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Common Gateway Interface
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This article is about the software interface between a web server and programs. For other uses, see CGI (disambiguation).
In computing, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) offers a standard protocol for web servers to execute programs that execute like console applications (also called command-line interface programs) running on a server that generates web pages dynamically. Such programs are known as CGI scripts or simply as CGIs. The specifics of how the script is executed by the server are determined by the server. In the common case, a CGI script executes at the time a request is made and generates HTML.[1]
In brief, an HTTP POST request from the client will send the CGI program HTML form data via standard input. Other data, such as URL paths, and HTTP header data, are presented as process environment variables.
Contents
1 History
2 Purpose of the CGI standard
3 Using CGI scripts
4 Example
5 Deployment
6 Uses
7 Alternatives
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The official CGI logo from the spec announcement
In 1993 the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) team wrote the specification for calling command line executables on the www-talk mailing list.[2][3] The other Web server developers adopted it, and it has been a standard for Web servers ever since. A work group chaired by Ken Coar started in November 1997 to get the NCSA definition of CGI more formally defined.[4] This work resulted in RFC 3875, which specified CGI Version 1.1. Specifically mentioned in the RFC are the following contributors:[1]
Rob McCool (author of the NCSA HTTPd Web Server)
John Franks (author of the GN Web Server)
Ari Luotonen (the developer of the CERN httpd Web Server)
Tony Sanders (author of the Plexus Web Server)
George Phillips (Web server maintainer at the University of British Columbia)
Historically CGI scripts were often written using the C language. RFC 3875 "The Common Gateway Interface (CGI)" partially defines CGI using C,[1] as in saying that environment variables "are accessed by the C library routine getenv() or variable environ".
The name CGI comes from the early days of the web, where users wanted to connect to databases to their web servers. The CGI was a program executed by the server that provided a common "gateway" between the web server and the database.
Purpose of the CGI standard[edit]
Each web server runs HTTP server software, which responds to requests from web browsers. Generally, the HTTP server has a directory (folder), which is designated as a document collection — files that can be sent to Web browsers connected to this server.[5] For example, if the Web server has the domain name example.com, and its document collection is stored at /usr/local/apache/htdocs in the local file system, then the Web server will respond to a request for http://example.com/index.html by sending to the browser the (pre-written) file /usr/local/apache/htdocs/index.html.
For pages constructed on the fly, the server software may defer requests to separate programs and relay the results to the requesting client (usually, a web browser that displays the page to the end user). In the early days of the web, such programs were usually small and written in a scripting language; hence, they were known as scripts.
Such programs usually require some additional information to be specified with the request. For instance, if Wikipedia were implemented as a script, one thing the script would need to know is whether the user is logged in and, if logged in, under which name. The content at the top of a Wikipedia page depends on this information.
HTTP provides ways for browsers to pass such information to the web server, e.g. as part of the URL. The server software must then pass this information through to the script somehow.
Conversely, upon returning, the script must provide all the information required by HTTP for a response to the request: the HTTP status of the request, the document content (if available), the document type (e.g. HTML, PDF, or plain text), et cetera.
Initially, different server software would use different ways to exchange this information with scripts. As a result, it wasn't possible to write scripts that would work unmodified for different server software, even though the information being exchanged was the same. Therefore, it was decided to establish a standard way for exchanging this information: CGI (the Common Gateway Interface, as it defines a common way for server software to interface with scripts). Webpage generating programs invoked by server software that operate according to the CGI standard are known as CGI scripts.
This standard was quickly adopted and is still supported by all well-known server software, such as Apache, IIS, and (with an extension) node.js-based servers.
An early use of CGI scripts was to process forms. In the beginning of HTML, HTML forms typically had an "action" attribute and a button designated as the "submit" button. When the submit button is pushed the URI specified in the "action" attribute would be sent to the server with the data from the form sent as a query string. If the "action" specifies a CGI script then the CGI script would be executed and it then produces an HTML page.
Using CGI scripts[edit]
A web server allows its owner to configure which URLs shall be handled by which CGI scripts.
This is usually done by marking a new directory within the document collection as containing CGI scripts — its name is often cgi-bin. For example, /usr/local/apache/htdocs/cgi-bin could be designated as a CGI directory on the web server. When a Web browser requests a URL that points to a file within the CGI directory (e.g., http://example.com/cgi-bin/printenv.pl/with/additional/path?and=a&query=string), then, instead of simply sending that file (/usr/local/apache/htdocs/cgi-bin/printenv.pl) to the Web browser, the HTTP server runs the specified script and passes the output of the script to the Web browser. That is, anything that the script sends to standard output is passed to the Web client instead of being shown on-screen in a terminal window.
As remarked above, the CGI standard defines how additional information passed with the request is passed to the script. For instance, if a slash and additional directory name(s) are appended to the URL immediately after the name of the script (in this example, /with/additional/path), then that path is stored in the PATH_INFO environment variable before the script is called. If parameters are sent to the script via an HTTP GET request (a question mark appended to the URL, followed by param=value pairs; in the example, ?and=a&query=string), then those parameters are stored in the QUERY_STRING environment variable before the script is called. If parameters are sent to the script via an HTTP POST request, they are passed to the script's standard input. The script can then read these environment variables or data from standard input and adapt to the Web browser's request.[6]
Example[edit]
The following Perl program shows all the environment variables passed by the Web server:
#!/usr/bin/perl =head1 DESCRIPTION printenv — a CGI program that just prints its environment =cut print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n"; for my $var ( sort keys %ENV ) { printf "%s = \"%s\"\n", $var, $ENV{$var}; }
If a Web browser issues a request for the environment variables at http://example.com/cgi-bin/printenv.pl/foo/bar?var1=value1&var2=with%20percent%20encoding, a 64-bit Microsoft Windows web server running cygwin returns the following information:
COMSPEC="C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe"
DOCUMENT_ROOT="C:/Program Files (x86)/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2/htdocs"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE="CGI/1.1"
HOME="/home/SYSTEM"
HTTP_ACCEPT="text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"
HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET="ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING="gzip, deflate"
HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en-us,en;q=0.5"
HTTP_CONNECTION="keep-alive"
HTTP_HOST="example.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT="Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:5.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/5.0"
PATH="/home/SYSTEM/bin:/bin:/cygdrive/c/progra~2/php:/cygdrive/c/windows/system32:..."
