text:
Sweet Home Alabama (film)
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Sweet Home Alabama
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Andy Tennant
Produced by
Neal H. Moritz
Screenplay by
C. Jay Cox
Story by
Douglas J. Eboch
Starring
Reese Witherspoon
Josh Lucas
Patrick Dempsey
Ethan Embry
Mary Kay Place
Fred Ward
Candice Bergen
Jean Smart
Music by
George Fenton
Cinematography
Andrew Dunn
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Tracey Wadmore-Smith
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Original Film
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27)
Running time
109 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[1]
Box office
$180.6 million[1]
Sweet Home Alabama is a 2002 American romantic comedy film directed by Andy Tennant, starring Reese Witherspoon, Josh Lucas, Patrick Dempsey and Candice Bergen. The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on September 27, 2002.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office performance
4.3 Accolades
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 See also
8 External links
Plot[edit]
On a stormy Alabama beach, Jake Perry shows Melanie Smooter the glass sculptures that result when sand is struck by lighting. They discuss their future together, with Jake asserting they will be married one day.
In the present day, Melanie has changed her last name to Carmichael to hide her poor Southern roots. She is a successful up-and-coming fashion designer in New York City. After becoming engaged to Andrew, Melanie goes home alone to Alabama to tell her parents and to procure a divorce from her estranged husband Jake. Andrew's mother, the Mayor of New York, expresses doubt that Melanie is good enough for her son, whom she is grooming to eventually run for President of the United States. Melanie asks Jake why he has returned the divorce papers unsigned for the last seven years; he orders her out of his house, eventually calling the sheriff to intervene. When Melanie's father brings her home from the station, she announces her engagment.
Hoping to spur Jake to sign the papers, Melanie empties out his checking account, after learning that her name is still on it. Jake says he will sign the papers in the morning, lamenting "nobody finds their soulmate when they're ten years old". Following Jake to a local bar, Melanie gets drunk and embarrasses herself in front of her childhood friends, expressing disgust at their lifestyle, confessing that Jake got her pregnant, hence why she married him, and outing a mutual friend, Bobby Ray Bailey. When Melanie wakes up the next morning, the divorce papers are lying on her bed, finally signed by Jake.
Melanie visits the Carmichael plantation to apologize to Bobby Ray, where she is cornered by a man who claims to be a journalist but is actually the mayor's assistant, sent to gather information on Melanie's background. Realizing her predicament, Bobby Ray pretends to be her cousin, backing up her pretense that this is her childhood home. Melanie soon reconciles with her other friends, and learns that Jake followed her to New York City to win her back—intimidated by the size of Manhattan, he returned home determined to make something of himself first. Jake finds Melanie in a graveyard upset over their old dog, and they have a heart to heart about their wedding, the loss of their baby due to miscarriage, and Melanie leaving for a new life. Melanie now realizes why Jake never signed the divorce papers.
Andrew arrives at the Carmichael Plantation to surprise Melanie. Jake takes him to a Civil War reenactment, where Melanie is with her father. On the way, knowing who Andrew is, Jake regales him with the story of "Felony" Melanie Smooter, a young girl who once tied dynamite to a cat's tail and then was arrested after it ran into the bank. When Andrew sees Melanie at the battlefield, she tells him Jake is her former husband. When her father introduces himself as Earl Smooter, Andrew realizes that Melanie has lied to him about who she really is and leaves. Andrew soon appears at Melanie's parents' house, having gotten over the shock and admitting he still wants to marry her, here in Alabama. Once Melanie's friends from New York arrive, they browse at a glazier whose wares they all have admired in New York, only to realize it is Jake.
Melanie's lawyer interrupts the wedding ceremony, bringing the divorce papers that Melanie herself has missed signing. Melanie hesitates, realizing her love for Jake. She wishes Andrew luck in finding a good woman. Andrew, distressed but showing no ill-feelings, wishes her well in return. His mother explodes, berating Andrew for risking his promising political career and verbally attacking Melanie. She then insults the town and Melanie's mother, for which Melanie punches her in the jaw, to the cheers of the crowd.
Melanie, in her wedding gown in the rain, finds Jake planting metal rods in the beach to draw lighting to create more sand sculptures. She tells him they are still married, and asks why he didn't tell her he came to New York. They repeat the conversation from when they were children about why they want to be married. As Jake and Melanie kiss, sheriff Wade "arrests" them and takes them to the bar owned by Jake's mother, where their friends and family are waiting. The pair finally get their long-awaited first dance as husband and wife, to the tune of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama." A mid-credits sequence shows that they have a daughter. Melanie continues to thrive as a designer and Jake opens a "Deep South Glass" franchise in New York. A newspaper clipping announces the wedding of Andrew and a girl named Erin Vanderbilt.
Cast[edit]
Reese Witherspoon as Melanie Smooter / Melanie Carmichael. She grew up in Pigeon Creek, Alabama and moved to New York City to follow her dreams. Now a noted fashion designer, she was engaged to the wealthy Andrew Hennings.
Dakota Fanning as Young Melanie
Josh Lucas as Jake Perry. Perry is married to Melanie who has been his best friend since childhood. He lives in Pigeon Creek, Alabama.
Thomas Curtis as Young Jake
Patrick Dempsey as Andrew Hennings. The son of New York City Mayor Kate Hennings, he is engaged to Melanie.
Ethan Embry as Bobby Ray Bailey, one of Melanie's childhood friends. He is outed by Melanie and is a good friend to Jake.
Mary Kay Place as Pearl Smooter, mother of Melanie. She is happily married to Earl Smooter.
Fred Ward as Earl Smooter, Melanie's father. He enjoys participating in re-enactments of the Civil War.
Candice Bergen as Mayor Kate Hennings. The mother of Andrew, she is wary of his relationship with Melanie.
Jean Smart as Stella Kay Perry, the mother of Jake, Melanie's husband. She owns "Stella's", a local tavern.
Melanie Lynskey as Lurlynn, who lives in Pigeon Creek and is a childhood acquaintance of Melanie.
Courtney Gains as Sheriff Wade, a childhood friend of Melanie.
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Dorothea, Wade's wife.
Rhona Mitra as Tabatha Wadmore-Smith, one of Melanie's best friends from New York.
Susannah Halling as the official leader of the Redneck Dancing Association.
Nathan Lee Graham as Frederick Montana, Melanie’s friend and mentor from New York. He is a fashion designer and friendly competitor.
