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Deep Ellum, Dallas
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A skater along Main Street in Deep Ellum
Deep Ellum is a neighborhood composed largely of arts and entertainment venues near downtown in East Dallas, Texas.
The neighborhood lies directly east of the elevated I-45/US 75 (unsigned I-345) freeway and extends to Exposition Avenue, connected to downtown by, from north to south, Pacific, Elm, Main, Commerce, and Canton streets. The neighborhood is north of Exposition Park and south of Bryan Place.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early days
1.2 Industrial development
1.3 Entertainment district
1.4 Crime recession
2 Music
2.1 Jazz and blues
2.2 1983–1999: "Glory Days of Deep Ellum"
3 Graffiti
4 Transportation
4.1 Highways
4.2 Trains
5 Education
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Early days[edit]
An outdoor barber shop, Fybr, in Deep Ellum
Deep Ellum developed in the late 19th century as a residential and commercial neighborhood on the east side of downtown Dallas. The area was originally called Deep Elm, but the pronunciation "Deep Ellum" by early residents led to its current and historically accepted name. Because of its proximity to the Houston and Texas Central railroad, the area was also referred to as Central Track.
As one of Dallas' first commercial districts for African-Americans and European immigrants, Deep Ellum is one of the most historically significant neighborhoods in the city. The district boasts the city's largest collection of commercial storefronts from the early 20th century and includes many individual structures significant in their own right.[1]
Industrial development[edit]
Robert S. Munger built his first cotton gin factory, the Continental Gin Company, in a series of brick warehouses along Elm Street and Trunk Avenue in Deep Ellum in 1888. As the business grew to become the largest manufacturer of cotton-processing equipment in the United States, Munger expanded the factory by adding additional structures along Trunk and Elm in 1912 and 1914, respectively. A Dallas Landmark District, the industrial complex was converted to loft apartments in 1997.
In 1914, Henry Ford selected Deep Ellum as the site for one of his earliest automobile plants. Designed by architect John Graham, who designed many regional facilities for Ford during the early 1900s, the building was constructed as an assembly plant for the famous Ford Model T. The plant remained in this location at 2700 Canton Street until the mid-1930s; Adam Hats moved into the four-story brick and terra cotta structure in 1959. The Dallas Landmark was converted to loft apartments in 1997, giving new life—and adding yet another layer of history to the building.
Union Bankers Trust Building, located at 2551 Elm Street, is one of the better known Landmarks in Deep Ellum. Constructed in 1916 as the Knights of Pythias Temple, the building was designed by African-American architect William Sydney Pittman, the state's first black architect and the son-in-law of Booker T. Washington.
In addition to serving as the state headquarters for the Knights, the temple housed some of the city's earliest offices for black doctors, dentists and lawyers and served as the social and cultural center for the African- American community until the late 1930s. The building was Pittman's largest built work. Other Dallas Landmarks within Deep Ellum include The Palace Shop at 2814 Main Street (ca. 1913) and Parks Brothers Warehouse at 2639 Elm Street (ca. 1923).
Entertainment district[edit]
Trees in 2017
The 1990s were a high point for Deep Ellum as Dallas' liveliest entertainment district. By 1991, Deep Ellum had 57 bars and nightclubs. There were restaurants, tattoo parlors, other diverse retail shops, and an increasing amount of high-rent residential loft space. Notable businesses of the 1990s included Deep Ellum Live (closed in 2004), Trees (closed late 2005, reopened August 2009), 2826, Club Dada (closed & reopened 2006), The Angry Dog (a restaurant, still in business), Monica's Aca y Alla (a restaurant, closed in 2012), Looker Hair Group (a salon), Galaxy Club (closed early 2007), the Green Room (closed September 2006, reopened 2010, closed 2011, reopened June 2013), Tarantino's (closed September 2006), and The Red Blood Club (closed & reopened 2007, and then closed again in 2008, and then reopened again in March 2014).
One notable event involves Russell Hobbs, the former owner of Theatre Gallery and the Prophet Bar, who, in early 1988, converted to Christianity, closed his two still-popular clubs, and opened The Door, a Christian oriented venue. An interesting success story involved Eduardo Greene, owner of Eduardo's Aca y Alla. In the mid-90's, Greene divorced his wife, had a highly publicized sex-change and reopened under her new name, Monica's Aca y Alla.
In 2011, the microbrewery Deep Ellum Brewing Company opened in Deep Ellum. DEBC currently distributes its brews to bars across Texas and hosts public tours.
Crime recession[edit]
States of the goodwillingness of Deep Ellum's people
At one point, Deep Ellum had become such a popular attraction that the streets often were blocked off to traffic, especially on weekends. It also spawned several events like the Deep Ellum Film Festival and Deep Ellum Arts Festival. However, weekend nights later found the streets much emptier than did the 1990s. New events such as the CODE (Culture of Deep Ellum) events, and Dallas Rock Meetup Group monthly festival, involve multi-venue, multi-band performances that help to maintain Deep Ellum's viability as a live music hotspot.
On May 2, 2001, John Battaglia murdered his daughters Faith and Liberty in his loft in Deep Ellum.[2]
For a time, Deep Ellum struggled with a perception of a high crime rate that made people reluctant to visit the area. In mid-2006, local papers had begun to report the near-demise of the neighborhood, as a large percentage of the long-time live music venues had closed that year, leaving mostly clubs oriented more towards 'hip hop' and other music, dancing and drinking, and radically altering the "feel" of. In 2007, several additional small and medium clubs had closed, although new live-music venues spring up without warning.
Things began turning around somewhat in 2009 and 2010, as evidenced by a slew of new bar, live music venue and restaurant openings. Some of the recent and planned openings include the re-launch of the near-legendary venue Trees, old favorites such as Club Dada and The Green Room, Tucker's Blues, The Boiler Room, Anvil Pub and La Grange (now punk rock hotspot Three Links).
