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Versace on the Floor
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"Versace on the Floor"
Single by Bruno Mars
from the album 24K Magic
Released
June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)
Format
Digital download
streaming
Genre
R&B
Length
4:21
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Bruno Mars
Philip Lawrence
Christopher Brody Brown
James Fauntleroy
Producer(s)
Shampoo Press & Curl
Bruno Mars singles chronology
"That's What I Like"
(2017) "Versace on the Floor"
(2017) "Chunky"
(2017)
Music video
"Versace on the Floor" on YouTube
"Versace on the Floor" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars from his third studio album, 24K Magic (2016). The song was released to Hot AC radio on June 12, 2017, as the album's third single in the United States.[1] The track was originally released by Atlantic Records as a promotional single on November 4, 2016, for digital download and streaming.[2] The song was written by Mars and frequent co-writers Philip Lawrence, Brody Brown and James Fauntleroy, while Shampoo Press & Curl handled the production.[3] It is an R&B slow-paced track about Mars' connection with a woman, whose Versace dress rests on the floor while they enjoy each other's company.[4] On June 27, 2017, French DJ David Guetta released a remix version of the song.
Contents
1 Background
2 Release and production
3 Composition
4 Critical reception
5 Music video
6 Live performances
7 Credits and personnel
8 Charts
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
9 Certifications
10 Release history
11 David Guetta remix
11.1 Credits and personnel
11.2 Track listing
11.3 Charts
11.4 Release history
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Background[edit]
Initially, the song had six versions, as Mars called its original demo a "poolside version", which had a "piña colada vibe" and contained lyrics such as "fly through a storm on a unicorn ... Make love on a mountain, bathe in a fountain."[5] However, Mars and his team remixed the beat in order to avoid the poolside vibe that flowed in the early versions of the track. The resulting version featured the same lyrics but had a "more epic musical track". According to Mars, it was about to be included on the album but "something" was bothering him: "We're painting this picture – both in silk, I'm promising the world. But I'm not singing. This is supposed to be a big ballad on the album, but I'm not giving it to 'em! If we're gonna really, dramatically slow things down, I've got to be singing some shit."[5] Mars and his team rewrote the lyrics and melody. The final version sounded like a "Boyz II Men–ish anthem that climaxes with an indelible hook".[5] In an interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Mars "says he wanted to re-create the feeling of the R&B he fell in love with as a kid".[5]
Release and production[edit]
"Versace on the Floor" was co-written by Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Christopher Brody Brown and James Fauntleroy. Its production was handled by the former three under their alias, Shampoo Press & Curl. Greg Phillinganes played the keyboards, while Mars, Fauntleroy, and Lawrence served as the recording's background vocalists. The recording was done and engineered by Charles Moniz with additional engineering assistance by Jacob Dennis at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank, California. It was mixed at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach by Serban Ghenea, with John Hanes serving as mixing engineer. Tom Coyne mastered the song at Sterling Sound in New York City.[6]
"Versace on the Floor" was initially released as the only promotional single taken from 24K Magic, on November 4, 2016 to promote the new album.[7] The song later became the album's official third single in the US and was sent to Hot AC radio stations on June 12, 2017, in the United States by Atlantic Records.[1] A day later, it impacted American contemporary hit radio and rhythmic contemporary stations via Atlantic Records.[8][9]
An edit of the album version was released as the standard radio version in the US, while a more upbeat version produced by David Guetta was released internationally as the standard radio version.
Composition[edit]
"Versace on the Floor" is a slow jam.[5][10] The song is performed in the key of D major with a tempo of 87 beats per minute.[11] The song moves in common time, and Mars' vocals span one-and-a-half octaves, from A3 to D5.[12]
Critical reception[edit]
Will Robinson of Entertainment Weekly compared the song to "When I Was Your Man" but noticed that "Versace on the Floor" is "less wistful and more romantic" than the Unorthodox Jukebox track.[13] Sasha Geffen of MTV News felt the track was "delightfully smooth" and that it is "powered by a keyboard tone that should instantly give ... flashbacks to eighth-grade slow dances".[14]
Several reviews from GQ found the song to be a "slow-jam throwback" sounding like a song from the 1990s inspired by Boyz II Men, and found its lyrics sexual. They dubbed the song as R&B.[15] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as a "punch of mid-to-late '80s R&B evolution", as well as "dreamy New Edition homage with cool synthesizers forming a cradle for Mr. Mars" and addressed Mars' singing as providing a tender start which later in the song "tweaks the original style, unleashing the more forceful side of his voice to curdle sweetness into hunger."[16] Josh Eells of Rolling Stone felt that the song seemed to draw inspiration from Selena's "Dreaming of You" and Michael Jackson's "Man in the Mirror".[17] Vibe magazine's Desire Thompson felt the lyrics are "seductive" and that the song evokes an "80's nostalgia", comparing the song to the "early sounds" of Jackson.[18] Andrew Unterberger of Billboard magazine noted that Freddie Jackson's 80's single "Rock Me Tonight (For Old Times Sake)" "reverberates throughout Bruno's show-stopping 24K Magic centerpiece".[19] Gray Trust from Billboard found the single to be a "90s-reminsicent R&B ballad".[20]
Music video[edit]
The music video for "Versace on the Floor" premiered on August 13, 2017 and features American actress, singer, and dancer Zendaya.[21]
Live performances[edit]
Mars performed "Versace on the Floor" during the 2017 Billboard Music Awards.[22]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Recording
Recorded at: Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank, California; mixed at MixStar Studios, Virginia Beach, Virginia.