Kevin Sussman as Barry Lowenstein, assistant to Mayor Kate Hennings.
Sean Bridgers as Eldon
Production[edit]
Filming[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Although centered in a fictional version of the town of Pigeon Creek, near a fictional version of Greenville, Alabama, the film was mostly shot in Georgia. The Carmichael Plantation, which Melanie tells the reporter is her childhood home, is the Oak Hill Berry Museum, a historic landmark in Georgia which is on the campus of Berry College in Rome, Georgia.
The streets and storefronts of Crawfordville, Georgia were used as the backdrop for the Catfish Festival and other downtown scenes. The coonhound cemetery was on Moore Street in Crawfordville, and the bar was located at Heavy's Barbecue near the town. Glass that forms when lightning hits sand, as in the film, is called fulgurite.
Jake's glassblowing shop was filmed at an old mill, named Starr's Mill, in Fayette County, Georgia. Wynn's Pond in Sharpsburg, Georgia is the location where Jake lands his plane. The historic homes shown at Melanie's return to Pigeon Creek were shot in Eufaula, Alabama.
The movie title and theme song lyrics are from the "Sweet Home Alabama" song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, that first appeared in 1974 on their second album, Second Helping.[2]
Release[edit]
Critical response[edit]
This film received mostly mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, 38% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 157 reviews.[3]
Roger Ebert, critic for the Chicago Sun Times, awarded it three-out-of-four stars, commenting, "It is a fantasy, a sweet, light-hearted fairy tale with Reese Witherspoon at its center. She is as lovable as Doris Day would have been in this role... So I enjoyed Witherspoon and the local color, but I am so very tired of the underlying premise."[4]
Andrew Sarris, critic for the New York Observer, said that the movie "Would be an unendurable viewing experience for this ultra-provincial New Yorker if 26-year-old Reese Witherspoon were not on hand to inject her pure fantasy character, Melanie Carmichael, with a massive infusion of old-fashioned Hollywood magic."[5]
Box office performance[edit]
The film grossed over US$35 million in its first weekend. By the end of its run in the United States, Sweet Home Alabama grossed over US$130 million, and another US$53,399,006 internationally. With a reported budget of US$30 million, it was a box office hit, despite the mixed reviews.[1]
Accolades[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The film won the following awards:
2003 BMI Film Music Award — George Fenton
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Movie
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock — Reese Witherspoon; Josh Lucas
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Movie Actress — Reese Witherspoon (Nominated)
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain — Candice Bergen (Nominated)
2003 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release (Nominated)
2003 Golden Trailer Award for Best Romance (Nominated)
2003 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award for Best Contemporary Hair Styling – Feature — Anne Morgan (Nominated)
2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance — Reese Witherspoon (Nominated)
Soundtrack[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sweet Home Alabama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), the film soundtrack, includes thirteen songs by different artists.
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Sweet Home Alabama" Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, Edward King 3:43
2. "Mine All Mine" Kristyn Osborn, Hollie Poole 3:55
3. "Falling Down" Avril Lavigne, David Alspach, Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards 3:54
4. "Gonna Make You Love Me" Ryan Adams 2:36
5. "To Think I Used to Love You (DJ Homicide Remix)" Uncle Kracker 3:26
6. "Keep Your Hands to Yourself" Daniel J. Baird 3:06
7. "Bring On the Day" Amy Powers, Jeffrey C.J. Vanston 4:33
8. "Long Gone Lonesome Blues" Hank Williams 2:55
9. "You Got Me" Jason Chain 3:44
10. "Now That I Know" Eric Bazilian, Shannon McNally 4:44
11. "Marry Me" Dolly Parton 3:15
12. "Weekend Song" Matt Cantor, Pete Chill, Aston Harvey, Tenor Fly 3:58
13. "Felony Melanie - Sweet Home Alabama Suite (Score)" 5:02
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sweet Home Alabama (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sweet Home Alabama by Lynyrd Skynyrd Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Sweet Home Alabama". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "Sweet Home Alabama". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Sweet Home Alabama". Rottten Tomatoes. Flixster, Inc. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
See also[edit]
Alabama portal
Film portal
The Judge - a 2014 film with a similar plot of a protagonist with a successful big city career drawn back to an old hometown.
Middle America
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sweet Home Alabama
Sweet Home Alabama on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Andy Tennant
Keep the Change (1992)
Desperate Choices: To Save My Child (1992)
The Amy Fisher Story (1993)
It Takes Two (1995)
Fools Rush In (1997)
Ever After (1998)
Anna and the King (1999)
Sweet Home Alabama (2002)
Hitch (2005)
Fool's Gold (2008)
The Bounty Hunter (2010)
Wild Oats (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy
There's Something About Mary (1999)
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (2000)
Miss Congeniality (2001)
American Pie 2 (2002)
Sweet Home Alabama (2003)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Napoleon Dynamite (2005)
She's the Man (2006)
Knocked Up (2007)
Juno (2008)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
Date Night (2010)
Bad Teacher (2011)
21 Jump Street (2012)
Pitch Perfect (2013)
The Other Woman (2014)
Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)
Ride Along 2 (2016)
Finding Dory (2017)
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Pelvis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pelvis
Male type pelvis
Female type pelvis
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Pelvis
Dorlands
/Elsevier
p_10/12623123
TA
A01.1.00.017
FMA
9578
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The same human pelvis, front imaged by x-ray (top), magnetic resonance imaging (middle), and 3-dimensional computed tomography (bottom).
The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body[1] between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk) or the skeleton embedded in it[2] (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton).
The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity (the space enclosed by the bony pelvis), the pelvic floor, below the pelvic cavity, and the perineum, below the pelvic floor.[1] The pelvic skeleton is formed in the area of the back, by the sacrum and the coccyx and anteriorly and to the left and right sides, by a pair of hip bones.