The area is still somewhat in a state of transition, but on the upswing. In 2007, the City of Dallas encouraged large scale residential, multi-family dwelling construction in Deep Ellum, in hopes of making it more financially successful.[3][4]
In 2014 and 2015, the streets are being repaved to add more parking and making the notoriously rough pavement much better for vehicular and foot traffic. Deep Ellum continues to maintain and grow its place as a cultural and musical center for the DFW Metroplex. Despite the decline of a decade ago, you can now walk down Elm Street on a weekend and witness hundreds of pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles, with dozens of venues, restaurants, storefronts, and parking lots crowded and thriving.
Music[edit]
Jazz and blues[edit]
Deep Ellum's real claim to fame, however, was found in its music. By the 1920s, the neighborhood had become a hotbed for early jazz and blues musicians, hosting the likes of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith in Deep Ellum clubs like The Harlem and The Palace. From 1920 to 1950, the number of nightclubs, cafes and domino parlors in Deep Ellum jumped from 12 to 20.
In 1937, a columnist described Deep Ellum as:
...[the] one spot in the city that needs no daylight saving time because there is no bedtime...[It is] the only place recorded on earth where business, religion, hoodooism, gambling and stealing goes on at the same time without friction...Last Saturday a prophet held the best audience in this 'Madison Square Garden' in announcing that Jesus Christ would come to Dallas in person in 1939. At the same time a pickpocket was lifting a week's wages from another guy's pocket, who stood with open mouth to hear the prophecy.[5]
At the time, you could find gun and locksmith shops, clothing stores, the Cotton Club, tattoo studios, barber-shops, pawn shops, drugstores, tea rooms, loan offices, domino halls, pool halls, and walk-up hotels. On its sidewalks you could find pigeon droppers, reefer men, craps shooters, card sharps, and sellers of cocaine and marijuana.[5] Sometime around World War I, Lead Belly and Blind Lemon Jefferson got together and began composing folk tunes, with Dallas often in the lyrics. In a song called "Take A Whiff on Me":
Walked up Ellum an' I come down Main,
Tryin' to bum a nickel jes' to buy cocaine.
Ho, Ho, baby, take a whiff on me.[5]
Another song about Deep Ellum, "Deep Ellum Blues", performed by the Grateful Dead included:
When you go down on Deep Ellum,
Put your money in your socks
'Cause them Women on Deep Ellum
Sho' will throw you on the rocks.
(chorus)
Oh, sweet mama, your daddy's got them Deep Ellum Blues.
Oh, sweet mama, your daddy's got them Deep Ellum Blues.[5]
Following World War II, the success of Deep Ellum started to fade. The ever-growing availability and use of the automobile led to the removal of the Houston and Texas Central railroad tracks—to make way for Central Expressway—and by 1956 the streetcar line had been removed. Businesses closed, residents moved to the suburbs and the music all but stopped. In 1969, a new elevation of Central Expressway truncated Deep Ellum, completely obliterating the 2400 block of Elm Street, viewed by many as the center of the neighborhood. By the 1970s, few original businesses remained.
1983–1999: "Glory Days of Deep Ellum"[edit]
Deep Ellum Neon Sign
In 1983, the Near East Side Area Planning Study, or "Deep Ellum Plan", was revealed to the public. The city planned to "downzone" Deep Ellum, meaning that building height, population, and street width were to be carefully monitored so as to help the neighborhood maintain an artistic, historic atmosphere. Artists and musicians began to move into the area, opening up new galleries and venues, attracting young creatives to the area. Over the course of the 1980s, Deep Ellum became well known as a hot-spot for the Dallas Punk Scene.[6]
According to Murray Hammond of Old 97's, punk and hardcore outfits as prolific as Dead Kennedys were playing at local galleries. With the insurgence of new nightclubs and venues, Deep Ellum began to explode as a local music spot. However, throughout the mid '80s, the neighborhood still faced serious safety issues, one of which being the overwhelming presence of skinheads, but as Deep Ellum continued to expand, the threats dwindled. By 1991, over 50 nightclubs and bars had opened in Deep Ellum, including Trees Dallas.[7]
During the 1990s, musical acts including Toadies, Erykah Badu, and Old 97's began to gain prominence as not only local successes, but national stars. Once Deep Ellum had gained traction as the heart of music in Dallas, popular touring artists such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Smashing Pumpkins, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Radiohead, The Roots, The Notorious B.I.G., and Fugazi would book shows at venues including Trees Dallas and The Bomb Factory.[7]
Graffiti[edit]
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Murals along the Good Latimer Tunnel
In addition to live music, Deep Ellum was a hotbed for graffiti. Many of the music venues used graffiti artists to advertise music shows.
In the late 1980s, the city allowed a number of local artists to paint walls of the Good-Latimer Expressway tunnel (a major entry to the neighborhood). The wide variety of images, largely in a 'graffiti' style, had long been a popular display, leading many to conclude (incorrectly) that the city allowed graffiti in parts of Deep Ellum. The tunnel was demolished in spring 2007 to make way for the DART Green Line train.
While graffiti is popular in Deep Ellum, a large portion of the art and murals in the area are commissioned by local businesses. Some of the most recognizable art was completed by artist, and owner of Kettle Gallery, Frank Campagna along with his daughter Amber Campagna. The 42 Mural project has invited a select number of artists to paint murals throughout Deep Ellum in hopes of passing along the history and heritage of the area.[8][9]
Transportation[edit]
Highways[edit]
Interstate 345 ( US 75/ I-45 connection)
(US 67, US 80, and US 175 have all previously passed through parts of Deep Ellum, but are now routed onto nearby freeways.)
Trains[edit]
DART Green Line
Deep Ellum Station
Baylor University Medical Center Station
Education[edit]
North Dallas High School serves residents north of Commerce Street
Deep Ellum is served by the Dallas Independent School District.
