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As You Like It
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This article is about Shakespeare's play. For other uses, see As You Like It (disambiguation).
The first page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays, published in 1623
As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility.
As You Like It follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncle's court, accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and, eventually, love, in the Forest of Arden. In the forest, they encounter a variety of memorable characters, notably the melancholy traveller Jaques who speaks many of Shakespeare's most famous speeches (such as "All the world's a stage", "too much of a good thing" and "A fool! A fool! I met a fool in the forest"). Jaques provides a sharp contrast to the other characters in the play, always observing and disputing the hardships of life in the country.
Historically, critical response has varied, with some critics finding the work of lesser quality than other Shakespearean works and some finding the play a work of great merit. The play remains a favourite among audiences and has been adapted for radio, film, and musical theatre. The piece has been a favorite of famous actors on stage and screen, notably Vanessa Redgrave, Juliet Stevenson, Rebecca Hall, Helen Mirren, and Patti LuPone in the role of Rosalind and Alan Rickman, Stephen Spinella, Kevin Kline and Stephen Dillane in the role of Jaques.
Contents
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1 Characters
2 Synopsis
3 Sources
4 Date and text
4.1 External evidence
4.2 Internal evidence
5 Analysis and criticism
5.1 Setting
5.2 Themes
5.2.1 Love
5.2.2 Usurpation and Injustice
5.2.3 Forgiveness
5.2.4 Court life and country life
5.3 Religious allegory
5.4 Music and songs
5.5 Language
5.5.1 Use of prose
5.5.2 All the world's a stage
5.5.3 Pastoral mode
6 Performance history
7 Adaptations
7.1 Music
7.2 Radio
7.3 Film
7.4 Musical theatre
7.5 Graphic novel
7.6 Other musical work
8 References
9 External links
Characters[edit]
Main Characters: The Court of Duke Frederick:
Duke Frederick, Duke Senior's younger brother and his usurper, also Celia's father
Rosalind, Duke Senior's daughter
Celia, Duke Frederick's daughter and Rosalind's cousin
Touchstone, a court fool or jester
Le Beau, a courtier
Charles, a wrestler
Lords and ladies in Duke Frederick's court
The Household of the deceased Sir Rowland de Boys:
Oliver de Boys, the eldest son and heir
Jacques de Boys, the second son
Orlando de Boys, the youngest son
Adam, a faithful old servant who follows Orlando into exile
Dennis, Oliver's servant who called Charles
The Exiled Court of Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden:
Duke Senior, Duke Frederick's older brother and Rosalind's father
Jaques, a discontented, melancholic lord
Amiens, an attending lord and musician
Lords in Duke Senior's forest court
Country folk in the Forest of Arden:
Phoebe, a proud shepherdess
Silvius, a shepherd
Audrey, a country girl
Corin, an elderly shepherd
William, a country man
Sir Oliver Martext, a curate
Other characters:
Hymen, officiates over the weddings in the end; God of marriage, as appearing in a masque
Pages and musicians
Synopsis[edit]
The wrestling scene from As You Like It, Francis Hayman, c. 1750
The play is set in a duchy in France, but most of the action takes place in a location called the Forest of Arden. This may be intended as the Ardennes, a forested region covering an area located in southeast Belgium, western Luxembourg and northeastern France, or Arden, Warwickshire, near Shakespeare's home town, which was the ancestral origin of his mother's family—who incidentally were called Arden.
Frederick has usurped the duchy and exiled his older brother, Duke Senior. Duke Senior's daughter, Rosalind, has been permitted to remain at court because she is the closest friend and cousin of Frederick's only child, Celia. Orlando, a young gentleman of the kingdom who at first sight has fallen in love with Rosalind, is forced to flee his home after being persecuted by his older brother, Oliver. Frederick becomes angry and banishes Rosalind from court. Celia and Rosalind decide to flee together accompanied by the court fool, Touchstone, with Rosalind disguised as a young man and Celia disguised as a poor lady.
Rosalind, now disguised as Ganymede ("Jove's own page"), and Celia, now disguised as Aliena (Latin for "stranger"), arrive in the Arcadian Forest of Arden, where the exiled Duke now lives with some supporters, including "the melancholy Jaques," a malcontent figure, who is introduced to us weeping over the slaughter of a deer. "Ganymede" and "Aliena" do not immediately encounter the Duke and his companions. Instead, they meet Corin, an impoverished tenant, and offer to buy his master's crude cottage.
Audrey by Philip Richard Morris
Orlando and his servant Adam, meanwhile, find the Duke and his men and are soon living with them and posting simplistic love poems for Rosalind on the trees. (The role of Adam may have been played by Shakespeare, though this story is said to be apocryphal.)[1] Rosalind, also in love with Orlando, meets him as Ganymede and pretends to counsel him to cure him of being in love. Ganymede says that "he" will take Rosalind's place and that "he" and Orlando can act out their relationship.
The shepherdess, Phoebe, with whom Silvius is in love, has fallen in love with Ganymede (Rosalind in disguise), though "Ganymede" continually shows that "he" is not interested in Phoebe. Touchstone, meanwhile, has fallen in love with the dull-witted shepherdess, Audrey, and tries to woo her, but eventually is forced to be married first. William, another shepherd, attempts to marry Audrey as well, but is stopped by Touchstone, who threatens to kill him "a hundred and fifty ways."
Finally, Silvius, Phoebe, Ganymede, and Orlando are brought together in an argument with each other over who will get whom. Ganymede says he will solve the problem, having Orlando promise to marry Rosalind, and Phoebe promise to marry Silvius if she cannot marry Ganymede.
