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Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
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This article is about the film adaptation. For the original novel, see The Sea of Monsters.
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Thor Freudenthal
Produced by
Karen Rosenfelt
Michael Barnathan
Screenplay by
Marc Guggenheim
Based on
The Sea of Monsters
by Rick Riordan
Starring
Logan Lerman
Brandon T. Jackson
Alexandra Daddario
Jake Abel
Douglas Smith
Stanley Tucci
Music by
Andrew Lockington
Cinematography
Shelly Johnson
Edited by
Mark Goldblatt
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures
Sunswept Entertainment
1492 Pictures
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
August 7, 2013 (2013-08-07)
Running time
106 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$90 million[2]
Box office
$202.2 million[3]
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal. It is the second installment in the Percy Jackson film series and is loosely based on the novel The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan. It is a stand-alone sequel to the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.
The film continues the adventures of Percy Jackson (Logan Lerman) and his friends, as they search for the Golden Fleece at the Sea of Monsters. Brandon T. Jackson, Alexandra Daddario, and Jake Abel reprise their roles from the previous film, while Nathan Fillion and Anthony Head replace Dylan Neal and Pierce Brosnan. New additions to the cast include Leven Rambin, Douglas Smith, and Stanley Tucci. The film was produced by Michael Barnathan and Karen Rosenfelt. Chris Columbus, who directed Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, serves as executive producer. The plot centers on Percy and his friends as they journey to the eponymous Sea of Monsters to retrieve the Golden Fleece in order to save the tree (barrier) that protects their home.
The film was released in North America on August 7, 2013, receiving mixed critical reviews and became commercially successful having grossed over $202 million at the box office exceeding its $90 million budget. The film was released on 3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 17, 2013.[4]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast/Characters
2.1 Demigods
2.2 Gods
2.3 Other characters
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Marketing
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
5.3 Accolades
6 Soundtrack
7 Home media
8 Possible sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
While in Camp Half-Blood, Percy recounts the story of Thalia and her sacrifice. A young Annabeth, Luke, Grover and Thalia are running to Camp Half-Blood while being pursued by monsters. Thalia sacrifices herself to get the others into the camp, and her father Zeus turns her into a tree which forms a barrier around it.The campers realize that Thalia's tree has been poisoned by Luke and they are vulnerable to attacks. Percy visits the Oracle, who tells him of a prophecy of a half-blood of the eldest gods either saving or destroying Olympus. Chiron tells Percy that he is the only living, human half-blood of the eldest gods, so the half-blood in the Prophecy may refer to him. Annabeth and Grover learn about the Golden Fleece, which has the power to heal anything, and propose a quest in which they retrieve the Fleece and use it to heal Thalia's tree. Mr. D chooses Clarisse to lead the quest, much to Annabeth's and Percy's dismay. Percy convinces Grover and Annabeth to accompany him on the quest, and Tyson joins them. Annabeth hails the Chariot of Damnation, and Percy threatens the three drivers (the Graeae) to tell him of his prophecy, giving him coordinates for the Sea of Monsters (the Bermuda Triangle) before ejecting the group from the cab in Washington D.C. because they lack money. While walking down the street, Grover is kidnapped by Chris Rodriguez and taken to Luke. Percy, Annabeth, and Tyson first locate Luke with the help of Hermes, then ride a Hippokampos to his yacht, the Andromeda. Luke reveals his plan to revive Kronos using the Fleece so Olympus will be destroyed. Percy and they are then locked in the brig, though they later escape when Percy uses his ability to manipulate water.
The group is consumed by Charybdis, and they discover Clarisse in the monster's stomach. Percy and Clarisse work together to escape Charybdis by shooting a hole through its gut, and soon they arrive at Circeland, Polyphemus's lair. Percy finds Grover, and the five escape Polyphemus, retrieving the fleece and trapping him in his cave. Afterwards, Luke arrives and demands the fleece from Percy, who refuses. Luke shoots a crossbow bolt at Percy, but Tyson takes the bolt in the chest and falls into the water below.
Luke begins reviving Kronos and Annabeth encourages Percy to take leadership. The team escapes captivity, and Percy grapples with Luke over the Fleece, like the prophecy said they would, but Luke easily gains the upper hand. Luke is suddenly thrown away by Tyson, revealed to have survived his wound due to the water healing it, as he is Poseidon's son. Kronos rises from the sarcophagus and consumes Luke and Grover before battling Percy. Percy realizes that Riptide is the "cursed blade" of the prophecy and slices Kronos into pieces imprisoning Kronos in the sarcophagus once again, causing him to regurgitate Grover and Luke, the latter landing in Polyphemus's Lair. Their victory is short lived as Annabeth is stabbed by the Manticore, who is killed in turn by Clarisse and Grover. Annabeth dies in Percy's arms but is resurrected by the Fleece. Percy then gives the fleece to Clarisse, and they return to Camp Half-Blood. Clarisse places the fleece on Thalia's tree. The group returns the next day to find Thalia alive, as the fleece returned her to human form.
Percy realizes that Thalia, as a child of Zeus, is another possible child of the prophecy about either preserving or destroying Olympus. The film ends showing the sarcophagus with Kronos's remains in it glowing, implying that Kronos still has some degree of his power, and is still planning to return.
Cast/Characters[edit]
See also: List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members
Demigods[edit]
Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, the demigod son of Poseidon.[5]
Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, the demigod daughter of Athena, and Percy's secret crush.[5]
Alisha Newton portrays the younger Annabeth.
Douglas Smith as Tyson, Percy's Cyclops half-brother.[6]
Leven Rambin as Clarisse La Rue, the demigod daughter of Ares.[7]
Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Percy's best friend and keeper, a satyr.[5]
Bjorn Yearwood portrays the younger Grover.
Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, the demigod son of Hermes and the main antagonist.[5]
Samuel Braun portrays the younger Luke.
Paloma Kwiatkowski as Thalia Grace, the demigod daughter of Zeus.[8][9]
Katelyn Mager portrays the younger Thalia.
Grey Damon as Chris Rodriguez, a rogue demigod of unknown parentage who helps Luke to resurrect Kronos.
Gods[edit]
Stanley Tucci as Mr. D / Dionysus, the god of wine, celebrations, ecstasy, and theatre and director of Camp Half-Blood.[7] He was previously played by Luke Camilleri in the first film.
Nathan Fillion as Hermes, Luke's father; the god of trade, thieves, travelers, sports, athletes, and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus.[10] He was previously played by Dylan Neal in the first film.
Octavia Spencer as the voice of Martha, a snake that is in Hermes' caduceus.
Craig Robinson as the voice of George, a snake that is in Hermes's caduceus.
Robert Knepper as the voice of Kronos, the King of the Titans, father of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Chiron, and Luke's master.
Other characters[edit]
Anthony Head as Chiron, the activities director at Camp Half Blood. Chiron is a centaur and the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hestia and Hera.[5] Chiron was previously played by Pierce Brosnan in The Lightning Thief.
Robert Maillet as Polyphemus
Ron Perlman as the voice of Polyphemus
Hunter Platin as Guard the Cyclops that is guarding the Golden Fleece.[9]
Shohreh Aghdashloo as the voice of Oracle of Delphi
Missi Pyle,[9] Yvette Nicole Brown[9] and Mary Birdsong[11] as the Graeae
Jordan Weller as Ichneutae, the acolyte of Clarisse[citation needed]
Derek Mears and Aleks Paunovic as Cyclopes.[12]
Production[edit]
Reports of a second Percy Jackson film first surfaced in March 2011.[13][14] On October 12, 2011, a sequel was officially confirmed by 20th Century Fox.[15] Filming for Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters began on April 16, 2012. The film was originally going to be released on March 15, 2013,[16] but in May 2012, the release date was postponed to August 16, 2013.[17] In April 2013, a final release date was set for August 7, 2013.[18] Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby, B.C.; however from June 20 to July 22, they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes,[19] including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans.[20] More filming took place in January 2013. On January 22, 2013, Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read "Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2" accompanied by a photo of the shooting.[21]
Development[edit]
Logan Lerman on the last day for the shooting of the film.
In February 2011, it was revealed in the online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production.[22] In another source, the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles. Chris Columbus would not be returning as director, though he would be producing the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt (producer of the Twilight movie Breaking Dawn). Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters.[23] Marc Guggenheim was hired to re-write the screenplay and Alexander and Karaszewski were uncredited. On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the movie.[24] Shooting began in summer 2012. On October 12, 2011, it was announced that the film would be released on March 26, 2013. On April 6, it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7, 2013.[25] On May 31, 2012, it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16, 2013.[26]
Filming[edit]
On January 13, 2012, a brand new production list was released and stated that filming would take place between April 26, 2012 and July 11, 2012.[27][28] It was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, and New Orleans, Louisiana, with the abandoned Six Flags New Orleans also serving as a filming location . Filming wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots. It wrapped up on January 22, 2013.[29][30]
Marketing[edit]
Five official stills were released on March 21, 2013.[31] On April 2, the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube. A teaser poster was released on April 16. A second trailer was released on May 29, 2013. A third international trailer was released on the June 25, 2013, on YouTube. Since July 19, three TV spots have been released known as "Story", "Cast" and "Family". A clip from the film was released on the internet on July 23, where it was later uploaded onto YouTube. Later many more new clips were released.
Smart & Final stores in California, Arizona, and Nevada offered Hollywood Movie Money Certificate good for one free movie ticket with the purchase of two First Street Bakery items as part of the movie promotion.[32]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received mixed reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 41% approval rating with an average rating of 5.1/10 based on 111 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It's pretty and packed with action; unfortunately, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters is also waterlogged with characters and plots that can't help but feel derivative."[33] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 39 based on 33 collected reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[34]
Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the movie a 6 out of 10: "There are worse sequels than the CG-heavy Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, but it's just such overly familiar territory."[35] Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, saying that "tweens and young teens should be sufficiently distracted by the movie's brisk pace and heroic mayhem — if they're not too unnerved by its at times nightmarish imagery".[36] James Rocchi of ScreenCrush wrote that the film "is hardly the stuff of legend, but by keeping the plot straightforward and the storytelling clean, it's an odyssey the intended young audience will be glad to take."[37] Marsha McCreadie on RogerEbert.com rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it "a gentler-spirited, less flashy enterprise, though it still presents a natural world that can morph at the whim of a god."[38]