Residents of Deep Ellum north of Commerce Street are zoned to Ignacio Zaragoza Elementary School, Alex W. Spence Middle School and North Dallas High School.[10] Residents south of Commerce Street are zoned to City Park Elementary School, Billy Earl Dade Middle School, and James Madison High School.[11]
Deep Ellum is also home to a free, public charter secondary school located in the midst of the entertainment district. Uplift Luna Preparatory opened in 2010 and is considered a high performing school, according to state reports.[12]
See also[edit]
Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The History of Deep Ellum". Deep Ellum Foundation.
Jump up ^ Mervosh, Sarah. "John Battaglia, Texas death row inmate who killed daughters, loses latest appeal". The Dallas Morning News. July 15, 2015. Retrieved on March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dallas City Council Addendum from 9 April 2008 § Deep Ellum TIF District" (PDF). Dallas City Hall.
Jump up ^ "Dallas City Council briefing from 9 May 2012 § Comprehensive plan" (PDF). Dallas City Hall.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Payne, Darwin (1982). "Chapter VI: The Spirit of Enterprise". Dallas, an illustrated history. Woodland Hills, California: Windsor Publications. pp. 157–185. ISBN 0-89781-034-1.
Jump up ^ "DEEP ELLUM | TSHA" www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Freedman, Pete (November 13, 2011). "An Oral History of the Dallas Music Scene | Dallas Observer" www.dallasobserver.com. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
Jump up ^ "The Deep Ellum Tunnel". Urban Exploration Resource.
Jump up ^ "Deep Ellum Tunnels". Lowrider Arte.
Jump up ^ Dallas ISD - 2006 School Feeder Patterns Archived April 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. - North Dallas High School Archived February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. (Maps: ES: Zaragoza; MS: Spence Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.; HS: North Dallas Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine..) Retrieved January 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Dallas ISD - 2006 School Feeder Patterns Archived April 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. - James Madison High School Archived February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. (Maps: ES: City Park Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.; MS: Dade Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.; HS: Madison Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine..) Retrieved January 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Dallas - Downtown, East, Oak Cliff". Uplift Education.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deep Ellum, Dallas.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Deep Ellum, Dallas.
Pask, Kevin. "Deep Ellum Blues", Southern Spaces, October 30, 2007.
DEAO (Deep Ellum Artists Organization)
DEBO (Deep Ellum Buskers Organization)
Deep Ellum Arts Festival
History of Deep Ellum compiled by the Dallas Observer
Deep Ellum Residents Council on Myspace
Extensive gallery of Good-Latimer Tunnel murals
Deep Addison
Headlines about Downtown Dallas and Deep Ellum from The Dallas Morning News
The Door moves into Gypsy Tea Room
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List of CEOs of Ford Motor Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Executive Chairman William Clay Ford, Jr.: September 6, 2006 to present. (titled Executive Chairman since stepping down as CEO, has been Chairman since January 1,1999).
Jim Hackett: May 22, 2017 to present (CEO)
Mark Fields: July 1, 2014 to May 22, 2017 (CEO)
Alan Mulally: September 5, 2006 to July 1, 2014 (CEO)
William Clay Ford Jr.: October 30, 2001 [1] to September 5, 2006
Jacques Nasser: January 1, 1999[2] - 2001 (CEO)
Alex Trotman: November 1993 - December 31, 1998
Harold Arthur Poling: 1990 - 1993
Donald Petersen: 1985 - 1990
Philip Caldwell: 1979 - 1985 [3](CEO,also Chairman from 1980)
Henry Ford II 1960 to 1980 (Chairman)
Ernest R. Breech 1955 to 1960 [4](Chairman)
Henry Ford II 1945 to 1979 [5] (CEO)
Henry Ford I 1906 to 1945 [6]
John S. Gray 1903 to 1906

Chairman and CEO are single position unless noted (CEOs who were not Chairman were generally President at the time)
John S Gray first CEO
President[edit]
President of Ford Motor Company:
Jim Padilla 2005-2006
Nick Scheele 2001-2005
Philip Benton 1990-92
Harold Arthur Poling 1985-88
Donald Petersen 1980-85
Philip Caldwell 1978-80
Lee Iacocca 1970-78
Lee Iacocca Automotive North America, 1969–70
Robert Stevenson, Automotive International, 1969–70
Robert Hampson, Non-Automotive, 1969–70
Semon Emil "Bunkie" Knudsen 1968-69
Arjay Miller 1963-68
John Dykstra 1961-63
Robert S. McNamara 1960 to 1961
Henry Ford II 1945 to 1960
Henry Ford I 1943 to 1945
Edsel Ford 1919 to 1943
Henry Ford I Oct 22, 1906 to 1919
John S. Gray June 17, 1903 to Oct 22, 1906
References[edit]
^ Ford replaces Nasser as Ford CEO - CNN (October 30, 2001)
^ National Press Club event - Jacques Nasser, NPR (July 27, 2000)
^ Have you driven a Ford Lately? Thanks to Donald Peterson you may want to - Washington Monthly (October 1986)
^ Ford Motor Company chronology
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Deception (2018 TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Deception
Genre
Crime drama
Created by
Chris Fedak
Starring
Jack Cutmore-Scott
Ilfenesh Hadera
Lenora Crichlow
Justin Chon
Laila Robins
Amaury Nolasco
Vinnie Jones
Composer(s)
Blake Neely
Nathaniel Blume
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Greg Berlanti
Chris Fedak
Martin Gero
Sarah Schechter
David Nutter
Producer(s)
Chad McQuay
Ryan Lindenberg
David Kwong
Location(s)
New York City
Cinematography
John Lindley
Running time
43 minutes
Production company(s)
Berlanti Productions
VHPT Company
Warner Bros. Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
ABC
Picture format
720p (HDTV)
Audio format
5.1 surround sound
Original release
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11) – present (present)
External links
Official website
Deception is an American crime procedural drama television series created for ABC by Chris Fedak. The series is produced by Berlanti Productions and VHPT Company in association with Warner Bros. Television, with Fedak serving as showrunner. The series premiered on March 11, 2018.