Orlando sees Oliver in the forest and rescues him from a lioness, causing Oliver to repent for mistreating Orlando. Oliver meets Aliena (Celia's false identity) and falls in love with her, and they agree to marry. Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, Silvius and Phoebe, and Touchstone and Audrey all are married in the final scene, after which they discover that Frederick also has repented his faults, deciding to restore his legitimate brother to the dukedom and adopt a religious life. Jaques, ever melancholic, declines their invitation to return to the court preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well. Rosalind speaks an epilogue to the audience, commending the play to both men and women in the audience.
Sources[edit]
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The direct and immediate source of As You Like It is Thomas Lodge's Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacie, written 1586-7 and first published in 1590.[2] Lodge's story is based upon "The Tale of Gamelyn," wrongly attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer and sometimes printed among his Canterbury Tales. Although it was first printed in 1721,"Gamelyin" must have existed in manuscript form in Shakespeare's time. It is doubtful that Shakespeare had read it, but Lodge must have built his pastoral romance on the foundation of "Gamelyin," giving it a pastoral setting and the artificial sentimental vein, much in fashion at the time. The tale provided the intertwined plots, and suggested all the characters except Touchstone and Jaques.
A watercolor illustration: Orlando pins love poems on the trees of the forest of Arden.
Some have suggested two other minor debts. The first is Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion, a poetic description of England, but there is no evidence that the poem was written before As You Like It. The second suggested source is The Historie of Orlando Furioso by Robert Greene, acted about 1592. It is suggested that Shakespeare derived the idea of Orlando's carving his lady's name on barks of trees from this play, but a lover carving love-poems on barks of trees was already in Lodge's tale.
Date and text[edit]
The first page of As You Like It, printed in the Second Folio of 1632
As You Like It was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare's plays, known as the First Folio, during 1623. No copy of it in Quarto exists, for the play is mentioned by the printers of the First Folio among those which "are not formerly entered to other men." By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599.
External evidence[edit]
As You Like It was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was "to be stayed," i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's First Book of Ayres, published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song "It was a Lover and his Lass" from As You Like It. This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600.
It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his Palladis Tamia. Although twelve plays are listed in Palladis Tamia, it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new playhouse's motto was Totus mundus agit histrionem—"all the Globe's a stage"—an echo of Jaques' famous line "All the world's a stage" (II.7).[3] This evidence posits September 1598 and September 1599 as the time frame within which the play was likely written.
Internal evidence[edit]
In Act III, v, Phoebe refers to the famous line "Whoever loved that loved not at first sight" taken from Marlowe's "Hero and Leander," which was published in 1598. This line, however, dates from 1593 when Marlowe was killed, and the poem was likely circulated in unfinished form before being completed by George Chapman. It is suggested in Michael Wood's In Search of Shakespeare that the words of Touchstone, "When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with the forward child understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room," allude to Marlowe's assassination. According to the inquest into his death, Marlowe had been killed in a brawl following an argument over the "reckoning" of a bill in a room in a house in Deptford, owned by the widow Eleanor Bull in 1593. The 1598 posthumous publication of Hero and Leander would have revived interest in his work and the circumstances of his death. These words in Act IV, i, in Rosalind's speech, "I will weep for nothing, like Diana in the fountain," may refer to an Alabaster image of Diana which was set up in Cheapside in 1598. However, it should be remembered Diana is mentioned by Shakespeare in at least ten other plays, and is often depicted in myth and art as at her bath. Diana was a literary epithet for Queen Elizabeth I during her reign, along with Cynthia, Phoebe, Astraea, and the Virgin Mary. Certain anachronisms exist as well, such as the minor character Sir Oliver Mar-text's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588-1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that As You Like It may have been composed in 1599-1600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty.
Analysis and criticism[edit]
Rosalind by Robert Walker Macbeth
Scholars have long disagreed about the merits of the play. George Bernard Shaw complained that As You Like It is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling opinion of the work by calling it As You Like It – as if the playwright did not agree. Tolstoy objected to the immorality of the characters and Touchstone's constant clowning. Other critics have found great literary value in the work. Harold Bloom has written that Rosalind is among Shakespeare's greatest and most fully realised female characters. Despite critical disputes, the play remains one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies.
The elaborate gender reversals in the story are of particular interest to modern critics interested in gender studies. Through four acts of the play, Rosalind, who in Shakespeare's day would have been played by a boy, finds it necessary to disguise herself as a boy, whereupon the rustic Phoebe, also played by a boy, becomes infatuated with this "Ganymede," a name with homoerotic overtones. In fact, the epilogue, spoken by Rosalind to the audience, states rather explicitly that she (or at least the actor playing her) is not a woman. In several scenes, "Ganymede" impersonates Rosalind' so a boy actor would have been playing a girl disguised as a boy impersonating a girl.
Setting[edit]
An 1889 etching of the Forest of Arden, created by John Macpherson for a series by Frederick Gard Fleay
Arden is possibly a toponym for a forest close to Shakespeare's home town of Stratford-upon-Avon, although the play is ostensibly set in France. The Oxford Shakespeare edition rationalises this geographical discrepancy by assuming that "Arden" is an anglicisation of the forested Ardennes region of France, where Lodge set his tale)[4] and alters the spelling to reflect this. Other editions keep Shakespeare's "Arden" spelling, since it can be argued that the pastoral mode depicts a fantastical world in which geographical details are irrelevant. The Arden edition of Shakespeare makes the suggestion that the name "Arden" comes from a combination of the classical region of Arcadia and the biblical garden of Eden, as there is a strong interplay of classical and Christian belief systems and philosophies within the play.[5] Arden was also the maiden name of Shakespeare's mother and her family home is located within the Forest of Arden.