PATHEXT=".COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC"
PATH_INFO="/foo/bar"
PATH_TRANSLATED="C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Software Foundation\Apache2.2\htdocs\foo\bar"
QUERY_STRING="var1=value1&var2=with%20percent%20encoding"
REMOTE_ADDR="127.0.0.1"
REMOTE_PORT="63555"
REQUEST_METHOD="GET"
REQUEST_URI="/cgi-bin/printenv.pl/foo/bar?var1=value1&var2=with%20percent%20encoding"
SCRIPT_FILENAME="C:/Program Files (x86)/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2/cgi-bin/printenv.pl"
SCRIPT_NAME="/cgi-bin/printenv.pl"
SERVER_ADDR="127.0.0.1"
SERVER_ADMIN="(server admin's email address)"
SERVER_NAME="127.0.0.1"
SERVER_PORT="80"
SERVER_PROTOCOL="HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE=""
SERVER_SOFTWARE="Apache/2.2.19 (Win32) PHP/5.2.17"
SYSTEMROOT="C:\Windows"
TERM="cygwin"
WINDIR="C:\Windows"

Some, but not all, of these variables are defined by the CGI standard. Some, such as PATH_INFO, QUERY_STRING, and the ones starting with HTTP_, pass information along from the HTTP request.
From the environment, it can be seen that the Web browser is Firefox running on a Windows 7 PC, the Web server is Apache running on a system that emulates Unix, and the CGI script is named cgi-bin/printenv.pl.
The program could then generate any content, write that to standard output, and the Web server will transmit it to the browser.
The following are environment variables passed to CGI programs:
Server specific variables:
SERVER_SOFTWARE: name/version of HTTP server.
SERVER_NAME: host name of the server, may be dot-decimal IP address.
GATEWAY_INTERFACE: CGI/version.
Request specific variables:
SERVER_PROTOCOL: HTTP/version.
SERVER_PORT: TCP port (decimal).
REQUEST_METHOD: name of HTTP method (see above).
PATH_INFO: path suffix, if appended to URL after program name and a slash.
PATH_TRANSLATED: corresponding full path as supposed by server, if PATH_INFO is present.
SCRIPT_NAME: relative path to the program, like /cgi-bin/script.cgi.
QUERY_STRING: the part of URL after ? character. The query string may be composed of *name=value pairs separated with ampersands (such as var1=val1&var2=val2...) when used to submit form data transferred via GET method as defined by HTML application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
REMOTE_HOST: host name of the client, unset if server did not perform such lookup.
REMOTE_ADDR: IP address of the client (dot-decimal).
AUTH_TYPE: identification type, if applicable.
REMOTE_USER used for certain AUTH_TYPEs.
REMOTE_IDENT: see ident, only if server performed such lookup.
CONTENT_TYPE: Internet media type of input data if PUT or POST method are used, as provided via HTTP header.
CONTENT_LENGTH: similarly, size of input data (decimal, in octets) if provided via HTTP header.
Variables passed by user agent (HTTP_ACCEPT, HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, HTTP_USER_AGENT, HTTP_COOKIE and possibly others) contain values of corresponding HTTP headers and therefore have the same sense.
The program returns the result to the Web server in the form of standard output, beginning with a header and a blank line.
The header is encoded in the same way as an HTTP header and must include the MIME type of the document returned.[7] The headers, supplemented by the Web server, are generally forwarded with the response back to the user.
Here is a simple CGI program written in Python 2 along with the HTML that handles a simple addition problem.[8]
<!DOCTYPE html>   <form action="add.cgi" method="POST"> Enter two numbers to add:
 First Number: <input type="text" name="num1" />
 Second Number: <input type="text" name="num2" />
 <input type="submit" value="Add" /> </form>
#!/usr/bin/env python2 import cgi import cgitb cgitb.enable() input_data = cgi.FieldStorage() print 'Content-Type:text/html' # HTML is following print # Leave a blank line print '
Addition Results
' try: num1 = int(input_data["num1"].value) num2 = int(input_data["num2"].value) except: print '
Sorry, we cannot turn your inputs into numbers (integers).
' return 1 print '
{0} + {1} = {2}
'.format(num1, num2, num1 + num2)
This Python 2 CGI gets the inputs from the HTML and adds the two numbers together.
Deployment[edit]
A Web server that supports CGI can be configured to interpret a URL that it serves as a reference to a CGI script. A common convention is to have a cgi-bin/ directory at the base of the directory tree and treat all executable files within this directory (and no other, for security) as CGI scripts. Another popular convention is to use filename extensions; for instance, if CGI scripts are consistently given the extension .cgi, the web server can be configured to interpret all such files as CGI scripts. While convenient, and required by many prepackaged scripts, it opens the server to attack if a remote user can upload executable code with the proper extension.
In the case of HTTP PUT or POSTs, the user-submitted data are provided to the program via the standard input. The Web server creates a subset of the environment variables passed to it and adds details pertinent to the HTTP environment.