Personnel
Bruno Mars – lead vocals, songwriting, background vocals
Phillip Lawrence – songwriting, background vocals
Christopher Brody Brown – songwriting
James Fauntleroy – songwriting, background vocals
Shampoo Press & Curl – production
Greg Phillinganes – keyboards
Charles Moniz – recording, engineering
Jacob Dennis – engineering assistance
Serban Ghenea – mixing
John Hanes – mix engineering
Tom Coyne – mastering
Credits adapted from the liner notes of 24K Magic, Atlantic Records[6]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016–18)
Peak
position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[23]
17
Australia (ARIA)[24]
57
Bolivia (Monitor Latino)[25]
5
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[26]
43
Canada AC (Billboard)[27]
36
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[28]
30
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[29]
25
Colombia (National-Report)[30]
80
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[31]
47
Ecuador (National-Report)[32]
41
France (SNEP)[33]
46
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[34]
22
Hungary (Single Top 40)[35]
13
Israel (Media Forest)[36]
2
Italy (FIMI)[37]
82
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[38]
64
Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[39]
34
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[40]
27
Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[41]
3
Portugal (AFP)[42]
90
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[43]
47
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[44]
55
South Korea International Chart (Gaon)[45]
18
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[46]
25
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[47]
59
US Billboard Hot 100[48]
33
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[49]
16
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[50]
7
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[51]
15
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[52]
19
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[53]
14
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[54]
69
Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[55]
69
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[56]
86
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[57]
59
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[58]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[59]
Gold 40,000^
France (SNEP)[60]
Gold 75,000*
Italy (FIMI)[61]
Platinum 50,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[62]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[63]
Platinum 1,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United States
November 4, 2016
Digital download
streaming – Promotional single
Atlantic [7]
June 12, 2017 Hot AC radio [1]
June 13, 2017 Contemporary hit radio [8]
Rhythmic contemporary [9]
David Guetta remix[edit]
"Versace on the Floor"
Single by Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta
Released
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
Format
Digital download
streaming
Recorded
2016–17
Genre
Garage house
Length
3:48
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Bruno Mars
Philip Lawrence
Christopher Brody Brown
James Fauntleroy
David Guetta (add.)
Giorgio Tuinfort (add.)
Producer(s)
Shampoo Press & Curl
David Guetta
Giorgio Tuinfort
David Guetta singles chronology
"2U"
(2017) "Versace on the Floor (Remix)"
(2017) "Complicated"
(2017)
On June 27, 2017, a version mixed by David Guetta was made available worldwide, it was also sent to Italian contemporary hit radio stations.[64][65] On July 7, 2017, it impacted contemporary hit radio stations in the United Kingdom.[66] The track serves as the album's third international single.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Recording
David Guetta – performer, production, music, programming
Giorgio Tuinfort – production, music, programming, piano
Marcel Schimmscheimer – bass
Pierre-Luc Rioux – guitar
Orchestra – Anna Pelser, Annelieke Marselje, Ben Mathot, David Faber, Diewertje Wanders, Douwe Nauta, Franck Heijden, Ian Jong, Judith Driel, Loes Dooren, Marije Jong, Marleen Wester, Riciotti Ensemble, Saskia Peters, Sofie Pol, Tseroeja Bos
Jeroen De Rijk – percussion
Paul Power – recording
Bosko – talkbox
Daddy's Groove – mixing, mastering
Credits adapted from Tidal: Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta – Versace On The Floor, Atlantic Records[67]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[64]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Versace on the Floor" (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta) 3:48
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[68]
5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[69]
8
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[70]
32
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Various
June 27, 2017
Digital download
streaming
Atlantic [a]
Italy
Contemporary hit radio Warner [65]
United Kingdom
July 7, 2017 Atlantic [66]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ On June 27, 2017, a remix for the single was made available worldwide.[64]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hot/Modern/Ac Future Releases". All Access. All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Versace on the Floor - Bruno Mars | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
Jump up ^ Bruno Mars – Versace On the Floor, retrieved 2017-06-11
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Eells, Josh (2016-11-02). "Bruno Mars: The Private Anxiety of a Pop Perfectionist". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
^ Jump up to: a b 24K Magic (CD booklet). Bruno Mars. United States: Atlantic Records. 2016. 558305-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, Gil (2016-08-21). "Bruno Mars Slows It Way Down For 'Versace on the Floor': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access. All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 40/R Future Releases". All Access. All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Empire, Kitty (2016-11-20). "Bruno Mars: 24K Magic review – blinged-up funk". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
Jump up ^ "24K Magic - Bruno Mars - Spot On Track". www.spotontrack.com. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Peter. "Bruno Mars "Versace on the Floor" Sheet Music in D Major (transposable) - Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Will (2016-11-03). "Bruno Mars releases new 24K Magic song Versace on the Floor". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Jump up ^ Geffen, Sasha (2016-11-04). "Bruno Mars's 'Versace On The Floor' Will Take You Back To Your First Middle-School Dance". MTV News. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