Themes[edit]
Love[edit]
Love is the central theme of As You Like It, like other romantic comedies of Shakespeare. Following the tradition of a romantic comedy, As You Like It is a tale of love manifested in its varied forms. In many of the love-stories, it is love at first sight. This principle of "love at first sight" is seen in the love-stories of Rosalind and Orlando, Celia and Oliver, as well as Phoebe and Ganymede. The love-story of Audrey and Touchstone is a parody of romantic love. Another form of love is between women, as in Rosalind and Celia's deep bond.[6]
Usurpation and Injustice[edit]
This is a significant theme of this play. The new Duke Frederick usurps his older brother Duke Senior, while Oliver parallels this behavior by treating his younger brother Orlando so ungenerously as to compel him to seek his fortune elsewhere. Both Duke Senior and Orlando take refuge in the forest, where justice is restored "through nature."[7]
Forgiveness[edit]
The play highlights the theme of usurpation and injustice on the property of others. However, it ends happily with reconciliation and forgiveness. Duke Frederick is converted by a hermit and he restores the dukedom to Duke Senior who, in his turn, restores the forest to the deer. Oliver also undergoes a change of heart and learns to love Orlando. Thus, the play ends on a note of rejoicing and merry-making.
Court life and country life[edit]
An 1870 print of Act II, Scene iv: Rosalind and Celia in the forest with Touchstone.
Most of the play is a celebration of life in the country. The inhabitants of Duke Frederick's court suffer the perils of arbitrary injustice and even threats of death; the courtiers who followed the old duke into forced exile in the "desert city" of the forest are, by contrast, experiencing liberty but at the expense of some easily borne discomfort. (Act II, i). A passage between Touchstone, the court jester, and shepherd Corin establishes the contentment to be found in country life, compared with the perfumed, mannered life at court. (Act III, I). At the end of the play the usurping duke and the exiled courtier Jaques both elect to remain within the forest.[8]
Religious allegory[edit]
Illustration for Shakespeare's As You Like It by Émile Bayard (1837–1891). "Rosalind gives Orlando a chain."
University of Wisconsin professor Richard Knowles, the editor of the 1977 New Variorum edition of this play, in his article "Myth and Type in As You Like It,"[9] pointed out that the play contains mythological references in particular to Eden and to Hercules.
Music and songs[edit]
As You Like It is known as a musical comedy because of the number of songs in the play. Indeed, there are more songs in it than in any other play of Shakespeare. These songs and music are incorporated in the action that takes place in the forest of Arden, as shown below:
Under the Greenwood Tree: It summarises the views of Duke Senior on the advantages of country life over the amenities of the court. Amiens sings this song.
Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind: This song is sung by Amiens. It states that physical suffering caused by frost and winter winds is preferable to the inner suffering caused by man's ingratitude.
What Shall He Have That Killed the Deer: It is another song which adds a lively spectacle and some forest-colouring to contrast with love-talk in the adjoining scenes. it highlights the pastoral atmosphere.
It Was a Lover and his Lass: It serves as a prelude to the wedding ceremony. It praises spring time and is intended to announce the rebirth of nature and the theme of moral regeneration in human life.
Language[edit]
Use of prose[edit]
Shakespeare uses prose for about 55% of the text, with the remainder in verse.[10] Shaw explains that as used here the prose, "brief [and] sure," drives the meaning and is part of the play's appeal, whereas some of its verse he regards only as ornament.[11] The dramatic convention of the time required the courtly characters to use verse, and the country characters prose, but in As You Like It this convention is deliberately overturned.[10] For example, Rosalind, although the daughter of a Duke and thinking and behaving in high poetic style, actually speaks in prose as this is the "natural and suitable" way of expressing the directness of her character, and the love scenes between Rosalind and Orlando are in prose (III, ii, 277).[12] In a deliberate contrast, Silvius describes his love for Phoebe in verse (II, iv, 20). As a mood of a character changes, he or she may change from one form of expression to the other in mid-scene. Indeed, in a metafictional touch, Jaques cuts off a prose dialogue with Rosalind because Orlando enters, using verse: "Nay then, God be with you, an you talk in blank verse" (IV, i, 29).[13] The defiance of convention is continued when the epilogue is given in prose.
All the world's a stage[edit]
Main article: All the world's a stage
Act II, Scene VII, features one of Shakespeare's most famous monologues, spoken by Jaques, which begins:
"All the world's a stage
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts ..."
The arresting imagery and figures of speech in the monologue develop the central metaphor: a person's lifespan is a play in seven acts. These acts, or "seven ages", begin with "the infant/Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms" and work through six further vivid verbal sketches, culminating in "second childishness and mere oblivion,/Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything".
Pastoral mode[edit]
Walter Deverell, The Mock Marriage of Orlando and Rosalind, 1853
The main theme of pastoral comedy is love in all its guises in a rustic setting, the genuine love embodied by Rosalind contrasted with the sentimentalised affectations of Orlando, and the improbable happenings that set the urban courtiers wandering to find exile, solace or freedom in a woodland setting are no more unrealistic than the string of chance encounters in the forest which provoke witty banter and which require no subtleties of plotting and character development. The main action of the first act is no more than a wrestling match, and the action throughout is often interrupted by a song. At the end, Hymen himself arrives to bless the wedding festivities.