Andy Webster of The New York Times commented: "Sea of Monsters is diverting enough — the director, Thor Freudenthal ... is savvy with effects and keeps his young cast on point — but it doesn’t begin to approach the biting adolescent tension of the Harry Potter movies."[39] However, Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film as "lack[ing] the energetic zip of its predecessor,"[40] while Bruce Ingram of Chicago Sun-Times opined that "faithful fans of the novels will be unhappy with the liberties taken with the adaptation like they were with the first film."[41] Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald wrote, "[Are] these characters merely prisoners — much like the audience — of a script so uninspired that it demands their stupidity?"[42] Josh Bell of Las Vegas Weekly lambasted the series as a whole as "a thoroughly second-rate franchise ... with movies like Sea of Monsters, it can probably continue in acceptable mediocrity for years to come".[43]
Box office[edit]
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters grossed an $68,559,554 in North America and $133,688,197 internationally for a worldwide total of $202,247,751.
The film grossed $5.4 million on its opening day, taking the number No. 2 spot at the domestic box office.[44] During its extended five-day opening weekend the film debuted at the No. 4 spot and grossed $23,258,113.[45]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
2014 Young Artist Award Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film Katelyn Mager Nominated [46]
2014 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Hero: Percy Jackson Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
Soundtrack album by Andrew Lockington
Released
August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
68:54
Label
Sony Classical
Producer
Brian Liesegang
No.
Title
Length
1. "Thalia's Story" 3:42
2. "Percy at the Lake" 1:29
3. "Colchis Bull" 4:08
4. "The Shield is Gone" 1:31
5. "The Oracle's Prophecy" 3:08
6. "Cursed Blade Shall Reap" 1:43
7. "Wild Taxi Ride" 3:25
8. "Hermes" 2:34
9. "Hippocampus" 3:34
10. "Onboard the Yacht" 1:39
11. "Wave Conjuring" 6:49
12. "Sea of Monsters" 2:31
13. "Belly of the Beast" 3:52
14. "New Coordinates" 2:13
15. "Polyphemus" 2:58
16. "Thank You Brother" 6:01
17. "Kronos" 5:08
18. "Annabeth and the Fleece" 2:03
19. "Resurrection" 3:04
20. "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters – Main Titles" 3:15
21. "To Feel Alive" (composed by Andrew Lockington & Tiff Randol and performed by IAMEVE) 4:06
"My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)" by Fall Out Boy and "Cameo Lover" by Kimbra were featured in the movie but are unavailable on the soundtrack.
Home media[edit]
The film was released on 3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 17, 2013. The film was additionally released for Digital HD download on December 3.[47][48]
Possible sequel[edit]
On March 25, 2014, Lerman said that a sequel to Sea of Monsters would not be made.[49] However, a report of March 31, 2014 stated "Logan Lerman has said Percy Jackson 3 could still go ahead" and that the previous report "was taken out of context".[50] At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, Lerman said that while he finds the Percy Jackson films fun to make, he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts.[51]
In December 2017, The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4-billion-dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox, including the film rights for Percy Jackson.[52]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea Of Monsters". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters". proboxoffice. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BoxOffice® — Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters". 2014-12-20. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Anthony Head to Play Chiron in 'Percy Jackson' Sequel". Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Percy' sequel zeroes in on Smith". Retrieved March 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "First Look: Logan Lerman Returns for 'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' with New Backup [PHOTOS]". International Business Times. March 29, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Full cast and crew for Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "First Look at Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters". ComingSoon.net. March 21, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (March 15, 2012). "Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in 'Percy Jackson' Sequel". Retrieved March 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7". ComingSoon.net. April 6, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' First Look: Stanley Tucci in Leopard Print!". Screencrush.com. March 22, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ 'Percy Jackson and the Olympians' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon? First Showing. Retrieved July 31, 2013
Jump up ^ 'Percy Jackson' sequel could be on its way Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2013
Jump up ^ Fox Moves Ahead With New 'Die Hard' and 'Percy Jackson' Films The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 31, 2013
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Sean. "Percy Jackson Sequel Moves Up Calendar 7500 Disappears". Cinema Blend. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'X-Men: First Class' & 'Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes' Sequels Set For Summer 2014; 'Independence Day 3D' Hits July 3, 2013". indiewire.com. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7". ComingSoon.net. April 6, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters". Photos.nola.com. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Scott, Mike (July 22, 2012). "Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for 'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' shoot". NOLA.com. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "LoganLerman: Last day of shooting on Percy". Twitter. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Production Weekly issue 749, February 3, 2011
