April 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) halted publication of its Eating Right Pyramid, due to objections raised by meat and dairy lobbying groups concerning the guide’s display of their products. Despite the USDA’s explanations that the guide required further research and testing, it was not until one year later—after its content was supported by additional research—that the Eating Right Pyramid was officially released. This time, even the guide’s graphic design was altered to appease industry concerns. This incident was only one of many in which the food industry attempted to alter federal dietary recommendations in their own economic self-interest.[18]
Some of the recommended quantities for the different types of food in the old pyramid have also come under criticism for lack of clarity. For instance, the pyramid recommends two to three servings from the protein-rich group, but this is intended to be a maximum. The pyramid recommends two to four fruit servings, but this is intended to be the minimum.[19]
The fats group as a whole have been put at the tip of the pyramid, under the direction to eat as little as possible, which is largely problematic. Under the guide, one would assume to avoid fats and fatty foods, which can lead to health problems. For one, fat is essential in a person's general sustainability.[20][21][22] Research suggests that unsaturated fats aid in weight loss, reduce heart disease risk,[23] lower blood sugar, and even lower cholesterol.[24][25][26] These fats can be found in olive oil,[27][28] nuts,[29][30] pesto,[31] seafood (including fish, shrimp, squid, and krill among many more)[32][33] and avocados.[34][35] Also, they are very long sustaining, and help keep blood sugar at a steady level.[36][37] On top of that, these fats help brain function as well.[38]
Several books have claimed that food and agricultural associations exert undue political power on the USDA.[39][40] Food industries, such as milk companies, have been accused of influencing the United States Department of Agriculture into making the colored spots on the newly created food pyramid larger for their particular product. The milk section has been claimed to be the easiest to see out of the six sections of the pyramid, making individuals believe that more milk should be consumed on a daily basis compared to the others.[41] Furthermore, the inclusion of milk as a group unto itself implies that is an essential part of a healthy diet, despite the many people who are lactose intolerant or choose to abstain from dairy, and a number of cultures that have historically consumed little if any dairy products. Joel Fuhrman says in his book Eat to Live that U.S. taxpayers must contribute $20 billion on price supports to artificially reduce the price of cattle feed to benefit the dairy, beef and veal industries, and then pay the medical bills for an overweight population.[42] He asks if the USDA is under the influence of the food industry, because a food pyramid based on science would have vegetables at its foundation.[42]
These controversies prompted the creation of pyramids for specific audiences, particularly the mediterranean pyramid in 1993[43] and some Vegetarian Diet Pyramids.[44][45][46][47]
Alternatives[edit]
Main article: Healthy eating pyramid
The Harvard School of Public Health proposes a healthy eating pyramid, which includes calcium and multi-vitamin supplements as well as moderate amounts of alcohol, as an alternative to the Food Guide Pyramid. Many observers[who?] believe that the Harvard pyramid follows the results of nutrition studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals more closely.[citation needed] But in their book Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever, published in 2004, Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman M.D., point out that the guidelines provided in the Harvard Pyramid fail to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy oils. In addition, whole-grain foods are given more priority than vegetables, which should not be the case, as vegetables have a lower glycemic load. Other observations are that fish should be given a higher priority due to its high omega-3 content, and that high fat dairy products should be excluded. As an alternative, the authors postulate a new food pyramid, emphasising low glycemic-load vegetables, healthy fats, such as avocados, nuts and seeds, lean animal protein, fish, and extra virgin olive oil.
Main article: MyPlate
The MyPlate food guide icon
The University of Michigan Integrative Medicine’s Healing Foods Pyramid emphasizes plant-based choices, variety and balance. It includes sections for seasonings and water as well as healthy fats.
MyPlate is the current nutrition guide published by the United States Department of Agriculture, depicting a place setting with a plate and glass divided into five food groups. It replaced the USDA's MyPyramid guide on June 2, 2011, concluding 19 years of USDA food pyramid diagrams.
See also[edit]
Food portal
Government of the United States portal
5 A Day
Food and Nutrition Service
The Food Balance Wheel alternate interpretation of the Food Guide Pyramid
Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
Healthy diet
Healthy eating pyramid
History of USDA nutrition guides
Human nutrition
List of nutrition guides
MyPlate
MyPyramid
Nutrition Education
Overall Nutritional Quality Index
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Ett provkok blev provkök" (in Swedish). kf.se. 2008-10-03. Archived from the original on 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "KF Provkök lanserar idén om basmat (engl.: KF test-kitchen introduces the idea of foodgroups)" (in Swedish). coop.se. 1973. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "matpyramid". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nutrition Plate Unveiled, Replacing Food Pyramid". The New York Times. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
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Jump up ^ Melnick, Meredith. "The USDA Ditches the Food Pyramid for a Plate". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Russell, Robert M.; Rasmussen, Helen; Lichtenstein, Alice H. (1999). "Modified Food Guide Pyramid for people over seventy years of age". The Journal of Nutrition. 129 (3): 751–753. PMID 10082784.
Jump up ^ Lichtenstein, A. H.; Rasmussen, H; Yu, W. W.; Epstein, S. R.; Russell, R. M. (2008). "Modified My Pyramid for Older Adults". The Journal of Nutrition. 138 (1): 5–11. PMID 18156396.
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Jump up ^ "Food Pyramids: What Should You Really Eat?". Harvard School of Public Health. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
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Jump up ^ Schlosberg, Suzanna; Neporent, Liz (2005-03-01). Fitness for Dummies. "For Dummies"and you.