The series stars Jack Cutmore-Scott as Cameron Black, a superstar magician who joins the FBI as a consulting illusionist to help them solve crimes after his career is ruined by a scandal. Ilfenesh Hadera, Lenora Crichlow, Justin Chon, Laila Robins, Amaury Nolasco, and Vinnie Jones also star in the show. In September 2016, the series received a pilot production commitment at ABC, and received a pilot order in January 2017. The cast was filled out in early 2017, and filming on the pilot began in New York City in March 2017. The series was officially ordered by ABC in May 2017. On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Ratings
6.2 Critical response
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
After his career as a magician is ruined by a scandal, Las Vegas illusionist Cameron Black becomes the world's first "consulting illusionist" as he works with the FBI to solve odd crimes.[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Jack Cutmore-Scott as Cameron Black, a Las Vegas illusionist who works with the FBI to solve crimes.[2] Cutmore-Scott also portrays Cameron's twin brother, Jonathan Black.[3]
Danny Corbo as young Cameron Black
Sonny Corbo as young Jonathan Black
Ilfenesh Hadera as Kay Daniels, a take-charge, hard-working FBI special agent who teams up with Black.[4]
Lenora Crichlow as Dina Clark, Black's producer/makeup artist.[5]
Justin Chon as Jordan Kwon, a street magician who works on Black's team.[6]
Laila Robins as Deakins, a FBI special agent and Daniels and Alvarez's unit's commander.[7]
Amaury Nolasco as Mike Alvarez, a classic FBI agent who is secretly a huge fan of magic, and of Cameron Black in particular.[5]
Vinnie Jones as Gunter Gastafsen, hailed as the "world's greatest illusion builder".[8]
Recurring[edit]
Stephanie Corneliussen as a mysterious woman from Cameron's past known as "The Sorceress with Magic Eyes".[9]
Alexandra Lenarchyk as young girl
Naren Weiss as Dekker, the "weapons visionary" for the mysterious woman.
Evan Parke as Winslow, an inmate who coerces Jonathan to do odd jobs for him.
Billy Zane as Switch, an artist with ties to the mysterious woman.
Tanc Sade as Lance Bauer
Guest[edit]
Brett Dalton as Isaac Walker, a CIA agent who has a romantic past with Kay.[10]
Brandon Wiliams as Sebastian Black
Mario Van Peebles as Bruce Conners
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Pilot" David Nutter Chris Fedak March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11) T15.10141 5.93[11]
2
"Forced Perspective" Michael Lehmann Chris Fedak March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18) T33.10002 3.97[12]
3
"Escapology" Mike Smith Elizabeth Peterson March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25) T33.10003 3.86[13]
4
"Divination" Kevin Tancharoen Kai Yu Wu April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01) T33.10004 4.00[14]
5
"Masking" Silver Tree Nelson Greaves April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08) T33.10005 3.61[15]
6
"Black Art" Rob Seidenglanz Sam Sklaver April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22) T33.10006 3.24[16]
7
"Sacrifice 99 to Fool One" Rob Hardy John A. Norris April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24) T33.10007 3.10[17]
8
"Multiple Outs" Glen Winter Bryan Malone April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29) T33.10008 3.64[18]
9
"Getting Away Clean" Michael Lehmann Joe Peracchio May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06) T33.10009 3.25[19]
10
"The Unseen Hand" Lexi LaRoche Cesar Mazariegos May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13) T33.10010 TBD
11
"Loading Up"[20] Carol Banker John A. Norris & Nelson Greaves May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20) T33.10011 TBD
12
"Code Act"[21] Dermott Downs Brynn Malone & Sam Sklaver May 27, 2018 (2018-05-27) TBA TBD
13
"Transposition"[21] Michael Lehmann Chris Fedak & Elizabeth Peterson May 27, 2018 (2018-05-27) TBA TBD
Production[edit]
Chris Fedak serves as showrunner and writer on the series.
Deception was given a pilot production commitment by ABC on September 14, 2016, with the project being developed by Chris Fedak and magician David Kwong.[22] The pilot was ordered on January 19, 2017,[23] followed by a series order a few months later on May 12.[7][1] On February 10, 2017, Jack Cutmore-Scott was cast in the lead role as Cameron Black,[2] followed a few days later by the casting of Ilfenesh Hadera as Kay Daniels,[4] Lenora Crichlow as Dina Clark, and Amaury Nolasco as Mike Alvarez.[5] The following month, Justin Chon joined the cast as Jordan Kwon,[6] while Vinnie Jones was cast as Gunter Gastafsen.[8] In May 2017, it was revealed that Laila Robins had been cast as special agent Deakins.[7]
Production on the pilot began in March 2017,[24] with filming taking place in New York City.[25] Filming for the rest of the season began in September 2017,[26] and ended in February 2018.[27] The series is composed by Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume.[28][29]
On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season.[30]
Release[edit]
Deception began airing on March 11, 2018, on ABC in the United States,[31] and on CTV in Canada.[32] The pilot was screened on July 19, 2017 at San Diego Comic-Con International.[33] On October 8, 2017, members of the cast and the executive producers attended New York Comic Con to promote the series and screen the pilot.[34]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" March 11, 2018 1.2/4 5.93[11] N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 "Forced Perspective" March 18, 2018 0.8/3 3.97[12] N/A 2.28 N/A 6.25[35]
3 "Escapology" March 25, 2018 0.7/3 3.86[13] N/A 2.06 N/A 5.92[36]
4 "Divination" April 1, 2018 0.8/3 4.00[14] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Masking" April 8, 2018 0.7/3 3.61[15] N/A 2.13 N/A 5.74[37]
6 "Black Art" April 22, 2018 0.6/3 3.24[16] N/A 2.09 N/A 5.33[38]
7 "Sacrifice 99 to Fool One" April 24, 2018 0.7/3 3.10[17] N/A 1.77 N/A 4.87[39]
8 "Multiple Outs" April 29, 2018 0.8/3 3.64[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A
9 "Getting Away Clean" May 6, 2018 0.7/3 3.25[19] TBD TBD TBD TBD