Uses[edit]
CGI is often used to process inputs information from the user and produce the appropriate output. An example of a CGI program is one implementing a Wiki. The user agent requests the name of an entry; the Web server executes the CGI; the CGI program retrieves the source of that entry's page (if one exists), transforms it into HTML, and prints the result. The web server receives the input from the CGI and transmits it to the user agent. If the "Edit this page" link is clicked, the CGI populates an HTML textarea or other editing control with the page's contents, and saves it back to the server when the user submits the form in it.
Alternatives[edit]
Calling a command generally means the invocation of a newly created process on the server. Starting the process can consume much more time and memory than the actual work of generating the output, especially when the program still needs to be interpreted or compiled. If the command is called often, the resulting workload can quickly overwhelm the server.
The overhead involved in process creation can be reduced by techniques such as FastCGI that "prefork" interpreter processes, or by running the application code entirely within the web server, using extension modules such as mod_perl or mod_php. Another way to reduce the overhead is to use precompiled CGI programs, e.g. by writing them in languages such as C or C++, rather than interpreted or compiled-on-the-fly languages such as Perl or PHP, or by implementing the page generating software as a custom webserver module.
Alternative approaches include:
Extensions such as Apache modules, NSAPI plugins, and ISAPI plugins allow third-party software to run on the web server.
FastCGI reduces overhead by allowing a single, long-running process to handle more than one user request. Unlike converting an application to a web server plug-in, FastCGI applications remain independent of the web server.
Simple Common Gateway Interface or SCGI is designed to be easier to implement, yet it reduces latency in some operations compared to CGI.
Replacement of the architecture for dynamic websites can also be used. This is the approach taken by Java EE, which runs Java code in a Java servlet container in order to serve dynamic content and optionally static content. This approach replaces the overhead of generating and destroying processes with the much lower overhead of generating and destroying threads, and also exposes the programmer to the library that comes with Java Platform, Standard Edition on which the version of Java EE in use is based.
The optimal configuration for any Web application depends on application-specific details, amount of traffic, and complexity of the transaction; these tradeoffs need to be analyzed to determine the best implementation for a given task and time budget. Web Frameworks offer an alternative to using CGI scripts to interact with user agents.
See also[edit]
CGI.pm
FastCGI
Perl Web Server Gateway Interface
Rack (web server interface)
Web Server Gateway Interface
DOS Gateway Interface (DGI)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c RFC3875: The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Version 1.1
Jump up ^ Server Scripts, by Rob McCool, www-talk mailing list, Sun, 14 Nov 1993 19:24:47 -0600 The Common Gateway Interface, archived from the original on 2010-01-27
Jump up ^ CGI: Common Gateway Interface at w3.org
Jump up ^ "Common Gateway Interface RFC Project Page". Archived from the original on 2013-08-25.
Jump up ^ Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2
Jump up ^ Nelson, Anne Fulcher, and Nelson, William Harris Morehead. (2001). Building Electronic Commerce with Web Database Constructions. Boston, MA: Addison Wesley.
Jump up ^ CGI Primer (Mirror at citycat.ru)
Jump up ^ "Abacles HTML Forms". www.abacles.com. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
External links[edit]
GNU cgicc, a C++ class library for writing CGI applications
CGI, a standard Perl module for CGI request parsing and HTML response generation
CGI Programming 101: Learn CGI Today!, a CGI tutorial
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RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars
Season 1
Broadcast from
October 22 (2012-10-22) – November 26, 2012 (2012-11-26)
Judges
RuPaul
Michelle Visage
Santino Rice
Host(s)
RuPaul
Broadcaster
Logo
Competitors
12
Winner
Chad Michaels
Runner-up
Raven
Chronology
Season 1
▶
The first season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars premiered on the Logo network on October 22, 2012. Contestants from the original RuPaul's Drag Race show returned to compete again. Cast members were announced on August 6.[1]
This season features 12 returning contestants representing all four seasons. It aired six one-hour episodes.[2] Contestants were judged on their "charisma, uniqueness, nerve and talent" and, since they competed in teams of two, also "synergy". The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics, a "one of a kind trip" and $100,000.[3] The theme song playing during the runway every episode is "Sexy Drag Queen" (dootdoot 'doot-swift' Remix) and the song playing during the credits is "Responsitrannity" (Matt Pop's Edit), the latter of which is originally from RuPaul's album Glamazon.
The first episode introduced several changes to the rules for the All Stars competition. Queens competed in teams of two, determined by the contestants themselves. Both members of the losing team would be eliminated each week. The bottom two teams chose one member to "lip synch for their lives". The non-lip synching teammates had the option during the first minute of the performance to declare a "she-mergency", hit a panic button and "tag in" to complete the performance. RuPaul dedicated the first episode in memory of Sahara Davenport, a former competitor in season 2 of RuPaul's Drag Race who died due to heart failure.[4]
The winner of the first season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was Chad Michaels, with Raven being the runner-up.