The two hip bones connect the spine with the lower limbs. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, connected to each other anteriorly, and joined with the two femurs at the hip joints. The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis, called the pelvic cavity, is the section of the body underneath the abdomen and mainly consists of the reproductive organs (sex organs) and the rectum, while the pelvic floor at the base of the cavity assists in supporting the organs of the abdomen.
In mammals, the bony pelvis has a gap in the middle, significantly larger in females than in males. Their young pass through this gap when they are born.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Pelvic bone
1.2 Pelvic cavity
1.3 Pelvic floor
1.4 Variation
2 Development
3 Functions
3.1 As a mechanical structure
3.2 As an anchor for muscles
3.2.1 Junctions
3.2.2 Shoulder and intrinsic back
3.2.3 Abdomen
3.2.4 Hip and thigh
3.3 In pregnancy and childbirth
4 Clinical significance
5 History
5.1 Caldwell-Moloy classification
6 Other animals
6.1 Primates
6.2 Evolution
7 Additional Images
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Structure[edit]
The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs.[1] It includes several structures: the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity, the pelvic floor, and the perineum. The bony pelvis (pelvic skeleton) is the part of the skeleton embedded in the pelvic region of the trunk. It is subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine. The pelvic girdle is composed of the appendicular hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) oriented in a ring, and connects the pelvic region of the spine to the lower limbs. The pelvic spine consists of the sacrum and coccyx.[1]
the pelvic cavity, typically defined as a small part of the space enclosed by the bony pelvis, delimited by the pelvic brim above and the pelvic floor below; alternatively, the pelvic cavity is sometimes also defined as the whole space enclosed by the pelvic skeleton, subdivided into:
the greater (or false) pelvis, above the pelvic brim
the lesser (or true) pelvis, below the pelvic brim
the pelvic floor (or pelvic diaphragm), below the pelvic cavity
the perineum, below the pelvic floor
Pelvic bone[edit]
Further information: Hip bone
The skeleton of the human pelvis:
2–4. Hip bone (os coxae)
1. Sacrum (os sacrum), 2. Ilium (os ilium), 3. Ischium (os ischii)
4. Pubic bone (os pubis) (4a. corpus, 4b. ramus superior, 4c. ramus inferior, 4d. tuberculum pubicum)
5. Pubic symphysis, 6. Acetabulum (of the hip joint), 7. Foramen obturatum, 8. Coccyx/tailbone (os coccygis)
Dotted. Linea terminalis of the pelvic brim
The pelvic skeleton is formed posteriorly (in the area of the back), by the sacrum and the coccyx and laterally and anteriorly (forward and to the sides), by a pair of hip bones. Each hip bone consists of 3 sections, ilium, ischium, and pubis. During childhood, these sections are separate bones, joined by the triradiate cartilage. During puberty, they fuse together to form a single bone.
Pelvic cavity[edit]
Main article: Pelvic cavity
The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs and the rectum.
A distinction is made between the lesser or true pelvis inferior to the terminal line, and the greater or false pelvis above it. The pelvic inlet or superior pelvic aperture, which leads into the lesser pelvis, is bordered by the promontory, the arcuate line of ilium, the iliopubic eminence, the pecten of the pubis, and the upper part of the pubic symphysis. The pelvic outlet or inferior pelvic aperture is the region between the subpubic angle or pubic arch, the ischial tuberosities and the coccyx. [3]
Ligaments: obturator membrane, inguinal ligament (lacunar ligament, iliopectineal arch)
Pelvic floor[edit]
Perineum
The pelvic floor has two inherently conflicting functions: One is to close the pelvic and abdominal cavities and bear the load of the visceral organs; the other is to control the openings of the rectum and urogenital organs that pierce the pelvic floor and make it weaker. To achieve both these tasks, the pelvic floor is composed of several overlapping sheets of muscles and connective tissues. [4]
The pelvic diaphragm is composed of the levator ani and the coccygeus muscle. These arise between the symphysis and the ischial spine and converge on the coccyx and the anococcygeal ligament which spans between the tip of the coccyx and the anal hiatus. This leaves a slit for the anal and urogenital openings. Because of the width of the genital aperture, which is wider in females, a second closing mechanism is required. The urogenital diaphragm consists mainly of the deep transverse perineal which arises from the inferior ischial and pubic rami and extends to the urogential hiatus. The urogenital diaphragm is reinforced posteriorly by the superficial transverse perineal. [5]
The external anal and urethral sphincters close the anus and the urethra. The former is surrounded by the bulbospongiosus which narrows the vaginal introitus in females and surrounds the corpus spongiosum in males. Ischiocavernosus squeezes blood into the corpus cavernosum penis and clitoridis. [6]
Variation[edit]
See also: Sex differences in humans
Modern humans are to a large extent characterized by bipedal locomotion and large brains. Because the pelvis is vital to both locomotion and childbirth, natural selection has been confronted by two conflicting demands: a wide birth canal and locomotion efficiency, a conflict referred to as the "obstetrical dilemma". The female pelvis, or gynecoid pelvis,[7] has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth — a wider pelvis would make women unable to walk. In contrast, human male pelvises are not constrained by the need to give birth and therefore are more optimized for bipedal locomotion.[8]
The principal differences between male and female true and false pelvis include:
The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller, narrower, and more compact.[9]
The female inlet is larger and oval in shape, while the male sacral promontory projects further (i.e. the male inlet is more heart-shaped).[9]
The sides of the male pelvis converge from the inlet to the outlet, whereas the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.[10]
The angle between the inferior pubic rami is acute (70 degrees) in men, but obtuse (90-100 degrees) in women. Accordingly, the angle is called subpubic angle in men and pubic arch in women.[9] Additionally, the bones forming the angle/arch are more concave in females but straight in males.[11]
The distance between the ischia bones is small in males, making the outlet narrow, but large in females, who have a relatively large outlet. The ischial spines and tuberosities are heavier and project farther into the pelvic cavity in males. The greater sciatic notch is wider in females.[11]
The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males, making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females.[11]
The male sacrum is long, narrow, more straight, and has a pronounced sacral promontory. The female sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved posteriorly, and has a less pronounced promontory.[11]