Jump up ^ Chris Gayomali; Max Berlinger (2014-01-04). "Bruno Mars Wants Us All to Know He's Had Sex with "Versace on the Floor"". GQ. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (2016-11-23). "Review: Bruno Mars Delivers Decades of Funk in '24K Magic'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Hear Bruno Mars' Romantic New Song 'Versace on the Floor'". Rolling Stone. 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Desire (2016-11-04). "Bruno Mars Releases Alluring Single, "Versace On The Floor"". Vibe. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew (2016-11-19). "Bruno Mars' '24K Magic': A Track-by-Track Guide". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7857090/hot-100-chart-moves-drake-record-solo-artists
Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-bruno-mars-versace-on-the-floor-video-with-zendaya-w497470
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Romances The 2017 Billboard Music Awards With His 'Versace On The Floor' Performance". billboard.com. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Argentina – Del 17 al 23 de Julio, 2017" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #428". auspOp. July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Bolivia – Del 9 al 15 de Octubre, 2017" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Colombia - Semana 27 del 2017 - Del 30/06/2017 al 6/07/2017" (in Spanish). National-Report. July 7, 2017. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201748 into search. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Ecuador" (in Spanish). National-Report. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 34" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mexico Airplay: Jul 29, 2017". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BillboardPH Hot 100". Billboard Philippines. June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201738 into search. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gaon Digital Chart – Week 47, 2016" (in Korean). Gaon. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Anual Argentina". Monitor Latino. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rapports Annuels 2017". Ultratop. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rádiós Top 100 – hallgatottsági adatok alapján – 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs: Year-End 2017". Billboard. Billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2018 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter Versace on the Floor in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Bruno Mars – Versace On the Floor". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b c
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)". Apple Music (BR). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)" (in German). Apple Music (DE). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)" (in French). Apple Music (FR). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)" (in Indonesian). Apple Music (ID). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)". Apple Music (IE). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)" (in Japanese). Apple Music (JP). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
"Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)". Apple Music (PH). Retrieved August 23, 2017. "Versace On The Floor (Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta)". Apple Music (US). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bruno Mars – Versace on the Floor" (in Italian). Radio Airplay SRL. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist". BBC Radio 1. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Versace On The Floor (Inlay notes). Bruno Mars, David Guetta. Europe: Atlantic Records. 2017. 756-798-9177-8.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta – Versace on the Floor" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bruno Mars vs. David Guetta – Versace on the Floor" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
External links[edit]
"Versace on the Floor" official audio on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Flower of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the song. For the national flower of Scotland, see thistle.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Flower of Scotland
Unofficial anthem of Scotland
Lyrics
Roy Williamson
Music
Roy Williamson
v
t
e
"Flower of Scotland" (Scots: Flouer o Scotland, Scottish Gaelic: Flùr na h-Alba) is a Scottish song, used frequently at special occasions and sporting events. Although there is no official national anthem of Scotland, "Flower of Scotland" is one of a number of songs which fulfil this role, along with the older "Scots Wha Hae", and "Scotland the Brave", amongst others.[1][2] Roy Williamson of the folk group the Corries wrote both the words and music for the song.[3] The lyrics refer to the victory of the Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, over England's Edward II at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Popular use
3 References
4 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The song was composed and is sung in English, typically with Scots pronunciation of a few words (e.g. "Tae" as opposed to "To").
English
O Flower of Scotland,
When will we see
Your like again,
That fought and died for,
Your wee bit Hill and Glen,
And stood against him (against who?),
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
To think again.

The Hills are bare now,
And Autumn leaves
lie thick and still,
O'er land that is lost now,
Which those so dearly held,
That stood against him (against who?),
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
To think again.

Those days are past now,
And in the past
they must remain,
But we can still rise now,
And be the nation again,
That stood against him (against who?),
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
To think again.
Scots[citation needed]
O Flouer o Scotland,
Whan will we see
Yer like again,
That focht an dee'd for,
Yer wee bit Hill an Glen,
An stuid agin him (agin ho?),
Prood Edwart's Airmie,
An sent him hamewart,
Tae think again.

The Hills is bare nou,
An Autumn leafs
Lies thick an still,
Ower land that is tint nou,
That thae sae dearlie held,
That stuid agin him (agin ho?),
Prood Edwart's Airmie,
An sent him hamewart,
Tae think again.

Thir days is past nou,
An in the past
Thay maun bide,
But we can aye rise nou,
An be the naition again,
That stuid agin him (agin ho?),
Prood Edwart's Airmie,
An sent him hamewart,
Tae think again.
Scottish Gaelic[citation needed]
O Fhlùir na h-Alba,
cuin a chì sinn
an seòrsa laoich
a sheas gu bàs 'son
am bileag feòir is fraoich,
a sheas an aghaidh (an aghaidh cò?)
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaidh
air chaochladh smaoin?

Na cnuic tha lomnochd
's tha duilleach Foghair
mar bhrat air làr,
am fearann caillte
dan tug na seòid ud gràdh,
a sheas an aghaidh (an aghaidh cò?)
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaigh
air chaochladh smaoin.