William Shakespeare’s play As You Like It clearly falls into the Pastoral Romance genre; but Shakespeare does not merely use the genre, he develops it. Shakespeare also used the Pastoral genre in As You Like It to ‘cast a critical eye on social practices that produce injustice and unhappiness, and to make fun of anti-social, foolish and self-destructive behaviour’, most obviously through the theme of love, culminating in a rejection of the notion of the traditional Petrarchan lovers.[14]
The stock characters in conventional situations were familiar material for Shakespeare and his audience; it is the light repartee and the breadth of the subjects that provide opportunities for wit that put a fresh stamp on the proceedings. At the centre the optimism of Rosalind is contrasted with the misogynistic melancholy of Jaques. Shakespeare would take up some of the themes more seriously later: the usurper Duke and the Duke in exile provide themes for Measure for Measure and The Tempest.
The play, turning upon chance encounters in the forest and several entangled love affairs in a serene pastoral setting, has been found, by many directors, to be especially effective staged outdoors in a park or similar site.
Performance history[edit]
There is no certain record of any performance before the Restoration. Evidence suggests that the premiere may have taken place at Richmond Palace on 20 Feb 1599, enacted by the Lord Chamberlain's Men.[15] Another possible performance may have taken place at Wilton House in Wiltshire, the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke. William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke hosted James I and his Court at Wilton House from October to December 1603, while Jacobean London was suffering an epidemic of bubonic plague. The King's Men were paid £30 to come to Wilton House and perform for the King and Court on 2 December 1603. A Herbert family tradition holds that the play acted that night was As You Like It.[16]
During the English Restoration, the King's Company was assigned the play by royal warrant in 1669. It is known to have been acted at Drury Lane in 1723, in an adapted form called Love in a Forest; Colley Cibber played Jaques. Another Drury Lane production seventeen years later returned to the Shakespearean text (1740).[17]
Notable recent productions of As You Like It include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite production of the play was Cheek by Jowl's 1991 production, directed by Declan Donnellan.[18]
Adaptations[edit]
Music[edit]
Rosalind and Celia by Hugh Thomson.
Thomas Morley (c. 1557–1602) composed music for "It Was a Lover and His Lass"; he lived in the same parish as Shakespeare, and at times composed music for Shakespeare's plays.
In 1942, Gerald Finzi included a setting of "It Was a Lover and His Lass" (V, iii) in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts Let Us Garlands Bring.
Donovan set "Under the Greenwood Tree" to music and recorded it for A Gift from a Flower to a Garden in 1968.
Mark Nichols wrote a musical version of the play in 2007.
In 2008, to celebrate the 450th anniversary of the ascension of Elizabeth I, Lady and Lord Salisbury, descendant of Robert Cecil, commissioned composer Scott Stroman to create a new set of Shakespeare Songs, most which were drawn from As You Like It. They were premiered in the Great Hall in which Elizabeth had held her first council of state in 1558.
Michael John Trotta composed a setting of "Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind" for choir in 2013.[19]
Radio[edit]
According to the history of radio station WCAL in the US state of Minnesota, As You Like It may have been the first play ever broadcast. It went over the air in 1922.
On 1 March 2015, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new production directed by Sally Avens with music composed by actor and singer Johnny Flynn of acclaimed folk rock band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit.[20] The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin.
Film[edit]
See also: Shakespeare on screen § As You Like It
As You Like It was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, As You Like It also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less "Hollywoody" than the versions of A Midsummer Night's Dream and Romeo and Juliet made at about the same time, and although its cast was made up entirely of Shakespearean actors, it was not considered a success by either Olivier or the critics.
Helen Mirren starred as Rosalind in the 1978 BBC videotaped version of As You Like It, directed by Basil Coleman.[21]
In 1992, Christine Edzard made another film adaptation of the play. It features James Fox, Cyril Cusack, Andrew Tiernan, Griff Rhys Jones, and Ewen Bremner. The action is transposed to a modern and bleak urban world.
A film version of As You Like It, set in 19th-century Japan, was released in 2006, directed by Kenneth Branagh. It stars Bryce Dallas Howard, David Oyelowo, Romola Garai, Alfred Molina, Kevin Kline, and Brian Blessed. Although it was actually made for cinemas, it was released to theatres only in Europe, and had its U.S. premiere on HBO in 2007. And although it was not a made-for-television film, Kevin Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries for his performance as Jaques.[22]
In 2012, Distant Thunder Films [23] produced an award-winning [24] film adaptation of the play set in modern-day San Francisco's Mission District. Directed by Marika Sonja Cotter, a graduate of the USC School of Cinematic Arts, LOVE: As You Like It was produced with a crowd-sourced budget of roughly $16,000.[25] Though deeply abridged, this feature-length adaptation features the original language of the play and offers an interpretation of the play through the use of performance, color, camera movement, space and medium [26] (both Super 8mm film and digital video were used [25]).
Musical theatre[edit]
Daniel Aquisito and Sammy Buck adapted this play into an 1980s themed musical entitled Like You Like It.[27]
For Shakespeare's 450th birthday Scott Stroman adapted the play into a stage musical of the same name, premiered in London, England by Highbury Opera Theatre in June 2014. www.highburyoperatheatre.com Stroman's version edits Shakespeare's original text, removing subplots and combining characters to make room for the jazz-influenced music, which also alludes to the music of William Byrd. In addition to the songs existing in the play he sets some sections of dialogue as songs (All the World's a Stage, What 'Tis to Love, Married Tomorrow), borrows songs from other plays (O Mistress Mine, Sigh No More, Fear No More) and creates a musical prologue (Crabbed Age and Youth, from The Passionate Pilgrim).