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Jump up ^ Stoll, A.L.; Locke, C.A.; Marangell, L.B.; Severus, W.E. (1999). "Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: A review". Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 60 (5–6): 329–337. doi:10.1016/S0952-3278(99)80008-8.
Jump up ^ Simopoulos, Artemis P (1999). "Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70 (3 Suppl): 560–569. PMID 10479232.
Jump up ^ Hu, FB; Manson, JE; Willett, WC (2001). "Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: A critical review". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 20 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719008. PMID 11293467.
Jump up ^ Christine L Pelkman; Valerie K Fishell; Deborah H Maddox; Thomas A Pearson; David T Mauger; Penny M Kris-Etherton (February 2004). "Effects of moderate-fat (from monounsaturated fat) and low-fat weight-loss diets on the serum lipid profile in overweight and obese men and women" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 (2): 204–212. PMID 14749224. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
Jump up ^ Hu, Frank B.; Willett, WC (2002). "Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease". JAMA. 288 (20): 2569–78. doi:10.1001/jama.288.20.2569. PMID 12444864.
Jump up ^ Dobbins, RL; Chester, MW; Daniels, MB; McGarry, JD; Stein, DT (1998). "Circulating fatty acids are essential for efficient glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after prolonged fasting in humans". Diabetes. 47 (10): 1613–8. doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.10.1613. PMID 9753300.
Jump up ^ Nouros, Panayotis G.; Georgiou, Constantinos A.; Polissiou, Moschos G. (1997). "Automated flow injection spectrophotometric non-aqueous titrimetric determination of the free fatty acid content of olive oil". Analytica Chimica Acta. 351: 291–297. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00370-X.
Jump up ^ Perez-Jimenez, F; Espino, A; Lopez-Segura, F; Blanco, J; Ruiz-Gutierrez, V; Prada, JL; Lopez-Miranda, J; Jimenez-Pereperez, J; Ordovas, JM (1995). "Lipoprotein concentrations in normolipidemic males consuming oleic acid-rich diets from two different sources: Olive oil and oleic acid-rich sunflower oil". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 62 (4): 769–75. PMID 7572707.
Jump up ^ Nash, Stephen D.; Westpfal, Matthew (2005). "Cardiovascular benefits of nuts". The American Journal of Cardiology. 95 (8): 963–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.035. PMID 15820163.
Jump up ^ Maguire, LS; O'Sullivan, SM; Galvin, K; O'Connor, TP; O'Brien, NM (2004). "Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut". International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 55 (3): 171–8. doi:10.1080/09637480410001725175. PMID 15223592.
Jump up ^ Brufau, Gemma; Boatella, Josep; Rafecas, Magda (2007). "Nuts: Source of energy and macronutrients". British Journal of Nutrition. 96: S24–8. doi:10.1017/BJN20061860. PMID 17125529.
Jump up ^ Arts, Michael T; Ackman, Robert G; Holub, Bruce J (2001). ""Essential fatty acids" in aquatic ecosystems: A crucial link between diet and human health and evolution". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 58: 122–137. doi:10.1139/f00-224.
Jump up ^ Kris-Etherton, P. M.; Harris, W. S.; Appel, L. J.; Nutrition, Committee (2003). "Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 23 (2): e20–30. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000038493.65177.94. PMID 12588785.
Jump up ^ Lerman-Garber, I; Ichazo-Cerro, S; Zamora-González, J; Cardoso-Saldaña, G; Posadas-Romero, C (1994). "Effect of a high-monounsaturated fat diet enriched with avocado in NIDDM patients". Diabetes Care. 17 (4): 311–5. doi:10.2337/diacare.17.4.311. PMID 8026287.
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Jump up ^ Toft, Ingrid (1995-12-15). "Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Glucose Homeostasis and Blood Pressure in Essential Hypertension: A Randomized, Controlled Trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 123 (12): 911–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-123-12-199512150-00003. PMID 7486485.
Jump up ^ McCann, JC; Ames, BN (2005). "Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 82 (2): 281–95. PMID 16087970.
Jump up ^ Campbell, C.T. and Campbell, T.W., The China Study, (Dallas:BenBella Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-932100-38-9 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-935251-00-2 (ebook))
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^ Jump up to: a b Fuhrman, Joel, M.D. (2011) [2003]. Eat to Live. Little, Brown (Hachette). pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-0-316-12091-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ António José Marques da Silva (2015). La diète méditerranéenne. Discours et pratiques alimentaires en Méditerranée (vol. 2). Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-2-343-06151-1.
Jump up ^ Haddad, Ella (1994). "Development of a vegetarian food guide" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 (52(suppl)): 1248S–1254S. PMID 8172130. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
Jump up ^ Venti, Carol; Johnston, CS (2002). "Modified Food Guide Pyramid for Lactovegetarians and Vegans" (PDF). The Journal of Nutrition. 132 (5): 1050–1054. PMID 11983836. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
Jump up ^ Messina, Virginia; Melina, V; Mangels, AR (2007). "A New Food Guide: For North American Vegetarians". Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research. 64 (2): 82–86. doi:10.3148/64.2.2003.82. PMID 12826029.
Jump up ^ http://veganfoodpyramid.com Also in other languages: http://veganfoodpyramid.com/downloads.php
External links[edit]
USDA Dietary Guidelines
Tufts Researchers Update Their Food Guide Pyramid for Older Adults
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