Contents
1 Contestants
2 Contestant progress
3 Lip-syncs
4 Judges
5 Episodes
6 References
7 External links
Contestants[edit]
The drag queens who competed are:
(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)
Contestant
Name
Age
Hometown
Original
season
Original
placement
Outcome
Chad Michaels Chad Michaels 41 San Diego, CA Season 4 Runner-up Winner
Raven David Petruschin 33 Riverside, CA Season 2 Runner-up Runner-up
Jujubee Airline Inthyrath 28 Boston, MA Season 2 3rd Place 3rd/4th Place
Shannel Bryan Watkins[5] 32 Las Vegas, NV Season 1 4th Place
Alexis Mateo Alexis Mateo Pacheco 32 St. Petersburg, FL Season 3 3rd Place 5th/6th Place
Yara Sofia Gabriel Burgos Ortiz 28 Manatí, Puerto Rico Season 3 4th Place[a]
Latrice Royale Timothy Wilcots 40 South Beach, FL Season 4 4th Place[a] 7th/8th Place
Manila Luzon Karl Westerberg 30 New York City, New York Season 3 Runner-up
Nina Flowers Jorge Luis Flores Sánchez 37 Bayamón, PR Season 1 Runner-up[a] 9th/10th Place
Tammie Brown Keith Glen Schubert 32 Long Beach, CA Season 1 8th Place
Mimi Imfurst Braden Chapman 29 New York, NY Season 3 11th Place 11th/12th Place
Pandora Boxx Michael Steck 40 Rochester, NY Season 2 5th Place[a]
^ Jump up to: a b c d This contestant won Miss Congeniality in her original season.
Contestant progress[edit]
Contestant
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
Chad Michaels Shad BTM2 HIGH WIN WIN WIN Winner
Raven Rujubee HIGH LOW BTM2 BTM2 BTM2 Runner-up
Jujubee HIGH LOW BTM2 BTM2 BTM2 Eliminated
Shannel Shad BTM2 HIGH WIN WIN WIN Eliminated
Alexis Mateo Yarlexis LOW WIN SAFE ELIM
Yara Sofia LOW WIN SAFE ELIM
Latrice Royale Latrila WIN BTM2 ELIM
Manila Luzon WIN BTM2 ELIM
Nina Flowers Brown Flowers SAFE ELIM
Tammie Brown SAFE ELIM
Mimi Imfurst Mandora ELIM
Pandora Boxx ELIM
The contestant won RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars.
The contestant was the runner-up.
The contestant was eliminated without lip-syncing entirely.
The contestant was on the team who won the challenge.
The contestant received positive judges' critiques but were ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received judges' critiques but were ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received negative judges' critiques but were ultimately declared safe.
The contestant was in the bottom two and lip synced for their life.
The contestant was in the bottom two but did not lip sync for their life.
The contestant did not lip sync for their life but was on the losing team and was eliminated.
The contestant lip synced for their life and was eliminated.
The contestant replaced her partner during the lip sync, finished the lip sync and was eliminated.
Lip-syncs[edit]
Episode
Teams
(Lip-syncer)
Song
Eliminated
1 Team Mandora
(Mimi Imfurst) vs. Team Shad
(Chad Michaels) "Opposites Attract"
(Paula Abdul) Team Mandora
(Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx)
2 Team Brown Flowers
(Tammie Brown) vs. Team Latrila
(Latrice Royale) "There's No Business Like Show Business"
(Ethel Merman) Team Brown Flowers
(Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown)
3 Team Latrila
(Manila Luzon) vs. Team Rujubee
(Jujubee) "Nasty"
(Janet Jackson) Team Latrila
(Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)
4 Team Rujubee
(Raven) vs. Team Yarlexis
(Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia) "Don't Cha"
(The Pussycat Dolls) Team Yarlexis
(Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
5 Jujubee vs. Raven "Dancing on My Own"
(Robyn) None
6 Chad Michaels vs. Raven "Responsitrannity (Matt Pop Remix)"
(RuPaul) Raven
The contestant/team was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two.
The contestant/team was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync.
Judges[edit]
The complete roster of guest judges includes:[6]
Janice Dickinson (model, photographer, author, and talent agent)
Beth Ditto (singer, songwriter and model)
Rachel Dratch (actress and comedian)
Elvira, Mistress of the Dark (actress and horror hostess)
Rachel Hunter (actress and reality television show host)
Vicki Lawrence (actress, comedian, and singer)
Ross Mathews (comedian and television personality)
Wendi McLendon-Covey (actress, writer, producer and comedian)
Cheri Oteri (actress and comedian)
Rosie Perez (actress, dancer, choreographer, director and community activist)
Busy Philipps (actress)
Mary Wilson (singer, author, and actress)
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of RuPaul's Drag Race episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "It Takes Two" October 22, 2012 (2012-10-22)
The twelve returning queens are surprised to learn they will be competing in teams of two and that both team members will be eliminated together. The contestants then voted for their team formations in two rounds;
Chad Michaels and Shannel matched on the first round of voting to form Team Shad.
Raven and Jujubee matched on the first round of voting to form Team Rujubee.
Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown matched on the first round of voting to form Team Brown Flowers.
Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia matched on the second round of voting to form Team Yarlexis.
Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon matched on the second round of voting to form Team Latrila.
Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx were matched by consolation as the last two left and formed Team Mandora.
Guest Judges: Rachel Hunter and Ross Mathews
Main Challenge: Create an "Opposites Attract" photoshoot and a "half-baked" photo
Runway Theme: Outfits showing off Team Unity.
Challenge Winner: Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)
Bottom Two Teams: Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel) and Team Mandora (Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx)
Lip Sync Song: "Opposites Attract" by Paula Abdul
Lip Sync Contestants: Chad Michaels and Mimi Imfurst
Eliminated: Team Mandora (Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx)
2
2 "RuPaul's Gaff-In" October 29, 2012 (2012-10-29)
The mini-challenge, "In Da Butt Ru", tests how well the teams know each other by asking them questions in the style of The Newlywed Game. The winning team received cream pies to the face as its "prize".
For the main challenge, teams had to write original comedy material for a Laugh-In style sketch show. For the show the queens delivered celebrity impersonations.
In the companion series Untucked, Chad Michaels received a supportive video message from his father, from whom he had been estranged for 25 years.