Graphic novel[edit]
A manga-style graphic novel was released in January 2009 by Self-Made Hero publishers, where the setting of the Forest of Arden has been transposed to modern-day China. The story has been adapted by Richard Appignanesi and features the illustrations of Chie Kutsuwada.
Other musical work[edit]
The Seven Doors of Danny, by Ricky Horscraft and John McCullough is based on the "Seven Ages of Man" element of the "All the World's a Stage" speech and was premiered in April 2016.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dolan, Frances E. "Introduction" in Shakespeare, As You Like It. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, edited by Dinah Birch, OUP Oxford, 2009
Jump up ^ King Henry V, New Cambridge Shakespeare, Cambridge University Press, page 4, 2005
Jump up ^ Bate, Jonathan (2008). Soul of the Age: the life, mind and world of William Shakespeare. London: Viking. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-670-91482-1.
Jump up ^ Dusinberre, Juliet (2006). "Introduction". As You Like it. Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-904271-21-5.
Jump up ^ Freedman, Penelope (2007). Power and passion in Shakespeare's pronouns. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7546-5830-6.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Marilyn L (1986). "The Comedies in Historical Context". In Habicht, Werner; et al. Images of Shakespeare. University of Delaware Press. pp. 189; 193. ISBN 0-87413-329-7.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Harold (2008). As You Like It. Bloom's Literary Criticism. New York: Infobase. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7910-9591-1.
Jump up ^ ELH, volume 33, March (1966) pp 1–22
^ Jump up to: a b Bate, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Eric (2010). As You Like It. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-230-24380-4. Reversing dramatic convention, it is the courtly characters who speak prose and the shepherds who court in verse.
Jump up ^ Shaw, George Bernard (1897). "Shaw on Shakespear". In Tomarken, Edward. As You Like It from 1600 to the Present: Critical Essays. New York: Routledge. pp. 533–4. ISBN 0-8153-1174-5.
Jump up ^ Gentleman, Francis (1770). "The dramatic censor; or, critical companion". In Tomarken, Edward. As You Like It from 1600 to the Present: Critical Essays. New York: Routledge. p. 232. ISBN 0-8153-1174-5.
Jump up ^ Pinciss, Gerald M (2005). "Mixing verse and prose". Why Shakespeare: An Introduction to the Playwright's Art. New York: Continuum. p. 101. ISBN 0-8264-1688-8.
Jump up ^ Sarah Clough. "As You Like It: Pastoral Comedy, The Roots and History of Pastoral Romance". Sheffield Theatres. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
Jump up ^ [Julie Dusinberre], "As You Like It (Third Edition)" London: Arden Shakespeare, 2006; p. 37
Jump up ^ F. E. Halliday, A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964, Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; p. 531.
Jump up ^ Halliday,Shakespeare Companion, p. 40.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/28/best-shakespeare-productions-favourite-as-you-like-it
Jump up ^ "Michael John Trotta's setting for choir". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b053zssp
Jump up ^ As You Like It (1978) at the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ IMDb.com
Jump up ^ LOVE: As You Like It | Production Information at distantthunderfilms.com
Jump up ^ LOVE: As You Like It | Awards Information at IMDB.com
^ Jump up to: a b LOVE: As You Like It | About Us at loveasyoulikeit.wordpress.com Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ LOVE: As You Like It | View on YouTube.com
Jump up ^ "Sammy Buck". Sammy Buck. 29 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
External links[edit]
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"Modern Translation of the Play" - Modern version of the play
As You Like It – HTML version of this title.
As You Like It at Project Gutenberg
As You Like It public domain audiobook at LibriVox
MaximumEdge.com – scene-indexed, searchable version of the play
Lesson plans for As You Like It at Web English Teacher
"Variations on a Theme of Love" introduction to the play and pastoral comedy as a genre
Text of As You Like It, fully edited by David Bevington, as well as original-spelling texts, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
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BMW N47
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
BMW N47
Overview
Manufacturer
BMW
Production
2007-present
Layout
Configuration
Straight-4 Diesel
Chronology
Predecessor
BMW M47
Successor
BMW B47
BMW N47D20
BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine that has many improvements over its predecessor, the M47. In 2019 it will be replaced with the B47.
Contents
[hide]
1 First use
2 Usage in other models
2.1 115 bhp version
2.2 143 bhp version
2.3 163 bhp version
2.4 177 bhp version
2.5 Twin turbo version
3 Variants
4 Timing chain problems
5 Other issues
6 References
7 External links
First use[edit]
The N47 engine debuted in March 2007 in the facelifted 1 Series BMW E87 and E81 and was available in the 1 Series BMW E82 and E88, which were introduced later in the same year.
Usage in other models[edit]
The engine also became available in the 5 Series BMW E60 and E61 from September 2007, several months after the 5 series was face lifted, during which time the older M47 remained available.
In the 2008 model year 3 Series E90/E91/E92/E93 when the entire 3 series range gained the company's Efficient Dynamics technology. Not long after it became available in the X3 and has since then become available in the X1.
The N47 comes as a 1598 cc (D16) and 1995 cc (D20) unit, the latter identical in capacity to the BMW M47TU/TU2 series.
115 bhp version[edit]
The 115 bhp tune is for the entry level E81 and E87 116d, as well as the entry level 3 Series E90 316d.
