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Indian Plate
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Indian Plate
Type
Major
Approximate area
11,900,000 km2[1]
Movement1
north-east
Speed1
26-36mm/year
Features
Indian Ocean, Himalayas
1Relative to the African Plate
The Indian Plate or India Plate is a major tectonic plate straddling the equator in the eastern hemisphere. Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana, India broke away from the other fragments of Gondwana 100 million years ago and began moving north.[2] Once fused with the adjacent Australia to form a single Indo-Australian Plate, recent studies suggest that India and Australia have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer.[3] The Indian plate includes most of South Asia—i.e. the Indian subcontinent—and a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and western Indonesia,[4][5][6] and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan and Balochistan.[7][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plate movements
2 Geography
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Plate movements[edit]
Due to plate tectonics, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Ma) with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the formation of the Himalayas.
Until roughly 140 million years ago, the Indian Plate formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana broke up as these continents drifted apart at different velocities,[10] a process which led to the opening of the Indian Ocean.[11]
In the late Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago and subsequent to the splitting off from Gondwana of conjoined Madagascar and India, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar. It began moving north, at about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) per year,[10] and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as 55 million years ago,[12] in the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic. However, some authors suggest that the collision between India and Eurasia occurred much later, around 35 million years ago.[13] If the collision occurred between 55 and 50 Mya, the Indian Plate would have covered a distance of 3,000 to 2,000 kilometres (1,900 to 1,200 mi), moving faster than any other known plate. In 2012, paleomagnetic data from the Greater Himalaya was used to propose two collisions to reconcile the discrepancy between the amount of crustal shortening in the Himalaya (~1300 km) and the amount of convergence between India and Asia (~3600 km).[14] These authors propose a continental fragment of northern Gondwana rifted from India, traveled northward, and initiated the "soft collision" between the Greater Himalaya and Asia at ~50 Ma. This was followed by the "hard collision" between India and Asia occurred at ~25 Ma. Subduction of the resulting ocean basin that formed between the Greater Himalayan fragment and India explains the apparent discrepancy between the crustal shortening estimates in the Himalaya and paleomagnetic data from India and Asia.
In 2007, German geologists[10] suggested that the reason the Indian Plate moved so quickly is that it is only half as thick (100 kilometres or 62 miles) as the other plates[15] which formerly constituted Gondwana. The mantle plume that once broke up Gondwana might also have melted the lower part of the Indian subcontinent, which allowed it to move both faster and further than the other parts.[10] The remains of this plume today form the Marion Hotspot (Prince Edward Islands), the Kerguelen hotspot, and the Réunion hotspots.[11][16] As India moved north, it is possible that the thickness of the Indian plate degenerated further as it passed over the hotspots and magmatic extrusions associated with the Deccan and Rajmahal Traps.[11] The massive amounts of volcanic gases released during the passage of the Indian Plate over the hotspots have been theorised to have played a role in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, generally held to be due to a large asteroid impact.[17]
The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the boundary between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains, as sediment bunched up like earth before a plow.
The Indian Plate is currently moving north-east at 5 centimetres (2.0 in) per year, while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 centimetres (0.79 in) per year. This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 millimetres (0.16 in) per year.[citation needed]
Geography[edit]
The westerly side of the Indian Plate is a transform boundary with the Arabian Plate called the Owen Fracture Zone, and a divergent boundary with the African Plate called the Central Indian Ridge (CIR). The northerly side of the Plate is a convergent boundary with the Eurasian Plate forming the Himalaya and Hindu Kush mountains.
See also[edit]
List of tectonic plates
List of tectonic plate interactions
Paleogeography
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates". Geology.about.com. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
Jump up ^ Oskin, Becky (2013-07-05). "New Look at Gondwana's Breakup". Livescience.com. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
Jump up ^ * Stein, Seth; Sella, Giovanni F.; Okai, Emile A. (2002). "The January 26, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and the Diffuse Western Boundary of the Indian Plate" (PDF). Geodynamics Series. American Geophysical Union: 243–254. doi:10.1029/GD030p0243. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Jump up ^ Sinvhal, Understanding Earthquake Disasters, page 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-014456-9
Jump up ^ Harsh K. Gupta, Disaster management, page 85, Universities Press, 2003, ISBN 978-81-7371-456-6
Jump up ^ James R. Heirtzler, Indian ocean geology and biostratigraphy, page American Geophysical Union, 1977, ISBN 978-0-87590-208-1
Jump up ^ M. Asif Khan, Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, page 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, ISBN 978-1-86239-061-4
Jump up ^ Srikrishna Prapnnachari, Concepts in Frame Design, page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ISBN 978-99929-52-21-4
Jump up ^ A. M. Celâl Şengör, Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region, Springer, 1989, ISBN 978-0-7923-0067-0
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kind 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c Kumar et al. 2007
Jump up ^ Scotese 2001
Jump up ^ Aitchison, Ali & Davis 2007
Jump up ^ van Hinsbergen, D.; Lippert, P.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; McQuarrie, N.; Doubrivine, P.; Spakman, W.; Torsvik, T. (2012). "Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (20): 7659–7664. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.7659V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117262109. PMC 3356651  . PMID 22547792.