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 56% approval rating with an average rating of 6.01/10 based on 9 reviews.[40] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 51 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[41] According to The New York Times, Deception scores 3 out of 5, and that it is one of the latest shows that are trying to be Castle.[42]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Holloway, Daniel; Otterson, Joe (May 12, 2017). "FBI Magician Drama 'Deception,' Divorce Comedy 'Splitting Up Together' Ordered to Series at ABC". Variety. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 10, 2017). "'Deception': Jack Cutmore-Scott To Play the Lead In ABC Pilot From Berlanti Prods". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#101) "Pilot"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (February 15, 2017). "'Deception': Ilfenesh Hadera To Co-Star In ABC Drama Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Petski, Denise (February 14, 2017). "'Deception': Amaury Nolasco & Lenora Crichlow Join ABC Pilot From Berlanti Prods". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (March 1, 2017). "Elliot Knight Joins The CW's 'Life Sentence'; Justin Chon in ABC's 'Deception'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (May 12, 2017). "Berlanti TV's 'Deception' & Emily Kapnek's 'Splitting Up Together' Get Series Orders At ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (March 3, 2017). "'Deception': Vinnie Jones Cast In ABC Drama Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (March 11, 2018). "Deception: Who's the Mystery Woman?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (January 25, 2018). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Vet Brett Dalton Returns to ABC With Deception Role". TVLine. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 13, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers' and 'Ninja Warrior' adjust up, 'Deception' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 20, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'NCIS: LA' and 'AFV' adjust up, 'Deception' and '60 Minutes' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 27, 2018). "'NCIS: LA' and 'Bob's Burgers' adjust up, 'Instinct,' 'Simpsons' and 'Deception' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 3, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers' and 'Dateline' adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 10, 2018). "'America's Funniest Home Videos' rerun adjusts up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 24, 2018). "'Timeless,' 'Family Guy' and all others hold: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 25, 2018). "'The Voice,' 'Chicago Med,' 'LA to Vegas' adjust up, 'Rise' and 'Deception' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 1, 2018). "'The Simpsons' adjusts up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 8, 2018). "'America's Funniest Home Videos' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#111) "Loading Up"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "(#112/113) "Code Act/Transposition"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 14, 2016). "ABC Buys FBI Drama From Chris Fedak, Magician David Kwong & Berlanti TV". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 19, 2017). "Berlanti TV FBI Drama 'Deception', Sci-Fi 'The Crossing' Picked Up To Pilot By ABC". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Nolasco, Amaury (March 2, 2017). "This is happening right now.....#tableread #Deception let's kick some ass 💪🏽". Instagram. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 7, 2017). "Pilot Locations 2017: NY, Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up; LA, Toronto, Chicago Slip". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hadera, Ilfenesh (September 11, 2017). "Day one and I'm already winning bets. Gonna be an expensive season @amaurynolasco! #DeceptionABC". Instagram. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cutmore-Scott, Jack (February 10, 2018). "That's a wrap on Season 1 of #Deception. Thanks to these fools and everyone else involved. It's been magical". Instagram. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BMI Supports "Deception" Composers at Scoring Session". Broadcast Music, Inc. March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Blake Neely [@cowonthewall] (December 11, 2017). "Scoring #deception with @nblumeathan ! Magic is coming... 🐄" (Tweet). Retrieved March 11, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (May 11, 2018). "ABC cancels 5 shows including Deception, The Crossing". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreev, Nellie (January 8, 2017). "ABC Slates Midseason Premiere Dates For 'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff, 'For the People' & More, Sets 'American Idol' Air Pattern". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CTV New Series Premiere Dates Announced: Part 1 of its 2018 Midseason Lineup Includes Deception, For The People, The Crossing, and Grey's Anatomy Spinoff # # # CTV Picks Up Three New Comedies: Splitting Up Together, Living Biblically, and Alex Inc" (Press release). Bell Media. January 8, 2018. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (June 29, 2017). "Comic-Con 2017: Big Bang Theory Cast's Return, Krypton, Black Lightning and Westworld Fill WBTV's Slate". TVLine. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 5, 2017). "'Castle Rock' Heads To New York Comic-Con As Part Of Warner Bros TV Lineup". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). "'Scandal' and 'Criminal Minds' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Deception: Season 1 (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Deception (2018): Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hale, Mike (2018-03-09). "'Deception' and 'Instinct,' the Latest Shows Trying to Be 'Castle'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
External links[edit]
Official website
Deception on IMDb
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American robin
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American robin
Male
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Turdidae
Genus: Turdus
Species: T. migratorius
Binomial name
Turdus migratorius
Linnaeus, 1766
Breeding range Year-round range Wintering range
Synonyms
Merula migratoria
Planesticus migratorius
Play media
Male sings
The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin[2] because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast. It is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[3] According to some sources, the American robin ranks behind only the red-winged blackbird (and just ahead of the introduced European starling and the not-always-naturally-occurring house finch) as the most abundant extant land bird in North America.[4] It has seven subspecies, but only T. m. confinis of Baja California Sur is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts.
The American robin is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits, and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. Its nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated.