Jump up ^ "‘Percy Jackson’ Sequel ‘The Sea of Monsters’ Hires Screenwriters" PageToPremier.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thor Freudenthal to Direct PERCY JACKSON AND THE OLYMPIANS: THE SEA OF MONSTERS; Logan Lerman Confirmed for Return" Collider.com. Retrieved September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7" ComingSoon.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "‘Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters’ release date pushed back several months" Hypable.com. Retrieved September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Directors Guild of Canada British Columbia" (PDF). DGCBC.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brandon T Jackson (brandontjackson)". Twitter. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Michael (March 27, 2012). "Vancouver Film Production Update - April 2012". Sneakpeek.ca. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for 'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' shoot". NOLA.com. July 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters': First look at 5 official stills". Hypable.com. March 22, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Free Percy Jackson Movie Ticket at Smart and Final". Comic Con Family. August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vejvoda, Jim (August 6, 2013). "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Review". IGN. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Gary (August 7, 2013). "Review: 'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' a heroic effort for demigod". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rocchi, James (August 6, 2013). "'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' Review". ScreenCrush. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCreadle, Marsha (August 7, 2013). "PERCY JACKSON: SEA OF MONSTERS". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "What a Hero Goes Through to Become a Healer 'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters,' With Logan Lerman". New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen, Michael (August 7, 2013). "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ingram, Bruce (August 6, 2013). "Thrills lacking in Percy Jackson's second film mission". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ogle, Connie (August 7, 2013). "'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' (PG)". Miami.com. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bell, Josh (August 7, 2013). "The second-rate franchise that is 'Percy Jackson'". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Daily Box Office for Wednesday, August 7, 2013". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Report: Audiences Travel to 'Elysium' Over Crowded Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson Sea of Monsters - Official Movie Site - View Trailers". Percyjacksonthemovie.com. August 7, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters' hits DVD/Blu-ray December 17". Hypable.com. October 9, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Webb, Charles. "Logan Lerman Says 'Percy Jackson 3' Is Officially Dead". MTV News. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Daisy (March 31, 2014). "Noah star Logan Lerman: Percy Jackson 3 could still happen". The Independent. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "A-List Celebrities Flood to the Arlington for Virtuosos Award". The Daily Nexus.
Jump up ^ Zeitchik, Steven (December 14, 2017). "Disney buys much of Fox in megamerger that will shake world of entertainment and media". Retrieved December 29, 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
External links[edit]
Official website
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters on IMDb
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters at Box Office Mojo
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters at Rotten Tomatoes
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Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
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Novels
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The Burning Maze
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Percy Jackson's Greek Gods
Percy Jackson's Greek Heroes
The Son of Sobek
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Problem Child (1990)
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Ed Wood (1994)
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Agent Cody Banks (2003)
1408 (2007)
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)
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Goosebumps (2015)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)
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Baji Rao I
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Shreemant Peshwa[1]
Baji Rao I
Ballal[2]
बाजीराव बल्लाळ बाळाजी भट्ट
Peshwa of Maratha Empire
In office
27 April 1720 (1720-04-27) – 28 April 1740 (1740-04-28)
Monarch
Chhatrapati Shahu
Preceded by
Balaji Vishwanath
Succeeded by
Balaji Bajirao
Personal details
Born
(1700-08-18)18 August 1700
Died
28 April 1740(1740-04-28) (aged 39)
Raverkhedi
Spouse(s)
Kashibai
Mastani
Relations
Chimaji Appa (brother)
Bhiubai Joshi (sister)
Anubai Ghorpade (sister)
Children
Balaji Baji Rao
Raghunath Rao
Janardhan Rao
Shamsher Bahadur
Mother
Radhabai Barve
Father
Balaji Vishwanath
Baji Rao (18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740) was a general of the Maratha Empire in India. He served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the fifth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu from 1720 until his death. He is also known by the name Bajirao Ballal.[3]
Baji Rao is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire, especially in North India, which contributed to its reaching a zenith during his son's reign twenty years after his death. In his military career spanning 20 years, Baji Rao never lost a battle. According to the British Army officer Bernard Montgomery, Baji Rao was possibly the finest cavalry general ever produced by India.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Early Life as a Peshwa