143 bhp version[edit]
The 143 bhp model was used in the
E81, E82, E87 and E88 118d
E90 and E91 318d
F20 118d
F30 and F31 318d
E84 X1 sDrive18d and xDrive18d
2010–present MINI Countryman Cooper SD (R60)
2010–present MINI Cooper SD (R56)
2010–present MINI Cabrio Cooper SD (R57)
2010–present MINI Coupe Cooper SD (R58)
2012–present MINI Roadster Cooper SD (R59)
2013–present MINI Paceman Cooper SD (R61)
X3 xDrive18d.
163 bhp version[edit]
A new 163 bhp/265 lb ft (360 N m) derivative was introduced in September 2009 for the 2010 model year. This version featured exceptionally low CO2 emissions of only 109 g/km and fuel consumption of 68.9 mpg[1]
This version was used in the E90 BMW 320d Efficient Dynamics
177 bhp version[edit]
The "standard" x20d model has 14 extra bhp, at 177 bhp but 7 lb ft of torque less at 258 lb ft(350 N m). This is found in the
E81/E82/E87/E88 120d
E90/E91/E92/E93 320d
5 Series E60 and E61 520d
E84 X1 X1 sDrive20d, X1 xDrive20d and E83 X3 xDrive20d.
In Europe, this particular version is one of the most popular engines in the entire range; the best selling 3 series is the 320d, while the 520d is the UK's best selling 5 series.[2]
The updated version of this engine introduced in March 2010 produces 135 kW/184 hp@4000 rpm and 380 Nm@1750-2750 rpm.
Twin turbo version[edit]
In October 2007, BMW introduced a twin sequential turbo model. With 204 bhp, it is the first production diesel on sale to achieve a specific output of over 100 bhp per liter. It uses the same turbo technology first shown in the E60 535d.
This engine is on sale in the E81/E82/E87/E88 123d and the E84 X1 xDrive 23d. This is the engine, which won the International Engine of the Year Award 2010.
Variants[edit]
Models
Engine
Displacement
Minimum specific fuel consumption(g/kWh)
Compression Ratio
Engine Weight(kg)
Power
Torque
Redline(rpm)
Injection Pressure(bar)
Relative Boost(bar)
MEP(bar)
Maximum combustion chamber pressure(bar)
Introduced in
N47D16 1.6 L (1598 cc/98 in³) 16.5:1 70 kW (95 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 235 N m (173 lb ft) @ 1500 - 2750 rpm 2013
85 kW (116 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 260 N m (192 lb ft) @ 1750 - 2500 rpm 2012
N47D20 2.0 L (1995 cc/121 in³) 198 16.5:1 149 85 kW (116 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 260 N m (192 lb ft) @ 1750 rpm 09/2009
105 kW (143 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 300 N m (221 lb ft) @ 1750-3000 rpm 5000 1600 1.5 19 170 03/2007
120 kW (163 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 340 N m (265 lb ft) @ 2000 rpm 1800 09/2009
130 kW (177 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 350 N·m (258 lb ft) @ 1750-3000 rpm 5000 1.5 22 180 03/2007
135 kW (184 bhp) @ 4000 rpm 380 N·m (280 lb ft) @ 1750-2750 rpm 5000 1.5 22 180 03/2010
16.1:1 161 150 kW (204 bhp) @ 4400 rpm 400 Nm (295 lb ft) @ 2000 rpm 5200 2000 2.0 25.3 200 10/2007
16.5:1 160 kW (218 bhp) @ 4400 rpm 450 Nm (332 lb ft) @ 1500-2500 rpm 2011
Timing chain problems[edit]
The N47 engine family is prone to excessive timing chain wear and premature failure.[3] Rattling noise from the rear of the engine is indicative of the condition. Timing chain failure may call for engine replacement or a costly repair. The most seriously affected units which require the most extensive repairs were produced from 01.03.2007 to 05.01.2009.[4]
Other issues[edit]
The return spring on the turbo's waste-gate was not originally lubricated or covered, this frequently resulted in early failure causing the waste-gate to remain partially or fully open. With the subsequent loss in compression, fuel consumption increased by 30%-50%. The problem was described by BMW engineers as a "known fault" and was immediately repaired (BMW mobile engineers even carried boxes of an improved spring), however BMW refused to compensate customers for the excessive fuel consumption and denied this fault was their liability.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BMW 320d EfficientDynamics Edition coming to Frankfurt with 57 mpg". egmCarTech. 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
Jump up ^ "BMW 520d SE". FleetNews. 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
Jump up ^ "BMW 1 Series E81/E87 2004 - Car Review". Honest John. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
Jump up ^ "BBC One - Watchdog - BMW deny engine failures are due to manufacturing fault". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
External links[edit]
The UnixNerd's BMW N47 engine page with photos, history and common problems.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_N47&oldid=827217944"
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BMW engines
Diesel engines by model
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Octavio Dotel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Dotel and the second or maternal family name is Diaz.