Guest Judges: Busy Philipps and Vicki Lawrence
Mini Challenge: In Da Butt Ru (Knowing each their own partners)
Challenge Winner: Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
Main Challenge: RuPaul Gaff-In Variety Show Doing Celebrity Impersonations
Runway Theme: 60's Glam
Challenge Winner: Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
Bottom Two Teams: Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon) and Team Brown Flowers (Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown)
Lip Sync Song: "There's No Business Like Show Business" by Ethel Merman
Lip Sync Contestants: Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown
Eliminated: Team Brown Flowers (Tammie Brown and Nina Flowers)
3
3 "Queens Behaving Badly" November 5, 2012 (2012-11-05)
In the mini-challenge, the queens had to take a photographic self-portrait posed as a sexy macho male. Team Yarlexis won. For the main challenge each queen, under the direction of their partner via earpiece, had to go to Hollywood Boulevard and convince passers-by to participate in pranks, for example slapping the queen with a novelty foam hand or allowing the queen to spray whipped cream down the pedestrian's pants. Each prank was assigned a point value.
In the companion series Untucked, former contestant Tatianna served "Tea with Tati", in which she "read" (insulted) several of the remaining contestants.
Guest Judges: Rachel Dratch and Janice Dickinson
Mini Challenge: Queens With Guy Phones
Mini Challenge Winner: Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
Main Challenge: The Queens had to act "naughty" on the streets of Hollywood and do pranks.
Runway Theme: Bad Girls Chic
Challenge Winner: Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)
Bottom Two Teams: Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon) and Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
Lip Sync Song: "Nasty" by Janet Jackson
Lip Sync Contestants: Jujubee and Manila Luzon
Eliminated: Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)
4
4 "All Star Girl Groups" November 12, 2012 (2012-11-12)
In the mini challenge the girls had to dress up in cheer-leading costumes and "read" the other contestants in a cheer format. Team Yarlexis were the winners of this mini challenge. The main challenge was to form a girl group with celebrity women and drag them up into a Drag Girl Group. Team Yarlexis selected Kelly Osbourne (daughter of Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne), Team Shad chose Jillian Hervey (Vanessa L. Williams's daughter) while Team Rujubee opted for Kady Z (Pia Zadora's daughter). Team Yarlexis' song to perform is "Cover Girl", Team Shad's song to perform is "Glamazon", and Team Rujubee's song to perform is "Jealous of My Boogie".
Guest Judges: Mary Wilson and Rosie Perez
Mini Challenge: Cheer-reading routine
Mini Challenge Winner: Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
Main Challenge: Form girl groups with a celebrity, and perform a RuPaul song in front of a live audience
Main Challenge Winner: Team Shad (Shannel and Chad Michaels)
Bottom Two Teams: Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia) and Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
Lip Sync Song: "Don't Cha" by The Pussycat Dolls
Lip Sync Contestants: Raven and Alexis Mateo / Yara Sofia
Eliminated: Team Yarlexis (Yara Sofia and Alexis Mateo)
5
5 "Dynamic Drag Duos" November 19, 2012 (2012-11-19)
In the mini challenge, the remaining pairs played a basketball mini-challenge: Fish instead of Horse. Team Rujubee won and got a chance to talk to their love ones. For the main challenge, the teams created a story about a Super Hero and a Super Villain. Chad and Jujubee play their teams' superheroes, while Raven and Shannel play the villains.
Guest Judges: Wendi McClendon-Lovey and Elvira
Mini Challenge: Basketball game of "FISH"
Mini Challenge Winner: Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
Main Challenge: Super Heroes vs Super Villains
Main Challenge Winner: Team Shad (Shannel and Chad Michaels)
Lip Sync Song: "Dancing on My Own" by Robyn
Lip Sync Contestants: Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
6
6 "The Grand Finale" November 26, 2012 (2012-11-26)
For their final challenge, the final queens have to go to different locations within minutes of each other and perform different shows, consisting of a group interview, followed by an appearance at Hamburger Mary's to accept an award in their honor, and finish up with a comedy routine in front of a live audience.
Guest Judges: Beth Ditto and Cheri Oteri
Main Challenge: Drag on a Time (group interview session, public appearances at Hamburger Mary's, and a stand-up comedy routine)
Eliminated: Jujubee and Shannel
Final Two: Chad Michaels and Raven
Lip Sync Song: "Responsitrannity (Matt's Pop Edit)" by RuPaul
Lip Sync Contestants: Chad Michaels and Raven
Runner-up: Raven
Winner of RuPaul's All-Stars Drag Race Season One: Chad Michaels
References[edit]
Jump up ^ RuPaul's All Stars Drag Race: Meet the Queens from www.newnownext.com 6 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Logo launching all-stars edition of 'RuPaul's Drag Race' -- Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. March 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ RuPaul's All Stars Drag Race Premiere: Never Too Early to Throw Shade
Jump up ^ RuPaul will crown an all-star queen in new season of ‘Drag Race’
Jump up ^ Miyasato, Kiko (October 21, 2016). "Q&A: Bryan Watkins". Las Vegas Magazine. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017. Additional WebCitation archive on March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ RuPaul's All-Star Drag Race Contestant Photos and Guest Judges Revealed
External links[edit]
Official website
RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars on the Internet Movie Database
hide
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e
RuPaul's Drag Race
Seasons
Original
1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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All Stars
1
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3
Contestants
Winners
Original
BeBe Zahara Benet
Tyra Sanchez
Raja
Sharon Needles
Jinkx Monsoon
Bianca Del Rio
Violet Chachki
Bob the Drag Queen
Sasha Velour
Aquaria
All Stars
Chad Michaels
Alaska
Trixie Mattel
Other
contestants
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Aja
Alexis Mateo
Alexis Michelle
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BenDeLaCreme
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Carmen Carrera
Charlie Hides
Chi Chi DeVayne
Coco Montrese
Courtney Act
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Delta Work
Derrick Barry
Detox
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Jessica Wild
Jiggly Caliente
Jujubee
Kameron Michaels
Katya
Kelly Mantle
Kennedy Davenport
Kim Chi
Laganja Estranja
Latrice Royale
Manila Luzon
Mayhem Miller
Milk
Mimi Imfurst
Miss Fame
Miz Cracker
Monét X Change
Monica Beverly Hillz
Morgan McMichaels
Naomi Smalls
Nina Bo'nina Brown
Nina Flowers
Ongina
Pandora Boxx
Pearl
Peppermint
Phi Phi O'Hara
Raven
Roxxxy Andrews
Sahara Davenport
Shangela
Shannel
Shea Couleé
Tammie Brown
Tatianna
Thorgy Thor
Valentina
Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
Venus D-Lite
Victoria "Porkchop" Parker
The Vixen
Willam
Yara Sofia
Related articles
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episodes
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Natalia Pliacam
The Switch Drag Race
Miss Leona
Book
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text:
Pennsylvania Dutch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Pennsylvania German" redirects here. For the language, see Pennsylvania German language.
Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch
Regions with significant populations
United States, especially Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia; Canada, especially Ontario (Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge, Markham, Stouffville and Pickering)
Languages
English, Pennsylvania German
Religion
Lutheran, Reformed, Evangelical, Catholic, Moravian, Church of the Brethren, Mennonite, Amish, Schwenkfelder, River Brethren, Yorker Brethren
Related ethnic groups
German American, Swiss American, French American, Dutch American
The Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, listen (help·info)) are a cultural group formed by early German-speaking immigrants to Pennsylvania and their descendants. The word "Dutch" does not refer to the Dutch people (Nederlanders) or their descendants, but to the German settlers, known as Deutsch (in standard German) and Deitsch (in the principal dialect they spoke, Palatine German). Most emigrated to the U.S. from Germany or Switzerland in the 17th and 18th century. Over time, the various dialects spoken by these immigrants fused into a unique dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania "Dutch". At one time, more than one-third of Pennsylvania's population spoke this language.
The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutheran or German Reformed, but also with many Anabaptists, including Mennonites, Amish, and Hutterite. The Anabaptist religions promoted a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as Plain people or Plain Dutch. This was in contrast to the Fancy Dutch, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. Other religions were also represented by the late 1700s, in smaller numbers.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 Immigrants from the Palatinate of the Rhine
4 Immigration to the U.S.
5 Migration to Canada
6 Religion
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
Further information: Theodiscus
Pennsylvania German (Deitsch, Pennsylvania Deitsch, Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, listen (help·info); usually called Pennsylvania Dutch) is a variety of West Central German spoken by the Amish and Old Order Mennonites in the United States and Canada, closely related to the Palatine dialects.
During the Middle Ages the use of "Dutch" in English referred to West Germanic speakers of continental Europe in general. From c. 1600 onward it was mainly restricted to the inhabitants of the Low Countries.[2][3]
After the Second World War, use of Pennsylvania German virtually died out in favor of English, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Anabaptists, such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites. A number of German cultural practices continue to this day, and German Americans remain the largest ancestry group claimed in Pennsylvania by people in the census.[4]
Geography[edit]
The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in Southeastern and in Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes South Central Pennsylvania, in the area stretching in an arc from Bethlehem and Allentown through Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg.[5][6] Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in the historically Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia.[7]
Immigrants from the Palatinate of the Rhine[edit]
Many Pennsylvania Dutch were descendants of refugees who had left religious persecution in the Palatinate of the German Rhine.[8] For example, some Amish and Mennonites came to the Palatinate and surrounding areas from the German-speaking part of Switzerland, where, as Anabaptists, they were persecuted, and so their stay in the Palatinate was of limited duration.[9]
Most of the Pennsylvania Dutch have roots going much further back in the Palatinate. During the War of the Grand Alliance (1689–97), French troops pillaged the Palatinate, forcing many Germans to flee. The War of the Palatinate (as it was called in Germany), also called the War of the League of Augsburg, began in 1688 as Louis XIV took claim of the Electorate of the Palatinate. French forces devastated all major cities of the region, including Cologne. By 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick, now Rijswijk in the Netherlands, and the Palatinate remained free of French control. However, by 1702, the War of Spanish Succession began, lasting until 1713. French expansionism forced many Palatines to flee as refugees.[10]
Immigration to the U.S.[edit]
Some of the emigration of Germans to America from the Rhine area was caused by the devastation of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and the wars between the German principalities and France. Members this group founded the borough of Germantown, in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1683.[11] They settled on land that William Penn had sold to them. Germantown included not only Mennonites but also Quakers.[12]
The Mennonites of this group were organized by Francis Daniel Pastorius, an agent for a land purchasing company based in Frankfurt am Main.[11] None of the Frankfurt Company ever came to Pennsylvania except Pastorius himself, but 13 Krefeld German (Dutch-speaking) Mennonite families arrived on October 6, 1683, in Philadelphia. They were joined by eight more Dutch-speaking families from Hamburg-Altona in 1700 and five German-speaking families from the Palatinate in 1707.[13]
In 1723, some 33 Palatine families, dissatisfied under Governor Hunter's rule, migrated from Schoharie, New York, along the Susquehanna River to Tulpehocken, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where other Palatines had settled. They became farmers and used intensive German farming techniques that proved highly productive.[14]
Pictures from Old-Germantown. Shown here is the first log cabin of Pastorius about 1683, Pastorius' later house about 1715, print shop and house of Saurs about 1735, and the market square about 1820.