3 Campaigns
3.1 Campaign against the Nizam
3.2 Malwa campaign
3.3 Bundelkhand campaign
3.4 Gujarat campaign
3.5 Campaign against Siddis
3.6 March to Delhi
3.7 Against the Portuguese
4 Personal life
5 Death
6 Battle tactics
7 In popular culture
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early life
Bajirao was born into the Bhat family of Kokanastha Chitpavan Brahmin lineage.[5] His father Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa of Chhatrapati Shahu; his mother was Radhabai. Baji Rao had a younger brother Chimaji Appa and two sisters, Bihubai Joshi and Anubai Ghorpade.[6] He spent his childhood in his father's newly acquired fiefdom of Saswad.
Bajirao would often accompany his father on military campaigns. He was with his father when the latter was imprisoned by Damaji Thorat before being released for a ransom.[6] When Vishwanath died in 1720, Shahu appointed the 20-year old Baji Rao as the Peshwa.[7] He is said to have preached the ideal of Hindu Pad Padshahi (Hindu Empire),[8]
Bajirao intended to plant the Maratha flag upon the walls of Delhi and other cities governed by the Mughals and their subjects. He intended to replace the Mughal Empire and create a Hindu-Pat-Padshahi.[9]
Early Life as a Peshwa
Shaniwarwada palace fort in Pune, it was built as the seat of the Peshwa rulers during Bajirao's reign.
Bajirao succeeded his father as Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.By the time Baji Rao became the Peshwa, Chhatrapati Shahu was the ruler of Maratha Emperor. The Maratha confederacy was run in his name, but the real power lay in the hands of the Peshwa. By the time of Baji Rao's appointment, Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah had recognized Marathas' rights over the territories possessed by Shivaji at his death. In 1719, the Mughals had also recognized the Maratha rights to collect taxes (chauth or chauthaii and sardeshmukhi) in the six provinces of Deccan. Bajirao believed that the Mughal Empire was in decline and wanted to take advantage of this situation with aggressive expansion in north India. Sensing the declining fortune of the Mughals, he is reported to have said, "Strike, strike at the trunk and the branches will fall off themselves."[10][11] However, as a new Peshwa, he faced several challenges:[6]
His appointment as the Peshwa at a young age had evoked jealousy from senior officials like Naro Ram Mantri, Anant Ram Sumant and Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi. This led Bajirao to promote young commanders such as Malhar Rao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde, and the Pawar brothers who were not from the families that held hereditary Deshmukhi rights under the Deccan Sultanates.[12]
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, had practically created his own independent kingdom in the region and challenged the Maratha rights to collect taxes in Deccan.[6]
The Marathas needed to assert their rights over the nobles of the newly gained territories in Malwa and Gujarat[6]
Several areas that were nominally part of the Maratha territory, were not actually under Peshwa's control. For example, the Siddis controlled the Janjira fort.[6]
Campaigns
Campaign against the Nizam
On January 4, 1721, Baji Rao met Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I at Chikhalthan to settle their disputes through agreement. However, Nizam refused to recognize the Maratha rights to collect taxes from the Deccan provinces.[6] Nizam was made Vizier of Mughal Empire in 1721 , but alarmed at his growing power, emperor Muhammad Shah transferred him from Deccan to Awadh in 1723. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Vizier and marched towards Deccan. The emperor sent an army against him, which the Nizam defeated in the Battle of Sakhar-kheda. In response, Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of Deccan. The Marathas, led by Bajirao, helped Nizam win this battle. In fact, for his bravery in the battle, Baji Rao was honored with a robe, a mansabdari of 7,000, an elephant and a jewel. After the battle, Nizam tried to appease both the Maratha Chhatrapati Shahu as well as the Mughal emperor. However, in reality, he wanted to carve out a sovereign kingdom and considered the Marathas his rivals in the Deccan.[13]
In 1725, Nizam sent an army to clear out the Maratha revenue collectors from the Carnatic region. The Marathas dispatched a force under Fateh Singh Bhosle to counter him; Baji Rao accompanied Bhosle, but did not command the army. The Marathas were forced to retreat. They launched a second campaign after the monsoon season, but once again, they were unable to prevent the Nizam from ousting the Maratha collectors.[14]
Meanwhile, in Deccan, Sambhaji II of Kolhapur State had become a rival claimant to the title of the Maratha Chhatrapati. Nizam took advantage of this dispute among the Marathas. He refused to pay the chauth or sardeshmukhi on the grounds that it was unclear who was the real Chhatrapati: Shahu or Sambhaji II (and therefore, to whom the payment needed to be made). Nizam offered to act as an arbitrator in this dispute. At the court of Shahu, Nizam's spokesman was Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi, a Deshastha Brahmin and a rival of Bajirao(who was a Chitpavan Brahmin). At the court of Sambhaji II, his supporter was Chandrasen Jadhav, who had fought Bajirao's father a decade earlier. Bajirao convinced Shahu not to accept Nizam's arbitration offer and instead launch an assault against him.[14]
On August 27, 1727, Baji Rao started a march against Nizam. He raided and plundered several of Nizam's territories, such as Jalna, Burhanpur and Khandesh. While Bajirao was away, Nizam invaded Pune, where he installed Sambhaji II as Chhatrapati. He then marched out of the city, leaving behind a contingent headed by Fazal Beg. On February 28, 1728, the armies of Bajirao and Nizam faced each other at the Battle of Palkhed. Nizam was defeated and forced to make peace. On March 6, he signed the Treaty of Mungi Shevgaon, recognizing Shahu as the Chhatrapati as well as the Maratha right to collect taxes in Deccan.[6]