Tha 'n eachdraidh dùinte
ach air dìochuimhne
chan fheum i bhith,
is faodaidh sinn èirigh
gu bhith nar Rìoghachd a-rìs
a sheas an aghaidh (an aghaidh cò?)
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaidh
air chaochladh smaoin.
Popular use[edit]
The song has been used as a National Anthem by the Scotland national rugby union team, ever since the winger, Billy Steele, encouraged his team-mates to sing it on the victorious Lions tour of South Africa in 1974.[4] The song was adopted as the pre-game anthem during the deciding match of the 1990 Five Nations Championship between Scotland and England, which Scotland won 13–7 to win the Grand Slam.[5] The Scottish Football Association adopted "Flower of Scotland" as its pre-game national anthem in 1997[6] although it was first used by them in 1993.[7] Usually only the first and third verses are sung. At any home International Scotland Rugby union test match the first verse is accompanied by bagpipes followed by the third verse unaccompanied by any instrument.[8]
When sung at sporting events, crowds will often call back after certain lines:[9] after the words "and stood against him", "England" or "Gainst who?" may be heard.
The song was sung at boxer Jim Watt's fights.
The song was used as the victory anthem of Team Scotland at the Commonwealth Games in 2010 replacing "Scotland the Brave". This trend continued to the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow where it was again Team Scotland's anthem and was sung following a Scottish first place. (notably it was sung 4 times when Team Scotland won 4 gold medals in the opening day).[10] This usage continued at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
The tune was originally composed on the Northumbrian smallpipes,[citation needed] which play in D and have the benefit of keys on the chanter to achieve a greater range of notes.
Ewan McGregor performed the song in Magadan in Russia in 2004 for the filming of the TV show Long Way Round.
In July 2006, the Royal Scottish National Orchestra conducted an online poll (publicised by Reporting Scotland) in which voters could choose a national anthem from one of five candidates.[11] 10,000 people took part in the poll in which Flower of Scotland came out the winner. The results were as follows:
Tune
Votes (%)
Flower of Scotland 41%
Scotland the Brave 29%
Highland Cathedral 16%
Is There for Honest Poverty 8%
Scots Wha Hae 6%
Scottish pirate metal band Alestorm have performed a cover of it live and recorded it, which is on their album Captain Morgan's Revenge. In addition, the Canadian Scottish-influenced Celtic Punk band The Real McKenzies have included the song on the album "Loch'd & Loaded" as well a staple in their live performance among many other traditional Scottish ballads.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, the song was sung at Edinburgh Castle by 53 Scottish children selected from schools across Scotland.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Action call over national anthem". BBC News. BBC. 21 March 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Scots anthem call rejected". BBC News. BBC. 29 October 2003. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
Jump up ^ The Corries website Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. – (visited 28 August 2007)
Jump up ^ SONGS OF THE SIX NATIONS Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Perfect Rugby Anthem – Flower of Scotland!" WalesOnline, 7 February 2009 (visited 26 May 2011)
Jump up ^ "BBC Sport Academy – The Flower of Scotland". BBC Sports. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Why SFA president wants to scrap Flower of Scotland 'dirge'". The Herald (Scotland). 3 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Match vs Liechtenstein". Dailymotion.
Jump up ^ "Flower Of Scotland At Hampden Park". www.youtube.com.
Jump up ^ "Glasgow 2014: Scotland open Games by winning four golds".
Jump up ^ "Flower of Scotland is first choice in RSNO anthem poll". heraldscotland. 2006-07-03. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "London 2012: Scottish choir sings for opening ceremony". BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
External links[edit]
Flower of Scotland – The website "Cantaria" has a page dedicated to the song, featuring the lyrics and an MP3 file of the song sung by Wild Mountain Thyme.
The Flower of Scotland – The website "Modern History Sourcebook" also has a page on the song, featuring midi files.
The Flower of Scotland – Translation of lyrics into Scots Gaelic.
Page with eight National Anthem candidate songs, with lyrics and comments
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Flower of Scotland
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History of glass
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Roman cage cup from the 4th century AD
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The history of glass-making can be traced back to 3500 BC Asia in Mesopotamia, however, they may have been producing second-rate copies of glass objects from Egypt, where this complex craft actually originated.[1] Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt.[2] The earliest known glass objects, of the mid second millennium BC, were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.[n 1] Glass products remained a luxury until the disasters that overtook the late Bronze Age civilizations seemingly brought glass-making to a halt.
Development of glass technology in India may have begun in 1730 BC.[3] In ancient China, though, glass-making seems to have had a late start compared to ceramics and metal work. From across the former Roman Empire archaeologists have recovered glass objects that were used in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was even used in jewelry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 History by culture
2.1 India
2.2 China
2.3 Romans
2.4 Islamic world
2.5 Medieval Europe
2.5.1 Anglo-Saxon world
2.5.2 Murano
2.5.3 Bohemia
3 Modern glass production
3.1 New processes
3.2 Industrial production
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
Origins[edit]
Ancient Greek glass amphora from the Hellenistic period.
Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or ancient Egypt.[2] Because of Egypt's favorable environment for preservation, the majority of well-studied early glass is found there, although some of this is likely to have been imported. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid third millennium BC, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.[n 1]
During the Late Bronze Age in Egypt (e.g., the Ahhotep "Treasure") and Western Asia (e.g. Megiddo)[4] there was a rapid growth in glass-making technology. Archaeological finds from this period include colored glass ingots, vessels (often colored and shaped in imitation of highly prized hardstone carvings in semi-precious stones) and the ubiquitous beads. The alkali of Syrian and Egyptian glass was soda ash, sodium carbonate, which can be extracted from the ashes of many plants, notably halophile seashore plants: (see saltwort). The earliest vessels were 'core-formed', produced by winding a ductile rope of glass round a shaped core of sand and clay over a metal rod, then fusing it with repeated reheatings.
Threads of thin glass of different colors made with admixtures of oxides were subsequently wound around these to create patterns, which could be drawn into festoons by using metal raking tools. The vessel would then be rolled smooth ('marvered') on a slab in order to press the decorative threads into its body. Handles and feet were applied separately. The rod was subsequently allowed to cool as the glass slowly annealed and was eventually removed from the center of the vessel, after which the core material was scraped out. Glass shapes for inlays were also often created in moulds. Much early glass production, however, relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stone working. This meant that the glass was ground and carved in a cold state.[5]
By the 15th century BC extensive glass production was occurring in Western Asia, Crete and Egypt and the Mycenaean Greek term 𐀓𐀷𐀜𐀺𐀒𐀂, ku-wa-no-wo-ko-i, meaning "workers of lapis lazuli and glass" (written in Linear b syllabic script) is attested.[6][7][8][n 2][n 3] It is thought the techniques and recipes required for the initial fusing of glass from raw materials was a closely guarded technological secret reserved for the large palace industries of powerful states. Glass workers in other areas therefore relied on imports of pre-formed glass, often in the form of cast ingots such as those found on the Ulu Burun shipwreck off the coast of modern Turkey.
An early 18th-century goblet with coats of arms in the District Museum in Tarnów is one of the highest (54.3 cm, 21.4 in) preserved examples of artistry of less known Lubaczów glass manufacturing factory.[11] The goblet was almost entirely covered with a pattern of so-called carp scales and hand-engraved decoration.[11]
Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. It picked up again in its former sites, in Syria and Cyprus, in the 9th century BC, when the techniques for making colorless glass were discovered. The first glassmaking "manual" dates back to ca. 650 BC. Instructions on how to make glass are contained in cuneiform tablets discovered in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. In Egypt glass-making did not revive until it was reintroduced in Ptolemaic Alexandria. Core-formed vessels and beads were still widely produced, but other techniques came to the fore with experimentation and technological advancements. During the Hellenistic period many new techniques of glass production were introduced and glass began to be used to make larger pieces, notably table wares. Techniques developed during this period include 'slumping' viscous (but not fully molten) glass over a mould in order to form a dish and 'millefiori' (meaning 'thousand flowers') technique, where canes of multi-colored glass were sliced and the slices arranged together and fused in a mould to create a mosaic-like effect. It was also during this period that colorless or decolored glass began to be prized and methods for achieving this effect were investigated more fully.[12]
According to Pliny the Elder, Phoenician traders were the first to stumble upon glass manufacturing techniques at the site of the Belus River. Georgius Agricola, in De re metallica, reported a traditional serendipitous "discovery" tale of familiar type:
"The tradition is that a merchant ship laden with nitrum being moored at this place, the merchants were preparing their meal on the beach, and not having stones to prop up their pots, they used lumps of nitrum from the ship, which fused and mixed with the sands of the shore, and there flowed streams of a new translucent liquid, and thus was the origin of glass."[13]
This account is more a reflection of Roman experience of glass production, however, as white silica sand from this area was used in the production of glass within the Roman Empire due to its high purity levels. During the 1st century BC glass blowing was discovered on the Syro-Judean coast, revolutionizing the industry. Glass vessels were now inexpensive compared to pottery vessels. A growth of the use of glass products occurred throughout the Roman world.[citation needed] Glass became the Roman plastic, and glass containers produced in Alexandria[citation needed] spread throughout the Roman Empire. With the discovery of clear glass (through the introduction of manganese dioxide), by glass blowers in Alexandria circa 100 AD, the Romans began to use glass for architectural purposes. Cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical qualities, began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Over the next 1,000 years, glass making and working continued and spread through southern Europe and beyond.
History by culture[edit]
India[edit]
Indian development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BC.[3] Evidence of this culture includes a red-brown glass bead along with a hoard of beads dating to that period, making it the earliest attested glass from the Indus Valley locations.[3] Glass discovered from later sites dating from 600–300 BC displays common colors.[3]
Chalcolithic evidence of glass has been found in Hastinapur, India.[14] Some of the texts which mention glass in India are the Shatapatha Brahmana and Vinaya Pitaka.[14] However, the first unmistakable evidence in large quantities, dating from the 3rd century BC, has been uncovered from the archaeological site in Takshashila, Pakistan, with bangles, beads, small vessels, and tiles discovered in quantity.[14]
By the 1st century AD, glass was being used for ornaments and casing in South Asia.[14] Contact with the Greco-Roman world added newer techniques, and Indians artisans mastered several techniques of glass molding, decorating and coloring by the succeeding centuries.[14] The Satavahana period of India also produced short cylinders of composite glass, including those displaying a lemon yellow matrix covered with green glass.[15]
China[edit]
Main articles: Ancient Chinese glass and Peking glass
Blue glass plaques found in the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King, dating from late 2nd century BC
In Chinese history, glass played a peripheral role in the arts and crafts, when compared to ceramics and metal work.[16] The limited archaeological distribution and use of glass objects are evidence of the rarity of the material. Literary sources date the first manufacture of glass to the 5th century AD.[17] However, the earliest archaeological evidence for glass manufacture in China comes from the late Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC to 221 BC).