Octavio Dotel
Dotel with the Tigers in 2012
Pitcher
Born: (1973-11-25) November 25, 1973 (age 44)
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Batted: Right Threw: Right
MLB debut
June 26, 1999, for the New York Mets
Last MLB appearance
April 19, 2013, for the Detroit Tigers
MLB statistics
Win–loss record
59–50
Earned run average
3.78
Strikeouts
1,143
Saves
109
Teams
New York Mets (1999)
Houston Astros (2000–2004)
Oakland Athletics (2004–2005)
New York Yankees (2006)
Kansas City Royals (2007)
Atlanta Braves (2007)
Chicago White Sox (2008–2009)
Pittsburgh Pirates (2010)
Los Angeles Dodgers (2010)
Colorado Rockies (2010)
Toronto Blue Jays (2011)
St. Louis Cardinals (2011)
Detroit Tigers (2012–2013)
Career highlights and awards
World Series champion (2011)
Pitched a combined no-hitter on June 11, 2003
Medals[hide]
Men's baseball
Representing Dominican Republic
World Baseball Classic
2013 San Francisco Team
Octavio Eduardo Dotel Diaz (born November 25, 1973) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. Dotel played for thirteen major league teams, more than any other player in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), setting the mark when he pitched for the Detroit Tigers on April 7, 2012, breaking a record previously held by Mike Morgan, Matt Stairs, and Ron Villone.[1] He was a member of the Houston Astros for 5 seasons.
Dotel made his MLB debut on June 26, 1999, for the New York Mets and lost. His first MLB win came July 1, 1999, against the Florida Marlins.[2] He ended the season as the winning pitcher in the 1999 National League Championship Series game five against the Atlanta Braves.
He was voted Player of the Week for the week of July 25, 1999.[3] Dotel won the 2011 World Series as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals. In 2013, as part of the World Baseball Classic champions along with fellow Dominicans Robinson Canó and Santiago Casilla, Dotel became one of the few players in history to win both a World Series and a World Baseball Classic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 New York Mets
1.2 Houston Astros
1.3 Oakland Athletics
1.4 New York Yankees
1.5 Kansas City Royals
1.6 Atlanta Braves
1.7 Chicago White Sox
1.8 Pittsburgh Pirates
1.9 Los Angeles Dodgers
1.10 Colorado Rockies
1.11 Toronto Blue Jays
1.12 St. Louis Cardinals
1.13 Detroit Tigers
1.14 Retirement
2 Pitching style
3 Personal life
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
New York Mets[edit]
Dotel graduated from Liceo Cansino Afuera in the Dominican Republic and was signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent in 1993. He played for their minor league affiliate in the Dominican Summer League through 1994 and then promoted through the Mets' minor league system for the next several seasons.
Houston Astros[edit]
On December 23, 1999, Dotel was traded by the Mets with Roger Cedeño and minor leaguer Kyle Kessel to the Houston Astros for Mike Hampton and Derek Bell.
In 2000 Dotel amassed three wins in 16 games started as well as 16 saves as his role converted from starter to relief pitcher for the Astros, filling in as closer for an injured Billy Wagner. This season marked the first time in National League history that a pitcher had over 15 starts and 15 saves[citation needed] (the only other season in MLB history came in the American League in 1999, when Tim Wakefield won six games in 17 starts and attained 15 saves for the Boston Red Sox).
In 2001, Dotel again began the season as a starter but moved into the bullpen as the setup man for closer Billy Wagner. Dotel had an excellent season in 2002; he led all relievers with 118 strikeouts, helping secure a well-reputed bullpen for the Astros at that time. By 2003, Dotel and Wagner were joined by future Astros closer Brad Lidge and all three partook in a historic event when six Astros pitchers combined for a no-hitter against the New York Yankees on June 11, 2003.[4][5]
After the 2003 season, Wagner was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies and Dotel started 2004 as the closer for the Astros.
Oakland Athletics[edit]
On June 24, 2004, Dotel was traded to the Oakland Athletics in a three-team trade that sent Carlos Beltrán to the Astros, minor leaguer Mike Wood, Mark Teahen, and John Buck to the Kansas City Royals. Dotel served as closer for the Athletics and finished the 2004 season with a career-high 36 saves (22 for the A's and 14 for the Astros).[citation needed]
Dotel began 2005 as closer for the Athletics again, but had a rough start and went on the 60-day disabled list on 19 May. He underwent Tommy John surgery on June 1, ending his season after just 15 games.[6]
New York Yankees[edit]
Dotel signed a one-year deal with the New York Yankees in December 2005. He missed the first four months of the 2006 season, recovering from his Tommy John surgery. Dotel had a setback after developing tendinitis in his elbow while on a rehab assignment with the Trenton Thunder. This pushed his return into August as he went through another minor league assignment with the Columbus Clippers. Dotel pitched his first game in a Yankees uniform on August 16, coming into the game in the eighth inning against the Baltimore Orioles, facing two batters with one strikeout and one walk. He finished the season playing in 14 games with no record and an ERA of 10.80.
Dotel with the Toronto Blue Jays in 2011
Kansas City Royals[edit]
Dotel became a free agent at the end of the 2006 MLB season. On December 8, 2006, he agreed to a one-year contract with the Kansas City Royals for $5 million.[7]
Atlanta Braves[edit]
On July 31, 2007 the Royals traded Dotel to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for pitcher Kyle Davies. He made his Braves debut on August 1, throwing a scoreless ninth inning in a 12–3 rout of the Astros. On August 10, Dotel was placed on the disabled list with a right shoulder strain. He made his return on September 22 escaping a bases-loaded jam which eventually led to a Braves win. He finished the season 2–1 with a 3.76 ERA.
Chicago White Sox[edit]
On January 21, 2008 he agreed to a two-year, $11 million deal with the Chicago White Sox.[7]
Pittsburgh Pirates[edit]
On January 21, 2010, Dotel agreed to a one-year, $3.25 million deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates, plus bonuses for games finished. The deal also included a club option for 2011 for $4.5 million with a $250,000 buyout. Dotel started the year as the Pirates closer and stayed the closer until he was traded. Dotel recorded 21 saves in 2010 with the Pirates.[8][9]
Los Angeles Dodgers[edit]
On July 31, 2010, Dotel was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for James McDonald and Andrew Lambo.[10] He appeared in 19 games with the Dodgers and had a 3.38 ERA and one save.