Another wave of settlers from Germany, which would eventually coalesce to form a large part of the Pennsylvania Dutch, arrived between 1727 and 1775; some 65,000 Germans landed in Philadelphia in that era and others landed at other ports. Another wave from Germany arrived 1749-1754. Not all were Mennonites; some were Quakers, for example.[15] The majority originated in what is today southwestern Germany, i.e., Rhineland-Palatinate[15] and Baden-Württemberg; other prominent groups were Alsatians, Dutch, French Huguenots (French Protestants), Moravians from Bohemia and Moravia and Germans from Switzerland. [16][17]
The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half the population of Pennsylvania and generally supported the Patriot cause in the American Revolution.[18] Henry Miller, an immigrant from Germany of Swiss ancestry, published an early German translation of the Declaration of Independence (1776) in his newspaper Philadelphische Staatsbote. Miller often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the William Tell legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.[19]
Frederick Muhlenberg (1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Migration to Canada[edit]
An early group, mainly from the Roxborough-Germantown area of Pennsylvania, emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the Township of Monckton, site of present day Moncton, New Brunswick. The extensive Steeves clan descends from this group.[20]
After the American Revolution, John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups.[21][22] This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers' emigrating to Canada, many to the area called the German Company Tract in the Township of Waterloo, which later became Waterloo County, Ontario.[23] Some still live in the area around Markham, Ontario [24][25] and particularly in the northern areas of the current Waterloo Region. Some members of the two communities formed the Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference. Today, the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by Old Order Mennonites.[26][23][27][28]
From 1800 to the 1830s, some Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, primarily to the area that would become Cambridge, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario/Waterloo, Ontario and St. Jacobs, Ontario/Elmira, Ontario/Listowel, Ontario in Waterloo County, Ontario. Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by Conestoga wagons. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a 60,000 acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Company Lands.[26][23]
Many of the Mennonite Germans from Pennsylvania arrived in Waterloo County in Conestoga wagons.
A fewer number of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would become the Greater Toronto Area in areas that would later be called Altona, Ontario, Pickering, Ontario and especially Markham Village, Ontario and Stouffville, Ontario.[29] William Berczy, a German entrepreneur and artist, had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794, he was able to obtain 64,000 acres in Markham Township, near the current city of Toronto, Ontario. Berczy arrived with approximately 190 German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others later moved to other locations in the general area, including a hamlet they founded, German Mills, Ontario, named for its grist mill; that community is now called Thornhill, Ontario), in the township that is now part of York Region.[24][25]
Religion[edit]
The immigrants of the 1600s and 1700s who were known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also German Pietists such as German Baptist Brethren and those who belonged to German Lutheran or German Reformed Church congregations.[30][31] Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were Seventh Day Baptists[32][33] or members of the Dunkard Brethren.[32] Calvinist Palatines and several other religions to a lesser extent were also represented.[34][35]
Over 60% of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church.[36] The two groups founded Franklin College (now Franklin & Marshall College) in 1787.
Henry Muhlenberg (1711–1787) founded the Lutheran Church in America. He organized the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1748, set out the standard organizational format for new churches and helped shape Lutheran liturgy.[37]
Muhlenberg was sent by the Lutheran bishops in Germany, and he always insisted on strict conformity to Lutheran dogma. Muhlenberg's view of church unity was in direct opposition to Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf's Moravian approach, with its goal of uniting various Pennsylvania German religious groups under a less rigid "Congregation of God in the Spirit." The differences between the two approaches led to permanent impasse between Lutherans and Moravians, especially after a December 1742 meeting in Philadelphia.[38] The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.[34]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Germany portal
Philadelphia portal
Pennsylvania German edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amish
List of Amish and their descendants
Mennonite
Schwenkfeldian
Old German Baptist Brethren
Pennsylvania German language
Hex sign
Pennsylvania Dutch Country
Hiwwe wie Driwwe newspaper
Michael Werner (publisher)
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine
German American
Helen Reimensnyder Martin, author
Anna Balmer Myers, author
John Schmid, singer
Fraktur (Pennsylvania German folk art)
Kurrent handwriting
Dwight Schrute, fictional character on The Office
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Donald F. Durnbaugh. "Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups". Journals.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Fogleman, Aaron Spencer (1996). Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0812215489. The term "Dutch," often considered a corruption of "Deutsch", which means German, was actually not a corruption at all. It was a legitimate, well-known term used by the English in the early modern period to describe the people who lived along the Rhine. The "Low Dutch" came from the area of the present Netherlands, while the "High Dutch" came from the area of the middle and upper Rhine.
Jump up ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Lancaster, PA Dutch Country: Attractions, Amish, Events". LancasterPA.com. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Lancaster, Discover. "PA Amish Lifestyle - How the community of Amish in PA live today". Discover Lancaster.
Jump up ^ Steven M. Nolt. Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic. Books.google.com. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Chapter Two - The History Of The German Immigration To America - The Brobst Chronicles". Homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Newman, George F., Newman, Dieter E. (2003) The Aebi-Eby Families of Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and North America, 1550-1850. Pennsylvania: NMN Enterprises
Jump up ^ Roeber 1988
^ Jump up to: a b "First German-Americans". Germanheritage.com. Retrieved 2006-10-05
Jump up ^ "Historic Germantown - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia". Philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Germantown Mennonite Settlement (Pennsylvania, USA) - GAMEO". gameo.org. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Farley Grubb, "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820," Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp. 417-436 in JSTOR
^ Jump up to: a b "German Settlement in Pennsylvania : An Overview" (PDF). Hsp.org. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "The Palatinate". Swissmennonite.org. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Dutch Cooking: Traditional Dutch Dishes. Gettysburg, PA: Dutchcraft Company.