Chinese learned to manufacture glass comparably later than the Mesopotamians, Egyptians and Indians.[18] Imported glass objects first reached China during the late Spring and Autumn period – early Warring States period (early 5th century BC), in the form of polychrome ‘eye beads’.[19] These imports created the impetus for the production of indigenous glass beads.
During the Han period (206 BC to 220 AD) the use of glass diversified. The introduction of glass casting in this period encouraged the production of moulded objects, such as bi disks and other ritual objects.[18] The Chinese glass objects from the Warring States period and Han Dynasty vary greatly in chemical composition from the imported glass objects. The glasses from this period contain high levels of barium oxide (BaO) and lead, distinguishing them from the soda-lime-silica glasses of Western Asia and Mesopotamia.[20] At the end of the Han Dynasty (AD 220), the lead-barium glass tradition declined, with glass production only resuming during the 4th and 5th centuries AD.[21]
Romans[edit]
Roman glass
Main article: Roman glass
Romans learned to manufacture glass comparably later than Asians. Glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire[22] in domestic, funerary[23] and industrial contexts.[24] Glass was used primarily for the production of vessels, although mosaic tiles and window glass were also produced. Roman glass production developed from Hellenistic technical traditions, initially concentrating on the production of intensely colored cast glass vessels.
However, during the 1st century AD, the industry underwent rapid technical growth that saw the introduction of glass blowing and the dominance of colorless or ‘aqua’ glasses. Production of raw glass was undertaken in geographically separate locations to the working of glass into finished vessels,[25][26] and by the end of the 1st century AD large scale manufacturing, primarily in Alexandria,[27] resulted in the establishment of glass as a commonly available material in the Roman world.
Islamic world[edit]
Main article: Islamic glass
Islamic glass continued the achievements of pre-Islamic cultures, especially the Sasanian glass of Persia. The Arab poet al-Buhturi (820–897) described the clarity of such glass, "Its color hides the glass as if it is standing in it without a container."[28] In the 8th century, the Persian chemist Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber) described 46 recipes for producing colored glass in Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna (The Book of the Hidden Pearl), in addition to 12 recipes inserted by al-Marrakishi in a later edition of the book.[29] By the 11th century, clear glass mirrors were being produced in Arab Islamic Spain.
Medieval Europe[edit]
A 16th-century stained glass window
The Roman tradition of very fine glassmaking did not continue in the Middle Ages, and Anglo-Saxon glass and other regional traditions were mainly functional pieces, mostly somewhat crude forest glass. The claw beaker was popular as a relatively easy to make but impressive vessel that exploited the unique potential of glass. Only at the end of the period did European glass vessels once again become very fine in quality, imitating those imported from the Islamic world.
Glass objects from the 7th and 8th centuries have been found on the island of Torcello near Venice. These form an important link between Roman times and the later importance of that city in the production of the material. Around 1000 AD, an important technical breakthrough was made in Northern Europe when soda glass, produced from white pebbles and burnt vegetation was replaced by glass made from a much more readily available material: potash obtained from wood ashes. From this point on, northern glass differed significantly from that made in the Mediterranean area, where soda remained in common use.[30]
Until the 12th century, stained glass – glass to which metallic or other impurities had been added for coloring – was not widely used, but it rapidly became an important medium for Romanesque art and especially Gothic art. Almost all survivals are in church buildings, but it was also used in grand secular buildings. The 11th century saw the emergence in Germany of new ways of making sheet glass by blowing spheres. The spheres were swung out to form cylinders and then cut while still hot, after which the sheets were flattened. This technique was perfected in 13th century Venice. The Crown glass process was used up to the mid-19th century. In this process, the glassblower would spin approximately 9 pounds (4 kg) of molten glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. The disk would then be cut into panes. Domestic glass vessels in late medieval Northern Europe are known as Forest glass.