The acetabula are wider apart in females than in males.[11] In males, the acetabulum faces more laterally, while it faces more anteriorly in females. Consequently, when males walk the leg can move forwards and backwards in a single plane. In females, the leg must swing forward and inward, from where the pivoting head of the femur moves the leg back in another plane. This change in the angle of the femoral head gives the female gait its characteristic (i.e. swinging of hips).[12]
Development[edit]
Each side of the pelvis is formed as cartilage, which ossifies as three main bones which stay separate through childhood: ilium, ischium, pubis. At birth the whole of the hip joint (the acetabulum area and the top of the femur) is still made of cartilage (but there may be a small piece of bone in the great trochanter of the femur); this makes it difficult to detect congenital hip dislocation by X-raying.
"In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula proper and the (ventral) coracoid. The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion. They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle."
— R. J. Last - 'Last's Anatomy
Functions[edit]
The skeleton of the pelvis is a basin-shaped ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femora.
Its primary functions are to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing, transferring that weight from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton when standing and walking, and providing attachments for and withstanding the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and posture. Compared to the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle is thus strong and rigid.[1]
Its secondary functions are to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera (inferior parts of the urinary tracts, internal reproductive organs), providing attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles and membranes.[1]
As a mechanical structure[edit]
The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones. The hip bones are connected to each other anteriorly at the pubic symphysis, and posteriorly to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvic ring. The ring is very stable and allows very little mobility, a prerequisite for transmitting loads from the trunk to the lower limbs. [13]
As a mechanical structure the pelvis may be thought of as four roughly triangular and twisted rings. Each superior ring is formed by the iliac bone; the anterior side stretches from the acetabulum up to the anterior superior iliac spine; the posterior side reaches from the top of the acetabulum to the sacroiliac joint; and the third side is formed by the palpable iliac crest. The lower ring, formed by the rami of the pubic and ischial bones, supports the acetabulum and is twisted 80-90 degrees in relation to the superior ring. [14]
An alternative approach is to consider the pelvis part of an integrated mechanical system based on the tensegrity icosahedron as an infinite element. Such a system is able to withstand omnidirectional forces — ranging from weight-bearing to childbearing — and, as a low energy requiring system, is favoured by natural selection. [15]
The pelvic inclination angle is the single most important element of the human body posture and is adjusted at the hips. It is also one of the rare things that can be measured at the assessment of the posture. A simple method of measurement was described by the British orthopedist Philip Willes and is performed by using an inclinometer.
As an anchor for muscles[edit]
The lumbosacral joint, between the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra, has, like all vertebal joints, an intervertebral disc, anterior and posterior ligaments, ligamenta flava, interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, and synovial joints between the articular processes of the two bones. In addition to these ligaments the joint is strengthened by the iliolumbar and lateral lumbosacral ligaments. The iliolumbar ligament passes between the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the posterior part of the iliac crest. The lateral lumbosacral ligament, partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament, passes down from the lower border of the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum. The movements possible in the lumbosacral joint are flexion and extension, a small amount of lateral flexion (from 7 degrees in childhood to 1 degree in adults), but no axial rotation. Between ages 2–13 the joint is responsible for as much as 75% (about 18 degrees) of flexion and extension in the lumbar spine. From age 35 the ligaments considerably limit the range of motions. [16]
The three extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint — the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments — form a twisting mechanism encircling the neck of the femur. When sitting, with the hip joint flexed, these ligaments become lax permitting a high degree of mobility in the joint. When standing, with the hip joint extended, the ligaments get twisted around the femoral neck, pushing the head of the femur firmly into the Acetabulum, thus stabilizing the joint. [17] The zona orbicularis assists in maintaining the contact in the joint by acting like a buttonhole on the femoral head.[18] The intracapsular ligament, the ligamentum teres, transmits blood vessels that nourish the femoral head.[19]
Junctions[edit]
Coronal section through pubic symphysis
The two hip bones are joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis by a fibrous cartilage covered by a hyaline cartilage, the interpubic disk, within which a non-synovial cavity might be present. Two ligaments, the superior and inferior pubic ligaments, reinforce the symphysis.[3]
Both sacroiliac joints, formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the two hip bones. are amphiarthroses, almost immobile joints enclosed by very taut joint capsules. This capsule is strengthened by the ventral, interosseous, and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments. [3] The most important accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint are the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments which stabilize the hip bone on the sacrum and prevent the promonotory from tilting forward. Additionally, these two ligaments transform the greater and lesser sciatic notches into the greater and lesser foramina, a pair of important pelvic openings. [20] The iliolumbar ligament is a strong ligament which connects the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest. It can be thought of as the lower border of the thoracolumbar fascia and is occasionally accompanied by a smaller ligamentous band passing between the fourth lumbar vertebra and the iliac crest. The lateral lumbosacral ligament is partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament. It passes between the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum where it intermingle with the anterior sacroiliac ligament. [21]