Baji Rao moved his base of operations from Saswad to Pune in 1728 and in the process laid the foundation for turning what was a kasba into a large city.[15] Bajirao also started construction of Shaniwar Wada on the right bank of the Mutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city.
Malwa campaign
An equestrian statue of Peshwa Bajirao I outside the Shaniwar Wada (Shaniwar Palace) in Pune
In 1723, Baji Rao had organized an expedition to the southern parts of Malwa. The Maratha chiefs such as Ranoji Shinde, Malhar Rao Holkar, Udaji Rao Pawar, Tukoji Rao Pawar and Jivaji Rao Pawar had successfully collected chauth from several areas in Malwa.(Later, these chiefs carved out their own kingdoms of Gwalior, Indore, Dhar and Dewas States- Junior and Senior respectively). To counter the Maratha influence, Mughal emperor had appointed Girdhar Bahadur as the Governor of Malwa.[6]
After defeating Nizam, Baji Rao turned his attention towards Malwa. In October 1728, he consigned a huge army commanded by his younger brother Chimnaji Appa, and aided by the generals like Shinde, Holkar and Pawar. On 29 November 1728, Chimnaji's army defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Amjhera. Girdhar Bahadur and his commander Daya Bahadur were killed in the battle. Chimnaji also marched towards Ujjain, but had to retreat due to lack of supplies.[6] By February 1729, the Maratha forces had reached the present-day Rajasthan.[14]
Bundelkhand campaign
In Bundelkhand, Chhatrasal had rebelled against the Mughal empire and established an independent kingdom. In December 1728, a Mughal force led by Muhammad Khan Bangash defeated him and imprisoned his family. Chhatrasal had repeatedly sought Bajirao's assistance, but the latter was busy in Malwa at that time. In March 1729, Peshwa finally responded to Chhatrasal's request and marched towards Bundelkhand. Chhatrasal also escaped his captivity and joined the Maratha force. After they marched to Jaitpur, Bangash was forced to leave Bundelkhand. Chhatrasal's position as the ruler of Bundelkhand was restored. Chhatrasal assigned a large jagir to Baji Rao and also married his daughter Mastani to him. Before his death in December 1731, he ceded some of his territories to the Marathas.[6]
Gujarat campaign
After consolidating Maratha influence in central India, Peshwa Baji Rao decided to assert Maratha rights to collect taxes from the rich province of Gujarat. In 1730, he sent a Maratha force under Chimaji Appa to Gujarat. Sarbuland Khan, the Mughal Governor of the province, ceded to Marathas, the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from Gujarat. He was soon replaced by Abhay Singh, who also recognized the Maratha rights to collect taxes. However, this success irked Chhatrapati Shahu's senapati(commander-in-chief) Trimbak Rao Dabhade. His ancestors from Dabhade clan had raided Gujarat several times, asserting their rights to collect taxes from that province. Annoyed at Bajirao's control over what he considered his family's sphere of influence, he rebelled against the Peshwa.[6] Two other Maratha nobles of Gujarat — Gaekwad and Kadam Bande — also sided with Dabhade.[14]
Meanwhile, after the defeat of Girdhar Bahadur in 1728, the Mughal emperor had appointed Jai Singh II to subdue the Marathas. However, Jai Singh recommended a peaceful agreement with the Marathas. The emperor disagreed and replaced him with Muhammad Khan Bangash. Bangash formed an alliance with the Nizam, Trimbak Rao and Sambhaji II. On April 1, 1731, Baji Rao defeated the allied forces of Dabhade, Gaekwad and Kadam Bande: Trimbak Rao was killed in the Battle of Dabhoi. On April 13, Baji Rao resolved the dispute with Sambhaji II by signing the Treaty of Warna, which demarcated the territories of Chhatrapati Shahu and Sambhaji II. Subsequently, the Nizam met Baji Rao at Rohe-Rameshwar on December 27, 1732 and promised not to interfere with the Maratha expeditions.[6]
Even after subduing Trimbak Rao, Shahu and Baji Rao avoided a rivalry with the powerful Dabhade clan: Trimbak's son Yashwant Rao was made the new senapati of Shahu. Dabhade family was allowed to continue collecting chauth from Gujarat on the condition that they would deposit half the collections in the Chhatrapati Shahu's treasury.[6]
Campaign against Siddis
The Siddis of Janjira controlled a small but strategically important territory on the western coast of India. They originally held only the Janjira fort, but after Shivaji's death, they had expanded their rule to a large part of the central and northern Konkan region.[14] After the death of the Siddi chief Yakut Khan in 1733, a war of succession broke out among his sons. One of his sons, Abdul Rehman, requested Baji Rao for help. Baji Rao sent a Maratha force led by Sekhoji Angre(son of Kanhoji Angre). The Marathas regained control of several places in Konkan and besieged Janjira. However, their strength was diverted after Peshwa's rival Pant Pratinidhi occupied the Raigad Fort near Janjira in June 1733. In August, Sekhoji Angre died, further weakening the Maratha position. As a result, Baji Rao decided to sign a peace treaty with the Siddis. He allowed the Siddis to retain control of Janjira on the condition that they would accept Abdul Rehman as the ruler. The Siddis were also allowed to retain control of Anjanvel, Gowalkot and Underi. The Marathas retained the territories of Raigad, Rewas, Thal and Chaul, which they had gained during the offensive.[6]
Soon after the Peshwa marched back to Satara, the Siddis launched an offensive to regain their lost territories. In June 1734, Bajirao dispatched a force to prevent them from taking over the Raigad fort. Subsequently, on April 19, 1736, Chimnaji launched a surprise attack on a Siddi camp near Rewas, killing around 1,500 of them, including their leader Siddi Sat. On September 25, the Siddis signed a peace treaty, which confined them to Janjira, Gowalkot and Anjanvel.[6]
March to Delhi
After death of Trimbak Rao, Bangash's alliance against the Marathas had fallen apart. Consequently, Mughal emperor recalled him from Malwa, and re-appointed Jai Singh II as the governor of Malwa. However, Maratha chief Holkar defeated Jai Singh in the Battle of Mandsaur in 1733. After two more battles, Mughals decided to offer Marathas the right to collect ₹ 22 lakh as chauth from Malwa. On March 4, 1736, Baji Rao and Jai Singh came to an agreement at Kishangad. Jai Singh convinced the emperor to agree to the plan and Baji Rao was appointed as Deputy Governor of the province. Jai Singh is also believed to have secretly informed Bajirao that it was a good time to subdue the weakening Mughal emperor.[6]