Anglo-Saxon world[edit]
Main article: Anglo-Saxon glass
Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was even used in jewelry.[31] In the 5th century AD with the Roman departure from Britain, there were also considerable changes in the usage of glass.[32] Excavation of Romano-British sites have revealed plentiful amounts of glass but, in contrast, the amount recovered from 5th century and later Anglo-Saxon sites is minuscule.[32]
The majority of complete vessels and assemblages of beads come from the excavations of early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, but a change in burial rites in the late 7th century affected the recovery of glass, as Christian Anglo-Saxons were buried with fewer grave goods, and glass is rarely found. From the late 7th century onwards, window glass is found more frequently. This is directly related to the introduction of Christianity and the construction of churches and monasteries.[32][33] There are a few Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical[34] literary sources that mention the production and use of glass, although these relate to window glass used in ecclesiastical buildings.[32][33][35] Glass was also used by the Anglo-Saxons in their jewelry, both as enamel or as cut glass insets.[36][37]
Murano[edit]
Main articles: Murano glass and Venetian glass
The center for luxury Italian glassmaking from the 14th century was the island of Murano, which developed many new techniques and became the center of a lucrative export trade in dinnerware, mirrors, and other items. What made Venetian Murano glass significantly different was that the local quartz pebbles were almost pure silica, and were ground into a fine clear sand that was combined with soda ash obtained from the Levant, for which the Venetians held the sole monopoly. The clearest and finest glass is tinted in two ways: firstly, a natural coloring agent is ground and melted with the glass. Many of these coloring agents still exist today; for a list of coloring agents, see below. Black glass was called obsidianus after obsidian stone. A second method is apparently to produce a black glass which, when held to the light, will show the true color that this glass will give to another glass when used as a dye.[38]
The Venetian ability to produce this superior form of glass resulted in a trade advantage over other glass producing lands. Murano’s reputation as a center for glassmaking was born when the Venetian Republic, fearing fire might burn down the city’s mostly wood buildings, ordered glassmakers to move their foundries to Murano in 1291. Murano's glassmakers were soon the island’s most prominent citizens. Glassmakers were not allowed to leave the Republic. Many took a risk and set up glass furnaces in surrounding cities and as far afield as England and the Netherlands.
Bohemia[edit]
Main article: Bohemian glass
Bohemian glass, or Bohemia crystal, is a decorative glass produced in regions of Bohemia and Silesia, now in the current state of the Czech Republic, since the 13th century.[39] Oldest archaeology excavations of glass-making sites date to around 1250 and are located in the Lusatian Mountains of Northern Bohemia. Most notable sites of glass-making throughout the ages are Skalice (German: Langenau), Kamenický Šenov (German: Steinschönau) and Nový Bor (German: Haida). Both Nový Bor and Kamenický Šenov have their own Glass Museums with many items dating since around 1600. It was especially outstanding in its manufacture of glass in high Baroque style from 1685 to 1750. In the 17th century, Caspar Lehmann, gem cutter to Emperor Rudolf II in Prague, adapted to glass the technique of gem engraving with copper and bronze wheels.
Modern glass production[edit]
New processes[edit]
Examples of Ravenscroft's glass.
A very important advance in glass manufacture was the technique of adding lead oxide to the molten glass; this improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea-coal as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the "working period" of the glass, making it easier to manipulate. The process was first discovered by George Ravenscroft in 1674, who was the first to produce clear lead crystal glassware on an industrial scale. Ravenscroft had the cultural and financial resources necessary to revolutionise the glass trade, allowing England to overtake Venice as the centre of the glass industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Seeking to find an alternative to Venetian cristallo, he used flint as a silica source, but his glasses tended to crizzle, developing a network of small cracks destroying its transparency. This was eventually overcome by replacing some of the potash flux with lead oxide to the melt.[40]
He was granted a protective patent in 1673, where production and refinement moved from his glasshouse on the Savoy to the seclusion of Henley-on-Thames.[41]
By 1696, after the patent expired, twenty-seven glasshouses in England were producing flint glass and were exporting all over Europe with such success that, in 1746, the British Government imposed a lucrative tax on it. Rather than drastically reduce the lead content of their glass, manufacturers responded by creating highly decorated, smaller, more delicate forms, often with hollow stems, known to collectors today as Excise glasses.[42] The British glass making industry was able to take off with the repeal of the tax in 1845.
Evidence of the use of the blown plate glass method dates back to 1620 in London and was used for mirrors and coach plates. Louis Lucas de Nehou and A. Thevart perfected the process of casting Polished plate glass in 1688 in France. Prior to this invention, mirror plates, made from blown "sheet" glass, had been limited in size. De Nehou's process of rolling molten glass poured on an iron table rendered the manufacture of very large plates possible.[43] This method of production was adopted by the English in 1773 at Ravenhead. The polishing process was industrialized around 1800 with the adoption of a steam engine to carry out the grinding and polishing of the cast glass.
Industrial production[edit]
The façade of the Crystal Palace, one of the first buildings to use glass as a main material for construction.
The use of glass as a building material was heralded by The Crystal Palace of 1851, built by Joseph Paxton to house the Great Exhibition. Paxton's revolutionary new building inspired the public use of glass as a material for domestic and horticultural architecture. In 1832, the British Crown Glass Company (later Chance Brothers) became the first company to adopt the cylinder method to produce sheet glass with the expertise of Georges Bontemps, a famous French glassmaker.[n 4] This glass was produced by blowing long cylinders of glass, which were then cut along the length and then flattened onto a cast-iron table, before being annealed. Plate glass involves the glass being ladled onto a cast-iron bed, where it is rolled into a sheet with an iron roller. The sheet, still soft, is pushed into the open mouth of an annealing tunnel or temperature-controlled oven called a lehr, down which it was carried by a system of rollers.[44] James Hartley introduced the Rolled Plate method in 1847. This allowed a ribbed finish and was often used for extensive glass roofs such as within railway stations.