The joint between the sacrum and the coccyx, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, is strengthened by a series of ligaments. The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament is an extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) that run down the anterior side of the vertebral bodies. Its irregular fibers blend with the periosteum. The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament has a deep and a superficial part, the former is a flat band corresponding to the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and the latter corresponds to the ligamenta flava. Several other ligaments complete the foramen of the last sacral nerve. [22]
Shoulder and intrinsic back[edit]
Intrinsic back muscles
The inferior parts of latissimus dorsi, one of the muscles of the upper limb, arises from the posterior third of the iliac crest.[23] Its action on the shoulder joint are internal rotation, adduction, and retroversion. It also contributes to respiration (i.e. coughing).[24] When the arm is adducted, latissimus dorsi can pull it backward and medially until the back of the hand covers the buttocks.[23]
In a longitudinal osteofibrous canal on either side of the spine there is a group of muscles called the erector spinae which is subdivided into a lateral superficial and a medial deep tract. In the lateral tract, the iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis originates on the back of the sacrum and the posterior part of the iliac crest. Contracting these muscles bilaterally extends the spine and unilaterally contraction bends the spine to the same side. The medial tract has a "straight" (interspinales, intertransversarii, and spinalis) and an "oblique" (multifidus and semispinalis) component, both of which stretch between vertebral processes; the former acts similar to the muscles of the lateral tract, while the latter function unilaterally as spine extensors and bilaterally as spine rotators. In the medial tract, the multifidi originates on the sacrum. [25]
Abdomen[edit]
The muscles of the abdominal wall are subdivided into a superficial and a deep group.
The superficial group is subdivided into a lateral and a medial group. In the medial superficial group, on both sides of the centre of the abdominal wall (the linea alba), the rectus abdominis stretches from the cartilages of ribs V-VII and the sternum down to the pubic crest. At the lower end of the rectus abdominis, the pyramidalis tenses the linea alba. The lateral superficial muscles, the transversus and external and internal oblique muscles, originate on the rib cage and on the pelvis (iliac crest and inguinal ligament) and are attached to the anterior and posterior layers of the sheath of the rectus. [26]
Flexing the trunk (bending forward) is essentially a movement of the rectus muscles, while lateral flexion (bending sideways) is achieved by contracting the obliques together with the quadratus lumborum and intrinsic back muscles. Lateral rotation (rotating either the trunk or the pelvis sideways) is achieved by contracting the internal oblique on one side and the external oblique on the other. The transversus' main function is to produce abdominal pressure in order to constrict the abdominal cavity and pull the diaphragm upward. [26]
There are two muscles in the deep or posterior group. Quadratus lumborum arises from the posterior part of the iliac crest and extends to the rib XII and lumbar vertebrae I-IV. It unilaterally bends the trunk to the side and bilaterally pulls the 12th rib down and assists in expiration. The iliopsoas consists of psoas major (and occasionally psoas minor) and iliacus, muscles with separate origins but a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. Of these, only iliacus is attached to the pelvis (the iliac fossa). However, psoas passes through the pelvis and because it acts on two joints, it is topographically classified as a posterior abdominal muscle but functionally as a hip muscle. Iliopsoas flexes and externally rotates the hip joints, while unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally and bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the supine position. [27]
Hip and thigh[edit]
Muscles of the hip. Anterior view for the top-left and right diagrams. Posterior view for the bottom-left diagram,
Main article: Muscles of the hip
The muscles of the hip are divided into a dorsal and a ventral group.
The dorsal hip muscles are either inserted into the region of the lesser trochanter (anterior or inner group) or the greater trochanter (posterior or outer group). Anteriorly, the psoas major (and occasionally psoas minor) originates along the spine between the rib cage and pelvis. The iliacus originates on the iliac fossa to join psoas at the iliopubic eminence to form the iliopsoas which is inserted into the lesser trochanter. [28] The iliopsoas is the most powerful hip flexor.[29]
The posterior group includes the gluteii maximus, medius, and minimus. Maximus has a wide origin stretching from the posterior part of the iliac crest and along the sacrum and coccyx, and has two separate insertions: a proximal which radiates into the iliotibial tract and a distal which inserts into the gluteal tuberosity on the posterior side of the femoral shaft. It is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, but, because of its bipartite insertion, it can both adduct and abduct the hip. Medius and minimus arise on the external surface of the ilium and are both inserted into the greater trochanter. Their anterior fibers are medial rotators and flexors while the posterior fibers are lateral rotators and extensors. The piriformis has its origin on the ventral side of the sacrum and is inserted on the greater trochanter. It abducts and laterally rotates the hip in the upright posture and assists in extension of the thigh. [28] The tensor fasciae latae arises on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts into the iliotibial tract.[30] It presses the head of the femur into the acetabulum and flexes, medially rotates, and abducts the hip.[28]
The ventral hip muscles are important in the control of the body's balance. The internal and external obturator muscles together with the quadratus femoris are lateral rotators of the hip. Together they are stronger than the medial rotators and therefore the feet point outward in the normal position to achieve a better support. The obturators have their origins on either sides of the obturator foramen and are inserted into the trochanteric fossa on the femur. Quadratus arises on the ischial tuberosity and is inserted into the intertrochanteric crest. The superior and inferior gemelli, arising from the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity respectively, can be thought of as marginal heads of the obturator internus, and their main function is to assist this muscle. [28]
Anterior and posterior thigh muscles
The muscles of the thigh can be subdivided into adductors (medial group), extensors (anterior group), and flexors (posterior group). The extensors and flexors act on the knee joint, while the adductors mainly act on the hip joint.
The thigh adductors have their origins on the inferior ramus of the pubic bone and are, with the exception of gracilis, inserted along the femoral shaft. Together with sartorius and semitendinosus, gracilis reaches beyond the knee to their common insertion on the tibia.[31]