On November 12, 1736, the Peshwa started a march to the Mughal capital Delhi from Pune. On hearing about the advancing Maratha army, Mughal emperor asked Saadat Ali Khan I to march from Agra and check the Maratha advance. The Maratha chiefs Malhar Rao Holkar and Pilaji Jadhav crossed Yamuna and plundered the Mughal territories in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Saadat Khan led a force of 150,000 against them, and defeated them. He then retired to Mathura, thinking that the Marathas had retreated. However, Baji Rao advanced to Delhi and encamped at Talkatora. The Mughal emperor dispatched a force led by Mir Hasan Khan Koka to check his advance. The Marathas defeated this force in the Battle of Delhi on March 28, 1737. Baji Rao then retreated from Delhi, apprehensive about the approach of a larger Mughal force from Mathura.[6]
The Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah then sought help from Nizam. Nizam set out from Deccan and met Baji Rao's returning force at Sironj. Nizam told Baji Rao that he was going to Delhi to repair his relationship with the Mughal emperor. On reaching Delhi, he was joined by other Mughal chiefs and a massive Mughal army set out against the Peshwa. Peshwa also assembled a force of 80,000 soldiers and marched towards Delhi, leaving behind a force of 10,000 under Chimnaji to guard Deccan. The two armies met mid-way at Bhopal, where the Marathas defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Bhopal on December 24, 1737. Once again, Nizam was forced to sign a peace agreement, this time at Doraha on January 7, 1738.[16] The province of Malwa was formally ceded to the Marathas and the Mughals agreed to pay ₹ 5,000,000 as indemnity. This time, Nizam took an oath on Koran to abide by the treaty.[6]
Against the Portuguese
The Portuguese had captured several territories on the west coast of India. They had violated an agreement to give the Marathas a site on Salsette Island for building a factory and had been practising religious intolerance against Hindus in their territory. In March 1737, Peshwa dispatched a Maratha force led by Chimaji against them. Marathas captured the Ghodbunder Fort and almost all of Vasai, after the Battle of Vasai. They also managed to gain control of Salsette on May 16, 1739, after a prolonged siege. However, the Marathas had to turn their attention away from the Portuguese due to Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire in the north.[6]
Personal life
Mastani
Bajirao's first wife was Kashibai, the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Shiubai of Chas, belonging to a wealthy banker family.[17] The marriage was a happy one and Bajirao was essentially monogamous by nature and the family tradition.[18] He always treated his wife with love and respect.[19] They had three sons together: Balaji Baji Rao (nicknamed "Nanasaheb"), Raghunath Rao (nicknamed "Ragoba") and Janardhan Rao (who died young).[20] Balaji succeeded Bajirao as Peshwa upon his death in 1740.
Bajirao took a second wife, Mastani, the daughter of Hindu king Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand from his Muslim concubine. The marriage was purely a political one and Bajirao had accepted her hand out of sheer regard for the noble sentiments of the Bundela king.[18] However, Bajirao later developed an infatuation with her and had a palace built for her in Pune, which was called the Mastani Mahal. A reconstruction of it can be seen at the Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum in Pune, including remains from the original palace. The contemporary orthodox Hindu Brahmin society refused to accept the marriage because Mastani had a Muslim mother. This led to a crisis in Bhat family. The historian D. G. Godse claims that Baji Rao's brother Chimaji Appa and mother, Radhabai, never accepted Mastani as one of their own. Many attempts were made on her life, presumably by Chimaji Appa; she survived with the help of Chhatrapati Shahu.
In 1734, Baji Rao and Mastani had a son, who was named Krishna Rao at birth. Baji Rao wanted him to be accepted as a Brahmin, but because of his mother's Muslim faith, the priests refused to conduct the Hindu upanayana ceremony for him.[6] The boy was brought up as a Muslim and came to be known as Shamsher Bahadur. Kashibai took the six-year-old boy under her care and raised him as one of her own. To him was bestowed a portion of his father's dominion of Banda and Kalpi. In 1761, he and his army contingent fought alongside the Peshwa in the Third Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and Afghans and he died in the same battle[21] at the age of almost 27. Shamsher Bahadur's own son, Ali Bahadur, later ruled over Baji Rao's lands in Bundelkhand and founded the state of Banda.
Death
Baji Rao memorial at Raverkhedi
Baji Rao died on April 28, 1740, at the age of 39 of a sudden fever, possibly heat stroke, while inspecting his jahgirs. At that time, he was en route to Delhi with nearly 100,000 troops under his command at his camp in the Khargone district, near the city of Indore. He was cremated on April 28, 1740, at Raverkhedi on Narmada River. The Scindias built a chhatri as a memorial at this place. The memorial is enclosed by a dharmashala. The compound has two temples, dedicated to Nilkantheshwara Mahadeva(Shiva) and Rameshvara(Rama).[22]
[hide]Expansion of the Maratha territories during Bajirao I's reign
Maratha and non-Maratha territories in India in 1720
Maratha and non-Maratha territories in India, in 1740
Battle tactics
An information plaque just below the statue of Bajirao Peshwa describes him as RannMard or Man of the battlefield