An early advance in automating glass manufacturing was patented in 1848 by the engineer Henry Bessemer. His system produced a continuous ribbon of flat glass by forming the ribbon between rollers. This was an expensive process, as the surfaces of the glass needed polishing and was later abandoned by its sponsor, Robert Lucas Chance of Chance Brothers, as unviable. Bessemer also introduced an early form of "Float Glass" in 1843, which involved pouring glass onto liquid tin.
In 1887, the mass production of glass was developed by the firm Ashley in Castleford, Yorkshire. This semi-automatic process used machines that were capable of producing 200 standardized bottles per hour, many times quicker than the traditional methods of manufacture.[45] Chance Brothers also introduced the machine rolled patterned glass method in 1888.[46]
Pilkington's factory, where the float glass process was developed in the 1950s.
In 1898, Pilkington invented Wired Cast glass, where the glass incorporates a strong steel-wire mesh for safety and security. This was commonly given the misnomer "Georgian Wired Glass" but it greatly post-dates the Georgian era.[47] The Machine Drawn Cylinder technique was invented in the USA and was the first mechanical method for the drawing of window glass. It was manufactured under licence in the UK by Pilkington from 1910 onwards.
In 1938, the polished plate process was improved by Pilkington which incorporated a double grinding process to give an improved quality to the finish. Between 1953 and 1957, Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers developed the revolutionary float glass process, the first successful commercial application for forming a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity.[48] This method gave the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are made from float glass. Most float glass is soda-lime glass, but relatively minor quantities of specialty borosilicate[49] and flat panel display glass are also produced using the float glass process. The success of this process lay in the careful balance of the volume of glass fed onto the bath, where it was flattened by its own weight.[50] Full scale profitable sales of float glass were first achieved in 1960.
See also[edit]
Early glassmaking in the United States
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b True glazing over a ceramic body was not used until many centuries after the production of the first glass.
Jump up ^ Found on the MY Oi 701, MY Oi 702, MY Oi 703 and MY Oi 704 tablets; the least damaged, as far as this word is concerned, is MY Oi 703.[9]
Jump up ^ Cf. κύανος.[10]
Jump up ^ This process was used extensively until early in the 20th Century to make window glass.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Glass Online: The History of Glass". Archived from the original on April 15, 2011. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gowlett, J.A.J. (1997). High Definition Archaeology: Threads Through the Past. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18429-0.
Jump up ^ These early examples are drawn from Christine Lilyquist (1993). "Granulation and Glass: Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected Sites, ca. 2500-1400 B.C.E". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 290/291 (290): 29–94. JSTOR 1357319.
Jump up ^ Wilde, H. "Technologische Innovationen im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Zur Verwendung und Verbreitung neuer Werkstoffe im ostmediterranen Raum". GOF IV, Bd 44, Wiesbaden 2003, 25–26.
Jump up ^ "The Linear B word ku-wa-no-wo-ko". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool for ancient languages.
Jump up ^ Wilde, H. "Technologische Innovationen im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Zur Verwendung und Verbreitung neuer Werkstoffe im ostmediterranen Raum". GOF IV, Bd 44, Wiesbaden 2003, 25–26 ISBN 3-447-04781-X
Jump up ^ McCray, W. Patrick (2007) Prehistory and history of glassmaking technology, American Ceramic Society, ISBN 1-57498-041-6
Jump up ^ "MY Oi 701 (63)". "MY Oi 702 (64)". "MY Oi 703 (64)". "MY Oi 704 (64)". "Database of Mycenaean at Oslo DĀMOS: publisher: University of Oslo".
Jump up ^ κύανος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kielich (flet) z herbami "Pogoń" i "Szreniawa"". muzea.malopolska.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 7 July 2014.
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Jump up ^ Ecclesiastical: Of or relating to a church or to an established religion.
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Jump up ^ Newton, Roy G.; Sandra Davison (1989). Conservation of Glass. Butterworth – Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-408-10623-9.
Jump up ^ MacLeod, Christine (1987). "Accident or Design? George Ravenscroft's Patent and the Invention of Lead-Crystal Glass". Technology and Culture. 28 (4): 776–803. doi:10.2307/3105182. JSTOR 3105182.
Jump up ^ Hurst-Vose, Ruth (1980). Glass. Collins Archaeology. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211379-1.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition (1911)
Jump up ^ Bontemps on Glassmaking: the Guide du Verrier of Georges Bontemps, translated by Michael Cable (2008). Society of Glass Technology. ISBN 0900682604
Jump up ^ Buch Polak, Ada (1975). Glass: its tradition and its makers. Putnam. p. 169.
Jump up ^ "Chance Brothers and Co". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Jump up ^ Practical Building Conservation: Glass and glazing. Ashgate Publishing. 2011. p. 468. ISBN 9780754645573.
Jump up ^ Pilkington, L. A. B. (1969). "Review Lecture. The Float Glass Process". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. The Royal Society. 314 (1516): 1–25. Bibcode:1969RSPSA.314....1P. doi:10.1098/rspa.1969.0212. JSTOR 2416528.
Jump up ^ "Borosilikatglas BOROFLOAT®". SCHOTT AG.
Jump up ^ Bickerstaff, Kenneth and Pilkington, Lionel A B U.S. Patent 2,911,759 "Manufacture of flat glass". Priority date December 10, 1953
Further reading[edit]
Carboni, Stefano; Whitehouse, David (2001). Glass of the sultans. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870999869.
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