The anterior thigh muscles form the quadriceps which is inserted on the patella with a common tendon. Three of the four muscles have their origins on the femur, while rectus femoris arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine and is thus the only of the four acting on two joints.[32]
The posterior thigh muscles have their origins on the inferior ischial ramus, with the exception of the short head of the biceps femoris. The semitendinosus and semimembranosus are inserted on the tibia on the medial side of the knee, while biceps femoris is inserted on the fibula, on the knee's lateral side.[33]
In pregnancy and childbirth[edit]
In later stages of pregnancy the fetus's head aligns inside the pelvis.[34] Also joints of bones soften due to the effect of pregnancy hormones.[35] These factors may cause pelvic joint pain (symphysis pubis dysfunction or SPD).[36][37] As the end of pregnancy approaches, the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen, letting the pelvis outlet widen somewhat; this is easily noticeable in the cow.
During childbirth (unless by Cesarean section) the fetus passes through the maternal pelvic opening.[38]
Clinical significance[edit]
Hip fractures often affect the elderly and occur more often in females, and this is frequently due to osteoporosis. There are also different types of pelvic fracture often resulting from traffic accidents.
Pelvic pain generally, can affect anybody and has a variety of causes; endometriosis in women, bowel adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis.
There are many anatomical variations of the pelvis. In the female the pelvis can be of a much larger size than normal, known as a giant pelvis or pelvis justo major, or it can be much smaller, known as a reduced pelvis or pelvis justo minor.[39] Other variations include an android pelvis the normal shape of the male pelvis, in women this shape can prove problematic in childbirth.
History[edit]
Caldwell-Moloy classification[edit]
Throughout the 20th century pelvimetric measurements were made on pregnant women to determine whether a natural birth would be possible, a practice today limited to cases where a specific problem is suspected or following a caesarean delivery. William Edgar Caldwell and Howard Carmen Moloy studied collections of skeletal pelves and thousands of stereoscopic radiograms and finally recognized three types of female pelves plus the masculine type. In 1933 and 1934 they published their typology, including the Greek names since then frequently quoted in various handbooks: Gynaecoid (gyne, woman), anthropoid (anthropos, human being), platypelloid (platys, flat), and android (aner, man). [40][41]
The gynaecoid pelvis is the so-called normal female pelvis. Its inlet is either slightly oval, with a greater transverse diameter, or round. The interior walls are straight, the subpubic arch wide, the sacrum shows an average to backward inclination, and the greater sciatic notch is well rounded. Because this type is spacious and well proportioned there is little or no difficulty in the birth process. Caldwell and his co-workers found gynaecoid pelves in about 50 per cent of specimens.
The platypelloid pelvis has a transversally wide, flattened shape, is wide anteriorly, greater sciatic notches of male type, and has a short sacrum that curves inwards reducing the diameters of the lower pelvis. This is similar to the rachitic pelvis where the softened bones widen laterally because of the weight from the upper body resulting in a reduced anteroposterior diameter. Giving birth with this type of pelvis is associated with problems, such as transverse arrest. Less than 3 per cent of women have this pelvis type.
The android pelvis is a female pelvis with masculine features, including a wedge or heart shaped inlet caused by a prominent sacrum and a triangular anterior segment. The reduced pelvis outlet often causes problems during child birth. In 1939 Caldwell found this type in one third of white women and in one sixth of non-white women.
The anthropoid pelvis is characterized by an oval shape with a greater anteroposterior diameter. It has straight walls, a small subpubic arch, and large sacrosciatic notches. The sciatic spines are placed widely apart and the sacrum is usually straight resulting in deep non-obstructed pelvis. Caldwell found this type in one quarter of white women and almost half of non-white women.
[42]
However, Caldwell and Moloy then complicated this simple fourfold scheme by dividing the pelvic inlet into posterior and anterior segments. They named a pelvis according to the anterior segment and affixed another type according to the character of the posterior segment (i.e. anthropoid-android) and ended up with no less than 14 morphologies. Notwithstanding the popularity of this simple classification, the pelvis is much more complicated than this as the pelvis can have different dimensions at various levels of the birth canal.[43]
Caldwell and Moloy also classified the physique of women according to their types of pelves: the gynaecoid type has small shoulders, a small waist and wide hips; the android type looks square-shaped from behind; and the anthropoid type has wide shoulders and narrow hips.[44] Lastly, in their article they described all non-gynaecoid or "mixed" types of pelves as "abnormal", a word which has stuck in the medical world even though at least 50 per cent of women have these "abnormal" pelves.[45]
The classification of Caldwell and Moloy was influenced by earlier classifications attempting to define the ideal female pelvis, treating any deviations from this ideal as dysfunctions and the cause of obstructed labour. In the 19th century anthropologists and others saw an evolutionary scheme in these pelvic typologies, a scheme since then refuted by archaeology. Since the 1950s malnutrition is thought to be one of the chief factors affecting pelvic shape in the Third World even though there are at least some genetic component to variation in pelvic morphology.[46]
Nowadays obstetric suitability of the female pelvis is assessed by ultrasound. The dimensions of the head of the fetus and of the birth canal are accurately measured and compared, and the feasibility of labor can be predicted.
Other animals[edit]
The pelvic girdle of the dinosaur Falcarius utahensis
The pelvic girdle was present in early vertebrates, and can be tracked back to the paired fins of fish that were some of the earliest chordates.[47]
The shape of the pelvis, most notably the orientation of the iliac crests and shape and depth of the acetabula, reflects the style of locomotion and body mass of an animal. In bipedal mammals, the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac joints, where in quadrupedal mammals they are parallel to the horizontally oriented sacroiliac joints. In heavy mammals, especially in quadrupeds, the pelvis tend to be more vertically oriented because this allows the pelvis to support greater weight without dislocating the sacroiliac joints or adding torsion to the vertebral column.
In ambulatory mammals the acetabula are shallow and open to allow a wider range of hip movements, including significant abduction, than in cursorial mammals. The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important as they determine the moment arms for the hip extensor muscles that provide momentum during locomotion.[48]