The adult robin is preyed upon by hawks, cats, and snakes. When feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant, watching other birds for reactions to predators. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) lay eggs in robin nests (see brood parasite), but the robins usually reject the eggs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Distribution and habitat
3.1 Conservation status
3.2 Disease
4 Behavior
4.1 Diet
4.2 Threats
4.3 Breeding
4.4 Vocalization
5 In culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
This species was first described in 1766 by Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae as Turdus migratorius.[5] The binomial name derives from two Latin words: turdus, "thrush", and migratorius from migrare "to go". The term robin for this species has been recorded since at least 1703.[6] There are about 65 species of medium to large thrushes in the genus Turdus, characterized by rounded heads, longish pointed wings, and usually melodious songs.[7] A study of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicates that the American robin is not part of the Central/South American clade of Turdus thrushes; instead it shows genetic similarities to the Kurrichane thrush, T. libonyanus, and the olive thrush, T. olivaceus, both African species.[8][9] This conflicts with a 2007 DNA study of 60 of 65 Turdus species which places the American robin's closest relative as the rufous-collared thrush (T. rufitorques) of Central America. Though having distinct plumage, the two species are similar in vocalization and behavior. Beyond this, it lies in a small group of four species of otherwise Central American distribution, suggesting it recently spread northwards into North America.[10]
Seven subspecies of American robin are recognized. These subspecies intergrade and are only weakly defined.[7]
T. m. migratorius, the nominate subspecies, breeds in the US and Canada, other than down the west coast, to the edge of the tundra from Alaska and northern Canada east to New England and then south to Maryland, northwest Virginia, and North Carolina. It winters in southern coastal Alaska, southern Canada, most of the US, Bermuda, the Bahamas and eastern Mexico.[7]
T. m. nigrideus breeds from coastal northern Quebec to Labrador and Newfoundland and winters from southern Newfoundland south through most of the eastern US states to southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi and northern Georgia. It is uniformly darker or blackish on the head, with a dark gray back. The underparts are slightly more red than those of the nominate subspecies.[7]
T. m. achrusterus breeds from southern Oklahoma east to Maryland and western Virginia and south to northern Florida and the Gulf states. It winters through much of the southern part of the breeding range. It is smaller than the nominate subspecies. The black feathers of the forehead and crown have pale gray tips. The underparts are paler than those of the nominate subspecies.[7]
T. m. caurinus breeds in southeast Alaska through coastal British Columbia to Washington and northwest Oregon. It winters from southwest British Columbia south to central and southern California and east to northern Idaho. It is very slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies and very dark-headed. The white on the tips of the outer two tail feathers is restricted.[7]
T. m. propinquus breeds from southeast British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwest Saskatchewan south to southern California and northern Baja California. It winters throughout much of the southern breeding range and south to Baja California. It is the same size as or slightly larger than nominate T. m. migratorius, but paler and tinged more heavily brownish-gray. It has very little white on the tip of the outermost tail feather. Some birds, probably females, lack almost any red below. Males are usually darker and may show pale or whitish sides to the head.[7]
T. m. confinis breeds above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the highlands of southern Baja California. This form is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts. It is relatively small, and the palest subspecies, with uniform pale gray-brown on the head, face and upperparts. It usually lacks any white spots to the tips of the outer tail feathers, which have white edges. It is sometimes classed as a separate species, the San Lucas robin,[7] but the American Ornithologists' Union regards it as only a subspecies, albeit in a different group from the other races.[11]
T. m. phillipsi is resident in Mexico south to central Oaxaca. It is slightly smaller than propinquus but has a larger bill; the male's underparts are less brick-red than the nominate subspecies, and have a rustier tone.[7]
Description[edit]
Juvenile
Juvenile
The nominate subspecies of the American robin is 23 to 28 cm (9.1 to 11.0 in) long with a wingspan ranging from 31 to 41 cm (12 to 16 in), with similar size ranges across all races. The species averages about 77 g (2.7 oz) in weight, with males ranging from 72 to 94 g (2.5 to 3.3 oz) and females ranging from 59 to 91 g (2.1 to 3.2 oz).[12][13] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 11.5 to 14.5 cm (4.5 to 5.7 in), the culmen is 1.8 to 2.2 cm (0.71 to 0.87 in) and the tarsus is 2.9 to 3.3 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in).[14] The head varies from jet black to gray, with white eye arcs and white supercilia.[15] The throat is white with black streaks, and the belly and undertail coverts are white. The robin has a brown back and a reddish-orange breast, varying from a rich red maroon to peachy orange.[12] The bill is mainly yellow with a variably dark tip, the dusky area becoming more extensive in winter, and the legs and feet are brown.[15]
The sexes are similar, but the female tends to be duller than the male, with a brown tint to the head, brown upperparts and less-bright underparts. However, some birds cannot be accurately sexed on the sole basis of plumage.[7] The juvenile is paler in color than the adult male and has dark spots on its breast,[12] and whitish wing coverts.[15] First-year birds are not easily distinguishable from adults, but they tend to be duller, and a small percentage retains a few juvenile wing coverts or other feathers.[15]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Male
Female
This bird breeds throughout most of North America, from Alaska and Canada southward to northern Florida and Mexico.[16] While robins occasionally overwinter in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada,[12] most migrate to winter south of Canada from Florida and the Gulf Coast to central Mexico, as well as along the Pacific Coast.[16] Most depart south by the end of August and begin to return north in February and March (exact dates vary with latitude and climate). Despite being depicted in the film Mary Poppins "feathering its nest" in London,[17] this species is actually a rare vagrant to western Europe, where the majority of records, more than 20, have been in Britain.[7] In autumn 2003, migration was displaced eastwards leading to massive movements through the eastern U.S., and presumably this is what led to no fewer than three American robins being found in Britain[citation needed], with two attempting to overwinter in 2003–2004,[18] although one was taken by a sparrowhawk.[19][20] A sighting occurred in Britain in January 2007.[21]
This species has also occurred as a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Belize. Vagrants to Europe, where identified to subspecies, are nominate T. m. migratorius, but the Greenland birds also included T. m. nigrideus, and some of the southern overshots may have been T. m. achrusterus.[7]