Colorado Rockies[edit]
On September 18, 2010, Dotel was traded to the Colorado Rockies for a player to be named later. Dotel was ineligible to play on the postseason roster, but it made no difference as Colorado missed the playoffs. Dotel finished playing in eight games with the Rockies, going 0–1 with a 5.06 ERA.[11]
Toronto Blue Jays[edit]
Dotel agreed to a one-year, $3.5 million deal with the Toronto Blue Jays with a club option for 2012.[12] He earned his 50th career victory on April 8, 2011 against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
St. Louis Cardinals[edit]
Dotel during the 2011 World Series parade
On July 27, 2011, Dotel was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals with Edwin Jackson, Marc Rzepczynski and Corey Patterson for Colby Rasmus, P. J. Walters, Trever Miller and Brian Tallet.[13][14] Dotel got his first championship title when the Cardinals beat the Texas Rangers in the 2011 World Series. On October 31, 2011 it was announced that Cardinals would not pick up his team option for the 2012 season, making Dotel a type A free agent.
Detroit Tigers[edit]
Dotel signed with the Detroit Tigers on December 7, 2011. He made his debut for them on April 7, 2012. The Tigers were Dotel's thirteenth major league team, allowing him to pass Matt Stairs, Mike Morgan and Ron Villone for the MLB record of the most teams for which a player played.[15]
I've been all over the place. I've been in every league. Every division, too: West, Central, East. National League – boom, boom, boom. American League – boom, boom, boom.
Octavio Dotel[1]
Dotel made his 700th appearance in a major-league game on April 21, 2012, in the nightcap of a double-header against the Texas Rangers.[16]
Dotel entered the World Series for the second year in a row but lost to the San Francisco Giants in a 4-game sweep.
On June 8, 2013, Dotel was placed on the 60-day DL due to right elbow inflammation.
Retirement[edit]
On October 3, 2014, Dotel announced his retirement from professional baseball at the age of 40 after pitching 15 seasons for 13 MLB teams. His career strikeout rate of 10.8 per nine innings is the best in the history of baseball for right-handed pitchers with at least 900 innings pitched.[17]
Pitching style[edit]
Dotel mainly threw a four-seam fastball from 90–93 mph. He had two breaking balls, mostly used in 2-strike counts: a sweeping slider in the low 80s and a curveball in the upper 70s. The slider was used against right-handed hitters, the curveball against left-handers.[18] He was a strikeout pitcher throughout his career, finishing above 10 strikeouts per 9 innings in 10 full seasons.[19]
Personal life[edit]
In November 1993, not long after Dotel received his first contract with the New York Mets, his father was murdered. Emilio Dotel, 53, entered a taxi cab on his way home from work and was robbed, strangled, and killed. His body was found a day later 5 miles (8.0 km) from his house in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The late Emilio Dotel and his wife, Maria Magdalena Dotel, had three sons and two daughters.[20]
Octavio Dotel is married to Massiel.[21]
While playing for the St. Louis Cardinals, Dotel served as a mentor to fellow reliever Marc Rzepczynski.[22]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Baseball portal
Dominican Republic portal
List of Major League Baseball all-time saves leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jayson Stark, "Call Octavio Dotel the ultimate nomad", ESPN", Mar 13, 2012
Jump up ^ Rafael Hermoso, "Octavio Hits A High Note Hangs On For First Met Win", NYDailyNews, Jul 2, 1999
Jump up ^ "Baseball Cube". Baseball Cube. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Big Days in Astros History – June 11, 2003 – Six Astros Pitchers No-Hit Yankees". Astrosdaily.com. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Diamondbacks – Edwin Jackson | June 25, 2010 – Most Recent No-Hitters, By Team –". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "MLB.com bio". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Baseball Cube transactions
Jump up ^ Kovacevic, Dejan. Pirates, Dotel agree to one-year contract plus option, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Published January 20, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Langosch, Jenifer. Dotel agrees to deal with Pirates, MLB.com. Published January 21, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived August 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Dodgers trade Octavio Dotel to Rockies". Sports.espn.go.com. September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blue Jays agree to one-year deal with Dotel". Mlb.mlb.com. September 19, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cardinals deal Rasmus to Jays in three-team mega-deal". Sporting News. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Frenette, Brad. "Blue Jays acquire top prospect Colby Rasmus in three-team deal". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved July 27, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Octavio Dotel eager to set mark".
Jump up ^ "Leyland 'thrilled' about Humber's perfect game". MLB.com. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleeman, Aaron (October 3, 2014). "Octavio Dotel is retiring after 15 seasons for 13 teams". NBC Sports. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool — Player Card: Octavio Dotel". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Octavio Dotel Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas Hill, "Toughest Loss Of All Rookie Octavio Dotel Deals With The Murder Of His Father As He Embarks On A Promising Big-league Career", NYDailyNews, August 15, 1999
Jump up ^ Jenifer Langosch, "Dotel flies home to be with pregnant wife", MLB.com, May 2, 2010
Jump up ^ Jenifer Langosch, "Under Dotel's guidance, Rzepczynski flourishes", MLB.com, Mar 13, 2012
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Octavio Dotel.
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube, or Baseball-Reference (Minors)
Preceded by
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavio_Dotel&oldid=826283126"
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