In addition to this, the relatively wide shape (front to back) of the pelvis provides greater leverage for the gluteus medius and minimus. These muscles are responsible for hip abduction which plays an integral role in upright balance.
Primates[edit]
In primates, the pelvis consists of four parts - the left and the right hip bones which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In humans, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed.
Evolution[edit]
The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.[49]
The drying of the environment of East Africa in the period since the creation of the Red Sea and the African Rift Valley, saw open woodlands replace the previous closed canopy forest. The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country. This led to a number of complementary changes to the human pelvis. It is suggested that bipedalism was the result.
Additional Images[edit]
Diameters of pelvic inlet.
Right hip bone. External surface.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Coccygeal plexus
Coccyx (tailbone)
Pelvimetry
Pelvis justo major
Pubic symphysis
Sacroiliac joint
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Moore 2014, pp. 357-8.
Jump up ^ Gray's anatomy
^ Jump up to: a b c Platzer (2004), p 188
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 137
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), p 106
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 136
Jump up ^ "Gynecoid pelvis". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, p. 48.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thieme Atlas of Anatomy, (2006), p 113
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 50-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Merry 2005, p. 50.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 112
Jump up ^ Holm (1980), pp 425-426
Jump up ^ Levin (2003), A Different Approach to the Mechanics of the Human Pelvis: Tensegrity (See conclusions.)
Jump up ^ Palastanga (2006), pp 331-332
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 381
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), p 198
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 383
Jump up ^ Palastanga (2006), pp 326-327
Jump up ^ Palastanga (2006), pp 332-333
Jump up ^ Morris (2005), p 59
^ Jump up to: a b Platzer (2004), p 140
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 266
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), pp 72, 74
^ Jump up to: a b Platzer (2004), pp 84-91
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 128
^ Jump up to: a b c d Platzer (2004), p 234
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 422
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 424
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), pp 240-243
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), p 248
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), p 250
Jump up ^ "When should my baby's head engage? If it engages early does that mean I am going to give birth early?". BabyCentre. Retrieved June 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Pelvic Pain during Pregnancy". Baby Care Guide. Retrieved June 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Female Pelvic Pain". Pain relief medication. Retrieved June 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Pelvic Pain (Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction)". Plus-Size Pregnancy Website. April 2003. Retrieved June 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Part 2 - Labor and Delivery". Ask Dr Amy. Retrieved June 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Justo major pelvis".
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 52-4.
Jump up ^ Caldwell, W. E.; Moloy, H. C. (1938). "Anatomical Variations in the Female Pelvis: Their Classification and Obstetrical Significance: (Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology)". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 32 (1): 1–30. PMC 1997320  . PMID 19991699.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 55-6.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 52.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 56.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 57.
Jump up ^ Merry 2005, pp. 58-9.
Jump up ^ Gregory, William K. (1935). "The pelvis from fish to man: a study in paleomorphology". The American Naturalist. 69 (722): 193–210. JSTOR 2456838. doi:10.1086/280593.
Jump up ^ Hall (2007), pp 254-255
Jump up ^ Bernard Grant Campbell (1998). Human Evolution: An Introduction to Mans Adaptations. Transaction Publishers. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-202-02042-6. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
References[edit]
Cunningham, Daniel John; Robinson, Arthur (1818). Cunningham's text-book of anatomy. William Wood and company. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
Ebrall, Phillip S.; Sportelli, Louis; Donato, Phillip R. (2004). Assessment of the Spine. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-443-07228-4. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
Hall, Brian Keith (2007). Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31337-9. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
Holm, Niels J. (1980). "The Internal Stress Pattern of the os Coxae". Acta Orthopaedica. Acta Orthopaedica. 51 (51:1): 421–428. doi:10.3109/17453678008990818.
Levin, Stephen M. (2007). "Hang In There!: The Statics and Dynamics of Pelvic Mechanics". Biotensegrity. Retrieved August 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Merry, Clare V. (2005). "Pelvic Shape". Mind — Primary Cause of Human Evolution. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-5457-5. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
Moore, Keith L. (2014). Clinically oriented anatomy. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.
Morris, Craig E. (2005). Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-137472-8.
Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2006). Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0-7506-8814-9.
Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9.
External links[edit]
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v
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Bones of the pelvis
General
sacrum
coccyx
hip bone
Ilium
body
arcuate line
wing
gluteal lines
posterior
anterior
inferior
iliac spines
anterior superior
anterior inferior
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Pubis
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pubic crest
superior ramus
pubic tubercle
obturator crest
inferior ramus
pectineal line
Compound
acetabulum
acetabular notch
iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line
linea terminalis
ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch
Foramina
obturator foramen
greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch
lesser sciatic foramen
Landmarks
pelvic inlet
pelvic brim
pelvic outlet
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NDL: 00566821
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This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 13:53.
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Computed tomography