The American robin's breeding habitat is woodland and more open farmland and urban areas. It becomes less common as a breeder in the southernmost part of the Deep South of the United States, and there prefers large shade trees on lawns.[22] Its winter habitat is similar but includes more open areas.[7]
Conservation status[edit]
The American robin has an extensive range, estimated at 16,000,000 km2 (6,200,000 sq mi), and a large population of about 320 million individuals. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as least concern.[1] At one point, the bird was killed for its meat, but it is now protected throughout its range in the United States by the Migratory Bird Act.[12]
Birds in central California of the subspecies propinquus are considered to be still increasing their range, and this is probably the case elsewhere in the U.S.A.[7]
Disease[edit]
The American robin is a known reservoir (carrier) for West Nile virus. While crows and jays are often the first noticed deaths in an area with West Nile virus, the American robin is suspected to be a key host, and holds a larger responsibility for the transmission of the virus to humans. This is because, while crows and jays die quickly from the virus, the American robin survives the virus longer, hence spreading it to more mosquitoes, which then transmit the virus to humans and other species.[23][24]
Behavior[edit]
The American robin is active mostly during the day, and on its winter grounds it assembles in large flocks at night to roost in trees in secluded swamps or dense vegetation. The flocks break up during the day when the birds feed on fruits and berries in smaller groups. During the summer, the American robin defends a breeding territory and is less social.[12]
Diet[edit]
Male with a worm
Perching on tree
The American robin's diet generally consists of around 40 percent small invertebrates (mainly insects), such as earthworms, beetle grubs, caterpillars and grasshoppers, and 60 percent wild and cultivated fruits and berries.[12] Their ability to switch to berries allows them to winter much farther north than most other North American thrushes. They will flock to fermented Pyracantha berries, and after eating sufficient quantities will exhibit intoxicated behavior such as falling over while walking. Robins forage primarily on the ground for soft-bodied invertebrates, and find worms by sight (and sometimes by hearing),[25]:149 pouncing on them and then pulling them up.[16] Nestlings are fed mainly on worms and other soft-bodied animal prey. In some areas, robins, particularly of the coastal race T. m. caurinus, will feed on beaches, taking insects and small mollusks.[7]
The robin uses auditory, visual, olfactory and possibly vibrotactile cues to find prey, but vision is the predominant mode of prey detection.[25] It is frequently seen running across lawns picking up earthworms, and its running and stopping behavior is a distinguishing characteristic. In addition to hunting visually, it also has the ability to hunt by hearing. Experiments have discovered that it can find worms underground by simply using its listening skills.[25]:149 It typically will take several short hops and then cock its head left, right or forward to detect movement of its prey. In urban areas, robins will gather in numbers soon after lawns are mowed or where sprinklers are in use.[16] They also are attracted to freshly turned earth in gardens, where worms and grubs are abundant targets. Occasionally, they may visit bird feeders if mealworms or animal-fat suet is offered.
Threats[edit]
Juvenile robins and eggs are preyed upon by squirrels, snakes, and some birds, such as blue jays, Steller's jay, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens.[12] Adults are primarily taken by Accipiter hawks, cats, dogs, and larger snakes (especially rat snakes).[26] They may be taken by nearly every variety of North American accipitrid, from the smallest, the sharp-shinned hawk, to one of the two largest, the golden eagle, most every North American falcon from the smallest, the American kestrel, to the largest, the gyrfalcon, and almost all owl species from northern pygmy owls to snowy owls. Overall, 28 raptorial bird species are known to hunt robins.[27][28][29][30][31][32] Adult robins are most vulnerable when distracted by breeding activities though may also be attacked on the ground or even in flight. However, when feeding in flocks, the American robin is able to remain vigilant and watch other flock members for reactions to predators.[12]
The American robin is known to be a rejecter of cowbird eggs, so brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird is rare. Even when it occurs, the parasite's chick does not normally survive to fledging.[33] In a study of 105 juvenile robins, 77.1% were infected with one or more species of endoparasite, with Syngamus species the most commonly encountered, found in 57.1% of the birds.[34]
Breeding[edit]
Robin with nest-making materials
The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to its summer range. It is one of the first North American bird species to lay eggs, and normally has two to three broods per breeding season, which lasts from April to July.[12]
The nest is most commonly located 1.5–4.5 m (4.9–14.8 ft) above the ground in a dense bush or in a fork between two tree branches, and is built by the female alone. The outer foundation consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers. This is lined with smeared mud and cushioned with fine grass or other soft materials. A new nest is built for each brood[citation needed], and in northern areas the first clutch is usually placed in an evergreen tree or shrub while later broods are placed in deciduous trees.[12] The American robin does not shy away from nesting close to human habitation[35] and will frequently construct nests under eaves or awnings on human homes when such locations provide adequate shelter. Robins are not cavity nesters, and so will generally not use a bird house, but will take advantage of artificial nesting platforms.
A clutch consists of three to five light-blue eggs, and is incubated by the female alone. The eggs hatch after 14 days, and the chicks leave the nest a further two weeks later. The altricial chicks are naked and have their eyes closed for the first few days after hatching.[36] While the chicks are still young, the mother broods them continuously. When they are older, the mother will brood them only at night or during bad weather.
The chicks are fed worms, insects, and berries. Waste accumulation does not occur in the nest because adults collect and take it away. Chicks are fed, and then raise tails for elimination of waste, a solid white clump that is collected by a parent prior to flying off. All chicks in the brood leave the nest within two days of each other.[12] Even after leaving the nest, the juveniles will follow their parents around and beg food from them. Juveniles become capable of sustained flight two weeks after fledging.[12]
The adult male and female both are active in protecting and feeding the fledged chicks until they learn to forage on their own. The adult robin gives alarm calls and dives in a threatening manner towards creatures it considers potential predators, such as approaching cats, dogs and humans. The fledglings are able to fly short distances after leaving the nest. The wings of juvenile birds develop rapidly, and it only takes a couple of weeks for them to become proficient at flying. The cryptically colored young birds perch in bushes or trees for protection from predators.