Jump up ^ The lithospheric roots in South Africa, Australia, and Antarctica are 300 to 180 kilometres (190 to 110 mi) thick. (Kumar et al. 2007) See also Kumar et al. 2007, figure 1
Jump up ^ Meert, J.G.; Tamrat, Endale (2006). "Paleomagnetic evidence for a stationary Marion hotspot: Additional paleomagnetic data from Madagascar". Gondwana Research. 10: 340–348. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2006.04.008.
Jump up ^ Schulte, Peter; et al. (5 March 2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science. AAAS. 327 (5970): 1214–1218. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 20203042. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian tectonic plate.
Aitchison, Jonathan C.; Ali, Jason R.; Davis, Aileen M. (2007). "When and where did India and Asia collide?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (B5). Bibcode:2007JGRB..11205423A. doi:10.1029/2006JB004706. ISSN 0148-0227. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Chen, Ji (January 4, 2005). "Magnitude 9.0 off W coast of northern Sumatra Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:49 UTC: Preliminary rupture model". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2004.
Kind, Rainer (September 2007). "The fastest continent: India's truncated lithospheric roots". Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres. Retrieved January 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Kumar, Prakash; Yuan, Xiaohui; Kumar, M. Ravi; Kind, Rainer; Li, Xueqing; Chadha, R. K. (18 October 2007). "The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate". Nature. 449 (7164): 894–897. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..894K. doi:10.1038/nature06214. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943128.
Scotese, Christopher R. (January 2001). "The collision of India and Asia (90 mya — present)". Paleomap Project. Retrieved 28 December 2004.
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Coordinates: 34°25′55″N 73°32′13″E / 34.43194°N 73.53694°E / 34.43194; 73.53694
Authority control
GND: 4273748-5
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text:
Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Matt Fleckenstein
Developed by
Michael Feldman
Starring
Brian Stepanek
Allison Munn
Aidan Gallagher
Casey Simpson
Mace Coronel
Lizzy Greene
Gabrielle Elyse
Kyla-Drew Simmons
Theme music composer
Doug Rockwell
Composer(s)
Chris Lee and Scott Clausen
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
82 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michael Feldman
Douglas Danger Lieblein
David DiPietro
Paul Ciancarelli
Producer(s)
Sarah Jane Cunningham and Suzie V. Freeman
Barbara Brace
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
22–23 minutes
Production company(s)
Nickelodeon Productions
Release
Original network
Nickelodeon
Original release
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13) – August 4, 2018 (2018-08-04)
External links
Website
Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn is an American comedy television series developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that aired on Nickelodeon from September 13, 2014 to August 4, 2018. The series stars Brian Stepanek, Allison Munn, Aidan Gallagher, Casey Simpson, Mace Coronel, Lizzy Greene, Gabrielle Elyse, and Kyla-Drew Simmons.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
4 Production
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[1] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 20 September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13) March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
2 25 May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23) August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)
3 23 January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07) August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)
4 14 January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06) August 4, 2018 (2018-08-04)
Cast and characters[edit]
Brian Stepanek as Tom, the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Allison Munn as Anne, the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Aidan Gallagher as Nicky, the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Casey Simpson as Ricky, is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Mace Coronel as Dicky, the third oldest and easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out. He ships himself to Australia in "Quadcodile Dundee".
Lizzy Greene as Dawn, the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Gabrielle Elyse as Josie, a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but she is promoted to a main character in the third season.
Production[edit]
The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[2] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[3] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[4] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[5] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[6] On October 4, 2017, it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn, about five episodes before the end of the fourth season, and Nickelodeon.[7] On November 15, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season would be the last.[8]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 20 September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13) 1.60[9] March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24) 1.75[10] 1.75
2 25 May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23) 1.11[11] August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06) 1.31[12] 1.46
3 23 January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07) 1.58[13] August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05) 2.00[14] 1.47
4 14 January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06) 1.08[15] August 4, 2018 (2018-08-04) 0.84[16] 0.95
Awards and nominations[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs
2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated [17][18]
2017 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show Nominated [19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ricky Harper. "Mall in the Family". Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn. 2:00 minutes in. She's eleven.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Greenlights New Comedy from Dan Schneider, Two Other Live-Action Series". Deadline Hollywood. March 13, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Henry Danger and Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Second Seasons by Nickelodeon". TV by the Numbers. November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (February 9, 2016). "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Three by Nickelodeon; Creator Exits". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lizzy Greene (April 26, 2016). "Season 3 starts today can't wait for you guys to see". Twitter. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (March 20, 2017). "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season 4 by Nickelodeon". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (October 4, 2017). "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Future in Limbo After Star Mace Coronel Abruptly Exits Hit Nickelodeon Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (November 15, 2017). "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn and School of Rock Canceled by Nickelodeon". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 16, 2014). "Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.13.2014". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 25, 2015). "Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 3.24.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 27, 2015). "Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals: 5.23.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 9, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.6.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (January 10, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.7.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 8, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (January 9, 2018). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.6.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 7, 2018). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.4.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the '28th Annual Kids' Choice Awards'". Zap2it. February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Meryl Streep gets her first Kids' Choice Awards nomination: See the full list". Entertainment Weekly. February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NICKELODEON ANNOUNCES 2017 KIDS' CHOICE AWARDS NOMINATIONS | Nick Press". NickPress. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
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