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Trunk (anatomy)

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Human abdomen

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Reproductive organs

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Greater pelvis

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Lesser pelvis

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Foramen obturatum

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True pelvis

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False pelvis

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Sacral promontory

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Subpubic angle

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Tuberosity of the ischium

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Anococcygeal ligament

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Deep transverse perineal muscle

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Inferior ramus of the ischium

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Sphincter ani externus muscle

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/wiki/Urethral_sphincter
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Urethral sphincter

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/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_clitoridis
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Corpus cavernosum clitoridis

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Bipedal locomotion

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Great trochanter

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/wiki/Congenital_hip_dislocation
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Congenital hip dislocation

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/wiki/Pelvic_girdle
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Pelvic girdle

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/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra
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Lumbar vertebra

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Superior pubic ligament

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Inferior pubic ligament

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Ala of sacrum

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Body of vertebra

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/wiki/Erector_spinae
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Erector spinae

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/wiki/Iliocostalis_muscle
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Iliocostalis muscle

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Longissimus muscle

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Intertransversarii muscle

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Semispinalis muscle

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/wiki/Human_sternum
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Human sternum

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/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle
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Transversus abdominis muscle

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/wiki/External_abdominal_oblique_muscle
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External abdominal oblique muscle

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/wiki/Internal_abdominal_oblique_muscle
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Internal abdominal oblique muscle

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/wiki/Iliopsoas_muscle
mw-redirect
Iliopsoas muscle

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Posterior hip muscles

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Anterior hip muscles

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Posterior hip muscles

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/wiki/Gluteus_maximus
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Gluteus maximus

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/wiki/Gluteus_medius
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Gluteus medius

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/wiki/Gluteus_minimus
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Gluteus minimus

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/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae
mw-redirect
Tensor fasciae latae

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/wiki/Obturator_internus_muscle
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Obturator internus muscle

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/wiki/Obturator_externus_muscle
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Obturator externus muscle

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/wiki/Symphysis_Pubis_Dysfunction
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Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction

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/wiki/Cesarean_section
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Cesarean section

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/wiki/Bowel_adhesion
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Bowel adhesion

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/wiki/Anatomical_variation
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Anatomical variation

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/wiki/Falcarius_utahensis
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Falcarius utahensis

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http://www.askdramy.com/Part2.html

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PubMed Identifier

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19991699

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//www.jstor.org/stable/2456838

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//doi.org/10.1086%2F280593

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Human pelvis

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Body of ilium

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Body of ischium

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Superior ramus of the ischium

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Bekken – Afrikaans
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Karlica – Bosnian
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bs
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Pelvis – Catalan
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ca
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Pelfis – Welsh
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cy
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Vaagen – Estonian
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et
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Pelvis – Spanish
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es
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Pelbis – Basque
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eu
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Peilbheas – Irish
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Pelve – Galician
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Zdjelica – Croatian
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Pelvo – Ido
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io
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Pelvis – Indonesian
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Pelvis – Latin
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Iegurnis – Latvian
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Becken – Luxembourgish
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Pelvis – Malay
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Bekken – Norwegian
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Bekken – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Pelve – Portuguese
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Pelvis – Romanian
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Pelvis – Scots
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Medenica – Slovenian
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Zdjelica – Serbo-Croatian
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Lantio – Finnish
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Balakang – Tagalog
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tl
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Pelvis – Turkish
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