Bird banders have found that only 25% of young robins survive the first year.[12] The longest known lifespan in the wild of an American robin is 14 years; the average lifespan is about 2 years.[12]
Newly hatched chick among unhatched young
Chicks
Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
Nest amidst human habitat
Sequence of dated images showing the progress from eggs to flight in three weeks
Newly hatched chicks
Chick
American robin in Rhode Island
American robin (juvenile) in Ontario
Vocalization[edit]
American Robin
Dawn song of the American robin, with a chickadee heard faintly in the background.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The male American robin, as with many thrushes, has a complex and almost continuous song. Its song is commonly described as a cheerily carol, made up of discrete units, often repeated, and spliced together into a string with brief pauses in between.[22] The song varies regionally, and its style varies by time of day. The song period is from late February or early March to late July or early August; some birds, particularly in the east, sing occasionally into September or later. The American robin is often among the first songbirds singing as dawn rises or hours before, and last as evening sets in. It usually sings from a high perch in a tree.[12] The song of T. m. confinis is weaker than that of the nominate subspecies, and lacks any clear notes.[7]
The robin also sings when storms approach and again when storms have passed.[37] In addition to its song, the American robin has a number of calls used for communicating specific information such as when a ground predator approaches, and when a nest or robin is being directly threatened. Even during nesting season, when robins exhibit mostly competitive and territorial behavior, they may still band together to drive away a predator.[7]
In culture[edit]
The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[3] It was also depicted on the 1986 Birds of Canada series Canadian $2 note, but this note has since been withdrawn.[38][39]
Robin's egg blue is a color named after the bird's eggs.[6]
The American robin has a place in Native American mythology. The story of how the robin got its red breast by fanning the dying flames of a campfire to save a Native American man and a boy is similar to those that surround the European robin.[40] The Tlingit people of Northwestern North America held it to be a culture hero created by Raven to please the people with its song.[41] One of the houses of the Raven Tribe from the Nisga'a Nation holds the robin as a house crest.
The Peace Bridge robins were a family of American robins that attracted minor publicity in the mid-1930s for their prominent nest on the Canadian side of the Peace Bridge connecting Buffalo, New York to Fort Erie, Ontario.[42]
The robin is considered a symbol of spring.[43] A well-known example is a poem by Emily Dickinson, "I Dreaded That First Robin So". Among other 19th-century poems about the first robin of spring is "The First Robin" by Dr. William H. Drummond, which according to the author's wife is based on a Quebec superstition that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck.[44] The association has continued down to the present day, as, for example, in one Calvin and Hobbes cartoon from 1990 that had Calvin celebrating his inevitable wealth and fame after seeing the first robin of spring.[45] The harbinger of spring sobriquet is borne out by the fact that robins tend to follow the 37 °F (3 °C) isotherm north in spring, but also south in fall.[46]
American popular songs featuring this bird include "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)", written by Harry M. Woods[47] and a hit for Al Jolson and others, and "Rockin' Robin", written by Roger Thomas and a hit for Bobby Day and others.
Although the comic-book superhero Robin was inspired by an N. C. Wyeth illustration of Robin Hood,[48][49] a later version had his mother nicknaming him Robin because he was born on the first day of spring.[50] His red shirt suggests the bird's red breast.
See also[edit]
Australasian robins of genus Petroica
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ The Canadian Press. "Famous robins return to nest at Peace Bridge", The New York Times. 12 April 1936. Page 6.
Jump up ^ Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel (1990). Literary Studies in Action. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-415-02945-2. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
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Jump up ^ McPhaul, Meghan McCarthy (May 11, 2016). "Robins don't necessarily mean spring". The Chronicle. Barton, Vermont. pp. 9A.
Jump up ^ "Cover of sheet music for 'When the Red, Red Robin Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbing Along' – Ruth Etting". The Ruth Etting Web Site. 2007 [1997]. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Groth, Gary (15 October 2005). "Jerry Robinson". The Comics Journal (271). Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008. I had a vision of Robin Hood just as Wyeth drew him in his costume, and that's what I quickly sketched out when I suggested [the name] Robin, which they seemed to like, and then showed them the costume.
Jump up ^ Ringgenberg, Steven (13 December 2011). "Jerry Robinson: January 1st, 1922 – December 7th, 2011". tcj.com. Retrieved 18 April 2013. Robinson added much to the luster of the Batman legend, including coming up with the name Robin the Boy Wonder (inspired by Robin Hood), and designing his costume (inspired by the N.C. Wyeth painting Robin Meets Maid Marian).
Jump up ^ Bridwell, E. Nelson (w), Andru, Ross (p), Esposito, Mike (i). "The Origin of Robin" Batman 213 (July–August 1969), DC Comics
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turdus migratorius.
Wikispecies has information related to Turdus migratorius
Look up American robin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of a 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article about American robin.
FieldGuide – eNature.com
"Robins of a Different Feather" – albinism in robins
Animal Facts – natural history, maps, and photos at the Washington Nature Mapping Program
Vocalizations – Journey North
"American robin media". Internet Bird Collection.
Sound file – vivanatura.org
Plans for nesting shelves – Journey North
Nesting journal – Photo blog following the process from nest building to leaving the nest – Webster's Wobbins
Florida bird sounds including the American robin – Florida Museum of Natural History
American robin subspecies Turdus migratorius nigrideus (Aldrich and Nutt)
American robin growth progress with date stamp
American robin photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q460967
ADW: Turdus_migratorius
ARKive: turdus-migratorius
eBird: amerob
EoL: 1177506
EPPO: TURDMI
Fauna Europaea: 97236
Fossilworks: 83492
GBIF: 2490765
IBC: american-robin-turdus-migratorius
iNaturalist: 12727
IRMNG: 11010019
ITIS: 179759
IUCN: 103889499
NCBI: 9188
Xeno-canto: Turdus-migratorius
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_robin&oldid=843140412"
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