Baji Rao is famous for rapid tactical movements in battle, using his cavalry inherited from Maratha generals including Santaji Ghorpade, Dhanaji Jadhav and Ananatrao Makaji. Field-Marshal Bernard Montgomery, in his "History of Warfare"[23] likened Bajirao's approach to that subsequently made famous by U.S. Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman during his 1864 March to the Sea: the use of rapid movements where his troops lived off the land, with minimal concern for their own supply and communication lines and employing "total warfare" on the enemy civilian population. He is often called a cavalry general. Two examples are the Battle of Palkhed in 1728 when he outmaneuvered the Mughal Governor of Deccan province and again in the battle against the Mughal Emperor, Muhammad Shah at Delhi during 1739. British General Montgomery called Bajirao's victory at Palkhed as a "masterpiece of strategic mobility".[24]
Baji Rao concentrated on using local terrain to cut the enemy supply-lines with the help of rapid troop movement. He followed Maratha traditional tactics of encircling the enemy quickly, appearing from the rear of enemy, attacking from the unexpected direction, distracting the enemy's attention, keeping the enemy off balance and deciding the battlefield on his own terms.[citation needed]
In popular culture
In 2015 drama film Bajirao Mastani directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Baji Rao I was portrayed by Ranveer Singh.[25]
Presently, a serial named Peshwa Bajirao (TV series) airs on Sony TV. Child actor Rudra Soni portrays the role of young Bajirao in the series.[26]
References
Jump up ^ Arvind Javlekar (2005). Lokmata Ahilyabai. Ocean Books (P)Ltd.
Jump up ^ James Heitzman (2008). The City in South Asia. Routledge.
Jump up ^ Sandhya Gokhale (2008). The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918. Shubhi. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-8290-132-2.
Jump up ^ Why Bajirao is India's greatest cavalry general
Jump up ^ Valentine, Sir Chirol (2012). Indian Unrest. tredition. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-8472-0599-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u G.S.Chhabra (2005). Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803). Lotus Press. pp. 19–28. ISBN 978-81-89093-06-8.
Jump up ^ Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day. Orient Longmans. p. 239.
Jump up ^ B.N. Puri; M.N. Das (2003). A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India. Sterling. p. 212. ISBN 978-81-207-2508-9.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal (1983). Studies in Mughal History. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 23. ISBN 978-81-208-2326-6.
Jump up ^ S. N. Sen (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. p. 11. ISBN 978-81-224-1774-6.
Jump up ^ G.S.Chhabra (2005). Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803). Lotus Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-89093-06-8.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Stewart (2008). The Marathas 1600-1818. (Digitally print. 1. pbk. version. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ Pr. pp. 117–121. ISBN 978-0521033169.
Jump up ^ P. V. Kate (1987). Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948. Mittal. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-81-7099-017-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stewart Gordon (1993). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–131. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
Jump up ^ Kosambi, Meera (1989). "Glory of Peshwa Pune". Economic and Political Weekly. 24 (5): 247.
Jump up ^ S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan (2007). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 384. ISBN 978-81-7625-806-7.
Jump up ^ Sandhya Gokhale (2008). The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918. Sandhya Gokhale. p. 82. ISBN 9788182901322.
^ Jump up to: a b Mehta, J. L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India, 1707-1813. Slough: New Dawn Press, Inc. p. 124. ISBN 9781932705546.
Jump up ^ Mishra, Garima (3 January 2016). "Tracing Kashibai: The ‘first’ lady from Bhansali’s Bajirao Mastani". The Indian Express. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ B. P. Saha (1997). Begams, concubines, and memsahibs. Vikas. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Henry Dodwell (1958). The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans. CUP Archive. pp. 407jn–. GGKEY:96PECZLGTT6.
Jump up ^ "Brindaban dedicated to the memory of Shrimant Baji Rao Peshwa". ASI Bhopal. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ A History of Warfare: Field-Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, William Morrow & Co; 1st edition (January 1983), ISBN 978-0688016456
Jump up ^ M. R. Kantak (1993). The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles. Popular Prakashan. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7154-696-1.
Jump up ^ Jha, Subhash K (19 October 2015). "Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015". Firstpost. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama", India Today, 25 January 2017
Further reading
Palsolkar, Col. R. D. Bajirao I: An Outstanding Indian Cavalry General, India: Reliance Publishers, 248pp, 1995, ISBN 81-85972-93-1.
Paul, E. Jaiwant. Baji Rao - The Warrior Peshwa, India: Roli Books Pvt Ltd, 184pp, ISBN 81-7436-129-4.
Dighe, V.G. Peshwa Bajirao I and the Maratha Expansion, 1944
N. S. Inamdar, Rau (1972), a historical novel about Baji Rao and Mastani. (in Marathi)
Godse, D. G. Mastani, Popular Prakashan, 1989 (in Marathi)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baji Rao I.
Shaniwar Wada - the Peshwa palace at Pune

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values: باجي راو الأول – Arabic

values: প্রথম বাজিরাও – Bangla

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirao_I
Bajirao I – Spanish
es
es
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values: باجی‌رائوی اول – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirao_I
Bajirao I – French
fr
fr
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values: बाजीराव प्रथम – Hindi

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirao_I
Bajirao I – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: באג'י ראו הראשון – Hebrew

values: बाजीराव प्रथम – Maithili

values: थोरले बाजीराव पेशवे – Marathi

values: バージー・ラーオ – Japanese

values: ବାଜିରାଓ ୧ – Odia

values: ਬਾਜੀਰਾਓ I – Punjabi

values: Баджи-рао I – Russian

values: बाजीराव – Sanskrit

values: باجیراوی یەکەم – Central Kurdish

values: பாஜிராவ் – Tamil

values: باجیراؤ اول – Urdu

values: 巴吉拉奥一世 – Chinese

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