Jump up ^ John B. Stoudt "The German Press in Pennsylvania and the American Revolution." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 59 (1938): 74-90 online
Jump up ^ A. G.. Roeber, "Henry Miller's Staatsbote: A Revolutionary Journalist's Use of the Swiss Past," Yearbook of German-American Studies, 1990, Vol. 25, pp 57-76
Jump up ^ Bowser, Les (2016). The Settlers of Monckton Township, Omemee ON: 250th Publications.
Jump up ^ "Biography – SIMCOE, JOHN GRAVES – Volume V (1801-1820) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Biographi.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Ontario's Mennonite Heritage". Wampumkeeper.com. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario History - To Confederation". Kitchener.foundlocally.com. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Markham, Ontario, Canada". Guidingstar.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruprecht, Tony (14 December 2010). "Toronto's Many Faces". Dundurn. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "History" (PDF). Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting. Waterloo Historical Society. 1930. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life of the Amish". PediaPress. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Bloomfield. "BUILDING COMMUNITY ON THE FRONTIER : the Mennonite contribution to shaping the Waterloo settlement to 1861" (PDF). Mhso.org. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "York County (Ontario, Canada)". Gameo.org. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "What is Pennsylvania Dutch?". Padutch.net. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ "The Germans Come to North America". Anabaptists.org. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Shea, John G. (27 December 2012). "Making Authentic Pennsylvania Dutch Furniture: With Measured Drawings". Courier Corporation – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Phebe Earle (28 August 1882). ""Pennsylvania Dutch.": And Other Essays". J.B. Lippincott & Company. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Murtagh, William J. (28 August 1967). "Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements". University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Donald F. Durnbaugh. "Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups" (PDF). Journals.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Murtagh, William J. (28 August 1967). "Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements". University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Leonard R. Riforgiato, Missionary of moderation: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the Lutheran Church in America (1980)
Jump up ^ Samuel R. Zeiser, "Moravians and Lutherans: Getting beyond the Zinzendorf-Muhlenberg Impasse," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, 1994, Vol. 28, pp 15-29
Bibliography[edit]
Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.
Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820," Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp. 417–436 in JSTOR
Louden, Mark L. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds. Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920 (University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011) 250 studies their houses, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes
Nolt, Steven, Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic, Penn State U. Press, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02199-3
Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998)
Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth-Century German Social and Emigration History," William & Mary Quarterly, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 750–774 in JSTOR
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Pennsylvania Dutch.
The Pennsylvania German Society
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - the Pennsylvania German Newspaper
Lancaster County tourism website
Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture
German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA in Washington, DC
"Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Reading, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904
The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center
FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database
Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones
Pennsylvania Dutch Family History, Genealogy, Culture, and Life
Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
In Pennsylvania German
Deitscherei.org — Fer der Deitsch Wandel
Hiwwe wie Driwwe — The Pennsylvania German Newspaper
Pennsylvania German Encyclopedia
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text:
Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)"
Single by Frank Wilson
B-side
"Sweeter As the Days Go By"
Released
1965
Genre
Soul, northern soul
Length
2:31
Label
Soul
Songwriter(s)
Frank Wilson
Producer(s)
Hal Davis and Marc Gordon
"Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)" is a song and single by American soul singer Frank Wilson first pressed in 1965 on the Motown subsidiary label Soul.[1] It is Wilson's only Motown single and is a prized item among collectors.[2]
Record history[edit]
Approximately 250 demo 45s of the song were pressed in 1965 and scheduled for release on 23 December 1965. Owing to a combination of Wilson deciding that he would rather focus on producing and Motown's Berry Gordy's lukewarm reception of the vocals and wish to prevent his producers from having a successful recording career, the demos were destroyed.[3] At least two, and maybe as many as five,[3] copies survived, one of which fetched £25,742 in May 2009.[4] One is rumoured to be owned by Berry Gordy himself.[3] Due to its scarcity it remains one of the most collectable discs especially by followers of Northern soul.[5][6] Owing to the demand caused by it being played at the famous English Northern soul nightclub, Wigan Casino, it was first officially released in the UK in 1979 on the Tamla-Motown label,[3][7] and again in 2004 with a version of the same song by Chris Clark on the B-side. On CD, the mono Frank Wilson version was issued on "The Complete Motown Singles, Volume 5: 1965" (Hip-O Select), while the stereo version appears on the British compilation "This Is Northern Soul: The Motown Sound Volume 1" (Motown). The Chris Clark version (in an alternate mono mix) was issued on the British "A Cellarful of Motown!", the first volume of four double discs documenting unreleased Motown songs.[8]
The song has also featured in an advert for KFC,[6] and The Happy Egg Company.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Frank Wilson– Do I Love You (Indeed I Do) / Sweeter As The Days Go By". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Frank Wilson". www.allmusic.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nowell, David (1999). Too Darn Soulful. London: Robson Books Ltd. pp. 249–250. ISBN 1-86105-270-7.
Jump up ^ "Record price for rare Motown disc". BBC. May 1, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ "40 most collectable records". www.djhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Stanley, Bob (2011-08-31). "Britain's got talcum: Northern Soul, the film". London: www.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Frank Wilson– Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Frank Wilson / Chris Clark (2)– Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
Jump up ^ http://tvadsongs.uk/happy-egg-co-advert-music-dancing-hens-lay/

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1965 singles
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